dFa 't^7-iayf 'j'/t^yza. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT DAY: INCLUDIN(J BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THEIR REPRESENTATIVE MEN. j:^thomas soharf, a.m., AUTHOR OF " CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE ;" " HISTORY OF MARYLAND :" MEMBER OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ; MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEORGIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; CORRESPONDING MEMBF.R OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETIES OF NEW YORK, WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, SOUTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA; OF THE HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO ; OF THE NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC- GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY, ETC., ETC. IX.LXJSTRA.TED. PHILADELPHIA : LOUIS H. EVERTS. 1881. Copyright, 1881, by Louis H. Everts. I'RESS OF 1. I,IPPJNCOTT & («., PHILADELrHIA. ROBERT GARRETT, Esq., THIS VOLUME, WHICH TREATS OF THE HISTORY OF THE BALTIMORE WE BOTH LOVE SO WELL, AND THE CITY rOU AND YOUR FAMILY HAVE DONE SO MUCH TO ENRICH AND EMBELLISH, IN TOKEN OF WELL-TRIED, LIFE-LONG FRIENDSHIP AND EVER-GROWING ESTEEM AND ADMIRATION, IS AFFECTIONATELY AND RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. The writing of the History of Baltimore City and County has been rather a " labor of love" than a source of profit to the author. It was undertaken at the request of Maj. Louis H. Everts, the enterprising publisher, and from a desire to preserve historical facts connected with Baltimore which came into the possession of the author in the course of long-continued investi- gations. In the preparation of the work no authority of importance has been overlooked ; the author has carefully examined every source of information open to him, and has availed himself of every fact that could throw new light upon, or impart additional interest to, the subject under consideration. Besides consulting the most reliable records and authorities, over two thousand five hundred communications were addressed to persons supposed to be in possession of facts or information calculated to add value to the work. Recourse has not only been had to the valu- able libraries of Baltimore, but the author and his agents have visited personally the entire county, spending much time in each district, examining ancient newspapers and musty manu- scripts, conversing with the aged inhabitants, and collecting from them orally many interest- ing facts never before published, and which otherwise, in all probability, would soon have been lost altogether. In addition to the material partly used iu the preparation of his " Chronicles of Baltimore" and " History of Maryland," the author has consulted over five thousand pamphlets, consisting of town and city documents, reports of societies, corporations, associations, and historical discourses, and, in short, everything of a fugitive character that might in any way illustrate the History of Baltimore City and County. From these and a large col- lection of newspapers (more particularly a complete file of the Baltimore Sun which was kindly loaned by the proprietors, Messrs. A. S. Abell & Co.) great assistance has been derived. The file of the American was mainly used by the author in the preparation of his " Chronicles of Baltimore." Such material only has been retained as upon careful consideration and tlie closest scrutiny has been found weighty and significant. At the same time it has been attempted to embody the facts thus collected in a form as free as possible from the dryness of chronological recital. As a rule, the original spelling of the names of both persons and places has been given, and in some instances both the present and former modes are given. With the aid of Prof. Philip R. Uhler, the topography and geology as well as the geog- raphy of the county have received the attention which their importance demands. Manufac- turing, commercial, and agricultural interests have also a jjrominent place. The statistical information embodied in the work is designed to connect the history of the past with the present state of the trade and commerce of the city, and to present the features of the two periods in striking contrast ; and although to some minds these details may seem out of place in a historical work, yet it should be remembered that the statistics of to-day may become the his- tory of ten years hence. Many of the facts recorded, both statistical and historical, may seem trivial or tediously minute to the general reader, and yet such facts have a local interest and sometimes a real importance. Sketches of the rise, progress, and present condition of the various religious denominations, professions, political parties, and charitable and benevolent institutions form a conspicuous feature of the work. An account of the public school system is also given, and a history of the various institutions of learning for which Baltimore is so justly famed. An honest effort has been made to do justice to both sections in the relation of such events of the civil war as came within the proper scope of a purely local history. The author has made no attempt to obtrude his own political views upon the reader, and has constantly kept in mind the purpose that has guided his labors, — to present a work free from sectional pr partisan bias which shall be acceptable to the general public. Considerable space has been given to biographies of leading and representative men, living and dead, who have borne an active part in the various enterprises of life, and who have become closely identified with the history of the city and county. The achievements of the living must not be forgotten, nor must the memories of those who have passed away be allowed to perish. It is the imperative duty of the historian to clironicle the public and private efforts to advance the great interests of society. Their deeds are to be recorded for the benefit of those who follow them, — they, in fact, form part of the liistory of their communities, and their successful lives add to the glory of the commonwealth. A distinguishing characteristic of the work is its sketches of the thirteen districts into which the county is divided. In them the reader is brought into close relation with every part of the county. The advantage of this method of treatment is obvious, embracing, as it does, narratives of early settlements, descriptions of interesting localities, and personal reminiscences. An idea may be formed of the time and labor required in the preparation of the book, when we call attention to the fact that tiie chapter on " Necrology" alone contains nearly three thousand brief biographical si«etches of prominent citizens who have passed away during the last century. The maps, views, and portraits are a prominent accompaniment, and add interest and attractiveness to the subjects which they are designed to illustrate and explain. Our acknowledgments are due to many friends not only for a kindly interest shown in our labors, but for much valuable information furnished in many cases without solicitation. In presenting the History of Baltimore City and County to the public the author feels conscious that he sends it forth with many imperfections on its head. In the preparation of a work of this character many minor inaccuracies and errors are almost unavoidable, the existence of which it is impossible to discover until the book has been exposed to tiie light of general criticism. It may not be considered presumptuous, however, to express the hope tiiat its general conception and execution will be satisfactory to the community for which it luxs been written, and that it will prove useful and interesting to all classes of readers. J. Thomas Scharf. Baltimork, Nov. 8, 1881. CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXV. CHAPTER II. PTER III Aborigines CHAPTER IV. English Discoveries and Settlements CHAPTER V. Ancient County-seats CHAPTER VI. The Founding of Baltimore City CHAPTER VII. [ Pennsylvania Border Troubles «* ] TheTelegrapli CHAPTER VIII. 1 Causes of the Revolution CHAPTER IX. Transportation CHAPTER XXVI. Commercial Industries and Manufactures CHAPTER XXVII. Trade Organizations CHAPTER XXVIII Banks and Bankers CHAPTER XXIX. Marine, Fire, and Life Insurance CHAPTER XXX. Post-office, Custom-House,Gas Companies CHAPTER XXXI. CHAPTER XXXII. Taverns, and Hotels CHAPTER XXXIII The War for Independence CHAPTER X. Peace and Independence CHAPTER XI. The Development of Baltimore CHAPTER XII. The War of 1812 CHAPTER XIII. Piivateers and Armed Vessels CHAPTER XIV. War with Mexico CHAPTER XV. Political Progress CHAPTER XVI. The Civil War CHAPTER XVII. Progress after the Civil War CHAPTER XVIII. Municipal Government of Baltimore CHAPTER XIX. The City Government and Officers CHAPTER XX. City Departments CHAPTER XXI. Education CHAPTER XXII. Fires and Fire Companies CHAPTER XXIII. Monuments, Parks, and Squares CHAPTER XXIV. The Advantages of Baltimore as a Trade Centre '-281 ' First District 69 Religious Denominations "" CHAPTER XXXIV. 76 charitaWe,Benevolent, and Religious Institutions and Associations.. 692 I CHAPTER XXXV. 81 ' The Press of Baltimore ^°* ' CHAPTER XXXVI. 84 Literature and Literary Men ^'^ \ CHAPTER XXXVII. 98 j Baltimore Libraries, Miscellaneous Societies and Associatic CHAPTER XXXVIII and Musicians— Art and Artists CHAPTER XXXIX. C57 Amusements CHAPTER XL. The Medical Professior CHAPTER XLI. CHAPTER XLII. CHAPTER XLIII. CHAPTER XLIV. Mobs and Riots CHAPTERXLV. 1 Baltimore City and County Necrology ''^* CHAPTER XLVI. Baltimore County and Districts ^^^ CHAPTER XLVII. VIU CONTENTS. CHAPTER XI.VIII Second District CJIAPTEE XLIX. Third District CHAPTER L. Fourtli District CHAPTER LI. Fiftli District CHAPTER LI I. Sixth District CHAPTER LIII. Sovcntli District CHAPTER LIV. CHAPTER LV. CHAPTER LVI. CHAPTER LVII. . ... CHAPTER LVIII. CHAPTER LIX. Thiitppiitli District .. ILLXJSTI?.^TIOiTS. Al>ell, A. S facing 617 ; Catoii, Ricliard Aboil, A. .S., City Residence of " 020 ; Chamber of Commerce Abell, A. S., Residence of, " Guilford" " 022 | Chancellor, M D , Charles W Abell Building " 624 I Chase, Samuel Ahell, G. W., Residence of. " 023 ' Cockey, (liailes T Abrahams, W " 386 ; Cockey, C lurles T , Rehidence of Adams Express Co.'B Office " 359 Colton, Gii.ine Adreon, Harrison " «5 Congress Hall Albaugh, J. W " 688 Coree, Willi mi American Building " 609 Councilm iii, James B , Rtsidonce <: Andrews, R. Snowden " 669 County Ma]) Armistead, Maj. George 91 Court-house in 1784 Armstrong, Cator & Co facing 415 Cradock, liiomas Austen, George " 909 Cradock, Thorn ts Residence of Baker, Charles J " 459 Dasbiel, M D Nicholas L Baker, C. J., Residence of " 460 Davis, HenijV Baldwin, Robert T " 458 Deford,B Baltimore City in 1800 708 Devries, V m , K. (« Baltimore in 1752 58 Douglas, R H Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Central Building.." facing 315 Ducker, &i m „i I Bankard, H.W " 775 Dulany, Daniel Banks,Andrew " 856 Ehrman, Itwis Residence of Banks, Andrew, Residence of " 868 Emory, Ruhard Barney, Commodore Joshua 8^ Erich, M I) , A F Bartlett, D. L facing 426 Eutaw Place Bartlett, George " 406 Ewinst, H M Battle Monument 268 | First Prcobj tei lan Chuich Bentley, C. W facing 429 Fisher, James I Bitting, Rev. C. C .564 Fisher, Robeit A Boarman, R. R facing 898 j Fort Federal Hill in 1861 Booth, Washington " 771 | Fort Marehall Bosley, Daniel " 884 i Fort Mcllenij m 180i Bosley, ,Tohn 913 j Fountain Inn Boundaries of Baltimore 62 1 Fowble, Peter Bowie, Oden , facing 351 Frank 4 \dler Boyce, James : " 390 Frick, \\m F Bradford, Governor A. W " 138 \ Front Street Thtatii Brautly, Rev. William T 662 I Fuller, Ro Richanl Bresee, 0. F facing 489 Garabrill Cbailcs A Brewer, James R " 639 \ Garrett, John \\ Brown, Alexander " 474 I Garrett, lolin \V , Residence of Brown, Hon. G. W 126 Garrett, T Harrison, Resldmco of Bruff.John W 414 | Gary, James S Bryan, T. .\., &Co facing 397 [ George, Isaac S Burns.W.F •' 471 '. Gist,Morduai Calvert, Charles, Fifth Lord Baltimore 61 i Gittings I) S Carroll, Charies, of Cari-ollton 68,317 | Gittings, R J Carroll, Charles, barrister 706 Gorauch, Thomas Carroll, ll.-nry facing 908 I Goi-such, Thomas T Carroll, Ar.hbiKho]) John .'531 i Griffith, G >> Carroll, John, "The Caves" facing 700 i Gunthcr I W Carrollton Hotel •' 613 | lIallowa\ ( harlcs T Carter, Bernard " 702 Hambltton, riionuis F ..facing 444 752 710 facing 84o facing 286 911 facing 739 HamiU, Charles W facing 430 . Hansoc, A. C 782 Harrison, F., Besidence of. between 892, 893 Harrison, Chas. K., Residence of. facing 846 Harrison, F " 891 Hawkins, Dr. J. W., Residence of. " 877 Hawkins, M.D.,.I.W " 878 Hodges, James " 416 Hoen Building " 602 Holland, John C " 368 Holton, H. B " 829 Holton, H. B., Residence of. between 828, 829 Hood, J. M facing 357 Hopkins, Johns 231 Horwitz, OrviUe facing 701 Howard, Col. John E 206 Howell, D. C, Residence of. facing 825 Hughes, Jr., Hon.C 98 Hutchins, H. C facing 916 Isaac, W.M " 894 James, Henry " 4C2 James, Henry, Residence of. " 463 Jenkins, T. Robert " 382 Jessop, Joshua " 925 Johnson, Reverdy 713 Jones, Alexander ; facing 472 Jones, M.D., R. E " 889 Keerl, Thomas M., Residence of. facing 774 Kenly,JohnR 134 Kennedy, Anthony facing 821 Kennedy,Johu P " 652 Key, Francis Scott " 642 Klees, Henry between 404, 405 Latrobe, Ferdinand C facing 180 Lee, Gen. H 783 Lindsay, George W 762 Lowe, Alfred facing 866 Malster, William L " 304 Map of Capt. John Smith's Explorations, Fac-simile of Original between 38, 39 Map of Original Tracts of Land within Limits of Baltimore 49 Martin, M.D., J. L facing 749 Martin, Luther 711 Maryland Institute 667 Maryland Journal, Fac-simile of 607 Mason, James D facing 396 Matthews, D.M " 911 Mayer, Charles F " 388 McCoy, John W " 660 McDonogh Institute " 831 McHenry, Maj. James 79 Mclntire, M.D., James facing 753 Mcintosh, D.G " 896 McKaig, Thomas I " 726 McMahon, John V. L 713 McMnrray, Louis facing 776 Merryman, John " 886 Miller, Daniel " 410 Miller, Daniel, & Co .-. " 411 Miller, H. Clay, Residence of " 413 Mitchell, Joseph B 901 Morison, N. H facing 665 Mowel, Joseph W., Residence of. between 916, 917 Mowell, Peter .....facing 879 Mount Vernon Place Methodist Episcopal Church " 576 Myer, Thomas J " 396 New City Hull 179 Newcomer, B. F facing 478 Nichols, W. C, Residence of " 863 Ober, Guslavus facing 400 Old Assembly-Rooms 679 Old City Hall 176 Old Defenders .-. facing 97 Old Jail 783 Onion, E. D facing 392 Peabody, George 663 Pearce, John B facing 907 Peerce, W. F " 912 Peregoy, Charles " 888 Peter Cooper's Locomotive 320 Philpott, Edward P 863 Pinkney, William 711 Piper, M.D., Jackson facing 899 Plat of Baltimore Town and Jones' Town 62 Plat of Joppa in 1725 45 Piatt, S. B facing 394 Poe Monument 271 Poole, Robert, Residence of. facing 837 Poole & Hunt " 8.18 Powell, W.S 401 Pratt, Enoch facing 464 Pratt Street Bridge in 1861 790 Price, M.D., Elias C facing 766 Price, Ezra between 882, 883 Price.Samuel M " 882,883 Pulaski, Count 78 Eaine, F facing 625 398 Reckord, Henry Reeder, Charles Rieman, Joseph H., Residence of. Rieman, Henry Ringgold, Maj. S Rogers, C. L Rogers, C. Lyon, Residence of. Ruby, Wm. H Rutledge, Thomas G Rogers, Commodore St. John's Church, Western Run Parish.. St. Joseph's Passionist Monastery St. Mary's Industrial School St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church... St. Timothy's Church Sailing-car "Eolus" Sanderson, Thomas, Residence of. Scarff, M.D., J. H Scharf, J. T Seeger, Jacob Seidenstricker, John B Seliger & Newman Shearer, M.D., Thomas 8heppard, Isaac A Sheppard, Isaac A., & Co Shoemaker, S. M Sisson, Hugh Slagle, Charles W Slingluff, Jesse, Residence of Small, George Smallwood, Gen. William Smith, Henry C Smith, Jr., Joseph Smith, Gen. Samuel Snowden, Samuel Sparks, Josiah Standiford, James A Steele, I. Nevett Stellman, John Stewart, William A Stocks and Pillory Stirling, Jr., A Strawbridge's Log Meeting-house Strieker, Gen. John Sun Iron Building, The Sutro, Otto Talbott, J. F. C Taney, Roger Brooke Thomas, J. H Thomas, John L .'. Towson, Gen. Nathan CONTENTS. Turner, Leniri faciiis, IW) . Williams Glii OH %»! Tyson, Ji , Isaac " 172 , W ilson, I) S fatin( 770 Tyson, Jesse, Resilience of ' "i ' \\ ll*m llc\ Franklin 567 View uf Washington Monument ^00 Wilson, Ir , M D , II I' C facing 743 Vonderborst lolin H facing Oil Wilson, GO " «l Wallis, S Teackle " OaS I W ilson, James between 768, 760 Walters, W T " 07o I Wilson, Wm " 768,769 Watson, Lieut Col W H 114 Wimler, Gen W H 88 Webb, Charles faung 183 I Wirt, William 712 Wetherall WillmmG 42t Wise, Willmm 876 Wbltelo« ' 442 . W N " o3 STATE OF F E N N S f L W A N 1 A 'A MAP OF BALTIMORE COUNTY Eiuiri, vcti E.vfjrixs:^lit lor Dui HLstxnif ofBatlimore CittfundCoiuiUj *^^' y-,^ \ \ ', Grffvert,onHH!igA:| v^^x^:^ ■P .^ J^^-^ '^^ yi^'--:-^< h.3i..iij^ HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, M^EYL^IsTD. CHAPTEE I. TOPOGRAPHY.! Baltimore County forms an important part of the great continental belt of country known as the Atlantic slope of North America. Situated in the northern part of the State of Maryland, it is the most central of the counties which extend from east to west along the Pennsylvania boundary. It has an area of seven hundred and eighteen square miles, and presents somewhat the form of a broad curved wedge with the tip cut square off at the north, and with the curved base on the south indented by tidal estuaries. Its length is about thirty-five miles from north to south, by nearly eleven miles and a half in width along the northern border, expanding to a breadth of twenty- eight miles between the estuary of the Gunpowder River on the east and the Patapsco River on the west. The last named and the Little Gunpowder form its chief boundaries on the west and east. Two of the great areas of rain precipitation being included within its limits, together with the mildness of the climate, give it almost unsurpassed advantages for sustaining a healthy and flourishing population. Supplied by nature with an abundance of water and wood, with soils easily cultivated, and capable of yielding ample harvests of all the cereals, vegetables, and all the best fruits of temperate climates, it rests only with the in- habitants to advance their own interests by adjusting themselves to the surrounding physical conditions. Structurally, it possesses the most important elements which give strength, variety, and character to the Atlantic region. The contours of surface are chiefly brought into prominence by the underlying reliefs of hard rocks and of the solid materials derived from them. For convenience, the surface of the county may be divided into an upland region, a midland basin, and a lowland border. 1 Contributed by Prof. Philip E. Uhler, president of the Maryland Academy of Sciences. Uplands.— The uplands embrace all that part of the country reaching from Western Run, about one mile north of Cockeysville, to the Pennsylvania State line. High mountains are no longer included within these limits, for the peaked and craggy summits of long-past ages have been softened into the blunt domes and gentler ridges of a more quiet period. In their stead are ranges of high hills traversing the county diagonally, and passing out of it at a point southwest of Reisterstown. North of Parkton these hills are lifted to an altitude of more than eight hun- dred feet above the level of the sea. Most of them are broad on top, sloping gradually towards the south and east, and give rise to groups of lower domes along their flanks, which terminate usually at the forks of the streams. In the very midst of these lower hills an abrupt ridge of dark fissured rocks occasionally rises, where a rapid stream has cut a deep ravine in its downward flow. The soft micaceous soils of the rolling uplands are covered by farms richly cultivated, and yield abundant crops of wheat and corn. On the 1 ridges are still extensive tracts of second-growth • forests of oak, hickory, chestnut, and maple, sup- I plying rails for fences, cross-ties for the railroads, and \ logs for houses, as well as wood for fuel. This sup- ply is, however, rapidly decreasing, and the time is near when it will be no longer possible to obtain trees for most of these purposes. In rocky places, where a deep vegetable mould has accumulated, bodies of slender young walnut growth may still be seen, but nearly all that of larger dimensions has long since disappeared. Along these rich bottoms and between the ridges near the streams the Kalmia, or calico-bush, grows in vast thickets. These with the ferns and lichens clothe the blackish-gray rocks, and decorate every quiet nook. Little cascades and rapids appear ' in all the broader rivulets, and a highly varied under- growth shades the little pools in which until recently the speckled trout found its favorite abode. These waters are still clear, and do good service in furnish- 13 14 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ing power to flour-mills which stand hid away here and there in unsuspected dells or hollows. Midland Region.— The midland region is a broad, depressed tract of country extending from Chestnut Ridge on the west to the Ashland Ridge on the east, and from the high plateau north of Western Run to the Green Spring Ridge on the south. This inland basin connects also with the valleys on the east and southeast, which spread away like broad fingers to- wards the border of Harford County. Throughout most of this extensive region, and even in the valleys beyond the adjoining ridges on the east and west, limestones of good quality abound. The area in the very centre of this basin yields also vast quantities of fine white marbles. The soil is red, and of the very best quality, easy to cultivate, and highly productive of all the cereals. Iron ore is also met with in many places, chiefly in the soil overlying the limestone, but also in the hills adjoining it on the west. It presents a wide area of open country, depressed below the general level, occupied by large farms, and wooded only on the hills and ridges which project into it. Several afiiuents of the Gunpowder cross it, and an abundant supply of good drinking-water is obtained from wells. Lowlands. — The lowland section is an alluvial belt of country which bounds the hills of archajan rocks on their tide-water sides. It comprehends the whole of the Twelfth, Thirteenth, and the eastern part of the Eleventh, nearly all the surface of Baltimore City, and sends ofl" a tongue into the Eighth District as far as to Timonium. The surface of this whole region is clay and gravel, with areas of sand in the lower levels adjacent to the old • wat^r-courses, and with deep black bogs and marshes in the necks at points along the tidal estuaries. These cold, thin soils admit a stunted growth of black-jack, scarlet, and willow oaks, with occasional strips of small pines and some tracts of chestnut trees. Where an accumulation of vegetable n|ould occurs in the beds of the streams, a more luxuriant growth of trees is seen, accompanied by the maples, and by a dense growth of dogwood, various bushes, and the greenbrier. The wild grapevine also grows in these places, and adds a fine element of va- riety to the trees upon which it climbs. In a few places hills of clay and gravelly sand rise to a height of sixty feet or more, and break the monotonous level of the tide-water plain. The Thirteenth District, which forms a tongue be- tween the Northwest and Middle Branches of the Patapsco River, is remarkable for the extent and height of the clay hills that form the chief part of its mass. It has been at one time attached to the system of clay ridges which pass through the city of Balti- more and run back into the country on the northeast to within a mile and a half of the Gunpowder River. Federal Hill once formed a part of one of these ridges, connected with the hill on which the Battle Monu- ment now stands, and at the same time extended northeast certainly as far as the valley of Herring Run, between the Harford and Belair roads. The clay is invaded by beds of sand on the northwest, in various places along North Avenue, on Gilmor Street north of Saratoga, and in the northeast part of the base of Federal Hill. Iron-ore nodules occur in various places on both sides of the peninsula, and fine sand suitable for glass-making has been extracted from this hill near the back basin. Slabs of iron sandstone and of pebbly conglomerates abound in nearly all sections of the upper member of this clay system, on or near the surface of the soil. The oak forests which formerly covered the greater part of this tract, aided by the abundant moisture derived from the numerous springs in the slender ravines, con- tributed to the nourishment of a very varied vegeta- tion, quite in contra.st with that now growing upon it. At one time a cypress swamp skirted this peninsula on the south side, and probably formed a part of the one near the opposite shore of the Middle Branch ad- joining Locust Point, and including a section of the Fort McHenry submerged plateau. The swamp cypress and the white cedar have long since been exterminated in the vicinit)' of Baltimore, and the only place where a few of them still remain, at a not very remote distance from the city, is on Round Bay, in the Severn River. This part of the Thirteenth District has also been tenanted by a varied population of the animal tribes. The red deer and wildcat, the bear, the gray wolf, red fox, wild hare, common mole, raccoon, opossum, shrew, and various kinds of mice, and in the water the beaver, otter, and muskrat, have all been repre- sented. Most of the smaller of these animals still remain, but in very limited numbers. Only a few years ago this section was much wilder than now, the waters were abundantly stocked with fish and reptiles, and the wading birds — such as the great blue heron, the egret, lesser heron, and belted kingfisher — held complete sway over the humbler inhabitants of every cove, pool, and swamp. Of song-birds there are a great variety, besides the wild pigeon and woodpecker. The water snake, black snake, garter, ringed-neck, and blowing viper ; the gray swift and striped skink among the lizards; and the snapper, musk turtle, slider, pond terrapin, and the land tortoise, all abounded. Insects too numerous to mention lived here and enjoyed the region, which was also decorated by huge tufts of the royal fern, and by its graceful relations, the maidenhair and Dicksonia. Rivers and Creeks. — The true rivers and principal creeks rise in the high country of the First Division, or in the ridges continuous therewith. Flowing be- tween the groups of hills, and forking at frequent intervals, they run swiftly in a generally southejist direction until the wider valleys are reached, and then they stretch more broadly onward to empty into the estuaries of Chesaiieake Bay. A general down- ward slope of the whole country determines the di- TOPOGKAPHY. rection of these streams and adds to the swiftness of their currents. \ The Great Gunpowder has all its large affluents 1 within the limits of the county. Several of these, [ such as the Little Falls, Western Run, Black Kock Creek, and Beaver Dam, are powerful streams which drain most of the northwestern half of the territory. The river itself is one of marked beauty and variety, and especially so in its upper divisions. Like all the rivers and creeks of the uplands, it plunges at one place over huge rocks in a heavy cascade, at the next it forms strong rapids among the bowlders, and then placidly glides along for nearly a mile in a wider, deeper channel, through a bed of alluvial soil. Its course is very sinuous, and particularly so, on a grander scale, south of the great fork below White- hall ; while farther down it becomes a majestic stream, full of energy, and supplying power for very large mills, factories, and furnaces at many points along its course. Yet it no longer fills the wide channel which it once occupied, nor can it be estimated to contain much more than one-fourth the volume of water that belonged to it about one hundred years ago. The drying up of springs which originally supplied its tributaries, and the decomposition of the rocks into soils along the banks, have changed the order of dis- tribution of the water and placed it in new relations. Hillsides, once covered with trees, shrubs, and herbage, retained the rain-water near the surface or allowed it to flow in a gradual supply to the springs beneath, while a notable proportion entered the cracks in the rocks to trickle through and converge in the streams at lower levels. But now the hillsides, baked by the sun, allow the rains to run off by a single impulse, to be lost in swelling floods, while that which falls on the disintegrated rocks is held as in a sponge, and is parted with chiefly by evaporation into the atmos- phere. These rivers and creeks have been a powerful agent in grinding the hard rocks into sands, clays, and earth. The river perpetually rasping against a hill in its path, has made here and there a wide bot- tom, over which it has deposited soft, moist soil, and in such places, often of ten or more acres in extent, the farmer now finds his choicest meadow-land. The Patapsco River is the largest and most power- ful stream in the county, although it forms rather the boundary than a true member of the territory. Most of its tributaries belong to Carroll County, and the principal ones rise in Parr's Ridge, at a distance of twenty-five to thirty miles northwest of Baltimore City. These streams have frequent bends, and plunge rapidly over beds of broken rocks in ravines between the high, abrupt hills. After reaching the border of the Second District, the West Branch becomes a wide, rapid creek of clear water, running through a more open country, with beds of limestone near on the one hand, and with the dark, forbidding hills of the Soldiers' Delight region on the other. After reach- ing the vicinity of Marriottsville, it unites, forms a fork with the West Branch, and then with redoubled energy rolls through a wide channel between the high domes of dark-gray rock until it reaches its extreme expanse among the bowlders at Ellicott's City. At this point it plunges over a great dam (no longer a natural one), and furnishes power for several of the largest flour-mills and cotton-factories in the country. From thence, after being somewhat contracted by the rocky barriers which arrest its expanse near Ilchester, and passing through a deep trough to Orange Grove Mills, it opens out into a beautiful, wide, deep valley until the wide gap is reached at the Relay House. From that point it flows steadily, and more narrowly, on through an alluvial plain until it is lost in the broad estuary at tide-water. It has been in former times the avenue into the heart of the country, through which large schooners passed to points nearly as far up as the Relay House. This, however, is no longer possible. The great flood of July, 1868, tore away such quantities of sand, soil, and other materials from the country above as to fill up the channel for about four miles, leaving only two or three feet of water in places where it was formerly ten or twelve feet deep. The same flood affected all the streams in the vicinity of Baltimore, in some thrusting the rocks out of their places and grinding them into fragments, in others transporting bowlders, sand, and soil, choking up the channels, and changing the courses of the waters. By this flood the rocks of the cascades in Jones' Falls, near Baltimore, were nearly all destroyed, and the few that remained were almost obliterated by the subse- quent flood of August, 1870. This latter stream runs through a most varied and picturesque region. Rising at the head of Green Spring Valley, it flows between verdant hills of va- rious heights, through a valley of great fertility, out into the broad depression since converted into the great storage basin of Baltimore, — Lake Roland. From thence it runs gently through a rocky bed until it reaches an alluvial bottom near Mount Washing- ton ; next it rushes over broken rocks, and continuing on across an alluvial meadow and over the crushed remains of ledges of rocks, it passes through the city and empties into the harbor of Baltimore. All along its course, at intervals of a mile or less south of the lake, it feeds mills and factories of various kinds. The most pleasant villages and settlements in the State are situated on its banks, while the great cot- ton and other factories at Mount Washington, Wood- berry, and Hampton have drawn together a large and industrious population. The adjacent hills have become the places of residence of prosperous mer- chants of Baltimore, and land companies have taken advantage of this delightful country to build roads and cottages for summer residents. Gwynn's Falls Branch is a wide creek which rises in the high region a little south of Reisterstown. It flows at first through the flat bottoms adjacent to the table-lauds of the western part of the county, and 16 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. then meanders between the more abrupt hills in a deep channel, with bayed-out intervals at points where the current formerly met an obstruction, such as the sharp face of a ridge or a mass of rocks. A -short distance south of the village of Franklin it forks, and from that point it continues over broken masses of black gneiss rock until it bends around into the deep valley below Calverton. At this point it has until recently supplied water for five large flour- mills. Formerly it yielded the motive-power for three others on the Frederick road, for several near the Viaduct bridge of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road, and for several others near the Washington road. Now, however, the volume of water is so small that steam-power has to be employed for all the mills along its lower sections. The great floods have also wrecked the lower reaches of this stream. Before 1868 a magnificent cascade, in some of its parts fully twenty feet high, dashed over a high wall of granitic rock at a point about one-fourth of a mile south of Calverton, but now only the bed of the rock remains, and a low wooden dam takes its place. Originally this natural fall was more than seventy feet above the ])resent bed of the stream, the waters rushed over in heavy volume, and the broken spouts of water in the western angle wore deep and wide round pot-holes in the massive rocks beneath. Some of these basins were as much as six feet in diameter and five feet in depth. They were caused by the water striking the rock at right angles, producing first a little depression, in which sand and hard stone lodged, and by the in- cessant revolving of the stone and sand the hole was widened and deepened until the motion was arrested. Along this valley of the creek numerous other falls occurred at irregular intervals of a few rods all the way down. But at the present time scarcely more than a few vestiges of these lower falls now remain to mark their old places. This stream empties into the Middle Branch of the Patapsco River through a wide marsh and mixed sand-flat, covered in summer by a dense growth of cat-tail reed ( Typha latifolia] and wild rice. The high tides formerly covered the greater portion of this tract, but recently a large part of it has become dry, and has been reclaimed for the raising of vegetables by the market gardeners. This was formerly the habitat of the snapping-turtle, the black catfish, muskrat, aind edible crab. The latter ran into the spaces between the clumps of marsh grasses for protection while moulting, and during flood-tide mul- titudes of soft crabs were thus easily obtainable. In other parts of the estuary adjoining this tract, where- ever the water is shallow, the Potamogeton, or pond- weed, grows in dense beds, aflbrding shelter to the shrimp, pond-fish, stickleback, and countless num- bers of Cijprinodont)', or mud-dabblers. Larger fish such as the shad, herring, rockfish, and tailors, for- merly abounded in the channel at the mouth of this creek, but they have long sin(« been exterminated, and in their place smaller numbers of white perch, yellow perch, pond-fish, and crocus have appeared. I Cray-fish also sometimes abound in the smaller tribu- I taries which empty into this basin. Less than fifty j years ago this branch of the river was unusually sup- I plied with springs, and previously, being a place of great attractiveness, the name " Spring Gardens" was applied to the locality. Herring Run is another interesting creek which waters the country near Baltimore City. It rises in the high, hilly region a short distance southeast of Towsontown, and flows in a direction generally a little east of south, and empties into the broad marshy drain at the head of Back River. Its name was suggested by the large shoals of herrings which formerly ran up to its lower rapids, in the vicinity of the Philadelphia road, during the first warm days of spring, to deposit their eggs. While not as broad as Gwynn's Branch, it has all the variety of that stream in the beautiful cascades and rapids which occur at irregular intervals all along its course. It drains an area of about eight miles in length by from two to three miles in breadth. Running through a wooded region, with numerous ravines along its banks, each supplied with a rivulet coursing between high banks, it deposits wide reaches of alluvial soil, and yields a supply of water for driving the wheels of several large flour-mills and factories. After passing over a high, now artificial, dam of black gneiss rocks, it rushes against a promi- nent blufl" of granite and hornblendic gneiss, is there- by turned around towards the south for a few rods, until, getting free from the high ridge which forms a barrier behind Hall's Springs, it emerges into the alluvial level next beyond and crosses the Harford road. From thence, passing over the rocky debris which has ftillen from the hills on the northern side, and having resumed its former direction, it meanders through meadows and lowlands until it spreads out into the wide marshy pool which forms its mouth. Leaving the numerous creeks of smaller size which aid in swelling the volume of the Great Gunpowder and Little Gunpowder in their long courses through the hills of the northern part of the county, on the j southeast the attention is arrested by broad sheets of water, in which the tide ebbs and flows in harmony with the vast sheet of the Chesapeake, of which they I form a part. These are the broad estuary of the Gun- I powder, and the somewhat narrower ones of the iVIiddle River, the Back River, the three mouths of the Pa- , tapsco, and Bear Creek. All of these are confined to the alluvial belt adjacent to the Chesapeake Bay, and ! only one of them (the East Branch of the Patapsco) I is as much as twelve miles in length. That of the I Gunpowder forms an extensive bay, with low clay I banks and sandy beaches, covering a basin about two [ miles in width, at the widest part, by a length of about seven miles from north to south. Middle River ' is a less land-locked but broken gulf, scarcely sepa- j rated from the Chesapeake, and chiefly made up of ' uneven pools of water, which push out like ragged TOPOGRAPHY. 17 tongues on either side into the flat necks of low ground. The Back River forms a better defined and more channel-like stream, bent somewhat like the letter S, and bounded on the bay side by low marshy islands. It is a shallow sound, with low clay shores and sandy or marshy stretches of beach from its source to its mouth. Until quite recently these estuaries and their adjoining necks of land have been the favorite haunts of the wild swan, the canvas-back, and many other varieties of the duck tribe, with a great multi- tude of other water-fowl too numerous to mention. They still form the resort of smaller numbers of these same birds, while the blue heron, the egret, bittern, night heron, plover, snipe, woodcock, and a few species of song-birds, owls, hawks, and sea-birds, still linger in the vicinity. Jlost picturesque and attractive of all these waters are the estuaries called the East and Middle Branches of the Patapsco. The first of these reaches from the harbor of Baltimore to Chesapeake Bay, a distance of twelve miles ; its greatest breadth being at the mouth, between North Point and the Bodkin, a distance of nearly five miles. After leaving the Lazaretto, just outside of the harbor, it is a lovely sheet of water, having undulating banks of various-colored clays rising on both shores somewhat abruptly, sometimes to a height of twenty feet above the water-level, with the tides of the Chesapeake rolling through every part of it in dark-green waves. Here and there a clean beach of gravel is present along the levels be- tween the clifl's, and often behind these appear the fresh green of the swamps, covered with the cat-tail, wild rice, and calamus. Groves of oaks, sweet gum, and pines still decorate the hills and valleys along the banks, and the necks adjacent are made bright and pleasant by the vegetable and fruit gardens which appear on every side. The second of these, the Middle Branch, extends frotn the Spring Gardens on the west and connects with the former between Fort McHenry and the point on which the Marine Hospital is situated. Its length is about three miles, with an average width of rather less than a mile. This is a fine sheet of tidal water, with a ship channel running through its whole length, having a depth of from sixteen to twenty feet. Along the southern shore, however, the water is very shallow, and on this side a frequent deposit of mud and silt, brought down by the long Northwest Branch, is per- sistently sweeping up. Quite near to the north shore, east of the Long Bridge, there is also a deep channel which connects with the other nearer the middle of the river, and affords excellent wharfage for large schooners. All of these basins are more or less sub- ject to the accumulation of drainage from the rapid streams which receive their deposits from the high country beyond. Hence the bottom is covered in most places by a pasty blackish mud, similar to the oyster mud of Chesapeake Bay. It is derived from the carbonaceous matter of the softer alluvium, and requires to be dredged at occasional intervals to keep the channels navigable. The shores on either side are low, but much higher along the Spring Gardens, on the south side of which the clay hills rise to a height of sixty feet or more. The same side of the broader basin of the river is chiefly bordered by cat- tail marsh of variable width, and near the Marine Hospital extensive ridges of sand prevent their farther extension in the direction of the outer tide-water. On the low tract behind this shore may be seen strips of woods of great beauty, including the holly, sour gum, sweet gum, willow, scarlet oaks, red maple, and thickets of the magnolia. Bear Creek is a tributary of the East Branch of the Patapsco. It enters the latter on the southeast side, and is chiefly composed of unequal arms, projecting into coves, connected with a central channel about three and a half miles long, having a general width of about half a mile. The banks are high and low at unequal intervals, chiefly composed of iron ore clays, of reddish or ochreous colors, and of gravelly sand next to and beneath the marshes. Deep boggy tracts of black mud appear between the low hills ; these are densely overgrown by the magnolia, sour gum, maples, and a great variety of bushes, and are made almost impenetrable by the thick tangled masses of the greenbrier (Smilax). The most beauti- ful tree of the region is the evergreen holly {Ilex opaca). Its rich dark-green leaves, strongly contrasted with the yellow green of the vines and sweet gum, give persistent verdure to the thickets. Occasional groves of the common pine still stand in erect col- umns, and furnish fine dark backgrounds to the vege- tation of the swamps. Altogether it is a region of pleasant variety, which greatly needs the softening touch of civilization to sweep off" its exuberant wild- ness, and to bring it into harmony with the better surroundings of a great city. It forms the chief drain of Patapsco Neck, and is fed and kept supplied with water by the numerous springs which burst from the ground in the bordering marshes. Formerly it was the region of extensive fisheries of the shad, herring, rockfish, white perch, etc., but now only a few of these fish remain, and the two former have quite left the locality. Dead Rivers or Creeks.— The drying or failing of springs in many parts of the country adjacent to the lower highlands, south of the middle of the county, has caused the obliteration of numerous branches and smaller creeks which were formerly important tribu- taries of the Gunpowder and Patapsco Rivers, and of Gwynn's and Jones' Falls. The most striking in- stance of this kind is Western Creek, or run. This was once a stream more than three hundred feet in breadth above and below the Pimlico road. It rose in the hills east of the Beisterstown turnpike, and emp- tied into Jones' Falls through a deep chasm, next to what is now the railroad station at Mount Washing- HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ton. A few rods east of the point where its two branches unite there is an extraordinarily large dam, full}' three hundred feet wide by twenty feet high, built of the black hornblendic gneiss of this region, which shows what a vast volume of water once accu- mulated at this point. This work was once used to supply the water-power of a large stone mill, which, with its accompanying mill-race, still stands in ruins on the northern bank of the old channel of the stream. Terraces below the dam on this same bank may be seen at intervals, serving to show that the water had been at one time as much as twenty to thirty feet in depth. A remnant of the former stream now remains as a shal- low brook, varying in width from five to ten feet. At this point it passes through an alluvial bed, charged with a few small bowlders, while along the interval between the hills in Mount Washington it has worn a deep gully, filled with broken rocks and bowlders of various sizes. On both banks of Gwynn's Falls, near and north- west of Baltimore, may be seen the dry beds of many small brooks which formerly fed that creek. Very notably is this the case in that branch of the stream which runs in the vicinity of Wetheredsville. Only in times of heavy rains are these drains supplied with water, and then only for a short time. The same may be said of Jones' Falls, north of the city, and also, in greater or less degree, of all the rapid streams which drain the country north of Baltimore. The south side of the Thirteenth District, between the Relay House and Gwynn's Falls, has also several old beds of former large streams and indications of ancient lake basins. Valleys. — ^Valleys of surpassing loveliness may be seen in various j)arts of the county. The chief of these are Dulauey's, Long Green, Green Spring, Worthington's, and the Great Central Basin. The first named extends from the ridge north of Lake Roland (bounding the" Northern Central Railroad on the east) to that three miles beyond the Gunpowder River, or a distance of about ten miles. It varies much in width, lieing scarcely a mile across in any part of its own proper depression. But it connects with several other short valleys on its northwest side (the largest being that through which the Gunpowder runs), and thus appears immensely expanded at a few points. It is not a uniform, unbroken trough, but has low, rolling hills bending in from the upper side. On its southern side the hills are steep at first, but they gradually pass into the rolling, billow-like prominences which stretch away on the east and southeast. The soil is generally good, in some places quite rich. Large farms are common, and the southwestern part of the valley is characterized by the great estates of Hampton and Glen Ellen. It is richly supplied with almost inex- haustible beds of the strongest limestones, yielding the best (piality of burnt lime, and adding a highly- prized fertilizer to the resources of the district. Iron ores of the hematite type arc also to be found in the red clays of the region adjoining the hill on which Towsontown is situated, and which are now being ex- tensively excavated for the Ashland Furnace. Long Green Valley is a more abrupt depression be- tween the chain of high hills, and it is narrower than either of the other large valleys. It starts from behind the high ridge which bounds the great bend in the Gunpowder River near the copper-works, and runs about three miles in the direction of the Little Gunpowder River, while its principal depres.sion ex- tends nearly north and south for a distance of about four miles. Apparently it is a synclinal trough in its upper division, underlaid by limestone, which croj)s out in beds on the sides, and which in disintegrating adds an important ingredient in enriching the soil. The Harford turnpike passes through the whole length of its southeastern depression, and connects with roads running into other sections of the region, making every part of it readily accessible. The valley is scarcely more than half a mile wide in any portion, but it is rendered somewhat unequal by the rolling hills which flank it on the west. On every hand neat painted wooden houses, with large barns and groups of whitewashed outhouses, associated with fine orchards of peach, cherry, and apple trees, greet the eye, contrasting fiirely with the dark soil of the hills, and testifying to the neatness and thrift of the people. The whole region is picturesque, attractive, well watered, and most inviting as a place of summer residence. It only needs a railroad to make it speedily accessible in order to draw a larger population. Green Spring Valley is a beautiful tract of country, running nearly west and east, and opening out at the basin of Lake Roland. It extends from near Owings' Mills to the latter, a distance of about seven miles, and is about two miles in its greatest breadth. Its name was derived from the numerous springs which bubbled up in two small lakes near the head of its depression, situated in the midst of a tract remarkable for its rich verdure. The ridge on its north side rises by gradual stages from the basin adjoining the North- ern Central Railroad, and rolls in lower broad waves towards the bed of the valley. On the south side, a chain of hills rises in majestic beauty above the hori- zon. This ridge starts from near its opening with a high back, about three-quarters of a mile long, and is continued by six or seven others of less length, all crowned with tall trees, and flowing westward like the folds of a huge sea-serpent, until lost amid the domes at the head of the valley. Fine large farms range on both sides and along the flanks of the hills ; frequent belts of limestone cross the roads or appear in the sides of the knolls, and many of the choice country- seats of wealthy citizens of Baltimore lie half con- cealed behind the groves of trees which shut iu the landscape. The soil varies from clay to loam, is well watered in most places, and yields abundant crops of cereals and fruits. The valley is placed in the midst of a rich grazing tract containing numerous dairy- TOPOGRAPHY. farms, which produce vast quantities of the richest milk and cream, and prove the importance of this district to the not distant city. Crossing the broad rise of Chestnut Ridge, upon which Reisterstown is situated, and proceeding a short distance towards the east, we are met by a view of indescribable natural beauty. Worthington's Val- ley stretches out in a broad oval depression, having a general northeast by southwest trend, of nearly five miles in width, and of somewhat more than that in length. It is surrounded on all sides but one by mod- erately high, almost abruptly sloping hills, crowned with deep forests of every variety of green. The de- pression becomes gradually deeper as Western Run is approached, while several of its tributaries take rise along the flanks of the ridge on the southeastern and western sides of the basin. A short swell of low limestone hills pushes into the valley from near the middle of the southeast side, and contributes an ele- ment of variety to the view in that direction. The valley is underlaid by a sheet of white limestone of extraordinary purity and excellence, in which exca- vations have been carried to a depth of more than sixty feet without reaching to the underlying rocks. Wells have been sunk in niany parts of the valley, some of them twelve feet, others twenty-five feet, and the deepest beyond sixty feet, always entering the limestone at a point eight to ten feet beneath the sur- face, and generally reaching an abundant supply of pure water. The only hindrance to obtaining the water occurs where the limestone is deep and dry, probably made so by the numerous sink-holes which are found in many parts of this area. All around the inner rim of this basin shattered quartz fragments lie thickly settled in the soil, while similar pieces are less abundantly seen on the tops of the ridges ; but all over the valley these fragments, of precisely the same stone, have been turned into more rounded bowlders, and lie buried there in a stratum often six to eight feet thick, in a clayey, micaceous soil. Beneath this is a layer of pure white sand, usually about two feet thick, resting immediately upon the limestone, and is turned into a quicksand wherever the water runs into it from the higher levels. The hills which inclose this amphitheatral basin are composed of mica schists, everywhere deeply decomposed, and only to be seen firm in a few small spots where the damp shadowing vegetation has protected them from the sun and at- mosphere. These few ledges are the harder remnants of enormous masses, which once stood towering in craggy peaks above the summits of the ridge. Enough remains to show that they had a general dip of about sixty degrees a little west of south. Bowlders of brown hematitic iron ore lie scattered over the surface near the outer side of the valley, and shallow beds of the same occur in the midst of the quartz bowlders, and on the lower edge of the micaceous uplifts. Numerous springs burst from the schists which fill the hills, yielding an almost inexhaustible supply of limpid water, and filling the air with a cool temperature peculiarly grateful to the senses. Nature has en- dowed this lovely valley with everything needed for the comfort of man. A deep, fertile soil spreads out all around ; vegetable humus is washed down from the hills by every freshet ; all the cereals grow in rich pro- fusion ; fruits of all the usual kinds are at home here ; brooks cut their way through the meadows at frequent intervals, and two kinds of water for drinking run from the hills or swell up in the limestone wells. The woods are full of varieties of flowering shrubs and plants, and the ferns luxuriate in dense thickets upon every moist hillside or hollow, and form brakes in the damp corners of the meadows. A solitary hornblende bowlder, about the size of a bushel basket, lying in the upper part of this valley, at a distance of five or six miles from its native bed, attests the power of the floods which at various times have poured over the hills into the adjoining basins. This peaceful valley rests in the midst of a scene of quiet beauty, aflbrding pleasant prospects in all directions. It only needs a system of good roads to render ithighly attractive to resi- dents of the city who seek a place for health and repose. The Great Central Basin, as it may properly be called, is the broad open depression adjoining Cockeysville. It is a wide stretch of country, sloping inward from the rolling hills on the north, west, and south, but itself rolling gently away towards the southeast and south, and connecting with smaller valleys in those directions. Its general expression is that of an east- and-west oval basin, bounded by Chestnut Ridge on the left, and by Ashland Ridge on tlje right. Beaver Dam Creek traverses nearly its whole length from west to east, and Western Run crosses its northeast corner. It is a great limestone basin, scooped out of the archsean rocks, overlaid by iron-ore clays in de- pressions, and with quartz cobble-stone and local drift accumulations distributed throughout in their beds. It is at once the centre of the marble and agricultural interests. The Beaver Dam and other quarries yield inexhaustible supplies of choice white marble of various kinds, while the Texas belt supplies immense quantities of valuable limestone. In and around the basin large farms of rich soil in a high state of culti- vation are numerous, and on the northwest side is situated the celebrated Hayfields, the prize stock-farm of the county. All the cereals and fruits grow here in luxuriance, and the grazing farms supply the city with an abundance of milk and butter. Situated on the Northern Central Railroad, within three-quarters of an hour's ride from Baltimore, renders it quickly accessible, and it is rapidly filling up with an active and intelligent population. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. CHAPTEK II. GEOLOGY.i The introductory chapter of geological history be- gins in a period relative to which speculation takes the place of observation, and conjecture or hypothesis must supply, as best they can, the want of exact knowledge. In this outline we propose to leave these misty regions unexplored, and start from a state of things which we know to have once existed. We know that at a certain time in the world's history this portion of its surface consisted of vast bare sur- faces of rock and wide areas of water. Desolate and hopeless as this prospect would have seemed to a be- holder, these barren rocks and unfruitful waves, acted upon by heat and cold, by expansion and contraction, were to yield all the varieties of surface, of rock and soil, of hill, valley, bay, and river, which afford such pleasing diversity to-day. The first surface rocks laid down in the primeval ocean were no doubt sediments produced by the dis- integrative action of warm currents and chemical agents, and the shattering energies exercised by earth- quakes and electricity. Hard volcanic materials, such as lavas, trachytes, basalts, diorites, etc., had to be reduced to soft plastic masses in order to be changed into the rocks which form the lower crust of the region as it rests at the present time. A general deiwsition along almost parallel lines running nearly northeast by southwest afforded an axis upon which to build succeeding formations. As long ages of steadily increasing shrinkage and drying went on, foldings of the surface were pushed up above the mist-covered waters, and mountain ridges appeared. Frequent agitations of the mass produced changes of level, and the dispositions of rock and water became more varied. Sharing in the several continental changes which have formed the Atlantic belt of North America, Baltimore County has been developed from its condi- tion of primitive simplicity into a region of varied complexity. It now embodies within its substance the chief varieties of rocks, minerals, and soils be- longing to the whole territory east of Parr's Ridge. Looking broadly at the features which stand out most prominently, the county is seen to be traversed diag- onally by three general ridges of high hills, inclosing the valleys by lateral spurs and clusters of domes which deflect more or less from the main direction of northwest by southeast. Those on the northwest rise in series of high, chiefly broad-topped masses, with here and there a short, abrupt backbone ridge break- ing their continuity. They rise to an elevation of from six hundred to eight hundred feet above tide- water, and are chiefly composed of hydromica slates. The second series forms the great range, with its many radiating members, which crosses the country one mile or more north of Cockeysville, runs southwest to Reisterstown, and passes out of the county beyond that place. It rises to an altitude of four hundred to five hundred feet, and is built of the hornbleudic gneisses, containing some mica schists, quartzites, and a few granites. This is the great central area which incloses the principal limestone valleys, and which has suffered deep erosion, perhai)s during the Cam- brian period. The third is the area of lower blunt ridges which succeed each other between the northern boundary of Green Spring Valley, Woodstock, and the city of Baltimore. These latter foldings are composed chiefly of the lowest rocks belonging to the county. On the southwestern side they reach an altitude of more than four hundred feet above tide-water, and chiefly con- sist of dense granites, altered from a sedimentary con- dition by the action of heat. The other hills of this division are generally lower near the middle of the county, but they rise to nearly the normal elevation between the Great and Little Gunpowder Rivers. The geological formations which have thus far been detected in Baltimore County belong to the Arch^an (Laurentian and the Hydromica Schist series), Pa- laeozoic (Cambrian, or Lower Silurian), Mesozoic (Jurassic and Wealden, possibly Cretaceous), Ceno- zoic, or Tertiary, and Quaternary, or Modern. I. Archaean Age. — The first land which in this county rose above the surface of the general ocean was the broad belt, twenty miles wide, which stretches across the country on a diagonal line about three- quarters of a mile north of Monkton to about the same distance west of Reisterstown, and extends from that line south to tide-water. It is pre-eminently a region of crystalline and hard rocks. Hornblendic and feldspathic gneiss, both massive and stratified, syenite, granites, quartzites, and some granitic and gneissic mica schists appear in most parts of the ter- ritory. In addition to these, chloritic gneiss, serpen- tine, steatite, talc, asbestos, and magnesian rocks ap- pear in an interrupted series of hills which range diagonally across the county from near the southern end of Lake Roland to a point about five miles south- west of Reisterstown. The hills of the primeval archsean era were less high than those of the hydro- mica schist age which succeeded them on the north. But they were once much higher than at the present time, and erosion, degradation, and decomposition have greatly reduced their size, and turned them for the most part into rounded domes. At the lowest accessible level of this formation, almost at the edge of tide-water, the rocks are seen to be hornblendic. Near the mouth of Jones' Falls, at Gwynn's Falls, and at those of Herring Run and the Gunpowder River, these underlying hornblende rocks are dense, rather fine-grained, and stratified. Often the stratification is lost, or indistinct, in the middle of the beds, while it is better defined or even quite dis- tinct on the outer limits. More commonly these GEOLOGY. hornblendic gneisses are destitute of scales of mica, or when this mineral is present, it appears only in very small grains. As we proceed northwardly across their line of strike, granitic gneiss appears at frequent intervals. Almost every hill has a bed of this rock of larger or smaller size. Some of these granitic masses are mere intercalations between the layers of dark gneiss, the stratified folds fitting intimately around every part of their form. In a few places they are intrusive, cross the gneiss at nearly right angles, and form slender dykes of chiefly silicious materials. Near the mouth of Gwynn's Falls granitic aggregations of various kinds occur in low hills (the remnants of former great ones), and in the old bed of the stream. These are charged with large laminfe of mica almost regularly stratified, while the chief con- stituents of the masses are quartz and orthoclase feldspar. Proceeding up this creek, the attention is arrested by the conspicuous transverse yellow belts of granitic gneiss which cross and uplift its bed. Wher- ever a gorge has been made in the course of this stream, as at the dam which feeds the race of the flour-mills on the Frederick turnpike, huge piles of this rock, somewhat squarely jointed, jut up to a con- spicuous height. At a date not now known the granitic gneiss at this place formed a wall more than seventy feet high, fifty feet wide, and two hundred feet long, which stood as a barrier across the bed of the stream. But by the continuous wearing of sand and water, driven against it through long periods of time, and by the irresistible force of heavy floods, it has been reduced to a lower level, and finally broken down to within twenty feet of its lowest exposure. This rock, like most of the others which formed dams in this stream, is of a yellowish color, coarse-grained, and composed of salmon-colored orthoclase in moder- ately large crystals, mixed with quartz in masses, veins, and fragments, and including mica in small tablets or broken scales. It is dense in some parts, loosely compounded in others, and shows evidences of irregular stratification. Frequent seams of detached bits of quartz, both smoky and white, run through the layers along the line of strike, while the north- eastern end of tlie mass passes into and mixes with the hornblendic gneiss lying beneath. This rock also bounds this great bed on its upper side and in- closes it beneath, apparently constituting a great mould into which it fits, and in which it has been modeled by enormous pressure. This furnishes a fair example of the type of bedding, and of the kind of granitic gneiss which appears in most of the hornblendic schists of our Laurentian area. The whole county appears to be built into, if not laid down upon, hornblendic rock and gneiss. The former rock crops out along the boundary line on the Little Gunpowder River; it occurs with a few inter- ruptions upon the whole western boundary next the Pa- tapsco, and it occupies the principal part of the country between the city of Baltimore and Owings' Mills. It the city in or beneath every large hill, is con- spicuous along all the rapidly-flowing brooks, creeks, and rivers, and it contributes largely to the local drift which clogs the ravines and covers the low hills in the middle of the southern part of the county. No rock in all this region ofiers such variety of texture and such peculiarities of arrangement. In the region south of Pleasant Valley it is as dense as trap, com- posed of fine flattened grains of hornblende and ragged particles of quartz, has a conchoidal fracture when undecomposed, and forms the central mass of various hills, rising more than seventy feet above the bed of the river. At a point about one-half mile north of Monkton is a hill of hornblendic slates and schists. The strata are almost vertical, but dip a little west of north ; they consist of layers of gneiss, having hornblende as the principal ingredient, to which is added feldspar and some quartz. The layers range from an inch or two to two or three feet in thickness. A few of them are thickly set with fine scales of mica, but in general they are not charged with conspicuous seams of that mineral. A close ex- amination of this rock shows that crystallization of the quartz sometimes proceeded in narrow layers, passing diagonally through the plastic mass, and forming small inclosures of the matrix, like the divis- ions in a nest of boxes. Occasionally the strata are abruptly bent in the midst of the straighter ores, like a series of steps ; the material on each side of this filling out in progressively more even lines until all trace of inequality is lost on the sides. The outer divisions of this hill are composed of broad belts of this rock, curving downwards and con- verging, while the next inner series of strata is pressed into broad undulations, which inclose the somewhat jointed, compact, and massive hornblende granite. South of Monkton, as well as directly next it on the north, the ridges are composed of very variously ar- ranged beds and strata. The latter are twisted and thrown back upon the underlying members until an almost horizontal position is reached. This condition obtains in the midst of beds of varying texture, but having a general dip west of north of about forty-five degrees. Where these abrupt folds occur the grains are less densely compacted, and are somewhat thrust apart, particularly in the apex of the bend. Suflicient flexibility has here been attained rather by the move- ment of individual particles than by the cracking to pieces of crystals and masses. Several of these in- verted folds inclose coarse uneven granites, composed of various kinds of feldspar, of quartz, and of mica, in particles or bits irregularly mixed or fused together, and sometimes very loosely compacted. Several of such hills appear in succession as the line of strike is crossed in going southward, until the limestone is reached below Phoenix. From that point to Rider's Station no large outcrops of gneiss appear ; but near the latter the folds are seen to consist of feld- spathic gneiss, stained yellow by the oxide of iron de- 22 HISTORY GF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. rived from the decomposing hornblende. The eastern end of Lake Roland is cut out of the stratified horn- blondic gneiss at the interval where it has been broadly cleft asunder from the adjacent granite, which outcrops next the dam of the city water-works, on both shores. Decomposing hornblendic schists succeed this in all the hills along the railroad until the southern end of Mount Washington is reached. At this point the black rocks of hornblendic granite project along the top of the ridge on the right, while the strata in the lower exposures are seen to be schists of gneiss, ranging from a coarse-grained, dark mix- ture through finer-grained paler gray to an almost white, micaceous, quartzose, sandstone-like rock of firm texture. A fault has allowed these newer layers of gneiss to .slide down sixty feet or more, and thus the hornblendic granite, greatly cracked and dissev- ered, stands on tojj in huge piles. Some of these latter have been precipitated to lower levels, and form angular bowlders along the ea.stern flank of the hill. The gap thus made has opened a trough across the strike of the strata, through which the waters of Jones' Falls flow, while another break is reached about one mile farther down-stream, where two hills of hornblendic granite are made by a split at nearly right angles to the direction of the former, causing the stream to alter its course and make an abrupt bend. A broad basin follows next beyond this, scooped out to a lower level than that of the gap de- scribed. The western side of this area, as far as Woodberry, is composed of stratified gneiss of less dense texture, the top of which has been plowed down by water, and perhaps also by ice, to within six to eight feet of the lower level. Over this the wash- ings of the hills beyond have been deposited to a depth of four feet or more, and along the beds of the two little brooks which formerly crossed this undula- tion the broken fragments of the hornblendic rock have been distributed in rows of bowlders. On the most northward of these two streams the black bowlders are of very large size upon the hill, but lower down they appear gradually smaller and more numerous until the bottom of the basin is reached. The open low areas of this region have all been scooped out of the softer rocks, while the surround- ing hills are made of tougher and more highly meta- morphosed masses of denser materials. South of Woodberry the hills are abrupt on their eastern sides, slope gradually on the west, and are rapidly decaying in all their exposed surfaces. The hornblendic rock is succeeded by fine-grained, more or le.ss chloritic gneiss, either of a grayish-black or yellowish-white color, which breaks down into a fine yellowish powder, yielding a dry, dusty soil. Pene- trating the hill bounding Druid Hill Park, on the northeast corner is a bed of unevenly mixed granite. This reaches the surface beside a crack, through which runs a small brook. Being highly charged with firm (juartz, it mostly resists the action of the solvents in I the water and atmosphere, and stands as a prop to ! support its adjuncts on the south. On the lower ; eastern boundaries of Druid Hill the granites begin again, and appear in large masses. They cross the bed of Jones' Falls in high beds, giving rise to cas- cades, wherever they have not been broken off by heavy floods. Some of these are of the kind known as graphic granites, exhibit a highly crystalline and glossy surface when broken, and consist of coarse grains of quartz, fused together with large crystals and chunks of orthoclase, and holding tablets of mica of various sizes. Most of these, however, are more fine and even-grained, consisting of quartz and white feldspar, with very little mica, and showing more distinctly an orderly arrangement of their grains in nearly parallel lines. All the beds of granites in this section of country, as far as they have been ac- cessible to inspection, have proved to be inclosed in the less metamorphosed stratified gneiss. The beds lie between the folds of gneiss, the latter fits all around their form, and they often send ofl" slender tongues between the layers, or are, occasionally, even con- nected with slender veins of quartz, w-hich run in vari- ous directions across the strata. The Jones' Falls quarries, just north of the city, are an excellent ex- ample of the forms of gneiss and granitic gneiss which particularly belong to Baltimore County. Here are beds folded at a high angle, fifty to seventy degrees north of northwest, having a pretty regular strike in conformity with the continental axis, and with the tops of the strata planed off throughout a tract embracing hundreds of acres. In this series of beds are the sedimentary gneisses of every variety of texture and composition, altered by metamorphic agents into shales, schists, and dense beds in great variety. Black mica abounds, and forms a principal ingredient in some of the layers. In others the pale mica appears in finer and more even scales, associated with hornblende and feldspar. The broken ends of some of these layers project up to a height of eighty to ninety feet, while they become gradually broader beneath, and are there more altered, compacted, and I hardened. Quarrying beneath the surface has ex- posed sections of these rocks equal to a height of one hundred and thirty feet. This has shown that con- solidation of the materials has proceeded from beneath. The grain there becomes fine and close, quartz and hornblende are evenly associated, a mini- mum of mica, if any, is present, and a fine granitic gneiss becomes the substitute for the shaly layers above. Here and there a small bed of coarse granite is completely inclosed, and in two cases small rounded masses of this rock have been seen fitted in the strata surrounding them, like a ball in its socket. Proceed- ing into the city of Baltimore, the same classes of gneiss continue until near tide-water. At intervals they are interrupted by broad beds of disintegrating granite, consisting of coarse and fine grains of quartz, feldspar, and a small proportion of mica and horn- 23 blende. In some of the beds the mica is abundant in fine scales, the hornblende is scarcely apparent, 1 and the quartz forms the principal proportion of the mixture. These quartz grains are of every, possible 1 form, from a flattened, ragged scale to an oblong or I rounded pebble, and are usually charged with cracks and crevices. For the most part they are rather smoky and imperfectly translucent, often stained brownish by the presence of iron, but occasionally of great brilliancy and almost transparent. On approaching Union Depot the black rocks again appear, and extend along and then under Jones' Falls in a blunt ridge sloping thirty feet beneath the surface near the edge of the harbor. As this rock is directly overlaid by the micaceous gneiss along the outer edges of the formation southeast of the city, and as it appears in all of the less broken exposures on the tide-water side between the latter and the Great Gunpowder River, it is reasonable to infer that it is the bed-rock everywhere beneath the Jurassic on the Chesapeake boundary of the county. Digging arte- sian wells has shown that this gneiss occurs at a depth of about one hundred and forty-five feet at a distance of one mile from the city along the estuary of the Patapsco in Baltimore County, and that in Fort Car- roll, seven miles farther out, the same rock is reached at a depth of one hundred and ninety-five feet from the surface. Accordingly, and from other artesian excavations, it is plainly shown that the hornblendic granites have been swollen from beneath into ranges of domes, which extend out for unknown distances towards the ocean, and that the intervening, deeper basins have been made by powerful erosion, which has carried away all the softer parts of the upper layers of archtean rocks, and cut down to the more solid and strong parts of the lower beds. The region a few hundred feet back from the pres- ent limits of tide-water is important, as furnishing ex- cellent examples of the type of structure of many of our hills. One of the best preserved of these is a rounded hill dipping in all directions, which for con- venience maybe called a cycloclinal, — i.e., having the sides sloping all around the circle. It is now a low hill in which the strata of hornblendic gneiss follow each other in serial order. The upper layer, about five feet thick, is of coarse-grained dull feldspar, con- taining a smaller proportion of quartz in uneven mix- ture, of hornblende in fine, remote particles, and of very small scales of mica in moderate quantity. This stratum has been cracked into two divisions, and jointed at frequent intervals. It is spread out more horizontally than those beneath, and connects on its eastern side with the more broken remains of a second cycloclinal, which once stood a few rods beyond. The i next two strata are about six feet in thickness, are j bent at a little higher angle, and are very densely set with larger scales of black mica, constituting an un- 1 evenly deposited schist. The next layer fits the above intimately, is about three feet thick, less micaceous. but more hornblendic, composed of more regular grains of feldspar, and is quite compact and strong. Underneath this is a series of foliated layers of finer- grained quartz, feldspar, and hornblende, in all not more than six inches thick. Below this a strongly- bent broad stratum of hornblendic gneiss fits closely ; next a few feet of rock having more quartz and less hornblende, and at the lowest exposure a highly-bent stratum of granitic gneiss, almost destitute of horn- blende, but containing a large proportion of highly crystalline quartz grains, in feldspar, with a little mica in minute spangles. As this little hill is set directly in the bed of Gwynn's Falls, it has caused that stream to deflect from a straight course, and to form a bend like the letter S. The creek has, how- ever, hammered for long periods against the hard flanks of this rigid barrier, and not without some success. For by sudden floods loaded with masses of stone and sand it has been broken stage by stage until most of the upper part of one side has been re- moved and carried away. Next north of this eleva- tion the edges of hornblendic and mica schists cross the bed of the stream, and are traversed in various directions by thick and thin veins of white quartz. These are followed by thick strata of hornblendic rock, and by more or less micaceous beds, mixed with coarse granite for a long distance. The fine-grained hornblende rock is a granite in all essential particulars. It is intimately united with all our lowest granites and flows into their mass ; or, on the other hand, the granites flow into it. This condi- tion of things does not involve dykes, although there are places near the Patapsco River, in the First and Second Districts, where both granite and hornblende veins push up through strata of granitic gneiss and cross them at various angles. So likewise on the Great Gunpowder River, etc. Hornblende rock forms dome-shaped upthrusts in various parts of this county. Several outcrops of this kind occur along the common strike of the belt, between the Belair and Philadel- phia roads, north of Whitemansh Run, and also be- yond the Great Gunpowder River, in the Eleventh District, in the lower part of the Third District, etc. Between the Reisterstown and the Liberty turnpike roads great beds of this rock lie exposed in every deep cut. These are of immense thickness, and of great density, hardness, and weight. How deeply they pene- trate into the earth is not known, but by adding to- gether the exposures at the different levels a section of at least three hundred feet might easily be con- structed. At various points they exhibit a strange phenomenon in weathering. Near the new bridges on Calvert and North Streets the centres of the beds are solid and only cracked into joints, but on their outer ends they are .seen to be split into numerous thin layers. This is due, in part at least, to the presence of iron pyrites. As the latter oxidizes it unites with the moisture of the atmosphere and gradually works its way in lines between the flattened 24 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. grains of hornblende, and so forms an eroding agent whicli steadily splits the larger strata. Usually where a conspicuous proportion of feldspar is present the hornblende rock is stratified, while in most eases where there is an absence of this mineral, or of quartz, the stratification is not apparent without close exam- ination. No description of the gneissic system of our archaean geology would be complete which omitted to notice the commercial granites, the chloritic belts, the hy- dromica schist series, and the older limestones. The former constitute prominent rolls in the high hills which flank the western side of the county, from Ilchester to the uplands beyond Woodstock. Most prominent and best known arc those which are desig- nated by the name of Woodstock, Ellicott's City, and Elysville granites. The former are obtained from three large quarries exposed in the upper parts of long and wide hills, at an elevation of more than four hundred feet above the sea, set in a tract of country where this rock appears for a distance of about five miles in length from northwest to southeast, by nearly two miles in width from northeast to southwest. To this should be added the interrupted belt which extends from the Eelay House to a short distance above Ellicott's City. Each small section possesses a different kind of granite, so that it is generally easy to distinguish between one sample brought from the region of Granite village and one brought from be- yond, or indeed from different quarries in the same neighborhood. Those from the vicinity of the last- mentioned place are finer-grained than those near Ellicott's City, while the most northwesterly of them has the finest grain of all. This statement must be confined to the granites which have been introduced as an article of merchandise, for there are still finer- grained varieties resting m single hills between the gneiss near Orange Grove, near Ilchester, and near the mouth of Gwynn's Falls. The hills in which the first-mentioned varieties occur rise as gentle elevations of fifty feet or more above the general level of the folds of the adjacent ridge. The rocks of the three quarries mentioned are composed of ragged grains of dull white feldspar, with a smaller portion of orthoclase feldspar, clear quartz, hornblende in smaller spicu- lated grains, in medium quantity, unevenly mixed, and with quite small flakes of pale mica in small quantity. An agreeable light gray color is the result of this composition, which strongly resembles the varieties brought from Richmond, Va., and from New Hampshire. AVhere lying undisturbed they curve gently in all directions, as if forming the upper mem- bers of a cycloclinal or anticlinal. But, as yet, they have not been sufiiciently laid bare to establish their exact connections with the beds next adjoining. Out- lying members of the series, however, are seen to fit into the more or less stratified hornblendic gneiss, and to grade into the hornblende rock, as has been noticed previously in some of the liinary trriuiites. As the hill is ascended behind the college at Wood- stock, the granite rises into the road in the form of a dome, with a top about four feet in diameter. This is encircled on the bed of the road by a belt of the same rock, of about six inches in thickness. To this was added, originally, other outer layers, of which vestiges still remain, showing the same curvature and inward bend, and serving to establish the fact that they all belonged to a nearly hemispherical mass of granite. It should be noticed at this point that the bed is slowly undergoing decomposition, and that the concentric form of these outer shells may be due to the manner in which the grains crack apart as they lose tenacity. However, throughout the upper parts of the quarries, in the freshly-broken rock, a similar curvature is also seen. In a quarry of fine granite, owned by T. Putney, in the near vicinity of this road, a most striking phenomenon presents itself. All around the upper part, as far down as the excavation has been well exposed, the outer grains of the rock have decomposed, fallen aside or into adjoining joints, and have left the strata lying in the form of huge eggs, or elliptical masses. Some of these are twenty- two feet long by twelve to fifteen feet in diameter, while others are scarcely more than five feet in length by three feet in breadth, and indeed they occur of various dimensions. The outside of all these bodies is seen to be more or less stained brownish by the oxide of iron derived from the particles of decom- posing hornblende, but this decomposition extends inwards to a depth of rarely more than about six inches. Inside of this the clear gray color of the rock asserts its tenacity, and is extensively employed for first-class buildings. The same phenomenon occurs in the other quarries of this region, but on a much smaller scale. In this hill, as in the others near it, the granites lie in layers a few feet in thickness, one above the other. The wedge-shaped end of one fill- ing out a corresponding corner at the end of its next neighbor, while others taper in yet more slender wedges, which run between contiguous ones, on nearly the same plane ; and so the whole series is made up of long bands, firaetured obliquely, or in contact, end to end, where jointed squarely. Several other varieties of granite occur in beds of smaller size, near the Patapsco River, in the Second District. One of these is a salt-and-pepper mixed pattern, with the grains of feldspar and quartz smaller than those in the beds already opened around Granite Post-oflice, and have the particles of hornblende as small as pins' heads, and rather evenly disseminated throughout. It occurs in layers a few feet thick, pushing up through the coarse granitic and hornblendic gneiss on both sides of the Patapsco River. The next variety is very compact, occurs in the same region, is almost pure white, and resembles crys- talline marble in its general appearance. The few grains of hornblende that it contains are mere atoms placed at very remote intervals, and rather regularly 25 distributed. It also appears in small beds, set in simi- lar position between the layers of coarse gneiss. Across the Patapsco River, opposite Elysville, is a large outcrop of granite, forming the body of a ridge fully sixty feet high. The rock is a fine-grained mix- ture of white feldspar, quartz, hornblende, and mica. The grains are somewhat flattened, ragged, and irregular, and the hornblende is small, set in slen- der streaks of jagged atoms along interrupted lines. Atoms of mica are sparingly distributed through the feldspar, and are generally placed between the finer grains. The color of this granite is generally that of pale lead, a little darkened by the short streaks of black hornblende. This large bed is set into a broken mass of granitic gneiss into which it grades, the mica increases in quantity and size until a somewhat schist- ose character is imparted to the strata. Decomposi- tion is making havoc with these outer parts near the road, and the weathering parts are being variegated with ochreous brown. It then appears more like a sandstone, the grains become rounder, and it finally washes down into a loose, sandy soil. The EUicott's City granite may be known by its dark-gray appearance, varied by oval or square large crystals of pink and white feldspar. These pieces of orthoclase are sometimes of an inch or more in length, while the general average of the fragments scarcely exceeds the one-twelfth of an inch in size. In some parts of the beds extraordinary diversity of mixture obtains, large and small crystals of different kinds of feldspar are placed in contact with quartz and large grains of hornblende, and the rock displays highly crystalline and lustrous surface. The texture of this composition is close, hard, and very enduring. In the presence of damp, iron-charged soil it disinte- grates and turns into paste, but in ordinary situations it strongly resists the atmosphere. Between this place and Orange Grove the greatest number of species of granite may be obtained. Some, such as the variety just described, form the larger jiart of the great hills which constitute the ridge rising more than a hundred feet above the bed of the river. Below Ilchester long, intrusive beds of rose- colored porphyritic granites jut out in the midst of tlie blackish varieties, and within a radius of two miles southeast of this point a dozen patterns of granites, from an almost black species beautifully mottled and inscribed to a pale, delicate bluish-gray, fiue-grained, wavy-streaked variety, form a grand uplift near Orange Grove. Near the bridge below Ilchester these rocks are held in the embrace of the great hornblende strata, in some cases fade into them, while the pale-red or salmon varieties vein through them at difl'erent angles. Another species of granite, somewhat resembling the EUicott's City type, occurs in and next to the Great Gunpowder River, near the Philadelphia turn- pike. It is a gray rock, composed of moclerately large grains of feldspar and quartz, the former being some- times rosy, charged with black hornblende in short, wavy, slender lines, bent in every direction, and with but very little mica, in exceedingly small scales. Oc- casionally very coarse aggregations of hornblende, as well as large crystals of ragged feldspar, give it a very conspicuous appearance. In density, hardness, and weight it will stand equal to any of the other varieties. It weathers into ridgy, waved, broken lines of quartz and feldspar, very much like the granite from EUicott's City. Away from the centre of the massive beds it runs into thin layers, and finally changes into stratified hornblendic gneiss. Horn- blende invades it from various directions, and pene- trates, or rests within its mass, in swollen wedges, in bent lines, in vein-like, thick streaks, or in blunt, tongue-like projections. Near the road, beyond the bridge, it rises in concentric strata, inclosed all around by strata of true gneiss, having been originally pushed up in dome-shaped waves, which have been planed off by the rushing of water and hard matter over its surface. The rocks in this region have the u.sual dip towards the north-northwest at very high angles, while the concentric strata connect with others which ex- tend away in more parallel lines. At the former limit of tide-water near the mouth of Gwynn's Falls, a gray granite of fine texture occupies the lower and central part of a large exposure in the side of a hill. It is a rock composed of ragged grains of feldspar and quartz, with finer fragments of horn- blende, and a few very minute .scales of mica. At the ends, and as it jjroceeds upwards, the rock becomes stratified, grades into gneiss and micaceous schist, and loses its distinctive granitic character. This, with the preceding illustrations of the variable nature of our granites, will serve to show that at least many of them were originally deposited as ordinary sediments and that they have been changed to their highly crystal- line condition by the action of heat, probably pen- etrating them in the form of steam and gas. The next great rock system which demands our at- tention is the Chloritic, embracing the serpentines, chlorite schists, soapstone, talc, and magnesian com- positions, with their included ores and minerals. I They occur most prominently in certain ranges of rounded, moderately-elevated hills running in a gen- erally northeast by southwest direction along both sides of the great limestone basins of the middle of the county. The first and smallest of these is the tract of country known as the Bare Hills,— a barren, for- bidding region of blackish-green, hard, dry rocks, everywhere exposed at the surface and in the deep cuts of the little streams. Tunnels have been cut into the massive, jointed beds, and deep pits have been dug to reach the chro- mic iron, but everywhere the same dark rock presents itself, relieved only by magnesian efflorescence, or brownish stains of oxide of iron. As nearly as can be determined, these rocks dip north of east, at an angle of nearly forty-five degrees. They are bounded HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. on the east by the granitic ledges of Lake Roland, and on the other sides by the hornblendic and mica- ceous gneiss. Their unconformability witli the gnels- sic sj'stem in this region seems clear; but as we ap- proach Druid Hill Park, along the line of Green Spring Avenue, they cross the line of strike of the hornblende rocks, are fitted into them in belts a few feet wide, and stretch oft' under the surface in a nar- row tongue, whicli has been cut into on Charles Street near Chase. As only the edges of the strata are ex- posed on the roads north of the Park, it is not now possible to state whether the serpentiue lies in faults within the hornblendic beds. But at all events, it fits intimately into the places which it there occupies, and might readily be supposed to be of the same age as the massive hornblende. A few indications of the pi'esence of serpentine are seen next the great horn- blende area east of the Pimlico road, but on both sides of Green Spring Avenue it occurs in the chlo- ritic soils which display their barrenness on the flanks and sides of the hills. Chlorite affects the rocks and makes its appearance over a diagonal stretch of coun- try, less than an eighth of a mile wide, running across the Reisterstown turnpike to the Liberty road, about one mile west of Baltimore; next appearing a few rods west of Gwynn's Falls on the old I'rederick road, extending beyond the Frederick turnpike and becom- ing lost in the hills southeast of Catonsville. North- west of the latter place it occupies a wide space of surface, stretching off' towards Liberty. The largest area of serpentine in this county is the great group of hills called Soldiers' Delight. It is dark and forbidding like the former, but more ele- vated, and constructed on a grander scale. Possibly the hills are only great mounds of rock, pushed up to their present level by the drying and shrinking of the earth's surface. Such enormous beds do not seem to be intrusive upthrusts, or dykes. Cleavage, or jointing, is carried to an extreme development throughout their whole extent, but it is not the joint- ing of gneiss, nor the cleavage of granite. Square or I diagonal fracture-lines pass through them at frequent intervals, and give to the weathered surfaces the ap- pearance of gaping wounds in a parched integument. Two other areas of this rock occur, the one a little east of Black Rock Run, north of Butler Post-office, and the other near the forks of the Great Gunpowder ; but they present the same general features as the others, and have no peculiarities calling for a further notice at this time. All of these areas are of value from the pockets of chrome and beds of precious serpentine and copper which they contain. In the Bare Hills valuable de- posits of several varieties of fine-grained serpentiue exist, more than one of which will fevorably compare with the celebrated verd-antique marble. Here also, as well as in the Soldiers' Delight, extensive pockets of chrome have been excavated, aud for several years a copper-mine gave its quota of good ore to the agents who worked it. An expansion of this formation ad- joins Catonsville on the northwest, and there may be found beds of .soapstone, seams of asbestos, some talc, and occasionally tremolite and actinolite. About one mile north of Druid Hill the hornblendic-magnesian rock has been suddenly bent into small anticlinal and synclinal folds, exhibiting a highly metallic and al- most ftised appearance. Some of the folds have been overthrown, so as to lie at a very low angle. Most jmrts of this member of the series, however, dip about seventy degrees, a little west of north, show the strati- fication distinctly, and pitch towards the west. Beau- tiful thin seams of talc have once been folded into these, but only a few of their shattered remnants are now left to indicate their former places. Steatite oc- curs in the northwestern part of the First District, and has there been extensively quarried for commercial purposes. The great breaking up of the surface which seems to have occurred about the close of the Cambrian period scooped out vast quantities of these magnesian rocks with their associated overlying mica schists and left basins, to be afterwards occupied by corals and other animals, and the algje, which con- tributed to the masses of limestones and marble now spread throughout most of their expanse. The hydromica schist formation naturally follows next in order. It occupies the highest levels of the county, and stretches over its whole width from the Pennsylvania boundary to Reisterstown on the west, and to the head-waters of the Little Gunpow-der on the east. High crests of this rock, of a blackish-gray color on the weathered faces, stand up on ridges which often rise to an elevation of more than six hundred feet above the sea. The masses are frequently of immense size, cracked and dislocated in various directions, and stand out at various angles along the steep slopes down which they have slid. Both syn- clinal and anticlinal folds, both short and long, stretch over the whole width of the area from north to south. In some cases these rocks reach over like tongues into the limestone country farther south, and in a few in- stances, as near Butler Post-office, beyond Ashland, and in the ridges next above Green Spring Valley, they have formed islands, probably, in the Cambrian Ocean. The excessive proportion of silvery mica throughout this formation is its most quickly distin- guishing feature. It is mixed with quartz, which spreads out in lumpy layers between its plates, and which sometimes pushes through it in large veins. As we proceed well into it, the newly-fractured rock of the central parts of the beds shows a slippery, satin-like surface, coated with more metallic-looking mica (Damouriti:), and this is often connected with beds of steatite, which thrust their stout root-like veins into the strata like huge cancers. Along the southern boundary of this formation the scales of mica are coai-se and the slaty character less distinct than it is seen to be as the State line is approached. Beyond Pleasant Valley splendid examples of tlie GEOLOGY. 27 schist, of a highly silvery appearance, fill the nar- rowly-folded anticlinal and synclinal hills. There, too, the layers of that rock are very neatly wrinkled in narrow wavy lines. Quartz in lenticular laminie rests between the layers, and, where foliated, its struc- j tare is more closely pressed together, while the little } prominences set all over the surface are found to be i occupied by garnets. These rocks are bent and folded i in almost every possible way. The white quartz con- i trasts strongly with the gray mass, and forming slen- der veins, imitates many of the more crooked letters of the alphabet. Compression of the strata has often | bent the inclosed granular quartz in such a manner as to force it back upon itself. Some of these intercala- tions are several inches in thickness, and have in- volved the surrounding layers of mica to such an j extent as to double them inwards in a series of com- plicated folds. Near their outer limits, these rocks occasionally include a bed of sandstone like gray gneiss, but usually these masses are of small extent, ■, and of no great thickness. A paler gray, closer- grained sandstone is sometimes interstratified in other parts of the area, and it seems to be of a texture fit for grindstones and hones. The most striking feature of this formation is the celebrated Black Rock, on the creek of that name, about one-half mile north of Butler Post-office, in the Fifth District. This is the shattered remnant of a former great hill of tlie dark mica schist which at one time crossed the Falls turn- pike near the fork in Black Rock Run. On the west side of the road it now rises in picturesque attitude to a height of about thirty-five feet. It is weather- beaten, varied with patches of gray, green, and yel- low lichens, and partly encircled below, and on pro- jecting angles, by the beautiful fern, Polypodium vul- gare. The most prominent part of this monumental mass consists of two vertical bowlders, standing on end, q^se together. They appear to be about twenty feet high, by nearly fifteen feet in width, rest upon a large broken bed of the same kind of rock, and are partly capped by smaller masses, which lean upon them almost horizontally. Behind them, the hill is filled with similar pieces of large size, tossed there by the dislocations which have disturbed the order of this whole bed, and shattered in part by descending from a higher level. In Butler the outer edge of this formation lies nearest to a stratified gneiss quartz-rock, separated from it by only a narrow gap. The gneiss is made up of the extremely fine particles of quartz, feldspar, and mica, sprinkled with atoms of hornblende. It is ar- ranged in very narrow strata placed almost vertical ; and dips away from the hydromica schist, although pressed against it lower down. Another remarkable example of the hydromica schist is the Raven Rock. It occurs in the Seventh District, on the south bank of the West Branch of the Great Gunpowder River, about one and a half miles southeast of Weisburg. The rock is a prominent dark ledge, which projects at least seventy-five feet above the earth, and overhangs the Gunpowder River. It is also part of a.great ridge, and is as usual broken and craggy. The wildest and most rugged region of all, while the highest, is that where these rocks are most prevalent, in the northwestern part of the county ; and there they may be studied in the char- acteristic and almost original condition in which they have been left by physical forces. All the geological formations thus far noticed be- long to the great underlying systems of primeval rocks. No remains of anything certainly known to belong to animal structure have been found in any of them. They constitute the floor upon which all the sedimentary and other formations of later periods have been laid down, and from the broken remains of which, in association with the remnants of organic beings, all the succeeding rocks have been derived. Palaeozoic Age. Cambrian and Lower Silurian Formations. — The period is now reached when living creatures and plants have begun to make their ap- pearance in the waters. A wide-spread ocean still covers much of the surface, and the eroded rocks have left deep cavities in the sides and between the swellings of the archsean masses, where rank growths of sea-weeds and the soft sea-worms could find place and protection. Doubtless hot springs and heated currents of water coursed here and there along the margins of the higher beds; skirting, perhaps, the drains and narrow valleys of the hydromica schists. As this period advanced, broad sheets of silicious conglomerates were laid down on the bottom, where the grinding waves had reduced the quartz seams to rounded pebbles. Powerful storms stirred the shal- low waters, breaking the mica from the schists, and sending it in the midst of sandy streams to the upper submerged plateaus. Fine silicious paste was laid down at more quiet intervals, until a broad deep sheet of quartz conglomerate and sandstone rested over an area extending perhaps from what is now the eastern edge of the Triassic brown sandstone belt across the greater part of our hydromica schist formation, and even projecting over a part of the county to within the Third, Ninth, and Eleventh Districts. Probably a few small belts of the Potsdam sandstone and pebbly quartzite were laid down along the old sea margin immediately north of Baltimore, since large angular fragments, with multitudes of smaller pieces, have been dug out of the drift along that line. These were not rounded, as would have been the case had they been brought from a long distance ; but their edges were sharp and unbroken, as if they had been cracked from freshly-broken beds. Also, in similar deposits in the same region, rounded small bowlders of the same system occurred, but in every case noticed they came from the harder and firmer parts of the rock, which could readily bear transportation in contact with other rounded quartz and pebble drift. The latter part of this epoch was characterized by enor- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. mous wear aud tear of the thick silicious beds which covered some of the swellings along the bottom of the shallower basins. Some of the.se were cut quite down through the hydromica schists to the older rocks beneath. Some of these basins, so made, are of great extent, such as Dulaney's and Worthington's Valleys, and all the long depressions opening out towards the southeast. The ocean entered by all these avenues, and was perhaps only cut off from the basins in other counties by the higher folds of ar- chiean rocks along the southwestern border of the county. Life must have teemed in the shallower parts of the great ocean. The drains and open gulfs may have been peopled by the corals and algie, and the foraminifora, no doubt, filled the bottom of the deeper waters with their constantly dropping shells. Long ages elapsed, and the slowly accumulating deposits liad become thick. In some places they were com- l)act, in others more loose and porous. Here and | there streams of oozy matter, ground from the flanks of the older rocks, mixed with sand, mica, aud sili- cious grit, coursed through the beds of limestone j mud, and left a long, wavy trail wherever they flowed. Still other layers of limestone mud, mixed with what- ever sediment was carried by the now gentler waves, I were laid over the former deposits, and by this time a stratum had accumulated of several hundreds of feet in thickness. Exact figures cannot be given, for no measurements ate obtainable at the present time. Such has been the method of construction of the Cambro-Silurian system of rocks. Its whole history has not yet been given to the world, but enough has j been .secured to enable us to recognize its most promi- \ nent features. Mesozoie Age. Jurassic and Wealden Formations. —Whole ages of geological history have passed since the Cambro-Silurian period came to an end ; but, ex- cepting a few badly-worn corals and brachiopods of the Lower Silurian epoch, buried in the drift of the Jurassic, no remains have been left to show that these periods had ever affected the county. Probably at the beginning of the Jurassic time great heat was active in the crust of the earth. Trap was thrust up through the cracks of the rocks in the brown sandstone of the Triassic, and through other formations, and tre- mendous contractions and expansions of the strata dropped whole hills to lower levels, while it lifted others in a corresponding degree. Drying and shrink- ing of the earth's surface had already settled the bolder reliefs of upland, and now the ocean was being pushed farther away, extensive marshes bordered the coast, and the lower midlands were covered with con- sjncuous groves of trees. Springs of water welled up through the sandy beds covering the primeval rocks, and lakes filled up the avenues between the rounder hills. Great beds of canes spread away in belts next the shores, and lagoons were tenanted by the ever- hungry Astrodon and his other reptilian relations. The climate was warm ; in the lowlands tlie atmos- phere moLst, and a plentiful vegetation grew all around. Exquisite tree-ferns flourished in the open- ings of the ravines, and the Cycad palms spread over the deep, rich soil near the swamps. Many forms of pine-like trees were established on the lower hills, aud they were spread out in wide forests as far back as the first high elevations beyond Druid Hill Park. Extensive washings of the surface, caused by the melting of glaciers on the flanks and in the cafions of the high mountain on the northwest of the county, brought down quantities of .sand and gravel and small rounded quartz bowlders from the rocky streams, and carried them out in piles as far as the border of the great ocean which washed the beach on a line with North Point and the mouth of the Gunpowder River. On that line beds of sandstone were being laid down, layer upon layer, until finally a deep and narrow strip of silicious rock stretched across the region, which wa-s afterwards to be the estuary of the Patapsco River, and away off through Cecil County, northeast, in the direction of the Delaware River. Probably this rocky belt then formed a high barrier, and served to arrest the mud and sand which was being continually carried towards it. The car- bonaceous mud of the Middle Jurassic and Wealden had now served its purpose in supporting a luxuriant vegetation, and the iron material had been stored in vast quantities throughout the beds of clay. The repose of long intervals of quiet was at length to be disturbed. The ice-barriers which had been gradually extending towards the coast were now being broken up. Floods swept down, cutting trenches through the clays and former drift mixtures, and opened channels into the sea. Ocean-waves aud floods from landward tossed the clays and sands about in rude heaps, and carved canals between the more refractory beds of the harder clays. These once opened, the higher tides rushed through them with great energy, cut away their corners, and left them standing in de- tached domes and wavy rounded swellings. Another epoch, the Cretaceous, made little or no change in the existing order of things, at least so far as any record has been left to us within the limits of this county. Cenozoic Age. — And now we reach a period when the whole region is lifted still higher above the sea, and later, when fluctuations of level in the crust of the earth forced up the mountains west of our county, and let down our coast to a depth of more than one hun- dred feet, admitting the ocean once more as far inland as Lutherville and Timonium. Proceeding stage by stage, it distributed the gravel in high heajis over the plateaus and in the basins, and cast down some of the rocks which had become detached along the summits of the hills. A time of greater quiet followed this, when a scanty vegetation of spruce grew upon the ridges south of Dulaney's Valley, but of all else during the remainder of this period no remains exist to point out its liistory. GEOLOGY. But now the end of the Cenozoic Age has been reached, the present position of land and water has been reached, and a temperate climate permits the growth of willows near the streams, and of chestnut and oak upon the rolling surfaces. Marshes of deep black mud were beginning to accumulate, and the tangled roots of grasses and shrubs were preparing the foundations of the later peat. Glacial Epoch. — The genial temperature of the Cenozoic has now passed away, glaciers have again settled on the mountains, and ice-rafts are crashing through every channel, carving more profoundly the beds of the streams, and plowing deep furrows in the surfaces of the bard rocks. Swelling floods, from the frequent melting of the ice-masses, pour through the valleys, grooving and rounding the edges of the limestones, and scoring parallel lines along the sides of the rocky ravines leading down to the rivers. New channels are cut in the Jurassic beds for the passage of the waters, and the mouths of these in turn are clogged with the rushing masses of sand, clay, and drift. Kows of hard bowlders are distributed in lines from their original ledges upon the sides of the ridges and plateaus, the upper edges of the gneisses at lower levels are planed off and then covered with the rocks detached from above. Finally, the ocean pushes the smaller bowlders, gravel, and sand over all the sur- face as far back as the lower falls of the rivers, and high hills of these materials stand up along the whole tide-water belt of the county. Later floods in this and the modern period have transported these gravels away from several of the hills and plateaus near tide- water, but the same formation still constitutes promi- nent elevations in places near the outer limits of the city, along North Avenue, near Fulton Station, and on Mount Royal Avenue. But in the region lying six to eight miles from Baltimore, between the Phila- delphia and Harford turnpikes, they form an elevated plateau, rising to fully one hundred feet above the adjacent lowlands. Clays have also been distributed during this period as shallow layers in the depres- sions washed out by the receding waters, and marsh- mud has been deposited around the shores and in the estuaries. Also, the full fauna and flora of the present had its culmination at this time, and all the diversi- ties of land and water had become established. The great American elephant roamed over the lower pla- teaus and plains, and a luxuriant growth of the swamp cypress and white cedar fringed the beaches around Locust Point, about the end of the tongue of land lying in the Thirteenth District, and along the shores of the Spring Gardens. Iron Ores. — From the earliest settlement of the county iron ores have been known to occur in various places near tide-water; and in course of time their existence was discovered in other places, until now almost every locality within the range of the archajan and limestone rocks affords more or less of this metal. First of all, however, rank the Jurassic clays, in the amount and quality of the ore which they contain. A great belt of these, extending from the Relay House on the Washington road to the estuary of the Gun- powder River (and into the adjoining counties), and having a width of about six miles on the west by ten miles on the east, is the natural repository of the highly-esteemed carbonates of iron. In the Twelfth, Thirteenth, and part of the Third Districts, these an- cient deposits are more than one hundred feet in depth. They are the dried muds of a once great marsh, which covered the whole southeastern border of Maryland, from the vicinity of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal to the city of Washington, and which extended back across the country in a belt averaging nearly twenty miles in width. This has been the region of dense forests, canebrakes, tree- fern groves, and luxuriant vegetation, and from their macerated and reduced remains has been derived the carbon which afterwards combined with the iron, in the alumina from the hornblendic rocks and pyrites, to form the nodules and layers. These clays have also afforded the air-tight receptacle in which the ores have concentrated, or settled in thin strata. These carbonates of iron, widely known for their richness and purity of metal, are of two kinds. The one called Hone ore, from the drab color of its fresh exterior, and from its resemblance to the fine-grained sandstones used for whetstones, is found chiefly in layers and flat masses, a few feet below the bed of the Patapsco River, in the region around the quarantine station, also between Fort McHenry and the light- house on the opposite shore, and near the Canton water-line. Large quantities have been lifted from the two former places, and there is reason to believe that a vast store yet remains, which is now inaccessible because of the valuable property which has been built above it. At intervals, from at least the middle of the Jurassic period to the present time, the blackish, carbonaceous ooze has been settling in the bottoms of the estuaries, and thus the material for a new supply of the ore has continued to be present. It is as- serted by various persons who have been engaged in collecting this ore that the same beds may be worked over indefinitely. They state that after an interval of a few years, sometimes as few as from three to five, they have returned to the beds at the bottom of the river, and found them profitably productive. The second variety of carbonate of iron is generally a little darker, more lead-colored than the preceding, and more or less hydrated. It is of a fine, close tex- ture, occurs in the form of nodules, often arranged like a series of shells, one within the other, and is generally more or less liver-colored towards the blackish, velvety, crystallized centre. The interior of such nodules is also seen to be filled with wet, dark- colored clay, or with sand. This is the most abundant iron ore thus far worked in the county. It lies in the lead-colored or blackish clays which rise from a few feet below tide-level; but it may also be met with in HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. tlie paler-colored and reddish clays overlying, or I thrust into depressions in the darker ones. The places which have thus far yielded the largest quantities of this ore are the peninsula of the Thirteenth District, the Caton tract, the Sulphur Spring region, the belt j along the Washington road from the Relay House [ to the vicinity of Gwynn's Falls, the whole range I of clay lands from Herring Run to within one mile ' of the Gunpowder River near the Philadelphia turn- pike, and especially that part of the county near Steramer's Run. In the northeastern part of the city, likewise, extensive excavations, to a depth of sixty j feet and more, have been made to reach the large beds of nodules which rested there. Some of these pieces were of large size, weighing two hundred 1 pounds, and even more ; but the greater number ranged from the size of the fist to that of the head. Next in extent and value in this county rank the oxides of iron. These occur in numerous places in and near the limestone belt in most if not all of the valleys. They are of several difterent aspects, but all exhibit an earthy appearance, and are more or less ochreous on some part of the surface. Some of them, such as those found at Timonium and Ashland, have a dark-brown, smooth exterior, and occur in lumps of small size. These are dug from pits in the earth, and are often found quite near the surface. At other places, as north of Hampton, and even on that estate, deep excavations have been dug for the vast bodies of brown hematite deposited there. At Oregon, also, and at other places near Chestnut Ridge, on the "Caves" estate at the head-waters of North Run, and about two miles west of Hereford, valuable va- rieties of limonite occur in considerable quantities. These are all important ores, and generally yield from thirty-five to forty per cent, of excellent iron. The county has not been carefully explored for the several kinds of magnetite, specular oxide, titanifer- ous, and other oxides, of which small quantities have i been found in the Bare Hills, the Soldiers' Delight, i and especially in the hills of the hydromica schist j series in the northwestern and northeastern portions. Rich magnetites have thus far been extensively mined i here only in the edge of the chloritic slates, near the forks of the Gunpowder River, south of Whitehall. The importance of large supplies of iron ore is fully appreciated by our inhabitants, and new deposits are being discovered every year; but doubtless many of the richest and best yet lie hid away deep in the rocky hills, where they will be found hereafter only as the result of a systematic and minute examination of the structure of the country. j Marbles and Limestones.— The marbles of Balti- more County are celebrated for their usefulness and durability. These are all white, or nearly so, and [ while they are distributed throughout most of the j valleys of the middle belt, are most easily developed in the vast beds of the Beaver Dam, and in the ledges of Dulanev's Valley. All of them have been more or less altered by the action of heat, which has in many ca.ses imparted a highly crystalline and lustrous surface to the fractured rock. This £idmits of a fine polish to the dressed stone, and renders it highly de- sirable for the finishing and trimming of houses. There are two principal varieties of this rock which claim attention first, because of their firm texture and solidity in large masses. These are the fine- grained and the alum marbles. The former is best represented in the horizontal beds worked by Messrs. Connelly and others west of Cockeysville. It consists of small, even, glistening crystals of carbonate of lime, but little invaded with sulphuret of iron, resting in even strata of great length. The second is a very coarse-grained, and more glassy, crystalline rock, which occurs in the beds at Texas and in Dulaney's Valley. It occurs in immense blocks, but, being more diflicult to polish, is not at present so much prized as formerly. Both varieties have been exten- sively used in the government buildings at Washing- ton, and the former is the chief stone used in the fronts of fine residences in Baltimore. The limcr stones are the varieties of marble undesirable for building purposes, from lack of evenness of texture, or from resistance to polish, or softness of the body of the rock. But they are precious as furnishing an important fertilizer, and one well adapted to most of the soils of the county. The limestones, including the marbles, were originally laid down in nearly hori- zontal beds, but where they rest in contact with the primordial rocks the foldings of the surface have let them down in deep synclinals, the closing of which, followed by erosion, allows their ends to project at the surface of the soil in conformity with the edges of the adjacent beds of gneiss, etc. This is markedly the case in Western Run Valley and in Quaker Bottom. At the Gunpowder end of the new tunnel for the Bal- timore water-supply, the limestone runs under the river and juts against the massive hornblende rock, appear- ing to be nearly horizontal at that point, but bent into a fold at a distance of a quarter of a mile farther east, where it forms a prominent hill. The foldings of this rock in the Texas district appear to be chiefly cyclo- clinal, connected with serpentine waves following a nearly northeast by southwest direction, and becoming lost in more horizontal layers as they shade into the broad valley on the west. In Green Spring Valley broad belts of these limestones cross the roads, and wide sheets of them underlie the soil on the north side of Lutherville, In the valleys south and west of the Great Central Basin they underlie the soil at a depth of six to ten feet, and the ore overlaid by micaceous earth charged with small (]uartz fragments, somewhat rounded. Gold, Silver, Copper, and Chrome.— Gold has never been found in Baltimore County in quantities sufficiently large to pay for its production. It is com- monly found here in the form of fine dust or minute specks, scattered through quartz veins in the slates GEOLOGY. 31 and primitive rocks. Granites in the archaean belt have yielded small quantities, and the chloritic slates of the metalliferous range north of Hereford have disclosed a little of the gold in very minute particles. It is an almost universally distributed native metal, always hard to discover, and uncertain as to the amount in any one locality. Minute quantities of silver have also been found associated with copper and iron in the quartzites of the chloritic belt, eight miles from Baltimore. Speci- mens of quartzite with fine spangles of this ore have been exhibited from the region (it is asserted) just north of Baltimore. As seams of altered chloritic gneiss and almost fused hornblendic rocks pass through the section immediately north of Druid Hill Park, it is not impossible that some of the samples might have been extracted from those places. Copper belongs to the area along the borders of the serpentine at the Bare Hills, at Soldiers' Delight, and along the metalliferous range crossing the county | about twenty miles north of Baltimore. Indications j of the metal appear in the surface rocks east of Pleas- ' ant Valley, also southeast of Whitehall, and near the fork of the Gunpowder River. Copper ores of good quality were formerly extracted from a shaft sunk near the southeastern border of the Bare Hills, but I the large amount of the ore obtained at Lake Superior and elsewhere caused the working to be unprofitable, and it has since been abandoned. Native copper has I not yet been discovered in this county, but that which has been worked is a carbonate, protruded into the quartz veins, and often accompanied by the magnetic oxide of iron. That which has been observed in the Tenth District is found next the soapstone in the midst of hydromica slate rocks. 1 Chrome still holds a prominent place as one of the valuable ores of Maryland. It is, however, less ac- cessible in Baltimore County than in the northern part of Cecil County, and this fact somewhat represses the development of the digging in the Bare Hills and Soldiers' Delight. It was formerly sought for in the form of coarse sand in the gulleys and streams of the localities before mentioned, but now the yield is found to be more productive in the pockets of the massive serpentine rocks. Mica. — This much-needed mineral occurs in cross- layers between strata of quartz in the archsean rocks. It is associated with the binary granites, and often forms irregular pockets in the midst of their mass. A seam of this mineral has recently been laid bare on St. Paul Street, next the northern end of the bridge over Jones' Falls, but the only parts penetrated have been too much decayed to be of commercial value. Loose masses of large-sized mica plates have also been found in the binary granites of the hornblende region two miles east of Timonium. At that point only the decomposed hills have been examined, so that the rock in place may yet be found to yield veins of good quality. Clays. — The vast bodies of archiean rocks, largely composed of alumina, have yielded by their decom- position and erosion great hills and deep strata of the most important commercial clays. These now ri.se in part as bluflTs along and near the shores of tide-water. Deep cuts along the roads leading out of the city also expose them at various points, and they may likewise be seen in the excavations for new streets on its eastern, southern, and western boundaries, and along North Avenue east of the Harford road. They are of vari- ous colors, from a pure white to a lead-black, and of every variety of texture. The finest porcelain-clay, or kaolin, is pure white, soft, and destitute of grit, and results from the decom- position of clean feldspar. It has been found in de- posits of moderate size at many points in and near Baltimore. The new basin at Montebello cuts through a large bed of it, and it occurs in greater or less quan- tities in all the large masses of decaying binary gran- ites and feldsites. The sedimentary, water-washed white clay may be in part only another stage of this same kaolin. It occurs in beds underlying the drift and sand, east and south of the city. Large beds of it have been cut through in digging the Clifton reser- voir, and it has beeu thrown out in large quantities from the new tunnel for Harford Run, and from the beds of the streets on Federal Hill, and west of Cal- vert Street near the Northern Central Railroad depot. Another kind of pale clay, whitish and drab, is used in making the fine-pressed Baltimore bricks. It is generally found a few feet beneath the surface in separate beds, which are often many acres in extent, and which extend beneath the surface to a depth of ten feet, or even more. They are widely distributed about the region of the Patapsco River, along a belt about two miles wide, but sending off tongues into the country at intervals to a distance of nearly five miles. The tile, pottery, and ordinary brick clays of Balti- more County are still more widely distributed. They occupy nearly all the intermediate levels over the Jurassic area, from tide-water to a line about eight miles north of Baltimore, and from the Relay House on the Washington road to within one mile of the Gunpowder River on the Philadelphia road. Many of the beds of this clay lie directly next the surface, and seem to be of late Tertiary origin. Two other kinds of brick clay have lately been brought into use. The one belongs to the iron-ore regions of the limestone valleys, and the other to the talcose slate region of the northern parts of the county. Both of these varieties are much valued, and are being extensively used in the construction of dwell- The limits necessarily prescribed for the present chapter exclude the consideration of numerous topics which fitly belong to the geology of the county. Thus no notice has been taken of the duration of the time, of the thickness, and of the rate of deposit of the HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. different formations ; of the different faults and dykes, of the dislocations of the hills, and of the general changes of level which have taken place during some of the periods ; but instead, we have had to be con- tented with a general survey of the features which more immediately concern the practical interests of the present time. CHAPTER III. ABORIGINES. The Fierce Susquehaunouglis — Habits and Appearance. When Captain John Smith, in the summer of 1608, penetrated the territory of Baltimore County (as will be seen in the next chapter), he found it in- habited by a nation of Indians who lived on or near the river which has since borne their name. The Susquehannoughs, being hunting Indians, changed their abodes as game grew scarce, and so scattered themselves over a large extent of country. Their chief settlement was about twenty-one miles from the mouth of the Susquehanna River, but in the spring and summer they made visits to the salt water for fish and oysters. They could muster seven hundred fight- ing men, and exercised dominion over a considerable part of the Eastern and Western Shore of the Chesa- peake Bay, being the lords of some and the allies of other tribes and confederacies.' The Susquehannoughs were one of the fiercest and most warlike nations on the Atlantic coast, and kept all the tribes within their reach in a state of almost continual alarm. Their villages were palisaded to resist the incursions of their most bitter and deter- mined enemies, the Iroquois, or Massaworaekes, as they called them. The warlike appearance, grave and haughty carriage, and sonorous speech of the Susquehannoughs seem to have strongly impressed the early voyagers. Smith describes them as very noble specimens of humanity. He speaks of them as a race of giants. "Such greate and well propor- tioned men are seldome seene, for they seemed like giants to the English, yea, and unto their neighbours." He speaks of them as in other respects the "strangest people of all those countries." They were of a sim- ple and confiding temper, and could scarcely be re- strained from prostrating themselves in adoration of the white strangers. Their language seemed to cor- respond with their proportions, " sounding from them as a voyce in a vault." They were clad in bear and wolf-skins, wearing the skin as the Mexican his poncho, passing the head through a slit in the centre, andletting the garment drape naturally around from the shoulders. 1 Claiborne, in bis petition to the Englisli Crown in 1638, alleges that he bought the Isle of Kent from the " kings" of the country. In 1G52 the Susquelmnnouglis, in a treaty with tlie comnjissioners of Maryland, ceded tlie territory, including tlie sites of Chcstertown, Centreville, and *' Some have cassocks made of beare head goes through the skinne's neck, i * head and skinnes, that a man's nd the eares of the beare fastened to his sliouUIers, the nose and teeth hanging down his breast; another beare's face aplit behind him, and at the end of the nose hung a pawe; the halfe sleeves coming to the elbowes were the necks of the beares, and the arms thi-ougli the mouth with pawes hanging at their noses. One had the iiead of a wolfe hanging in a cliaino for a Jewell, his tobacco- pipe three quarters of a yard long, prettily carved with a bird, a deere, or some such device at the great end, sufficient to beat out one's brains." Smith has given us a spirited sketch of one of these gigantic warriors, " the greatest of them," thus at- tired: " The calf of whose leg was three-quarters of a yard about, and all the rest of hia liuibes so answerable to that proportion, that he seemed the goodliest man we ever beheld. His hayre the one side was long, the other shave close, with a ridge over his crowne like a cock's combe. His arrows were live quarters long, headed with the splinters of a white, chrystall-like stone, iu form of a heart, an inche broad, and an inche and a halfe or more long. These he wore in a wolve's skinne at his backe for his quiver, his bow in the one hand and his club in the other, as is described." When a hostile expedition had been determined on by the chief and leading warriors of the Susquehan- noughs in council, it was made known to the tribe, who celebrated the occasion by a solemn dance, in which the warriors, decked with paint and feathers, chanted their past or prospective exploits, and imi- tated in expressive pantomime the shooting, toma- hawking, and scalping of their foes. On the ap- pointed day they set out, in one or more parties, moving, as they approached their destination, with extreme warine.ss to prevent discovery, marching often by night in single file, slipping from shadow to shadow, or gliding through the forest so stealthily that hardly a twig snapped or leaf rustled under the tread of a moccasined foot, until at a given signal they burst upon the village with terrific war-whoops. Those of their foes who survived after the rage of slaughter was glutted they made prisoners and re- served for death by the most cruel tortures their in- genuity could devise, in inventing aud enduring which the Iroquois — who indeed have the credit of introducing the custom — seem to have surpassed all others. Instances are recorded of the tortures of dis- tinguished warriors lasting for days, a sort of contest arising between the power of cruelty to inflict and that of fortitude to endure. In the intervals of tor- ment the victim would sometimes smoke his pipe and talk on indifferent matters with his tormentors, while amid his suffering he sang his own exploits or derided the unskillfulness of his torturers, and taught them devices for inflicting more exquisite pain. Women were sometimes tortured, but usually they were toma- hawked or shot, unless the captors wanted women, in which case they were adopted into the tribe. The Susquehannoughs made frequent incursions on the more southern Maryland tribes for the purpose of carrying off women.^ As we have stated, all the territory now comprised in Baltimore, Harford, and Cecil Counties was the ~ The writer's History of Maryland, vol. i., p. 84. ABORIGINES. favorite hunting-ground of this formidable tribe ; they, however, by no means confined themselves to these narrow limits, but scoured all the coiintry between the Delaware and the Potomac, and spread terror and dismay through the distant and less warlike tribes of Southern Maryland. The Susquehannoughs seem to have been the tribe known to the French by the name of Andast6s, or GandastoguSs ; to the Swedes and Dutch by that of Minquas ; and to the Pennsylvanians by that of Con- estogues. The similarity of the forms Gandastogues and Conestogues, almost identical with that be- tween Gaudawague and Caughnawaga, or Conewago, is very striking. However, difference in name would not necessarily disprove the identity of the tribes mentioned. The same tribe was often known by dif- ferent names, which varied according to locality or other circumstance. It had, in the first place, its own distinctive name, often, indeed almost always, sym- bolical ; this name neighboring nations either trans- lated into their own language or dialect, or replaced it with a new appellation. The European settlers either adopted these names as they received them at second-hand, or corrupted the original in their vain efforts to imitate the linked harshness of the long-drawn-out gutturals of their Indian neighbors. The name Iroquois, for instance, is of French manu- facture ; in their own dialect they called themselves "Hotinnonsionni," or " those who constitute a cabin," an appellation evidently referring to the close con- federacy in which they were united. But each of the five nations which formed this confederacy had also its own distinctive name. The Mohawks called them- selves " Agniegue," or the " She-Bear." By the Hurons they were called " Agniers." The Mohegans on the North Eiver, the immediate neighbors of the Mo- hawks, called all the tribes of the Iroquois confed- eracy " Nadoway," or " Cruel," but they translated the distinctive Mohawk appellation, "Agniegue" into " Mahaquaas," which bears the same significa- tion in their language. Sometimes a tribe took its name from its geographical position ; thus the tribes on the Kennebec were called by the Algonquins " Abrakis," or ''Men of the East," and at the present day the Algonquin tribes of Wisconsin give this name to the Oneidas, who had removed from New York. The name of a tribe thus depending upon so many varying circumstances, it is not difficult to see how the tribe under consideration may have been known by all the different names that we have indicated. An investigation of the historical relations and ge- ographical position of the Susquehannoughs shows so exact a correspondence in these respects between them, the Minquas, the Conestogues, and the Andas- tes, or Gandastoques, as to lead irresistibly to the con- clusion that they were one and the same tribe. The Dutch settlers of New York, in their trading expedi- tions down the Delaware, found the dominant tribe in that region to be the Minquas. They lay west of the Delaware, to whicli they were accustomed to make their way by a creek known to the Dutch by the name of Minqua's Kill. Their language was that of the Mohawks and Senecas, both of which tribes belonged to the Iroquois stock, as did also the Susquehan- noughs, though not members of their confederacy; and their military power was so great in 1633 that De Vries saw them send out a war party of six hundred men. Campanius, the Swedish authority, gives us a long and interesting account of this same tribe : "Tho Minquas, or MiiicUus. lived at the distance of twelve (fifty-fonr English) miles from New Sweden, where they daily came to trade with us. The way to their land was very bad, being stony, full of sharp, gray stones, with hills and morasses, so that the Swedes, when they went to them, which happened generally once or twice a year, had to walk in the water up to their arm-pits. Tliey live on a high mountain,^ very steep and difficult to climb ; there they have a fort, or a square buildiitf;, in which they reside. They have guns and small iron cannons, with whicli they shoot and defend themselves, and take with them when tliey go to war. They are strong and vigorous, both young and old ; they are a tall people, and not frightful in their appearance. When they are fighting they do not attempt to fly, but all stand like a wall as long as there is one remaining. They made the other Indians subject to them, so that they dare not stir, much less make war upon them; but their numbers are at present greatly diminished by war and sickness." Turning next to several French authorities, we find they place the Andastes in the vicinity of the Swedes, and describe them as occupying the same prominent position among the neighboring tribes as we have seen ascribed to the Minquas by the Dutch writers, and all the Jesuit authorities bear testimony to the same point.'^ The Susquehannoughs, or Minquas, or Andastes, or Conestogues, or Gandastogues, as they were sometimes called, were engaged in active hostilities against the colonists and friendly tribes from the first settlement of the colony. The policy of the early settlers of Maryland was to treat the Indians with justice, mod- eration, and kindness, and to buy the land from them. The settlement of St. Mary's was bought by Leonard Calvert for a quantity of axes, hoes, and broadcloth, articles of real value to the Indians, who, indeed, were the more ready to part with the territory from the fact that they were suffering from the continued in- roads of the fierce Susquehannoughs, who had harassed them so cruelly that they had already determined to abandon their lands and seek safer homes elsewhere.^ Some were allowed to remain on part of the purchased territory, and their wives and children were employed as servants in the settlers' families ; others were al- 1 Vincent, in his " History of Delaware," says, " This mountain was probably Iron or Chestnut Hills, near Newark." Henry Johnston, in his valuable " Histoiical Researches," published in the Cecil WJiig, under the nom-de-plume of " Quilp," says, " It was probably an Indian name applied to some part of the country between Iron Hill and Grey's Hill, now called Bed Hill." 2 Campanius, in Penn. Hist. Soc. Coll., iii. 157; "Relation de la N. France," 1659-60, p. 28 ; Relation, 1635 (Huron); Relation, 1639-40, p. 134; Relation, 1647^8, p. 60; Bressain, Relation AbriSgSe, pp.62, 286; Lee, Relation, 1619-50; Relation, 1656-57, ch. iv. v.; Relation, 166U-61; Relation, 166'2, ch. iii. iv. ; Hazard's Annals of Penn., p. 346 ; Albany Doc. Records, xvii., 142, 160. (See letter of John Gilmary Shea, LL.D., in the Hid. Hist. Soc.) ■■> Father White's Narrative, pp. 36, 37. HISTOl^Y OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. lotted reservations, with full rights of hunting and fishing in the woods and streams. They very cheer- fully submitted to the dominion of the whites for the sake of the protection against the Susquehannoughs which their ancestors tried to purchase from Smith with the offer of perpetual subjection. The friendly Indians were protected against their enemies and se- cured in the enjoyment of their rights, and many of them — such as the Yaocomicos,' Potopacos,- Piscata- ways,* Patuxents,* and others — never, or scarcely, wavered from their amicable relations. The two strong and warlike tribes of Maryland, the Nanti- cokes° and Susquehannoughs, preserved an independ- ent existence, and at the time of the first settlement of the province there was a feud between them, and the former, as well as the latter, were often invaded by the Iroquois. As if this were not enough, the Nanticokes were frequently embroiled with the whites, and war was several times declared against them. Under this double pressure they yielded at last, and requested to be put on the same footing as the Piscata- waj's. The Iroquois, however, continued to harass them, and finally brought them under subjection. About the middle of the eighteenth century, by ad- vice or command of the Six Nations (who stipulated in a treaty with the province that the Nanticokes should be permitted to leave Maryland and settle where the Six Nations should appoint), a portion of the tribe left the province, carrying with them the bones of their ancestors, and removed to Otsiningo (now Binghamton, N. Y.), where they joined some fragments of the Shawnees and Mohickandus, and made a league under the name of the Three Nations. Others seemed to have settled in Wyoming, Pa., and others again, if the theory be correct which identifies the Conoys or Kanawhas with the Nanticokes, to have removed to the vicinity of the rivers which now bear 1 The Yaocomicos lived on the St. Mary's, and welcomed Leonard Calvert and his little colony to the shores of Maryland. - The Potopacos lived at their town, now called Port Tobacco, in Cliarles County. s Mr. Davis, in his " Day Star," says, " The territory of the Piscataways, whose prominent chief bore the title of emperor, was bounded in one direction by the country of the Susquehannoughs; in another by the region of the Patu.\ents. It also embraced a part of the country border- ing upon the Patapsco and upon the Potomac, including Piscataway Creek, and probably the sites both of Washington and of Baltimore." The confederates of the Piscataways were the Doags, Mattawomans, Chap- ticos, and the Mattawas. The latter tribe inhabited the lands near Bal- timore. < The Patuxonts, whose principal seat was upon the river of that name, included a large nnmhcr of smaller tribes remarkable for their friendship towards the whites. ^ The Nanticokes were an offslioot of the Lenni Lenape or Delawaros, which nation they called their "grandfather." The origin of the name Nanticoke was Nentego, meaning " tide-water" or *' seaside" people. The Lenni Lenape, or Delaware Indians, living between the shores of the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, were conquered by the Susquehan- noughs or Minqnas, and on condition of being permitted to occupy their lands, they subjected Ihemselves to a kind of vassalage that excluded them from engaging in war, and, according to Indian iiieas, they wore placed on a footing with women. Campanins says the Minqtias *' made them subjects and tributary to them, so tliat they dare not stir, nmch less go to wai- against them." their name. As late as 1852 a remnant of the tribe (about one hundred) was living on Grand River, north of Lake Erie, in Canada West. The interposition of the colonists in behalf of the peaceable and friendly tribes of Piscataways, Patux- ents, and Yaocomicos had from the first secured the hostility of the Susquehannoughs, who took occasion, as they followed the war-path against their savage enemies of the south or the back settlers of Virginia, to strike a blow at the unprotected Marylanders, and at times they organized expeditions with the express purpose of surprising the frontier plantations, mur- dering their occupants and plundering their dwellings. Even the devoted and fearless Jesuit missionaries be- 1 gan seriously to think of abandoning their station j and establishing themselves at Potupaco (Port To- i bacco), which was less exposed to the ravages of this cruel and warlike tribe. As early as 1638 their incur- i sions necessitated the passage of a militia law, and j although a military expedition was sent against them in the following year, they continued their outrages and kept the planters in perpetual uneasiness. They had lately become more formidable by the possession j of fire-arras, for which reason the sale of arms and ammunition to them by the colonists was made penal by the following " orders," proclaimed on the 23d of June, 1642: "That no inhabitant or housekeeper entertain any Indian upon any color of license, nor do permit to any Indian any gun, powder, or shot. That all housekeepers provide fixed guns and sufficient powder and shot for each person able to bear arms. No man to discharge three guns within the space of one-quarter of an hour, nor concur to the discharging I so many except to give or answer alarm. Upon the hearing of an alarm every housekeeper to answer it, and continue it so far as he may. No man able to bear arms to go to church, or chapel, or any considerable distance from home without fixed gun, and a charge at least of powder and shot." ' The Swedes and Dutch, however, who had settled on the territory of Lord Baltimore, on the Delaware, had no scruples in .supplying the Indians with arms, and, it was said, even taught them military discipline. Claiborne, too, was not free from suspicion of stimu- lating the discontent of his old neighbors and asso- ciates, who grew so threatening that on the 13th of September, 1742, the Governor publicly proclaimed the Susquehannoughs, Wicomeses, and Nanticokes " enemies to the province, and as such to be reputed j and proceeded against by all persons." A commis- sion was issued to Capt. Cornwaleys to levy men for an expedition, and he soon subdued the Nanticokes and Wicomeses, who, in 1651, put themselves under the proprietary's protection. In Plantagenet's "New Albion" we have the following account of Cornwaleys' expedition against the Susquehannoughs and " their forced auxiliaries," numbering two hundred and fifty warriors: '* Having surprised in the reeds and killed throe Englishmen, with the losseof oneof theire, Capt. Cornwaleys, that noble, right valiant, and polite soldier, losing but one man more, killed, with fifty-three of his' and but mw and tired Marylanders, twenty-nine Indians, as they con fessed, though compassed round with two hundred and fifty." ABOKIGINES. " Yet this severe chastisement did not, it seems, suffice, for on July 18, 1643, another expedition was sent "against the Susquehannoughs or any their aiders and confederates." The result of this expedi- tion is not known, but we find among the records of a court held at St. Mary's on the 28th of June, 1652, "that the Susquehannough Indians have for a long time desired and much pressed for the conclusion of a peace with the government and inhabitants of this province," and the court being advised that such a course would " tend very much to the safety and ad- vantage of the inhabitants," ordered Richard Ben- nett, Edward .Lloyd, Capt. William Fuller, Thomas Marsh, and Leonard Strong, or any three or more of them, " at such time and place as they shall think convenient, to consult and treat with the said Susque- hannough Indians," and if possible conclude a league aud peace with them. The commissioners named must have immediately, or within a day or two after the preceding authority was given to them, entered upon the execution of their diplomatic duties, for on the 5th of July following a treaty was held and arti- cles agreed upon by them with Sawahegeh, Aurogh- taregh, Scarhuhadigh, Ruthchogah, and Nathheldi- aneh, " war captains aud councilors of Susquehan- nough, commissioners appointed and sent for that purpose by the nation and state of Susquehannough." The first article of this treaty reads : " First, that the English nation shall have, Imld, and enjoy, to them their heirs and assigns forever, all the land lying froza Patnxent Eiver nnto Palmer's Island, on the western side of the hay of Chesapeake, and from Choptank Kiver to the Northeast Branch, which lies to the north- ward of Elk Kiver, on the eastern side of the said hay, with all the islands, rivers, creeks, tish, fowl, deer, elke, and whatsoever else to the same he- longing, excepting the isle of Kent and Palmer's Island, which helong to Capt. Claihorne. But, nevertheless, it shall be lawful for the aforesaid English or Indians to bnild a house or fort for trade, or any such like use or occasion, at any time upon Palmer's Island." The limits assigned by this treaty of cession from the Susquehannoughs to the southern part of the western shore of the bay is probably as far southward as they claimed. The extent of the cession on the eastern shore — to wit, from the Choptank to the North- east River, in Cecil County — seems to imply that the Susquehannoughs had by this time subdued all the intermediate tribes on the eastern shore between the Northeast River and the Choptank, or that these tribes between the Northeast and Choptank had in- corporated themselves with the Susquehannoughs. It will be seen by an inspection of the map of Mary- land that a small portion of territory, lying between the Northeast River, in Cecil County, and the Susque- hanna River, was by this treaty reserved by the Sus- quehannoughs. At this time the Indians were quite numerous around the head of the bay, and within the territory not ceded to the English the Susquehan- noughs had their settlements, or fort, from which an extensive trade was carried on in peltry brought down the Susquehanna. On Jan. 14, 1661, Augustine Herman purchased the land for his settlement upon the Bohemia River, for in his " Journal" he says be " bought all the land there (by permission of the Governor, Philip Calvert, and Council) of the Susquehannough Indians, then met with the great men out of the Susquehannough Fort at Spes-Utie Isle, upon a treaty of soldiers, as the old record will testify, and thereupon took posses- sion, and transported his people from Manhattan [now New York], 1661 (with great cost and charge), to inhabit." ■« Although the treaty of cession of a great portion of the province by the Susquehannoughs might have been supposed to assure a peaceable and quiet posses- sion thereof, yet the records exhibit for some time after lamentable accounts of the murders, house-burnings, and robberies committed by the Indians upon the in- habitants of the territory now embraced in the limits of Baltimore, Harford, Cecil, and Kent Counties. Nathaniel Utie, who had received a license May 7, 1658, to trade with the Indians, lived at this time on Spesutie Island, and became the owner of considera- ble land on the Gunpowder and Sassafras Rivers. He was one of the most adventurous pioneers at the head-waters of the Chesapeake, and on account of the troubles with the Indians and the Dutch, the Provin- cial Council frequently met at his house for the pur- pose of investigating the facts, making treaties with the Indians, etc. The Governor and Council met at Spesutie on the 13th of May, 1661, to inquire into certain outrages committed by the Indians, and ordered all persons that had suffered any damage by them to appear on the 15th. This summons was di- rected to be sent from house to house as far as the Patapsco River. From the proceedings of the Council we learn that John Norden, Stephen Hart, and two others were killed by Indians near Iron Hill while on their passage between Delaware Bay and the Chesapeake. Robert Gorsuch, who liv6d on the Gunpowder River, stated that the Indians came to his house on the 11th of April, 1661, some dressed in blue and some in red match coats, and killed his wife and plundered his house. About four or five days after they returned and killed five cows, a steer, and some hogs. John Taylor stated that about Easter eve nine male Indians with one Indian woman came to his house, but upon being ordered oft' they departed, but returned in about two weeks and damaged his goods to the value of about one thousand pounds of tobacco. They then went to the plantation of Edward Fouster and John Fouster, two bachelors, and plun- dered it. Intelligence having been received of the depredations, William Wigwell, John Fouster, Ed- ward Swanson, and others started after the Indians, who, however, surprised and surrounded them in the woods, and killed John Fouster and wounded Wil- liam Wigwell. The rest of the English fought the Indians over three hours, and finally made their escape. Thomas Overton and William Hallis testified that about the 25th of April, Thomas Simpson aud HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Richard Hayes, seeing two canoes with nine Delaware Indians coming down Bush River and moving towards their plantation, the alarm was given and the English took to their boats, when a fight ensued, during which John Spurne, an Englishman, and five Indians were killed. The nestcouncil met at Susquehanna Point (which is supposed to be just below Perryville), on July 1, 1(>61. There is reason to believe that the Governor and his secretary were present at this meeting, where a commission was read from Lord Baltimore to Capt. James Neals, directing him to levy men and make war upon " certain enemies — pirates and robbers — that had usurped a part of Delaware Bay lying within the for- tieth degree of northerly latitude." He was author- ized to make war upon the Dutch and their aiders and abettors in Delaware Bay, and wherever they might be found, and to capture and destroy them upon land and sea; in which work all his lordship's officers, both civil and military, were to assist. The Council being Tincertain whether the town of New Amstel was in the fortieth degree of north latitude, decided to sus- pend operations until that question was ascertained. In the mean time, with a view of securing the co-oper- ation of the Indians in case of a war with the Dutch, Governor Calvert, accompanied by his secretary (Henry Coursey) and John Bateman, one of his Council, held a meeting with the Passagonke Indians, who at that time lived on the Delaware River about the present site of Philadelphia. This meeting took place at Appoquinimi (now called AiJpoquinimink), on Sept. 19, 1661. After both sides had stated their grievances, a treaty of peace was signed by Pinna, king of Picthanomicta, on behalf of the Passagonke Indians, and by the Governor and Council of Mary- land.i The records of the province for 1662 show that the Indians still continued to give trouble. The colonists were at peace with the Susquehannoughs, but both of these were at war with the Senecas, who were devas- tating the few scattered settlements of the English along the western tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. In the spring of 1662 they penetrated as far south as the head of South River, which seems to have alarmed the Council, for they ordered all the powder and shot to be seized for the use of the colony, and that scouts should be sent to the head-waters of all rivers emp- tying into the head of the bay, with orders to arrest or kill all Indians found there. The troubles with the Senecas grew worse, and on July 4, 1663, the Council was informed by the inhabitants of Baltimore County at the head of the bay that the Indians had recently murdered two of the settlers, and another near Pa- tapsco River, with two youths, whom it was believed they had either killed or carried off. For nearly twelve years a fierce war was kept up between the Susquehannoughs and Senecas, success being mostly rgo JolinsoTi's Ilisi 1 ReBenrclies. on the side of the former tribe ; but a more formidable enemy than even the Senecas had by this time invaded the Susquehannoughs, the smallpox, which first ap- peared among them in 1661, and whose ravages soon became terrible. In 1673 they only numbered about three hundred warriors, while ten years before they had been able to muster seven hundred ; and prob- ably the mortality was even greater among the women and children. When the Hurons who were of Iroquois stock, were finally overthrown, the survivors fled for refuge to the Andastes or Susquehannoughs, from whom they had before received promises of assistance. The pro- tection thus afforded seems to have been resented by the Iroquois confederacy, or Five Nations, and war being declared between them and the Andastes in 1662, the warriors of the latter tribe carried such de- vastation into the land of the Senecas (one of the Five Nations) that these were forced to seek the aid of the French. The Dutch writers, under date of 1661-62, relate that the Minquas, though they had suffered severely from the smallpox, had engaged in a war with the Senecas, and that "in May, 1663, an army of sixteen hundred Senecas marched against the Minquas, and laid siege to a little fort defended by a hundred men, who, armed with fire-arms and even cannon, relying, too, on speedy aid from their countrymen and from the Marylanders, with whom they had recently made peace,^ defended themselves vigorously, and at last compelled the Senecas to raise the siege."^ The war between the Andastes or Susquehannoughs and Iroquois continued for many years with almost con- stant victory for the former. But disease accomplished what the Five Nations could not, and the reduced tribe was finally defeated ; the Relation of 1676-77 speak- ing of the Andastes as utterly exterminated after a re- sistance of twenty years. That JIaryland took part in the final defeat of this heroic nation is evident from the language of the Iroquois deputies at the treaty of Lancaster in 1744 : " We do not remember," they say, " that we have ever been employed by the Great King to conquer others ; if it is so, it is beyond our memory. We do remember we were employed by Maryland to conquer the Conestogues, and that the second time 2 In August, 1663, the Provincial Council of Maryland met at Gold- smith Hall (supposed to have been on Bush River, now in Harford County), and gave orders to Samuel Goldsmith to request the Susque- hannoughs to come down and make a treaty with them. A treaty was finally concluded with Wastahandow, "chief geneml and councilor" of that nation. In August the Governor, attended by three of his council- ors, also made a treaty with three kings of the Delaware Indians at New 3 It was, as wo have seen, only a few years before this (1652) that the Susquehannoughs had made their famous treaty with Maryland, by which they ceded the territory from the Patuxent River on the western side of the bay to the Choptank River on the eastern side, and the iden- tity of these Indians with the Conestogues seems fully established by tile fact that the Iroquois, in 1744, referring to this sale by the Susque- hannoughs to Maryland, siiy, *' We acknowledge the deeds to be good and valid, and that the Conestogue or Snsquehannough Indians had a right to sell those lands to you, f(U' they wore then theire." ABORIGINES. we were at war with them we carried them off." It is a matter of record that the Maryland war here re- ferred to^ which was begun by the treachery of Wash- ington and Trueman, in 1675, and which was carried on to a successful termination by Bacon, of Virginia, was against the Susqueliannouglis, and ended in their complete overthrow. The remnant of the tribe, though carried off and mingled'with their Iroquois conquer- ors, must have maintained a separate existence, for we find that Penn, in 1701, entered into a regular treaty with Coiioodagtok, king of the Susquehan- noughs, Minquas, or Conestoga Indians ; but it would seem that on this occasion a representative from the Onondaga tribe was present. As a subject tribe we meet with them for many years in the negotiations of the league, and though some of them appear to have been removed to Onoghguage, a little band remained at Conestoga, where, joined by some Nanticokes, they formed a small village. In 1763, we are told, " they were still at their old castle, numbering only twenty, inhabiting a cluster of squalid cabins, living by beg- gary and the sale of baskets, brooms, and wooden ladles." An Indian war (Pontiac's) then desolated the frontier, and the Paxton boys, suspecting these poor wretches, and finding in the Bible sufiicient com- mission to destroy the heathen, attacked the village and killed six of them, the only occupants at the time. The fourteen survivors were taken to Lancaster by the sheriff, and shut up in the jail-yard for protec- tion ; but they could not escape the Paxton boys, who, while the townspeople were at church, burst into the jail and massacred the helpless objects of their fury. Thus perished at the hands of a cowardly mob the last remnant of that once powerful and noble tril)e which had lorded it over the whole of Maryland, and which had often vanquished the fiercest and most for- midable of the Indian confederacies. French and Indian War.— Although, happily for the people of Baltimore Town and Baltimore County, they were not in the track of any of the great Indian wars, or exposed to the formidable Indian invasions from which many other parts of the province suffered, they were by no means entirely free from the dangers and alarms of the troubled period in which they lived, and played no unimportant part in many of the stern dramas of that early time. In the French and Indian war which ensued after the treaty of Aix-)a-Chapelle in 1749, between England and France, Maryland be- came involved mainly in self-defense, and though she was to share none of its spoils, her people were des- tined to suffer from many of the dangers and hard- ships it brought in its train. Even before Braddock's defeat bands of Indians were making forays into Frederick County, burning houses and slaughtering the inhabitants, but after his disastrous overthrow on the 9th of July, 1755, and the retreat of Col. Dunbar with the remainder of the British army to Philadel- phia, the whole northern and western frontier of the province was thrown open to the Indians. Measures of defense were almost immediately adopted, but even had they sufficed for the complete protection of the wide territory to be guarded, they would scarcely have allayed the terror which had taken possession of the frontier settlers. The alarm insjjired by Braddock's defeat and by the advance of the French and Indians was so great that many inhabitants of the western set- tlements fled to Baltimore, and preparations were even ' made by the people of that town to place the women and children on board the vessels in the harbor and send them to Virginia. At an earlier period the in- hab^ants of Baltimore had erected a wooden fence or stockade around the town, of which some tradi- tions are still preserved. It had been constructed for the defense of the town against Indian attacks, and inclosed the whole of its inland border, thus indi- cating that the danger apprehended was from the land side. In this formidable stockade, which, it is to be noted, was not pierced for cannon, there were two great gates to admit the friendly traveler, or to be shut in the face of the unfriendly one. The first of these gates was at the west end of Baltimore Street, and was placed somewhere very near its present in- tersection with McClellan's Alley. The second gate, for carriages, opened into the upper part of North Gay Street, not far probably from the bridge which crosses Jones' Falls. Between these two great portals a smaller gate, for the use of foot-passengers, was cut through the stockade near the present intersection of Charles and Saratoga Streets. This line of fortifi- cation never had its virtue put to trial, and seems to have remained intact for only a few years, when, a hard winter setting in, and the stockade beiog made of wood of a very combustible and tempting character, it was carried away piecemeal for " kind- Doubtless had it remained until the period now under consideration, the inhabitants of Baltimore Town would have felt more comfortable, even if really no more secure. The general terror, however, con- tinued to increase, and in September following the Monongahela disaster the country to the distance of thirty miles east of Col. Thomas Cresap's (who lived about five miles west of the mouth of the South Branch of the Potomac) was completely deserted. So universal was the alarm that Governor Sharpe, in one of his letters to Calvert, declared that " one might foretell without the spirit of prophecy that all tfiat part of Frederick County that lies beyond 1 There is in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society an orig- inal snbscription paper for " keeping up, repairing, and making good the fence of the said town and supporting a person to keep it in good or- der." The subscribers were Robert North, William Hammond, Thomas Chase, R. Chase, Darby Lux, William Rogers, and William Lyon, who each gave £10. Nicholas Rogers, Hannah Hughes, Brian Philpot, Jr., Dr. George Buchanan, Edward Dogan, and Capt. Charles Ridgely each gave 10 shillings; Capt. Darby Lux, Thomas Harrison, and William Rogers, £1 ; John Shephard, John Frasher, James Perkins, Nich. "Hartway, Chris. Cytmire, John Eusor, Jr., and Joseph England each 5 shillings ; William Fergusons shillings; and Abraham Pamer and Henry Johnson each '2 shillings and 6 pence. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Frederick Town will be abandoned before this time twelvemonth at farthest." In the fall following Brad- dock's defeat the people of Baltimore raised a large sum of money, with which they purchased arms and ammunition, and established a public armory in the town, the martial spirit being kept up by the con- tinual alarms and massacres on the frontier. Early in November it was reported that a large body of French and Indians were advancing upon the inte- rior settlements, and this rumor reaching Frederick Town on Sunday, November 2d, the inhabitants, ex- pecting an immediate attack, rang the bells q| an alarm, and posted messengers to Baltimore and An- napolis for help. Several companies of volunteers at once mustered in Baltimore and the neighborhood, and marched without delay. Even distant Annapolis caught the infection of terror, and on the 6th of No- vember the citizens began to fortify the town. On the same day a report reached Baltimore that the French and Indians were within thirty miles of the town, and in a short time about two thousand volun- teers had assembled for its defense. The report proved to be false, but other reports, unhappily better founded, poured in announcing slaughter and devastation in the western part of the province. Baltimore Town and County, however, were not occupied merely with their own defense, but furnished both men and sup- plies for the protection and support of the ravaged and defenseless frontiers. The winter and spring of 1756 found the western section of the province still overrun by raiding-parties of Indians, some of which approached within thirty miles of Baltimore, and though many of them were killed, terror spread from the very fact of their approach. On the 25th of April, 1756, forty-one persons, — six men, Ave women, and thirty children, — with a small portion of their cattle, to avoid the fury of the enemy, deserted their cabins and clearings near Connecocheague and came to Baltimore. At length England and France abandoned all pre- tence of peace, and war was formally declared on May 17, 1756. This open authorization of hostilities by the two great powers beyond the sea seemed to arouse the Indians to a still greater degree of fury, and Governor Sharpe, in alarm, writes to Lord Balti- more, under date of September 13th, to say that "the enemy has now free access to us through Pennsylvania, and if some measures are not speedily taken for the defense of that colony neither Fort Frederick' nor its garrison can be of much service. Besides the gar- rison at Fort Frederick, we have at present two hun- 1 A fort erected by Governor Sharpe near the present town of Hancock, Washington County. It cost £2000, and bad barracks for the accom- odation of two hundred men, and on an emergency could contain rice tliat numlicr. It had bastions and curtains faced with stone, and 1 each bastion was mounted a six-pounder. dred men from the militia of Baltimore and Prince George's Counties distributed on this side that fort and about Connegocheague ; yet that settlement is, I am advised, almost broken up, and several hundred persons have lately retreated thence, and retired to the more populous parts of the county," some of them, as we have seen, not stopping in their flight until they reached Baltimore. Besides Ihe aid which Baltimore Town afforded in other ways, it contributed to the general defense in another and rather peculiar mode. The Assembly voted a large appropriation in 1756 for the prosecution of hostilities and the protection of the province, and as one of the means of raising the desired amount, levied a tax on all bachelors of twenty-five years and upwards.'- Many of these gentlemen paid this tax for the next eight years, being doubtless too patriotic to deprive the province of this source of revenue during the con- tinuance of hostilities, which terminated, however, as far as danger to Maryland was concerned, with the capture of Fort Du Quesne in the latter part of 1758. In spite of the many alarms to which its inhabitants had been subjected by the war, and the heavy bur- dens which it involved, there can be no doubt that the growth of Baltimore had been promoted by the continuation of hostilities, which prevented the ex- tension of settlements by the great influx of German " Palatines" and other immigrants who came in be- tween 1756 and 1763, and compelled the people of the frontier to take refuge in the large towns. This conclusion is supported by the fact that Balti- more's commercial importance suddenly increased at this period, and within a year after the declaration of peace it became the chief mart of trade in the prov- ince, a position it has ever since retained. - Under this provision the following persons were called upon to pay their quota to the province: Thomas Harrison, John Moale, Andrew Buchanan, Daniel Chamier, Sr., James Frauklin, Jonathan Plowman, John Shule, Dr. John Stevenson, Edward Parish, William Baxter, Thomas Dick, John Mercer, and Mark Alexander, citizens of Baltimore Town ; Jeremiah Johnson, Keese Bowen, William Cole, Thomas Harvey, Richard Rawlings, Edward Stevenson, Hugh Gray worth, Charles How- ard, Beale Owings, Samuel Owiugs, Jr.,/olin Donghaday, Nathan Crom- well, Richard Hooker, Thomas Hooker, Nathaniel Stinchcomb, Walter Bosley, John Fishpaw, William Barney, Jr., Anthony Gott, Jr., Abel Brown, Jr., Michael Huffand, Aquilla Price, Mordecai Hammond, Henry Stevenson, of Edward, Samuel Bond, of Peter, William Harvey, Jr., John Gibbon, Thomas Johnson, Thomas Cockey Deye, Benjamin Whipps, Samuel Worthington, and Edward Peritany, of St. Thomas' Parish, Bal- timore County ; and William Osbourne, Garret Garretson, John Peacock, James Kemble, Philip Cover, W. Husband, Jr., James Lee, Jr., Isaac Webster, Samuel Wallace, J. Billingsley, Jr., Richard Johns, Joseph Hill, J. Lee Webster, J. Worthington, John Love, Thomas Husband, Samuel Wilson, George Clark, David Clark, Josiah Lyon, William Wood, Robert Dunn, John Cooper, John Wilkinson, Thomas Cooper, Stephen Cooper, David Tate, David Maxwell, Joseph Bromely, M. Webster, Jr., James Cresswell, Joseph Wilson, Edward Hanson, F. Billingsley, Rich- ard Keen, Robert Brjarly, of Robert, Robert Darby, Samnel Perryman, James Foster, William Hill, William McClure, Moses Hill, Nathaniel Giles, and C. Worthington, Jr., of St. John's Parish, then in Baltimore but now partly in Harford County. 1^ POWHATAjS FAC-SIMILE OF THE ORIGINAL MAP OF CAPT. JOHN SMITH OF HIS EXPLORATIONS OF THE CHESAPEAKE B ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. CHAPTER IV. ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. History has not preserved for us the exact date of the first settlements in Baltimore County, as it has done in the case of the ancient town of St. Mary's, but there is good reason to believe that, although this section of the province was not formally erected into a county until about 1659, the white man had effected a lodgment there long previous to this time. Indeed there is evidence to prove that even before the settle- ment of Jamestown, Spanish adventurers had pene- trated this region, for we learn from Capt. Smith's narrative that while a prisoner in the hands of Pow- hatan, he discovered that some of the subjects of the savage chief had suffered injuries from Spanish ves- sels, and framing his own story to suit the prejudices of his hearers, pretended that his people had been overpowered in a fight with the Spaniards, and had sought shelter in the Chesapeake. It was the Chesa- peake, signifying in the Indian dialect " mother of waters," that first received the weary and impatient voyagers who came to found the " mother of States," and it was but little more than a year afterwards, on the 2d of June, 1608, that Capt. Smith undertook the first of his two famous explorations of the Chesa- peake. In these two expeditions he visited every inlet and bay on both sides of the Chesapeake from Cape Charles to the river Susquehanna, sailed up the Patapsco, and probably entered the harbor of Bal- timore. He brought back with him so accurate and ample an account, and so faithful a plan of every por- tion of the territory explored by him, that all subse- quent researches have only expanded and illustrated his original report; and his map has been made the ground-work of all delineations, with no other diver- sity than what has inevitably arisen from the varieties of appropriation and the progress of settlements. The little company that made the first exploration under Smith sailed in an open barge of about three tons burthen, and consisted of " Walter Russell, doc- tor ofphysicke, Ralfe Morton, Thomas Momford, Wil- liam Cantrill, Richard Fetherstone, James Burne, Michell Sicklemore," whom Smith describes as "Gen- tlemen," and "Jonas Profit, Anas Todkill, Robert Small, Jame Watkins, John Powell, James Read, Richard Keale, Souldiers." This voyage of discovery occupied nineteen days, a very brief period consider- ing the large number of points at which the expedi- tion stopped to make observations and to institute in- quiries among the savages. After passing the " straites of Limbo," now Hooper's Straits, at the southwestern extremity of what is now Dorchester County, they crossed the bay to the western shore. " So broad is the bay here," says Smith, in his narrative, " we could scarce perceive the great Iiigli clifts on the otiier side ; liy tliem we an- chored that niglit and called them Riccard's Cliftes. 30 leagues we sailed more northwarde not finding any inhabitants, leaving all the eastern shore, low islandes, but overgrowne with wood, as all the coast beyond them so far as we could see ; the westerne shore by which we sayled we found all along well watered, but very mountainous and barren, the val- leys very fertile, but extreme thicke of small wood as well as trees, and much frequented with wolves, bears, deere, and other wild beasts. Wee passed many shallow creekes, but the first we found navigable for a ship we called Bolus [the Patapsco], for that the clay in many places under the clifts by the high water marUe did grow up in red and white knots as gum out of trees ; and in some places so participated together as though they were all of one nature, excepting the color, the rest of the earth on both sides being hard and sandy gravel, which made us think it hole-armainiack and t*'rra sifjiUata." On the 24th of July, Smith set out from James- town on his second exploration of the Chesapeake. He ascended as far as the Susquehanna, and even sailed some distance up that river, for he relates that they lost their " grapnell among the rocks of Susque- sahanocks," somewhere probably in the neighborhood of Port Deposit. Doubtless other explorations followed those of Capt. Smith, but the next of which we have any record is that of a trader named Spilman, who in 1621 was sent from Jamestown to trade among the Indians for corn, and whose party was all captured and killed by the Anacostans, near the present site of Washington City. One Capt. Henry Fleet, who was with Spilman, was among the captured, and remained in captivity for several years. After his release he returned to Eng- land, and fitting out a vessel in 1627, revisited the In- dian town of Towaccomoco (afterwards St. Mary's City), and traded largely with them for furs. He made many voyages of this cliaracter, but by no means confined himself to this locality, his journal showing that he carried on a brisk trade with all the Indian towns far and near in which there was any hope of obtaining the valuable beaver-skins which constituted the principal part of his traflSc. But it would seem that even as early as 1632 he found a competitor fully as enterprising as himself, one Charles Harman, who appears to have been as familiar with the country as Fleet, and of whom the latter com- plains for having carried off " 1500 weight of beaver, and cleared fourteen towns." It was in October, 1629, that Sir George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, arrived in Virginia, and, im- pressed by the beauty and resources of the country, determined to apply for a grant of territory; but it was not until the 20th of June, 1632, that his charter was finally granted, and not until the 27th of March, 1634, that the infant colony arrived at St. Mary's. But the province had at least one flourishing white settlement when the " Ark" and the " Dove" reached the shores of Maryland. There can be no question, of course, as to the prior settlement of Kent Island by Claiborne, nor as to the fact of his having astablished a trading-post on Palmer's (now Watson's) Island, at the mouth of the Susquejianna, before the occupation of Maryland I under Lord Baltimore's grant. Claiborne's settlement on Kent Island was probably made as early as 1627, for, although his license to trade was not obtained HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. until May ]6, 1631, he had received authority to ex- plore the Chesapeake Bay four years before this time, and that he had not neglected to plant a settlement on Kent Island very soon after this general authorization is evident from the fact that the " Isle of Kent" had a representative (Capt. Nicholas Matian) in the Vir- ginia House of Burgesses in the year 1631-32. Kent Island, therefore, it would seem, must have had a considerable population in 1631 to entitle it to rep- , resentation in a legislative assembly. But there is j some evidence to show that even before Claiborne established his trading-post on Palmer's Island in 1627-28-29, a previous colony had been planted there, and that all the members of this adventurous party had been murdered by the Indians, probably the fierce Susquehannoughs, who had their principal seat in this vicinity. Both Smith's voyages were made as early as 1608, and it was doubtless his glowing descrip- tions which fired the imaginations of other colonists, and led to the settlements on Palmer's and Kent Island. It is quite evident from these frequent jour- neys into what afterwards became the territory of Maryland that the attractions and advantages of this region had become familiar in the other colonies, and even in the mother-country, some years before George Calvert received his charter. It is not probable that the first settlement on Palmer's Island was a solitary and unsupported venture, or that the large territory formerly embraced within the limits of Baltimore County was peopled entirely by emigrants from St. Mary's. The population of the Virginia colony at Jamestown had increased rapidly, and reports of the prosperity of the country reaching the Old World, numbers were induced to emigrate to the shores of the Chesapeake. Whatever, indeed, may have been the date at which the first settlements in Baltimore County were made, it is certain that we were indebted ' at an early period for much of the population of this region to Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Our border troubles with Pennsylvania led many of the inliabitants of the adjacent counties of that State to remove to Maryland, and the dispute with the Dutch over the title to Delaware produced an almost wholesale emigration of the Swedes into our midst. In a short time "fifty persons, including several fami- lies, removed to Maryland and Virginia." Scarcely thirty families remained in New Amstel, "and other j places day by day," says Stuyvesant, " are growing I worse and worse." The natural direction of this emi- gration was by way of the present town of Elkton, and from thence it penetrated into the heart of the territory afterwards erected into Baltimore County. The first Baltimore County court, as will be seen elsewhere, ', was held in what is now called Cecil County, and the first county-seat was at Bush River, said to be about ' two miles below the present town of Bush, in Harford County. This fact indicates that the upper part of j the county was at first the most thickly settled, and j there is conclusive evidence to show that it long main- tained this numerical superiority. The settlement on the Bush River, known as Old Baltimore, continued to be the county-seat for many years, a fact which proves that point to have been for a long period the centre of pojmlation, and the subsequent removal of the court-house to Joppa, instead of to some more southern or western locality, shows that even after the lapse of half a century the northern and eastern portions of the county were still by far the most populous. They continued to be so for many years longer, for the county-seat was not removed to Balti- more until 1768, and Joppa, during more than fifty years, was not only the chief mart of the county, but the point which seems to have been fixed upon by common agreement, or perhaps by law, as the most convenient for elections, and a variety of purposes, to a majority of the people of the county. It was not until 1768 that the inhabitants of Baltimore Town and the surrounding country grew strong enough to dis- pute this supremacy, and even then they would seem to have .succeeded in obtaining the removal of the county-seat under false pretences with regard to their population, for we find that on the 28th of February, 1770, in pursuance of an act of Assembly, an election was held for the purpose of giving the people in the lower and upper districts an opportunity to determine where lay the strength of the county and the greater number of votes, and that the upper sections elected their representatives by a considerable majority. The polls were held in Baltimore Town for the lower, and Bush River fOr the upper districts, and the vote polled was as follows: 1181 U6T 1119 Caudidates — Alwve. Thomas Cuckey Deye 1572 Samuel Owings John Paca 1354 John Moale John Matthews 1293 George Eisteau Aquila Hall 1220 1 Kobert Alexander.. All this shows how slowly the stream of population moved into the interior, and throws additional and interesting light upon the history of early coloniza- tion in this State. Settlements, in the beginning, clung closely to the shores of the bay or the banks of the larger rivers, and nearly every plantation of consequence was placed within -easy distance of some water highway, the only sort of road which the early colonists found already prepared for them. Thus from the first the " backwoods" was the wilderness, and the backwoods was simply the unsettled region removed from navigable water; and thus it happened that both shores of the bay and its estuaries were set- tled up to the mouth of the Susquehanna before the interior of even Charles, St. Mary's, Talbot, and Kent Counties had ceased to be called the " backwoods." The tide of immigration from the north was met by an upward current from the south, and accordingly we find among the early settlers of this region emi- grants from Delaw.are, Pennsylvania, and New York on the one hand, and from Virginia on the other. Among the most prominent settlers from the north may lie mentioned Augustine IForman, wlio founded ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. :i small colony on Bohemia River, witliin the then limits of Baltimore County, hut now included within those of Cecil. Our first introduction to Herman is in 1659, when hewas .sent by Governor Stuyvesant, of New York, on an embassy to ask, " in a friendly and neighborly way, the redelivery and restitution of such free people and servants" as had taken refuge in Maryland, and to make other demands with reference to the border troubles then existing. Herman was a native of Prague, Bohemia, and emigrated to the Dutch settlement at Manhattan. After his visit to Maryland as one of the Dutch commissioners, he re- moved to the latter province, and in 1663 took up land on Elk River, Cecil County, where " Bohemia Manor" and "Port Herman" still preserve his mem- ory. In 1664 he and his family were naturalized as citizens of Maryland by an act of Assembly, — the first act of the kind passed in the colonies. Herman was the great man of the region ; he had his deer-park, the walls of which were still standing in 1859 ; he rode in his coach driven by liveried servants; his mansion commanded a fine view of the Bohemia River to the Chesapeake Bay. It is said he died in 1686. Nathaniel Utie, who was one of the foremost pio- neers of civilization at the head of the Chesapeake, and whose name is preserved in that of Spesutie (Spes-Utie) Island, at the mouth of the Susquehanna, upon which he settled probably before the formation of the county, filled a prominent part in the early history both of Maryland and Virginia. Becoming involved in political troubles in the latter State, he removed to Maryland, and in May, 1658, was licensed to trade with the Indians for furs, and to arrest all persons who were trading in the upper part of the bay without license. On the 12th of July following he was commissioned captain of all the forces between the coves of Patuxent River and the Seven Moun- tains, and was appointed to command as his own company all the forces from the head of Severn River to the above mountains. In 1666 he was one of the commissioners appointed to effect an agreement be- tween Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland to suspend the planting of tobacco for a year, so as to enhance its value. He became a member of the Governor's Council, one of the magistrates of the province, and was one of the first representatives of the county in the Assembly, holding a seat in that body in 1662, 1666, and 1669. He took an important part in the effort to dispossess the Dutch on the Dela- ware, and was altogether one of the most prominent figures in the early history of the county. George Utie, probably a near relative of Nathaniel, represented Baltimore County in the Assembly in 1661, and was commissioned sheriff in 1666. The former importance of Spesutie Island may be estimated from the fact that a meeting of the Council was held there in'1661. Baltimore County was erected into a county about 1659 ; the exact date is involved in some doubt. Be- fore this year, however, the county is not mentioned in the legislative proceedings as having any represen- tatives. Its original limits were much more extensive than they are at present, including Harford and Cecil Counties, and, there is good evidence to prove, stretching as far south on tlie eastern shore as the Chester River, and perhaps embracing the whole of the county of Kent. The first description of its bounds is found in the proclamation of June 6, 1674, by which it was declared that the southern bounds of Baltimore County shall be "the south side of Pa- tapsco River, and from the highest plantations on that side of the river, due south two miles into the woods." By the act of 1698 a boundary line was adopted be- tween Baltimore and Anne Arundel County, which had been located by commissioners appointed under an act of Assembly passed in 1696. This line, which is particularly described in this act of 1698, and which began upon the bay about one mile and a quarter to the south of Bodkin Creek, attached to Baftimore County a considerable tract of country lying south of the Patapsco ; but in 1725 this act of 1698 was re- pealed, and the present boundary by the Patapsco was established. The western boundaries of the county were undefined, and in the absence of the act or order erecting Baltimore County, we are unable to say what were the original western limits assigned to it. At one time it extended to the head of the Patuxent ; afterwards the head of the Patapsco became its west- ern boundary, and was so until the formation of Frederick County in 1748. On the north Baltimore County extended to the extreme limits of the province. Its eastern limits have for many years been an interest- ting subject of dispute, but there is strong evidence to show, as we have said, that they formerly embraced Cecil County, and extended down the eastern shore to the Chester River, probably including the whole of the territory forming the present county of Kent. In the early records of the province and county may be found scores of deeds and patents for lands on the Elk, the Bohemia, and the Sassafras Rivers, which are de- scribed as lying in Baltimore County, Capt. Nathaniel Utie, for instance, holding lands on the Sassafras, which are set down as in Baltimore County. There are also several official references, in proclamations and elsewhere, to points on the eastern shore north of the Chester River as within the limits of Baltimore County. The act of 1707, ch. 8, throws further light on this subject. ■ It provides for the removal of Thomas Howell, " now lying under execution for debt, in the custody of the sheriff' of Cecil County, into the custody of the sheriif of Kent County," and this removal was made necessary " by the late division of those counties, whereby this Howell became an in- habitant of Kent County," showing that at least a por- tion of Kent had previously been embraced within the limits of Cecil, which itself, as has been shown, had originally been included within Baltimore County. Cecil County, named after Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, was erected in 1674, and the records HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. show that by the terms of the proclamation creating it it wiis described as extending " from the mouth of the Susquehanna River down the eastern side of the bay, to Swan Point ; thence to Hell Point, and thence up Chester River to the head thereof." This proves conclusively that Cecil County originally embraced the county of Kent, and Cecil itself, oi a part of it, was carved out of Baltimore County, as the deeds and patents testify. Deeds to lands some distance south of the Sassafras River, and described as lying in Bal- timore County, have been discovered, and doubtless others as far south as the Chester River could be found by a complete examination of the old records. Probably when Cecil was separated from Baltimore County in 1674 the division was made with reference | to, if it was not dictated by, the geographical situa- tions of the two sections and their natural boundaries, the Susquehanna River and the bay. Cecil County, as we have stated, was created in 1674, but its present boundaries were defined by the act of 1706, ch. 3, which enacts " that Cecil County shall contain all the lands on the north side of Sassafras River and Kent County, and shall be bounded on the east and north by the bounds of the province, and on the west by Susquehanna and the bay." Harford County, named after Henry Harford, the last proprietary of Maryland, and the illegitimate son of Frederick, the sixth and last Lord Baltimore, was created in 1773, and is bounded as follows : " Begin- ning at the mouth of the Little Falls of Gunpowder River, and running thence with said falls to the foun- tain head ; thence north to the Pennsylvania line ; thence with that line to the Susquehanna River ; thence with that river to the Chesapeake Bay ; thence with the bay, including Spesutie and Pool's Islands, to the mouth of Gunpowder River ; and thence up said river to the beginning." Carroll County, named after Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and created out of Baltimore and Freder- ick Counties, was created in 1835, with the following boundaries: "Beginning at the Pennsylvania line at Rock Creek ; thence to the Monocacy River ; thence to the junction of the Monocacy and Double Pipe Creek ; thence with the course of Pipe Creek to the point of junction of Little Pipe Creek and Big Pipe Creek; thence with Little Pipe Creek to its junction i with Sam's Creek ; thence with Sara's Creek to War- , field's Mill ; thence with the Buffalo road to Parr's Spring ; thence with the western branch of the Pa- tapsco Falls to the point of its junction with the north- ern branch of the Patapsco Falls; thence with the northern branch of said fails to the bridge erected over said falls on the turnpike road leading from Ueisterstown to Westminster; thence in a straight course to the Pennsylvania line, running north seven- teen degrees east; thence to the Pennsylvania line to the place of beginning.'" CHAPTER V. ANCIENT COUNTY-SEATS. Old Baltimore— Foster's Neck— Joppa— Ball imore Town. It is somewhat singular that while our records have handed down to us the name of the person at whose house the County Court held its first session, as well as the year in which this event occurred, we find no reference to the establishment of a regular county- seat until 1683, or about twenty-two years afterwards. By Chapter V. of the act of 1683 a port of entry was established "on Bush River, on the town land, near the court-house," and it is at this point that his- tory first introduces us to the original capital of the county. From the language of the act it is apparent that this town on the Bush River was already the county-seat when it was made a port of entry, but how long it had enjoyed that dignity is not known. It is not reasonable to suppose, however, that justice had been without a fixed and local habitation since the meeting of the first court at the house of Capt. Thomas Howell- in 1661 ; and it is probable that Old Balti- more had been the county-seat for some years be- fore 1683. As early as 1674 an act was passed " for erecting a court-house and prison in each county within this province," but, even without express pro- vision, the necessity for the establishment of a county- seat must have forced itself upon the public attention soon after the organization of the county government, and in selecting a place for this purpose the general convenience must naturally have been one of the prin- cipal objects in view. The county at that time included within its limits Harford, Cecil, and at least a part of Kent, and an examination of the map shows that Old Baltimore occupied a convenient position with refer- ence to all these different sections. The interior, or backwoods, was then but thinly settled, most of the inhabitants still being afraid to trust themselves far from the bay or the borders of navigable streams, so that the town on Bush River was not only reason- ably central, as far as the large proportion of the popu- lation was concerned, but was easily accessible by water, which was then the principal and favorite mode of travel. The lapse of time has left so few traces of Old Baltimore that the identification of the site on which it stood cannot be made with absolute certainty. Recent researches, however, have thrown so much liiiht iin tlir subject that we can now, with tolerable ecMiii'lriH-. , |M.iiit almost to the exact spot where- the fiisi 1 (.uiiiy-Mut was located. Old Baltimore, in all probability, was situated about seven miles south of Perrymansvilie, two miles northeast of the Philadel- phia and Wilmington Railroad bridge over Bush River, and four miles above the Chesapeake Bay, and was an isthmus about a quarter of a mile wide be- i Capt. TlK.nms Howell at this time lived within tlie limits of what is ANCIENT COUNTY-SEATS. 43 tween Bush River on the south aud Rumney Creek on the north. It was immediately upon Bush River, and commanded a noble view for miles up the river and down its course to its junction with the Chesa- peake. Besides the concurrent testimony of at least six ancient maps to the correctness of this identifica- tion of the site of Old Baltimore, the natural objects in the vicinity still bear witness to the former exist- ence of a town in this locality. Long rows of large cedar-trees strike the visitor with their venerable ap- pearance, and their regularity and isolation indicate that they were the results of careful culture rather than of spontaneous growth. Nor is the fact without significance that while the land between Old Balti- more and Perrymansville is very barren, that in the vicinity of the former is believed to be about the most productive in Harford County. Besides a portion occupied by a clover-field, the old site itself is covered with alder-bushes and refuses cultivation, as if, having once been set apart for the higher uses of civilization, it disdained to revert to the less ambitious purposes of agriculture. A rude fence at present incloses the whole site, and on entering the gate the visitor sees two log houses, such as are used by servants on a plan- tation, while hard by is an old-fashioned well with the horizontal pole for raising and lowering the bucket so common in former days. In the eastern part of the field are the remains or ruins of a burial-ground in a grove of large walnut-trees, and " here rest the bones of William Osborne, who built the first house in the present Harford County at Old Baltimore on 'Old House Point.'" About a quarter of a mile norch of the field is the residence of Mr. Richardson, the proprietor of the site of the ancient town. The road from the north to the south, starting from a ferry over the Susquehanna, just below the present rail- road bridge at Havre de Grace, crossed Swan Creek to Old Baltimore ; and here, at Old House Point, there was a ferry over Bush River, and this was the great route of travel. The ferry was attended by Philip Philips, who afterwards purchased it, and providing " entertainment for man and beast," contrived through these two sources of revenue to make a comfortable fortune. The wharf at Old House Point has long since decayed, but the large stones which formed the abutments can still be plainly seen at low tide. Three miles from Old Baltimore, as stated by Freeborn Gar- retson (in his journal), is the place of thefiret church building of any kind in Baltimore County. Here, at Gravelly, are the almost obliterated remains of the "log church"; and it was to this place, about fifteen years after the decadence of Old Baltimore, that the remains of the dead with their tombstones were prob- ably removed from the burial-ground that has been mentioned. This log church was the parent of St. George's parish, now known as "Spesutie Church," and the records of the latter contain the names of many of the descendants of the " Old Baltimoreans." From an act of 1696 it appears that many of the court-houses in the province had been built upon land to which the counties had no legal title, and the com- missioners were authorized to perfect these titles by purchase. The court-house at Old Baltimore would seem to have been one of these, for under date of April 1, 1700, we find a deed from Michael Judd, the younger, of Baltimore County, and Mary, his wife, conveying to "John Hall, gent, and others, inhabit- ants and freeholders of the county," all "that piece or parcel of land wherein the court-house of the said county now standeth." The precise date at which Old Baltimore ceased to be the county-seat is to a large extent a matter of conjecture. An impression prevails that the court- house was removed from Old Baltimore to Foster's Neck, on the Gunpowder, by the act of 1706, but the act in question contains no allusion whatever to the location of the court-house at that point, and it is not until we come to the act of 1707 that we find a provision for the erection of a new county-seat. This latter act, as will be seen, failed to secure the sanction of the queen, and it was not until 1712 that its provisions were confirmed ; but it is also to be noted that the act of 1706, which provided for the establishment of a port of entry at Foster's Neck, was also vetoed by the queen, and was never re-enacted, so far as the records show, so that, even had it directed the location of the county-seat at Foster's Neck, it would have been without force or effect. It seems probable, therefore, that the county-seat remained at Old Baltimore until 1712, and that when it was taken from that place it was removed to Joppa, and not to Foster's Neck, as has hitherto been generally sup- posed. The history of Joppa, although involved in less ob- scurity than that of Old Baltimore, is clouded at many points with the uncertainties which inevitably accumulate around a town which belongs so entirely to the past. Careful research has, however, rescued from ancient and decaying records facts enough to give us an idea of the general outline of its history, and to enable us to form a tolerably correct opinion of one of the most interesting of the earlier Maryland towns. Although we first meet with " the town of Joppa" in the act of 1712, the place was called into being five years before by the act of 1707, which itself was a sort of supplement or amendment to a law of 1706. This last legislative mandate proposed to create no less than forty-two new towns at a single breath, and among them provided for three in Baltimore County, — one "at Whetstone Neck, on Patapsco River;" one upon the land called "Chilberry, on Bush River;" and "one on Foster's Neck, on Gun- powder River." How many of these paper towns fell still-born from the womb of this prolific law it is not necessary to consider. Whether that at Foster's Neck ever existed except in the legislative intention seems a matter of dispute, but at all events its life was a HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. brief one, for in the following year (1707) the Assem- bly directed the site at Foster's Neck " to be deserted, and in lieu thereof fifty acres to be erected into a town on a tract of land on the same river, belonging to Anne Felks, and called Taylor's Choice, and the court-house to be built there." All acts of Assembly required the royal assent, but as it was not supposed there would be any objection to the change of site proposed in the law of 1707, work was at once begun on the new town, streets were laid out, and the court- house was in course of construction, when, to the gen- eral surprise, the queen dissented both to the act of 1706 as well as to that of 1707. For the next five years Joppa, if it lived at all, lived only as a sort of illegitimate town, and probably consisted simply of the buildings in process of construction and those already built when the queen's veto suspended its legal existence and checked its progress. In 1712, however, a new act was passed, fixing the County Court at the house built on Taylor's Choice, " in the town of Joppa." Joppa had still, however, to pass through a further period of probation, for it had no sooner been freed from its former disability than it was discovered that it was built not exactly upon the sand, but upon the property of a minor, who could not give a clear title. In this unfortunate state Joppa languished for the next twelve years, when it was at last delivered from all its troubles by a final act of the Assembly. This act of 1724 recites that "the iuhabitauts of Baltimore County have made to appear to this Assembly tliat a publiclc court-house and prison have been erected at Joppa, in the said county, at their expence, and that the riglit of the land is in a minor, under the age of twenty-one yeais, who (although his father, Col. James Maxwell, hath received full satisfaction for the said land) cannot convoy the same, and that the said inhabitants have like- wise set forth and made appear that the business of that county is greatly delayed and obstructed by the want of some convenient places of entertainment, at or near the court-house, the officers thereof and suitors thereto being obliged to go a great distance for necessary accom- modation, and lying under several other inconveniences that the erec- ting of a town at the same place would probably remove." It then proceeds to enact " that the land already allotted for the building of a court-house and prison shall be and remain to the use of the said county for- ever, any law, usage, defect, or other thing to the con- trary notwithstanding." Thomas Tolley, Capt. John Taylor, Daniel Scott, Lancelot Todd, and John Stokes, or any three of them, were authorized and empowered to purchase twenty acres of land at Joppa, and to superintend the surveying and laying out of the same "into forty equal lots, erected into a town, and so as the public buildings aforesaid be included within the twenty acres aforesaid, and that the same lots shall be laid out so as not to affect the buildings or improve- ments of Col. James Maxwell, or his son, already made at the place aforesaid." The commissioners were directed to meet at an early day to carry out the instructions of the act, anil mi the lioth of April, 1725, proceeded to bargain willi >'<■}. .Mm\ well, the owner, for the land. They oilV-rcd liijn llir,,. pounds (£3) an acre for his land, which he at first declined to ac- cept, but afterwards, when a warrant was about to be ; placed in the hands of the sheriff requiring him to assess and condemn the i)roperty, he came to terras, and the purchase was concluded without further trouble. It was not until the latter part of .lune, 1726, that the survey was completed and the town laid off. The 1 surveyor of the county, Col. John Dorscy, received for his services five hundred pounds of tobacco from the County Court. In his formal certificate Col. Dorsey states that he has ] "laid out for the said town twenty acres of land, being part of a tract , of land called Taylor's Choice, beginning (for thesaid town) at a bounded while oak standing near the bank of the said river and near the mouth and on the east side of the easternmost branch of the said river, and running thence south eiglity-two degrees and a half, east forty perches; ' thence north seven and a half degrees, east eighty-four perches; thence north eighty-two and a half degrees, west forty perches; thence south seven and a half degrees, west eigbty-four perches to the said bounded tree containing and laid out for twenty-one acres of land, more or less. j Twenty-one acres whereof for a town called Joppa." j Joppa was northwest of Foster's Neck, and Foster's I Creek is still known, and is the southeastern boundary of Col. John Carroll Walsh's land, Taylor's Creek being between Col. Walsh's land and Joppa farm. I " Taylor's Choice" was granted March 4, 1661, to John j Taylor, who also had other tracts in the immediate neighborhood. Taylor was one of the commissioners i of Baltimore County, and with others held a court, j probably the first held in the county, at the house of Capt. Thomas Howell, the presiding commissioner, on the 20th of July, 1661. In 1719, Taylor's Choice was resurveyed for Col. James Maxwell, who was then presiding justice or judge of the county, a position I which he held for twenty years. The judges of the r courts appear to have been alive to the importance of a proper location for the seats of justice, as two of them would seem to have been land-owners at or near Joppa when the town was laid out. Joppa, as-we I have seen, was laid out into forty lots of half an acre I each, exclusive of the one-acre lot set aside for the ! use of St. John's parish church, and was divided by [ Court Street and Church Street running east and west, j and Low Street and High Street running nearly north and south. The lots were offered at one pound seven I shillings each, to be paid to Col. James Maxwell, with a fee of two shillings and sixpence to the clerk for every entry made by him. By the terms of the act of Assembly, the owner of the land was to have the first choice in the selection , of lots, and accordingly we find the first entry made in the name of Col. Maxwell, the form of the entry ; being as follows: "(No. 23) July the eighth, one thousand seven hundred and twenty- six, comes Col. James Maxwell (the owner of and person interested in the said land) and makes choice of the lot (No. 23) which ho desires may be entered in his came, which is hereby accordingly done at tiie request aforesaid and risque of the same James Maxwell." On the same day (July 8th) Asaell Maxwell, son of Col. James Maxwell, took up lot No. 24; Col. John Dorsey, in the name and for the use of his son, Green- ANCIENT COUNTY-SEATS. 45 bury Dorsey, took up lot No. 4; John Crockett took up lot No. 3, and John Stokes lot No. 5. On July 20th Daniel Hughes took up lot No. 22; Thomas White, clerk of the court, lot No. 1 ; Eoger Matthews lot No. 2, and Capt. Thomas Sheredine lot No. 19. Lot No. 21 was taken up by Aquila Paca, sheriff of the county, on the 25th of July, and lot No. 18 by Jo'hn Hall, Jr. ; No. 17 by John Roberts, July 27th ; lot No. 26 on July 28th, by Joseph Ward, inn-holder; lot No. 6 by Eichard Hewitt, Aug. 4th ; lot No. 27 by Nicholas Day, Aug. 4th ; lot No. 20 by Thomas Tolley, on the same date ; lot No. 16 on Aug. 5th, by Aquila Paca; lot No. 28 on Aug. 5th, by William Hammond; lot No. 40 by Benjamin Jones, Sept. 25th; lot No. 7 by William Lowe, Oct. 8th ; lots Nos. 8 and 9 by Joseph Calvert, " late merchant of Kent County," Dec. 19th ; lot No. 39 by James Lsham, March 30, 1727 ; lot No. 13 by Joseph Calvert, June 10th ; lots Nos. 34 and 35 by James lsham, Sept. 2d ; lot No. 15 by William Lowe, Sept. 12th; lot No. 10 by Joseph Calvert, March 12, 1727 ; lot No. 29 by Catharine Hollingsworth, widow, Oct 9, 1729; lot No. 30 by same for her son, Val- entine Hollingsworth, June 29, 1730; lot No. 18 by Samuel Ward, " carpenter" (being same lot at first taken up by John Hall, Jr.), July 8, 1730; lot No. 30 by Abraham Johns, for the use of Stephen Higgins, of Anne Arundel County, Dec. 3, 1730 ; and lot No. 31 on the same day, for the use of Samuel Maccubins. Purchasers of these lots were required to build within twelve months houses that should cover not less than four hundred square feet, and the act rather quaintly declared that " none of these houses shall be suffered to have any chimney, un- less the same be built with brick or stone." The first purchasers of several of the lots having neglected to build houses within the required time, the town commissioners, Messrs. Thomas Tolley, Daniel Scott, and John Stokes, in accordance with the provis- ions of the act, adopted an order on June 27, 1727, directing the clerk to enter these lots afresh should there be any new applicants, and this was done in several instances. Greenbury Dorsey took up his lot No. 4 a second time; Jonathan Hughes succeeded David Hughes in the ownership of lot No. 22 ; Nicholas Day took up lots Nos. 26 and ^ j,^, 28, previously taken up by Joseph Ward and William Hammond; lot No. 18 was resold to Thomas Sheredine; lot No. 16 to William Lowe; lot No. 40 to Jeremiah Sutton, on April 23, 1729 ; lot No. 30 to John Higginson, Sept. 8, 1731 ; and lot No. 18, which had been sold twice before, to Hannah Ward, of Joppa, on Oct. 1, 1731. It would seem that the lawyers of those days did not care especially for water as a beverage, for it was not until the 8th of August, 1728, .some two years after Col. Maxwell's lot was taken up, that it was thought necessary to have a 5s f - 1^ ^^ S II ^ ^ ^- I- 3 j^-^ (7SJ ■f7oJ PLAT OF JOPPA IN 1725. Prison ; B, Court-House ; C, Old Prison ; D, St. John's Parish Church. public well in the vicinity of the court-house, at which time the commissioners of Joppa satisfied any tem- perance principles that may have existed by adopting a general order to the effect that " the money that is or shall be raised for the use of the said town be applied HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. towards digging a well on the court-house lands, and it is further resolved that either of the commissioners aforesaid may covenant with any person who shall be inclinable to do the same on reasonable terms." Col. Dorsey's plat of the town gives its length as eighty- four perclies, and the width forty perches, exactly twenty-one acres, showing forty lots, exclusive of the church lot, with the church, court-house, and two prisons conspicuously delineated, while adjacent to the new prison is a small lot marked " Amen Corner," which was sacred to the whipping-post and the pil- lory. It does not seem probable that the names al- ready given embraced all the inhabitants of Joppa, as in the act of 1724 reference is made to " the build- ings or improvements of Col. James Maxwell, or of his son, already'made at the place aforesaid," and in the proceedings of the county commissioners in 1725 the surveyor is directed to respect the "dwelling- house of Mrs. Elinor Rumsey." This latter is believed to be the sole house now standing on the site of Joppa, it having been known for many years as the " Rumsey ' Mansion." Benjamin Rumsey, a member of the Con- tinental Congress, and one of the most distinguished j men of the State, died here March 7, 1808. Addi- i tional color is given to the supposition that Joppa had already made some progress before the act of 1724 by the fact that the original act of 1707 locating the town set apart fifty acres for that purpose, and the law of 1724 appropriated only twenty acres. Between j 1707 and 1724,— that is, in 1712, — another act was i passed, as has already been stated, " settling Balti- more County court-house at Joppa," and it seems ' only reasonable to suppose that other buildings had I .sprung up upon part of the fifty acres at first desig- nated. This would explain the limitation to twenty acres in the act of 1724, it being then unnecessary, in this view of the case, to adhere to the original number. It is quite evident from all that has been said that the erection of Joppa into a town and its develop- ment into the metropolis of the county was the ob- ject of special and influential effort. The pertinacity j with which the projectors of the town clung to the site they had chosen, in spite of the many obsta- cles in the way of their success, and the special in- | ducements oflTered to trade, as well as the special fa- j cilities provided for reaching the county-seat, indicate either the presence of influential sponsors at the cradle of Joppa, or the firm conviction in the public mind that this particular site possessed peculiar and unrivaled advantages. All roads led to Rome, and so, on a smaller scale, all the most important roads of Baltimore County would seem to have led to Joppa ; j 'and even now the numerous " old Joppa roads" through Harford and Baltimore Cl Ml \1 1 L^ <)1 li M I IMOR annex the " precincts," as the suburban property was called, to the city of Baltimore, against the consent of about nine-tenths of the people of both the county and city. By this annexation the city acquired a population of sixteen or seventeen thousand souls. By this act it was provided "that the precincts of Baltimore City, and all that part of Baltimore County which is included in the following metes aud bounds, shall be and are hereby annexed to aud made part of the ciy of Baltimore; that is to say, bounded on the north by a line drawn parallel with Bitltimore Street in said < ity, through a point one mile and a half due north from the centre of Baltimore and Calvert Streets in said city, and extending eastwardly seven hundred perches fr.im tlie said point to a public road passing from the Philadelphia post-road, by the dwellings of Amo< Loney, Thomas Worthington, and others, and westwardly six hundred and forty perches from the same point ; on the east by a line binding on the east Bide of said road, to the Philadelphia post-road, and from the Philadelphia post-road, by a straight line, to the northeast corner of the Lazaretto lot, including said lot, and then with the lines of said lot to the Patapsco River; on the south by a line drawn from the Patapsco River, at the ter- mination of the lastrmentioned line, to the most uorthern part of Whet- stone Point, on the main branch of the Patapsco River, and ninning with and bounding on thesaid main branch, excluding the land ceded to the United States on Whetstone Point for the use of a fort, to the place called the Kerry Point, being the junction of the said main branch with the middle branch aforesaid, and thence due west to the western side of the midille branch aforesaid ; and on the west by a line running from the termination of the last-mentioned line on the western shore of the mid- dle branch, and binding on the said shore, to the north of Gwynn's Falls, thence up aud with the southwest side of Gwynn's Falls to a point oppo- site to the mouth of Gwynn's Run, thence with a straight course to the mouth of Gwynn's Run, aud thence with a straight line to the end of the aforementioned six hundred and forty perch lino." The boundaries established by this act constitute the present limits of the city, the area of which lias By the been extended since the act of act of 1817 the city of Baltimore was directed to be divided into twelve wards, as nearly equal in propor- tion as possible, and John Eager Howard, William Gibson, William Cooke, William McMechen, Henry Thompson, John Hillen, Joseph Townsend, Nathan- iel Williams, John McHenry, James Mosher, and 1 George Winchester were appointed commissioners with authority to survey and lay off within the limits of the city all such streets, lanes, and alleys as they might think proper and convenient, and to cause the same to be marked with such durable landmarks as they should think necessary. The commissioners were further empowered to assign "one name to any street which in the whole or in parts may have acquired different names, and when two or more streets may be known by the same name, to alter and change them ; and the names so given of all the other streets shall be written on the plots thereof, to be re- turned to the said commissioners, by which name they s The commissioners were, moreover, authorized to em- ploy a surveyor or surveyors to ascertain and mark out the limits of the city, and accordingly employed Thomas H. Poppleton, whose map of Baltimore, laid out in conformity with the metes and bounds already given, is still the recognized and only authority of its kind on this subject. On March 9, 1850, the General Assembly passed an act to provide " for taking the sense of the people of Baltimore County on the propriety of separating said county from the city of Baltimore." The preamble ' of the act rei'ited that it had been represented that THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMORE CITY. the "interest and convenience of the people of Balti- more County would be greatly promoted, and the administration of justice in said county be rendered more speedy and efficient, if the said county were separated from the city of Baltimore," and enacted that an election should be held on the second Wednes- day in the following May, at which the matter should i be submitted to the qualified voters of the several ' election districts. By the provisions of the act three j persons were to be elected from each district, who ' were to meet on the first Monday in June at some j central place in the county, and then determine and fix upon a suitable site for the erection of the public buildings ; and the commissioners were directed, in ' making their decision, which was to be final, to take into consideration the "general interest of the people of the county, and the facilities of access and depar- ture" from the site so selected. The commissioners of Baltimore County were authorized to sell, exchange, or dispose of all or any part or parts of the county's proportion of the joint property of the county and city, except the court-house and record oflice ; and the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore were em- powered to treat with and purchase the county's in- terest in the joint property. No option was left with regard to the sale of the court-house, as it had been expressly provided by the act of 1834, ch. 1.51, that if a separation should take place at any time between the city and county " the whole estate in the present court-house shall be vested in the city of Baltimore, upon the payment to Baltimore County of one-half of the value thereof" In pursuance of this act an election was held at the time designated, and on the 3d of June, 1850, ths commissioners chosen from the several districts met in Baltimore, and organized by the selection of James L. Kidgely as chairman, and William E. Cole as sec- retary. The entire day, however, was consumed in the discussion of the various propositions submitted, none of which received the approval of a majority of the convention, which finally adjourned until the second Monday in August, with the understanding that they would then definitely settle the matter without further postponement. The convention ac- cordingly reassembled on the 12th of August, but the opponents of the separation act were found to be too strong for its friends, and finally succeeded in " kill- ing" it by effecting an adjournment until March, 1852. Eighteen of the commissioners were in favor of locating the county-seat somewhere, and eighteen were opposed to locating at all ; but the latter voted solidly, while the former probably could not agree among themselves. The Baltimore County Advocate of August 17th, commenting upon the unsatisfactory action of the commissioners, expressed the opinion that the great body of the people of the county were in favor of separation, adding, " when another bill is formed for this object, let it be left to the vote of the people, and let there be some different provision for locating the public buildings. There is where the difficulty lies now," In the mean time a constitutional convention as- sembled at Annapolis, on the 4th of November, 1850, and adopted a new constitution, which went into effect on the 4th of July, 1851. By the fourth sec- tion of the fourth article of the new constitution the State was divided into four judicial districts, Alleghany, Washington, Frederick, Carroll, Balti- more, and Harford Counties to compose the first, and Baltimore City the third. By the eighth section of the same article the State was also divided into eight judicial circuits, Baltimore City making the fifth, and Baltimore, Harford, and Cecil Counties the sixth. "The Court of Common Pleas," the " Superior Court," and " Criminal Court" were also established in Bal- timore City. The judicial functions of the city and county being now completely separated, as the politi- cal relations had been by the incorporation of the city in 1796, the Legislature at its next session in 1852 passed the necessary laws for carrying out the provisions of the new constitution. On the 27th of February it passed two laws, one to authorize the officers of Baltimore County to " keep their respective offices within the limits of the city of Baltimore until provision shall be made by law for the location of a county-seat within the said county, and the erection of a court-house and all other appropriate buildings for the convenient administration of justice in said county," and the other " to authorize the courts for Baltimore County to hold their sittings within the limits of the city of Baltimore." On the 9th of March the Legislature also passed an act repealing the legis- lation of 1850, which had placed the authority to \ locate the county-seat in the hands of commissioners, I and on May 31st it passed an act providing for the valuation and severance of the ownership of property I held jointly by the city and county, and directing the I appointment of three discreet persons from each to make the necessary assessment and division. The I commissioners appointed for this purpose on the part of the city were Messrs. Fielding Lucas, Jr., Chris- tian Keener, and Nathan F. Dushane ; and those on I the part of the county were Messrs. Thomas B. I Cockey, Joshua Hutchins, and Joab Bernard. These ! gentlemen qualified for the performance of their duties early in September, and were already far ad- vanced in their work when the Legislature, on May 30, 1853, passed an act providing for the location of a county-seat for Baltimore County. By this act the judges of election were directed to open polls on the '■ third Wednesday of November following, " at which the qualified voters of the said county may vote by written or printed ballots, designating thereon the place for locating the county-seat of justice." It was pro- vided that if no place should receive a majority of the i whole number of votes cast at the first balloting, a second election should be held, at which the voters should be confined to the three places having the 64 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. higliest number of votes at the first election ; and if no one of the three places voted for at the second elec- tion should have a majority of all the votes cast, then a third election should be held, at which the voters should be confined in their choice to the two places having the highest number of votes at the second election. Before any election had been held under this act, a convention of delegates, appointed by the citizens of Baltimore County for the purpose of recommending a site for the county town, met at the court-house in Baltimore. A committee, previously appointed, re- ported that after visiting a number of places and making the necessary examinations they had con- cluded to recommend with some qualification, and by a vote of five to three, the place known as the Rem- ington estate, situated on the west of the old cattle- show grounds on Charles Street Avenue, and between the York and Falls turnpikes. After several hours spent in exciting debate, the convention proceeded to ballot for the place, and after several ballots the Alms- house property at Calverton was selected by a vote of fourteen to twelve for the Remington estate. The matter had still, however, to be submitted to the pop- ular tribunal, and when the election was held on the third AVednesday of November (18.53), Clover Hill received 784 votes; the Almshouse, 776 ; Towsontown, 582; Cockeysville, 317; Geographical Centre, 266; Huntington, 221 ; Remington, 158; Spring Hill, 104; and Homestead, 70. None of these places having received a majority of all the votes cast, a second elec- tion was held on Wednesday, Jan. 3, 1854, in which the Almshouse, Towsontown, and Clover Hill were the places voted for. At this election Towsontown received a considerable plurality, and the contest was narrowed down to that place and the Almshouse. Finally, on the 13th of February, the question was again submitted to the voters, and Towsontown was selected as the county-seat. The result was celebrated in the new county-seat with much enthusiasm and with a grand illumination, the old frame tavern be- longing to H. B. Chew, on the top of Sater Hill, being set on fire the more fittingly to honor the important occasion. Efforts have since been made from time to time to remove the county-seat from Towsontown, but always without success. In April, 1874, the Legislature passed an act "to extend the limits of Baltimore City by including and annexing a part or portion of Baltimore County in and to the said city, and to provide for taking a vote of the people residing in said part or portion to be so annexed for or against such annexation." This act proposed to extend the city limits two miles north- ward, and one mile to the ea.st and west. As an in- ducement to the people of this district (commonly known as the "Belt") to vote for annexation, it was provided that all property situated in the territory to be annexed should be assessed at one-half its cost value for the period of ten years after the jiassage of the act. After a warm and exciting canvass the ques- tion was submitted to the people of the "Belt" on the 5th of May, and annexation was defeated by a vote of 1115 against it to 574 in its favor, being a majority of 541 against annexation. The following is the official vote by precincts : For. Against. Ist Precinct, l8t District 116 81 1st " 3(1 " "'2 173 1st " 9tli " 12li 186 2d " 9tli " I'le 248 let " 12th " 37 235 3d " 12th " 14 111 CHAPTER VIL PENNSYLVA\I.\ BORDER TROUBLES. The dispute with regard to the boundary line be- tween Maryland and Pennsylvania was the occasion not only of much bitter feeling, but of actual col- lisions and conflicts between those living near or occupying debatable ground.' The original area of Baltimore County embraced a portion of this disputed region, and in the troubles which arose from the antagonistic claims of the two provinces many of its principal citizens were in- volved. As early as December, 1732, Lord Bahimore, who had come to Maryland to settle the disputes, wrote to Governor Patrick Gordon of Pennsylvania, calling his attention to the fact that "a most out- rageous riot had lately been committed in Maryland by a great number of people calling themselves Penn- sylvanians." John Lowe, of Baltimore County, his wife and family were the victims of this border raid, which seems to have been entirely without justifica- tion or excuse, as far a.s Lowe, at least, was concerned. The dwellers on the Maryland side of the border, as may be supposed, were not slow in retaliating, and in May, 1734, John Hendricks and Joshua Minshall, from their settlements on the Susquehanna, and two others from the borders of New Castle County, were carried off by the Maryland authorities and confined in the Annapolis jail. These troubles, however, would seem really to bave begun with Penn's first settle- ment in the province, for we learn from the Pennsyl- vania records that at a council held at Philadelphia in 1684 a letter from one Samuel Lands was read, " concerning Col. George Tallbot's goeing with three Musqueters to y* houses of William Ogle, Jonas Er- skin,and AndreisTille, and tould them if they would not forthwith yield Obedience to y° Lord Baltimore, and Own him to be their Propor, and pay rent to him, he would Turne them out of their houses and take their Land from them." And from the same source we learn that in 1686 "y° Marylanders have lately reinforced their fort at Christina, and would I Sue a full review of the lumudar}- troubles in the writer's " History PENNSYLVANIA BORDER TROUBLES. not suffer John White to cut hay, but thrittend those he imployed to do it with their gunns presented against them, and that what hay they had cut y" Marylanders sayd they would throw it into y" river." Moreover, it appears that about, this same time one Maj. English " came into y" county of New Castle with about fourty armed horsemen; left them at John Darby's whilst Maj. English and a Mary Land Capt. came to New Castle, where John White meeting him, made complaint to him of the abuses don him by y" Mary Landers at y' fort. Maj. English tould him that if thou wilt say ' you drunken dogg, Ned Eng- lish, lett me cutt hay,' I will give you leave." Inroads and exasperations of this character con- tinued on both sides for a long period, and appear not to have ceased even after the king himself had commanded the peace. In 1717 we hear complaints of " certain persons from Maryland who had lately surveyed out lands not far from Conestoga, and near the thickest of our settlements, to the great disturb- ance of the inhabitants there;" and in 1722 "the se- cret and underhand practices of persons" from Mary- land are referred to with virtuous indignation in the minutes of the Pennsylvania Councils, — " these secret and underhand practices" consisting apparently in an attempt to survey and take up lands on the west side of the Susquehanna. In this same year Gover- nor Keith sent a letter to the Governor of Maryland, in which he refers to a report that " two magistrates of Pennsylvania, with some others, had been taken prisoners by a party of men in arms from Cecil County, and carried before the justices of Kent County, who detained them in custody two days, and afterwards dismissed them upon a verbal promise to appear there next court." In 1735, William Rumsey, a surveyor of Maryland, was apprehended by the sheriff of New Castle County and taken before the Governor of Pennsylvania, charged with committing and causing others to com- mit great abuse and violence against several inhabit- ants of Chester and Lancaster Counties, for no other reason " than that those persons asserted the juris- diction of this province (Pennsylvania) in those parts where they live." In 1736, Governor Ogle directed Thomas White, deputy surveyor, to lay out two hun- dred acres of land in the disputed territory of Balti- more County, and lying on the west side of the Sus- quehanna, for each of the following persons : Henry Munday, Edward Leet, Charl. Higginbotham, James Kaine, John Smith, Hugh Kaine, James Nickleson, Robert Trotter, Robert Rowland, William Miles, William Greenlee, Stephen White, John Cross, John Kaine, Sr., John Kaine, Edward Ryly, Patrick Sav- age, Arthur Browlee, James Love, Anthony Dixson, Benjamin Dixson, John Morrow, Thomas King, Ralph Higginbotham, John McNabb, James McGee, Barnibe Clarke, Thomas Moore, Richard Ryan, George Bond, Thomas Linass, William Linass, John Linass, John Coats, Robert Jesson, George Moore, Robert Moore, Gibbons Jennings, Thomas Scarlet, William Carpenter, Richard Pope, Thomas Charlton, John Charlton, Sr., Edward Charlton, John Charlton, Thomas Charlton, Jr., Arthur Charlton, Henry Charlton, Jr., Richard Sedgwick, William Betty, William Betty, Jr., William Webb, Thomas Dawson, and John Dawson. Henry Munday and Edward Leet, however, were arrested by the Pennsylvania authorities, and this design to occupy the debatable land fell through. Among those who suffered in these border frays was Elisha Gatchel, a member of the Society of Friends, and a justice of the peace for the county of Chester, who was carried off by a party of Marylanders under Capt. Charlton, taken across the line, and made to give bail to answer the charge of speaking disrespectfully of Lord Baltimore. The most striking incident of these border feuds was the attack upon Thomas Cresap, then a citizen of Baltimore County, which was made by a body of armed men from Pennsylvania, who set fire to the house in which he, together with his family and several neighbors, had taken refuge, and attempted to murder them as they made their escape from the flames. Cresap had formed, with the knowledge of Governor Ogle, an association of about fifty men for the purpose of driving out the German settlers on the west side of the Susquehanna, and in the prosecution of their design they killed one Knowles Dant, who had resisted them. Cresap was then attacked, as related, made prisoner, and carried to Philadelphia, where the streets and doors were thronged with spectators to see the "Maryland monster," who taunted the crowd by exclaiming, half in earnest, half in derision, " Why, this is the finest city in the province of Maryland!" ! Before the formation of Cresap's association the sherif}' of Baltimore County, with the sanction of the Maryland authorities, had marched with three hun- dred men at his back to eject the German settlers from their possessions, but was persuaded to relinquish j his design on a pledge from the Germans that they I would consult together and give an answer to Lord Baltimore's requisition to acknowledge his authority. The attack upon Cresap added fresh fuel to the bitter feeling already prevailing, and Governor Ogle, after in vain demanding the release of Cresap, " ordered reprisals, and four German settlers were seized and carried to Baltimore, and a band of the associates, under one Higginbotham, proceeded forcibly to expel the Germans. Again the Council ordered out the sheriff of Lancaster and the power of his county, j with directions to dispose detachments in proper positions to protect the people. When the sheriflT en- tered the field the invaders retired, but returned as soon as his force was withdrawn. Captures were made on both sides ; the German settlers were harassed perpetually, in many instances driven from their farms, and in others deterred from every attempt to plant or improve." In October, 1737, sixteen Marylanders, under the leadership of Richard Low- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. der, broke into the jail at Lancaster and released Lowder's brother and a number of others who had been apprehended by the sheriff of Lancaster County. This fierce border warfare at length attained so alarming a character that the Governor and both Houses of Assembly of Maryland found it necessary to make a true representation to the king and the proprietary " of the impious treatment which this province in general, and more particularly your Majesty's subjects residing on the northern borders thereof, have of late suffered from the Government and inhabitants of the Province of Pennsylvania." From this address it appears that the German set- tlers, of whom so much has been said, had in the first place applied to the authorities of Maryland for per- mission to settle on the land in dispute, that consider- able quantities of land had been allotted to them (in what is now York County, Pennsylvania), and that for a time they had paid taxes to the government of Maryland, and in every other way acknowledged its jurisdiction. The address charged, however, that they had been seduced from their allegiance by emissaries from Pennsylvania, who had promised them lighter taxes under that province, and that they had accord- ingly refused to yield any further obedience to Mary- land, under the pretence that their lands were within the limits of Pennsylvania. It was to reduce these peo- ple to submission and to maintain the proper authority of Maryland that Cresap's association was formed, and it was in the attempt to defend her territory from encroachment that he was subjected to the violence and imprisonment for which the Governor and As- sembly now sought redress. This address had the effect of drawing from the king an order in council, dated Aug. 18, 1737, in which the Governors of Mary- land and Pennsylvania were commanded, on pain of His Majesty's highest displeasure, to put a stop to the tumults, riots, and outrageous disorders on the borders of their respective provinces. The dangerous situa- tion of affairs in the two provinces at this time and the desire to conciliate the crown produced a ready compliance with this order, and an agreement was made in 1738 providing for the running of a pro- visional line between the provinces which was not to interfere with the actual possessions of the settlers, but merely to suspend all grants of the disputed terri- tory as defined by that line until the final adjustment of the boundaries. Col. Levin Gale and Samuel Chamberlaine, on the part of Maryland, and Richard Peters and Lawrence Snowden, on the part of Pennsylvania, were appointed commissioners to run the line, and began operations in the spring of 1739, when Col. Gale was called away by sickness in his family, and Mr. Chamberlaine de- clining to proceed in the absence of his colleague, the Pennsylvania commissioners, by the order of Governor Thomas, continued the work alone, and ran the line westward of the Susquehanna " to the most western of the Kittochtinny hills." Though this provisional line put a stop to the bor- der troubles, the boundary question remained a sub- ject of contention until the 4th of July, 1760, when it was finally determined by an agreement between the Penns and Lord Baltimore. In 1763 the east-and- west line between Maryland and Pennsylvania, known as Mason and Dixon's line, from the names of the surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, was established. Mason and Dixon, whose services had been secured by Lord Baltimore and Thomas and Richard Penn in London, arrived in Philadelphia on the loth of November, 1763, and having settled upon their " tangent-point, they proceeded to measure on its meridian fifteen miles from the parallel of the most northern part of Philadelphia, the north wall of a house on Cedar Street, occupied by Thomas Plum- stead and Joseph Huddle." They thus determined what was to be the northeastern corner of Maryland, and on the 17th of June, 1765, they had carried the parallel of latitude to the Susquehanna, and having run their lines two hundred and forty-four miles from the Delaware River, and within thirty-six miles of the whole distance to be run, they were prevented from completing it by the Indians. Subsequently the line was carried out to its destination by other surveyors. CHAPTER VIII. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. The Sons of Liberty — Oppositio ' the Stamp Act — The Non-Importa- After the close of the French and Indian war in I 1763, the British government, to relieve its financial ' embarrassments, and to punish the colonies for the 1 reluctance and insubordination they had shown in meeting its demands, resolved to tax them. Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, in his devotion to the crown and the proprietary, had at a very early period urged upon Cecilius Calvert, secretary of the province, in London, the necessity of Parliament "raising a fund in the several provinces by a poll-tax," or by imports, " or by a stamp duty." Accordingly, on the 22d of March, 1765, the Stamp Act was passed, by which all legal documents and newspapers were ordered to be stamped, and agents were sent to the colonies to sell the stamps to the people. In all the colonics strong excitement prevailed. Public assemblies put forth protestations the most eloquent, resolves the most determined, in opposition, while the merchants of the larger towns and cities, whose patriotism preferred the public weal to private emolument, entered into engagements not to import goods from England until the act should be repealed ; from one end of the continent to the other the love of civil liberty strengthened the nerve and animated the hearts of the colonists. The Assembly of Maryland CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. was not in session, and was not convened until Sep- tember, and consequently could enter no immediate protest against the Stamp Act. But the people did ' not wait for the action of the Assembly. Meetings were held in nearly all the counties, at which resolu- I tions were passed denouncing the act as a gross viola- tion of the liberties of the people, and promising to resist it by all lawful means. Mr. Zachariah Hood, the stamp-distributor appointed for Mary- land, was a native of the province, and this fact served to increase the popular indignation and in- tensify public feeling. He arrived at Annapolis late in August, 1765, but before he received the stamps the populace assembled, and on the 2d of September tore down the house in which he was preparing to store them. In Baltimore and elsewhere he was hung in effigy, and becoming alarmed for his safety he fled to New York, where a few weeks later, on November 28th, the Sons of Liberty forced him to resign his obnoxious office. After this Hood returned to An- napolis, and carried on his ordinary business without molestation. He was afterwards rewarded by the British government with a commissionership at Turk's Island, and died at St. George's, Bermuda, on May 4, 1789. In return for the discomfiture of "the first and last stamp-distributor of Maryland," the Sons of Liberty of Baltimore, through Thomas Chase, William Lux, Daniel Chamier, Robert Alex- ander, and Robert Adair, sent a formal letter of thanks to the patriots of New York. On the 24th of February, 1766, a large number of the most promi- nent citizens of Baltimore assembled at the market- house, and organized an association for the avowed purpose of removing the cause of the partial suspen- sion of public affairs by compelling the officers at Annapolis to transact business without stamped paper. They adjourned to meet at the seat of gov- ernment on the 1st of March ensuing, and at the same time invited the Sons of Liberty of the other counties to be present and co-operate with them. In the mean time they notified the public officers of their coming, and advised them to be in readiness to receive them. One of these very polite notifications is pre- served in the Council records, and runs thus : "Sir, the Blmttiug up of the public offices, and thereby impeding justice, being of the greatest consequence to the community, the Sons of Liberty have resolved to assemble at the city of Annapolis on Friday, the 28th inst., in order to obtain that justice which has been so long with- held ; and of this you are to take notice, and be at home to receive them. Hereof fail not at your . Your obedient servants, "Sons of Liberty." At the appointed time the Sons of Liberty of Balti- more and Anne Arundel Counties were personally present, and those of Kent by deputy. Upon their organization, application by petition was made to the chief justice of the Provincial Court, the secretary of the province, the commissary -general, and the judges of the land-office, requiring them, on pain of expul- sion, to open their respective offices on the 31st of March. The answers they received were not entirely satisfactory, and the Sons of Liberty, after requesting the attendance of the other organizations, adjourned to meet at Annapolis on the day assigned for the officers to proceed with their business. The day arrived and the Sons of Liberty were at their post. They repaired in a body to the Provincial Court to en- force their petition. It was at first peremptorily re- fused, but it was again earnestly insisted upon and demanded " by the Sons of Liberty with united hearts and voices," and yielding to the urgency of the de- mand, after receiving a written indemnification, the Provincial Court passed the following order, which was at once acceded to by the public officers, con- formably to the petition, and the detested Stamp Act was in Maryland forever null and void: " It is by the court here ordered that the clerk of this court from henceforth issue all manner of process, file all plead- ings, give copies, and transact all business whatsoever in his office for which application shall be made to him by any inhabitant of this province as usual wiih- otit stamped paper." At last the British government gave way, and to the great joy of the colonies repealed the Stamp Act on March 18, 1766. In 1767 the British ministry determined to try an- other mode of taxing the colonies, and on June 29, 1767, laid a duty (to take efi'ect after November 20th) on all tea, paints, glass, and paper imported into the colonies, established a board of customs at Boston to collect the revenues throughout America, and legal- ized writs of assistance. The people took up the matter, and in April, 1768, propositions were made by the Sons of Liberty in the various colonies to revive the non-importation associations, and letters to that effect were addressed to the merchants of Baltimore and others. In accord- ance with these suggestions, a general meeting of Maryland merchants was held at Annapolis, June 20, 1769, " for the purpose of consulting on the most effec- tual means of promoting frugality and lessening the future importations of goods from Great Britain." An agreement was signed by all the associators, in which they bound themselves neither to import, buy, nor sell any article of British production, except such as were absolutely necessary, until the obnoxious law should be repealed. Owing to the violations of the non-importation agreement by Rhode Island, a meet- ing of the inhabitants of Baltimore was held on the 4th of June, 1770, to take into consideration this sub- ject as well as- the violation of the agreement by the sloops "Industry" and "Speedwell," which had en- tered the port of Baltimore on the 31st of May with contraband cargoes. The meeting resolved not to trade with the inhabitants of the colony of Rhode Island, and the vessels were ordered to depart from the province, which they did a few days afterwards. On the 1st of August, 1768, Horatio Sharpe was su- perseded by Sir Robert Eden, Bart., the brother-in- law of the proprietary, as Governor of Maryland. He assumed office on the 5th of June, 1769, and on the 12th HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of April, 1770, the British ministry repealed all the duties except that on tea. The partial repeal of this act caused the merchants of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, to abandon the principles of the non- importation association, and to recede from the agree- ment which had been made. The abandonment of these pledges by the New York merchants was at first received with general indignation, and the New Yorkers were denounced as enemies of their country ; but the final defection of all the northern cities ren- dered the effectual maintenance of the general system impracticable, and the merchants of Baltimore, who were the first to adopt the non-importation agreement in the province, called a meeting on the 5th of Octo- on the 25th of October to determine the matters in question, and appointed Jonathan Hudson, John McClure, John Merryman, and John Boyd as the representatives of the Baltimore merchants. At the appointed time the convention met, but the senti- ments of a large majority of its members were found to be decidedly unfavorable to the proposition to recede from the non-importation resolves, and the action of a portion of the Baltimore merchants was denounced as " indecent and inconsistent ;" and it was resolved "that if the merchants and traders'of Baltimore Town shall depart from the non-importation agreement, we will not buy, take up, or receive any goods whatever from such of them who shall by any ber, 1770, to determine upon the expediency of re- scinding the association, as for as it related to the articles not taxed. No merchants on the continent adhered more strictly to their engagement than the merchants of Baltimore, so long as they thought they could by any means bring about a repeal of the act of Parliament complained of But after New York, Philadelphia, and Boston had repudiated the asso- ciation, they came to the conclusion that their ad- herence, without the support of the other colonies, would not accomplish their designs, and they there- fore wished to be released from an engagement which bound them to useless self-sacrifice. The meeting proposed a general convention at Annapolis means break the association." As the policy of non- importation was useless unless all concurred in it, the Baltimore merchants may have braved the censures of the country brethren and admitted British goods. Tea, however, which was still taxed, was not received. In another controver.sy which was agitating the pub- lic mind at this time Baltimore took a prominent and conspicuous part. The fees of the public officers were regulated by an act of Assembly passed in 1768, but it expired by limitation in October, 1770. The Assembly at its last session had refused to renew the law, but Governor.Eden, on the 26th of November, at- tempted to do so by proclamation. This act of Gov- ernor EJoti's was regarded as a measure of arbitrary THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 69 prerogative, usurping the very right of taxation which the colony had been so long defending against the ag- gressions of Parliament. It aroused a strong opposition, and public feeling was much excited. Public meet- ings were held, and the proclamation was publicly hung and buried in Baltimore, with all the accom- paniments of scorn and contempt that could be devised, and the representatives of the county, Messrs. Charles Ridgely, Thomas Cockey Deye, Aquila Hall, and Walter Tolly, Jr., who were elected in May, 1773, were instructed " to testify their thanks to the ' First Citizen' (Charles Carroll of Carrollton) for his spirited, eloquent, and patriotic opposition to the proclamation" in the controversy with ' Antilon' (Daniel Dulany) during the campaign." CHAPTER IX. THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. A General Congress proposed — B.iUimore Aroiieed— 'Notes of Preparation —The Second Burnt Offering to Liberty— Congress convenes in Balti- more — A State Government organized. As soon as it was announced in America that the Tea Act was to be carried into effect it was generally denounced as a scheme to establish the right of Parlia- ment to tax the colonies and to give the East India Company (who had accumulated a large quantity of the tea, and who were very anxious to find a market for it) a monopoly of their trade. This scheme aroused great indignation in the colonies, and the people of Boston having invoked the assistance of the other colonies in a general effort to stop all importations from Great Britain, Samuel Adams transmitted their appeal to the people of Baltimore, addressed to the care of William Lux, and immediately on its reception, on the 23d of May, 1774, a meeting was called at the court-house for the 25th, which duly assembled, and after some deliberation appointed a Committee of Correspondence, composed of Robert Alexander, Robert Christie, Sr., Isaac Vaif Bibber, Thomas Harrison, John Boyd, Samuel Purviance, Jr., Andrew Buchanan, William Buchanan, John Moale, William Smith, William Lux, and John Smith. In consequence of the great importance of the subject, the Committee of Correspondence on the same day forwarded the communications which they had re- ceived from Boston to Annapolis and the South, and on the 31st of May a second meeting of the people of Baltimore was held, at which resolutions were passed recommending that all trade with Great Britain and the West Indies should cease. As the trade with the West Indies was at that time the most profitable car- ried on by Baltimore, this proposal shows how ready her citizens were to sacrifice their private interests for the general good. It was also recommended that delegates from all the counties should meet at An- napolis, and that all the colonies should send repre- sentatives to a General Congress, to devise some plan for the preservation of American liberty. The Balti- more merchants further resolved to cut off all dealings with all parties who would not come into the non- importation plan, and in pursuance of their resolu- tions deputed Capt. Charles Ridgely, Charles Ridgely, son of John, Walter Tolly, Jr., Thomas Cockey Deye, William Lux, Robert Alexander, Samuel Purviance, Jr., John Moale, Andrew Buchanan, and George Risteau to attend the general meeting to be held at Annapolis, and appointed the same gentlemen, together with John Smith, Thomas Harrison, William Buchanan, Benjamin Nicholson, Thomas Sollers, Wil- liam Smith, James Gittings, Richard Moale, Jonathan Plowman, and William Spear, a Committee of Cor- respondence. The honor of first suggesting a general congress of delegates from all the colonies is generally conceded to Virginia, but an examination of the facts shows that Baltimore is equally entitled to the claim. On the 27th of May the members of the Virginia House of Burgesses met by agreement at Williamsburg, and adopted a resolution recommending their Com- mittee of Correspondence to communicate with the several corresponding committees of the other colo- nies upon the " expediency of appointing deputies from the several colonies of British America to meet in general congress annually at such place as may be thought to be most convenient." Although this resolution was adopted on the 27th of May, the letter communicating it to the other colonies was not dated until the 31st; and, as we have seen, on that day the people of Baltimore, at their deferred meeting, adopted a similar resolution ; and in announcing it to the other colonies, in a letter of June 4th, speak as if they were the originators of this movement.' Thus it will be perceived that if there is any merit in being among the first to suggest a great and leading meas- ure, the recommendation of the people of Baltimore on the subject of a general congress pre-eminently entitles them to its claim ; that Congress did assemble, according to these suggestions, and from their delib- erations resulted the declaration that the colonies were free and independent States. In June and July the people of Baltimore subscribed liberally for the relief of Boston and Charlestown, Mass., and for- warded several vessels loaded with provisions as a free gift to the suffering poor. On the 12th of November a meeting of the free- holders and other inhabitants of Baltimore County and Baltimore Town was held at the court-house, with Andrew Buchanan in the chair, and Robert Alexan- der, clerk, to select a committee for the purpose of carrying into effect the non-intercourse resolutions of Congress, and the following persons were chosen : For Baltimore Town — Andrew Buchanan, Robert Alexander, William Lux, John Moale, John Merryman, Richard Moale, Jeremiah Townley Chaae, Thomas Harrison, Archibald Buchanan, William 1 ' See the writer's " History of Maryland," ii., p. 147. Purviance, p. 22. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. liam Siuitli, James Calhoun, Benjamin Griffith, Gerald Hopkios, William Spear, John Smith, Barnet Eichelberger, George Woolsey, Hercules Courtenay, Isaac Griest, Mark Alexander, Samuel Pur\'iance, Jr., Fran- cis Sauderaou, John Boyd, George tindenberger, Philip Rogers, David McMaclien, Mordecai Gist, John Deaver, and Isaac Vanbibher. Patapsco Lower Hundreds — Capt. Charles Ridgely and Thomas Sellers. PaUipsco Upper— Z:vc\ie.riah McCnbbin, Charles Ridgely, son of William, and Thomas Llu\ il. linck Uii'er f';);'cr— Samuel Wurtliington, Benjamin NichoIsuii,'l'l 1^ I ' Iv' \ h. \. , .l-hii I 111 - I,, h.iii.y Lux, and William Randall. I / ' M i i '..ii.tson. Middle River Upper — Ni ' ^1 , , \\ : , m'^'ton. Middle Uiver Lower— \hiu^ I .. i -. > i ,,.!,_ 1, ., ,,.l w .,!;< , i..!!., Si, Soldier's Delighl— George Iliste.iu, John IIi)\vani, Thomas tJist, Sr., Thomas Worthington, Nathan Cromwell, and Nicholas Jones. Middlesex — Thomas Johnson and Mayberry Helnies. Dediirare— John Welsh, Rezin Hammond, and John Elder. North — Jeremiah Johnson and Elijah Dorsey. Pipe Creek — Rich- ard Richards, Fredelick Dicker, and Mordecai Hammond. Gunpowder CJijier— Walter Tolley, Jr., James Gittings, and Thomas Franklin. Mine Pun — Dixon Stansbury, Jr., and Josias Slade. Although the proprietary government still existed, in name at least, the control of affairs was really in the hands of the Provincial Convention. This body called upon the people of Maryland to lay aside all minor disputes and "unite in defense of the com- mon rights and liberties ;" and in December, 1774, it began preparations for giving armed assistance to Massachusetts if the attempt was made to subdue that colony by force. All males from fifteen to sixty were to be enrolled into companies, armed, equipped, and drilled, ready for service. Ten thousand pounds were to be raised by a levy on the counties to furni.sh the militia with arms and ammunition. The amount of Baltimore's subscription was fixed at nine hundred and thirty-three pounds, which was next to the largest in the province, that of Frederick County being put at thirteen hundred and thirty-three pounds. The Baltimore committee, to which was intrusted the power of levying this amount, were solicitous that their brethren of limited means should not be required to contribute any i^ortion of the levy, and in their appeal to the citizens of Baltimore suggest that "care ought to be taken to avoid laying any part of the burthen upon the people of narrow circumstances, hoping that those whom Providence has blessed with better fortunes will, by their generosity, supply the necessity of calling on those whose fortunes are con- fined to the mere necessaries of life." The sum to be raised was apportioned among the various districts as follows : Gunpowder Upper 79 17 6 North Hundred 51 17 6 Middlesex 3:) 7 C Wyne Run 5:i 00 Back River Upiier., Hi 00 Middle Ri' 61 Delaware Lower Middle River Upper.. Soldier's Delight 63 Oil 87 12 6 Patapsco Lower .'iO 2 6 Pipe Creek 34 5 Westminster 51 00 Baltimoie Town West.... 72 7 6 Deptford 30 2 6 Baltimore Town East 26 12 6 930 00 MOKDfcCAI tIM. On April 29, 1775, the Maryland Convention recom- mended that six hundred pounds be raised in the counties by subscription, and fifty-six pounds was the proportion assigned to Baltimore County. On the 3d of December, 1774, as we learn from a letter of Mordecai Gist himself, the first military com- pany in the province was organized for the Revolu- tion. It was formed in Baltimore Town, under the name of the " Baltimore Independent Cadets," and the articles of organization were as follows : "We, the Baltimore Independent Cadets, being impressed with the sense of the unhappy situatiou of our suffering brethren in Boston, through the alarming conduct of General Gage, and the oppressive un- constitutional acts of parliament to deprive us of liberty, and en- force slavery upon his majesty's loyal liege subjects of America in "For the better security of our lives, liberties and proper- stances, we think it highly ad- visable and necessary, that we form oui-selves into a body i.r company in order to acquire mili- tary discipline; to act in defense of our country agreeable to the resolves of the Continental Con- gress. And, first, as dutiful sub- jects to King George the third, our Koyal Sovereign, we ac- knowledge all due allegiance, under whose banner we wish to support the dignity of his crown, and the freedom and liberty of this constitu- " Secondly, we resolve, after a company of sixty men have voluntarily subscribed their names to this paper, that public notice thereof shall be given and a meeting called to elect officers of said company, under whose command we desire to be led and will strictly adhere to, by all the sacred ties of honor, and the love and justice due to ourselves and country; and in case of any emergency we will be ready to march to the assistance of our sister colonies, at the discretion and direction of our commanding officer so elected, and that in the space of forty-eight hours' notice from said officer. "Thirdly and lastly, we firmly resolve to procure at our own expense a uniform suit of clothes, viz. : Coat turned up with buff and trimmed with yellow metal or gold buttons, white stockings, and black cloth half boots ; likewise a good gun with cartouch pouch, a pair of pistols, belt and cut- lass, with four pounds of powder and sixteen pounds of lead, which shall be ready to equip ourselves with on the shortest notice ; and if default shall be found in either of us contrary to the true intent and meaning of this engagement, we desire and submit ourselves to trial by court-mar- tial whom we hereby fully authorize and impower to determine punish- ments adequate to the crimes that may be committed, but not to extend to corporal punishment. Given under our hands this third day of Decem- ber, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four. A. McLure, James Clarke, Barnet Eichelberger, Richard Gary, Jr., Chris- topher Hughes, W. Beard, Henry Sheaff, Matthew Scott, John Spear, Mordecai Gist, John McLure, Samuel Smith, John Smith, Jr., J. Ken- nedy, Hugh Youug, Wm. Hammond, Wm. Stone, Abraham Risteau, Moses Darley, Robert Buchanan, George Lux, N. Ruxton Moore, David Plunkett, J. Riddle, Brian Philpot, Charies McConnell, Christopher Johnston, Thomas Jones, Philip Graybell, Thomas Russell, David Hop- kins, John Lahavan, A. McKim, Robert McKim, Alexander Donaldson, Walter Roe, Wm. Sterett, G. McCall, Jonathan Hudson, Thomas Lane- dale, James Govane, Wm. McCreery, Thomas Ewing, Robert Porttens, Christopher Leon, Caleb Shields, David Evans, Simon Vashon, David McMechen, George Peter Keeports, John Weatherburn, Matthew Pat- tou, H. Watere, Wm. Yeaton, John Deitch, James Sowervell, J. Magoffin, George Matthews, Robert Brown." This company was organized by the election of Mordecai Gist captain.' 1 Mordecai Gist, son of Capt. Thomas Gist and Susan Cockey, was born in Baltimore Town in 1743. He was educated at St. Paul's parish school, and at the breaking out of the Revolution was a merchant doing busi- ness on Gay Street. His ancestors were early immigrants to Maryland, and took an active part in the affairs of the province. Cliristopher Gist was of English descent, and died in Baltimore County in 1691. His wife • was Edith Cromwell, who died in 1694. They had one child, Richard, ol-s in 1729 for laying oil llalliniore Town, and was presiding niagis- THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. On Jan. 16, 1775, the inhabitants of Baltimore Town " qualified to vote for representatives" met at the court-house for the purpose of selecting delegates to represent the county in the " provincial meeting of deputies" to be held at Annapolis on April 24th, and to carry out the resolutions of the last conven- tion. Capt. Charles Ridgely, Thomas Cockey Deye, WalterTolley, Jr., Chas. Ridgely (son of John), Rob- ert Alexander, Saml. Purviance, Benj. Nicholson, Darby Lux, Jeremiah Townley Chase, George Ris- teau, Thomas Harrison, John Moale, Andrew Bu- chanan, Wm. Lux, and Saml. Worthington were chosen delegates to the convention, and the following persons were added to the Committee of Observation appointed at the meeting in November : Patapsco Lower Hundred— Charles Rogers, John Gorsuch, "Wm. McCub- bin, and Wm. Willinmson. Palapsco Upper — Jas. Croxall, John Elliott, and Edward Norwood. Back River Upper — John Cockey, Edward Tal- bot, Joshua Stevenson, Edward Cockey, Ezekiel Towson. Middle River J^per—Benj. Rogers, Robt. Cummiugs, Benj. Buck, Joshua Hall, Gist Vaughau, and Benj. Merryman. Back River Lower — Moses Galloway, George Goldsmith Presbury, Abraham Britton, and Nicholas Britton. SoUier't Delight— Thomas Cradock, Charles Walker, Saml. Owings, Jr., Christopher Randall, Jr., and Benj. Wells. Middlesex— J ncoh Myers, Richard Cromwell, and Thos. Rutter. Delaware — Christopher Owiugs, trate in 173G. In 1705 he married Zipporah Murray. Christopher Gist, one of his sons, because of his knowledge of the country on the Ohio and his skill in dealing with the Indians, was chosen to accompany Washington on his mission in 1753, and it was from his journal that all subsequent historians derive their account of that expedition. Chris- topher Gist, the son of Richard, married Sarah Howard, the second daughter of Joshua and Joanna O'CarroU Howard, and had four chil- dren, — Nancy, who died unmarried, and Thomas, Nathaniel, and Rich- ard. Christopher, with his sons Nathaniel and Richard, was with Brad- dock on the fatal field of Monongahela, and for his services received a grant of twelve thousand acres of land from the king of England. It is said that Thomas was taken prisoner at Braddock's defeat, and lived fifteen or sixteen years with the Indians in Canada. Richard married and settled in South Carolina, and was killed at the battle of King's Mountain. He has descendants living in that State. Thomas, after his release from captivity, lived with his father on the grant in Kentucky, and became a man of note, presiding in the courts till his death, about 1786. Gen. Nathaniel Gist married Judith Carey Bell, of Buckingham County, Va., a grandniece of Archibald Carey, the mover of the Bill of Bights in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Nathaniel was a colonel in the Virginia line during the Revolution, and died early in the present century at an old age. He left two sons, Henry Carey and Thomas Cecil Gist. His eldest daughter, Sarah Howard, married the Hon. Jesse Bledsoe, a United States Senator from Kentucky, and a distinguished Jurist ; his grandson, B. Gratz Brown, was the Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 1872. The second daughter of Gen. Gist, Anne (Nancy), married Col. Nathaniel Hart, a brother of Mrs. Henry Clay. The third daughter married Dr. Boswell.of Lexington, Ky. The fourth daughter, Eliza Violetta Howard Gist, married Francis P. Blair, and they were the parents of Hon. Montgomery Blair, of Maryland, ex -Postmaster-General, and Gen. Francis P. Blair, Jr. The fifth daughter married Benj. Gratz, of Lexington, Ky. Mordecai Gist was a member of the Baltimore non-importation com- mittee in 1774, and besides being captain of the " Independent Cadets," in January, 1776, was made major of Smallwood's First Maryland Regi- ment, and commanded it at the battle of Long Island, in August, 1776, in the absence of its colonel and lieutenant-colonel, who were attend- ing a court-martial in New York. In 1777 he was promoted to colonel, and made brigadier-general, Jan. 9, 1779. He was present at the sur- render of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and after the war settled near Charles- ton, S. C. He married three times. His first wife was a Mrs. Carman, of Baltimore County, who died shortly after marriage. His second wife was Miss Sterrett, of Baltimore, who died in giving birth to a son. His third wife was Mrs. Cattell, of South Carolina. She also bore him a son. One of the boys was named Independent, the other States. Gen. Gist died at Charleston, Aug. 2, 1792. Benj. Lawrence, and Nicholas Dorsey, Jr. North — Jno. Hall and Stephen Gill, Jr. Pipe Creek — John Showers and Geo. Everhart. Gtinpowder Up- j)€?-— Samuel Young, Jesse Bassey, Thomas Gassaway Howard, James Bosley, Wm. Cromwell, and Zaccheus Barrett Onion. Mine Run— Ei- ward Stansbury, John Stevenson, Danl. Shaw, Wm. Slade, Jr., Jos. Sut- ton, and Jno. Stewart. Baltimore ToMii— James Sterett, Charies Ridgely, Wm. Goodwin, Dr. Charles Wiesenthal, and Thos. Ewing. i It was, moreover, resolved that subscriptions should I be opened in each Hundred, agreeably to the resolu- I tion of the Provincial Convention ; and after assert- I ing that forcible resistance to every illegal attempt upon their liberty and property was not repugnant to the oaths of allegiance, the meeting significantly au- I thorized William Goodwin, Richard Moale, William Buchanan, and William Lux to purchase three thou- sand pounds of powder and twelve thousand pounds of lead for the use of Baltimore County. These war- like preparations denoted something more than the passive resistance of a non-importation association. The hearts of the people were in the cause, and all over the province men were arming and drilling to be ready for the struggle. When the convention met in April its proceedings were found to chime in with the popular feeling. The news of the conflicts at Lexing- ton and Concord, which reached Baltimore at 10 I P.M. on the 27th of April, 1775, served .still more to influence the public mind, and so rapidly did the martial ardor spread that by July there were seven companies under arms in the town. On the 26th of July the Maryland Convention adopted the Articles of Association of the Freemen of I Maryland, which amounted to a practical declaration [ of independence. To carry out their purposes, the convention appointed a Council of Safety, which had charge of all the military preparations and adminis- tered the government ; and the counties elected Com- mittees of Observation, which saw that the orders of the convention were enforced. The courts of justice still performed their duties, and thus, with the courts, the convention, and the committees, all the ma- chinery of a regular government was provided. The convention also authorized the enrollment of forty companies of minute-men in the province, of sixty-eight privates each. It assigned five companies to Baltimore County, which were to compose one bat- talion. All the other freemen of the province be- tween sixteen and fifty years of age were to be en- rolled in the militia. The convention also directed the freeholders of Baltimore County to assemble at the court-house on the 23d of September to elect a Com- mittee of Observation, " who were to have full power and authority to carry into execution the association and resolves of the Continental Congress and Con- ventions of this province." At the appointed time the following persons were elected : John Moale, Jer- emiah T. Chase, James Calhoun, Benjamin Nichol- son, Andrew Buchanan, Thomas Sollers, John Crad- ock, James Gittings, Robert Alexander, Samuel Purviance, William Wilkinson, Charles Ridgely (son of William), Walter Tolley, Jr., Darby Lux, John HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Cockey, William Smith, William Buchanan, William Lux, Jobu Boyd, John Smith, Zachariah McCubbin, Jr., Capt. Charles Ridgely, Thomas Harrison, Benja- min Griffith, William Eandall, Thomas Gist, Sr., Stephen Cromwell, Isaac Griest, Thomas Cockey Deye, Mordecai Gist, John Stevenson, Ezekiel Towson, Jer- emiah Johnston, William Aisquith, John Howard, George Risteau, and Abraham Britton. The follow- ing gentlemen were elected at the same time delegates to the Provincial Convention to serve for one year: Robert Alexander, Benjamin Nicholson, John Moale, Walter Tolley, Jr., Jeremiah Townley Chase. On the 5th of May, 1775, Peyton Randolph, Ed- mund Pendleton, George Washington, Benjamin Harrison, and Richard Henry Lee, delegates from Virginia, and Richard Caswell and Joseph Hewes, delegates from North Carolina, arrived in Baltimore i on their way to Philadelphia to attend the Continen- tal Congress. They were met a short distance from the town by three companies of militia, and escorted to the Fountain Inn, which formerly stood on the northeast corner of the present Light and German Streets, where the companies saluted the delegates with a triple discharge of musketry. On the follow- ing day four companies of the town militia were drawn up on the common, where they were reviewed by Col. George Washington, accompanied by the other delegates, who were pleased to express their satisfaction in the appearance and behavior of the officers and men. In the afternoon the delegates were escorted by the reverend clergy and principal gentlemen of the town, preceded by Capt. Gist's in- dependent company, and ' the officers of the other companies, to the new court-house, where an enter- tainment was provided. Among other toasts, the delegates were pleased to give the following: "May the town of Baltimore flourish, and the noble spirits of the inhabitants continue till ministerial tyranny be at an end." In July the ship " Totness," Capt. Warren, owned by Mr. Gildart, of Liverpool, and bound to Baltimore with a cargo of salt and other articles, ran aground off West River. While lying there a rumor soon .spread on shore that she contained goods that were contrary to the non-importation association, and a number of the associators going on board advised the crew to remove their own private property, after which, on the 18th, they set her on fire and burnt her to the water's edge. Mr. Eddis, in one of his letters written at this time, says, " this is the second burnt- offering to liberty within this province ;" the burn- ing of the " Peggy Stewart" at Annapolis, on the Iflth of October, 1774, being the first. In the mean time active prejiarations were being made for the coming storm. In December, 1775, the Maryland Convention again assembled, and on the 18th ordered the Committee of Observation of Fred- erick to send to William Lux, at Baltimore, three thousand pounds of powder. On the 27th, Dr. Charles F. Weisenthal, of Baltimore Town, was appointed supervisor of the manufacture of saltpetre in that ! county, and on December 28th a loan of one thousand pounds was authorized for the erection of a powder- 1 house " within fourteen, and not less than six, miles j from Baltimore Town." On the 1st of January, 1776, the convention resolved to raise at once a force of one thousand four hundred and forty-four men, eight com- i panies of which were to be formed into a battalion, ; and commanded by Col. William Smallwood, Lieut.- I Col. Francis Ware, First Maj. Thos. Price, and Second ! Maj. Mordecai Gist. Major Gist was from Baltimore, and at this time commanded the "Independent Ca- dets." He was succeeded in the command of his j company by Samuel Smith, captain ; James Camp- j bell, first lieutenant; Joseph Ford, second lieutenant; and Brian Philpot, ensign. The convention also au- [ thorized the raising of an independent company of artillery at Baltimore Town, with the following offi- cers : Capt. Nathaniel Smith, First Lieut. William i Woolsey, Second Lieut. Alexander Furnival, and Third Lieut. George P. Keeports, and ordered that three companies of the battalion should be stationed there. The uniform of the soldiers and sailors was hunting-shirts; that of the latter to be blue and the , former of other colors. At the same time the prov- : ince was divided into five districts, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, and Harford Counties constituting the sec- ond, under the command of Gen. Andrew Buchanan, of Baltimore Town. While thus actively preparing for the contest with the British armies, Baltimore merchants were fitting i and sending out those formidable cruisers and pri- vateers which preyed so seriously upon British com- merce, and gave so important an impulse to the com- mercial activity of the town. In March, 1776, Annapo- lis and Baltimore were thrown into the greatest conster- nation by tlie approach of the British sloop " Otter," accompanied by two tenders, and some prizes she had taken on the way. Many persons, for fear of a bom- bardment, hastily removed their effects to places of safety. On hearing of this alarm the committee of York, Pa., generously offered to raise a rifle company, and send it to Baltimore at an hour's warning to aid in the defense. From Harford County a battalion under Col. N. Ramsey marched to the defense of the town. In the harbor of Baltimore was lying the Maryland ship " Defence," nearly completed, and her commander, Capt. James Nicholson, made haste to get her ready to attack the enemy. Capt. Samuel Smith's company of Col. Smallwood's battalion offered to serve as marines, and more volunteers presented themselves than the ship could hold. The morning was misty, and the British commander was taken by surprise. The " Otter" and tenders made their escape, but the prizes were recaptured. This scare hastened, the completion of the defenses of Baltimore which had been ordered by the Provincial Convention. This work was now proceeded with, and over two hundred THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. and fifty colored men were employed in erecting a boom between Whetstone Point and the Lazaretto, and building batteries and mounting guns at these points. Contracts were made with Daniel and James ; Hughes, of Antietam, Washington Co., Md., George , Matthews, of Baltimore, and John Yoast, of George- town, for the manufacture of cannon; while in the ; mean time a number were borrowed from the Com- mittee of Safety of Philadelphia. A chain was also , stretched across the mouth of the harbor, supported j by twenty-one sunken schooners. This obstruction, I however, was removed soon after. Beacons or signal' ! stations were also established on the shores of the Pa- tapsco and the Chesapeake for communicating intel- ligence of the approach of the enemy. About this time a correspondence between Gov- ernor Eden and Lord George Germaine of the British ministry was intercepted, showing that the former was co-operating with the enemy, and Gen. Charles Lee, then at Williamsburg, Va., considered the matter as of so much importance that he forwarded an urgent request to Samuel Purviance, chairman of the Com- mittee of Safety at Baltimore, to direct the immediate j arrest of the Governor. The convention not being in j session at the time, and Mr. Purviance believing that the precaution was necessary and that he had the power to make the arrest, instructed Capt. S. Smith, on the 18th of April, 1776, to proceed to Annapolis, seize the person and papers of Governor Eden, and detain him until the will of Congress was known. Capt. Smith and a sufficient guard proceeded to An- napolis to arrest the Governor, but the Committee of Safety at that point refused to allow him to execute his orders, and the convention which assembled in May censured Mr. Purviance in the severest terms for overstepping his authority, although Congress had €xpressed its approval of his course. Governor Eden, however, was ordered to leave the province, which he did on June 24, 1776, on board one of the British ' ships. ! The adoption of the Declaration of Independence , was nowhere received with livelier demonstrations of I joy than in Baltimore. On the 11th of July it was printed in the Maryland Gazette, and on the 29th it was proclaimed at the court-house in the presence of the independent companies and militia, amid the loudest applause, accompanied with salvos of artillery and "universal acclamations for the prosperity of the free United States." At night the town was illumin- ] ated, and an effigy of the British king paraded through the streets and burned in derision of his forfeited authority. Before the adoption of the declaration by Congress, the Convention of Maryland, on the 25th of May, elected the following field-officers for the militia of Baltimore County: Gunpouider Battalion. — Walter Tolley, Jr., culoliel, Darby Lux lieu- tenant-colonel, James Gittings firet major, Thomas Sollers second, ami Benjamin Rogers quartermaster. Soldier^s Delight BnttaWm. — Thomas ' Gist, Sr., colonel, Samuel Owings lieutenaut-colonel, John C. Cradock first mt^ior, Isaac Hammond second, and .Joseph Gist quartermaster. Baltimore Town BaKaiion.— William Buchanan colonel, John Moale lieutenant-colonel, Benjamin Nicholson fii-st major, Thomas Jones second, and James Calhoun quartermaster.' The convention also proceeded at once to secure the independence it had declared on the 3d of July by strengthening the military force of the province and placing it at the disposal of Congress. It pro- posed to raise three thousand four hundred and five men — the proportion authorized by Congress — to form a flying camp, to serve until Dec. 1, 1776, under Brig.- Gen. Thomas Johnson, Jr. The force was to be divided into four battalions of nine companies each, of which four were to be furnished by Baltimore County, officered as follows: First company, Zach- ariah Maccubbin, captain ; Thomas Yates, first lieu- tenant; John Christie, second lieutenant; and Thos. Lingan, ensign. Second company, John E. How- • ard, captain; Thomas Lansdale, first lieutenant; Wil- liam Riley, second lieutenant; and Robert Morrow, ensign. Third company, John Stevenson, captain ; Edward Oldham, first lieutenant ; James Ogleby, second lieutenant; and Joseph Lewis, ensign. Fourth company, James Young, captain ; James Bond, first lieutenant; John Smith, second lieutenant; and James Tool, ensign. On July 6, 1776, by another resolution the convention ordered four companies of Germans to be raised, two in Baltimore County and two in Frederick. On the same day, in obedience to instructions from Congress, tliey ordered Col. Small- wood to march with his regiment to Philadelphia and place himself under its orders. In pursuance of these instructions, Col. Smallwood on the lOtli of July em- barked at Annapolis six companies of his regiment for the head of Elk River, and on the same day Maj. Gist embarked three companies of the regiment at Baltimore Town for the same place, from whence they marched to Philadelphia. From thence they moved to Elizabethtown, N. J., where they were at- tached to the brigade of Brig.-Gen. Lord Stirling. In August they participated in the battle of Long Island, and under Gist saved the American army from de- struction after a loss of over one-half of their com- mand. The American prospect now looked gloomy. Congress, fearing an attack upon Philadelphia, on the 12th of December adjourned to meet at Baltimore on the 20th. On Friday, Dec. -Jd. 177(1, Congress met in a .spacious three-story an water was in its natuml state, affording a gooi cover to an attacking en- emy ; some of the car- riages within the fort gen. sAMrEL smith. were unfit for service; there were no furnaces ; and in fine, the fort was not in condition to repel a serious attack from a formidable British fleet." By direction of the Secretary of War, Col. J. G. Swift, of the United States Engineers, was sent to Baltimore, and under his direction an extensive line of water battery was erected in front of the fort, mounted with thirty-two heavy cannon, with furnaces attached. For a more extended defense of the city, " in- cluding the rear of Fort McHenry, the cove, the point between the fort and flag-staft' point, and the point opposite Fort McHenry on the northeast side of the harbor," he recommended to the Secretary of War " to have twelve eighteen-pound cannon mounted on trav- eling field-carriages, completely appurtenanced, at- taching to them two pinnaces." This train was to be " disposed so as to run four of the pieces with a furnace to any position on the Fort McHenry side, and eight of them with furnace to the point opposite Fort McHenry, to be used as the position of the enemy may require." He further suggested that "bridges should be con- structed over every creek or river in the route from Baltimore to any point of attack, removable at will." Upon taking command of the defenses of Baltimore, Gen. Smith made an address to the troops, in which he said, — " That the militia of Baltimore City and County stood high in the esti- mate of the general government and of the public generally; that as regulai-s could not be well spared for the protection of the diffeient sea- ports, the E.\ecutive of the United States had to rely on the militia of such places for their immediate defense; that in placing this reliance on the patriotic militia of this city he would not be deceived, for the alacrity with which they had attended to the first calls of discipline was sufficient evidence that they would always be found at their posts in time of need." On the 16tli of April, Cockburn's fleet, which had been slowly moving up the bay, plundering and de- stroying as it went, appeared at the mouth of the Patapsco, and threatened the city, which had already been "pointed out for military execution in papers published by citizens of the United States," the ani- mosities and jealousies of other cities scarcely suffer- ing them to conceal their joy over the impending ruin 86 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of Baltimore.' Before this time the enemy had not attempted anything of great importance except what was incidental to a mere blockade. But now they stopped all intercourse with the city by water, cutting ofl' an immensely valuable trade and stinting her citi- zens of even their ordinary supplies of provisions. To crown all, says Mr. Niles, "'internal foes of the city co-operating with the enemy alarm those accus- tomed to deal with us from the interior, and destroy the whole trade and curtail the supplies for the sub- sistence of the people of this populous city." The total annihilation of trade, which threw out of em- ployment all classes of mechanics, and the exorbitant price of most of the necessaries of life, compelled a great number of worthy people to choose between emigration or dependence on charity. While thus assailed by her enemies and abandoned by those whom she had considered her friends, it was a fortunate thing for Baltimore that perfect good feel- ing prevailed between the Governor and the city, and that all classes of her citizens vied with each other in zeal for the common defense and in fortitude in bear- ing privation and loss. In spite of the great distress occasioned by the general suspension of business, the merchants of Baltimore about this time answered the application of the general government for a loan by a subscription of three million dollars, while on the 13th of April, 1813, the City Council appropriated twenty thousand dollars for the defense of the city, which was directed to be expended under the direction of the mayor, and Messrs. James Mosher, Luke Tier- nan, Henry Payson, Dr. John Campbell White, James A. Buchanan, Samuel Sterett, and Thorndike Chase. This sum proving insufficient, a meeting of the citi- zens was held and a loan not exceeding five hundred thousand dollars was advised, the committee of sup- ply being enlarged by the addition of John E. How- ard, George AVarner, J. Kelso, K. Gilraor, William Patterson, and Messrs. Deshon & Burke. Individual citizens likewise made liberal subscriptions, the com- mittee of public supplies " rendered all the services that could have been obtained by the earlier appoint- ment of a quartermaster," and Gen. Armstrong de- clared that the city was "making itself ready com- paratively with little expense to the United States, and would no doubt be prepared to meet the enemy." While the enemy's squadron was lying off Balti- more, the measures for defense went on with the greatest activity. The militia, under the command of Gen. Smith, erected a water battery, mounted with forty-two-pounders, and built furnaces for heating shot, in accordance with the suggestions of Col. Swift. Look-out or signal boats were established far down the Patapsco, and cavalry, infantry, and artillery were stationed along the shores of the bay with a "code of signals." Fort McHenry was strengthened by the mounting of a number of thirty-two-pounders. Col. ' History of Maryland,' , p. 37. Wad.sworth, of the United States Engineers, laid off other fortifications, and several old hulks were sta- tioned in the river for the purpo.se of being sunk in the channel if necessary. A small work for six guns was also thrown up by the brickmakers without charge, and in the ensuing year, during the bombard- ment of Fort McHenry, destroyed one of the enemy's barges in their night attack and compelled them to retreat.'- The day the enemy appeared off the Pa- tapsco Mr. Niles says was a proud one for Baltimore: "It was astonishing to perceive tlie animation of tbe pi^nple on the firing of tlie alarm gun. Only one spirit prevailed. There was no fear but the fear of being too late on duty ; no party but to repel the enemy. This generous feeling went through all ranlis of society. We have per- fect harmony (if such a thing can be), and the din of arms haa not dia- turbed the quiet of the citizen. The place is profoundly tranquil. The marching of the volunteers occasions no bustle. Ml things are done in decency and order. On the evening of that day they captured two packets from Baltimore bound for Queenstown. The packet boat ' Pa- tapsco' was captured by the enemy's small boats off North Point, with the mail, a large number of passengers, and over two thousand dollars in specie. The passengers were detained over night under guard, and on the following day were put on board an old boat, with scarcely any pro- visions and no water, to make the best of their way to Queenstown with a permit from the admiral." The 22d of April still found the British squadron lying inactive within a few miles of the city, contenting itself with predatory excursions and rapid raids into the adjacent country, in which, however, they got little else than hard knocks. It is quite evident that the military authorities expected to come into close quarters with the enemy, for we find Gen. Smith, on the 27th of April, writing to Edward Johnson, mayor of the city, at the suggestion of Col. Wadsworth, to advise that the fire-engines and fire companies be held in readiness in case of attack, "so that in such an emergency [which doubtless meant the firing of the city by the anticipated bombardment] they may be employed with the best practical effect." These apprehensions might possibly have been realized but for the vigorous preparations for defense that had been made, and the prudent precautions adopted by Gen. Smith to prevent the enemy from sounding the river and examining the fort. Under the pretext of transmitting a letter to the Secretary of War, Admiral Cockburn sent a flag up the river, which, by Gen. Smith's instructions, was met at a distance of four ] miles by his aide-de-camp, and detained by Capt. 1 Chaytor, who commanded one of the flotilla barges at ' that point, until an answer could be returned. While ! waiting for Gen. Smith's reply, the British messenger ' asked whether the guns of the French seventy-four had been mounted, and was told that the heaviest I had been placed in position ; and this information, it 1 was afterwards said in the fleet, prevented an attack being made at that time. ' Finding Baltimore too well prepared to be attacked with any hope of success by 2 It would seem that Fort McHenry was further strengthened by the "first marine artillery of tlie Union," described as "a body of invaluable men, masters and mates of vessels," to whom the city is representetl as " indebted for the transportation and mounting of twenty great guns for a new battery there." THE WAR OF 1812. the force then under his command, Admiral Cockburn proceeded to revenge himself for his disappointment by plundering Sharp's, Poole's, Tilghman's, and Poplar Islands, and by dispatching expeditions for the de- struction of the towns and villages at the head of the bay. This savage mode of warfare not unnaturally j spread terror through all adjacent parts of the State, { and a report having reached Baltimore on the 5th of May that the British were once more advancing to attack the city, the alarm guns were fired, and the city was thrown into great bustle and apparent con- fusion. It was calculated that upwards of five thousand men were under arms and in their proper places an hour after the alarm was given. In the afternoon it was discovered that the alarm was a false one, and the soldiers were dismissed. An attack was still ex- pected, however, for many women and children were sent away to places of safety, and work was actively continued on twenty large barges and several gun- boats intended for the special defense of the city. On the 1st of June, Admiral Warren entered the Chesapeake with a considerable naval reinforcement for Cockburn and Beresford, bearing a large number of land troops and marines under the command of Sir Sidney Beckwith. The British force now in the Chesapeake consisted of eight ships of the line, twelve frigates, and a considerable number of small vessels. Such a force evidently foreshadowed an attack upon some important point. By the capture of the bay craft they were supplied with numerous tenders pre- cisely adapted to the navigation of our waters. With these and their barges they made repeated expedi- tions, and kept the country in a state of constant alarm. Baltimore, believing herself to be the chief object of this expedition, made every preparation to receive the enemy. Several companies of militia and volunteers from Prince George's and the other counties of the State were ordered to the defense of the city, and relieved the citizens for a time from the fatigues of garrison duty. Brig. -Gen. Miller commanded in i June a stationary force of two thousand men, which, with the local strength, was supposed suflicient for any emergency. To repel the advances which the I increased power of the enemy now authorized him to ' attempt, the militia throughout the State were more regularly embodied, and the Governor called the at- tention of the more distant militia ofiicers to their powers and duties under the laws. In the latter part of May, Governor Winder convened the Legislature in extra session, and that body, while deprecating the singular manner in which Maryland's application for assistance had been received by the Federal govern- ment, with that spirit of unselfish patriotism which distinguished her citizens throughout the war, ap- propriated the sum of one hundred thousand dollars for the defense of the State. A further application i to the government for protection against invasion resulted in the reply that " so far as expenditures I have arisen or shall arise, in consequence of militia ' calls made by the State, without the participation of the United States, no provision is found to exist under the present laws." While the Legislature was thus taking measures for that protection which the general government refused to afford, a respectable memorial was presented to it from the citizens of Baltimore, setting forth the undefended state of the city, and the fact that the city banks had, in the emergency, made a loan for the purpose of strengthening the fortifica- tions and arming the citizens ; of which loan they prayed the Legislature to assume such part as might not be refunded by the Federal government. They further asked that, as the Assembly might not be able to con.sider the matter at once, the municipal authori- ties might be authorized to levy a tax on the citizens to liquidate the debt pending the ultimate action of the Legislature. Both of these requests, however, were refused. On the 8th of August three ships of the line, five frigates, three brigs, two schooners, and a number of small vessels moved in sight of Baltimore, as if de- signing an attack. Promptly the forts were manned, and seven hundred men of Col. Jamison's regiment of the Baltimore County brigade were ordered "to defend a narrow pass of high land seven or eight miles from the city towards North Point." The cavalry of the Baltimore City and County brigades of militia, under the command of Lieut.-Cols. Biays and Moore, assembled on Hampstead Hill, and pro- ceeded to North Point to make themselves better ac- quainted with the ground in case the enemy should attempt to land, while on the elevated grounds east of the city (now Patterson Park) about forty pieces of artillery, eighteen, twelve, six, and four-pounders, mounted on field-carriages, were collected, and the "marine artillery company," Capt. George Stiles, manned their " marine battery" of forty -two-pounders on the water front of Fort McHenry .' Awed probably by these formidable preparations, the British forces determined to turn their attention to weaker points, and accordingly resumed their savage warfare on the Eastern Shore. While the citizens of Maryland were thus energetically engaged in the protection of their own firesides, they also bore an ample part in the dangers and honors of the arduous campaign on the frontiers of Canada; and though sorely pressed at home, over a thousand volunteers and recruits from the city and State were sent forward to the main army during the summer of 1813. Nothing more important than skirmishes took place in this quarter until April 27, 1813, when the town of York, now called Toronto, was captured. Capt. Stephen H. Moore's company of Baltimore volunteers had the honor to be in the advance, and nobly sustained the character of their native city for gallantry and steady courage. In the 1 Among Baltimore's defenders at this time was Capt. Brooker's corps of Richmond and Washington volunteers, and according to the captain, " never were soldiers more hospitably entertained" than were these HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. midst of the assault the magazine of one of the bar- racks, containing five hundred pounds of powder, blew up, killing and wounding more than two hundred of the victorious column. Two of Capt. Moore's com- pany were killed by the explosion, five men severely wounded, and he himself received injuries necessita- ting the amputation of his leg. The " Baltimore Vol- unteers," however, had the satisfaction, when the town capitulated that afternoon, of placing in advance of any other, the flag presented to them by the ladies of the Seventh Ward, " on the highest pinnacle of the Government House in the capital of Upper Canada." On the 27th of May, Fort George was attacked and taken, and in this action also Baltimore and Mary- land volunteers were in the front of the battle. In the struggle at Burlington Heights, on the 6th of June, they also took a prominent part; and Gen. Lewis, in his official report of the action, says, " Hindman, Nicholas, Biddle, and Towson are young soldiers who would do honor to any service;" and to the troops under their command, with a few others, he ascribes the salvation of the army. The overthrow of Napoleon in the spring of 1814 left Great Britain free to increase her forces in the United States, and to supply what had hitherto been wanting, — a land force to co-operate with the squad- ron, which, without it, could do nothing of import- ance. It was therefore resolved to increase Cock- burn's fleet in the Chesapeake, and to send over a large body of veteran troops who had served under Wellington in Spain. Stronger preparations for de- fense were also made on this side. Commo- dore Joshua Barney was placed by the Navy De- partment in command of a flotilla, or small fleet of gunboats and barges, fitted out in Baltimore in the summer of 1813 to defend the shores of the ; and though not able to attack Cockburn's ships, he did great ser- vice in checking and driving off' the enemy's raiding-parties. In April, 1814, his little fleet was ready for active service, and after several minor en- gagements won a considerable naval victory over the enemy on the 10th of June in St. Leonard's Creek. It was known that a serious attack was intended upon Baltimore or Washington, and Brig.-Gen. Wil- liam n. Winder, lately exchanged, and returned from Canada, where he had been kept prisoner since his capture at Stony Creek, was placed in command of the military district which embraced Maryland, the District of Columbia, and part of Virginia. He en- tered upon his duties with the utmost energy, but soon fiiund tlial tlu' new district was "without maga- zines of provisions or forage, without transport tools or implements, without a commissariat or efficient quartermaster's department, without a general staff", and finally without troops." He urged the govern- ment to call out four thousand militia, part to be stationed near Balti- I more, and part between South River and Wash- ington, so as to be ablf to support each other in case of a landing of the enemy. The govern- ment, however, paid im attention to his request, and all the force he could muster was about a thousand regulars and gp„ „. ^ windkr. an uncertain number of militia. On the 14th of August, Admiral Cochrane arrived in the Chesapeake with a fleet, bringing more than three thousand veteran troops from France, under Gen. Robert Ross, and the plan of attack was at once arranged. A portion of the force, under Capt. Gordon, was sent up the Potomac to bombard Fort Washing- i ton and open the way to the capital ; a few vessels, under Sir Peter Parker, were dispatched up the Ches- apeake, as if to attack Baltimore, while the main ! body, under Admiral Cochrane, ascended the Patux- ent, as if to engage Barney's flotilla, which was lying I near Nottingham, but really with the design of attack- ing Washington if there seemed a reasonable prospect I- of taking it. On August 19th and 20th, Cochrane landed about four thousand five hundred men at Bene- dict, on the west bank of the Patuxent, who at once began their march northward under the command of I Gen. Ross. Cockburn's flotilla of barges went up the i river at the same time, and after compelling Barney to j set fire to his boats at Mount Pleasant, joined Ross at Upper Marlborough, and on the 24th of August the whole force marched for Bladensburg, where a battle ensued between the British forces under Gen. Ross i and the Americans under Gen. Winder. The Amer- I leans were completely routed, and the British entering I Washington burned the capitol and other public buildings. The Baltimoreans at Bladensburg were under the command of Gen. Tobias Stansbury, of I that city, and consisted of two regiments of militia, I — the Fifth Regiment of Baltimore volunteers, under I Lieut. -Col. Sterett, Maj. William Pinkney's rifle bat- i talion, and two companies of volunteer artillery, with ! six-pounders, under Capts. Myers and Magruder, also from Baltimore. Commodore Barney, with his sailors, j had charge of a battery of heavy guns, and were sup- ported by United States marines. The Baltimore troops, about eight hundred in all, " worn down with hunger and fatigue," reached Bladensburg on the evening of the 2nd. After I Wasli rton it became evident THE WAR OF 1812. that Baltimore would be next attacked. A feeling of special hostility was entertained against this city on account of the mischief done by its privateers, and the high spirit and courage of its people. An emi- nent British statesman declared that Baltimore was " the great depository of the hostile spirit of the United States against England," and Admiral Warren said, " Baltimore is a doomed town." A London paper said, "The American navy must be annihilated, their arsenals and dockyards must be consumed, and the truculent inhabitants of Baltimore must be tamed with the weapons which shook the wooden turrets of Copenhagen." Indeed, Gen. Ross openly boasted that though the heavens " rained militia," he would make his winter-quarters in Baltimore. Thus forewarned, the inhabitants of Baltimore immediately set about making further preparations for defense. Up to this time half a million of dollars had been expended in the defense of the city, under the direction of the mayor, Edward Johnson, and a Committee of Safety composed of James Mosher, Luke Tiernan, Henry Payson, Dr. J. C. White, James A. Buchanan, Samuel Sterett, and Thorndike Chase. A Committee of Vigi- lance and Safety, of which Mayor Johnson was chair- man and Theodorick Bland secretary, co-operated unceasingly with the military, and on the 27th of August, three days after the battle of Bladensburg, issued the following order : " Whereas, the coniDiaudiug officer has required the Hid of tlie citizens in the erection of worlis for the defense of the city, the Committee of Vigilance and Safety having full confidence iu the patriotism of tlieir feliow-citizens, have agreed on the following organization for the pur- pose of complying with the request of the major-general : "The inhabitants of the city and precincts are called on to deposit at the court-house, in the Third Ward; Centre Market, in the Fifth Ward; market-house, Fell's Point ; riding-school, in the Seventh Ward ; or take with them to the place required, all wheelbarrows, pick-axes, spades, and shovels that they can procure. "That the city and precincts be divided into four sections, the first section to consist of the eastern precincts and the Eighth Ward; the second to comprise the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Wards ; the third to comprise the Second, Third, and Fourth Wards ; and the fourth to com- prise the First Ward and western precincts. " That the exempts from military duty and the free people of color of the First District, consistiug of the eight wards and eastern precincts, assemble to-morrow, Sunday, morning at six o'clock at Hampstead Hill, with provisions for the day, and that Arthur Mitchell, Daniel Conn, Henry Pennington, John Chalmers, William Starr, Thomas Weary, Henry Harwood, and Philip Cornmiller be charged with their superin- tendence during the day. "That those of the Second District, comprising the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Wards, assemble at Myer Garden on Monday morning at six o'clock, under the superintendence of William Parks, Capt. Watts, Lud- wig Herring, William Ross, William Carman, Daniel Howlaud, Caleb Earnest, and James Button. " That those of the Third District, comprising the Second, Third, and Fourth Wards, assemble at Washington Square on Tuesday morning at six o'clock, under the superintendence of Frederick Leypold, William McCleary, John McKim, Jr., Henry Schroeder, Alexander McDonald, Eli Hewitt, Peter Gold, and Alexander Kussell. "That those of the Fourth District, comprising the First Ward and western precincts, assemble at the intersection of Eutaw and Market [Baltimore] Streets on Wednesday morniug at six o'clock, under the superintendence of William W.Taylor, William Jessops, Edward Harris, George Decker, William Hawkins, Isaac Philips, William Jones, and John Hignet. " The owners of slaves are requested to send them to work on the days assigned in the several districts. " Such of our patriotic fellow-citizens of the county or elsewhere as are disposed to aid iu the common defense are invited to partake in the duties now required on such of the days as may be most convenient to On the same' day the committee adopted further resolutions calling upon all good citizens to keep a careful watch upon all suspected persons, and to con- tribute to the defense of the city.'- A committee composed of Col. John E. Howard, Richard Frisby, and Robert Stewart was appointed to wait on Maj.-Gen. Samuel Smith and request him to assume military command of the city in accordance with the expressed desire of Brig.-Gen. Strieker, Maj. Armistead, Capt. Spence, and Commodore Perry, who was then in Baltimore. On the 2d of September the Committee of Vigilance and Safety, in view of the distress occasioned among many of the poorer fam- ilies by the absence of husbands, brothers, and fathers in the army, adopted the following resolution, and appointed a Committee of Relief to solicit subscrip- tions for their support. In order more etfectually to carry out this good work, committees of inspection were appointed, who were directed to ascertain and relieve the meritorious poor in their respective wards.* About the same time the committee called upon the " good people of this and the neighboring States to bring to the city for sale" supplies for the support of the troops, assuring all who should " visit the city for this laudable purpose" that they should be " free from the danger of impressment of their horses, wagons, or carts, or of any species of interruption to themselves." To these various appeals all classes of citizens re- sponded with generous enthusiasm ; their ordinary avocations, which until this time had scarcely been interrupted, were now altogether laid aside, and every 1 The Committee of Vigilance and Safety was composed of the follow- ing members: Henry Stouffer, Solomon Etting, Elias EUicott, Samuel Hollingsworth, Benjamin Berry, Henry Payson, William Lorman, James A. Buchanan, William Wilson, William Patterson. Adam Fonerden, James Wilson, Joseph Janiieson, Cumberland Dugan, William Camp, James Armstrong, James Taylor, Peter Boud, Robert Stewart, Fred. Schaeffer, Richard Stevens, Hezekiah Waters, David Burke, George Woelper, Hermanns Alricks, John Kelso, Richard Frisby, Col. J. E. Howard, George Warner, and Theodorick Bland. - The patriotic ardor of the citizens is well illustrated by the reply of John Eager Howard to a suggestion of surrender : " I have," said be, " as much property at stake as most persons, and I have four sons in the field. But sooner would I see my sons weltering in their blood and my property reduced to ashes than so far disgrace the countiy." "Put nie down for fifty thousand dollars for the defense of Baltimore," said Isaac McKim when he heard Boss was coming. ^ The Committee of Relief was composed of James Ellicott, W. W. Taylor, Elisha Tyson, Richard H. Jones, L. Wethered, Luke Tiernan, William Riley, James Mosher, Joseph Townsend, Peter Diflfonderfier, William Brown, Daniel Difi^enderfl'er, William Trimble, William Mande, William Procter, and John Ogsden. ■•The ward committees were; First Ward — Isaac Tyson, Isaac Mc- pherson, Christian Keller, John Hignet. Secmtd ITard— Elisha Tyson, Cornelius Comegys, Richard H. Jones, and Moses Sheppard. Third Ward — L. Wethered, Luke Tiernan, Henry Schroeder. Fourth Ward—Jamee Sloan, William Riley, John McClure. Fifth Ward— Baitzer Shaefl'er, Daniel Rowland, Samuel McKim. Sixth IFurd— William Ross, Jacob Miller, William Brown. BeeenDi ITard— William Trimble, William Paiks, Samuel Wilson, Joshua Mott. Eighth Wurd— James H. Clarke, Nathaniel Knight, John Murphy. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. one who could wield a musket, even old men and boys, j were found in the ranks, and each day marched to ' the sound of martial music to their occupation of laboring on the line of the intrenchments and fortifi- cations. ( The chief fortifications constructed by the citizens j were two long lines of breastworks, extending from Harris' Creek northward across Loudenslager's or Hampstead's Hill (now the site of Patterson Park), ' about a mile in length, along which at short dis- tances semi-circular batteries were thrown up, armed with cannon on field-carriages. Behind these on more elevated sites, commanding the lower line, were several additional batteries, one of which, known as Rogers' Bastion, may still be seen, well preserved, on the harbor side of Patterson Park, overlooking Fort McHenry and the surrounding country. There were also connecting lines of breastworks and rifle-pits, running parallel with the northern boundary of the i city, commanded in turn by inner bastions and bat- ! teries, the precise location of which is not known. I Nor was the water approach neglected. A four-gun battery was constructed at Lazaretto Point, Canton, and between this point and Fort McHenry, across the mouth of the harbor, a number of vessels were sunk. Southwest of the fort, near what is now Wi- nans' wharf, guarding the middle branch of the Pa- tapsco from the landing of troops who might en- j deavor to assail Fort McHenry in the rear, were two redoubts, five hundred yards apart, and called Fort Covington and the City Battery.' In the rear of these, upon the high ground at the j foot of Light Street, on the present site of Battery Square, was the Circular Battery of seven guns. A long line of platforms for a battery were erected a few yards in front of Fort McHenry, which was called the Water Battery, and upon which was | mounted a number of forty-two-pounder guns bor- rowed from the French consul. The British army, after several days' rest, having replenished their store of fresh provisions by plun- , dering the people on the shores of the Patuxent, at daybreak on the 6th of September embarked on board of their fleet, weighed anchor, and stood with 1 a fair wind for the Chesapeake. After sailing down j the bay, at mid-day on the 7th they entered the Po- tomac, and after moving up that stream for two days, for the purpose of deceiving the Americans and to keep them in suspense as to the next point of attack, on the night of the 9th the whole squadron hastened back to the Chesapeake and stood for the mouth of the Patapsco. It was probably this and the other delays succeed- 1 In 1854 a joiut resolution was introduced in tlie City Council re- queBting the Seuatora from Maryland in Congress to procure the passage of an act donating tlie old battery, known as Fort Covington, iu the Seventeenth Ward, and the adjacent ground, belonging to the United States government, to the city of Baltimore for the purpose of converting it into a public square, which is now known as Biversiile Park. ing the capture of Washington which saved Balti- more from the hands of the enemy. On the evening of the 24th of August, Washington was in the posses- sion of the British army, and on the morning after the battle the enemy was again at Bladensburg, on his retreat to Benedict. Had Ross made directly for Baltimore at this time, attacking it from the west side, he would doubtless have effected its capture. But the time between the 24th of August and the 12th of September afforded the necessary opportunity for the reorganization of the army that had been beaten at Bladensburg and the concentration of fresh troops at Baltimore. An immediate attack from the western and northern sides of the city would, more- over, not only have prevented the formation of an effective army of defense at Baltimore, but would have rendered the formidable batteries at Fort Mc- Henry and the fortifications and intrenchments on the eastern and northern sides entirely unavailable. As it was. Gen. Ross waited until a strong army had been thrown into Baltimore, and then advanced against it directly in the teeth of the numerous bat- teries and fortifications on the eastern side of the city. History presents but few instances of such ac- commodating generalship. On Sunday evening, September 11th, about seventy of the enemy's vessels were anchored off" North Point, about twelve miles from the city of Baltimore by water, and fourteen by land. The beautiful moon- light night was chiefly spent by the fleet in preparing for an immediate debarkation. At three o'clock on Monday morning, the 12th, the boats of every ship were lowered, and the troops landed under cover of several gun-brigs anchored within a cable's length of the beach. The boats went in divisions, the leading one of each being armed with a carronade. By seven o'clock they had landed a force of about seven thou- sand men, composed of infantry, artillery, marines, and sailors, completely equipped, each man bearing eighty rounds of ammunition, a spare shirt and blanket, and cooked provisions for a three days' march. The most perfect system characterized every movement. Not the slightest doubt as to the result existed in the minds of the officers who planned the campaign, and the troops looked eagerly forward to the promised plunder. The final arrangements having been made, the Light Brigade, commanded by Maj. Jones, of the Forty-first Regiment, led the advance ; then followed the artillery, consisting of six field-pieces and two howitzers, all of them drawn by horses ; next came the Second Brigade, then the sailors, and, last of all, the Third Brigade. Flank patrols and reconnoitering parties were likewise sent out. Thus it was that the in- vading army, under the leadership of Gen. Ross and a brilliant array of stafl^-oflicers, marched towards th'e " doomed town" on Monday morning, Sept. 12, 1814. At the same time the frigate's bomb-ketches and small vessels, under Admiral Cockburn, approached THE WAR OF 1812. and ranged themselves in a formidable line to bom- j bard the fort and the city. In the mean time the citizens were not idle, though the disasters which had befallen our arms in previous encounters gave but slight ground for hope of success in any contest with veterans fresh from victorious strife with the legions and the genius of Napoleon. The unhappy field of Bladensburg was fresh in their memory, and the smouldering ruins of Washington showed the fate to which Baltimore was doomed if the invaders were successful. " The prospect to which they looked forward was indeed gloomy, — to the sailor, imprisonment and fetters; to the soldier- citizen, the prison-ship ; to the merchant, confisca- tion and ruin ; to the house-owner, the torch of the incendiary; and to the chaste matron and her pjire and beautiful daughters, the foul license of a brutal soldiery. But the storm of war shook not their firm hearts. The citizen-soldiery of Baltimore on that gloomy Sunday bade a tearful adieu to their wives and children, put on the harness of battle, and went forth to meet the insolent invader." The city now became an active military camp. Those who could afford it sent their wives and chil- dren out of the city. The banks suspended specie pay- ments, and much valuable property was removed to the interior for protection. The batteries and intrenchments were all manned. Commo- dore Rogers, who had gen- eral charge of the batteries with about twelve hundred men-of-war's-men, in his of- ficial report gives the posi- tion of his respective batteries and forces as follows: '* In the general distribution of the forces employed in the defense of Baltimore, with the' concurrence of the commanding general, I stationed Lieut. Gamble, first of the ' Guerriere,' with about one hundred seamen, in command of a seven-gnn battery, on the line between the roads lead- tug from Pliiladelphia and Sparrow's Point. "Sailing-Master De la Zouch, of the ' Erie,' and Midshipman Field, of the ' Guerriere,' with twenty seamen, in command of a two-gun bat- tery, fronting the road leading from Sparrow's Point. "Sailing-Master Uaniage, of the * Guerriere,' with twenty seamen, in command of a iive-gnn battery, to the right of Sparrow's Point road. "And Midshipman Salter, with twelve seamen, in command of a one- gun buttery, a little to the right of Mr. Kamage. " Lieut. Kuhn, with the detachment of marines belonging to the * Guerriere,' was posted in the entrenchment between the batteries occu- pied by Lieut. Gamble and Sailing-Master Ramage. " Lieut. Newcomb, third of the ' Guerriere,' with eighty seamen, occti- pied Fort Covington, on the Ferry Branch, a little below Spring Gardens. " Sailing-Master Webster, of the flotilla, with fifty seamen of that corps, occupied a six-gun battery on the Ferry Branch, known by the name of Babcock. " Lieut. Frazier, of the flotilla, with forty-five seamen of the same corps, occupied a three-gun battery near the Lazaretto. " And Lieut. Kutter, the senior olBcer of the flotilla, in command of all the barges, which were moored at the entrance of the passage between I the Lazaretto and Kort McHenrj-, in the left wing of the Water Battery, I at which was stationed Sailing-Master Hodman and fifty-four seamen of the flotilla." Fort McHenry was under the immediate command of Maj. George Armistead, of the United States artillery. His force consisted of one company of United States artillery, Capt. Evans, and two compa- nies of Sea Fencibles, under Capts. Bunberry and Addi- son. Of these three companies thirty-five men were unfortunately on the sick-list and unfit for duty. Gen. Smith also furnished him with Capt. Joshua H. Nich- olson's (Judge) volunteer artillery company of the " Baltimore Fencibles," and the " Washington Artillery" under Capt. John Berry, and the " Baltimore Independent Artillerists," Capt. Charles Pennington, all of Col. David Harris' regiment of the Bal- timore artillery. A detach- ment of Commodore Bar- ney's flotilla, under Lieut. Rodman, also volunteered their services. In addition. Gen. Winder furnished Maj. Armistead with about six \n.i. ukijuck \hmistk.vi). hundred infantry, under the command of Lieut.-Col. Stewart and Maj. Lane, con- sisting of detachments from the Twelfth, Fourteenth, Thirty-sixth, and Thirty-eighth Regiments of the United States infantry, — the total force in the fort amounting to about one thousand efiectivc men. Maj. Armistead arranged his force in the following manner : The regular artillerists, under Capt. Evans, and the volunteers, under Capt. Nicholson, manned the bastions in the star fort ; Bunbury's, Addison's, Rodman's, Berry's, and lieutenant commanding Pen- nington's command were stationed on the lower works ; and the infantry were in the outer ditch to meet the enemy in case they effected a landing. The Franklin Artillery, Capt. Joseph Myers ; Bal- timore Union Artillery, Capt. John Montgomery; American Artillerists, Capt. Richard B. Magruder; Eagle Artillerists, Capt. George J. Brown ; First Bal- timore Volunteer Artillery, Capt. Abraham Pyke; Steiner's Artillery, of Frederick, Capt. Henry Steiner ; United Maryland Artillery, Capt. James Piper; and Columbian Artillery, Capt. Samuel Moale, all under the general command of Lieut.-Col. David Harris, took positions in the various lines and batteries. The trenches were occupied by some seven thousand militiamen and volunteer infantry, chiefly composed of our own citizens. A portion of these were the First Rifle Battalion of Maryland militia, commanded by Maj. Wm. Pinkney, in which were the Sharpshooters, Capt. Edward Aisquith ; Union Yagers, Capt. Dominic Bader ; and Fell's Point Riflemen, Capt. William B. Dyer. The Fifth Regiment was commanded by Lieut.- Col. Joseph Sterett, and contained the Baltimore Yagers, Capt. Philip B. Sadtler; First Baltimore Light Infantry, Capt. John Skrim ; Mechanical Vol- unteers, Capt. Benjamin C. Howard; Washington HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Blues, Capt. George H. Steuart; independent com- pany, Capt. Samuel Sterett; Baltimore United Vol- unteers, Capt. David Warfield ; Union Volunteers, Capt. Christian Adreon ; Baltimore Patriots, Capt. Robert Lawson ; and the Independent Blues, Capt. Aaron R. Levering. The Sixth Regiment was com- manded by Lieut.-Col. Wm. McDonald, and comprised eleven companies, commanded respectively by Capts. Thomas Sheppard, Gerrard Wilson, Peter Gait, Wm. Brown, Thomas L. Lawrence, Benjamin Ringgold, Luke Kierstead, Samuel McDonald, Robert Conway, Nicholas Burke, and John G. Dixon. The Twenty- seventh Regiment was commanded by Lieut.-Col. Kennedy Long, and comprised eight companies, com- manded by Capts. James McConkey, John Kennedy, James Dillon, Benjamin Edes, John McKane, Peter Pinney, George Steever, and Daniel Schwarzauer. The Thirty-ninth Regiment was commanded by Lieut.- Col. Benjamin Fowler, and contained eight compa- nies, commanded by Capts. Archibald Dobbin, Thomas Warner, Thomas Watson, John D. Miller, Andrew E. Warner, Henry Myers, Joseph K. Stapleton, and Wm. Roney. The Fifty -first Regiment was commanded by Lieut.-Col. Henry Amey, and contained eight compa- nies, officered by Capts. Jacob Deems, Wm. Chalmers, John H. Rogers, Michael Haubert, John Stewart, James Foster, Michel Peters, and Andrew Smith. The Fifth Regiment of Maryland Cavalry was com- manded by Lieut.-Col. James Biays, and contained the Independent Light Dragoons, Capt. Jehu Boul- din ; First Baltimore Hussars, Capt. James Sterett ; Maryland Chasseurs, Capt. James Horton; and the Fell's Point Light Dragoons, Capt. John Hanna. The York Volunteers, attached to the Fifth Regi- ment, were commanded by Capt. Michael H. Spang- ler; the Hanover Volunteers, attached to the Thirty- ninth Regiment, by Capt. Frederick Metzger; the Hagerstown Volunteers, attached to the same regi- ment, by Capt. Thomas Quantrill ; and the Maryland Cavalry by Capt. Jacob Baer. The Eleventh Brigade, Third Division, was under the command of Brig.-Gen. Tobias E. Stansbury. The First Brigade was commanded by Brig.-Gen. Thomas Forman, and the Third Brigade by Brig.-Gen. John Strieker. The command of the whole military force of the city devolved upon Maj.-Gen. Samuel Smith. Gen. William H. Winder arrived in Baltimore on Septem- ber 10th, and assumed command of a division. We have thus mentioned the more important prep- arations made for the reception of the enemy, desig- nated the fortified lines of defense, and given the relative positions of the troops. As we have already stated, intelligence reached the city of the arrival of the enemy's fleet, which was announced to the people on Sunday afternoon, Sept. 11, 1814, by the fire of three cannon from the court-house green. This signal threw the city into the most intense excitement. The churches were at once dismissed; the congregations flocked homeward ; the drums beat to arms ; men on horseback rapidly galloped to and fro through the streets rousing the people, and all hastened to their mustering-places. Each man was supplied with one day's provisions and thirty-six rounds of ammunition. It was decided to send out a reconnoitering-party to " feel the enemy." The question being raised who should compose this party, it was speedily settled by the gallantry of Gen. Strieker, who claimed it as a right, as the brigade which he had the honor to com- mand consisted entirely of Baltimore militia, and should be foremost in defending their homes. The order was accordingly given, and about three o'clock his brigade, consisting of five hundred and fifty of the Fifth Regiment, under Lieut.-Col. Sterett ; six hun- dred and twenty of the Sixth, under Lieut.-Col. Mc- Donald; five hundred of the Twenty -seventh, under Lieut.-Col. Long; four hun- dred and fifty of the Thirty- ninth, under Lieut.-Col. Fowler ; seven hundred of the Fifty-first, under Lieut.- Col. Amey ; one hundred and fifty riflemen, under Capt. Dyer; one hundred and forty cavalry, under Lieut.-Col. Biays, and the Union Artillery of seventy- five men, with six four- pounders, under Capt. Montgomer}-, making an aggregate of three thousand one hundred and eighty- five effective men, marched out Baltimore Street upon the Philadelphia road. The troops were full of en- thusiasm, and marched forth with all the glitter of a dress parade. On passing tlie outer breastworks and batteries, moving steadily on in brisk step to stirring music, with flags fluttering in the breeze, they were greeted with enthusiastic cheers. The route of march was the old Philadelphia road to Long Log Lane (now known as North Point road), and thence to the Methodist meeting-house near the head of Bear Creek, seven miles from the city. Here the troops bivouacked for the night, with the exception of the riflemen, wiio were posted along the skirts of a low pine wood, near a blacksmith-shop, two miles in advance ; while the calvary were pushed still ftirther forward and stationed at the end of Gor- such's farm, a mile and a half beyond, with orders to place videttes in tlie vicinity of the enemy to main- tain a careful watch and patrol, and to report promptly to headquarters every movement of the enemy. At seven o'clock on Monday morning, September 12th, information was received from the advanced scouts that the enemy were debarking troops undei; cover of their gunboats, which lay off the blufi" of North Point, within the mouth of the Patapsco. Immediately upon receipt of this intelligence Gen. Strieker sent back his baggage under a strong GEN. JOHN STRICKER. THE WAR OF 1812. guard, and moved forward three-fourths of a mile with the Fifth and Twenty-seventh Regiments and his battery. With these he formed the first line of battle, as follows : the Fifth Regiment he posted on the edge of a thick oak forest, behind a rail-fence, at right angles with the road, on which the left flank rested, while the right extended to Bear Creek. The Twenty-seventh Regiment occupied the correspond- ing position on the other side of the road, on which their right rested, their left being covered by a branch of Back River and a marsh. They were also on the skirts of a wood and behind a rail-fence. The artil- lery was stationed directly at the head of the lane between the two regiments. The Thirty-ninth Regi- ment was placed about three hundred yards in the rear of the Twenty-seventh, and the Fifty-first about the same distance in the rear of the Fifth, forming a parallel to the front line. The Sixth Regiment formed a reserve, and was stationed in front of a rail-fence, about half a mile back of the second line of battle. Having thus formed his battle-lines, Gen. Strieker gave orders that the Fifth and Twenty-seventh Regi- ments should receive the enemy on their approach, and, if necessary, fall back through the Fifty-first and Thirty-ninth Regiments, and form on the right of the Sixth. The riflemen were deployed where they had been stationed, the evening before, behind a large sedge-field, with a thick wood of pine or fir in their rear ; and as the cavalry, still in front, were to inform them of the enemy's approach, they were ordered to take advantage of the covering of the wood and to annoy his advance. Meanwhile, the British forces were moving rapidly up the main road, and horsemen continually coming in announced their near approach. Just at this time, greatly to the gen- eral's surprise, he discovered that the entire body of riflemen were falling back to the main position, hav- ing listened to a groundless rumor that the enemy were landing on Back River to cut them off. This part of the plan having been frustrated, the rifle corps was placed on the right of the front line, by this means better securing that flank. After marching for an hour or more the enemy, feeling perfectly con- fident of success, halted at Gorsuch's farm, where they spent another hour in resting and robbing hen-roosts, etc. When the Americans heard of these proceedings of the enemy, several officers volunteered to dislodge them. Levering's and Howard's companies, about one hundred and fifty in number, from the Fifth Regi- ment, under Maj. Richard K. Heath, Capt. Aisquith's and a few other riflemen, about seventy in all, one small piece of artillery with ten men, under Lieut. Stiles, and the cavalry were pushed forward to sur- prise the enemy and provoke a general engagement. With the force mentioned Maj. Heath pursued his march to the front, under the belief that the enemy were two miles off. After proceeding about half a mile the major ordered the riflemen to deploy as skirmishers 7 upon both flanks in advance to guard against an am- buscade. The order had just been given, and the riflemen were on the point of diverging to the right and left, while the column moved steadily down the road, when, as the head of it ascended a small emi- nence, there appeared at the distance of about one hundred and fifty yards the vanguard of the enemy's forces moving up. A sharp fire was immediately opened upon both sides. The American infantry oc- cupied the road, while the rifiemen, who had taken position upon the flanks, but not yet left the column, availed themselves of whatever advantages the ground afforded to use their weapons with effect. An order was given to move the piece of artillery to the front, which was obeyed, but it was withdrawn without being used. The British light troops deployed rapidly in open order to the right and left, advancing into the thick wood which skirted the American right, and hastening to gain a copse of wood standing in a field upon the American left. At this time, says the " Subaltern in America" in his narrative, the skirmish was " tolerably hot and extremely animated." " The Americans," he con- tinues, "as individuals were at least our equals in the sliill with which they used the weapon, yet from the very commencement it was on our part a continual advance, on theirs a continual retreat. We drove them from thicket to thicket, and tree to tree, not indeed with any heavy loss, for they were no less expert In linding shelter than in taking aim, but occa- sionally bringing down an individual as he was running from one cover to another. Our own loss again was very trifling. " Two men killed and about a dozen wounded made up the sum of our casualties, and it may witli truth be asserted that everything was going on as the general himself could have wished. But unhappily he was not satisfied of this. The firing struck him as being more heavy and more continued than it ought to be ; he was apprehensive that he had fallen into some serious ambuscade, and unwilling to trifle with the safety even of a few companies, he rode forward for the purpose of satis- fying himself that they were safe. How bitterly had the whole expedi- tion cause to lament that step. He had scarcely entered the wood when an American rifleman singled him out; he fired, and the ball, true to its mark, pierced his side. When the general received his death-wound I chanced to be standing at no great distance from him. I saw that he was struck, for the reins dropped instantly from his hand, and he leaned for- ward upon the pommel of his saddle, and though I would not suffer my- self to imagine that there was any danger, I hastened towards him, but I arrived too late. His horse making a movement forward he lost his seat, and but for the intervention of his aide-de-camp's arm must have fallen to the ground. As it was, we could only lay him at length upon the grass, for his limbs could no longer perfoi-m their office, — it was but too manifest that his race was run. . . . His aide-de-camp (Capt. McDou- gal) having seen the general laid by the roadside, left him to the care of Admiral Cockburn and galloped back for assistance." Rev. Mr. Gleig, of the British army, in his narra- tive says, — " We were drawing near the scene of action when another officer came at full speed towards us, with horror and dismay in his countenance, and calling aloud for a surgeon. Every man felt within himself that all was not right, though none was willing to believe Ihe whispers of his own terror. But what at first we could not guess at, because we dreaded it so much, was soon realized, for the aide-de-camp bad scarcely passed when the general's horse, without a rider, and with the saddle and housings stained with blood, came plunging onwards; nor was much time given for fearful surmise as to the extent of our misfortune. In a few minutes we reached the ground where the skirmishing had taken place, and beheld poor Boss laid by the side of the road, under a canopy of blankets, and apparently in the agonies of death. As soon as the firing began he had ridden to the front, that he might ascertain from HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. wheuce it originnted, and, niiiigliug with the fikirmi^hers, was shot in the side by a ritleinan. The wound vna mortal ; lie fell into the arms of his aide-de-camp, and lived only long enough to name his wife, and to commend his family to the protection of his country. Ho wag removed towards the fleet, and expired before his bearers could reach the boats." ^ On the death of Ross the command of the invading army devolved upon Col. A. Brooke, of the Forty- fourth Regiment, and under his direction they pressed vigorously forward. Maj. Heath found his situation becoming e.xtreraely perilous as a iire began to be opened upon each flank, as well as in his front ; he was compelled to order a retreat. Just after giving the order his horse had one of his hind legs broken by a ball, and the major dismounted. The death of Gen. Ross no doubt changed the plan of operations on the British side. Had he lived he ■would probably have pushed directly on to the at- tack of Gen. Strieker's front line, and then Gen. Strieker's j^lan would have been followed out ; for, anticipating such an attack, he had ordered his two front regiments to retire by files from the right of companies, after holding their ground as long as they could, and thus passing through the Thirty-ninth and Fifty-first, which were directed to open and afford a passage, the skirmish would have been renewed from time to time, until the retiring troops reached the strong ground where the Sixth was posted, and where another struggle would have been made by the united force of the brigade.^ But this judicious plan of operation, so well calculated to employ his force to the best advantage, and to obtain the double object of checking the enemy and fiirailiarizing his own troops to battle, was rendered impracticable by the cautious proceedings of Col. Brooke. That officer had just learned from his experience with the Baltimore rifle- men that desultory skirmishes were no light matters, and he therefore proceeded according to rule, as if he were opposed to a disciplined army. Observing the short extent of Gen. Strieker's front, he halted his attacking columns until he could detach the Fourth Regiment to turn the left flank of the American army. Gen. Strieker, with a promptness and decision which reflect the highest honor upon his skill, instantly changed his plan to meet the unexpected and cau- tious movement of his adversary, and brought up his second line to the support of the first. The Thirty- ninth Regiment was stationed on the left of the Twenty-seventh, while two pieces of artillery were ' A story obtained partial currency at the time, and has often been re- peated since, that Gen. Ross was slain by two boys concealed in a tree. The story is wholly without foundation. Daniel Wells and Henry Mc- Comas, to whose memory a niouument has been erected at Ashland Square, Baltimore, generally enjoy the reputation of having killed Ri)ss. Both were privates in Capt. Aisquith's company of sharpshooters, and were sent in advance with the other troops to annoy the enemy. They were both standing in the front rank of their company, and the moment after they fired were both killed. 2 The intention of Gen. Strieker appeal's to have been a succession of skirmishes rather Uian a pitched battle, which is indicated by the manner in which he drew up his troops when he expected an attack ; and this probalily accounts for his not taking with him a larger detachment of artillery. j detached to the left of the Thirty-ninth. The Fifty- first Regiment formed at right angles with the line, I resting its right near the left of the Thirty-ninth. j This order, being badly executed, created for a mo- ment considerable confusion, which was rectified, however, by the efforts of Brigade-Majs. Frailey and Calhoun, who corrected the error of Lieut.-Col. Amey and posted the Fifty-first in its ordered position. In the mean time, according to our narrator, " the British soldiers moved forward with their accustomed fearlessness, and the Americans, with much apparent coolness, stood to receive them. Now, however, when little more than a hundred paces divided the one lino from the other, both parties made ready to bring matters more decidedly to a personal struggle. The Americans were the flret to use their small-arms. Having rent the air with a shout, they fired a volley, begun upon the right, and carried away regularly to the extreme left; and then loading again, kept up an unintermitted discharge, which soon in a great degree concealed them from observation. Nor were we back- ward in returning the salute. A hearty British cheer gave notice of our willingness to meet them, and firing and running, we gradually closed upon them with the design of bringing the bayonet into play. . . Volley upon volley having been given, we were now advanced within less than twenty yards of the American line, yet such was the denseness of the smoke that it was only when a passing breeze swept away the cloud for a moment that either force became visible to the other. The flashes of the enemy's muskets alone served as an object to aim at, as, without doubt, the flashes of our'muskets alone guided the enemy." The Fifty-first Regiment, which had been intrusted with the protection of the left of the line, after firing a volley at random, broke and fled in wild disorder, producing a like effect in the second battalion of the Thirty-ninth Regiment. All efforts to rally the fugi- tives proved fruitless. Col. Brooke, instantly perceiv- ing his' advantage, and hoping to effect a general rout, came on with a rapid discharge of musketry, which was not returned until they had approached within a short distance, when our artillery, loaded with " grape and canister, shot, old locks, pieces of broken muskets, and everything which they could cram into their guns," opened an incessant and deadly fire, while from right to left along our entire line one volley of musketry and rifle-shots followed another. Our troops, weakened by the desertion of the Fifty-first and companies of the Thirty-ninth, numbered hardly more than one thousand four hun- dred men. Defeat seemed almost inevitable, but there was no disposition to flinch on the part of the mem- bers of the city brigade, who were determined to re- trieve the honor of their command. As the British line continued to advance in over- whelming numbers, exchanging fires with the Amer- ican infantry and receiving that of the artillery, which was w'ell served throughout the whole engagement, the action became warmer and warmer, until Gen. Strieker, having accomplished the purpose which he had in view, ordered a retreat to his reserve, and owing to the fatigued state of the regiments which- had been engaged, and the probability that his right flank might be turned by a quick movement of the enemy, he finally fell back to a position near the city. Thus ended what was then called the battle of Long THE WAR OF 1812. Log Lane, now known as the battle of North Point, after about an hour and a half of hard fighting. Gen. Strieker retired with his brigade in good order to Worthington's Mill, and as the enemy did not pur- sue, he again fell back and took a position on the left of the line, about a mile in advance of the intrench- ments, where he was joined by Gen. Winder, who | had been stationed on the west side of the city, but now ordered, with the Virginia brigade, under the command of Gen. Douglass, and Capt. Bird's United , States dragoons, to take post on his left. The con- duct of the city brigade, with the exception of the Fifty-first and the second battalion of the Thirty- ninth Regiments, who were seized with the panic to which raw troops are so subject, deserved the highest praise. Veterans could not have done more. Al- though the American line retreated from a foe near at hand and might have been expected to incur the heavy loss which is inflicted upon a retiring party, yet the aggregate loss of the British was greater than that of the Americans. The loss, for example, stated in the official reports of the British officers, was two hun- dred and ninety, exclusive of the naval brigade under Capt. Crofton ; while on the side of the Americans it was only two hundred and thirteen, among whom were some of the most prominent citizens of Balti- more. This may perhaps be accounted for by the slight protection a portion of the Americans had be- hind fences, a circumstance of which the officers and men availed themselves with great coolness, and the deliberate aim they took, thus increasing the de- structiveness of their fire. John Lowry Donaldson, adjutant of the Twenty-seventh Regiment, a distin- guished lawyer, and Baltimore's representative in the State Legislature, was killed, also Gregorious Andre, first lieutenant of the Union Yagers, First Rifle Bat- talion. Levi Clagett, third lieutenant in Capt. Nich- olson's artillery company of Baltimore Fencibles, was killed in the bombardment of Fort McHenry, and in the two engagements the following non-commissioned officers and privates were killed : G. Jenkins, J. Rich- ardson, W. Alexander, T. V. Beeston, D. Howard, J. H. Marriott of John, J. Armstrong, M. Desk, J. Craig, R. Neale, J. Evans, J. Haubert, D. Davis, H. G. McComas, J. Burneston, G. Fallier, J. Jephson, E. Marriott, J. Dunn, P. Byard, B. Reynolds, J. Gregg, A. Randall, J. H. Cox, J. Wolf, D. Wells, R. K. Cook- sey, J. Wallack, J. C. Byrd, W. Ways, C. Bell, J. Clemm, T. Garrett, J. Merriken, C. Cox, U. Prosser,' B. Bond.i That raw militia should have met in open fight and parted upon equal terms with the choicest troops of the British army, who had won laurels in the Pe- 1 Tlie following Americans were captured at Baltimore and exchanged Oct. 13, 1814 : Jas. H. McColloch, Henry Brice, Geo. Keput, Jacob Noyle, John Robinson, Jas. N. Marriott, Chaa. Goddard, Walter Muskett, Bryan Allen, Geo. Rentzel, Jacob Hubbard, Benj. Fleewood, Thos. Bringham, Jno. Pidgeou, Luther A. Norris, David Davis, Wni. Collins, Jno. Lamb, Jas. Davidson, Wm. Kean, Jr., James Gibson, Richard K. Cook, Robert Smith, Jno. Jephson, Geo. Bennett, Conrad Euler. ninsular war, would have been no slight achievement. But the terms were by no means equal. The Ameri- cans, it is true, retreated ; but, as we have shown, this was part of the plan. The closest calculation cannot make the number engaged upon the American side, after the withdrawal of the regiment upon the left, more than sixteen hundred ; and the chimerical idea of effectually checking the whole British army did not for a moment present itself to the mind of Gen. Strieker. He came out to skirmish and no more.' His object was to let the British general see that the city of Baltimore was a prize not to be had T^ithout a struggle; and the severity of that struggle was fore- shadowed by the determination with which his ad- vance was contested. The enemy slept on the field of battle, and at an early hour on Tuesday, the 13th, they took up their line of march for Baltimore. Our British narrator says, — " On our march to-day the Americans had at last adopted an expedient which, if carried to its proper length, might have entirely stopped our progress. In most of the woods they had felled trees and thrown them across the road ; but as these abatis were without defenders, we experi- enced no other inconvenience than what arose from loss of time, being obliged to halt on all such occasions till the pioneers had removed the obstacle. So great, however, was even this hindrance that we did not come in sight of the main army of the Americans till evening, although the distance traveled could not exceed ten miles. " It now appeared that the corps which we had beaten yesterday was only a detachment, and not a large one, from the force collected for the de- fense of Baltimore, and that the-account given by the volunteer troopers was in every respect correct. Upon a ridge of hills which concealed the town itself from observation stood the grand army, consisting of twenty thousand men 2 Not trusting to his superiority in numbers, their gen- eral had there intrenched them in the most formidable manner, having covered the whole face of the heights with breastworks, thrown back his left so as to rest upon a strong fort erected for the protection of the river, and constructed a chain of field redoubts which covered bis right and commanded the entire ascent. Along the side of the hill were like- wise fleches and otlier projecting works, from which a cross-fire might be kept up ; and there were mounted throughout this commanding position no less than one hundred pieces of cannon. " It would be absurd to suppose that the sight of preparations so wai^ like did not in some degree damp the ardor of our leaders ; at least it would have been madness to storm such works without pausing to con- sider how it might best be attempted. The whole of the country within cannon-shot was cleared from wood and laid out in grass and corn-fields, conseijuently there was no cover to shelter an attacking army from any part of the deadly fire which would be immediately poured upon it. The most prudent plan, therefore, was to wait till dark, and then, assisted by the frigates and bombs, which we hoped were by this time ready to co- operate, to try the fortune of a battle. " Having resolved thus to act. Col. Brooke halted his army, and having secured it against surprise by a well-connected line of pickets, the troops were permitted to light iires and to cook the provisions. But though the rain still fell in torrents no shelter could be obtained, and j as even their blankets were no longer at hand, with which to form gipsy-tents, this was the reverse of an agreeable bivouac to the whole " Darkness had now come on, and yet no intelligence had arrived from I the shipping. To assail this position, however, without the aid of the I fleet was deemed impracticable ; at least our chance of success would be greatly diminished without their co-operation. As the left of the i American army extended to a fort built upon the very brink of the j river [Lazaretto], it was clear that could the ships be brought to bear upon that point, and the fort be silenced by their fire, that flank of the position would be turned. This once effected there would be no difii- culty in pushing a column within their works, and as soldiers intrenched always placed more reliance upon the strength of their intrehchmenta - Not more than twelve thousand. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. than upon their own pereonal exertions, the very sight of our people on a level with them would in all pi-obability decide the contest. At all events, as this column was to advance under cover of night, it might easily push forward and crown the hill above the enemy before any ef- fectual opposition could be offered, by which means they would be in- closed between two fires and lose the advantage which their present elevated situation bestowed. All, however, depended upon the ability of the fleet to lend their a.'^istance, for without silencing the fort this flank could scarcely be assailed with any cliauce of success, and therefore the ■whole plan of operations must be ol»atiged."i The " Subaltern" says, — "To the fleet the fort on the wat^r was accordingly left, which by bombardment would, it was presumed, reduce it to ruins in a few hours ; the sigual fdr a general movement in line. As hour after hour stole on we turned our gaze with feverish anxiety towards the river. All, how- ever, continued as it had been before. No flash told that the shipping had taken their stations; the noise of firing was unheard, and the most serious apprehensions began to he entertained that the plan had, for some cause or another, miscarried. At last, when midnight was close at hand, a solitary report, accompanied by the ascension of a email bright spark into the sky, gave notice that the bombardment had begun. An- other and another followed in quick succession, and now every man instinctively sprung from the earth and grasped his arms. The point to be passed was, we well knew, in our immediate front. Our ears were on the stretch for the musketry, which ought soon to be heard in the oppo- site direction; in a word, we stood in our ranks for a full hour, under the influence of that state of excitation which, while it lacks the faculty of speech, renders the senses, both of sight and hearing, acute to an almost unnatural degree. "Such was our situation, both of body and mind, from midnight, when the ships began to open fire, up to the hour of two. That all things went not prosperously was manifest enough. "At last Col. Brooke, having waited until he considered it imprudent to wait longer without knowing the disposition of the fleet, and whether he was to be supported, determined, if possible, to open a communi- cation with the fleet, and for that purpose dispatched an officer to make an eff'ort to reach it. After many adventures he arrived on the river-bank just in time to meet a party who had been sent by Admiral Cochrane for the same purpose to Col. Brooke. By tliem lie was conveyed to the Ad- miral, who informed him ' that no effectual support could be given to the land force, for such was tlie shallowness of the river that none except the very lightest craft could make their way within six miles of the town, and even tliese were stopped by vessels sunk in the channel and other artificial bars, barely within a shell's longest range of the fort.' With this unwelcome news he was accordingly forced to return. . . . " Having brought his report to headquarters, a council of war was in- stantly summoned to deliberate upon what was best to be done. 'With- out the help of the fleet it was evident that, adopt what plan of attack we could, our loss must be such as to counterbalance even success itself, while success under existing circumstances was, to say the least of it, doubtful. And even if we should succeed, what would be gained by it? We could not remove anything from Baltimore for want of proper con- veyances. Had the ships been able to reach the town, then, indeed, the quantity of booty might have repaid the survivors for their toil and con- soled them for the loss of comrades ; but as the case now stood, we should only fight to give us an opportunity of re-acting the scenes of Washing- ton. . . , About three hours after midnight the troops were accordingly formed upon the road and began their retreat, leaving the pickets to deceive the enemy and to follow as a rear-guard." 2 If Gen. Ross had lived it is possible, and indeed probable, that he might have attempted to force the intrenchments or pass around them, with a view of approaching the city upon a quarter where the natu- ral advantages of the ground were not as great. But the experienced eye of Gen. Smith had contemplated both these probabilities and provided against them. The heavy artillery, which was planted in batteries, manned by brave and skillful artillerymen, and the numerous corps of infantry which lined the intrench- i Gleig'8 Narrative, p. 190. 2 ibid., p. 196. ments would have rendered the first a fruitless effort whether made by day or night. If by day, the de- struction of the assailing force would have been almost certain ; and ample means were provided if the attack had been made by night to throw upon the advancing column such a blaze of light that the aim of the de- fenders would have been unerring. Xo direct attack could have succeeded. If, on the other hand, a cir- cuitous route had been taken, the advantages of a knowledge of the country and of numbers would have probably turned the scale in favor of the American troops, a part of whom had shown on the day before that they, could meet the invaders in the field with a gallantry well adapted to inspire caution in an enemy. It seems, however, that the enemy did make a feint to pass around .the intrenchments, for Gen. Smith, in his oflScial report to the Secretary of War, dated Sept. 19, 1814, says,— "On Tuesday the enemy appeared in front of my intrenchments, at the distance of two miles, on the Philadelphia road, from whence he had a full view of our position. He manceuvred during the morning to- wards our left, as if with the intention of making a circuitous march and coming down on the Harford or York roads. Gens. Winder and Strieker were ordered to adapt their movements to those of the enemy, so as to baffle this supposed intention. They executed this order with great skill and judgment by taking an advantageous position, stretch- ing from my left across the country, when the enemy was likely to ap- proach the quarter he seemed to threaten. This movement induced the enemy to concentrate his forces (between one and two o'clock) in my front, pushing his advance to within a mile of us, driving in our videttes and showing an intention of attacking us that evening. I immediately drew Gens. Winder and Strieker nearer to the left of my intrenchments and to the right of the enemy, with the intention of their failing on his right or rear should he attack me ; or, if he declined it, of atUcking him in the morning. To this movement and to the strength of my defenses, which the enemy had the fairest opportunity of observing, I am induced to attribute his retreat, which was commenced at half-past one o'clock Wednesday morning. In this he was so favored by the extreme dark- ness and a continued rain that we did not discover it until daylight. I consented to Gen. Winder pursuing with the Virginia brigade and the United States dragoons; at the same time Maj. Randall was dispatched with his light corps in pursuit on the enemy's right, whilst the whole of the militia cavalry was put in motion for the same object. All the troops were, however, so completely worn out with continued watching, and with being under arms during three days and nights, exposed the greater part of the time to very inclement weather, that it was fouud impracticable to do anything more than pick up a few stragglers. The enemy commenced his embarkation that evening, and completed it the next day at one o'clock. It would have been impossible, even had our troops been in a condition to act offensively, to cut off any part of the enemy's rear-guard during the embarkation, as the point where it waa effected was defended from our approach by a line of defenses extending from Back River to Humphrey's Creek, on the Patapsco, thrown up by ourselves previous to their arrival." 3 In the mean time the enemy detei*miued to lay aside tjae musket for the mortar and bomb-shell, and moved his fleet of sixteen ships (including five bomb-vessels) within about two miles and a half of Fort McHenry. About two o'clock on Tuesday morning, September 13th, the enemy opened fire from his five bomb-ves- sels at the distance of about two miles, and the whole of Tuesday and Tuesday night was employed in air effort to subdue the passive resistance of the fort by an incessant shower of shell, which the garrison was unable to return. There was something exceedingly 3 NiUs' Segiater, vii.. p. 26. THE WAR OF 1812. 97 jMcturesque and beautiful in the silence of that fort.^ Having no means of reaching the enemy at that dis- tance, which he took care to keep, the fort's brave de- fenders were compelled to endure without reply an incessant bombardment for twenty-four hours, and with a few brief exceptions, when the incautious enemy ventured too near, and the sullen silence of the garrison was broken by such a salute from their heavy artillery as compelled a prompt retreat, the in- dignant defiance of the fort was manifested only by the waving of its flag calmly floating in the breeze. The language addressed to the eye by the continued and proud waving of that flag can never be forgotten by those who saw it. It told everything at a glance, and the feeling which it excited was most happily ex- pressed by Francis Scott Key in a burst of genuine poetry which is destined to live as long as the history of our nation shall be read or told. The bomb and other vessels ranged in a half-circle in front of the fort, kept up a furious bombardment both day and night, and fired over eighteen hundred shells with multitudes of round-shot and rockets. Many of the shells weighed two hundred and twenty pounds, and the incessant roar of the cannon and the deafening and continuous scream of the shells and rockets added terrors to the awful spectacle of a can- nonade by night. About midnight, screened by total darkness only broken by the flashes of their own artil- lery, a few bomb-ketches and rocket-boats with a squadron of barges, numbering altogether about eighty and manned by about twelve hundred men, pushed up the cove beyond Fort McHenry to effect a landing and attempt an escalade in the rear. They passed the fort and moved for the shore with loud cheers. Fort Covington, the City Battery, Fort Mc- : Henry, and the Circular Battery instantly brought every gun to bear upon the barges, and a terrible fire was opened. The concussion was tremendous ; every house in the city was shaken to its foundation, and the aff'righted population believed that all was over. No eye was closed in Baltimore that night, and many expected that the morning sun would rise upon a scene of havoc, plunder, and conflagration. And when through the gray mists of dawn they saw the i bright Stars and Stripes still waving over the ramparts ' of Fort McHenry, a burst of gratitude went up to I heaven for the deliverance. The mortar-boats and barges which passed Fort McHenry, after losing many men and suffering con- ; siderable damage, being saved from destruction by the i darkness, retreated to their distant positions out of reach of shot, whence they kept up the ineffectual bombardment until six o'clock next morning, when they, like the army, drew off, both worsted and con- vinced of the much greater probability of their own capture or destruction than that of Baltimore. I There is one circumstance in the narrative of the I defense of Baltimore upon which the citizens of Mary- I land can always dwell with peculiar pleasure, and that is the cheerfulness and promptness with which our neighbors from the interior country repaired to our assistance. Three companies from Pennsylvania — from York, Hanover, and Marietta— and one from Hagerstown attached themselves to Gen. Strieker's I brigade, and bore an honorable share in the fatigues I and dangers of the day. Large bodies of troops from I Virginia and Pennsylvania,^ as well 'as from many parts of our own State, hastened to our relief with a brotherly affection. Two brigades of Virginia militia, amounting to twenty-five hundred men, constituted a part of Gen. Winder's immediate command which hovered on the right flank of the British army during I the whole of its stay before the intrenchments. On I the 13th this force was increased by the whole, or nearly the whole, of Gen. Strieker's brigade, so that if I Col. Brooke had attempted a circuitous route to the city he would have had in his front a body of six thousand men, whilst an equal number would have marched out from the intrenchments and assailed j him in fiank. The number which were collected en- abled Gen. Smith thus to place his troops so as to menace his enemy on every quarter, and assume a position which proved his high military skill. Intelligence of the defense of Baltimore was re- ceived throughout the country with every demonstra- tion of joy. The joy of the Baltimoreans, rescued, as it seemed to them, from the very jaws of destruc- tion, cannot be described. Measures were taken for a perpetual celebration of the event; rewards were proposed for those who had filled distinguished posi- tions in the defense; and a beautiful monument in the centre of the city perpetuates the names and memory of those who fell in defense of their homes. Around it, on each returning anniversary of the day, amid dense crowds of spectators, the pomp of mili- tary escort, and the stirring strains of martial music, march, under a tattered flag, a handful of aged men, their number lessening every year, the survivors of that eventful 12th of September, the honored com- pany of " Old Defenders." May it yet be long ere the last survivor of that venerable band performs his solitary circuit! Notwithstanding the retirement of the enemy from Baltimore, the works of defense were pushed forward to completion, as the "hated Baltimore" expected the enemy to return for a second attack. The enemy, however, re-embarked on board of the fleet on the 15th, and on the 17th of September they got under way and sailed for the bay, and on the 18th arrived at their old anchorage in the Patuxent River, when they renewed their expeditions for plundering and robbing the inhabitants. Gen. WillcmsoD, an old and experienced officer from Maryland, Baid, 2 Among the volunteers from Pennsylvania for the defense of Balti- The defense of Fort McHenry was of no ordinary character, for the more «ere James Buchanan (afterwards President of the United States) passive resistance of danger is the test of vaIor."-lf™,o.V»,i., p. 795. and Judge Henry Shippen ™ =«ies, HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Owing to some dissatisfaction among the militia officers in and around Baltimore, a number of them resigned in October, among whom were Maj.-Gen. Samuel Smith and Gen. Strieker. Gen. Robert Good- loe Harper was appointed in the place of Gen. Smith, and Lieut.-Col. James Sterett, of the Fifth Regiment, was appointed brigadier-general of the Third or " City Brigade," in the place of Gen. Strieker, notwithstand- ing Col. William McDonald, of the Sixth Regiment, was the senior officer of the brigade. On the 18th of November the First Cavalry Regi- ment, and the Fifth, Sixth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty- ninth, and Fifty-first Regiments of infantry, and Maj. Pinkney's rifle battalion were " honorably discharged, with the thanks of the major-general commanding for their good conduct, orderly behavior, and atten- tion to discipline during their service." At the opening of the war the Federal government, instead of providing for tlie common defense, ex- j hausted the public treasury in support of its futile scheme of an invasion of Canada. The fruit of this ill-advised policy was that when the enemy was at ! the door it had not the means to protect the Federal capital from pillage and conflagration. At this gloomy time, when the cabinet at Washington seemed para- lyzed by dismay and could give no help, the State of [ Maryland appropriated more than four hundred and j fifty thousand dollars from her own treasury to help j the Federal government, while the city of Baltimore appropriated one million dollars more, advanced by her own citizens, for the purposes of defense. By the judicious expenditure of this sum Maryland was placed in an attitude of defense. But for the fact that the State was enabled to repel the enemy, to save her chief city from destruction, and escape with no worse harm than the plundering and burning of farm- houses along the coast, she was indebted only to the ; stout hearts and the open purses of her sons ; to the j Federal government she owed nothing. It was by the losses sustained during the war and the failure of the government to reimburse the State that the foun- dation of our present State debt was laid. In the city of Baltimore, up to the year 1815 the current rev- enues were sufficient to pay the expenses, and there ■was no permanent city debt. But during the war the treasury became exhausted by advancing money for the public defense, and the Committee of Safety were compelled to take loans from the banks and private citizens, which were assumed by the city, and became the nucleus of the present city debt. In the year 1816 the rate of city tax was twelve and a half cents on each one hundred dollars, or one-eighth of one jicr centum on the amount of assessment. The defeat of the British before Baltimore hastened the conclusion of peace, as it was among the first in | that brilliant series of events that illustrated the truth that a united nation of freemen battling for the I right are invincible. The American commissioners who were in Europe endeavoring to make an honorable peace with Great Britain met in Ghent on the 24th of December, 1814, when a treaty was signed. BIr. Christopher Hughes, Jr., of Baltimore, who was then our charge d'affaires at Stockholm, and secretary to the commissioners, arrived in Annapolis on the 13th of February, in the schooner " Transit," and immediately set out for Washington. The tidings of peace which Mr. Hughes brought to the United States were as welcome as they were unexpected. Cannon thun- dered, bells rang, bonfires and illuminations lighted up the towns and cities, and marked the public satisfac- tion. In Annapolis the State House and other buildings were brilliantly illuminated, and Baltimore followed in the same spirit, and, in ac- cordance with a proclama- tion of the mayor, with a j,,,^, , i,,,,,,., m. general illumination on the evening of the loth of February. Upon the ratifica- tion of this treaty of peace, on the 10th of April, 1815, a large meeting of the citizens of Baltimore took place in the city, at which Joseph H. Nicholson, Nathaniel Williams, William Wilson, John McKim, Jr., James Hutton, Levi Hollingsworth, Wm. McDonald, George Stiles, John Owens, Nathaniel F. Williams, Jesse Eichelberger, Wm. Krebs, and Edward G. Woodyear were appointed a committee to forward to President Madison a congratulatory address upon the successfiil termination of the war, and an expression of their ad- miration for the " enlightened wisdom and patriotic firmness" by which his conduct was distinguished during the extraordinary trials to which the country had been subjected. In his reply to this address the President said, — " 111 tile varied scenes wbich have put to the test the constancy of the nation Baltimore ranks among the portion most distinguished for devo- tion Ui the public cause. It has the satisfaction to reflect tliat it boldly and promptly espoused the resort to arms when no other honorable choice remained; that it found in the courage of its citizens a rampart against the assaults of an enterprising force; that it never wavered nor tem- porized with the vicissitudes of the contest : and that it had an ample share in the exertions which have brought it to an liunorable conclusion." CHAPTER XIIL PRIVATEERS AND ARMED VESSELS. The Revolutionary War— The War of 1S12— The War in South America. It is, and ought to be, a matter of pride with Bal- timoreans that the first cruisers of the navy of " The Thirteen United Colonies" were fitted out, manned, and armed in Baltimore, sailed under Maryland officers, and to a very great extent owed their efficiency privIteers and armed vessels. 99 to the energy and enterprise of her ship-builders, and to the patriotism and sacrifices of her citizens. The first act of the Continental Congress for the formation of a navy was promulgated on the 13th of October, ^ 1776, and in the same month the Continental Marine i Committee at Baltimore fitted out two cruisers to make the first essay of the American navy. A Bermudian vessel was purchased, armed with ten guns, called the " Hornet," and placed under the command of Capt. William Stone, with Joshua Bar- ney as second oflBcer, or master's mate. Mrs. Barney, j in her " Memoir of Commodore Barney," says, — I " A crew had not yet been shipped, and the duty of recruiting one was assigned to Barney. Fortunately for his purpose, just at this moment a new American flag, sent by Commodore Hopkins for the service of the 'Hornet.' arrived from Philadelphia. Nothing could have been more opportune or acceptable. It ivaa the first Conlinentnl jJag that had been seen in the State of Maryland, and next morning at sunrise Barney had the enviable honor of unfurling it to the music of drums and lifes, and hoisting it upon a staff planted with his own hands at the door of his rendezvous. The iieart-stirring sounds of the martial instruments, tlien a novel incident in Baltimore, and the still more novel sight of the rehel colors gracefully waving in the breeze, attracted crowds of all ranks and eyes to the gay scene of the rendezvous, and before the setting of the same day's sun the young recniitiug.officer had enlisted a full crew of jolly rebels for the ' Hornet.' " At the time the " Hornet" was purchased the schooner "Wasp," mounting eight guns, was also fitted out and placed under the command of Capt. Charles Alexander. These two vessels left Baltimore late in November, and were the first regular cruisers that went to sea under the new government. They i joined the fleet of Commodore Hopkins, at the mouth ( of the Delaware, and aided in the descent on New Providence. A short time after this the " Wasp" captured a British tender in the Delaware, and Bar- ney, who had been transferred to her for his gallant conduct, was made a lieutenant in the Continental navy. On the 13th of December, 1775, Congress ordered the fitting out of thirteen ships for the Continental navy, and under this act the " Virginia," a frigate of twenty-eight guns, was built at Fell's Point by Mr. Wells, ship-builder. It was finished early in the spring of 1776, and Capt. James Nicholson was assigned to the command. Having received her crew and equip- ments, the " Virginia" made an attempt to get to sea, March 30, 1776, but ran aground between the capes, and was captured by the British frigate " Emerald," Capt. Caldwell. Capt. Nicholson escaped, but Lieut. Joshua Barney, with his brother William, who was an ofiicer of the marines, and the rest of the crew fell into the hands of the enemy. Congress instituted an inquiry, but acquitted Capt. Nicholson of all blame. He subsequently fought two of the most remarkable naval combats of the war. Not only did the State of Maryland and town of Baltimore lend their aid to the construction and equipment of the infant navy of the United Colonies, but there was also a Maryland navy, built, equipped, manned, and maintained by Baltimore Town and the State, which rendered most valuable services both in defense and attack during the war of the Revolution. The " Defense," mounting twenty-two si.x-pounders and swivels, fitted out at Baltimore, under Capt. James Nicholson, was a successful cruiser, and cap- tured many prizes. The brigs "Friendship" and "Amelia," the sloop-of-war "Hebe Johnson," twenty- two guns, the galleys "Johnson," "Independence," " Baltimore," " Conqueror," " Chester," " Molly," and others, the barges "Revenge," "Terrible," "in- trepid," "Protector," "Experiment," "Venus," "De- fense," "Reformation," "Dolphin," and "Fear- naught" rendered most valuable service in the waters of the Chesapeake and elsewhere. Among the gal- lant ofiicers and men of the Maryland navy who dis- tinguished themselves in the Revolutionary contest were Capts. James Nicholson, James Cooke, Thomas Grason, John Belt, John Gordon, Robert Dashiell, John Green, James Stewart Davis, Zedekiah Walley, William Corbin, William Middleton, Levin Spedden, Daniel Brian, William Delisle Frazier, and John Lynn.' 1 Dec. 12, 1776, the Maryland navy numbered twenty-five vessels, car- rying each from twenty to thirty guns. September 13th, Capt. George Cooke, appointed to the command of the " Defense," carrying twenty-two six-pounders and several swivels, went on a cruise and captured five brigs. The British vessel " The Otter," March 7, 1776, accompanied by several tenders, passed the Severn sailing towards Baltimore. They captured a New England schooner in the Patuxent, and two or three small vessels. Dispatches sent throughout the province quickly assembled a defensive force. Capt. Nicholson, in the " Defense," stood out from Baltimore with the purpose of grappling "The Otter," but she moved quickly out of the Patapsco. This gallant little vessel we find advertised Nov. U, 1778, as follows : " The ship * Defense,' sufficiently armed and manned to keep off small privateers, will take in tobacco in Wye River, delivered alongside, for Nantz, in France, the freight one-half for the owner, with the prefer- ence of having the proceeds back in woolens, linens, or the like articles, on half the usual freight, it being intended to mount twelve guns and ship a sufficient number of men for her voyage back." In July the State sold the State boat "Amelia." In June a large number of bay craft were impressed by the State to convey to the Head of Elk the pro- visions bought by the government in Virginia. In December the galleys " Independence" and the " Baltimore" were dispatched, under a resolu- tion of the General Assembly, on an expedition southward. In accord- ance with the resolution of Congress of Sept. 2, 1778, the brig " Friend- ship," Capt. Thomas Parker, another ship, " Susannah," Capt. Davis Hatch, loaded in Maryland with flour for the Eastern States ; also sloop "Hannah," Capt. Paul Hussey, schooner "Swan," Capt. Styles, for Boston, the " Chester" and the " Conqueror," with the " Dolphin," with Commodore Grason, were dispatched on a cruise of two months around the capes for the protection of commerce. The schooner " Hazard," Capt. Perkins, was dispatched with flour for Portsmouth, N. H. April, 1779, sloop "James," Capt. Shadrach Ames, with flour to Virginia; sloop " Molly," Capt. Peregrine Dunk, with flour to Virginia, and several vessels sent to the French fleet with supplies and vegetables. Col. Henry Hol- lingsworth was authorized, April, 1780, to press vessels necessary for the transportation of troops from the Head of Elk to Virginia ; Commodore Grason, those in Annapolis. The vessels were under the command of Commodore Gnason, with Capt. Joseph Middleton, Lieut. James Ewing, and Lieut. James Skinner, Nov. 17, 1780. " Some of the enemy's small armed vessels have lately visited several places on the Eastern Shore and the mouth of the Patuxent, where they have committed the greatest outrages. Not content with plundeiing the inhabitants of their ne- groes, cattle, and other property, they have savagely laid many of their habitations in ashes. Rousby Hall, the elegant seat of Col. William Fitzhugh, and a handsome dwelling-house. Hie property of John Parran, Esq., both situated near the mouth of the Patuxent, are entirely con- sumed by the means of these incendiaries." 100 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COWNTY, MARYLAND. The defense of tlie State and " its trade" were not wholly withdrawn from the exertions of the citizens, and the act of Congress of the 23d of March, 1776, authorizing the fitting out of private armed vessels, offered to the enterprise and patriotism of the citi- zens of Baltimore an opportunity of acquiring wealth, while defending their commerce and protecting the people from the depredations of the common enemy. Under this act privateering became a business as well of fortune as of patriotism. Under the supervision of men of the highest naval character, this kind of vol- unteer warfare was kept from degenerating into piracy, its too common consequence. The maritime law of nations until 1856 gave no protection to the property of peaceful traders on the high seas. While on land the articles of war respected private property, on the sea every species of property belonging to the people of a belligerent was liable to lawful capture and con- demnation. The people of Baltimore availed them- selves of their legal privilege to a greater extent than any other city or town of the United States. The powerful navy of Great Britain blockaded the Chesa- peake and destroyed the commerce of Baltimore. Hundreds of vessels were idle, confined to the port, and their crews unemployed. In this condition the best citizens of Baltimore became volunteers on the sea, as well as volunteers on the land, and from the decks of their private armed vessels displayed the same valor and intrepidity that characterized their behavior in the ranks of the army. Prior to the acts of Congress, the Council of Safety issued licenses to privateers, but upon the passage of the act of March 23, 1776, a Court of Admiralty was established by the Convention of Maryland, with William Hayward as judge. The archives of Maryland exhibit the following list of authorized privateers from April 1, 1777, to March 14, 1783 : Baltimore Privateers from 1777 to 1783. Schooner Montgomery- Ship Chase Brigantiue Buckskin H Schooner Gist Sloop Black Jake Schooner Beggar's Pi mission Schooner Swallow " Pr.t..m:ir- .. Sloop Mai - Schooner \\ illi ni . Gen-'smullv. Sloop General Gates... Schooner Swift Sloop Peggy Brig Delaware Sloop Morris and \\';i 1 1 Brig Saratoga Sloop Delight " Molly Schooner Willi.^ ;ii, i ^l; Brig Bail til " La(.:iiiii|i. '^ |i-ii. Sloop Coui.i..nl Schooner Be^jgar'fl Beui Sloop Fly Schooner Savage Sloop Eicharilson " Eclipsn " Wu,^liii"jt..ii Schooner \\ i ; v w , in Sloop DoIpiiMi BrigBurlin. Schooner WM: -I .i: ■ Sloop I!utl. I Adriaua Lady Washington mer Lively John Burnell.. Edward Brooke Henry Geddes.. Robert Polk hn\ and Samuel Pnrviance.. Thomas Steele.. 2.") I 6 6 ... William Hammond, Thomas Bussell, Stalia Hep- j burn, J. & J. Wilson l.^l i 4' Hugh Y.ninK :f» 1/ >* l!"l.evt T Unon, nfClinrles County "' Mil > \ l; [■niviii,,, I ii\ , Howley, and others Kolierl BnoboJi F. Stiles Jonathan Parsons.. Henry Geddes , Earlo, Charles Wallace S. & R. Purviauce.. Hugh Young State of Maryland.. Vanbibber, etc Daniel Bowley Samuel Hughes 1 Hill.. i-liiiWinn Henry Geddes Juhn Wainwright. Joseph Veasey Nathaniel Cooper.. ! Joliii Baldwin « z. 1 5C 10 10 4 li 7 9 \'l ,..• Isaac Vanbibber William Patterson.. S. & R. Pnrviance... John Wainwright.. Joseph Veasev I. & A. Vanbibber.. Baltimore, April 1, 1777. April 30, 1777. " April 31, 1777. June 17, 1777. June 23, 1777. July 7, 1777. July 23, 1777. July 25, 1777. Aug. 5. 1777. Sept. 12, 1777. Dec. 10, 1777. Oct. 20, 1777. Oct. 20, 1777. Ann Arundel, Oct. 19, 1777. Baltimore, Oct. 20, 1777. Talbot, July 25, 1778. Baltimore, July 30, 1778. Aug. 3, 1778. Aug. 10, 1778. Aug. 6, 1778. Aug. 18, 1778. " Sept. 12, 1778. Sept. 14, 1778. Oct. 9, 1778. Oct. 14, 1778. Dorchester Co., Oct. 16, 1778. Baltimore, Oct. 10, 1778. Dorchester Co., Oct. 26, 1778. Baltimore, Nov. 7, 1778. Nov. 9, 1778. PRIVATEERS AND ARMED VESSELS. Baltimore Privateers from 1777 to 1783.— Continued. I Sloop Ariii:i|-li- . ShipBuikikin Brigantino Siilly... Sloop Little Sam... Schooner Jonies.... Speedwel Sloop Swift " Franklin " Fly " Despatch I " General Gate-! 1 Schooner General < Brig ColuDibns Sloop Porpns Brigantine Snake. . Ship Fancy Schooner Camden.. '* Dragon... Sloop Despatch 4i Henry Hooper.. ...I A. &G. Bucha ... Hugh and ■William McBride.. 2: Hugh Young & Co 2 James Williams & Co ...| S. & R. Purriance and others 4i Arch. Buchanan, I). Bowley.. i David Weems 6' David Stuart 6 Blair McClanagan 4 .lohn McClure, John Sterett-. Daniel Bowley Ill William Patterson ... -lohn Johnson - II. ll.CniininKluiiii 14 8 E. & J. Crockett, J.Sterett.'.', 4 ...' S. S. Magruder Dec. 16, 1778. Dec. 18, 1778. Dec. 19, 1778. Dec. 26, 1778. Jan. 8, 1779. Jan. 9, 1779. Jan. 11, 1779. Feb. 4, 1779. Feb. 12, 1779. Feb. 15, 1779. Feb. 6, 1779. March 11,1779. " March 30, 1779. Annapolis, March 30, 1779. Baltimore, April 6, 1779. Annapolis, April 23, 1779. Baltimore, April 28, 1779. May 3, 1779. May 6, 1779. May lU, 1779. " May 1.5, 1779. May 19, 1779. Philadelphia, May 31, 1779. Maryland, 1779. Baltimore. June 14, 1779. June 15, 1779. BrigFMX l:.„i.un,n h.,.!,:,): Schooner Fly i:.,i..i, I; u,.i..|(.l Sloop Isabella I., i in I' i[.[.. Schooner Johnson I'lr. i ll.i,.|.i. Sloop Bennington l:..l,ii • i ,., Schooner Lark A\'i]li;iiii i '.iv\:iiii Little Davy Thomas Kell Brig Maryland i Benjamin King Sloop General Lincoln : John Harrison Sloop Hope George GarBton Brigantine Queen of France Thomas Saunders... Schooner Betsey John Nichols Brig Lady de Miralles J..se]..h Fariljault... " Alexander ..... I ii-rn,!- i 'i>ii\\;i\ ... Brigantine Donia.\ II M ill Talbot... - 1 ,,i. Sloop General Way n. \, , Brig Hercules l.itn. . 1 m 1. . Schooner Peggy 11.1'ntiian] Despatch Thomas Walker.... Molly Joseph Elliott Sloop Lark Cartlien Thomas Waters Schooner Cljaiici- D. Durliani Brig Black !■ ■■ .l..hn l:..-..i, BrigFox...,' ' ' ''",,:. i;, ',':"'"];. .^,,i.','u. Schooner I.i '.'n il r m I II n- ■ \ . " BUnvson l;, lii.i.llnn ;i FhairtH ".','. ....... .'Tn-r|.h h .mIv . " Isabella LrMi, Tii|.|.i/ " Centurion Vi)li:ini \\ "..i.-cn Brigantine Virginia Joseph Grei-nway... Schooner Morrice C. Harrison Holker William Coward.... Brig Ranger Thomas Johnson.... Schooner Jennie Fcndant..' Thomas Giljlions.... Sloop Porpoise Willi. mi \\ . .iii- Brig Willing Lass ' Tli.m W ,r, ,i, Schooner Two Sisters "W ilh i n, i i, " Laurens ■\\illi.iii \\ i : SloopJane M. I'.d i. m^ n Schooner Freemason I William Thonnis.... Brig Duke C. Warring " Porgie J.Faribault Schooner Dorchester James Frazier i 4 William Neill r, 2 John McClure & Co I 4 Alexander Murray .1 5; John Dorsey & Co'. .1 4 D.Stewart i| 2' Hooe& Harrison 1 10 Stevenson, Steward & > ; ... James Williams & Co.. '. 6| John Dorsey 4 Co i' 6 H.Nichols ' 8 John Dorsey * Co ... Archibald Patterson... 2 J.Moses * Co John Dorsev & Co.. Matthew, Ridley * Co Daniel Bowley, J. McClure K.il.rii M ., Ml riiila.; S. Steward, July 19, 1779. July 26, 1779. Aug. 11, 1779. Aug. 13,1779. Aug. 14, 1779. Aug. 18, 1779. 30, 1779. Maryland and Virginia, Oct. 18, 1779. Maryland and Virginia, Oct. 19, 1779. Baltimore, Oct. 25, 1779. Maryland, Oct. 30, 1779. Baltimore, Nov. 4, 1779. Nov. 18, 1779. Philadelphia, Nov. 29, 1779. Talliot County, Dec. 3, 1779. Baltimore, Dec. 11, 1779. Jan. 3, 1780. Feb. 28, 1780. Annapolis, Feb. 29, 1780. Dorchester Co., March 10, 1780. " March 11, 1780. Philadelphia, March 13,1780. March 18, 1780. April 6, 1780. April 18, 1780. Alexandria, Va., April 11, 1780. Baltimore, April 19, 1780. " April 22, 1780. April 24, 1780. Worcester Co., Md., May 3, 1780. Baltimore, May 6, 1780. May 9, 1780. " May 10, 1780. ...j C. Crookshank. ...] S.Smith & Co 2' Robertson Stevens.. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Privateers from 1777 to 1783.— Continued. PRIVATEEKS AND ARMED VESSELS. Baltimore Privateers from 1777 to 1783.— Continued. Name of Vessei. | Caiitain. S •o i 22 17 f -.iO 20 16 24 15 20 it •S "3 I 1(1 ... Owners. Date of Commission and where Owned. Schooner Squirrel 1 W. Coward A Buchanan Baltimore, Aug. 27, 1782. ;; Aug. 28, 1782. i; Sept". 6, im' Sept. 26, 1782. Sept. 27, 1782. 2 Oct 12,1782. Oct. 14, 1782. II Oct. 25, 1782. Oct. 26, 1782. Dec. 2, 1782. Dec. 7, 1782. Dec. 11, 1782. Dec. 14, 1782. Dec. 28, 1782. Jan. 1, 1783. Jan._4, 1783. Jan. 23,1783. 11 Feb. 10, 17S3. March 14, 1783. Return 1 Ed. Peters A.ieel..|.e Ci,.,,. r.r.rston Ship Jullv T,,, . .' H,,,,- ,„ Brigai.t,,;. -..•. .M|,-,.„. 1 , ,.... SchSoi,.., r; :.-! i BrigCerr. ' ' ' " 1 ' , . Sclloon.-, r. ,,,,,! ,,-, , |^ Schoouli"r;i.'.,V.'.'.'... • |i, >-/,,., ■ . II. IV, IK, 11. \Mulv FreeniBn ;Wni. Thomas Brigantine Conquedor, of Madrid J. Latreyte T.^Jolinson, D. Resso, and D. PattersonV.".'."'."'.'.;;;; II 1,1 > . >l,-.-ienniorr& zSeSoifeZ.V.7."!"!!;.";!."." 1 11 M.,,,iiv, of New Orleans W 11, 1 ,x I'rimJ DVBowieyrZ;Z"""!;"Z'"!!" 1. \V„,\hi„„tu„ ai,airfatel\\\V.V.'.".''.'.'.V.V.'.'.V.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'. C. Crookshank S. & A.Cr.imio and R. Smith & Co., of Cape Fran- 1 1 , iii M, :,. 1 Ni,;ii'eU,'of'Kiiad6iphia'.!;'.!;'. S' -, 1 1' 1 ,M, T. Stansburj P.Briamant. W.Weems ■ T. Conway r.,,.;H,i,,K II ii,iK„ig .las. Forbes Ship G,i..lin,. J. Angus Schooner Jackett i Ed. Piirkinson Brig Duke de Crillon : P. Barrier Brigantine Hibernia S. Benezett Eagle R. Ewart Schooner Havana T.Chauning Greyhound H. Willson 10 ... i '.'.'. 5 ... 7... 7... S. steward & Son and Thos. Yates Geo. Salmon Pringle & Wilson, of Philadelphia Thos Russell Thos. Worthington The above is a list of two hundred and forty-eight privateer-s with letters-of-marque and reprisals which sailed from the port of Baltimore in the period from April 1, 1777, to March 14, 1783. They carried an aggregate armament of eighteen hundred and ten guns and six hundred and forty swivels ; the number of men being omitted in many of the letters, cannot be given. These privateers were the nurse of the infant navy of the country, and many of our most distinguished naval officers began their careers as captains or officers of Baltimore cruisers. We need only refer to the names of John Rogers, Samuel Rogers, David Porter, Alexander Murray, Joshua Barney, and Joseph El- liott as an evidence of the character of the men who commanded our early privateers. The admiralty notices in the archives show how well the work of capture was carried on. We select a few of these : Jan. 2, 1777.—" Enterprise" vs. brigantine " Clementina." " Enterprise," Capt. Campbell, vs. sloop " Fame." Jan. 21. — " Montgomery," Commander Wm. Rogers, vs. schooner " Han- " Montgomery," Commander Wm. Kogere, vs. brigantine " Minerva." " Lexington," U. S., Commander Wm. Halloch, rs. brigan- tine '* Mary Ann." 1778.—" Mary and Elizabeth," Commander John Rian, vs. sloop " Little John." "Antelope," Capt. F. Folger, and "Felicity," Capt. Cole, rs. " Jack-o'-the-Lantem." " Recovery," Capt. Chadwick, vs. a barge, the schooner " William and Polly, ' the " Betsey," a whale-boat, and a pettiaugre. " Revenge," " Terrible," and " Intrepid," Capts. Thos. Grason, Robert Dashiell, and Levin Speddiu, rs. two schooners and a " Kitty," Henry Darnell, vs. sloop " Swift." Notice of payment of prize-money to " Harlequin," for captain of ship " Lydia." " Sturdy Beggar," Capt. John McNeal, vs. brigantine " Provi- j dence and Mary." Same against ship " Elizabeth." " Revenge," Capt. Gosland, vs. sloop " Maccaroni." These and many other notices show how well the work of making the goods of an enemy contribute to the support of the war was carried on by Baltimore privateers. The cruises of these privateer.s were filled with romantic adventure and hair-breadth escapes, and 1 are well worthy of preservation. The Chesapeake Bay was infested with Tories, refugees, thieves, and I pirates, whose depredations were not confined to ves- sels and commerce, but, aided by the numerous rivers, bays, and indentations of the coast, they roamed at I large, plundering defenseless houses and robbing [ whenever opportunity offered. To break up the nests of these pirates, to capture and punish them, and to protect the land as well as defend the commerce, all fell within the duty of the Maryland navy and the Baltimore privateers. The enemy, notwithstanding his great superiority in vessels of war, resorted also to privateers, and numerous actions took place between the private armed vessels of both belligerents. Off the mouth of the Rappahannock, on the 13th June, 1779, an engage- ment took place between a fleet of Maryland priva- teers, composed of the " Baltimore Hero," commanded by Capt. Earle, the brigs " Lively," Capt. Belt, the " Lady Washington," Capt. Greeliway, and four pilot- boats, with two of the enemy's privateers, each mount- 104 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ing twelve guns. Capts. Earle and Belt immediately came to close quarters with the enemy, and a severe contest ensued. The capture of the enemy's vessels was only prevented by the timely arrival of a fleet, which rendered the contest too unequal, forced the Baltimore fleet to retire, but not until it had retaken an American privateer from the enemj'. The " Antelope," Capt. Folger, and the " Felicity," Capt. Cole, recaptured the British ship "Resolution," laden with sugar and cotton for Amsterdam, captured I by Earl Cornwallis off" Charleston, S. C, and on re- I turning from Gaudaloupe they captured the British j privateer " Jack-o'-Lantern,"' carrying six guns and one hundred and thirty-six men, in 1781, off" the Pa- tuxent River. Another of the enemy's privateers, mounting three guns and carrying thirty men, was captured at sea by the " Antelope," Capt. Garston. The schooner " Flying Fish," of Baltimore, bound to Havana, was captured by the privateer brigantine " Glory," of St. Augustine. Her owner and captain, M. Delisle, with a lad of eighteen years, was left on board with a prize crew of six men. The captain having tried by every means to recapture his vessel I without loss of life, on the 7th of October, 1782, was in self-defense obliged to kill the prize-master ; and having secured the crew in the hold, recovered his vessel, and safely brought her to Savannah. The action which the " Naval History"'^ styles " the most brilliant that ever occurred under the national [ flag" was fought by the " Hyder Ally," commanded I by Lieut. Joshua Barney, carrying sixteen six-pound- j ers and one hundred and ten men, with the " General Monk," mounting twenty nine-pounders and carrying one hundred and thirty-six men, commanded by Capt. Rogers of the British navy. To rid the Delaware River and bay of refugee barges and privateers, Lieut, j Barney proceeded from Philadelphia, convoying at ; the same time a fleet of merchant vessels to sea ; and while in this service a British fleet hove in sight, and the "General Monk" bore down upon the " Hyder Ally." The presence of overpowering numbers did not deter the gallant Barney from promptly accept- ing the challenge of the "General Monk ;" and seiz- ing a raking position within pistol-range, he fought his ship with such gallantry as not only to capture her adversary, but to win the applause of his country and merit the high compliment of the historian of his country's navy. Notwithstanding the success that attended the eflTorts of Baltimore privateers, many were captured, lost at sea, or destroyed to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy. The material damage done to the enemy by privateering has been estimated at one million pounds, but the benefit derived by the 1 This " JackK)'-Lanteru" had given very great annoyance to com- merce. Previous to her capture by the " A ntelope" she had captured a uew scliooner from Boston, bound to Baltimore, near the entrauce of tiie capes and sent her to New Yorlj, and later, off the mouth of tlie Potomac, a schooner from Baltimore to Virginia. - Cooper's Naval History, i., p. 269. States, their citizens and their cause, must be meas- ured not only by the money value, but by the material aid and assistance derived from those captures, and so urgently needed by the people. Again during the war (1793) between England and France many Baltimore privateers sailed under French letters-of-marque issued by citizen Genet to prey upon the commerce of Great Britain. The num- ber of these vessels sailing from Baltimore under the French flag is stated to have been from forty to fifty, but as no patriotic motive could be pleaded for their justification, they can now be regarded as but very little better than legalized pirates, inspired by no higher purpose than individual gain and plunder. The war of 1812-15 between the United States and Great Britain called for the utmost exertion of our merchant marine to supplement the great disparity in number of ships and weight of metal between the navies of the belligerents. Baltimore quickly re- sponded, and the part taken by her merchant marine was equally as meritorious as that of her citizens in the army. Her swift-sailing ships were to be seen on every sea, and the commerce of Great Britain suffered from their attacks in all quarters of the globe. It may be stated, as showing the immense profits of some of those vessels, that the "Rossie" in forty-five days took prizes valued at one million two hundred and eighty-nine thousand dollars, and from July to November of her next cruise captured prizes that yielded one million five hundred thousand dollars. The " Rolla" captured prizes valued at two million five hundred thousand dollars, and the " Amelia" others worth five hundred thousand dollars. War was declared on June 18, 1812, and on Satur- day, July 11th, Niks' Register says, " From Balti- more there will, in a few days, be at sea twelve or fifteen of the fastest sailing and best found and appointed vessels in the world, carrying from ten to sixteen guns each, and from eighty to one hundred and twenty men." On the following day " seven privateers sailed from Baltimore," and " within four months her merchants sent to sea forty-two armed vessels, carrying about three hundred and thirty guns, and from two thousand eight hundred to three thousand men." Had the brave commanders of these adven- turous cruisers been in the Federal service their names would have been placed high in the roll of honor, but as it is the names of Barney, Boyle, Staflbrd, Murphy, Wilson, Wiscott, Pratt, Southcomb, Veasy, Levely, Grant, Dawson, Moon, Richardson, and a host of others have been almost or quite forgotten ; and neither does the storied marble commemorate, nor the historic page record, the gallant services that, by crippling the enemy's navy, contributed so much to our success. Among the most notable privateers and letters-of- marque that sailed out of the port of Baltimore to harass and annoy British trade and commerce we may mention the following : PRIVATEERS AND ARMED VESSELS. 105 The " Dash," July 10, 1812, captured in Hampton Roads the British schooner " Whiting." The "Falcon," on the 18th of July, on her passage from Boston to Bordeaux, with four guns and sixteen men, when on the coast of France, was engaged with the British cutter " Hero," with five guns and fifty men, for two hours and a half, and finally beat her off, with considerable loss on both sides, after re- pulsing the enemy three times in his attempt to board. On the next day the "Falcon" was attacked by a British privateer of six guns and forty men, and although considerably injured by her engagement with the cutter the day previous, she bravely returned the privateer's fire for an hour and a half, when, the captain and several of the crew of the " Falcon" being wounded, she was carried by boarding while her colors were still flying. The privateer " Dolphin," Capt. W. S. Stafford, was one of the most active cruisers of the war. On the 26th of July she captured an English vessel worth eighteen thousand dollars, which was followed in Au- gust by the capture of the British schooner " Fanny," valued at the same sum ; and in the same month she also destroyed several droggers, and sent the schooner " James" into port. Soon after she captured three other vessels. The ship "John Hamilton," five hun- dred and fifty tons, mounting ten guns and carrying thirty men, laden with seven hundred tons of ma- hogany, was captured by her after a short action and sent into Baltimore. When off St. Vincent, on the 25th of January, 1813, she captured the " Hebe," six- teen guns and forty men, after a very severe engage- ment, in which the captain of the enemy's vessel was wounded. In this action the "Dolphin" lost four men, but was rewarded not only by her victory over the " Hebe," but by the capture of her consort. After this series of brilliant exploits, the "Dolphin" passed through the blockading squadron, and arrived at Bal- timore Feb. 13, 1813. On the 3d of April, 1813, the British seventy-four "St. Domingo," three frigates, two brigs, one schooner, and two pilot-boat tenders anchored off the mouth of the Rappahannock River for the purpose of attack- ing the " Dolphin," two letters-of-marque bound for France, and one for -Savannah, which were anchored in the mouth of the river. While awaiting an oppor- tunity to escape, the American vessels were attacked by seventeen British launches and tenders containing about forty men each. Two of the letters-of-marque were taken with slight resistance, and the other ran aground near the shore. The " Dolphin" bore the brunt of the action, and the whole force of the enemy was soon brought to bear upon her. The Register says, " It was indeed a desperate fight against fear- ful odds. The contest was sustained for two hours with a gallantry peculiar to American sailors. The enemy finally succeeded in boarding, but the fight was not done. On the ' Dolphin's' deck the battle lasted fifteen minutes, when, overwhelmed by num- bers, the brave Stafford submitted, the enemy some time before having pulled down his colors. It appears very certain that the British had fifty-nine killed and wounded in the affray." The " Globe," Capt. James Murphy, was another very successful privateer. The ship "Sir Simon Clark," sixteen guns and thirty-nine men, with a cargo of sugar, rum, coffee, etc., and worth one hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars, was captured by the "Globe" and sent into Norfolk; she also brought into Hampton Roads a British ship of twenty-two guns; also the schooner "Ann," four guns, laden with logwood and mahogany ; and captured, after a brisk engaecement, the letter-of-marque ship " Boyd," mounting ten guns, which she sent into Philadeljjhia. While Capt. Murphy was sailing off the coast of Portugal he had a desperate engagement with an Algerine sloop-of-war, which continued for three hours and a half, ending in the repulse of the Algerine vessel. He followed this with the capture of the brig "Kingston," with a valuable cargo of rum, which he sent into Ocracock, N. C. ; with that of the ship " Venus," fourteen guns, which he sent into Beaufort, S. C. ; with the destruction of the schooner " Eliza- beth," from Lisbon to London ; and the capture of the ship " Pelham," and several other valuable ves- sels, which were also sent into port. On the 3d of November, 1813, the "Globe," then under the com- mand of Capt. Richard Moon, had a desperate en- gagement with two English packets at half pistol-shot distance. The largest brig mounted eighteen guns, and the other sixteen twelve-pounders. The former surrendered, but owing to the disabled condition of the "Globe" managed to get away. The loss of the " Globe" was eight killed and fifteen wounded. The force of the " Globe" was a "Long Tom" amidships, and eight twelve-pound carronades, with a comple- ment of ninety men, including officers and marines. The enemy, it was supposed, lost twenty-seven men killed and wounded, besides being terribly cut up in their hulls, sails, and rigging. The brig " Bellona," laden with Madeira wine and fruit, was also captured by the " Globe." On the 30th of August, 1812, Commodore Barney arrived at Newport in his schooner " Rossie," after a short but successful cruise of forty-five days along the eastern coast of the United States. During his voyage he captured fifteen vessels, nine of which he burned or sunk. The prizes amounted to about two thousand nine liundred and fourteen tons, manned by one hun- dred and sixty-six men, and valued at one million two hundred and eighty-nine thousand dollars. He remained in port about ten days, when he again put to sea, and shortly afterwards captured the British ship " Kitty," seized the brig " Nymph," captured and burned the ship " Princess Royal," the brigs " Fame" and " Devonshire," and the schooner "Squid," and captured the brig "Brothers," which he manned with sixty prisoners and sent to St. Johns 106 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. to be exchanged for as many Americans. On Aug. 3, 1813, he captured and sunk the brig " Henry" and schooner " Race Horse," burned schooner " Halifax," manned the brig " William," and gave the schooner " Two Brothers" forty prisoners, and sent them to St. .Johns on parole. August 9th he captured the ship " Jenny," mounting twelve guns, after a short action, and sent her into port. On August 10th the " Rossie" seized the " Rebecca," from London, and the ship " Euphrates," and after being chased by a number of British frigates and ships of war, on the 16th of September fell in with the British packet-ship " Princess Amelia," when a desperate action com- menced at close quarters, which resulted in a drawn battle after both vessels had suffered considerable loss. On October 8th the " Rossie," in company with the "Globe," captured the schooner "Jubilee" and sent her into port, and in the same month the " Rossie" seized the ship " Merrimack;" and the result of this cruise was the capture of two hundred and seven- teen prisoners and three thousand six hundred and ninety-eight tons of shipping, valued at over one million five hundred thousand dollars. Four days after the arrival of the British fleet in Lynn Haven Bay, on the 8th of February, 181.3, the letter-of-marque schooner "Lottery," Capt. John Southcomb, of Baltimore, bound for France, with six guns and twenty-eight men, was attacked by nine boats containing two hundred and forty men from the British squadron. Capt. Southcomb with his brave companions gallantly sustained the attack for two hours and thirty minutes, during which time it was supposed that more Englishmen were killed and wounded than the whole crew of the schooner. The captain was wounded by five musket-balls, one of which passed through his body, and finding that he had exhausted all his ammunition, and that the enemy swarmed on his deck, he deemed further re- sistance a useless waste of brave men's lives and sur- rendered. The enemy had already pulled down the colors themselves. Capt. Southcomb was taken on board the British frigate " Belvidera," where he soon after died, and Capt. R. Byron kindly sent his body with a letter of condolence, in which his conduct was spoken of in terms befitting a gallant enemy, to his friends in Norfolk, where he was buried on the 16th of February with grand military and naval honors. He was in the twenty-sixth year of his age. The action between the " Nonesuch," Capt. Levely, of Baltimore, and a British ship and schooner off Martinique, on the 28th of September, 1812, also shows how well the.se volunteers fought: "When within reach of the ship," says Capt. Levely, " she gave us a broadside. We bore down upon her and hoisted American colors, and returned ten broadsides, accompanied each time with a heavy volley of mus- ketry, the .ship and schooner keeping up a heavy fire upon us with their great guns and musketry. The engagement lasted three hours and twenty minutes. when the bolts and breachings of our guns fore and aft were carried away on both sides. We could then only use our musketry, or we should certainly have captured them both. We dismounted several of the ship's guns, and damaged her very much in her hull and rigging. From the confusion which appeared on board, we judge that we must have killed and wounded a considerable number of men ; she bore away for Martinique; we being much crippled in our sails and rigging could not pursue her. The ' Nonesuch' lost during the action one ofiicer killed (Mr. Wilkinson) and three seamen (Samuel Christian, Lewis Riley, and David McCarthy), and six seamen wounded. The British lost seven killed and sixteen wounded." The " Nonesuch" captured the schooner " Perse- verance" and the brig " Francis," and sent them into Charleston ; she also captured the schooner " Fame," laden with dry goods and oil, and sent her into Sa- vannah. The privateer schooner "Highflyer," of Baltimore, on the 27th of July, 1812, captured the schooner " Harriet," with eight thousand dollars in specie, and also the British ship " Diana," one of the Jamaica fleet, richly laden with rum, sugar, and coffee. The " Highflyer," after a brisk action with great guns and musketry, captured the ship "Jamaica," carrying seven guns, by boarding, the ship " Mary and Ann" striking her colors at the same time. Both ships reached the United States safely, loaded with sugar, rum, coffee, logwood, etc. On her second cruise the " Highflyer" captured the brig " Porgie," from An- tigua, laden with rum and molasses ; also the brig " Burchall," and a number of droggers (coasting ves- sels) plying between the West India Islands. The brig " Active," carrying ten guns and a rich cargo, was sent into Charleston by the same privateer. The privateer " Sarah Ann," of Baltimore, in Au- gust, 1812, captured the ship "Elizabeth," laden with coffee and ginger, and carrying ten guns. The schooner " Minorca" was captured by the " Wasp." The schooner " Hussar," loaded with presents for Admiral Warren, was sent into Savannah by the " Liberty," of Baltimore. The letter-of-marque " Baltimore" captured the brig "Point Shares," loaded with fish, and the " Wasp" captured the schooner " Dawson," with a cargo of rum and coffee. The " Tom," of Bal- timore, captured the British mail packet " Town- send," from Falmouth, England, after a severe en- gagement, and the ship " Betsey" was taken by the "Revenge," of Baltimore. The " Liberty" also cap- tured about this time (1812) a prize schooner valued at sixty thousand dollars. The "Rolla" captured and burnt the schooner " Swift," and in a storm Capt. Dewley was compelled to throw overboard all his guns excepting one. He, however, continued his voyage, and near Madeira, from the 12th to the 15th of December, the "Rolla" captured, manned, and sent to the nearest ports the following valuable ves- sels, which were part of the Cork fleet: ship "Mary," PRIVATEERS AND ARMED VESSELS. 107 fourteen guns, of Bristol, laden with hardware, etc. ; ship " Eliza," of ten guns, laden with twenty thou- sand bushels of wheat; ship "Bio Nouva," eighteen guns, laden with dry goods ; ship " Apollo," ten guns, ' richly laden with king's stores ; brig " Boroso," six guns, laden witli dry goods, and a schooner given up to discharge prisoners, making a grand total of seven vessels, fifty-eight guns, one hundred and fifty pris- { oners, and property worth between two and three millions of dollars. Brig " General Prevost," from Halifax, for Demerara, was captured by the " Kolla" in 1813, and sent into New Orleans. The " Comet," Capt. Thomas Boyle, was a famous privateer from the port of Baltimore. Capt. Boyle, although not born in Baltimore, was married there on the 6th of October, 1794, and died at sea, Oct. 12, 1825. He commanded a ship when only sixteen years old, married at eighteen, and died when only forty-nine. Mr. Coggeshall says, " He possessed many of the elements of a great man, for in him were blended the impetuous bravery of a Murat with the prudence of a Wellington. He wisely judged when to attack the enemy, and when to retreat with honor to himself and to the flag under which he sailed. Had he been commander in the United States navy his fame and deeds would have been lauded through- out the country ; but as he only commanded a pri- vateer, who speaks of him ?" Soon after the breaking out of the war the " Comet" put to sea, and captured the ship " Hopewell," of four- teen guns and twenty-five men, after a sharp action, and sent her into Baltimore. This rich prize was valued at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Soon after the " Comet" captured the ship " John," fourteen guns and thirty-five men, with a cargo also valued at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and sent her into Baltimore. On the 14th of January, 1813, Capt. Boyle, when oif the coast of Pernambuco, discovered four sail standing out of the harbor. They proved to be three English vessels, consisting of a ship of fourteen guns and two brigs of ten guns, under convoy of a Portu- guese brig, national vessel, mounting twenty thirty- two's and one hundred and sixty-five men, making in all a force of fifty-four guns. After a desperate con- flict the " Comet" compelled the British vessels to surrender. Soon after the fight and capture of the three British vessels the gallant Boyle fell in with and captured the Scotch ship " Adelphi," belonging i to Aberdeen. She was from Liverpool, bound for ! Bahia, of three hundred and sixty-one tons, mounting eight long twelve-pounders, laden with salt and dry I goods. The " Comet" was subsequently chased by the famous British frigate " Surprise," which she easily outsailed, and continued on her cruise down among the West India Islands. On the 6th of Feb- ruary she fell in with two brigs, and after a short chase ! captured them. One proved to be the " Alexis," of Greenock, from Demerara, loaded with sugar, rum, ' cotton, and coft'ee, mounting ten guns ; the other was the Dominica packet, of Liverpool, from Demerara bound for St. Thomas, laden with rum, sugar, cotton, and coffee, mounting ten guns. A short time after Capt. Boyle was chased by the man-of-war brig "Swaggerer," which he outsailed with ease, and captured the schooner "Jane," from Demerara for St. Thomas, loaded with rum, sugar, and coflTee. Soon aftpr the capture of these prizes Capt. Boyle returned home, and arrived safe in Baltimore on the 17th of March, passing through the British blockading squad- ron, bidding defiance to their vigilance and numbers. The " Comet" remained in port long enough to make a few repairs, and to water and provision, when she sailed on another successful cruise. The first prize was the schooner " Messenger," laden with rum and molasses, which was sent into Wilmington, N. C, followed in a few days by the " Vigilant," a tender to the admiral of the Windward Island station. Nine other vessels were also captured and sunk by the " Comet" on this cruise, besides four valuable prizes which were manned and sent to the United States. She had a terrible battle with the ship " Hibernia,'" of eight hundred tons, twenty-two guns, and a large complement of men, but was beaten off". The fight lasted about eight hours. The privateer had three men killed and sixteen wounded ; the ship had eight killed and thirteen wounded. The " Comet" also captured another British vessel, which, being short of provisions, put into Porto Rico for a supply, and was given up to the English claimant. The " Comet" in this cruise captured nineteen prizes. In 1814 the " Comet" captured fourteen vessels in the West Indies, twelve of which were destroyed and two sent into North Carolina. The revenue cutter " Surveyor," of Baltimore, carrying six small guns, on the 12th of J.une, 1813, while anchored in York River, was captured by the barges of the British frigate " Narcissus." The enemy were discovered about one hundred and fifty yards distant from the vessel, and Capt. Samuel Travis, finding that he could not bring his guns to bear, furnished each of his men with two muskets. They held their fire until the British were within pistol- shot, but the enemy pushed on, and finally carried the vessel by boarding, with a loss of three men killed and a large number wounded. Capt. Travis and his crew of fifteen men and boys were taken on board the "Junior," and on the following day the senior oflicer of the " Narcissus" returned the captain his sword, with a very complimentary letter.' The " Liberty," of Baltimore, destroyed the sloop " Reasonable" in 1812, and ransomed the schooner " Maria." The schooner " Pearl" was sent into port, and a British privateer, which the " Liberty" had captured, was divested of her armament, and then given up for want of room for the prisoners. The " Hietory of Maryland," vol. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. " Liberty" also captured the schooner " Dorcas," and j after relieving her of her cargo of dry goods released ■ her. I The letter-of-marque schooner " Ned," of Balti- ' more, Capt. Dawson, arrived at New York on April 24, 1813, after a very successful cruise. After a close action of nearly one hour she captured the English letter-of-marque brig "Malvina," ten guns. The i cai)tain of the "Malvina" was killed. The "Ned" | was chased several times off the coast by British men-of-war, but outsailed all of them. The " Sparrow," of Baltimore, captured in 1813 the schooner " Farmer," laden with cotton, but afterwards released her. Later in the war the " Sparrow" loaded at New Orleans with a cargo of sugar and lead and sailed for New York, but on the voyage was driven j ashore near Long Branch and bilged. The cargo was { saved by the militia of the place. The letter-of- ' marque schooner " Sabine," of Baltimore, among ' other prizes, captured and burnt a fine brig loaded with cotton. The "Siro" captured the ship "Loyal Sam," ten guns, with twenty-three thousand five hun- dred dollars in specie and a large quantity of indigo on board, which arrived safely at Portland, Me. In 1814 the "Siro," while on her way to France, was captured and sent into Plymouth, England. The letter-of-marque " Enterprise," of Baltimore, cap- tured in 1813 the schooner " Louisa," twenty-six men, two hundred and two tons, one gun, and laden with rum and sugar. The letter-of-marque "Pilot" captured a brig laden with fish, and also the schooner " Lily," which was relieved of part of her cargo and released. She also captured the brig "Mary Ann," laden with rum and molasses, which was ransomed for four thousand dollars. The "Revenge" in 1813 sent in the valuable ship " Manly," four guns, laden with wine, oil, etc. A brig laden with sugar and molasses, captured by the privateer " Caroline," was recaptured by the British off Charleston; she also captured the brig "Criterion," laden with rum, and sent her into Stonington, Conn. The "Caroline" early in 1814 captured the brig " Elizabeth," and sent her into Charleston. The brig " Experience" was also captured by the "Caroline," but was lost on the island of Cuba. She captured three other vessels, which were manned and sent into port, besides two vessels which were burnt. In 1815 the " Caroline" captured the brig " Stephen," fourteen guns and thirty men. A brig laden with wool was captured and burnt by the letter-of-marque " Grampus," of Baltimore, Capt. Murphyj on her passage from France. The " Grampus," while cruising among the Canary Islands, captured the British brig " Spec- ulation," but afterwards released her. Soon after a British sloop-of-war hove in sight so well disguised as a merchantman that Capt. Murphy was decoyed under her guns before he discovered his mistake. When within half pistol-range the enemy, poured a broadside from her main-deck batterv into the " Grampus," and killed Capt. Murphy and a number of his crew. The " Grampus" suffered greatly in her sails and rigging, but by great exertion escaped, and shortly afterwards captured and burned the brig "Ceres" in the Bay of Biscay. On the 18th of June, 1814, the " Grampus" and " Patapsco," of Baltimore, and the schooner "Dash," of Boston, were chased by the " La Hogue," seventy-four, in Boston Bay, but all escaped. Later in the year the " Grampus" made another voyage, and captured the British transport-brig " Doris," which was sent into Marblehead, and a brig loaded with rum and mo- lasses. She also sent into New York the ketch " Exjiedition," laden with wine and barilla. The brig "Catharine and William," captured by the " Grampus," was lost near Beaufort, S. C. Capt. W. S. Stafford, famous for his defense of the " Dol- phin" in the Chesapeake in 1812, was attacked off Charleston on the 27th of November, 1813, by five boats from a British brig-of-war. When close upon him he destroyed one of the boats with grape-shot, and gave the rest employment in saving their com- rades. The "Lion," privateer of Baltimore, arrived in L'Orient, France, with about four hundred thou- sand dollars on board, after having destroyed fifteen or twenty English vessels off the coasts of Spain and Portugal ; and the letter-of-marque " Patapsco" sent in a schooner laden-with sugar, coffee, etc. She also captured the valuable brig " Europa," ten guns and twenty-two men, with one hundred and seventy-five tons of sweet oil, and sent her into port. A sloop was captured and sunk by the letter-of-marque schooner " Delisle," of Baltimore, which also destroyed the ship " Bonita." The letter-of-marque "Tuckahoe," of Baltimore, captured the schooner " Sea-Flower," and also burned the schooner " Hazard." She also captured another prize, and sent it into port. She narrowly escaped capture off Long Island by an English fleet, but by superior sailing arrived safely in Boston in March, 1814. The " Kemp" in 1814 captured a valuable schooner loaded with dry goods, and also the brig " Louisa," laden with oil and fish, which was sent into Elizabeth City, Va. The " Kemp" also captured and burnt the brig "Betsey and Mary." The same privateer captured the ship "Calypso," with three thousand dollars in specie on board, and the brig " New Frederick." On the 3d of December, 1815, the "Kemp," on a cruise to the West Indies, de.scried a small fleet of merchant ships, eight in number, under convoy of a frigate. The privateer attacked the fleet, and carried off, after a severe contest, four of the largest vessels ; one of the brigs and her cargo was estimated to be worth three hundred thousand dollars. The " Kemp" also sent in another brig with a valuable cargo. The " Kemp" arrived in Baltimore loaded with rich goods, capturing after a sharp contest lasting forty minutes a British brig mounting fourteen guns, and carrying PRIVATEERS AND ARMED VESSELS. forty men. The privateer " York," of Baltimore, when off the coast of Nova Scotia, on the 18th of April, 181.5, had a severe engagement with the British transport-ship " Lord Somers." During the action, Capt. Staples, of the " York," and five of his men were killed and twelve wounded. In this disabled condition, the privateer was obliged to haul off and give up the contest. The " York" soon after captured the schooner " Diligence," sloop " Regulator," ship "Antonia," brigs "Betsy," "Harvest," "William" (ten guns, fourteen men), "Rover," and two others, and the East Indiaship " Coromandel," of five hundred tons, all of which had valuable cargoes. After a suc- cessful cruise along the coast of Brazil and the West India Islands, the " York" succeeded in making her way home. Her prizes were valued at about one million five hundred thousand dollars. The privateer " Surprise" was an exceedingly for- tunate vessel. Early in 1814 she captured the ship " Hebe," and sent her into a Southern port. The brig " Kutozoff," of six guns, and valued at fifty thou- sand dollars, was carried after a sharp action by boarding and sent into Frankfort, Me. The " Sur- prise" arrived at Newport, R. I., after a cruise of one hundred and three days, a part of which time she had spent in the British and Irish Channels. During her voyage she was chased sixteen times, and made in all thirteen prizes. The schooner " Fox," captured off the Irish coast, was used to dispose of her prisoners. Among her prizes were the brigs "James and David," the " Fidelity," and the " Fortitude," which with a valuable cargo was sent into Maine. The " Surprise" arrived at Salem late in 1814, after a fortunate cruise of one month, during which time she captured twenty British vessels, some of which were very valuable. On her next cruise the " Surprise" captured the transport-brig " Endeavor," which was destroyed on Rockaway Beach, near New York, by the English men-of-war. The brig " Argo" was also captured by the " Surprise," and the following, which were burnt : brigs " Charlotte," " Lively," " William," " Maid," " Polly," ship " Milnes," and schooners " Prince Re- gent" and " Sally." The English privateer " Lively," one gun and seventeen men, was brought into Salem by the same vessel, and a cargo valued at fifty thou- sand dollars was taken from the ship " Caledonia." Brigs "Eagle," "Traveler," "Wellington" (four guns and fifteen men), and "Eliza" were used as cartels for the exchange of prisoners. The " Surprise" also captured the brig " Albion," schooner " Charlotte Ann," and recaptured the boat " Ann." During her last cruise, which only occupied one month, she cap- tured twenty British merchantmen, including one small privateer. She made one hundred and ninety- seven prisonei-s, released one hundred and sixty, and brought into port thirty-seven. The " Surprise" on her next cruise sent into Boston the brig " Cossack," which had been captured by the " Grand Turk" off Salem, but recaptured by the " Bulwark," seventy- four, and sunk the schooner " Mary." On the 24th of December, 1814, the "Surprise" was at Brest, and [ fired a salute, which was answered by the French ad- miral with eleven guns. The British schooner " Lucy Ann" was captured by the "Surprise," as was the ! brig "Forth." As the "Surprise" left the port of I Brest she was chased for several hours by a British j sloop-of-war, which fired fifty guns at her without effect. On the 28th of January, 1815, the " Surprise" ■ ca])tured, after a short engagement, the English ship " Star," mouuting eight twelve-pound guns, with twenty-six men. The prize was sent into New York, ! and proved to be an exceedingly rich one, being val- ued at three hundred thousand dollars. Its cargo consisted of the following articles : 1180 bags of sugar, 5021 bags of coffee, 45 tubs of camphor, 297 bags of sago, 224 cwt. of sapan wood, 22 bales of nankeens, 83 cases of cinnamon, and 45 cases of tor- toise-shell. The " Expedition," of Baltimore, in 1814 captured a brig from Lisbon, and recaptured the val- uable schooner " Adeline," which had been captured by a British frigate. The private armed schooner " Perry" captured a schooner loaded with rum and sent her into the Delaware. The " Perry" was only out ninety days, during which time she captured twenty-two British vessels, eighteen of which she de- stroyed and sent four to the United States. She sent the schooner " Rambler," with dry goods, into Wil- mington, N. C. Brig " John" and brig " Nancy" were captured by the " Perry," which arrived in the Delaware about the 1st of February with a full cargo of chosen spoils. She was chased some eight or ten times by brigs, sloops-of-war, frigates, and razees, but laughed at them all. The letter-of-marque schooner " Midas" captured and burnt the .schooner " Francis" off the French coast. The " Midas" also captured I the British brig " Astrea," ten guns and twenty men, i and sent her into Savannah ; the English privateer schooner "Dash," with a crew of forty men and several guns ; three coasting vessels, laden with seven hundred bales of cotton, and the ship "Pizarro," brigs " Esperanza" and " Elsinore," which were .sent I into port. The schooners " Eugene" and " Stinger" I were destroyed. The " Zebec Ulter," of Baltimore, I sent into Charleston the brig " Robert ;" also captured the brig " Swift," four guns, eighteen men, brig " Lord Nelson," and schooner " Nancy," and burned two others. A schooner was given up to paroled pris- oners, and the privateer schooner " Amnesty," one gun, twenty-four men, was burnt, together with two other small vessels. The " Zebec Ulter" captured five or six other vessels which were released, but a brig of fourteen guns was manned and sent to France, and two others were sent to the United States. In passing through Long Island Sound she was attacked by two British boats, one of which she captured, but the other escaped. The commander of the barge was killed. The " Zebec Ulter" afterwards went to sea and captured the ship " Anne," of four hundred and HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. seventeen tons, and sent her to New York. She also captured the brigs " Maria," " Annabella," " Mo- hawk," and the sloops " Twins," " L'Esperance," and " Constitution." The " Pike" sent in the schooner " Hope," ship " Mermaid," and burnt the British brig " Pike." She also captured a schooner, but gave her up to the pris- oners, and burnt the schooner " Industrious Bee." The schooners " Venus," " Lord Nelson," and brigs " Jane" and " Orient" were captured by the " Pike," together with several other vessels, which were re- leased or used as cartels. The " Pike" was finally cliased ashore on the Southern coast, and captured by the enemy's boats. A part of her crew escaped, but forty-three were taken prisoners. During her cruise she paroled two hundred and fifty prisoners. The ship " Samuel Cummings," four hundred tons, cap- tured by the " Pike," was also wrecked on the Southern coast. The " Lawrence," of Baltimore, sent to Port- land, Me., the ship " Commerce," laden with supplies for the British army ; she also captured the brig " Canada," ten guns, which was sent into Wilming- ton, N. C. The cutters "Eliza" and "Peggy," the " Dart," the ship " Christian," and schooner " Ata- lanta" were captured by the " Lawrence," which ar- rived in New York on the 25th of January, 1815. During her cruise the " Lawrence" took thirteen val- uable prizes, and manned eight of them. The prizes aggregated more than three thousand tons, and the prisoners numbered one hundred and six. Later in the year the " Lawrence" captured and sent into North Carolina the brig " Peter," and also captured the brig " Athill," eight guns, which was sent to Brest, France. The brig " Eagle" was also one of her prizes. The " Amelia," of Baltimore, in 1814 captured the brig " Liddelle," and made a cartel of her ; the brig " Jessie," six guns, was burnt, and schooner " Ann" was sent as a cartel to Halifax. The " Amelia" ar- rived at New York after a cruise of eighty-five days, during which time she had taken fourteen hundred tons of shipping, with property valued at one million dollars, and eighty prisoners. On her next cruise she captured the following vessels : brigs " Colier," " Harmony," " Ann," " Elizabeth," and a ship of eight guns, besides having a sharp combat with the " Neptune." Among the last vessels captured by her was the brig " Polly." The " Amelia" arrived safe at Philadelphia in April, 1815, with a full cargo of valuable goods taken from the enemy. During her cruise she captured ten British vessels ; some she de- stroyed, and others she ordered into port. The " Amelia" carried but six guns and seventy-five men. The captured vessels amounted to two thousand two hundred and seventy tons, one hundred and twelve prisoners, and thirty-two carriage-guns. She was frequently chased by the enemy, and once for fifty- three hours, but was fortunate enough to evade all her pursuers. The " Mammoth," of Baltimore, was another very j successful privateer. In 1814 she sent into port the ; brig " Camelion," from the West Indies, laden with rum and molasses. Off the coast of Newfoundland I she had a severe action with an English transport-ship, laden with three or four hundred troops. She was compelled to haul off after doing considerable damage to the enemy. She afterwards captured the sloop " Farmer," and brigs " Britannia" and " Ceres," and three other brigs in ballast. In 1815 she captured the brigs " Uniza," " Sarah," " Sir Home Popham," and schooners " Two Brothers," " Eapid," and ship "Champion." The " Ann Eliza" was destroyed, and j the bark " Mary," brigs " Alexander" and " Char- i lotte," and ship " Mentor," with valuable cargoes, j ordered into port. The schooners "Thomas" and 1 " Good Intent" and brigs " Joseph" and " Eliza" were given up. The "Mammoth" in all made twenty- one prizes, and paroled about three hundred prisoners. She arrived at Portsmouth, N. H., full of rich spoils from the enemy. The " Harrison" sent into a Southern port in 1814 the schooner " Octavia," and soon after captured the J ship " Julia," brig " Mary Ann," schooners " John Duncan" and " Louisa." After removing from the prizes goods to the amount of one hundred thousand dollars the vessels were destroyed. A schooner with a large amount of specie on board was captured and j sent to the United States. The " Harrison" arrived at Wilmington, N. C. in 1815, with a full cargo of j goods taken from the enemy, with the loss of her cap- tain in an engagement with a British sloop-of-war. ! In September, 1814, the "Harpy," of Baltimore, fell in with the British packet " Princess Elizabeth," and after a warm but short action the packet surren- dered. She had three men killed and several wounded. The "Princess Elizabeth" was armed with ten guns and thirty-eight men. She had on board as passengers a Turkish ambassador for England and an English officer, aide to a British general, and a second lieuten- ant of a " seventy-four." The privateer divested the I packet of ten thousand dollars in specie, five pipes of Madeira wine, and her armament, and ransomed the vessel for two thousand dollars, and then allowed her to proceed on her course to England. After a very successful voyage the " Harpy" went to Portsmouth, N. H., and after a cruise of twenty I days returned laden with the choicest spoils of the foe and sixty prisoners. She captured the schooner j "Britannia," and burnt her and the brig "Halifax," ! packet, with a valuable cargo ; also the transport- j ship "Amazon," six guns and eighteen men, an ele- gant vessel with a cargo of provisions ; also the transport-ship " Budges," four hundred and forty tons, six eighteen-pound carronades, and a large cargo of rum, etc. The prizes of the " Harpy" were valued at five hundred thousand dollars. She immediately put to sea, and soon captured the ship "Jane," and burnt the brigs " William Nelson," " Louisa," and schooner PRIVATEEKS AND ARMED VESSELS. Ill " Nine Sisters." She also captured the ships " Wil- liam and Alfred" and the " Garland." The " Harpy" arrived at Salem, Mass., in April, 1815, with a valu- able cargo of rich merchandise of every description taken from her prizes, secured on the coast of Eng- land, in the Bay of Biscay, and along the coast of Spain and Portugal. She had among other articles over one hundred thousand pounds sterling in British treasury notes and bills of exchange. The " Harpy" was a beautiful vessel of three hundred and forty- nine tons, and carried fourteen heavy guns and about one hundred men. The " Fairy," of Baltimore, captured and burnt the sloop " Active." The privateer " Leo" captured the brig "Alexander" and several other vessels at sea, and was herself captured by a British frigate while in distress oS the coast of Spain. Tlie English brig " William," from the coast of Africa, valued at sixty thousand dollars, was sent into Newbern, N. C, by a Baltimore privateer. About the same time a British schooner was captured by the " Resolution" and sent into Charleston, S. C. The brig " Lord Wellington" was captured by the letter-of-marque " Diamond," and burnt. The East India Company's ship " Countess of Har- court," five hundred and twenty tons, six heavy guns and ninety men, outward bound, laden with dry goods, brandy, rum, etc., separated from a British fleet in a gale, was captured in the British Channel by the " Sabine," of Baltimore, and sent into port. This was a very valuable prize to her captors. The brig " Fire-Fly," laden with drugs and silks, was brought into Wilmington, N. C, by the " Sabine." She was valued at one hundred thousand dollars. The "Sabine" also captured the cutter "Flying Fish" and the brig " Aaron," which were sent into port. The British packet "Landraile," carrying several guns and thirty-three men, was captured, after a hard fight, in the British Channel by the "Syren," of Baltimore. Two ves.sels were also captured by the "Syren" about the same time (1814), one of which was burnt and the other released. The "Syren" also took the ship " Emulation" and another off the British coast, and destroyed them, and captured the brig "Sir John Sherbrook," of twelve guns. On re- turning from her cruise in 1815 she was run ashore by the pilot near the mouth of the Delaware, where she was attacked by three barges from a razee at anchor, which were kept at bay for two hours. Finally the privateer was set on fire, and the crew escaped on shore. The "Whig" captured the cutter "Jubilee," and made a cartel of her; she also captured and burnt the schooner "Alexandria," brigs "Irish Minor," " Prin- cess Mary," " Eliza," and ships " Esperance," " Lon- don," and " Postethwell." She made several other prizes on this cruise, and arrived at New York with a valuable cargo and twenty-three prisoners. She also made some prizes in company with the " David Porter," of Boston. The " Whig" also captured the sloop "Enterprise," and brigs "Brunswick" and " Race Horse," and schooner " Britannia." The brig " Mary and Eliza" was captured by the " Argo," of Baltimore, and burnt. We have already referred to the brave Captain Boyle in the privateer "Comet," of Baltimore. His next cruise was in the privateer " Chasseur," or the "Pride of Baltimore." It is .said of this "skimmer of the seas" that " she was the fleetest of all vessels, and the story of her cruises is a tale of romance of the most exciting kind." She was a privateer brig, ele- I gant in model, and carried sixteen guns and about j one hundred officers and men. With this formidable ] vessel, Capt. Boyle captured eighty vessels, of which thirty-two were of equal force with the "Chasseur," and eighteen superior. Many of the prizes were of great value ; three of them alone were valued at four I hundred thousand dollars. Early in 1814 the " Chasseur" captured the schooner " Miranda," sloop " Martha," and several other ves- sels, which were destroyed. One of them had on board a large amount of specie. The " Chasseur" also captured the brig " Melpomene," six guns, and a fine London packet-ship, twelve guns, laden with four hundred pipes of brandy and wine. On the same cruise she captured the ship " Joanna," valued at thirty thousand dollars, and also several other , valuable vessels, including the ships " Mary and Susan" and " Adventure," and the schooner " Arrow." j The " Chasseur," in her various voyages, was some- j times in the West Indies; then on the coasts of Spain, , Portugal, and France ; and then in the Irish and British Channels, spreading the wildest alarm among I England's commercial marine. So much was she I feared in the West Indies and the islands of the Carribean Sea, that the merciiants there implored j Admiral Dunham to send them " at least a heavy sloop-of-war" to protect their property. The admiral immediately sent them the frigate " Barrossa." Dur- j ing her last cruise, only seventeen days previous to her arrival in port, her heroic commander captured, about six leagues to windward of Havana, his Bri- tannic majesty's ship "St. Lawrence," mounting fif- teen carriage guns, with a crew of seventy-five men. j This action lasted but fifteen minutes, when the Englishman surrendered his vessel, having been com- pletely cut to pieces. Fifteen of his crew were killed, and twenty-five wounded. The " Chasseur" had but I five men killed and eight wounded, and received j little or no damage in her hull. I At this period it was the general custom for the ' British admirals on our coast to issue what the Ameri- cans called paper-blockades, declaring the whole coast of North America in a strict state of blockade. Sev- eral of these blockade proclamations had recently I been issued by Admiral Sir John Borlaise Warren and Sir Alexander Cochrane. As a burlesque on these I proclamations, Capt. Boyle while sailing in the HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. British Channel issued the following proclamation and sent it by a cartel to London, with a request to have it posted up at Lloyd's Coffee-House : " Bi/ Thnnms Boijle, Esq., Oommiiniler of Ihe privateer arvu-d hrirf "Whereas, It has become customary with the Admirals of Great Britain commanding small forces on tlie coast of tlie United States, particularly Sir John Borlaise Warren and Sir Alexander Cochrane, to declare all the cbast of the United States in a state of strict and rigorous blockade, without possessing the power to justify such a declaration, or stationing an adequate foice to maintain said blockade. I do therefore, by virtue of the power and authority in me vested (possessing sufHcient force), declare all the ports, harbors, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands, and seacoast of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- land in a state of strict and rigorous blockade. And I do further de- clare, that I consider the force under my command adequate to maintain strictly, rigorously, and effectually the said blockade. And I do hereby reijuire the respective officers, whether captains, commanders, or com- manding ofiicerB, under my command, employed or to be employed on the coaiits of England, Ireland, and Scotland, to pay strict attention to the e.xecution of this my proclamation. And I do hereby caution and forbid the ships and vessels of all and every nation, in amity and peace with the United States, from entering or attempting to enter, or from coming or attempting to come out of any of the said ports, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands, or seacoasts, under any pretense whatso- ever. And that no person may plead ignorance of this my proclamation, I have ordered the same to be made public in England. "Given under my hand, on board the 'Chasseur,' day and date as ' Thomas Bovle. " (By command of the commanding officer) "J. J. Staxuurt, Secretary." On the 8th of April, 1815, Capt. Boyle, after a suc- cessful cruise, arrived at Baltimore in the " Chasseur" with a full cargo of spoils. On entering the port the " Chasseur" saluted Fort McHenry in a handsome manner, and upon reaching the dock her brave cap- tain and crew were welcomed by all classes of the community. During the three years of the war Great Britain lost about two thousand ships and vessels of every description, including men-of-war, two-thirds of which number were captured by American privateers and private armed vessels. And although Baltimore was frequently blockaded by the British fleets, she took the lead in fitting out these vessels, and was more active and patriotic in annoying the enemy than any other city in the Union.' 1 In testimony of this fact Mr. Coggeshall, in his " History of American Privateers," says, "When I call to mind the spirit and acts of the lialti- moreans during our last war with England, I am inspired witli a feeling of esteem and veneration for them as a brave and patriotic people that will endure with me to the end of my existence. During the whole struggle against an inveterate foe they did all they could to aid and strengthen the hands of the general government, and generally took the lead in fitting out efficient privateers and letters-of-marque, to annoy and distress the enemy, and even to ' beard the old lion in his den," for it is well known that their privateers captured many English vessels at the very mouths of their own ports in the British Channel. When their own beautiful city was attacked by a powerful fleet and army, how nobly did they defend themselves against the hand of the spoiler ! The whole venom of the modern Goths seemed concentrated against the Baltimo- reans, for no other reason but that they had too much spirit to submit to insult and tyrannical oppression. Many of the eastern people made a grand mistake in counting on the magnanimity of the British nation to do them justice by mild and persuasive arguments. In making these remarks in praise of Baltimore, I do not mean to disparage the noble There were fifty-eight privateers sailing from Balti- more during the war of 1812, fifty-five from New York, forty from Salem, thirty-two from Boston, four- teen from Philadelphia, and from all the States com- bined only two hundred and fifty. Baltimore furnished many privateers to the States in the South American War of Independence. To the injured party the privateer is a "pirate." In the Revolutionary war the English government regarded the Chesapeake Bay as a " nest of pirates," and in 1817 the Spanish minister at Washington wrote to Mr. Monroe that " it is notorious that . . . whole squad- rons of pirates have been fitted out from Baltimore and New Orleans." He claimed that Capt. James Barnes, of the " Swift," a privateer under the flag of Buenos Ayres, had violated the laws of nations, the neutrality of their government, and the existing treaties in making " a regular entry of his vessel at the custom-house of Baltimore, declaring his cargo to consist of bales and packages containing silks, laces, and other valuable articles, all, as you may suppose, plundered from the Spaniards ;" that the " Orb," the " Maria," the " Paz," and the " Komp" were all "pirates," sailing out of Baltimore to plunder Span- ish commerce and capturing millions of dollars at a time ; and as such he designated " the corsair ' Mon- gore,' the ' Portoris,' the ' Independencia del Sud'* (Commodore James Chaytor), the 'Congress,' the 'Regent,' the 'Republicano,' the ' Alexta,' the 'Ca- lypso,' the ' Clifton,' the ' Felix Cubano,' and the 'Young Spartan,'" all of Baltimore. Commodore James Chaytor, Thomas Taylor, Joseph Staftbrd, James Barnes, John Chase, Thomas Boyle, Francis Mason, John D. Daniel, Henry Childs, J. W. Stephen, Capt. Huffington, Capt. Davey, Capt. Fish, James Rogers, Capt. Revilla, Joseph Almeyda, Capt. Moore, and Capt. Watkins, all from Baltimore, commanded privateers engaged in the South American war. CHAPTER XIV. WAR WITH MEXICO. Baltimore and Washington Battalion — Death of Ringgold and Watson. On the 27th of February, 1845, the United States Senate pa.ssed joint resolutions for the annexation of the republic of Texas to the United States as one of the States of the Union ; the next day they were con- curred in by the House of Representatives, and on the 1st of March they were approved by the President. Mexico, which still claimed Texas as a portion of her patriotism of many other cities of our glorious Union; but I do mean to say that if the same spirit that fired the hearts and souls of the Balti- moreans had evinced itself throughout our entire country, it would have saved every American heart much pain and mortification, and would, in my opinion, liave shortened the war." 2 The Spanish ship "Triton," captured by this vessel, was valued at one million five hundred thousand dollars. WAR WITH MEXICO. territory, treated the act of annexation as a declara- tion of war, and Congress having formally recognized the existence of hostilities, on the 13th of May, 1846, the President made his requisition uiJon the Governor of Maryland for two regiments of infantry as the quota of the State, which was promptly responded to by a proclamation of the Governor calling for troops. Upon the receipt of the Governor's proclamation, the City Council of Baltimore passed a resolution re- questing the mayor to convoke the people in town- meeting, and in compliance with this resolution Mayor Davies issued his proclamation, and on the 23d of May the citizens assembled in Monument Square. The meeting was called to order by Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., who nominated Mayor Davies as chairman, and T. Parkin Scott and Thomas Yates Walsh as secretaries, with some of the most promi- nent citizens as vice-presidents. Col. Davies, in a short and appropriate address, stated the object of the meeting, after which Robert M. McLane offered a preamble and resolutions, which he prefaced by a patriotic speech. After the adoption of the resolu- tions, Hon. Reverdy Johnson made a speech of great eloquence and patriotism, and was Allowed by Gen. Samuel Houston, United States Senator from Texas and the hero of San Jacinto, who was received with great enthusiasm. The meeting was closed by an ad- dress from Hon. William L. Yancey, of Alabama. Dur- ing the progress of the meeting news from Mexico was received and read by Col. Davies, and at the mention of the death of the gallant Maj. Ringgold, at the battle of Palo Alto, every head was uncovered, and many a manly cheek was suffused with tears. In all sections of the State volunteers were or- ganizing, and pressing to be placed upon active duty, and such was the spirit of the Baltimoreans that they alone could have filled the full quota of troops re- quired from Maryland un- der the President's requisi- tion. This noble- emulation was so great that re- cruiting soon had to be discontinued, and those who were mustered into the service were held as a reserve, and not as a portion of the State's quota of volun- teers. The Baltimore Clipper of May 20, 1846, re- ferring to this generous enthusiasm, says, — " The company under Capt. James E. Stewart are still encamped on Chase's Hill, busily engaged iu drill and military exercise, and steadily increasing their numbers. The rifle company formed at the Exchange encamped yesterday morning in the park (Howard's). The Chesapeake Bifiemen, tinder Capt. Steiner, meet every evening for drill, and are rap idly tilling up their ranks. The ship-masters and othei-s on the Point, as well as the German citizens, are forming a volunteer company to be ten- dered to the President for service in Mexico. The whole number of volunteers in the several corps which are organized is between four hun- dred and live hundred men, and a better set of soldiei-s, when they have learned the arts and mysteries of war, could not be selected from our citizens." Fortunately, however, for some of those who were eager to participate in the defense of their country, it was arranged that a battalion of six companies should be formed, composed of four companies recruited in Baltimore and two from Washington City, to be designated the " Battalion of Baltimore and Washing- ton Volunteers." The four companies from Baltimore were composed of the following officers : Company A. — Captain, James E. Stewart; Lieuten- ants, Benjamin Ferguson Owens and Samuel Wilt ; Additional Second Lieutenant, David P. Chapman. Company B. — Captain, James S. Piper. Companies A and B were the first and second companies of Bal- timore volunteers, and were known as the "President's Guards." Company E. — Captain, John R. Kenly. This company was known by the name of " Baltimore's Own." Company F. — Captain, James Boyd. This company was known as the " Chesapeake Riflemen." Capt. Steiner, who at first commanded the company, was prevented from accompanying it by severe illness brought on by his incessant exertions in its organiza- tion. The battalion was commanded by Lieut.-Col. Wil- liam H. Watson, of Baltimore. This battalion, which was second to none in the army in discipline and bravery, embarked on the transport steamer " Massachusetts" on the 13th of June, 1846, and on the 16th got under way for the seat of war. After a voyage of fourteen days the ship arrived off the island of Brazos, Mexico, and on the Ist and 2d of July the troops were landed. On the 9th they took up their line of march for Mexico, and on the 24th, after suflering greatly from the extreme heat, etc., reached the main army of occupation, and camped opposite the Mexican town of Burita. It is foreign to the aim of this work to follow these gallant soldiers in the campaign that ensued, and it is sufficient to say that their brilliant courage and stead- fast determination in every scene of the war in which they took part drew encomiums from the most dis- tinguished sources, and fully sustained the honor and reputation of their native city. The battalion con- tinued in service until the 30th day of May, 1847, when, their term of service having expired, they were mustered out and honorably discharged. A large number of the men, however, re-enlisted under Capt. Boyd, Lieut. Taneyhill, and others. Those who returned to Baltimore were welcomed home with distinguished honors and hearty congratu- lations, and on the 10th of July, in compliance with the request of the battalion, the first American flag ever planted on the walls of Monterey was presented to the city of Baltimore by Capt. James E. Stewart, HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. LIEDT.-COL. 1 the senior officer, on behalf of the command which had so gallantly borne it. The mayor received it in 1 the presence of a large audience with an eloquent address, which was appropriately responded to by Capt. John R. Kenly. In the capture of the city of Monterey the commander of the battalion, Lieut.-Col. Wm. H. Watson, of Baltimore, lost his life. Shortly after Capt. Kenly's return he was informed by Gov- ; ernor Pratt that the Presi- i dent had notified him that a battalion of volunteers was to be raised in the District j of Columbia and the State of Maryland, of which the j President was to appoint | the lieutenant-colonel, and j Governor Pratt the major. Recruiting was going on slowly for such an organiza- tion, and with the assist- ance of Capt. Kenly, on the 20th of July, 1847, a | sufficient number of companies were enlisted to an- ' thorize the appointment of major by the Governor, and on that day Capt. Kenly was commissioned major 1 of the District of Columbia and Maryland Regiment J of volunteers. He immediately entered upon the dis- j charge of his duties, and also soon succeeded in raising a sufficient number of volunteers to form an artillery : company, which was commanded by Capt. Lloyd Tilghman, and attached to the battalion.' On the 24th of July, Maj. Kenly embarked from [ Fort McHenry on the transport-ship " Alexandria," with the three Maryland companies under his com- | mand, and in one month dropped anchor off the port of Vera Cruz. These companies were commanded I respectively by Capts. Henrie, Brown, and Barry, i The other companies of the battalion were com- i manded by Wm. H. Degges, Lawrence Dolan, Mar- cellus K. Taylor, and Francis B. Schaeffer. Of these | Dolan, Taylor, and Schaefier had been lieutenants in Watson's battalion, and Isaac H. Morrow and John Harper had been attached to the same command. Among the list of officers of companies attached to the regiment were Capt. James Boyd, Lieuts. James Taneyhill, and Franklin B. Nimocks, all of whom had been members of Watson's battalion. On the 29th of May, 1848, peace was declared, and on the 16th of June the Baltimore regiment marched from Jalapa for home. From this brief review it will be seen that Balti- more furnished her full quota of soldiers during the contest with Mexico. She contributed Col. Watson's battalion of about four hundred men ; next about fifty men to Capt. Walker's command ; then came the enrollment of voltigeurs, the filling up of Capt. :tmor»f« iin/^nr T.ianf I rd's company, and the enlistments under Lieut. 1 Capt. Tilglimau'8 company was composed of upwards of ninety men, and were a remarkably fine body, almost all of its members being under forty years of age. Marriott; and finally the Watson Guards, Capt. Dolan, the Mechanical Volunteers, Lieut. Brown, and the Twiggs Riflemen, Capt. Taylor. In this imperfect enumeration the large number of those who enlisted in the regular army and in tHe navy have not been reckoned. Altogether, Baltimore contributed at least a regiment and a half to the army of the United States, and every member of the commands mentioned enlisted without an official call from the executive, their participation in the war being in every sense of the term a voluntary act.^ CHAPTER XV. POLITICAL PROGRESS. Legislative Representation— Federal Hill— Van Buren Electors— Politi- cal Conventions— Eeform Constitution— Know-Notliing Party— E»- form Party. Under the charter of Jlaryland the legislative power was lodged in the bands of the proprietary, with the proviso that it should be exercised "by and with the advice, assent, and approbation of the free- men, or of the dielegates or deputies," the right being reserved to him of selecting the mode in which they should be assembled. The warrants for convening the Assemblies issued by the Governors at the founda- tion of the province determined whether they should be convened in person or by deputies ; or if by depu- ties, the number of deputies to which each county should be entitled and the manner in which they should be elected. From the first Assembly of the province until the government pas.sed into the hands of Cromwell's commissioners there was no settled or uniform mode of convening Assemblies. At that time the elective franchise was not highly appreci- ated, and there are several instances showing that the inconvenience of personal attendance and the obliga- tion to defray the expense of delegates occasionally caused it to be considered a grievance. " Until 1650 the delegates were elected for hundreds or settle- ments, and the warrant for each Assembly specified the number to be elected for each hundred. There was no regular delegate system before this period, and - Among the Baltimoreans and Marylanders who achieved the high- est distinction in the Mexican war were Lieut.-Col. William H. Watson, MaJ. (now Gen.) John R. Kenly, Maj. Samuel Ringgold, Capt. Randolph Ridgely, Col. Trueman Cross, Maj. William Lear (born in Harford County, and mortatly wounded at the head of his regiment in the battle of Monterey), Passed Midshipman John Ringgold Hynson, Capt. Samuel H. Walker, Capt. Oden Bowie, Lieut. Raphael Semmes, Lieut. Arnold Elzey, Lieut. John Contec, Lieut.-Col. William H. Emory, Brev.-Mig. James Lowry Donaldson, Col. Robert C. Buchanan, Lieut. Isaac S. Sterett (United States navy), Lieut. James Madison Frailey (United States navy), Capt. Henry Little, Capt. James E Stewart, Mi\j. Daniel H. McPhail, Brev.-Maj. John Eager Howard, Brev.-Maj. James J. .\rcher, Capt. James E. Marriott, Capt. James Piper, Lieuts. Alexander H. Cross, Robert Swan, Robert H. Archer, William U. Fitzhugh, Brig.- Gen. Bonnet Riley, Capt. Frankliu Buclianun, and Surg. Ninian Pink- ney, of the United States navy. The gallant Watson fell in the attack npon the city of Monterey, on the 21st of September, 1846. Maj. Ring- gold was mortally wounded at the battle of Palo Alto. POLITICAL PROGRESS. perhaps this arose from the existence of the right then generally conceded to the freemen of appearing I in the Assembly in person or by proxy. It was not until 1659, when the Lower House was made to consist only of delegates, that its organization became regu- lar. At the session of 1659 four delegates were called from each county, and from this period until 1681, with one exception, the summons permitted the elec- tion of two, three, or four delegates in each, at the option of the people. In the latter year the number was reduced to two by the proprietary's ordinance; but in 1692, after the establishment of the royal gov- ernment, the constitution of the Lower House was reg- ulated by law, and four delegates were again allotted to each county. The right of representation thus es- tablished upon the basis of equality amongst the counties existed without alteration until the Ameri- can Revolution." Thus it appears that from the col- onization until 1650 the right of representation had no regular character. Sometimes the Assemblies had the nature of the " Ecclesia'" of the Athenians. They were assemblies of the freemen generally rather than of representatives. Every freeman had a right to be personally present, and this right being a per- sonal privilege, like that of a member of the English House of Peers, he might either appear in person or by proxy. When the Assemblies were so constituted the government was a pure democracy, being admin- istered by the people in person. At other times the freemen were permitted to appear only by delegates or deputies, elected in the manner prescribed by the warrants of election. The three sessions of 1640, and those of July, 1641, and 1642, were of the latter char- acter; the other sessions were of the former, which was the prevailing character. After the commotions of the civil war in England had ceased, and the gov- ernment was restored to the proprietary by Cromwell's commissioners, viz., from 1669, the Assembly con- sisted only of delegates, and from that period the right of appointing proxies or appearing personally wholly ceased. Yet it was not until 1681 that auy restrictions appear to have been imposed upon the people in the choice of delegates. It was the dispo- sition of both the proprietary and the people to ex- tend rather than to abridge the right, and it was not until it was esteemed a privilege that restrictions were imposed. By the proprietary's ordinance of the 6th of September, 1681, the same qualifications were required for delegates as for voters, and these qualifi- cations were continued as to both until the Revolu- tion. This ordinance confined the privilege of being delegates to all freemen having a freehold of fifty acres, or residents having a visible personal estate of £40 within the county. The qualifications were re-established by law in 1692,- and continued by iMcMahon. 2 There was one change, however : mitted to hold office or to vote, and ' double tax on their lands. the successive acts of 1704, 1708, 1715, and 1716' until the beginning of the Revolution, and they were then preserved by the provisional government. When Maryland joined in the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, a new constitution was adopted, by which it was provided that the House of Delegates should be chosen in the following manner : " All freemen above twenty-one years of age, having a freehold of fifty acres of land in the county in which they offer to vote and residing therein, and all freemen having property in this State above the value of £.30 current money, and having resided in the county in which they offer to vote one whole year next preceding the election, shall have a right of sufirage in the election of delegates for such county." These provisions were continued without alteration until 1802, when the property qualification for voters was entirely abol- ished, and the elective franchise was placed under new regulations applicable as well to elections in Baltimore as in other parts of the State. These reg- ulations excluded persons of color, previously enjoy- ing the right of franchise when free and possessing the necessary property qualifications, and conferred the right to vote exclusivehj upon " free white persons, citi- zens of the State, above the age of twenty-one, and having a residence of twelve months next preceding the election in the city or county in which they offered to vote." Elections by viva voce vote and the prop- erty qualifications were still required " in persons to be appointed or holding offices of profit or trust;" but in November, 1809, John Hanson Thomas, of Freder- ick County, introduced a bill in the Assembly by w hich all such clauses of the con>»titu- tion were repealed, and m the following year the act was confirmed. Under the constitution of 1776 the qual- ifications of a member of tli Houseof Delegates incluil. I besides the other requiMt of a voter, the possession of an estate of £500 The time of election was the first Mon- day of October in each year ; the mode was viva voce in the counties were the sheriffs;* in An a Owing to the prevalence of the smallpox, the General Assembly, which was to have met In AnnapoUs on the 28th of March, 1757, was adjourned, by order of the Governor, to meet in Baltimore on Tuesday, the oth of April. But, in consequence of the failure of the members to attend in time, it did not meet until Friday, April 8th. The session was opened by a speech from Governor Horatio Sharpe, who gave a re- port of the conference held in Philadelphia with the Earl of Loudoun and the other Governors, and laid before them a plan for the better de- fense of His Majesty's colonies in America, and asked the Assembly to assist in carrying the plan into execution, and to furnish supplies, etc., which was complied with most readily. On Monday, May 9, 1757, the Assembly, after passing seventeen very important laws, adjourned to meet in Annapolis on the fourth Tuesday in August, 1757. < Tip to the division of Baltimore County into seven election districts by the act of 1798, ch. 115, all elections were held by the sheriff at the the judges of elections ipolis the HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. municipal authorities ; and in Baltimore, at first its commissioners, but after its erection into a city tlie mayor and Second Brancli of the City Council, with whom it remained until 1799. Until that year " there had been but one place for holding the elections in Baltimore, as well as in the counties, but a new system was then adopted for both. The eight wards into which the city was divided for the election of the City Council were made election districts for the delegate elections, and the judges of elections for members of the First Branch of the Council then be- came judges for the latter elections also."^ Before 1776 Baltimore had enjoyed no separate representa- tion in the Assemblies ; but under the constitution of that year it was allowed two representatives in the House of Delegates. The Senate consisted of fifteen members, taken indiscriminately from any part of the State, with the sole restriction that nine of them were to be residents of the ^v^est and six of the east side of Chesapeake Bay. Their term of office was five years, and they were chosen by an electoral college, com- posed of two electors from each of the counties, and one each from Annapolis and Baltimore. The elec- tors were required to possess the qualifications neces- sary for delegates, and met at Annapolis on the third Monday in September after their election, to proceed to the election of a Senate. The qualifications of a senator were that he should be above the age of twenty-five, should have resided in the State for the three years next preceding his election, and should have real or personal property above the value of £1000. After the conclusion of the Revolution political sentiment in the State was divided between those who favored the enlargement of the powers delegated to the Federal Congress and those who, fearing that such an enlargement would imperil the independence and sovereignty of the States, insisted that these powers should lie striitly (■i.ntined within the origi- nal limits. After tlir n.lo|iiioii of the Federal Consti- tution in 1787,- and its >iilis(ijurnt ratification by the court-house or place of meetiug of the county court. The sheriff caHed together three or more justices of tlie court, who with the clerk of the County Court, were required to sit as a court, and during their sitting the sheriff was to '* make or cause to he made public proclamation, tliereby giving notice to all freemen ol your said county wlio have in their said county a freeholil of fifty acres of land, or wlio shall be residents and have a visible estate of forty pounds sterling at the least, thereby re- quiring them to appear at your couuty court-house at a certain time, not less than ten days from such proclamation made for electing and choosing deputies and delegates to serve for your said county in a Gen- eral Assembly;" and they continued to vote at the court-house of the county down to 1799 or 1800. By the subsequent act of 1799, ch. 60, commissionei-s were appointed in all the counties of the State to lay them ofl" into election districts, and Richard Johns, Zachariah McCubbin, Jo- sias Pennington, Wni. Gwynu, Nicliolas Merrymnn, Francis Snowden, Charles Jessop, George Nace, Jr., and Beal Owings, of Christopher, were appointed to lay off and liound the seven districts into which Baltimore County was divided, and to fi.\ the places for holding elections in eacli district. 1 McMahon, p. 462. 2 The ratification of the new Federal Constitution in July, 1788, was Uie occasiou of public demonstiations of approval in all portsof tlie countiy. States, a struggle for supremacy at once began be- gan between these two parties, which was nowhere more earnestly conducted than in Baltimore. The depth and intensity of public feeling was manifested in the State and Federal elections of the day, and a degree of bitterness developed scarcely exceeded in the political agitations of any subsequent period, On the 6th of October, 1788, an election for delegates to the General Assembly for Baltimore Town com- menced and was continued until half-past seven o'clock on the evening of the 10th, when by consent of the parties the polls were closed. The Federal candidates were James McHenry and John Coulter, and the candidates of the Anti-Federalists were Samuel Chase and David McMechen. The vote was as follows: James McHenry, 636 ; John Coulter, 622; Samuel Chase, 502; and David McMechen, 494. The following contemporaneous description of the elec- tion shows how bitterly the fight was waged : "On the first day Dr. McHenry and Coulter's party paraded through the town carrying a ship and a pilot-boat, with drum beating, tifes playing, and colors flying, followed by a large body of respectable characters, mer- chants and gentlemen, and a very large number of persons not entitled to vote, and the whole body took possession of the polls at the hour ap- pointed for taking the vote, and kept possession the whole day, and all ACCESS TO THE HUSTINGS DEPENDED ON THEIE PLEAStlKE. On the second day of the election the friends of Mr. Chase and Mr. McMechen (a re- spectable number of citizens and all voters except some very few) took possession of the hustings, but were forced from their station by^f iolence, and many of tliem were beat and grossly abused by persons who were NOT voters, encouraged and assisted by others. From the whole conduct of McHenry and Coulter's party a great number of peaceable citizens were deterred and prevented from coming to the hustings; many made the attempt in vain. Hand-bills were dispei-sed every evening through the town threatening to publish the names of those who voted for Chase and McMechen as enemies to the new- federal government." In compliance with a resolution of Congress, the General Assembly of Maryland, on the 22d of De- cember, 1788, passed "an act directing the time, In Baltimore a procession was foi-med on Philpot's Hill, under the direc- tion of Capts. Moore and Plunket, in which both parties, forgetting their recent feuds, joined in fraternal harmony. The mechanical trades, the liberal professions, all united in the procession, and respectively dis- played their appropriate banners. Commodore Barney performed a con- spicuous part on this occasion. He had a small boat, fifteen feet in length, completely rigged and perfectly equipped as a ship, which was called the " Federalist," which being mounted upon four wheels and drawn by the same number of horses, took its place in the procession ; he com- manded the ship, and was honored with a crew of captains, who at his word and the boatswain's pipe went through all the various manoeuvres of making and taking in sail, to the great delight of the crowded win- dows, dooi-s, and balconies by which they passed. The ship was imme- diately followed by all the captains, mates, and seamen at that time in the port of Baltimore. It was paraded through all the principal streets of Fell's Point and the otlier portions of the city, aud finally anchored on the lofly bank southwest of the basin, which from tliat occurrence received, and has ever since borne, the name of " Federal Hill." On this spot a dinner had been provided, at which four thomand persons sat down together, and made the welkin ring with shouts of "huzza for the con- stitution !" This idea of carrying a full- rigged ship in procession origi- nated entirely with Capt. Barney. The evening was ushered in by s bonfire on Federal Hill and fireworks. After the pageant was over it was resolved to present the ship to Gen. Washington in the name of the merchants and ship-masters of Baltimore. It was launched and nari" gated by Commodore Barney down the Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of the Potomac, aud thence up the river to Mount Vernon. Gen. Washing- ton acknowledged its receipt in fitting terms in a letter to " Wm. Smith and otliei-s," of Baltimore. POLITICAL PROGRESS. 117 places, and manner of holding elections of represen- ; tatives of this State in the Congress of the United I States, and for appointing electors on the part of the j State for choosing a President and Vice-President of I the United States, and for the regulation of the said elections." By this law the State was divided into six districts, which were numbered from one to six. The first district was composed of St. Mary's, Charles, and Calvert Counties ; the second of Kent, Talbot, Cecil, and Queen Ann's Counties ; the third of Anne Arundel (including Annapolis) and Prince CJeorge's Counties; the fourth of Baltimore (including Balti- more Town) and Harford Counties;' the fifth of Somerset, Dorchester, Worcester, and Caroline Coun- ties ; the sixth of Frederick, Washington, and Mont- gomery Counties. It was provided that the first election should be held on the first Wednesday in January, but after this on the first Monday of October in every second year thereafter. The electors were to consist of eight persons, five to be residents of the Western Shore and I three of the Eastern Shore. There were to be six { representatives, who were to be residents of the dis- trict they were to represent, but every person coming to vote for such representative "shall have a right to vote for six persons," thereby giving each voter the right to vote for the general ticket. The elections to be free and made viva voce. The mode of electing senators to represent Maryland in the United States Senate at this time engaged the attention of the pub- lic, and after considerable discussion the State Senate proposed to the House of Delegates, and it agreed, " that the two Senators to represent this State should be elected by a Joint ballot of both houses ; and that no person should be elected a senator from this State unless by a majority of the attending members of both houses." Tuesday, Dec. 9, 1788, being the day appointed for the election, thirteen members of the Senate and seventy of the House of Delegates attended in joint convention, when a resolution was adopted declaring " that one senator should be a resident of the Western and the other of the Eastern Shore." Hon. Charles Carroll of Carrollton and Uriah Forrest were put in nomination for the Western Shore, and Hon. John Henry and George Gale for the Eastern Shore, and upon counting the ballots Henry received 41, Gale 41, Forrest 41, and Carroll 40. There being 83 bal- lots cast and neither of the candidates receiving a majority, a second ballot was taken with the follow- ing result : Henry 42, Gale 40, Carroll 41, and Forrest 41. Mr. Henry receiving a majority, was declared elected United States Senator, after which the Legis- 1 After the cenaus of 1800, Maryland was emitted to nine representa- tives in Congress, and the electoral districts were again altered by act of Assembly. Baltimore City and County became the fifth, to elect two, one to be a resident of each jointly elected, and Gen. Smith and Col. Nich- olas A.Moore were elected: but the former being appointed United States Senator, Wm. McCreery was chosen in his place. lature adjourned until the next day, when Mr. Carroll was elected by 42 to 39. The first constitutional elec- tion for representatives to Congress and electors for President and Vice-President took place in January, 1789, and resulted in the triumph of the Federal ticket. The aggregate vote of Baltimore Town at this election was about 1200 votes, and that of Balti- more County about 1300. Speaking of this election, the Maryland Journal of Jan. 13, 1789, says, — '* Long has been the struggle between the Federals and the Anti-Federals in this town, and evei-y artifice and exertion have been used by the latter to unfetter themselves from the disgraceful, just, and self-acquired name of Anti-Federal ; they disclaimed the title, but they would not abandon the detested pi-inciples. This town has been truly distinguished, and, we hope, known and honored through America as truly Federal. The elec- tion for representatives to Congress and electors of the President and Vice-President was finally to establish the political character of the citi- zens of Baltimore, and therefore both parties exerted their utmost powers to carry the characters they set up. A very respectable committee of this place addressed the Federals and called on them to support the Fed- eral ticliet, in which William Smith, Esq., of this town, a genuine Fed- eral, a merchant of the first representation, of an independent fortune and considerable family connections, was named for this district, against whom the Anti-Federals appointed Mr. Samuel Sterett, a young gentle- man of fair character and respectable connections. The contest lasted four days (nlmost the whole time allowed by law), and the Federals were crowned with conquest, Mr. Smith having at the close of the polls a ma- jority of seven votes. Thus our beloved Constitution was triumpliant over its base enemies, and the trump of Federalism drowned the expiring cries of ttie Anti-Federalist in this town. The Federals will use their victory with temper and moderation. Now all our factions, all our wars shall cease, and Federals rule our happy land in peace." A correspondent observes that " William Smith had a less number of votes in this town than the other five candidates on the Federal ticket, and that Mr. Sterett had the highest number on the Anti-Federal ticket. He also remarks that in Baltimore County, Mr. Sterett polled almost five times as many votes as Mr. Smith, but this may be accounted for as the county has ever been Anti- Federal, and Sterett is connected with very influential characters in the county, and many arts were practiced to render Mr. Smith unpopular." Another correspondent observes "that three hundred and eighty aliens were naturalized last October in this town, during the then election, by Judge Hanson, that fifty of them offered to vote for William Smith, Esq., and twenty-two offered to vote for Mr. Samuel Sterett ; the judges refused to receive their votes, declar- ing their opinion, that a foreigner naturalized according to act of Assem- bly for naturalization (passed July session, 1779) was not entitled to vote unless such foreigner had resided in Baltimore Town a year after such naturalization, although such foreigner had lived in Baltimore Town one year preceding the day of holding the electioti, uud was otherwise qualified to vote." The correspondent adds " that the judges disregarded fas immaterial) the circumstance that such foreigner came to this State with intention to settle therein, and would not permit him to swear to such intention." In October, 1789, James McHenry and Samuel Ster- ett were elected without opposition to the General Assembly from Baltimore Town, and at the same time William McCreery, George Keeports, and John Wetherburn were chosen comptrollers. The four delegates from Baltimore County chosen in 1789 were Charles Ridgely, Charles Ridgely (son of William), James Gittings, and Richard Owings. When the Constitution of the United States went into operation, Maryland, as has been said, was divided into six districts for the election of representatives in Congress, and one member assigned to each, but all HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the members were voted for by general ticket through- out the State. At this election in 1789, when there was nothing particularly or locally interesting to Bal- timore, she cast a comparatively small vote, which was divided almost equally between the two sets of can- didates. From some unknown cause Baltimore after- wards became dissatisfied with five of the members then elected, and at the next election it was deter- mined to leave them out. Accordingly a short time before the election of 1790 a caucus was held, and Philip Key, Joseph Seney, William Pinkney, Samuel Sterett, William Vans, Murray and Upton Sheredine were nominated as candidates. Upon the announce- ment of this ticket the counties became alarmed at the supposed assumption of power and influence on the part of Baltimore, and immediately called a con- vention of deputies in Baltimore, on the 23d of Sep- tember, 1790, who were authorized to nominate can- didates. On the day appointed the counties' deputies assembled and nominated as their candidates Michael Jenifer Stone, Benjamin Contee, George Gale, and Daniel Carroll, four of the old members, and James Tilghman, of James, and Samuel Sterett.^ When the election came oft' Baltimore cast up- wards of three thousand votes for her own ticket, while six votes was the highest number which any one of the county candidates received. In the coun- ties the vote was very much divided between the two tickets, and as a consequence Baltimore elected her ticket by a large majority, and thereby took control of the politics of the State.' The counties now regarded the plan of electing members of Congress by general ticket as " destruc- tive of their influence and interests," and at the next session of the Legislature, on the 19th of December, 1790, the law was changed, so that the elector only voted for a candidate in his own district, it being en- acted " that every person entitled and offering to vote for representatives for this State in the Congress of the United States shall have a right to vote for one person being a resident of his district at the time of his election." This change of the law confined the direct influence of Baltimore to the election of its own ticket, as at present, and the counties were restored to their " proper station and dignity and independence." The electors of President and Vice-President were still to be chosen by general ticket, but five of them were to be residents of the Western Shore and three of the Eastern Shore.^ 1 Gen. Wm. Smallwood was president of tlii - Samuel Sterett received llie highest nuniher of votes cast in the State, 16,420. 3 In 1791 the electors for choosing port-wardens and .special comniis- ' sionere met at the court-house Octoher 7th and elected the following port-wardens : Samuel Smith, James Calhoun, Jeremiah Tellott, John Strieker, George Salmon, Peter Hoffman, Samuel Owings, Isaac Griest, and Thomas Johnson ; Special Commissioners, Paul Bentalou, John Hil- len, John Mickle, James Wignell, John Coulter, Joseph Biays, Jolin Brown Potter. This election was certified to by James Clark, James Carey, James Edwards, William Winchester, Chas. Garts, George Sal- mon, Philip Rogers, David Plunkct, and Thomas Johnson. The congressional election of 1798 was conducted with considerable bitterness in Baltimore, as will be seen from the following extract from the New York Daily Advertiser of October in that year: " The election in Baltimore for members of Congress, which takes place this week, is very warmly contested. Mr. Winchester and Gen. Smith are the rival candidates. For some weeks the papers of that town have been almost exclusively devoted to the canvassing of the respective merits and pretensions of these gentlemen. Party spirit seldom ran higher. No means are left unemployed by either side to secure its ob- jects. The public conduct and private walk of the two candidates have been scrutinized with the severest and keenest eye. Depositions are brought forward, conversations are related, and the most secret are un- folded to general view. Nor have their exertions and zeal rested here. To rouse the torpid and unite and animate their partisans entertainments have been given, inflammatoi-y toasts drunk, and processions formed; some bouses have been threatened, one or two actually assaulted, and finally, to work up the passions of the multitude to the highest pitch, the adherents of the respective champions have resolved to distinguish themselves by difereiit badges on the days of election. How all this will terminate to-morrow's mail will inform us; but they are to us omens of serious and fatal disputes." To which the Federal Gazette adds, — " Unfortunately, heated as the minds of the people were at the election, and as they ever will be in large cities where votes are taken viva voce and at hut one poll, we can for the honor of Baltimore say but one house was assaulted, and that the contest terminated more peaceably than could reasonably have been anticipated." The elections of 1808, both State and national, were contested with great vehemence, and although the Federalists gained two or three members of Congress, and secured a majority in the Lower House of Assem- bly, the Democrats triumphed in Baltimore, electing Edward Johnson mayor, and celebrated their victory with great enthusiasm by transporting the successful candidates through the city in a boat mounted on wheels and drawn by horses, and by a bonfire on Gallows Hill, made of six pipes of gin imported from Holland "that had paid tribute to England." In the elections of the following year Baltimore City and County were still botli Democratic. When the war of 1812 commenced Baltimore was even more in- tensely Democratic than ever, and continued so all through that struggle. Political feeling ran higher, perhaps, than at any previous period, and the ill- advised utterances of the Federal Republican created an excitement which culminated in scenes of mob violence and riot. After the war (in 1815) consider- able discussion arose in the larger counties and in the city of Baltimore over tlte fact that the minority of the people of the State were governing the major- ity. Under the existing constitution the delegates were the representatives of the counties of the State and not of the people, thereby giving one man as much political weight in some of these counties as ten men in others. Annapolis, the capital of the State, and the city of Baltimore elected one elector of the Senate, — the counties two each. Annapolis had at tliis period from two hundred and thirty to two hundred and sixty voters, while Baltimore had from five thousand to six thousand, but each under the existing constitution were equal. Baltimore City and County elected six members of the eighty which POLITICAL PROGKESS. 119 at this time composed the House of Delegates, while Baltimore City and County paid about one-tliird of all the revenues of the State, except such as were derived from dividends on stocks, had very nearly one-fourth of the free population, and therefore, under a just distribution of the governing power, were entitled by contribution and by population to twenty of the eighty members in the House of Delegates. At the election of 1816 seven counties and two cities, notwithstanding they had a majority of nearly nine thousand votes cast in the State, were only entitled under this system to thirty-two members, while twelve counties which were in the minority sent forty-eight members. This question was dis- cussed with great animation during subsequent cam- paigns ; and in 1816 the political writers declared the attack of the " Baltimore Jacobins" the "most daring upon the rights of the people that ever was conceived in a country professing to be free to increase repre- sentatives." The election in September of that year is described " as the most bitter that ever transpired in Maryland. Not only had the Federal party to encounter the arts and zealous operations of the Democrats of the State, but the general government lent the aid of its influence in the election. The con- test was opened early in the winter by transporting voters from places where they could be spared, where the Federal majority was usually not very large. This the Federalists soon discovered and counter- acted. A number of United States soldiers were or- dered from Baltimore to man the condemned works at Annapolis, but with the greater object in view to endeavor to vote through the expected acquiescence of the corporation officers. This scheme failed on ac- count of the tardiness of their motions, as they did not reach the city more than six months before the election. Great quantities of money, and false and licentious papers, almost outraging shame itself, were poured forth everywhere by both parties. Truth and probability were set at defiance ; the most virtuous private characters were aspersed and criminated; nothing was left unessayed, however nefarious, which might conduce to gain success for either party." ' i Early in the session of 1818 a bill was introduced into the Legislature to alter the constitution of Mary- land so as to give Baltimore two additional members ! in the House of Delegates. This had now become a ' matter of serious importance to the city, as with the limited powers of the local authorities and the in- creasing needs of a large and growing municipality, ' it was found almost impossible for two representatives to attend to all the matters required of them in the Legislature. At this period, too, one-fourth of the 1 At the State election held in October, 1818, the soldiers stationed at | Tort McHenry and the sailors and marines on board the United States ' vessel " Nonesuch" were mustered, furnished with ballots, marched to the polls and voted. The soldiers themselves said that their ballots | were dealt out to them by a sergeant on parade, that they were then j m polls and ordered to vote the tickets with which they ( 1 famished. time of the Legislature was taken up with the busi- ness of Baltimore. Yet notwithstanding the equity of the claim, the necessity of the case, and the fact that the city now numbered over sixty thousand inhabitants, — a greater number than Calvert, Alle- ghany, St. Mary's, Kent, Charles, Caroline, Talbot, and Montgomery Counties combined, which together sent thirty-two delegates to the House, — with strange jealousy against the city the bill was rejected. So by this unjust distribution of representation one man in Calvert County, which only contained a population of four thousand and sixty-eight, had the political weight of twenty-eight in Baltimore. At the legis- lative session of 1819 a bill was passed by the House of Delegates to alter that part of the constitution relative to the election of Governor and Council, and providing for their election by the people. The Federalists bitterly opposed it by every means at their command. They declared it would be throwing the whole political power of the State into the hands of Baltimore, which, with her population of sixty-two thousand, could nominate and elect from among her own citizens at any time she pleased any person as Governor. They also endeavored to excite a prej- udice against the " Baltimore Jacobins" by declaring that the city contained one-third foreigners, — "who entertain strong prejudices in favor of the governments under which they were born, and whose main object in taking up a residence in this country was to accumulate riches, which the disturbed state of Europe for many years past rendered it impossible for them to do there* The true contest is now between Baltimore' and the counties, between the city and the country ; and the question which every voter, when he goes to tlie polls, ought to put to himself is, shall I vote for the men who, by effecting the changes which they have proposed and design, will place the great agricultural State of Maryland at the feet of the merchants, the bank speculators, the brokers, the lottery-office keepers, the foreigners, and the mob of Baltimore ? or shall I give my support to those who will maintain, in opposition to them, the honor, the dignity, and independence of the cultivators of the soil?" The bill was defeated in the Senate. In January, 1820, Thomas Kell, a delegate from Baltimore, pro- posed a bill to increase the representation for that city, which was violently opposed by the county members and defeated.'^ Such was the force of preju- dice in Maryland that until 1826 no Israelite could hold any oflice, civic or military, in the State govern- ment. The subject was brought before the Legisla- ture in 1818 and at each succeeding session until 1822, when a bill removing these disabilities was passed, but, in accordance with the constitution of the State, before it could become a law it was necessary that it should be confirmed by the Legislature of 182.3. The mea.sure was very unpopular with the people, and its passage created an extraordinary influence on their minds, so much so that in the election of mem- bers for the Legislature of 1823, out of forty members . that voted in favor of the bill only sixteen were re- turned to the next Assembly. . As there were about one hundred and fifty Hebrews in the State, represent- ■ The practic if printing a daily journal of proceedings of the Legis- I of the members was not begun until January, 1823. HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ing a capital of about half a million dollars, the pre- judice of the people soon subsided, the measure gained strength, and after a struggle of six or seven years pre- vailed. In Baltimore it became a sine qua non of the election of the delegate to avow himself in favor of it. Finally, on the last day of the session of 1824 (Sat- urday, Feb. 26, 1825), the "Jew Bill," as it was then called, or bill to alter the constitution so as to relieve persons from political disqualifications on account of their religious opinions, again passed the Assembly, — in the House of Delegates by a vote of twenty-six to twenty-five, only fifty-one out of eighty members being present. It was ratified by the Assembly of 1825 in the House of Delegates by a vote of forty- five to thirty-two. Thus the Hebrews became free- men in Maryland, and at the election for members of the Baltimore City Council in October, 1826, Messrs. Solomon Etting and Joshua I. Cohen, two estimable gentlemen of the Hebrew faith, were chosen by the suffrages of a large part of the citizens of their sev- eral wards to represent them in the City Council. They were the first Hebrews ever elected by the people to office in Maryland.'- On the 20th of March, 1829, an ordinance of the City Council was approved by the mayor providing for " the registering of all the qualified voters of the city of Baltimore." This, it is believed, was the first registry law ever passed in the State, but it had only a brief existence, for it was repealed by an ordinance approved Jan. 19, 1830. As early as October, 1825, Gen. Jackson was nominated by tlie Legislature of Tennessee as a candidate for President in 1828, and all the elections held in Mary- land in the interval turned upon the Presidential question. Both the " Administration" and the " Anti- Administration" parties held State conventions in Baltimore in 1827, and organized for the approaching struggle. The convention of the "Friends of the Administration" assembled in Baltimore on the 23d of July, 1827. The delegates for Baltimore County were: Philip Wilson, Abraham Cole, Thomas G. Gist, John Harryman, Nicholas Doreey, Nicholas E. Merryman, James Hood, John Wise, Wm. Jamison, Dennis Marsh, Dr. Elisha J. Hall, John B. Pearce, Charles Worthington, John Philpot, Beuj. Wilson, Sr., Kichard Fowler, Daniel Hostetter, Josiah Green, John Murray, Jr., John Buck, of Benj. Dr. Thos. Johnston, Henry V. Somerville, Edw. Buchanan, James W. McCuUoch. For the city of Baltimore, — Luke Tiernan, Gen. Wni. McDonald, Dr. Nathaniel Potter, Solomon Etting, Thorndick Chase, Peter Gold, John McKim, Jr., James L. Haw- kins, Charles S. Walsh, Nathaniel F. Williams, Robert Miller, William Stewart, James Harwood. Wm. Meeteer, James Conner, Thomas Kell.2 As the time for another Presidential election ap- proached the Democratic party found two rival or- ganizations in the field, the National Republicans or Whigs, and the " Anti-Masons." The National 1 In the election of delegates from Baltimore to the General Assembly in 1825 the " Anti-Slavery Society," recently formed in Baltimore, put forward Daniel Kiymond as their candidate, and he received six hun- dred aud twenty-four votes. '' The delegates to the Jackson General Convention, appointed May, 1827, by Alex. McKim, in pursuance of resolutionsof a recent town-meet- ing, wore Roger 1). TaTie.v, Ueai Raiidiin, Jacoli G. Itavii-B. HuKh McEldery, Joel Vickers, Matthew li.Minetl, Wni. Kruhe, and Gc.HKe \Vjiicli«8ter. Anti-Masonic Convention, composed of about one hundred and twelve delegates, assembled in Balti- more at the Athenteum, on Monday, the 26th of Sep- tember, 1831, and on Wednesday, the 28th, nominated Wm. Wirt, of Maryland, for the Presidency, and Amos Ellmaker, of Pennsylvania, for the Vice-Presidency. The " National Republican" party, composed princi- pally of the friends of Mr. Adams and those who had become dissatisfied with the course of Gen. Jackson, met in convention in Baltimore on December 12, 1831, with about one hundred and forty members in attendance, and on the following day unanimously nominated Henry Clay, of Kentucky, for President, and on the 14th John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President. Gen. Jackson had been designated by his friends in all parts of the Union at an early period after the commencement of his administration as a candidate for re-election, and a national conven- tion was necessary only to nominate a candidate for Vice-President. The convention for that purpose assembled in Baltimore on the 21st of May, 1832, and nominated Martin Van Buren, of New York, for the Vice-Presidency. Before his nomination, however, the convention adopted the following " two- thirds rule," which has ever since been adhered to by all Democratic conventions : "Itemlved, That each State be entitled, in the nomination to be made of a candidate for the Vice-Presidency, to a number of votes equal to the number to which they will be entitled in the electoral colleges, under the new appointment, in voting for President and Vice-President, and that two-thirds of the whole number of votes in the convention shall be constitute a choice." The convention met part of the time at the Athe- naeum, and part of the time at " Warfield's Church," in St. Paul Street near Saratoga, which was after- wards incorporated with N. C. Brooks' Baltimore Female College. During the proceedings of the convention a panic occurred, and one or two men jumped from a window and were somewhat injured. On the 23d of April, 1834, an immense meeting of the people was held in Monument Square to give expression to public sentiment with reference to the recent protest of President Jackson. Gen. William McDonald presided, with many of the most promi- nent citizens of Baltimore as vice-presidents. The meeting was addressed by John P. Kennedy, Charles C. Harper, Joshua Jones, and John V. L. McMahon, and the following resolution was adopted : " Resolved, That such citizens of Maryland as can attend and who are opposed to the doctrines promulgated by the President of the United States assemble for the purpose of forming a ' State Whig Society* in support of said constitution and laws, and to this end be it further re- solved, That a committee of sixty, with power to increase their number, be appointed by the chair with instruction and authority to prepare an answer to said protest or appeal, and such resolutions as they may deem appropriate to be submitted to that meeting, to iix aud give notice of the day and place for holding the same, to invite the attendance of distin- guished Whigs from all parts of the country and especially from Mary- land, to invite persons to deliver addresses on that occasion, and to pre- pare fundamental rules for the government of a State Whig Society ."3 3 Mortin Van Buren ' POLITICAL PKOGRESS. Before the Presidential election of 1836 the mani- [ fest injustice of a minority of the people of the State I governing the majority, which had been the subject I of complaint for years, again violently agitated the , people, who made it the engrossing topic of discus- j sion and the great object in State politics. The dis- cordant elements in the most populous counties and the city of Baltimore, of both political parties, 1 finally united and proposed that a convention of re- formers, without distinction of party, should be held I in Baltimore, to agree upon such measures as would insure success. On the 6th of June, 1836, the Reform convention, composed of delegates from Cecil, Har- ford, Baltimore, Frederick, Montgomery, and Wash- ington Counties and Baltimore City, assembled and adopted resolutions recommending the people of the State to elect at the next October election delegates pledged to introduce and support a bill providing for taking the sense of the people on the question of reforming the constitution of the State on the first Monday in May, 1837 ; and in the event of a majority of the people declaring themselves in favor of such reform, providing in the same bill for the calling of a convention for that object. It was further resolved that the members of the convention should be dis- tributed equally among the several congressional districts with the exception of the Fourth, which being a double congressional district was to have twice the number of representatives of any other district. It was also agreed that if the Legislature should refuse to pass the desired bill, the president of j the convention should reconvene it for the adoption of such ulterior measures as might then be deemed j expedient. The people seemed disposed to fully sus- j tain the recommendations of the convention, for the Assembly of 1835 had passed laws which tended to enlarge the representation of the more populous districts, and which only needed the confirmation of the ensuing Legislature to become a law. By this act two additional delegates were given to Baltimore City, and Carroll County was erected out of portions ! of Frederick and Baltimore Counties, thus giving four more representatives to this section of the State, and making the Reformers more urgent in their de- mands. On the 5th of September, 1836, an election for the purpose of choosing electors to select a State Senate was held, and resulted in the choice of twenty- one Whig and nineteen Democratic or Van Buren electors. When, in accordance with the constitution, the Van Buren electors assembled in Annapolis to choose the fifteen members of the State Senate, they were advised by large bodies of their constituents not to go into an election unless the Whig electors promised that at least eight members of the Senate should be selected from among persons known to be favorable to such a reform in the State constitution as would insure to all citizens living under it equal political rights and privileges. To this the Whig electors refused to ac- cede, and a " dead lock" was thus brought about which continued until the 19th of November, when it was at length broken and a Senate elected.' The Reform convention held another session in Baltimore on the 16th of November, and adjourned to meet in Annapolis on the first Monday of January, 1837. This meeting never took place, for the Assembly con- vened a few days afterwards and immediately entered upon the work of reform. They first confirmed the law, passed at the last session of the Assembly, to in- crease the delegation from Baltimore from two to four members; and in March, 1837, coerced by the state of public feeling produced and manifested by the course of the nineteen electors, the Legislature passed a law making many of the desired changes in the constitution. The people were given the power of electing the Governor; the Senate was entirely reorganized, one member being assigned to each county and the city of Baltimore, to be elected im- mediately by the people. The constitution of the House of Delegates was materially altered, five members being assigned to Baltimore City, Frederick and Baltimore Counties each, and it was provided that after 1840 every county having a population of over thirty-five thousand souls should have six dele- gates, and Baltimore City as many delegates as the most populous county. The first Democratic State convention under the reformed constitution was held in Baltimore on the 31st of May, 1838, and resulted in the nomination of William Grason, whose oppo- nent was John L. Steele. This election caused great excitement in Baltimore, where the opposing parties became involved in a serious affray while waiting for the returns in front of the newspaper-oflices in Gay Street. There wtis, as usual, much cheering and ex- citement as the polls of the different wards were successively announced ; but about eleven o'clock a fight took place, in which stones, brickbats, and bludgeons were freely used. The contest was kept up with occasional intermissions until two o'clock in the morning, when it was only quelled by calling out the City Guard. On the 27th of March, 1838, the Legislature passed an act for the registration of voters in Baltimore City, which was submitted to the people for approval on the 2d of October, and was ratified by an actual ma- jority of only fifty-two votes. The vote by wards was as follows : Wards. Registry. No Registry. Whole Number, First 531 392 990 Secouii 394 412 863 Thir.l 468 633 1,139 Fmiitli 385 083 1,115 I'ilth 702 393 1,163 Sixth 558 482 1,077 Sevocth 662 262 1,007 Kighth 403 692 1,146 Ninth 628 309 974 Tenth 430 CIO 1,085 Eleventh 649 589 1,282 Twelfth 652 831 1,472 6352 6300 13,316 > For a more Uetailed account of this see the writer's " History of Mary- land," iii., p. 190. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. The wliole number of voters in the city at that time was 13,316, and as the ordinance provided that those who did not vote at all should be recorded in its favor, there was an apparent or legal majority in its favor of 716. It was provided by this act that the " registers should require every person apidjing to be registered, and by them adjudged entitled to be registered to state, in addition to his name, the name of the street, lane, or alley in which he resided, and wliether he was a householder or a lodger, and if a lodger, the name and residence of his landlord or landlady ; and in case there were no number to the house, to designate its location in some other explicit mode, all which particulars were to be plainly entered opposite to his name upon the registration boolts. If a person were sick or absent from the city, or deprived from otlier cause of registering his name, any citizen of good standing could apply to the register to register his name if he were a qualified voter. The person so applying was to state under oath or afBr- mation the name of the person and Iiis place of residence when at home in tlie city. In case of a removal before the election from the ward in which a person was registered, he was entitled to vote in no other ward than that in which he was registered. Naturalized citizens were re- quired to produce their papers of naturalization as the only evidence of their citizenship, and every voter was required to have his name regis- tered every year." i Public sentiment, however, had not yet been edu- cated up to an appreciation of the advantages of regis- tration, and this law shared the fate of its predecessor and was repealed on the 15th of January, 1840. The year 1840 was one of intense political excitement in all sections of the country, and Baltimore did not fail to share in the general ^^itation. On the 5th of May the Democratic National Convention met in this city, at the Assembly Rooms, and nominated Martin Van Buren as its candidate for the Presidency, and on the day preceding one of the largest political gath- erings of the campaign took place at Canton. Never before was seen such an assemblage of people in this State at a political meeting. .In the language of John V. L. McMahon, the president of the day, " Every mountain sent its rill, every valley its stream, and lo! the avalanche of the people is here." The procession was one of the longest and most interesting ever witnessed in this country. From daylight until the hour of moving Baltimore Street from one extremity to the other, and indeed along the whole route, presented a spectacle beyond descrip- tion, animated and exciting. From corner to corner the streets presented one living mass of human beings ; every window was alive with fair, smiling faces ; from the top to the bottom every house was crowded. At a few minutes after ten o'clock the procession com- menced moving from the upper part of Baltimore Street, led by several barouches, each drawn by four white horses, the foremost containing Gen. S. C. Leakin, mayor of the city, Hon. Daniel Webster, and other distinguished personages. Then followed the delegations from the different States, commencing with the Northern States, each having their appropri- ate banners, etc. There were several log cabins, dec- orated with all the fixtures belonging to the mansions of the pioneers of the West, such as stags' antlers, beaver-traps, etc. Hard cider flowed freely, and 1 This act was a substitute for a previous act passed at the same session. hunting-shirts were everywhere visible. Addresses were delivered by Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, John Sergeant, Wm. C. Preston, John J. Crittenden, Cor- wiu, Ely, Cushing, Fillmore, Halstead, John P. Ken- nedy, Henry A. Wise, and other distinguished gen- tlemen. The number of persons present was estimated at twenty thousand.^ In spite of the great enthusiasm for the Whig candidate, the Democrats succeeded in securing a majority of thirty-one votes in the city of Baltimore. The Whig National Convention assembled in Balti- more on the 1st of May, 1844, in the Universalist church on Calvert Street, and nominated Henry Clay by acclamation as a candidate for the Presidency, and Theodore Frelinghuysen for Vice-President. On the 2d of May a " Young Men's National Ratification Convention" assembled in Baltimore to indorse the nominees, and was one of the largest and most im- posing gatherings ever convened in the country. The procession down Baltimore Street to the Canton race- track (the place of meeting) was of the finest descrip- tion. Among the speakers of the occasion were Daniel Webster, Berrien, Crittenden, Clayton, George Evans, of Maine, Thomas Ewing, Morehead, Metcalf, Rey- nolds, Reverdy Johnson, and T. Yates Walsh. The Democratic National Convention met in Balti- more on the 27th of May, 1844, and nominated James K. Polk for the Presidency, and G. M. Dallas for the Vice-Presidency. On the 27th of May the Tyler Na- tional Convention also assembled at Baltimore, at Calvert Hall, and nominated John Tyler as their candidate for President. About this period a new party was organized which in some of the States took the old parties by surprise. The first announcement made by the Baltimore Clipper on the 5th of November, 1844, that it intended to sup- port the principles of the "American Republican" or " Native American" party was favorably received by a large number of citizens of Baltimore and the adja- cent counties. Meetings were held on the 26th of February, 1845, and every preparation made to ex- tend the party organization throughout the State. A city convention was held on the 5th of March, and on the 13th they issued an address " to the public," in which they declare the object of the party to be the correction of existing abuses, the banishment of all foreign influences, the prevention of frauds at elec- tions, and to make American feelings and interests pervade the nation. On the 29th of August, 1845, the Native American party put out the following ticket : for the Fourth Congressional District, Capt. Henry A. Thompson f for the House of Delegates, David Taylor, Joseph Breck, John C. Holland, David Parr, and Josiah Balderston. At the election in October Dun- can, the Native American candidate, received 1147 s It was on this occasion that Mr. McMahon, in opening the meeting, uttered the celebrated expression, " I call the nation to order." 3 He declined the nomination, and John McKim Duncan was selected as candidate in his place. POLITICAL PROGRESS. votes ; Jolin P. Kennedy, the Whig candidate, 4962 ; and William Fell Giles, Democrat, 5804. In the city a Temperance ticket was run for the House of Dele- gates, which received 212 votes, the highest number cast for any one of its candidates. In the general re- sult in the city the Democrats elected their Congress- men, sheriff, and delegates. At the first Council elec- tion held under the new divisions of twenty wards, instead of twelve as theretofore, the Democrats elected seventeen out of the twenty members composing the First Branch, and nine out of the ten composing the Second Branch. In the election of the 7th of Octo- ber, 1846, at which the question of biennial sessions of the Legislature was to be decided, the Whigs carried both branches of the Legislature by hand- some majorities. In Baltimore, Charles M. Keyser, the Whig candidate for State senator, beat Joshua Vansant, the Democratic candidate, by a majority of one vote' in a total poll of 14,871. Baltimore gave a majority of 694 against the biennial sessions bill, but it was carried in the State by a majority of 46.55 votes. In the election for mayor of Baltimore, Col. Jacob G. Davies, the Democratic candidate, was chosen by a majority of 106 votes over Aaron E. Levering, the Whig candidate. At the gubernatorial election in 1847, Col. Philip Francis Thomas, the Democratic candidate, carried Baltimore by 1566 majority over William T. Goldsborough, the Whig candidate. The brilliant achievements of Gen. Taylor in Mexico and the successful issue of the war gave him great popularity, and a strong movement was soon 1 made to place him in nomination as a candidate for I the Presidency. Although he was said to be a Whig, he had in all his correspondence disclaimed party at- tachments and party preferences, and had scrupu- j lously refrained from any declaration of his political 1 opinions. A "Taylor State Convention," composed i of prominent and influential gentlemen of all parties, ' assembled in Baltimore on the 26th of April, 1848, and nominated Gen. Taylor for the Presidency. I This " no party" convention, in their " address to the I people of Maryland and the United States," said that *' the only remarkable thing that characterizes this movement of ours ( coneists, we may presume, in this, viz.: that we have met together incur I representative capacity, as citizens in the exercises of the rights of citi- J zens, without regard to parly di8tinctu>its ; and being of the opinion that \ Gen. Taylor is the only man who can unite the moderate men of all par- I ties and thus prepare the country for the severe ordeal through which our institutions may have to pass in the course of approaching events, we have chosen, without waiting for the permission of hasty conventions, to act upon that conviction, and to invite our countrymen who may upon reflection adopt the same views, to act in conjunction with us." The National Convention of the Democratic party met in Baltimore on the 22d of May, 1848, and nomi- I nated Gen. Lewis Cass for the Presidency, and Gen. I William 0. Butler for the Vice-Presidency. ] A revision of the State constitution had long been agitated, and at the fall elections of 1849 in a num- 1 This was the legal return, hut a subsequent recount by the judges I showed a majority of three votes. ber of the counties the Whigs and Democrats united in running " reform" tickets for members of the Legis- lature without reference to political distinctions, and in others and in Baltimore the candidates of both parties were pledged to the measure of " constitu- tional reform." In Baltimore all the Democratic candidates for the House of Delegates were elected by an average majority of 2118. In the election for Governor in the following year Enoch Louis Lowe, the Democratic candidate, received a majority in Bal- timore of 2759, while John H. T. Jerome, the Whig candidate for mayor, was elected by a majority of 777 votes over J. M. Turner, Democratic candidate.'' The efforts for reform were successful, and a new constitution was framed and adopted by the people on the 4th of June, 1851. By the provisions of this constitution Baltimore City was separated from the county, and the representation of the former increased to ten delegates and of the latter to six in the lower branch of the Legislature.^ The National Democratic Convention for the nomi- nation of candidates for President and Vice-President met in Baltimore, at the Maryland Institute, on the 1st of June, 1852, and continued in session for several days. Its sessions were very exciting, and the two Houses of Congress adjourned to enable the members of that body to be in attendance. On the 3d the con- vention began" to ballot for President, and continued to do so until the forty-ninth ballot was reached, when Gen. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was nominated, W. R. King, of Alabama, being selected as the candidate for Vice-President. On the 16th of June the Whig National Convention assembled in Baltimore, at the Maryland Institute, and on the 21st nominated Gen. Winfield Scott, of New Jersey, on the fifty-third ballot, as their candidate for the Presi- dency, with Wm. A. Graham, of North Carolina, as their nominee for vice-president. On the evening of the 21st one of the largest and most enthusiastic meet- ings that ever collected in Monument Square assem- bled there to ratify the Whig nominations. It was estimated that there were twenty thousand persons present. The election took place on the 5th of No- vember, 1852, and resulted in Baltimore in a Water- loo defeat for the Whigs by a majority of 4474 votes for Pierce out of 23,619 polled. The Free Soil can- didate received twenty-one votes in the city. After the defeat of the Whig Presidential candidates in Maryland that party reorganized, and with the help - Heretofore it had been the practice of both parties to " coop" their intemperate voters to prevent them from falling into the hands of their adversaries on the day of election. But at the fall elections of 1850 a difierent practice prevailed, and political opponents were seized and con- fined until the polls had been closed. Nor was this " cooping" practiced only on the intemperate, persons of respectability were also caged and kept from voting. A number of very prominent gentlemen made nar- row escapes from capture, and among them the mayor of the city, who, it is said, was indebted to the fieetness of his horse for retaining his liberty on the day of election. 3 At the municipal election in 1852, John Smith Hollins, Democrat, was elected over Capt. France to the office of mayor by 3684 majority. 124 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of the " American Party," ' which was now assuming shape, resumed the contest. In the fall elections of 1853 both parties made desperate efforts to carry the | day. In Baltimore the partisans of the " Maine liquor law" elected their ten delegates by 964 majority, their j platform denouncing the manufacture, sale, and con- sumption of intoxicating liquors, and their delegates , being pledged to urge the prohibition of the traffic by j legislative enactment. In the fall of 1854 the Amer- ican or Know-Nothing party determined to nomi- nate a straight-out municipal ticket in Baltimore, and | with this object in view Samuel Hinks was selected as their candidate for mayor. The Democrats placed in nomination Wm. G. Thomas. In the contest con- siderable sectarian feeling was displayed against the Roman Catholics, which resulted in a complete tri- umph for Mr. Hinks by 2744 majority, and the elec- tion of fourteen members of the First Branch and , eight members of the Second Branch of the City Council by the American party. In the election for members of the City Council in 1855 the Democrats carried the city by 1029, and elected a majority of the members. The American ticket, however, was suc- cessful in the State, giving the control of the Legis- lature to that party. On the 8th of October, 1856, the mayoralty election occurred, the candidates being Thomas Swann, Know-Nothing, and Robert Clinton Wright, Demo- crat. The violence and disorder attending it^ pre- vented a free expression of the popular will, and Mr. Swann was elected by 1567 majority. On the 17th of September, in the same year, the "Old-Line Whigs" National Convention met in Baltimore, at the Mary- land Institute, and indorsed Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson, the Know-Nothing can- didates for President and Vice-President. At the Presidential election in November, 1856, Fillmore re- ceived in Baltimore 16,900 votes; Buchanan, 9870; and Fremont, the Republican candidate, 214.' At the municipal election of Oct. 19, 1857, the Know- Nothings carried all the wards in the city except the Eighth by a declared majority of 9066 votes, polling in all 11,896 votes, and the Democrats 2830 ; and at the gubernatorial election in November Thomas Holliday Hicks, the Know-Nothing candidate, car- ried Baltimore by an alleged majority of 9036. About August, 1858, an independent movement was insti- 1 The first Know-Nothing mass-meeting was held in Monument Square on Thursday evening, Aug. 18, 1853, and was attended by nearly five thousand people. s See chapter on " Mobs and Riots." ■■> The first Republican meeting held in Maryland assembled in Balli. more on the evening of Sept, 11, 1856. The meeting was organized, on motion of William Gunnison, by calling F. S. Corkran to the chair, and the appointment of William E. Cole, Jr., as secretary. After reading an "address to the Republicans of Maryland" the meeting 'adjourned. Upon leaving the room (Temperance Temple) Messrs. Corkrau, Gunni- son, and several others were rudely assaulted by a mob of several hun- dred persons that had gathered on the street. The mob then repaired to the office of the Wecker, the Gornjan Republican paper, which they assaulted with stones, and it was saved from being sacked only by the intervention of the police. tuted, though not such as was expected, and an inde- pendent candidate was nominated, which somewhat changed the aspect of affairs.* Early in September this independent movement published their " plat- form," and presented as their standard-bearer Col. A. P. Shutt, a gentleman of integrity, who had been a member of the Whig party, but since the rise of the Know-Nothing organization had taken no part in the politics of the day. But the hopes created by this movement were destined to disappointment, and Mr. Swann was re-elected on the 13th of October, 1858, by a pretended majority of 19,149. The election, in fact, was so evident a mockery from the beginning that about noon on the day of election Col. Shutt withdrew his name as a candidate, and advised his friends not to attempt to exercise their rights of fran- chise. If further evidence were needed to show the manner in which the election was carried, the figures would be sufficient comment. There must have been illegal voting, and a great deal of it, to have enabled the Eighth Ward to give 3307 majority for Col. Shutt, and the Fourth Ward to give 2507 for Mr. Swann. The mere formal record of votes sufficiently explains the character of the election. Out of the entire poll of 28,866 votes Col. Shutt is reported to have received but 4859, and of these 3428 are represented to have been cast in a single ward, leaving 1430 as the whole number of ballots deposited in his favor throughout the rest of the city. To our citizens these facts and figures were quite intelligible enough of themselves, and told too plainly of their shame and humiliation. The details and particulars of the various outrages that were committed by the ruffians who held undis- turbed possession of the polls were in every mouth, and were repeated and discussed by every fireside and in every counting-room, store, and tavern in the city. They were retailed from house to house, and from man to man, until there was scarcely an individual in the community who had not heard or did not know of some neighbor, friend, or acquaintance who on October 13th was driven and beaten from the polls, or was threatened, insulted, and intimidated in the vain attempt to exercise the right of suffrage. From the opening of the polls in the morning until their closing in the evening, in nineteen wards of the city, they were occupied and held by bands of armed bullies, who, as the returns show, permitted scarcely any to vote who did not openly show and as openly vote the " American" ticket. That ticket, moreover, was so marked upon the back with a blue chequered or striped pattern that, however folded, it could be rec- ognized without difficulty in the hands of the voter. By this means the secrecy of the ballot was effectually destroyed, and the ruffians who guarded every avenue to the polls were enabled to tell at a glance whose votes might be admitted and whose should be excluded. Not ^ In 1858 a vote was taken on the question of calling a convention to remodel the State constitution, which resulted in the defeat of the effort for that purpose. POLITICAL PROGRESS. content, however, with excluding legal voters opposed to the election of Mr. iSwann, an immense proportion — probably not less than from two-thirds to three-fourths of the whole number polled — of illegal votes were cast in his favor ; men, and even boys, voting, not twice or thrice merely, but ten or fifteen times ; not only in different wards, but in the same ward ; not at diflerent hours of the day merely, but half a dozen times in succession, with scarcely an attempt at con- cealment or disguise. Other votes were polled which were purely fictitious, tickets being handed to the judges and received by them which were falsely rep- resented to have been tendered by persons in omni- buses and carriages who were unable to get out and walk to the window. In short, every trick and strat- agem which fraud could invent and every extremity to which violence could resort were successfully em- ployed for the purpose of electing the "American" candidate. These outrages upon the ballot-box and upon the persons of voters the judges were unable and the police unwilling to prevent. The former did not so much as dare to question an illegal vote, even when, as was frequently the case, they knew it to be such. The latter constantly refused to inter- fere for the protection of anybody. Under such cir- cumstances and in such a crisis a large number of the most respectable citizens of Baltimore organized a " City Reform Association" for the effective redress of grievances which were the common burden and disgrace of all and the reproach of the whole country. On the 1st of November, 1858, the Reform Association held a meeting, and adopted an address describing the purposes of the new organization and earnestly inviting the co-operation of their fellow- citizens, which was signed by Samuel W. Smith, president; Wm. H. D. C. Wright, Hugh A. Cooper, Dr. A. C. Robinson, Geo. Wm. Brown, vice-presi- dents ; Henry M. Warfield, recording secretary ; James H. Barney, corresponding secretary ; and Lambert Gittings, treasurer. Notwithstanding' the favorable auspices under which the Reform Association was organized, nothing was done in the fall of 1858 or in the spring of 1859 to restore peace and good order. As the fall elections of 1859 approached, however, a large number of the citizens of Baltimore determined to make one supreme effort to crush out ruffianism and restore the reign of law. They therefore issued an invitation to their " fellow-citizens, irrespective of party," to assemble in " town-meeting at Monument Square on Monday afternoon, the 5th day of September, at four o'clock, to deliberate with us and devise some means of res- cuing our city from its present deplorable condition." Appended to this call were the names of over two thousand of the best and most prominent citizens of Baltimore. In consequence of inclement weather the "town-meeting" was postponed to Thursday after- noon, the 8th of September, at which time about ten thousand persons assembled in Monument Square. At the appointed hour Charles D. Hinks, on behalf of the Committee of Arrangements, presented the name of William Woodward for president of the meeting, and three gentlemen from each ward as vice-presidents. Patriotic and eloquent addresses were delivered by George W. Brown, James Hodges, and George M. Gill, and resolutions were adopted urging combined effort on the part of all respectable citizens, and requiring the president and vice-presi- dents of the meeting to appoint "a committee of twenty men, consisting of one from each ward," who, with the president of the meeting, should constitute a " Central Committee," which was " authorized and directed to nominate, at as early a day as may be ex- pedient and practicable, candidates, without regard to party, to be selected from the best, most reliable, and most competent men in the community." In pur- suance of these resolutions the following twenty-one conservative citizens were appointed as a " Reform Central Committee" : William Woodward, President. Wards. I Wards. First William Dean. Eleventh Dr. J. H. Thomas. Second Thomas J. Cochran. I Twelfth Charles J. Baker. Third Eilwiird W'. Robinson. Thirteenth Dr. A. C. Eobinson. Fdiirtli l:..l'.Mi ]:,tirMv — II t f. . I III Michael Warner. Filili ,1,111,1 Mi;.., I ,1,, I II I I'l ,i,iiiies Hooper, Jr. Si\tli |i! I il I'.i ,i,i: ,',. -,,■ I \lr\iinder Russell. Sew l;., ,1,11 , I 11.1. 1 -, ., I.,, , I.;; w illiam Swindell. Ei^htli J.KiLc- J', I lii'iM.i- I i;^lii< I iilh Edward Moon. Ninth Louis Chiller, , Ninotcenlh Joseph H. Kieman. Tenth George William Brown. ! Twentieth Allen A. Chapman. Mayor Swanu declined to co-operate with the com- mittee in the effort to procure honest judges, and while in the election for members of the City Council in October, 1859, the Reformers carried the Eighth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Fourteenth, and Nineteenth Wards, the most indisputable evidence was afibrded of inefficiency and bad faith on the part of the municipal authorities. With the election of the 2d of Novem- ber, for comptroller, members of Congress, and the Legislature, came one of the most momentous issues that had ever been presented to the citizens of Balti- more. Without entering into a detailed description of the events of the day,' it is sufficient to say that life was, as usual, sacrificed in the ineflectual struggles of individual gallantry. By two o'clock the Re- formers abandoned the polls in all the wards except the Eighth, perfectly satisfied that a fair election was impossible.'^ 1 See chapter on " Mobs and Riots." 2 As an illustration of the methods by which the American party car- ried elections the wonderful and rapid increase in the voting population of the Fourth Ward may be mentioned. In 1848, in the exciting Presi- dential election between Taylor and Cass, the total vote of this ward was 1193. In the election of 18S0 it was 1007. In the Presidential contest between Scott and Pierce in 1852 it was 1133. Up to that time the vote of the Fourth Ward had never reached 1200, about the outside number of legal voters which its whole white population of 6611, returned in the census of 1850, would authorize us to expect. In 1856, which was the commencement of Mr. Swann's political career, this ward gave him 909 votes, and his opponent, Mr. Wright, 288. The judges who presided at that election were of the appointment of Mr. Hinks, and were never charged with rejecting American votes on that occasion. The vote, therefore, of 1856, under circumstances as well calculated to bring it out as ever existed before or since, was altogether 1197, or only four more 126 HISTOllY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Notwithstanding these first failures, tlie Reform party did not abandon its efforts, and on the 17th of Novemher a Reform convention was held, which was organizeil, on motion of S. Teackle Wallis, by calling C4eorge M. Gill to the chair. A more efficient organi- zation was etiected, and aCommittee on Contested Elec- tions was api)ointed to present the evidences of fraud to the Legislature, and another on legislation, to pre- Ijare and digest all legislation necessary to cure the evils the city was then laboring under. This latter committee consisted of William Henry Norris, chair- man ; P. Francis Thomas, I. Nevitt Steele, S. Teackle Wallis, and Neilson Poe. The following gentlemen were also associated by invitation in the task, and by day and by night for a period of six weeks gave their time, talents, and patriotism to their duties : John V. L. McMahon, John Nelson, George M. Gill, J. Mason Campbell, George W. Brown, C. Jervis Spencer, and C. J. M. Gwinn. On one occasion Reverdy Johnson was present, and would have continued to lend his talents to the work had he remained in the city. The fruit of their labors were the " Reform Bills," — the police law, the election law, and the jury law, — which were presented to the Legislature and promptly passed by that body. On the last day of the session the Legislature also declared null and void the pretended election of the 2d of November, 18r)9. The expul- sion of Charles L. Krafft, Thomas Booze, Robert L. Seth, George R. Berry, F. C. Crowley, R. A. McAllis- ter, Thomas M. Smith, Robert Turner, and Marcus Denison, the members of the House from Baltimore, on the last day of the session was regarded as even more ignominious than if it had taken place at an earlier period.' Realizing the nature and extent of the change which had been effected by the new police bill of 1860, it was determined to take advantage of j the protection which it afforded for the free expression j of public sentiment, and accordingly, on the 18th of August, 1860, a large meeting of " Independent Re- formers" was held in the saloon of the Law Building to provide for the nomination of candidates for mayor and City Council. On motion of George M. Gill, Dr. Alexander C. Robinson was chosen president, Hugh A. Cooper and Lawrence P. Bayne vice-presidents, with James P. Thomas and Henry M. Fitzhugh as secretaries. The officers of the meeting were directed to appoint a central committee to consist of one from each ward, to whom the duty of bringing forward in- dependent reform candidates was confided. In ac- cordance with these instructions the central committee was formed, and on the 29th of August it nominated George William Brown as the Reform candidate for mayor, and subsequently Reform candidates for the City Council. Samuel Hindes was nominated as the Know-Nothing candi- date for mayor. The elec- tion took place on the 10th of October, 1860, and a Reform mayor and a City Council composed entirely of Reformers were lifted into power by triumphant m.x- ... «. hi;..w.v. and genuine majorities in the midst of enthusiasm so great and so general as to show how terrible had been the oppression from which the people were now delivered. The vote in the im- portant city elections from 1854 to 1860 (inclusive) were as follows : Know. Nothing. B4 13,840 60 13,902 S57 17,849 58 24,008 359 18,211 360 9,684 Democrat 11,096 12,335 8,213 4,859 5;334 Reform. Majorities. 2,744 Know-Nothing. i;5c7 ;; ;; i7,6'25 12,877 " 7,941 Reform. In the election for members of the City Council in 1858 the Democrats were allowed to poll in the Twen- tieth Ward one vote ; in the Twelfth, two ; Nine- teenth, three ; Seventeenth, ten ; Fourteenth, eight ; First, twenty-four; Second, thirty-two ; Fourth, thirty- five; Seventh, thirty-seven; Sixteenth, ninety-one; Eighteenth, ninety-four; and the Eighth, ten hundred and thirteen ; and only two thousand eight hundred and thirty votes in the entire city. than the same ward had cast in the election between Cass and Taylor in 1848. Under the fostering care of the " municipal governnieut" but a single year elapsed before a vast cliange was effected. In 1857, at the Governor's election, the judges apiwinted by the mayor for the Fourtli Ward recorded and returned a vote of 1879 polls,— 682 more tlian it had cast only the year before. In 1858 sucii were the improvements and facilities afforded by the " municipal government" and the judges and police that this ward got in a total vote of 2589, of which Col. Shutt re- ceived but 41, showing another advance in another single year of 710 votes. It thus appeal's that under the mayors in the eight years pre- ceding Mr. Swanu's flret cleclion the vote of the Fourth Ward increased but the insignificant number which a man may count on the fingers of one hand, while under two years of Mr. Swann's administration there were added to it the handsome accession of 1392 votes, making a sum total considerably larger tlian double the number at the start. 1 Mr. W. A. Wisong, who was elected on the .American ticitct, refused CHAPTER XVI. THE CIVIL WAR.2 Prominent IjOcal Events from 18G0 to 1866. I860.— On the 20th of April the Republican State Convention assembled at Rechabite Hall, in Balti- more, and organized by the election of Montgomery = In the limited space at our command it is impossible to treat that portion of the history of Baltimore embraced between the dates given above except in the briefest possible manner. During the period in question almost every day bristled with " events," and every week gave birth to numberless incidents of local or general interest. The magni- tude of the subject and the multiplicity of the details required in a con- nected narrative of one of the most interesting and stirring epochs in the history of the city demand a far more extended and elaborate treat- THE CIVIL WAK. Blair as chairman. The convention was broken up by mob violence, but reassembled at a private house, and selected the following delegates to the Chicago convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President : at large, Francis P. Blair, Sr., of Mont- las convention, together with the delegates from Louisiana and Alabama, who had been refused ad- mission, met at the Maryland Institute. The follow- ing States were represented by partial or full delega- tions : New York, Vermont, Virginia, North Carolina, gomery County, and Hon. William L. Marshall, Judge j Maryland, Georgia, Calfornia, Oregon, Florida, Ala- of the Court of Common Pleas of Baltimore; First ; bama, Louisiana, Missouri, Texas, Mississippi, Mas- District, James Bryan, delegate, D. W. Orem, alter- j sachusetts, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Dela- nate; Second District, James Jeflries, delegate, W. j ware, and Pennsylvania. Hon. Caleb Cushing was P. Ewing, alternate ; Third District, Francis S. Cork- i chosen president, and after a harmonious session of a ran, delegate, James V. Wagner, alternate ; Fourth j few hours John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, was District, William E. Coale, delegate, Jonathan Shu- nominated for the Presidency, and Joseph Lane, of macker, alternate ; Fifth District, Charles Lee Ar- Oregon, for the Vice-Presidency. mour, delegate, E. J. Anan, alternate ; Sixth District, Montgomerj' Blair, delegate, Frederick Iddins, alter- -On the 26th of November several palmetto flags vere unfurled in Baltimore, one of tliem from the nate. They also adopted resolutions recommending j steeple of the old Liberty engine-house, on Liberty the delegates in the National Convention to cast their , Street near Fayette, by a number of persons belonging votes as a unit, and instructing them to advocate the j to a branch of an association of Southern volunteers, passageof a resolution, as a part of the platform of the | —On the 19th of December, Hon. A. H. Handy, Eepublican party, favoring the Jeftersonian plan of i commissioner from Mississippi to solicit the co-opera- colonizing the free negroes in some neighboring coun- tion of Maryland in the Southern movement, arrived try where, under the protection of the United States, i in Baltimore. The same evening he addressed the they might establish a free and independent govern- citizens at the Maryland Institute, explaining the ment. policy of the slave-holding States. On the 22d a —On May 9th the Constitutional Union Conven- large meeting of citizens was held at the Universalist tion, composed of Old-Line Whigs, former members | church, northeast corner of Calvert and Pleasant of the Know-Nothing party, etc., convened at the old First Presbyterian church, at the northwest corner of Fayette and North Streets. Twenty-two States were represented in this convention, California, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Oregon, South Carolina, and Wisconsin not being represented. The platform was "The Union, the Constitution, and the enforcement of the laws." On the second day of the session John Bell, of Tennes- see, was nominated for the Presidency, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. The convention was called to order by J. J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, and Governor Hunt, of New York, was selected as permanent chairman. — On the 18th of June the National Democratic Con- vention reassembled at the Front Street Theatre, and after a stormy session Virginia, on the 22d, with twenty-five of her thirty delegates, withdrew from the convention ; North Carolina, California, and Oregon followed Virginia; Kentucky and Tennessee retired for consultation ; Georgia refused to re-enter the con- Streets, calling for the assembling of the Legislature to define the position of Maryland in the national crisis. 1861.— With the opening of 1861 Henry Winter Davis, a member of the National House of Repre- sentatives from Baltimore, issued an address in favor of the Union. Five thousand citizens of Baltimore signed a letter addressed to Governor Hicks approv- ing his course in refusing to convene the Legislature. The list was headed by Hon. John P. Kennedy. During the month of January, however, several prominent citizens publicly expressed their views in favor of co-operation with the South, among whom were Judge John C. Legrand, who addressed a letter to Eeverdy Johnson on the subject in answer to a Union speech made by the latter. — James Carroll, former Democratic candidate for Governor, announced his desire that Maryland should go with the seceding States. Coleman Yellott de- clared for a convention, and later in the month John B. Brooke, president of the Senate, and E. G. Kil- i-ention ; Missouri and Maryland prepared to carry j bourn, Speaker of the House of Delegates, urged the out a moiety of their delegations. On the 23d, Caleb Governor to convene the Legislature in response to Cushing, the president of the convention, and a ma- ] public meetings. jority of the Massachusetts delegation also withdrew. : —On January 10th a " Conference Convention," On the second ballot Stephen A. Douglas received I representing all parts of the State and all shades of 18-ti votes out of 194^ cast, and was declared the opinion, met at the Law Buildings " for the purpose choice of the convention. On the same day the of conferring relative to the threatening condition of Democratic delegates who had abandoned the Doug- public affairs." Col. John Sellman, of Anne Arundel, ~ I was chosen permanent president, and David M. Ferine, ment than can be given within our present limits, and we have there- | ^f Baltimore County, and Wm. F. Goldsborough, of fore been forced reluctantly to content ourselves with simply a chrono- \ ~r~. ■, . r^ ^ • • i *- rru *.• logical presentation of the most prominent events in Baltimore between ! Dorchester County, Vice-pres.dents. The convention the commencement and the conclusion of the Civil War. continued in session several days. Resolutions were HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. reported by S. Teackle Wallis and adopted expressing devotion to the Union, concurrence in the wisdom and propriety of the " Crittenden Compromise," and re- questing the Governor to issue his proclamation call- ing on the people to vote on the last Monday of Jan- uary for or against the calling of a convention, and asking that, in case of their favoring the call, he would issue his proclamation inviting the people to elect delegates to such convention on the second Monday of February. Among the delegates in this Conference Convention were David M. Ferine, Col. John S. Git- tings, Jos. Pope, Pleasant Hunter, Thomas Cockey, Robert Taylor, Fd. D. Lyon, John Q. Hewlett, Richard Grason, Richard J.Gittings, JohnRidgely,of H., John Philpot, Joseph Walker, and Benjamin Payne, of Baltimore County; and John P. Kennedy, S. Teackle Wallis, Henry M. Warfield, Adam Denmead, Dr. A. C. Robinson, Wm. McKim, Geo. A. Eaton, John W. Garrett, Dr. J. H. Thomas, Wm. Devries, Johns Hop- kins, Peter Morrell, and N. T. Dushane, of Baltimore City. On the evening of January 10th an immense Union meeting was held at the Maryland Institute, indorsing Governor Hicks and condemning South Carolina. The meeting was called to order by Wm. McKim, and Archibald Stirling, Sr., was chosen to preside. Among the vice-presidents were John P. Kennedy, Thomas Swann, John B. Morris, and Co- lumbus O'Donnell. Addresses were made by Wm. H. Collins, Augustus W. Bradford, Reverdy Jolmson, B. Deford, Wm. E. Hooper, Joseph Gushing, Jr., and J. A. Pearre. This memorable ma.ss-meeting had been arranged at a preliminary meeting held at the Law Buildings on the 29th of December, 1860, and was called by a committee consisting of Messrs. Wm. H. Collins, Wm. McKim, Benjamin Deford, Wm. E. Hooper, and Joseph Cushing, Jr. —On the r2th of January three companies of United States light artillery from Fort Leavenworth arrived in Baltimore and occupied Fort McHenry. —On January 16th Marshal Kane wrote to the mayor of Washington denying the rumor that armed associations were being formed in Baltimore for the purpose of making " unlawful demonstrations at the seat of government on the 4th of March." —January 30th, two companies of United States artillery from Fort Hamilton, New York, arrived in Baltimore on their way to Washington. —On the 1st of February the citizens of Baltimore who were "in favor of restoring the Constitutional Union of the States, and who desire the position of Maryland in the existing crisis to be ascertained by a convention of the people," assembled in town-meet- ing at the Maryland Institute. The assemblage, which was an immense one, was called together by anxiety with regard to the position of Maryland, and indig- uaticm at the course of Governor Hicks. The meet- ing was called to order by Joshua Vansaut, and Dr. A. C. Robinson was selected as president. The as- semblage was addressed by the chairman, Dr. Robin- son, Wm. Henry Norris, R. M. McLane, S. Teackle Wallis, ex-Governor Lowe, and Mr. Kilgour. The meeting invited the people of the State to send dele- gates to a convention to meet in Baltimore on the 18th of February. In pursuance of this call the State Con- ference Convention assembled in Baltimore, in the Universalist church at the northeast corner of Calvert and Saratoga Streets, on the day appointed. All the counties in the State were represented by gentlemen reflecting all shades of political opinion. It was or- ganized by the selection of Judge Ezekiel F. Cham- bers, of Kent County, as president, and Col. John C. Groome, of Cecil, David M. Ferine, of Baltimore County, Henry G. S. Key, of St. Mary's, J. F. Dash- iel, of Somerset, and Andrew Rench, of Washington County, as vice-presidents. After a session of two days the convention unanimously adopted an address "To the people of Maryland," and a set of resolutions, and then adjourned to meet in Baltimore on the 12th of March following. —During the night of Friday, February 22d, Abra- ham Lincoln, President-elect of the United States, passed through Baltimore on his way to the capital, having come from Harrisburg, Fa., by a circuitous route through Pliiladelphia. On Saturday, the,23d, the President's family arrived in Baltimore. The train was supposed to contain the President also, and was received by an immense crowd with groans and hoot- ings, but no personal violence was oftered to any one. Nearly the entire police force of the city, under com- mand of Marshal Kane, were on duty at the station. Mrs. Lincoln and family were escorted to the resi- dence of John S. Gittings, in Mount Vernon Place. After a few hours' rest she left for Washington on the same day. It is evident, from all the facts in the case, that Mr. Lincoln altered his arrangements at the suggestion of Marshal Kane, " to avoid," as the Baltimore America)) of Feb. 25, 1861, stated, " the at- tention of his political friends here, whose unpopu- larity with the great mass of the people is so notori- ous." On the 24th' Marshal Kane published an emphatic denial of the existence in Baltimore of a conspiracy to assassinate or offer violence to the Pres- ident, and on the 28th the Police Board formally stigmatized the rumors as " utterly destitute of any reasonable foundation."' —On the 12tli of March the State Conference Con- ■ vention reassembled in Baltimore, and on the second day adjourned to await the action of Virginia, after appointing Messrs. Walter Mitchell, E. F. Chambers, Wm. Henry Norris, E. L. Lowe, Isaac D. Jones, and J. Hanson Thomas to visit the Virginia convention, then in session, and urge that body to recommend a border State convention. — On the 21st of March a company of about one hundred men, under command of Robert E. Haslett, ' See full particulars in the writer's " History of Maryland," iii., p. 387. THE CIVIL WAK. left Baltimore by tne Norfolk boat en route for Charles- ton, S. C, to enlist in the army of the Southern Con- federacy. The company was organized by Mr. Has- lett and Thomas J. Goodrich, and was composed of unmarried men over nineteen years of age. On the 28th the Norfolk boat carried a number of other vol- unteers for the Southern army. — At a late hour on Friday, April 12th, a dispatch was received from Charleston, S. C, announcing that the attack upon Fort Sumter had begun. This an- nouncement was followed by the most intense excite- ment, which continued until the end of the month.^ — On Saturday, the 13th, the newspaper offices and the streets in the vicinity were crowded with thousands of people throughout the entire day. As the crowd increased the excitement became more inten.se, but no difficulty took place until about eleven o'clock, when a young man made his appearance in the neighborhood of South Street, wearing upon his hat a Southern cockade. He was saluted with hisses and groans by the Union men, who raised shouts of "Take it off !" " Hurrah for the Union !" etc. About three o'clock in the afternoon it was announced that Fort Sumter was on fire, and the Union men assembled about the news-offices in great numbers, and made loud threats against any one sympathizing with the South. In spite of these threats, however, the South- ern sympathizers gathered in force, and for some time serious difficulties were apprehended. Through the exertions of the police quiet was partially restored, but about four o'clock the excitement was revived by the appearance of another cockade upon Baltimore Street. A portion of the crowd made a rush for the party wearing it, who proved to be a gentleman from North Carolina who was stopping at Barnum's Hotel, and cries of "Go in, Union men!" "Eally, minute- men !" and other riotous shouts were heard. The crowd pressed rapidly around the stranger, and al- though he was immediately surrounded by a number of sympathizing friends, he was forced up Baltimore Street until opposite the clothing establishment of Messrs. Noah Walker & Co., when a decided stand was made, and with the assistance of Sergt. McComas of the police department the gentleman was enabled to return to the hotel. On Sunday, the 14th, the first Confederate flag displayed in the harbor was hoisted on the bark "Fanny Crenshaw," lying at Chase's wharf, at the foot of Thames and Caroline Streets. While all hands were away except a boy a party of men went on board and made him lower the flag, which, however, was run up again by the captain on his return, and kept flying the rest of that day and the 1 As an illustration of the position occupied by Maryland at the begin- ning of the contest, it may be mentioned that in April, 1861, the United States and Confederate States governments were both recruiting in Balti- more at oue and the same time, the Federal authorities having a recruit- ing agency on Camden Street near Charles, and the Confederates one in Marsh Market space. On the 21st of January, 1861, the schooner " Na- hant" was entered at the custom-house, presenting her clearance and manifest fi'om the authorities of the " Republic of South Carolina." whole of the next. On the 15th another small party of volunteers left Baltimore in the " Louisiana" for Charleston via Norfolk. On the same date John Thompson Mason, collector of the port; Levi K. Bowen, naval officer ; Dr. Findley, surveyor of the port ; Gen. John W. Watkins, United States marshal for the district of Maryland, and others resigned, and the following Federal appointments for Baltimore were made by the new administration : Henry W. Hofl'- man, of Alleghany County, collector; Francis S. Cork- ran, of Baltimore County, naval officer; French S. Evans, deputy naval officer ; William H. Purnell, of Worcester County, postmaster ; William P. Ewing, of Cecil, naval agent; William L. Marshall, judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Baltimore City, sur- veyor ; Frederick Schley, of Frederick County, ap- praiser at large ; John F. Meredith and Charles P. Montague, appraisers ; Washington Bonifant, of Mont- gomery County, marshal; and Arthur W. Machen, of Baltimore County, district attorney. On the 17th Mayor Brown, by proclamation, made an earnest ap- peal for peace and order, but with little effect. — The 18th was a day of great excitement. At noon a small party of young men sympathizing with the South, and in honor of the secession of Virginia on the day before, hoisted a Confederate flag near the the Marine Observatory upon Federal Hill, and began a salute of one hundred guns, but on the third round they were driven off, the cannon seized, and, with the powder, thrown into the basin, while the gun-carriage was broken up and the flag torn into shreds. Later in the day another Confederate flag was hoisted in the northern section of the city and saluted with one hun- dred guns. About two o'clock of the same day a force of about six hundred United States troops and Penn- sylvania volunteers arrived in the city. They were greeted with hisses and groans from the people on their march through the streets, and there would un- doubtedly have been a serious collision but for the efficient police arrangements. Numerous outbreaks occurred in the neighborhood of the newspaper-offices during the day, and in the evening a meeting of the States' Rights Convention was held in Taylor's build- ing, on Fayette Street near Calvert, and where, it is ] alleged, very strong ground was taken against the passage of any more troops through Baltimore, and armed resistance threatened. A meeting was held at the same building in the morning by the " National I Volunteer Association," Hon. T. Parkin Scott pre- ' siding, at which strong Southern speeches were made. Proclamations were issued by the Governor and mayor with a view of allaying the excitement, and a dispatch was sent to Governor Curtin, of Pennsylvania, stating that the feeling was intense in Baltimore, and that no more troops could pass through the city. Such was the condition of affairs in Baltimore when the memor- able 19th of April arrived ; with it came the news of the destruction of the Harper's Ferry arsenal and the approach of additional forces from the North, pro- 130 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ceeding to the defense of Washington. The occur- rences of that day are given in detail elsewhere under the head of "Mobs and Riots." On the afternoon of the riot Messrs. H. Lennox Bond, John C. Brune, and George W. Dobbin were sent to request the President not to permit the passage of any more troops through Baltimore, and at four o'clock a public meeting was held in Monument Square, which was addressed by Dr. Alexander C. Eobinscm, Mayor Brown, William P. Preston, S. Teackle Wallis, John Wetbered, Charles Marshall, Robert M. McLane, Marcus Duvall, George M. Gill, and Governor Hicks. In the evening it was reported that more Northern troops were on their way to the city, and after a consultation between Mar- shal Kane, the mayor. Governor Hicks, and ex-Gov- ernor Lowe, it was determined to burn the railroad bridges of the Northern Central and Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore roads in the vicinity of the city. The necessary order was accordingly given, and about half-past two o'clock Saturday morning, the 20th, two parties left the city, one, consisting of a squad of police, accompanied by one company of the City Guard under command of Capt. J. G. Johannes, and a number of armed citizens who volunteered their services, for the Northern Central Railroad ; the other, with a posse of police-officers and one company of tlie Baltimore City Guard under Col. Kane, for the Philadelphia road. The first party destroyed the bridge at Melvale, about five miles from the city, but the citizens not feeling satisfied with this proceeded farther and destroyed the bridge at the Relay House and the one near Cockeysville. The second party burnt the bridges over the Bush and Gunpowder Elvers and Harris' Creek. The telegraph-poles and wires were also cut and destroyed in several places on both roads. On Saturday, the 20th of April, another committee, consisting of Messrs. Anthony Kennedy and J. Morrison Harris, was sent to Washington to secure more satisfactory guarantees from the President with reference to the passage of troops through the city, and active preparations for defense were con- tinued. On Sunday morning Mayor Brown and Gov- ernor Hicks were summoned to Washington to con- sult the President with reference to the situation, and the Governor being absent, the mayor set out for that city at an early liour accompanied by Messrs. George W. Dobbin, John C. Brune, and S. Teackle Wallis. While the mayor was absent a man on liorseback dashed up to the marshal's office bringing intelligence that five thousand Northern troops were at Cockeys- ville, fifteen miles distant, and were marching direct for the city. The startling announcement was very soon spread abroad by the newspaper-offices, and in a few moments the whole city was on fire with excite- ment. The church bells were ringing for morning service when the quick roil of the drums at the vari- ous armories was suddenly heard calling the forces to arms, and its effect was instantaneous. Men rushed from the churclies to the armories; women hurried shrieking through the streets, supposing that the enemy was already in the city. Some of the churches were deserted, in others the services were cut short, and in less than fifteen minutes after the first alarm the streets were filled with people flying to arms to I meet the " invaders." The old " Town Clock" bell soon rang an alarm, and by eleven o'clock Holliday Street, from Baltimore Street to the old City Hall, and several adjacent streets were packed with a dense mass of citizens and soldiers. They were rapidly enrolled in companies of forty, and electing their captains, were marched to the headquarters assigned them to await further orders. Hundreds of persons made their appearance at the marshal's office armed i with small bird and heavy duck guns, bowie-knives, j pistols, and every description of weapon. After some five hours spent in hasty preparations the forces were all collected, under command of Col. Isaac R. Trimble, ■ and ready for a move ; and at two o'clock several can- non were taken as far as Eager Street, near Green- mount Avenue, where they awaited the arrival of the remainder of the forces stationed on Holliday Street. About five o'clock the mayor sent a telegram to John I W. Garrett, saying " we have again seen the Presi- I dent. Gen. Scott, Secretary of War, and other mem- j bers of the cabinet, and the troops are ordered to j return forthwith to Harrisburg. A messenger goes ' with us from Gen. Scott. We return immediately." Upon the receipt of this intelligence the militia and volunteers jiromptly dispersed, and quiet was restored. On Monday the volunteers and militia again assem- bled, and were thoroughly organized for immediate action whenever their services should be required. — On the 24th of April a special election was held I in Baltimore for the selection of delegates to the Gen- eral Assembly, which had been summoned by the Gov- ernor to meet in extra session at Frederick, Annapolis being in the hands of the Federal troops. But one ticket was presented, and 9244 votes were cast for i Messrs. John C. Brune, Ross Winans, Henry M. War- I field, J. Hanson Thomas, T. P.-vrkin Scott, H. M. I Morfitt, S. Teackle Wallis, Charles H. Pitts, William I G. Harrison, and Lawrence Sangston, the "States' I Rights" candidates. — On the 26th of April the propeller "Express"' landed troops and munitions of war at Forts Carroll and McHenry. On the same day an order was issued by the Board of Police Commissioners forbidding the display of flags, and some seventeen persons on Fed- eral Hill were arrested who refused to lower the United States flag. On the 29th there was a grand parade I of the First Light Division of the munici])al forces, consisting of the First and Second Brigades, under command of Maj.-Gen. Steuart. —On the 1st of May, Henry W. Hoffman entered upon his duties as collector, and the United States flag was hoisted upon the custom-house. About two o'clock a young man cut the lialyards with his pocket- knife. He was immediatelv arrested, and would have THE CIVIL WAR. 131 been hung by the uiob but for the protection of the police. On the .same day the order of the Police Board forbidding the removal of provisions from the city, which had been in force during the latter part of April, was rescinded. — On the 4th of May, Maj. Morris, commander of Fort McHenry, refused to obey a writ of habeas corpus issued by Judge Wm. F. Giles, of the United States District Court, for the purpose of releasing from the United States service an enlisted soldier named John George Mullen, who had petitioned for release on the ground of minority. On the same date an immense meeting was held in Baltimore to protest against Coleman Yellott's bill to appoint a Board of Public Safety. The powers proposed to be given to the board were very great, and included the expenditure of an appropriation of two millions of dollars for the defense of the State and the" entire control of the military, including the removal and appointment of commissioned officers. It was strongly pressed in the Legis- lature, but finally failed to pass. The proposed measure created intense opposition among Union men, as well as among some Southern sympathizers, being regarded as a mere substitute for an ordinance of secession. —On the 5th of May a Fed- eral force under Gen. Butler took possession of the Relay House, at thg junction of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad and the Washington branch, about six miles from Baltimore.' — On the 9th of May a large body of troops that had been transported from Perryville by steamboat landed at Locust ^ ^ Point, and being transferred to —Cl the cars, were immediately car- ried to Washington. There was no attempt on the part of the people or the au- thorities of Maryland to interfere with the troops. The mayor and a large police force were present. and a large crowd of spectators on the city side, who appeared to have been attracted by curiosity rather than a purpose to obstruct the passage of the troops. On the 13th the order prohibiting the display of flags was rescinded, and on the night of the 13th Maj.- Gen. Butler entered Baltimore with a large portion of his command and took possession of Federal Hill, no one offering the slightest resistance. On the fol- lowing day he issued a " proclamation," which was generally observed. The troops at Federal Hill, after a few days' stay, returned to the Eelay House ; but the position was held by some of the new regiments, and from that time a considerable force was kept in Bal- timore until the end of the war. In his proclamation Gen. Butler forbade the transportation of supplies to the South, and all assemblages of military organiza- tions. He forbade also the display of any 1 While stationed there one of the soldiers who had partaken of too much pie and beer was taken sick, and this important fact Gen. Bntler thought momentous enough to mention in a special order (May 8th), in which he alleged that he " had found well authenticated evidence" that the man had "been poisoned by means of strychnine administered in the food brought into the camp." He then continued, in characteristic style: "Are our few insane enemies among the loyal men of Maryland prepared to wage war upon us in this manner? Do they know the ter- rible lesson of warfare they are teaching us? Can it he that they re- alize the fact that we can put an agent, with a word, into every house- hold, armed with this terrible weapon ?" Though most strongly posted and forniidably armed, the forces at Camp Relay were apprehensive of an attack by the " roughs" of Baltimore, and judged it pnident to apply to the mayor for the protection of the police. FOET FEDERAL HILL IN 1861. flags or banners, and directed all State military offi- cers to report to him. On the 14th, " for his hazard- ous occupation of Baltimore without the knowledge" and approbation of Gen. Scott, Gen. Butler was re- called to Washington, and Gen. Cadwallader ap- pointed in his stead. As soon as he was withdrawn the post on Federal Hill was amply garrisoned, and strong fortifications, mounting upwards of fifty heavy guns, and commanding the greater portion of Balti- more and Fort McHenry, were thrown up by the Fifth New York Zouave Regiment, under the direc- tion of Col. Brewerton, of the United States Engineer Corps. This fort inclosed the entire crown of the hill. The angles of the bastions were so arranged that the guns mounted on them could rake by an en- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. filading fire all the .streets by which the hill could be approached. When completed the work was a very strong one, its huge cannon in close proximity to South Baltimore, and effectually overlooking the city across the basin and the shipping below. A number l of other fort.s were afterwards constructed, that of Fort Marshall being the chief, a very strong work to the east of Patterson Park, and Fort Worthington, northeast of the Maryland Hospital. These were fully mounted and garrisoned. Besides these regular works, a number of others were at different times erected, and completely defended the city. These were numbered, beginning at the head of Baltimore Street, on the estate of Gen. George H. Steuart, whose property at that point was confiscated, and his mansion and extensive grounds devoted to the use of a hospital, known as the Jervis Hospital. Adjoining, on a ridge overlooking a wide extent of country, an extensive fortification was reared, the lines of which may still be traced. This was Fort No. 1, and these earthworks, regularly numbered, encircled Baltimore. Many of them were never used at all, and a number of the smaller ones, within what has now become an I inhabited part of the city, have since disappeared. Fort No. 4 stood at the intersection of Gilmor Street ' and the Liberty road, and No. 5 is now distinguished as the little eminence just within the Madison Ave- nue gate of Druid Hill Park. These two forts were garrisoned after the raid of 1864. No guns were ever mounted in No. 5, although several pieces of heavy ordnance were sent out, the company of the Veteran Eeserve Corps occupying it only a few weeks. Fort No. 7 was the extensive work near Mount Royal res- ervoir, and was garrisoned for a few days also in July, 1864, by the Union Club Company. Two heavy pieces of cannon were sent out there, but not mounted, and shot and shell provided. In addition to these strong lines of defense, there were numerous great hospitals in different sections of the city, as well as camps and barracks. — May 14th proved an eventful day for Baltimore. ' An immense Union meeting was held in East Bal- timore, James T. Randolph presiding, and the prin- j cipal addresses were delivered by John L. Thomas, Jr., John T. Wilmot, and Dr. Stafford," of Caro- line County. A schooner loaded with pikes from Winans' shop and Mini^rifles were seized. Bishop Whittingham issued a circular to the clergy of his , diocese forbidding the omission of the prayer for the ; President in the regular church service. On the same t day the Legislature adjourned, and Ross Winans, a ! delegate from Baltimore, was arrested at the Relay House and confined in Fort McHenry. He was re- leased on the 16th without- an examination. On the day after his arrest he was nominated for Congress, but his name was subsequently withdrawn. On the 14th, Col. Hare, with twenty-eight of the New York volunteers, marched to the warehouse on the northeast corner of Gav and Second Streets, where a large num- ber of muskets and munitions of war were stored, and removed them to Fort McHenry. Over sixty wagon- loads of arms were thus secured, consisting of about two thousand nine hundred muskets, of which about two thousand were of the old flint-lock pattern, and three thousand five hundred pikes manufactured in Baltimore for the authorities. They were all the property of the city. — On the 21st another large seizure of arms belong- ing to the city, and stored at the McKim House, was made by order of the military authorities. On the 25th of May, John Merryman, of Baltimore County, was arrested at his residence and removed to Fort McHenry, charged with treason. On the following day a writ of habeas corpus was issued by Chief Jus- tice Taney, directed to Gen. Greorge Cadwallader, re- turnable Monday, May 27th. Upon that day Col. Lee, aide-de-camp of Gen. Cadwallader, appeared in court and read a letter from his commanding officer declining to obey the writ. The chief justice then issued an attachment against Gen. Cadwallader, but the deputy marshal was refused admission to Fort McHenry, and was not allowed to serve the writ. — During the month of June, and until towards the end of it, there was .some lull in the intense excite- ment in Baltimore. On the 4th, Henry Winter Da- vis presented to Col. Morehead's regiment, encamped at Patterson Park, an American flag which was pur- chased by subscription by the ladies of East Balti- more. On the 5th a demand was served upon Messrs. D. J. Foley & Bro. by United States Marshal Boni- fant, under instructions from Mr. Cameron, Secretary of War, calling for the immediate delivery of all the powder of the Hazard Powder Company, of Enfield, Conn., which was stored in the powder-house of the company at lower Canton. About sixty thousand pounds, or three thousand five hundred kegs, valued at sixteen thousand dollars, were surrendered to the mar- shal. Messrs. A. L. Webb & Co., Baltimore agents of Dupont's powder-mills, in Wilmington, Del., were served with a similar notice, and a small amount in their charge turned over to the United States. The rifle manufactory of Messrs. Merrill & Thomas, engaged in manufacturing a breech-loading rifle in the Sun iron building, was seized by the United States mar- shal, who also took possession of a number of finished arms from their warehouse. No. 239 Baltimore Street. About fifty men were employed in the manufacture of the arms. On the 7th a search for powder and arms was made among the tombs in Greenmount Cemetery by a detailed party of Federal soldiers, nothing, however, being discovered. The cemetery had been strictly searched once before. The same day Governor Hicks issued a proclamation ordering all tlie State arms and equipments to be delivered to Col. E. R. Petherbridge, the agent appointed to receive them, the proclamation being " to warn and enjoin upon all citizens of Baltimore, the loyal as well as the disloyal, having in their hands and jwssession any THE CIVIL WAR. arras and accoutrements belonging to the State, to surrender and deliver up the same." — On the 8th the Southern ladies of Baltimore pre- sented to the Maryland Guard in Richmond a Con- federate flag, which was carried through the lines by- Mrs. Augustus McLaughlin. — On the 10th of June, Maj.-Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, of Massachusetts, was appointed to the com- mand of the Department of Annapolis, with head- quarters at Baltimore, relieving Gen. Gadwallader. — On the 13th of June the election for the special session of Congress called by President Lincoln to meet on the 4th of July took place, and Henry May, the Independent and Conservative L^nion candidate, was elected over Henry Winter Davis by a majority of 2045. — At three o'clock on the morning of the 27th of June, Marshal Kane was arrested by a body of mili- tary and taken to Fort McHenry, where he was confined. On the same day Gen. Banks issued a proclamation infoi-ming the citizens that by virtue of authority vested in him, and in obedience to orders as commanding general of the military department, he had arrested and detained in custody Col. George P. Kane, marshal of police. Disclaiming all purpose, and announcing that his instructions did not authorize him "to interfere in any manner with the legitimate government of the people of Baltimore or Maryland," Gen. Banks went on to charge the existence in his department of combinations of war organized for resistance to the laws of the United States, pro- viding hidden deposits of arms and ammunition, encouraging contraband traffic with the enemies of the country, and stealthily waitiug opportunity to combine their means and forces with those in re- bellion against the authority of the government. Of these combinations he charged that Col. Kane was "believed" to be cognizant, and that he was " both witness and protector to the transactions and parties engaged therein," and consequently could not be regarded by the government as " otherwise than at the head of an armed force hostile to its authority, and acting in concert with its avowed enemies." The proclamation then announced that " for this reason" Gen. Banks, "superseding" Col. Kane's "offi- cial authority, and that of the Commissioners of Police," had arrested and detained the marshal ; and " in further pursuance of my instructions," he added, " I have appointed for the time being Col. John R. Kenly, of the First Regiment of Maryland volun- teers, provost-marshal, with the aid and assistance of the subordinate officers of the police department." On the same morning Col. Kenly proceeded to the office of the Board of Police, read to them the procla- mation, and, in obedience to the orders of Gen. Banks, notified them that their official authority was " super- seded." The president of the board protested against the proceedings, and asked time for reflection. Col. Kenly replied that his orders were to enter imme- diately upon the discharge of the duties assigned him, and that he should proceed at once to the Cen- tral Police Station, and demand there the surrender of the police authority exercised by Deputy Marshal Gitford. He then proceeded thither, followed very soon after by President Howard and Mayor Brown, who, after the demand had been made upon the deputy marshal, directed that officer to offer no oppo- sition to the demand, but to acquiesce in it for the time, until the board had an opportunity to draw up and utter a formal protest against the alleged "usur- pations." In compliance with this request, the deputy marshal and the police captains, who had been sum- moned, expressed their readiness to receive the orders of Provost-Marshal Kenly, who forthwith entered on his duties. Col. Kenly then issued an order " to the officers and men of the police force of Baltimore," notifying them of his assuming command, and direct- ing them to continue in the discharge of their duties subject to his orders and under the existing regula- tions. Matters being thus arranged, the Board of Police Commissioners, unable to resist the military power of the government, protested (the mayor uniting) in a dignified and becoming manner, as offi- cers of the State of Maryland, against the "arbitrary subversion of its laws and government," and refused to recognize the right of the officers and men of their police force to receive orders or directions from any authority but their own. Having thus asserted in the only mode left to them the supremacy of the laws of Maryland within their legitimate sphere, the board refrained from all interference with the proceedings of the provost-marshal, who at once commenced the appointment of individuals at his discretion to as- sume the places and perform the functions of the old force, which was discharged. After " superseding" the subordinates of the Police Board, Gen. Banks proceeded further, and removed the officers in charge of the police and fire-alarm telegraph, and substituted appointees of his own in their stead. Gen. John R. Kenly, who was thus appointed to the position of provost-marshal, was an officer dis- tinguished for gallantry displayed on the fields of battle in two wars. He was born in the city of Bal- timore in 1822. His father, Edward Kenly, emigrated to this country from England and settled in Harford County ; his mother was a Reese, and was a member of the Society of Friends. Gen. Kenly received the educa- tion obtainable at the private schools, and entered his father's counting-house, where he remained until his father retired from business. Studying law with John S. McCuUoch and James M. Buchanan, he was ad- mitted to the bar in 1845. The Mexican war inter- rupted his practice, and under the spur of the patriotic ardor of those days he raised a company of volunteers, and June 2, 1846, joined the battalion of Lieut.-Col. Wm. H. Watson for twelve months' service. In the " Eagle Artillery" of Baltimore he had previously cultivated the ardor for military service, and risen to 134 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the rank of lieutenant. Sailing from Alexandria, Va., the battalion landed at Brazos Santiago, on the Rio Grande, July 2, 1846, and marched with the army of Gen. Taylor from Bravo del IS'orte to Monterey. In the battles that preceded the fall of Monterey, Capt. Kenly participated, and when Watson fell, ral- lied and reformed the battalion, and kept it in action until the battle ended. For this action he was spe- cially mentioned by Capt. James E. Stewart. Bri- gaded with Gen. Quitman's Tennesseeans and Geor- gians, Capt. Kenly marched to Victoria, from whence Bridge. The command was stationed at Jalapa until the treaty of peace, and returned to Baltimore July 22, 1848, and was honorably discharged at Fort Mc- Henry. The General Assembly voted Maj. Kenly the thanks of the State for distinguished gallantry dis- played on the field during the war with Mexico. Resuming the practice of law, Maj. Kenly was in 1850 nominated by the Whig party for Congress, and had been nominated by the same party for the Legis- lature, but was each time defeated. He continued the practice of the law without interruption until ^^^je^t-t^.^ they drove the enemy, and occupied the city. With the division of Gen. Twiggs, the battalion marched to Tampico, where, the term of service having expired, the command was mustered out of service. Capt. Kenly immediately returned to Baltimore, but re- ceiving a commission as major in a regiment raised in Maryland and the District of Columbia, he sailed from Baltimore within a month after his arrival, and with the battalion arrived at Vera Cruz ; from thence, . with Col. Hughes in command, Maj. Kenly marched towards the capital of Mexico, participating in the affairs at the San Juan, YA Paso, and the Natural 1861, when the breaking out of the civil war again called him to the field. His sympathies and convic- tions being with the Union, his services were offered to and accepted by the Federal Government. His experience in the field, obtained in the Mexican war, made him a central figure in military matters in Maryland. He was appointed colonel by President Lincoln, June 11, 1861, having previously been pro- vost-marshal of Baltimore. Col. Kenly was severely wounded at the battle of Front Royal, where, after a desperate struggle, he was taken prisoner. Ex- changed on the ir)th of August, he was instrumental THE CIVIL WAR. 135 in obtaining the exchange of his command on the 17th of September. Promoted to' brigadier-general, he was commissioned by President Lincoln, Aug. 22, 1862, for "gallant conduct at the battle of Front Royal," where by delaying the Confederates lie pre- vented the capture of the army under Gen. Banks, and assigned to the command of the Maryland Brigade, which he had organized. He was placed in command of all troops in Baltimore, outside of the forts, when Gen. Lee advanced into Maryland. Hastening to join McClellan after the battle of Antietam, he rendered efficient services at Hagerstown and Harper's Ferry, where he commanded. The Maryland Brigade was assigned to the division of Gen. French in 1863, and then joined the Army of the Potomac under Gen. Meade as it was marching to Gettysburg. He ren- dered most valuable service, in the recapture of the Maryland Heights at Harper's Ferry. He was as- signed to the command of the Third Division, First Army Corps, on July 12th, and was with the Army of the Potomac until March 25, 1864, when by reason of the consolidation of the five army corps into three he was assigned to the command of a military district in the Middle Department, and severed his connec- tion with the Maryland Brigade. The occasion was availed of by one hundred and five commissioned officers of the brigade to express their regret at the separation, and to convey to him the expression of their friendship, regard, and respect. Subse- quently Gen. Kenly commanded at various times the Third Separate Brigade, Eighth Army Corps, a bri- ! gade in the Sixth and Nineteenth Army Corps in the Shenandoah Valley ; also the First Separate Brigade, Eighth Array Corps. Brevetted major-general of vol- unteers " for gallant and meritorious services during the war," March 13, 1865, he was honorably mus- tered out of service Aug. 24, 1865. The General As- • sembly of Maryland expressed " the gratitude of the people of Maryland as eminently due to Col. John R. Kenly, of the First Maryland Regiment, for his early, prompt, and distinguished services in the cause of his ; country," and the corporate authorities of Baltimore I presented him a sword, through Mayor Chapman, "for his distinguished services in defense of the Union during the war of the Rebellion." Gen. Kenly in 1872 wrote and published an inter- esting history of the war with Mexico in 1846-47, under the title of "Memoirs of a Maryland Volun- teer." Since the close of the late civil war Col. Kenly has devoted his attention to literature and to the practice of the law, where he has attained a very high position among the leading lawyers. — On Friday evening, June 28th, the "St. Nich- olas," a steamer running between Baltimore and va- rious landings on the Potomac River, left the city at her usual time, having on board about fifty passen- gers. Nothing in their appearance indicated that ' anything unusual was about to happen, and all passed off" very quietly until after the boat had touched Point Lookout, about ten o'clock p.m. Here several of the passengers landed, and a gentleman came on board, who afterwards proved to be Capt. Hollins, late of the United States naval service. He took his station on the deck in the rear of the ladies' saloon. Among the passengers who embarked at Baltimore was a very respectable-looking " French lady," heavily veiled, who had appeared much concerned about the arrival of the boat at Washington, but on reaching the Point she retired to her state-room, reappearing shortly after the boat had resumed its course as a stalwart man in a zouave uniform, who, climbing over the railing of the deck, whispered to Capt. Hollins, when both rushed below, and in a moment or two more the boat stopped. A party of some twenty-five men who had gone on board at Baltimore, disguised as mechanics, etc., now proved to be fully in the secret, and under the directions of Capt. Hollins and the " French lady," who was Col. Zarvona Thomas, of the Confed- erate army, but formerly of St. Mary's County, over- powered the officers and crew of the boat. She then headed for the Virginia shore, Capt. Kirwin, the com- mander of the boat, being informed by Thomas that she was now to be engaged in a privateering expedi- tion. At Cone Point, on the Virginia shore, most of the passengers were landed, and one hundred and twenty-five officers and men of Virginia and Tennes- see troops were taken on board, Capt. Kirwin and fourteen of his crew being held as prisoners. The steamer was then run down as faT as the mouth of the Rappahannock River, where three' large brigs lying off the shore were hailed. These vessels were at once boarded and taken as prizes, laden with ice, coal, and coffee, into Fredericksburg, where the steamer, with her captain and crew, were delivered into the hands of the Virginians, who shortly after released them. About ten days after this bold exploit the " French lady" was captured on her return to Baltimore and shut up in Fort McHenry. Marshal Kenly had despatched Lieut. Carmichael and John Horner to Fair Haven to arrest Neal Green, a barber doing business on Pratt Street near Frederick, charged with being a participant in the assault on the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment on the 19th of April, and with other offenses. They arrested Green on July 8th, and were returning with him and his wife on the steamer " Mary Washington," and on conversing with some of the passengers, Lieut. Carmichael learned that Capt. Kirwin, with the engineer and another officer of the captured "St. Nicholas," were on board the "Mary Washington," returning to Bal- timore, as was also Col. Thomas, who had seized him, with seven or eight others of the captors. As soon as these facts were ascertained, and each one of the party recognized beyond doubt, Lieut. Carmichael directed Capt. M. L. Weems, the commander of the " Mary Washington," to proceed, on reaching Balti- more Harbor, to land the passengers at Fort McHenry, the direction being given while the steamer was off" 136 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Annapolis. Soon afterwards Carraichael and Horner, j who were in the ladies' cabin, were approached by Thomas; who demanded to know by what authority the steamer had been ordered to land at Fort Mc- Henry. Carmichael informed him through authority vested in him by Provost-Marshal Kenly. On hear- ing this Thomas drew a pistol and called his men around him, while Carmichael and Horner, provided [ with revolvers, displayed them, and the other passen- gers supporting them, matters thus stood until the steamer stopped at Fort McHenry, when Carmichael at once informed Gen. Banks of his capture. The general instnutly unlcrccl out a company of infantry, who marcliril u< tiir -ir:niier and secured all the ac- cused exceptiii'^; 'I'hoiuas, who could not be found for an hour and a half. At length he was discovered se- creted in a bureau drawer in the ladies' cabin. He and the other prisoners were then marched into the fort and placed in confinement, while the witnesses, some tenor twelve in number, were also detained over night. — A new sensation was created on the 1st of July by the arrest of the Police Commissioners. They were arrested between three and five o'clock in the morn- ing, by Col. Morehead's Philadelphia regiment, which first proceeded to the residence of John W. Davis, and afterwards to those of Charles D. Hinks, Charles How- ard, and William H. Gatchell. All four of the com- missioners were conveyed to Fort McHenry, and with the exception of Mr. Hinks, who was released on ac- count of delicate health, were afterwards confined for more than a year in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor. William McKewen, the clerk of the Police Board, was also arrested, but was released in a few hours, there being no charge against him. A military force was marched into the city at an early hour and posted in ditierent quarters, and pieces of artillery planted in several of the streets. Meanwhile, Mayor Brown, being the only member of the Police Board who had not been deprived of liberty, in order to relieve his fellow-citizens from the embarrassments and perils of the situation, offered to undertake the management of the police. Gen. Banks, however, did not accept the ofter, and after some delay, on July 10th, announced by proclamation that he had appointed George R. Dodge, of Baltimore, marshal of police, vice Col. John R. Kenly, who had requested to be relieved. On the same day the troops were withdrawn from the central part of the city and marched back to their encamp- ments on the outskirts. — On the 4th of July the Sixth Regiment of Mas- sachusetts militia. Col. E. T. Jones commanding, and stationed at the Relay House, were presented with an elegant silk flag by the Union citizens of Balti- — July 8th the steamers "George Weems" and " Mary Washington" were seized by Gen. Banks under orders from the War Department, it being feared that they might share the fate of the " St. Nicholas." On the 18th, in Congress, the committee of the House of Representatives to whom had been referred a resolution to inquire whether or not the Hon. Henry May, rep- resentative from Baltimore, was in criminal inter- course with those in armed resistance to the govern- ment, submitted a report that there was no evidence of Mr. May's guilt. The report also exculpated the President and Gen. Scott from all suspicion of a cor- respondence with the Confederates through Mr. May's agency. Upon the adoption of this report Mr. May addressed the House upon the subject of the inquiry, warmly denouncing it as an unparalleled outrage upon his constituents, and then proceeded with some severe remarks upon the administration, when he was called to order by Mr. Stevens, of Pennsylvania. Mr. May then declined to proceed with his remarks at that time. He presented the memorial of the Police Commis- sioners of Baltimore. Ex-Governor Francis Thomas, of Maryland, replied to Mr. May, and maintained that the recent election demonstrated the fact that the vast majority of the people of Maryland entirely approved the military measures of the administration. On the 29th of July the "Joseph Whitney," steamboat, touched at tlie wharf of Fort McHenry at six p.m., and received on board the Police Commissioners and Richard H. Alvey, Samuel H. Lyon, John W. Ku- sick, James E. Murphy, Charles M. Wagelin, Dr. Edward Johnston, and T. C. Fitzpatrick. These gen- tlemen were transferred to Fort Lafayette, in New York Harbor, where they remained for some time, and from whence they were taken, with the arrested members of the Maryland Legislature, to Fort Warren, in Boston Harbor. The prisoners removed from Fort McHenry arrived at Fort Lafayette on July 31st. On the 6th of August Judge Garrison, of Kings County Court, Brooklyn, N. Y., issued a writ of habeas corpus for the production of the bodies of the Baltimore Po- lice Commissioners. Col. Burke, commanding Fort Lafayette, in answer to the writ, replied that he deeply regretted his inability to comply with it, " pending the exciting political troubles." Some discussion arose between the judge and the petitioners' counsel regarding Col. Burke's refusal, and he was ordered himself to appear and show cause why he should not be held for contempt. Nothing, however, came of this effort. In the Maryland Legislature, on the 5th of August, Mr. Wallis, from the Committee on Fed- eral Relations, submitted a long report upon the mem- orial of the Police Commissioners, accompanied by a series of resolutions strongly protesting against their detention, which were adopted by a very large vote. —On the9th of August, Messrs. John C. Breckenridge and C. L. Vallandigham being at the Eutaw House, their friends attempted to serenade them, but on the appearance of Mr. Breckenridge on the portico of the hotel, about ten o'clock in the evening, it soon became evident that his presence was obnoxious to a large portion of the crowd gathered below. He attcm]ited THE CIVIL WAR. 137 to address those assembled, but was continually inter- rupted and at length retired. Mr. Vallandigham did not appear. — On the 14th, Bishop Whittinghani issued an earnest pastoral letter to the clergy and laity of his diocese regarding the approaching fast-day appointed by President Lincoln. On the 15th the Union State Convention nominated Augustus W. Bradford for Governor, and S. S. Maffit for comptroller, and a series of very strong resolutions in favor of the Union and condemnatory of secession in any form were adopted as the platform for the campaign. At the same time the " Report of the Joint Committee of the Legislature of Maryland on Federal Relations in re- gard to the suppression of the Board of Police and j the imprisonment of its membei"s" was published in full. — On the 21st of August a number of Confederate I prisoners of war reached the city from Western Vir- ginia, having been captured at the battles of Philippi 1 and Cheat Mountain. On their arrival in the city | they were taken to the Central Police Station, from whence they were conveyed to the custom-house ' building, but soon afterwards were allowed to proceed to the Gilmor House, where they were quartered for the night. They were on their parole, and were sent otf the next day to Old Point Comfort, where they were to be discharged. They received a great deal of attention from Confederate sympathizers, and were the recipients of many presents. — On September 5th the military authorities pro- mulgated an order forbidding the display and sale of all secession badges, flags, pictures, songs, photographs, music, neckties, infants' socks, etc. On the 6th, Mayor Brown was ordered by Gen. Dix to discontinue the payment of the old police force. On the 5th the City Gubernatorial Peace Convention a.ssembled at tlie hall corner of Calvert and Saratoga Streets to select dele- gates to represent the city in the State Peace Conven- tion to nominate candidates for Governor and comp- troller. Dr. Jolin F. Monmonier was called to the chair, and John P. Poe and T. S. Hutchins were ap- pointed secretaries. Fifty persons were put in nomi- nation for delegates, and after considerable balloting I. Nevitt Steele, George W. Herring, Joshua Van- saut, Neilson Poe, Robert Gilmor, Jr., Cliarles H. Meyers, John Milroy, William H. Jillard, James Hodges, Wendell Bollman, and Hugh Giflbrd were elected. A convention was held also on the same day at Towsontown for Baltimore County, resulting in the election of Prof N. R. Smith, Corville Stansbury, James H. Stone, John Bosley, William F. W. Brune, Jr., Peter Fowble, and Charles A. Buchanan as dele- gates to the State Peace Convention. On September 7th the police arrested at the Battle Monument House at North Point twenty young men who were en- deavoring to make their way South. They were con- fined in Fort McHenry, and in a few days were trans- ferred to Fort Lafayette. N. Williams, coach-maker, was arrested about five o'clock on Sunday morning, just as he was about leaving his shop with his little daughter in a wagon drawn by two horses. The wagon was provided with a false bottom, which on examina- tion was found to contain eighteen large navy re- volvers, and a package of over one hundred letters to Baltimoreans in the South. Mr. Williams was sent to Fort McHenry. On the evening of September 9th a hearse containing a coffin was driven across Light Street bridge, and either from the irreverent manner of the driver or some other cause of suspicion the funeral party was challenged by a sentinel, and the coffin on examination was found to contain a quantity of guns, pistols, percussion-caps, and other contra- band articles, which, with the coffin, hearse, and horses, were duly confiscated. — On the 10th of September the Maryland State Peace Convention assembled at the Law Buildings, at the corner of St. Paul and Lexington Streets, and nominated candidates for Governor and comptroller. On the 11th of September, Col. Kane was transferred from Fort McHenry to Fort Lafayette, and afterwards to Fort Warren. — On the 12th and 13th of September, in accord- ance with an order of Maj.-Gen. Dix, commanding in Baltimore, the military police arrested George William Brown, mayor of Baltimore ; Ross Winans, Severn Teackle Wallis, Henry M. Warfield, Dr. \ J. Hanson Thomas, T. Parkin Scott, Henry M. Morfitt, Charles H. Pitts, William G. Harrison, and Lawrence ttangston, members of the House of Dele- gates from Baltimore City ; Henry May, member of 1 Congress from the Fourth Congressional District; I Robert Denison and Leonard G. Quinlan, members j of the House of Delegates from Baltimore County ; Dr. A. A. Lynch, State senator ; Francis Key How- j ard, one of the editors of the Baltimore Exchaiuje ; and Thomas W. Hall, editor of The South. The I prisoners were temporarily confined in Fort Mc- Henry, and afterwards in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor. William W. Glenn, another of the pro- prietors of the Exchange newspaper, was arrested on i the 1-tth. Among those whose arrests were ordered were John C. Brune, a prominent merchant and member of the Legislature, and Dr. Alexander C. Robinson, both of whom, however, made their es- cape. It was about this period that James M. Haig, of Baltimore, and F. Wyatt and William Gilchrist, of Philadelphia, were arrested for sending munitions of war southward. A search for arms on the 16th of September resulted in finding about two hundred muskets concealed under the floors of Messrs. Egerton & Keys' auction bazaar, on North and Saratoga Streets, formerly known as the Old Mud Theatre. The armory of the Independent Grays, on High Street, was also entered, and about sixty muskets and some accoutrements seized. The next day the Maryland Club House, on the corner of Cathedral and Franklin Streets, was searched for arms, none HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. being found; and on the 18th, John H. Weaver's coffin warehouses were thoroughly examined, and the coffins and burial-cases closely inspected, without the discovery of any weapons. Christ Church was also ex,amined, but to no purpose. On the 28th the Purnell Legion, Maryland Union Volunteers, were presented, at the Washington Monument, with a flag from the ladies of Oldtown. On the 30th of Sep- tember the Sixth Michigan Regiment, encamped on the McKim estate, were presented with a flag by a number of Union ladies of the Eighth Ward. The City Council adjourned sine die on the evening of September 30th, the president of the First Branch, J. C. Blackburn, continuing to act as mayor in place of George William Brown until the next election, which was held on the 9th of October. i — On the 3d of October the United States gunboat "Pinola" was launched from the shipyard of Abra- hams & Ashcroft, being the first government vessel built in Baltimore since the opening of the war. On I the 9th of October an election for members of the ! First Branch of the City Council was held ; the candidates of the Union party had no opposition, [ the whole vote polled being 9.587. On the 6th of November the election for Governor, comptroller, members of the Legislature, judges of the courts, clerks, sherifl", commissioner of public works, and city I surveyor occurred. The Union candidate for Gov- ernor, Augustus W. Bradford, was elected, 17,922 votes I having been cast for him in Baltimore, against 3347 votes cast for the Democratic candidate. Two even- ings before the election a very large L^nion meeting was held in Monument Square, at which William H. Collins presided. Addresses were made by Augustus W. Bradford, R. W. Thompson, of Indiana, and others. Augustus Williamson Bradford was born at Belair, ! Harford Co., Md., Jan. 9, 1806, and died on the 1st [ of March, 1881. He was educated at the Harford County Academy, and at St. Mary's College, Bal- timore, and after being admitted to the bar prac- ticed law in his native town. In 1838 he removed to ; Baltimore, and while still adhering to his profession, i he also threw himself into political life as an earnest I advocate of Whig principles, and a warm admirer of | Henry Clay. In 1844 he was an elector on the Clay ticket, and distinguished himself by his speeches during the canvass. But the defeat of Clay was so severely felt by him that he retired from political life, and for sixteen years neither made an address nor attended a meeting. In the mean time, however, he i held, from 1845 to 1851, by appointment of Governor j Pratt, the position of clerk of the Baltimore County j Court, and when he was legislated out of office by the adoption of the constitution of the latter year. Judges Frick, Purviance, and Legrand joined in a letter highly complimentary to him upon the discharge of j his official duties. Under appointment from Governor j' Hicks, Mr. Bradford was one of the rej>reseiitatives of ' Maryland at the Peace Conference which met at Washington in January, 1861, in whose deliberations he made himself conspicuous as an unconditional Unionist. It followed that upon the organization of the Union party in Maryland in the summer of 1861, he was made the candidate for Governor, and was elected by a majority of thirty-one thousand votes. In history he will always be known as the " war Gov- ernor of Maryland." During his four years' tenure of the office he was untiring in the organization of regiments for the Federal army, in recruiting for their shattered ranks, in looking after the comfort and welfare of the men in the field, and caring for the families that they left at home. On several occasions he visited the Maryland Brigade in the Army of the Potomac, once to present it with a stand of colors. His zeal made him obnoxious to the friends of the Confederacy, and in 1864, when a raid was made into the State by the Confederate forces, they burned his residence in Baltimore County, and left a note saying that the act was committed by order of Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, in retaliation for the burning of the house of Governor Letcher, of Vir- ginia, which was done by order of Gen. Hunter, of the Federal army. Thus a severe loss was inflicted upon Governor Bradford, but it did not shake his fidelity to the Union cause. He had been long convinced that slavery was not only morally wrong, but that it was also the worst possible system of labor, and on both grounds he advocated its abolition. But he pro- posed to undertake the task in a legal and constitu- tional manner, and therefore certain hasty people ac- cused him of indifterence, and desired to rush head- long into the work of abolishment. He reftised to be carried along by their impetuosity, and his calm, cool judgment prevailing, the Legislature which met in January, 1864, adopted his suggestions for the call for a constitutional convention. This convention met in the succeeding summer, and adopted the Free State Constitution, doing away with slavery, which in time was ratified by the vote of the people and of the Maryland soldiers in the field. The new constitution went into effect on Nov. 1, 1864, amid the rejoicings of the Union party and the hearty applause of the success of the Governor's labors. He presided over the meeting of the loyal Governors which was held at Altoona, Pa., in September, 1862, and from which the national government derived nuuh valuable counsel and encouragement. Governor Bradford was rather favorably disposed towards the reconstruction policy of President John- son, and in 1867 the latter appointed him surveyor of the port of Baltimore, which position he held until President Grant came into office. The Governor had supported the Republican party in the elections of 1868 and thereafter, and in 1874 President Grant ten- dered him the position of appraiser-general in the Baltimore Custom-House, which he refused to accept because the office seemed to him one that required > f'"^ THE CIVIL WAR. 139 the services of an experienced and judicious mercliant, and his own pursuits had been so entirely outside such a sphere that he had neither mercantile educa- tion nor experience, so that to accept the oifiee would make him entirely dependent upon deputies and assist- ants, which would be utterly repugnant to his notions of official qualification or responsibility. It has been truthfully said of Governor Bradford that he was never an office-seeker, and that his administration of all the official trusts confided to him was character- ized by stern integrity and true sagacity. As the war Governor of Maryland, he occupied an exceedingly difficult and delicate position, having to hold the State steady in the Union ranks, and at the same time combat a multitude of secret or open influences that were bitterly ho.stile to him. That he bore himself so nobly and successfully in this trying ordeal is the strongest proof of his statesmanship. He was mar- ried in 1835 to Miss Elizabeth Kell, daughter of the late Judge Kell, one of the associate justices of the Sixth Judicial District when it was composed of Har- ford and Baltimore Counties. There are seven living children, whose names are Augustus W., Emeline K., Jane B., Lizzie, Charles H., Thomas Kell, and Samuel Webster. — On the 12th of November a committee of prom- inent Union citizens of Baltimore, consisting of Enoch Pratt, Galloway Cheston, Thomas M. Smith, Thomas AVhitridge, Archibald Sterling, Wm. J. Albert, Wm. C. Hooper, Wm. McKim, Henry D. Harvey, Wm. C. Robinson, P. G. Saurwein, Chas. E. Woodyear, and Wm. Callow, sought an interview with President Lincoln on the subject of employing Baltimore me- chanics on work for the government. On the 20th of November, Miller's Hotel, corner of German and Paca Streets, was searched by the police for arms, and several persons connected with the house were arrested. A boarder named T. Webster and his wife were seized, but the former managed to make his escape while on his way to Fort McHenry. —On the 10th of December, Lieut. David E. Whit- son, of Company I, Second Maryland Regiment, was shot and instantly killed by a private of the company named Joseph Koons, who was executed at Fort McHenry on March 7, 1862. On the 12th the Mary- land Senate, by a vote of twelve to five, declared va- cant the seat of Coleman Yellott, of Baltimore, and ordered a new election to be held to fill the vacancy. 1862.---On Monday night, February 17th, Col. Samuel S. Mills and Thomas S. Piggott, one a pro- prietor and the other principal editor of The South newspaper, were arrested and confined in Fort Mc- Henry, and a few days afterwards John Mills, the publisher of the paper, was also arrested. — On the 12th, Bishop Whittingham transmitted to all the clergy of his parish a prayer of thanksgiving for the recent Federal victories, to be used on all oc- casions of public worship within eight days follow- ing the Sunday after its receipt. During this month notice of disloyal teachers in the public schools hav- ing been brought before the School Commissioners, a select committee consisting of George N. Eaton, presi- dent, Thomas W. Griffin, J. Asbury Morgan, Edward G. Waters, and John F. Plummer were instructed to j examine into and report upon the matter. They did I so and reported at some length, showing that there was very little ground for the charge, and asking to be discharged from further consideration of the sub- ject. On May 0th the friends of Governor Hicks as- [ sembled at the Maryland Institute, and under the I auspices of the Union Musical Association held a I concert in honor of the ex-Governor, and presented I him with a large and handsome national flag. The presentation address was made by Rev. J. McKendree Riley, to which Governor Hicks made a suitable reply. —On the 25th of May great excitement was created ; in the city by the news of Gen. Banks' retreat and the j capture of Col. Kenly, of the First Maryland Regi- ] ment. A dense throng of people filled Baltimore j Street from Calvert to Holliday Streets, and a num- ber of Southern sympathizers were set upon and badly beaten. The excitement continued for several days, the mob attacking and beating persons obnox- ious to them whenever they made their appearance [ on the street. On the 26th the Police Board issued a I proclamation declaring their determination to keep the peace at all hazards, and ordering all bar-rooms and restaurants to be closed. The various newspaper- offices were visited by the rioters and made to display the national colors. On the 31st of May a riot oc- curred among the inmates of Campbell's slave jail, on Pratt Street near Howard, which was only sup- pressed by the assistance of tlie police. —On June 1st, Gen. John A. Dix was transferred to Fortress Monroe, and was succeeded by Gen. John E. Wool, who arrived in Baltimore on the 8th. On the 27th of June a young man and woman were arrested for waving a window curtain to some Con- federate prisoners. On the 28th of June, Judge James L. Bartol, of the Court of Appeals, was ar- rested at Camden Station, while on his way to his home in Baltimore County, and confined at Fort McHenry. He was released after a few days' im- prisonment. At a late hour on the night of the 29th of June a report reached the city that the Confeder- ates were advancing, and the alarm-bells were imme- diately sounded to call the Union Leagues and loyal citizens together. The streets were soon thronged with armed men, and the work of barricading the approaches to the city was pushed with great vigor. At the request of Gen. Schenck, Commodore Dornin placed in position two gunboats at the foot of Broad- way, and one at the Long Bridge over the Ferry Bar road. On the day following Gen. Schenck declared martial law in Baltimore and the Western Shore Counties of Maryland. —On the 17th of July, Governor Bradford appointed a committee of fifty citizens of Baltimore, with John P. 140 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Kennedy at their head, to assist in raising troops. The committee met on tlie 21st and asked the aid of the City Council. As this body had adjourned, act- ing Mayor John Lee Chapman called an extra ses- -sion, which met on the 22d. The First Branch unani- mously passed an ordinance appropriating three hundred thousand dollars for bounties to volunteers in the State regiments, but on the 23d it was rejected by the Second Branch. When this rejection was known, an angry crowd gathered, and began to de- nounce and threaten those members who had refused to vote for the measure, and on the adjournment sev- eral councilmen were assaulted with cries of " Hang the traitors!" and severely maltreated.' — On the 25th, at the suggestion of Gen. Wool, thfe following members of the Second Branch who had voted against the bounty ordinance resigned their positions in the City Council : Charles J. Baker, president, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Wards; De- catur H. Miller, Eleventh and Twelfth Wards ; Wil- liam Dean, First and Second Wards ; Jesse Mar- den, Third and . Fourth ; Asa Higgins, Nineteenth and Twentieth ; William Swindell, Seventeenth and Eighteenth ; Joseph Eobb, Fifteenth and Sixteenth ; Francis W. Alricks, Ninth and Tenth ; and John W. Wilson, Seventh and Eighth Wards. The appro- priation of three hundred thousand dollars was passed by both branches of the Council early in August, and on the 7th one of thirty thousand dol- lars was also made towards uniforming and otherwise equipping the First Light Division of Maryland Volunteers. Another ordinance passed about the same time, required all city officials, school-teachers, and employes, no matter in what capacity, to take the oath of allegiance. — On the 28th of July a large war-meeting was held in Monument Square, at which Governor Brad- ford presided. A resolution was adopted requesting the President to "instruct the general in command of this military department to require all male citizens above the age of eighteen to come forward and take an oath to maintain the national sovereignty para- mount to that of all State, county, or corporate pow- ers," and to " discourage, discountenance, and forever oppose secession, rebellion, and the disintegration of the Federal Union." Those who should refuse to take the oath which it was thus proposed to tender them were to be " sent through our lines into the so- called Southern Confederacy." A few days after- wards the First Branch of the City Council adopted a resolution requesting Gen. Wool to "administer such an oath to all the citizens of the city of Baltimore at the earliest possible period." Gen. Wool rejected this advice, " for the reason," as he said, that it would at a critical moment " send twenty thousand men to swell the army of Jefferson Davis." Early in August Gen. Wool issued an order requiring all persons leav- ing the city by the Potomac, Patuxent, or West Eiver boats to obtain permits from headquarters, and to take the oath, and policemen were stationed on the docks to see that the orders regarding passes were complied with. — On the night of August 14th, William H. Car- penter, one of the editors of the Maryland News Sheet, was arrested and sent to Fort McHenry, and the paper suppressed. Thomas D. Sultzer, assistant editor, was also arrested. Early in August an order was issued requiring all persons leaving the city to obtain per- mits. — On the 1st of September, William A. Van Nos- trand, city marshal of Baltimore, was appointed civil provost-marshal for the Middle Department, which included Baltimore. During August an ordinance was passed by the City Council requiring all teachers in the public schools to take the oath of allegiance. On failing to do so by the 20th of the month, they were to be dismissed. — The 3d and 6th of September were days of great ex- citement in Baltimore, occasioned by the Confederate invasion of Maryland. In view of the excitement, it was deemed advisable to appoint four hundred special policemen to preserve order. Several breaches of the peace occurred, and a number of Southern sympa- thizers were violently assaulted. On the 8th, Gov- ernor Bradford called upon the citizens of Baltimore to organize and complete the formation of the First Light Division of Maryland Volunteer Militia. To this appeal a large number of citizens responded. In compliance with the Governor's recommendation. Mayor Chapman on the 9th requested the citizens of Baltimore "to assemble in their usual places of meeting in the several wards every night this week, and form themselves into military companies for the defense of the city." At the same time Hugh L. Bond, A. Sterling, Jr., John T. Graham, W. H. Pur- nell, Theodore Hooper, P. G. Sauerwein, Tkomas H. Gardner, Dennis Carter, E. K. Petherbridge, T. T. Martin, E. S. Hutchinson, John H. Lloyd, A. C. Hall, and Henry Stockbridge published a request to all those who " desire to join an independent military organization for the defense of the city, to be called the Maryland Line, to call and register their names and residences at the post-office." Gen. Wool, in command of the military department, looked to the defenses of the city and planned additional works. The forts, under the command of Gen. Morris, were in complete readiness, as well as a fleet of heavy mor- tar vessels in the harbor, prepared to lay the city in ashes in case an outbreak occurred or the Confeder- ates effected a lodgment within its borders. In either of these events the destruction of Baltimore was cer- tain. Gen. Kenly, having recovered from his wound received at Front Royal, was appointed to the com- mand of the infantry of the city. — On the night of Friday, September 12tli, a squad THE CIVIL WAR. 141 of Baltimore police and military captured Capt. Harry ! Gilmor and Lieut. Grafton D. Carlisle at the house i of Dr. Luke T. Williamson, about seven miles from | the city on the Reisterstown road. [ — On the 8th of October the mayoralty election was held, the opposing candidates being John Lee Chap- man, the "regular Union," and Frederick Fickey, Jr., the " Union" candidate. The contest resulted in the success of the entire " regular Union" ticket for mayor and City Council, with the exception of the ; councilman from the Eleventh Ward. Mr. Chap- man received 9077 votes, and Mr. Fickey 12.3L The : long-anticipated draft to fill the quota of troops re- j quired from Baltimore, as well as from a number of the counties in the Stifte, commenced on October loth. The rendezvous was fixed in Baltimore at the inclosure of the former cattle show grounds, on Charles Street Avenue, the name of the locality being changed to " Camp Bradford." In many instances very high prices were paid for substitutes, the rate of prices ranging from three hundred to nine hundred dollars. On the 17th of the month, Gen. Morris, commanding Fort McHenry, issued a peremptory order forbidding any carriage to enter the gate of the fort, bringing supplies to Confederate prisoners who were confined there, and directing that all such sup- plies should be marked " Provost-Marshal's Ofiice" and left with the guards at the outer gate. A singu- lar petition about this time was circulated for the re- moval of Gen. Wool, on the ground of " total lack of judgment and discretion in the administration of the affairs of his important office." A copy of the peti- tion was brought to Gen. Wool, who indignantly de- nied its charges, and hearing that the framers of the petition held secret meetings at Temperance Temple, the building was visited on Tuesday evening, October 28th, by Maj. William P. Jones, who arrested Thomas H. Gardiner, clerk of the Criminal Court; Thomas Sewell, Jr. ; Thomas R. Rich, one of Governor Brad- ford's aides ; and Alexander D. Evans. They were all removed to the police station, and the next day sent to Fort Delaware, but were released two days after- wards. — On the 26th of November, Col. J. Dimmick, com- mander of Fort Warren, was ordered to release all the Maryland State prisoners, and on the next day the following citizens of Baltimore were set at liberty : Severn Teackle Wallis, Henry M. Warfield, William G. Harrison, T. Parkin Scott, ex-members of the Maryland Legislature ; George William Brown, ex- mayorof Baltimore ; Charles Howard and William H. Gatchell, of the Baltimore Police Commissioners; George P. Kane, ex-marshal of Baltimore police ; Frank Key Howard, one of the editors of the Balti- more Exchange ; Thomas W. Hall, Jr., editor of the Baltimore South; and Robert Hull, merchant of Bal- timore. The Baltimore "State prisoners" arrived home on the 2Sth and 29th of November. Several of these gentlemen brought suit against the government 10 and military authorities for false imprisonment. On the 18th of December, Gen. Wool was notified by telegraph that he would probably be relieved in com- mand at Baltimore, and Gen. Robert E. Schenck, of Ohio, put in his place. The order was presented by Gen. Schenck on the 19th, and went into eflfect on the 22d, when Gen. Wool relinquished command. 1863.— On the 21st of January, Maj. William S. Fish was appointed military provost-marshal. On February 10th, Maj. Fish ordered a Methodist con- gregation worshiping at the New Assembly Rooms to keep " constantly displayed in a conspicuous posi- tion at the head of the hall a large-sized American flag." On the 14th the congregation gave notice that it would hold no further religious meetings at the New Assembly Rooms. Maj. Fish, however, sent a note to the trustees ordering them to display the flag wherever they might worship. — By invitation of the mayor and City Council, Gen. B. F. Butler visited Baltimore in the latter part of February, being met at the Camden Street depot by the mayor, John Lee Chapman, members of the City Council, and of the Union League Club, who es- corted him to the Eutaw House. He was tendered a reception at the Maryland Institute at night, whi^re he made an address in advocacy of the Union. During the day, while visiting Fort Federal Hill, Capt. Max Woodhull, an officer of the navy and commander of a United States gunboat, was instantly killed by the premature discharge of a cannon during the firing of a salute. He was directly in front of the gun, and only a few feet from it, and was literally blown to atoms. About this time Gen. William W. Morris, com- manding at Fort McHenry, issued an order forbidding any further supplies of food and clothing to be left at the fort for Confederate prisoners, as the United States government had ample facilities for supplying both. — On March 2d, Col. George P. Kane was arrested on the charge of being concerned in the formation of a company of seventy or eighty men to operate against the authority of the United States, but no evidence being brought to sustain the charge, he was released. March 7th Maj. Fish issued the following order: " Publishei-s of music, Baltimore City: Gentlemen, — The publication or sale of secession music is considered by the commanding general and the department at Washington an evil, incendiary, and not for the public good. You are therefore hereby ordered to discontinue such sales until further orders : also to send to this office any such music you may have on hand at present." — On the 11th all the music-dealers were summoned by Maj. Fish to appear at his office, where the sur- I render of all copper-plates of the prohibited music ! was required. The music-dealers were also required to take an oath pledging them to good behavior for } the future. On the same day Fish issued the follow- ing order : ] " Detective Poutier is hereby ordered to proceed to any photographist ' or dealer in pictures in this city and seize all pictures of rebel generals and statesmen which they are publicly exposing for sale, as they have HISTORY OP BALT.IMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. beeu repeatedly requeBted uot to display such pictures for sale, and furthermore ordered by Marshal Van Nostrand not to sell such pictures ; and the sale of such pictures is hereby forbidden hereafter, unless by special permission of the military authorities." — On March 13th a fire occurred at Fort McHenry which totally destroyed a building used as quarters for some of the officers. The large number of soldiers in the city and the facility with which they obtained liquor led, about this period, to the passage of an order by Gen. Schenck forbidding the sale of strong drink to soldiers under penalty of imprisonment and the closing of the shops of proprietors so ofiending. — On March 20th a Union mass-meeting was held at the Maryland Institute, which was addressed by Andrew Johnson, Horace Maynard, Salmon P. Chase, and others. On the 28th an order was issued direct- ing the closing of all saloons and drinking-places in Baltimore City and County for the next forty-eight hours. — A large number of Confederate prisoners — five or six thousand — passed through Baltimore early in April, being sent from Camp Chase and other Western stations to the James River to be exchanged. Some of the prisoners who had the smallpox were quar- tered in Locust Point, where they were attended by Confederate as well as Federal surgeons. On one occasion a number of prisoners were quartered at Barnum's Hotel, but when they were discovered to be in communication with citizens they were all ordered into confinement at Fort McHenry. No one was allowed to display any sympathy for prisoners passing through the city. Jesse Hunt, president of the Eutaw Savings-Bank and former mayor of the city, was arrested for raising his hat in recognition of a party of Confederate prisoners. A great deal of ex- citement was occasioned about this time by the ban- ishment of a number of ladies, who were sent South because of their alleged activity in behalf of the Con- federate cause. On the 16th of April the City Coun- cil passed a resolution asking the mayor to issue a proclamation requesting the masters of shipping and all loyal citizens to display the national flagon April 20th, that day having been set apart for a celebration by the National Union League of Baltimore ; also that the flag should be displayed from the public buildings, and that the public schools 'should be closed on that day. On the 20th a large Union mass- meeting was held at the Maryland Institute, at which Governor Bradford pr&sided. Among the speakers were G. W. Bradford, Montgomery Blair, Gen. Schenck, ex-Governor Hicks, David Paul Brown, of Philadelphia, and Governor Conner, of Delaware. A series of resolutions were adopted advocating the abolition of slavery. Large numbers of prisoners continued to be sent through Baltimore, and on the 21st of the month a squad of thirty-seven arrived , from Harper's Ferry, nineteen of whom took the oath of allegiance and were sent to West Virginia. An additional number of ladies were arrested and sent ' South by order of Gen. Schenck, all of them, it was charged, being active partisans. A stampede of slaves took place about the same time from the neighbor- hood of the Warren factory, on the York road, in- duced by intelligence of President Lincoln's procla- mation. After the battle of Chancellorsville a number of women were arrested as Confederate spies, one of whom was regularly enlisted as an orderly sergeant i in Jenkins' cavalry. Another lady was arrested for treason, her mother having already been sent through the lines, and the daughter was seized in consequence I of a letter which had fallen into the hands of the j police. About this same period a number of arrests were made of persons belonging to an association called the " Wooden Horse," and one hundred and seventy-five Confederate deserters were brought into Baltimore and took the oath of allegiance. — On the 1st of May the provost-marshal's quarters were removed from Taylor's building on Fayette Street to the Gilmor House on Monument Square (afterwards known as St. Clair's Hotel, now as Guy's Monument House), at the corner of Court-house Lane. — On the 12th of May, Gen. Schenck removed his headquarters irom Holliday Street to the Johnson building, at the northwest corner of Calvert and Fay- ette Streets, a jtart of which was also occupied by the medical department. — On the 25th of May the City Council passed a resolution approving the action of Gen. Burnside in causing the arrest of C. L. Vallandigham, of Ohio, and ordered copies of the resolutions to be sent to President Lincoln and Gen. Burnside. On June 5th the Union convention to nominate a candidate for the Third Congressional District assembled at Temperance Temple, North Gay Street, with Michael Warner president, and Dr. James Armitage and John M. Stevenson as vice-presidents, and John M. Denison, secretary. Hon. Henry Winter Davis was nominated, Mr. Swann's name being also mentioned. On the 15th of June, in consequence of the invasion of the State by the Confederates, President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for one hundred thou- sand men ; and in accordance with this proclamation Governor Bradford, on the 16th, issued an appeal to the people of Maryland to furnish the ten thousand men allotted to her by voluntary enlistment. On the same day the City Council was convened in extra session and passed an ordinance appropriating four hundred thousand dollars as a bounty fund, and providing for the payment of one hundred dollars to each person who should enlist before the 26th of June. Among the various organizations which offered their services under the call were the Independent Grays, the Washington Light Infantry, the Baltimore Union City Guards of East Baltimore, and the battalion of Baltimore City Guards. The situation seemed so ur- gent that Governor Bradford on the 17th decided to arm and equip all volunteers as they were received in THE CIVIL WAR. companies, without waiting for regimental organiza- tions. Saturday and Sunday, June 20th and 21st, were two days of great excitement in and around Bal- timore. Business was suspended, and there were ru- mors and counter-rumors, varying with every hour. Gen. Schenck was active in using every means at his command to place the city in a state of defense. He appealed to the " Loyal Leagues," and over six thou- sand men responded to his call. Each of the leagues formed companies, which elected their officers, and with three days' rations were sent to occupy the de- fenses of the city. On Saturday, the 20th, the City Council decided that one hundred thousand dollars of the four hundred thousand dollars appropriated for bounties should be devoted to the construction of forti- fications around the city. On the morning of that day about one thousand colored men were seized by the police in different sections of the city and marched out in squads of forty each to work on the defenses. At night another force was impressed to relieve those who had been at work throughout the day, and some white persons were also compelled t" a''=i»t in the work. The long trains of wagons and drays through the streets, carrying hogsheads, barrels, and other materials required for the barricades were rather a novel sight for Sunday, and brou ht to the mind the scenes present 1 on Sunday, the 21st of A])iil 1861. The work of erectin^ I h barricades progressed rapi ll\ and on Sunday, June 21st lli entire circuit of defenses wis completed and ready foi mill tary occupation at any m i ment that the scouts and [ i I ets should announce the q proach of the Confederates 1 Ik line of jntrenchments and foi tifications on all the approaclas to the city attracted thousand'? ot visitors. The barricades whith were erected in many parts closed the streets to carriages, and it was supposed would be effect- ual against cavalry, although some of them were so low that a horse could have cleared them with ease. They were generally constructed at the corners of streets by gathering one or two carts at each end on the sidewalk, and then by digging up stones on the roadway sufficient earth was thrown up to form an embankment, leaving a narrow pas- sage on each side for foot passengers. If an attempt had been made to take the city, the houses in the vicinity of the lines of barricades were to be occu- pied by riflemen. In addition to Fort McHenry, Fort Federal Hill and Fort Marshall, upon higher ground than Fort McHenry, mounted each with fifty to sixty guns of forty-two and thirty-two-pounders and eight-inch columbiads, with a few rifled pieces, could have destroyed Baltimore in a short time, this being the line of defense determined on if its capture could not be otherwise prevented. On the night of June 29th the Confederate cavalry under Stuart approached within eight miles of Baltimore, and flying parties of Federals driven in by them soon spread alarm and confusion through the city. The impression prevailed that the Confederates were advancing in force, and at half-past eleven o'clock that night (29th) a general alarm was sounded, and the various Union Leagues and many other citizens assembled at headquarters, received arms, and marched to the barricades. In a few hours several thousand men were thus collected and placed under the command of Brig.-Gen. E. B. Tyler. Gen. Schenck and staff and the regular mil- itary forces of the city took up their position on the north of the city. The excitement continued all night, gradually lessening as it was found the Confederates did not arrive. Earl ■Wth ot June, Gen. Schenck proclaimed martial law in the city of Baltimore and the counties of the Western Shore of Maryland. Orders were also issued forbidding the sale of arms or ammunition without a permit, pro- hibiting persons from leaving the city without passes from the provost-marshal, and requiring all stores, shops, manufacturers, drinking-saloons, and ether places of business, "other than apothecary-shops and printing-offices of daily journals," to be closed at five o'clock P.M., for the purpose of giving patriotic citi- 144 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. zens an opportunity to drill and make themselves ex- pert in the use of arms. The city was now turned into a camp, and the tread of armed men and the word of command could be heard in every direction. At Gen. Schenck's request, the naval authorities took part in the measures for defense, and Commodore Dornin, the senior naval officer on duty in Baltimore, placed several gunboats in position to aid in repulsing any Confederate attacks. The United States gunboat " Eutaw," one thousand tons, carrying eight guns (two pivot and six broad- side), throwing an eleven-inch projectile weighing three hundred and thirty pounds, was stationed in the harbor near Thames Street. The gunboat " Daylight," carrying eight guns like those of the " Eutaw," lay at the foot of Broadway. The " Maratanza" lay farther up the harbor, in range of one of the principal streets, to bear upon the city and its approaches. She also carried eight guns. The United States gunboat " Seymour" was stationed near the Long Bridge at Ferry Bar, at the foot of Spring Gardens, command- ing that part of the harbor and overlooking the Bal- timore and Ohio Railroad and the western section of the city. On the 1st of July, Gen. Schenck issued a proclamation forbidding the citizens of BalfSmore and the county to keep arms in their possession un- less enrolled in volunteer companies for the defense of their houses. The execution of the order was in- trusted to Gen. E. B. Tyler, and on the morning of July 2d, Col. Augustus Sprague's Fifty-first Massa- chusetts Regiment was placed at Gen. Tyler's dis- posal. In squads of three or four they acted in con- cert with the police in diligently searching the dwell- ings of persons supposed to be disloyal for arms. Furniture-wagons accompanied the squads, and as soon as arms of any description were discovered they were seized and placed in the wagons. Among the various arms seized were muskets, carbines, rifles, revolvers of all kinds, pistols, swords, sabres, bayonets, bird and ducking-guns. Some of the latter were very valuable, and many of the articles were old family relics. In some instances citizens refused to surrender their cherished weapons or permit their dwellings to be searched, when they were arrested and held in prison for a hearing. — The news of the battle of Gettysburg produced great excitement in Baltimore ; the streets and news- paper-oflices were constantly thronged by crowds of people eagerly seeking the latest intelligence. On the 3d of July, Gen. Schenck issued an order " re- questing and recommending that every house and j place of business of every loyal citizen of Baltimore shall have displayed upon it to-morrow, the 4th, from ten o'clock a.m. to six p.m., the American flag." In consequence of this order nearly every one complied with the request, and tho.se who failed to comply were marked, and afterwards paid the penalty. The de- mand for and the exhibition of colors were quite un- precedented. Very soon, too, the terrible results of I the battle became apparent from the large number of wounded officers and men, both of the Union and Confederate armies, who began to arrive in the city. Measures of relief for the wounded were at once adopted, and committees appointed to solicit and for- ward supplies. The City Council also appropriated about six thousand dollars, and with the amount con- tributed by the citizens, there was raised in Baltimore fifty thousand dollars in cash besides miscellaneous j articles. A large number of the surgeons of Baltimore j were dispatched to the battle-field at Gettysburg, and the Sanitary and Christian Commissions went to the same place with large quantities of medical stores, clothing, delicacies, etc. Many ladies and gentlemen I of Baltimore also went in search of friends and relations j wounded in the battle, or to act as nurses in the hos- j pitals, and a number of Sisters of Charity started on j the same noble mission. The Adams Express Com- pany, through Samuel Shoemaker, its efficient super- intendent, established a hospital corps, and sent J. Q. A. Herring, Mr. Shoemaker's able assistant, with a large quantity of ice and other stores for the relief of the sick and wounded. There were a great many Confederate wounded brought to Baltimore, and Gen. Schenck on the 10th of July issued an order forbid- ding private persons to receive or entertain wounded Southern officers and soldiers. — On the 20th of July a flag presentation took place at Fort No. 1 (Davis). The colored laborers who had j been at work upon the city fortifications purchased a large national flag, which was presented in their behalf to the military authorities by Col. Birney, who made a speech on the occasion. Col. Don Piatt received the flag for Gen. Schenck and responded, a salute of thirty-six guns closing the ceremony. — On the 27th of July, Col. Birney, who was recruiting j a regiment of colored troops, proceeded to Campbell's j slave jail, on Pratt Street near Howard, where, by virtue of an order from Gen. Schenck, he liberated the colored prisoners confined there and enlist«d the males in his regiment. He also visited the jails of Donovan, Wilson, Hines, and Fairbanks. —On the 31st of July the body of Capt. William D. Brown, of the Chesapeake Artillery (Confederate), who had been killed at the battle of Gettysburg, was interred at Greenmount Cemetery. As the relatives and friends were returning from the lot a detachment of soldiers appeared, by orders from headquarters, and arrested all the male attendants except the officia- ting ministers. Revs. Dr. Slicer, Sargent, and Owens. They were conducted to the headquarters of Brig.- Gen. Tyler, at the Gilmor House, and after a short detention were released. The charge against them was that the corpse was dressed in a new Confederate uniform. It appeared, hpwever, that Mr. Weaver, the undertaker, had only put on a small piece of gray cloth where the original uniform was ragged. — On the 10th of .\ugust the City Council passed a series of resolutions eulogistic of Gen. Schenck, and THE CIVIL WAR. thanking him for recognizing only two parties, the loyal and the disloyal ; also for his energy and ser- vices in placing Baltimore in a state of defense during the late invasion, and also for his declared purpose of inflicting damages for all property wantonly destroyed helonging to Union men. Gen. Morris, commanding at Fort McHenry, about this time issued an order authorizing the seizure of horses for military pur- poses within the limits of the city. Horses seized in accordance with the order which were found on examination to be unfit for military purposes were to be returned to their owners. In other cases when used no compensation was to be made to disloyal persons. — On the 22d of August the provost-marshal's office was removed to Donovan's slave jail, which stood on the southwest corner of Camden and Eutaw Streets. Gen. Tyler's headquarters were removed to the build- ing on Holliday Street which had formerly been oc- cupied by Gen. Schenck. —On the .31st of August the revenue steam cutter the " Wamazanda," built in Baltimore, was launched from the shipyard of John T. Fardy & Co., on the south side of the basin near Federal Hill. On the 23d the revenue cutter " Kewanee" was launched from the shipyard of John A. Robb & Co., Fell's Point. In the evening a banquet in honor of the event was given at Guy's Monument House, which was participated in by many of the military and civic dignitaries of the city. It was at this period that Hon. Hugh L. Bond, judge of the City Criminal Court, addressed his famous letter to the Secretary of War advocating the enlistment in the Unicm armies of all classes of persons of African descent, whether free or slave. On Thursday, September 10th, the Baltimore County Unconditional Union Convention assembled at Temperance Temple, and passed strong resolutions approving the policy of the government. — On the 11th of September, Gen. Schenck issued an order for the suppression of the Baltimore Republican and the arr&st of the editors, and in accordance with the order the office was visited by the military about two o'clock in the afternoon and further publication of the paper stopped. Beale H. Richardson, editor and proprietor of the paper, and his son, Francis A. Richardson, and Stephen J. Joyce, associate editors, were taken into custody and conducted to the office of Col. Fish, where an order was shortly received from Gen. Schenck directing that they should be sent South by way of Harper's Ferry, with orders not to return under penalty of being treated as spies. The ground of arrest was alleged to be the publication of a piece of poetry entitled " The Southern Cross," which has been attributed to Mrs. Ellen Key Blunt. — On the 26th the City Council presented Gen. Schenck with complimentary resolutions indorsing his administration. The presentation sjieech was made by John G. Wilmot, of the Second Branch of the City Council, and was responded to by Gen. Schenck. —On the 28th the United States transport-steamer " City of Albany" took fire at her wharf and was seriously damaged. — On the 28th of September a mass-meeting of the Unconditional Union party in favor of emancipation was held in Monument Square, Mayor Chapman pre- siding ; among the speakers were Henry Winter Davis and Hon. S. P. Chase. —On the 29th of September the Baltimore Daily Gazette was also suppressed, and Messrs. E. F. Carter and W. H. Neilson, editors and proprietors, were ar- rested. On the same day Messrs. Michael J. Kelly and John B. Piet were arrested by government detectives upon the charge of selling a work entitled " Fourteen Months in the Bastiles of America," written by Frank Key Howard, of the Baltimore bar. —On the 26th of October occurred one of the largest and most imposing military parades of the troops stationed in and around the city that had been wit- nessed in Baltimore for many months previous. —On the 3d of November, Gen. Schenck published in Baltimore an order, dated the 27 th of October, requiring all voters at the approaching election whose loyalty might be challenged to take an oath of allegiance to the government. On the 2d of November, Governor Bradford issued a proclamation instructing the judges to obey the election laws of the State, and promising them protection in so doing. On the same day Presi- dent Lincoln addressed a letter to Governor Bradford slightly modifying Gen. Schenck's order, but not re- voking the clause requiring voters to prove their loy- alty by oath. Governor Bradford's proclamation was sent to the Baltimore newspaper-offices for publication in their Tuesday morning's editions, but before they appeared a written order was received from Gen. Schenck peremptorily forbidding its publication until further orders from him. The proclamation of the Governor, however, appeared in the columns of the Baltimore newspapers on the morning of the election, Wednesday, November 4th, with the sanction of Gen. Schenck, accompanied by a reply virtually repeating the instructions of his first order. In Baltimore there were four tickets in the field,— the Independent Union, Regular Union, Conditional Union, and Uncondi- tional Union. The candidates for Congress on the Unconditional tickets were: First District, John A. J. Creswell; Second District, Edwin H. Webster; Third District, Henry Winter Davis ; Fourth District, ex-Governor Frank Thomas ; Fifth District, Col. John C. Holland. The candidates on the Conditional Union ticket were : First District, John W. Crisfield ; Fifth District, Charles B. Calvert and Benjamin G. Harris. The five Unconditional Union candidates were all pledged to vote for the Radical administration candidate for Speaker. In the election for State offi- cers, the question of emancipation or slavery was to be tested. Those who were for the speedy abolition of slavery in the State voted for H. Goldsborough for comptroller of the treasury ; and those who wished 146 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. to retain slavery in the State voted for Samuel S. Maffitt for that office. In Baltimore tlie entire Regular Unconditional Union ticket was elected, Goldsborough receiving 10,942 votes, and Maffitt 368. — On the 10th of November, Col. Fish issued an order forbidding the further publication of the Even- ing Transcript, a paper started but a few weeks be- ; fore under the proprietorship of William H. Neilson, formerly of the Gazette. — On the 18th of November, President Lincoln, who was on his way to participate in the dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, passed through Baltimore, and was received by the military and civic authorities with distinguished honors. On the 23d ' of November the draft commenced under the Presi- dent's call for additional troops, and was completed on the same day in the First and Eighth Wards, and on the next day the Second and other wards were proceeded with, and so on in rotation until all of ' tliem were completed. On the 30th of November, ex-Governor Thomas G. Pratt and Col. Nicholson were sent South with the injunction not to return during the war under penalty of being treated as spies. Their offense consisted in the refusal to take the oath of allegiance. Ex-Governor Pratt was soon released by order of the President, and returned on the 10th of January to Baltimore. In the latter l)art of November Gen. Schenck tendered his resig- n.ation as major-general of volunteers, to take effect on the 5tli of December. On the latter date Col. Fish also resigned the position of provost-marshal, I and Brig.-Gen. Henry H. Lockwood assumed com- mand of the department. On the same day Capt. French was appointed provost-marshal in the place ' of Col. Fish. On the 7th, Gen. Lockwood reap- pointed Col. Fish to the position, Capt. French resuming his duties as assistant provost-marshal. 1864.— On the 15th of January, Col. Fish tendered his resignation, and was assigned to the command of a brigade of cavalry. On the evening of the 24th he was arrested by order of the Secretary of War on the ' charge of oiBcial corruption and fraud while acting | as provost-marshal of Baltimore. He was afterwards tried by court-martial, found guilty on nearly all the charges preferred against him, cashiered, and sent to the Albany penitentiary. On the 28th of January, Messrs. Stephen Joyce and Francis Richardson were rearrested at Nassau and brought to Baltimore, where j they arrived on the 29th. They were released for a i few days on parole, but on February 2d were rear- • rested, and on the following day were sent to Fort Delaware. — On the 11th of February the express passenger- > train which left Camden Station, Baltimore, for , Wheeling and intermediate points was captured by j Confederate raiders near Kearneysville depot, about • eight miles from Harper's Ferry, and the passengers ' relieved of their money, watches, etc. —On the 12th of March, Maj.-Gen. Lewis Wallace ' was appointed to the command of the Middle Depart- ment. He relieved Gen. Lockwood, and assumed command on the 22d. — On the 18th of March an attempt was made to break out of the provost-marshal's prison, but the effort resulted unsuccessfully. On the 30th, Rev. Dr. Bullock, of the Presbyterian Church, was arrested on the charge of harboring a Confederate officer, but was soon released. On the 1st of April a large meeting of the friends of constitutional reform was held at the Maryland Institute. William J. Albert presided, with John Lee Chapman and others as vice-presi- dents. Among the speakers were Henry Winter Davis, ex-Governor George S. Boutwell, of Massa- chusetts, and Gen. Wallace. — On the 6th of April the question of calling a State Constitutional Convention was submitted to the people, and resulted in the success of the new con- stitution party. In Baltimore the vote was 9102 in favor of the convention, and 87 against it. In Balti- more County the vote was 2046 in its favor, and 811 in opposition to it. Lists of questions were submitted to persons whose disloyalty was suspected, and they were compelled to answer under oath detailed inter- rogatories touching their fidelity to the government. — On the 8th of April the city gave a banquet to the First and Ninth Maryland Regiments, exchanged and returned from Southern prisons. The Second Maryland reached home on the 13th of April, and met with an enthusiastic reception. On the 18th the great Maryland State Fair for the benefit of the United States Sanitary Commission commenced and con- tinued for several weeks. On April 26th, Gen. Wal- lace issued an order authorizing the confiscation of the property of all persons who had left the State and gone South. — On the night of the loth of May, Eugene Lamar and William B. Compton, of the Confederate army, sentenced to be hung as spies ; George E. Sherer, sen- tenced to fifteen years' imprisonment and hard labor for various offenses against the United States ; L. W. Dorsey, awaiting trial on charge of treason ; James Gibbens, of the Confederate army, captured near City Point by Gen. Butler's forces, effected their escape from Fort McHenry. — On the 23d of May a man named Andrew or Isa- dore Laypole, who had been court-martialed and con- demned as a Confederate spy, was hung inside of Fort McHenry. He made a short speech from the gallows, denying that he was a felon, then prayed fervently, and died bravely. —On the 20th of May, by order of the Secretary of War, the offices of the Independent Line of Telegraph were closed and the operators arrested. They were released the same day on parole by Col. Woolley, pro- vost-marshal. This action was caused by a spurious dispatch purporting to be a proclamation from the President calling for four hundred thousand additional men. THE CIVIL WAR. 147 — On May 21st, Col. Woolley's detectives captured off Sandy Point two men bringing a large quantity of mail-matter from the South, a large number of the letters being addressed to persons in Baltimore. — On the 7th of June the Union National Conven- tion assembled at the Front Street Theatre for the pur- pose of nominating candidates for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency. Ex-Governor Morgan, of New York, chairman of the National Executive Committee, called the convention to order and nominated as temporary president of the convention Robert J. Breckenridge, of Kentucky. Speeches were made by Senator Mor- ; gan and Dr. Breckenridge, and at the evening session Hon. William Dennison, of Ohio, was chosen perma- nent president. On the 8th the vote was taken, and although the Missouri delegation were instructed to cast their vote first in favor of Gen. Grant, the vote for President Lincoln was made unanimous, every , other State voting for him on the first ballot. The en- tire number of votes cast was 541. Forthe Vice-Presi- ' dency, on the first ballot 200 votes were cast for An- drew Johnson, 145 for Hannibal Hamlin, 113 for Daniel S. Dickinson, 28 for Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, 21 for Rousseau, 6 for Schuyler Colfax, 2 for Attorney- General Holt, 1 for Governor Todd, and 1 for Preston i King. Before the ballot was announced several of the States changed their votes to Johnson, so that the final result was : Johnson 494, Dickinson 17, and Hamlin 9. ^On Saturday, July 9th, an unofiicial dispatch an- nouncing the defeat of Gen. Wallace at the Mon- ocacy was received in the city, and created great ex- i citement. Between five and six o'clock on the morning of the 10th a general alarm was sounded throughout the city, calling the people to arms, which was promptly responded to. People rushed from their houses with guns in their hands, and squads were soon marching through the streets to the various headquarters. A proclamation was is- sued by Governor Bradford and Mayor Chapman, declaring that the danger was " imminent," and earnestly calling upon the citizens to come forward for the defense of the city without delay. Gen. John R. Kenly, with headquarters at Fort No. 1, at the head of Baltimore Street, was placed in command of the defenses west of Jones' Falls, and Gen. Lock- wood of those east of it. The Union Club called a meeting of its members, a company was formed, and they marched out under Capt. George A. Pope and took possession of Fort No. 7, overlooking the Northern Central Railroad, a short distance beyond I the Mount Royal reservoir. There they remained during the week. In the neighborhood of the custom-hoase. Exchange Place, and the docks south of them a curious scene was presented. Many ware- houses in that part of the city were used for govern- ment stores, and crowds of laborers were busily engaged in emptying them of everything likely to be seized by the enemy. Long lines of drays were rapidly loaded and sent off to places of safety, mostly to vessels which lay at the docks with steam up, ready to start down the river at a moment's notice. All the valuables in the treasury department at the custom-house had been sent off the preceding night, and the contents of the post-ofiice and pay depart- ment of the army and navy in the Exchange Build- ing were also hurriedly removed. Some of the army paymasters were absent on duty, but under the supervision of Maj. B. W. Brice, afterwards paymaster- general, their effects were all packed up and sent on board the steamer " Balloon." From an early hour in the morning until late in the night the spacious inclosures of the Camden Street Railway Station were crowded with anxious citizens. The olEcers of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad were in their offices all night Saturday and during Sunday^ with engines fired up and trains ready, awaiting the emergencies of the occasion. As the morning advanced it was announced that a special train would be dispatched for Elli- cott's Mills, where Gen. Wallace had arrived with the wounded. About eight o'clock in the morning a special train arrived with three hundred and eleven wounded and sick from his command. They were taken in charge by Medical Director Dr. Josiah Simp- son, United States army, and removed to the hospitals in Patterson Park. During the morning an additional number arrived in ambulances by the Frederick turn- pike, together with many stragglers. At noon an- other special train with wounded arrived, and shortly after seven o'clock a special train of thirty cars, drawn by two locomotives, moved into Camden Station from Ellicott's Mills, crowded with the remnants of Gen. Wallace's command. Upon the arrival of this train it was surrounded by thousands of anxious spectators. Alexander's Battery and the Federal cavalry marched into Baltimore by the turnpike, nearly exhausted. Sigel's and Mulligan's wagon-trains, accompanied by their guards, also passed through the city, and proceeded to the East End, where they encamped. During the 10th and several subsequent days the Confederates under Maj. Harry Gilmor were scour- ing the country without resistance, sometimes ven- turing so near the city that they could be seen from it. On the morning of the 11th a squad of Confed- erate cavalry burned the house of Governor Bradford, about four miles from the city, in retaliation for the burning of Governor Letcher's house by Gen. Hunter in Virginia. During the night of the 11th, Maj. Gilmor's command passed through Towsontown, where they remained a few hours, refreshing them- selves at Ady's Hotel, and on departing presented Mr. Ady with a fine horse in return for his hospi- tality. During the raid Gen. Johnston's command fell in with Painter's celebrated traveling ice-cream sa- loon, and as they were out of rations, vanilla, lemon, and other ices were issued to the whole command, every man of which ate until he could eat no more. ' On the morning of the 11th a party of Confederates HISTORY OF BALTIMORE GIT? AND COUxNTY, MARYLAND. visited the house of Ishmael Day, an old man of about sixty-five years, in Baltimore County, and demanded that he should haul down an American flag which he had erected over his gateway. He replied, "Gen- tlemen, burn my house to the ground, but I will shoot any man that touches that flag." Upon this reply, Wm. Fields, one of the party, and a native of Balti- more, ajiproached to take down the flag, when the old man fired upon him with a bird-gun loaded with duck-shot, inflicting wounds from which he died in Baltimore on the 15th. Day managed to make his escape, but his house was burned. — At a late hour on Monday night, July 11th, Maj.- Gen. Edward O. C. Ord was appointed to the com- mand of the Eighth Army Corps and the Middle De- partment, and entered on his duties at once. He re- tained Gen. Kenly in command of the defenses, which were being strengthened and manned so as to com- mand every approach to the city. Additional earth- works and barricades were also thrown up in every direction. Gen. Lockwood was in command of the outposts. The colored men in the city were organized into companies, selected white oflBcers, and after being supplied with arms, were marched to the forti- fications. The City Council on the same day appro- priated one hundred thousand dollars for the erection of defenses, and unanimously adopted a resolution requesting the mayor to confer with the commander of the department with reference to the expediency of closing all places of business and the arming of all the citizens. Mayor Chapman had an interview with Gen. Ord the same evening, and, in accordance with their views, Governor Bradford on the 12th issued a proclamation, through Gen. John S. Berry, calling upon the whole enrolled militia of the city to prepare for immediate service. In response to this call the citizens assembled in their respective wards on Wednesday afternoon, July 13th, and were en- rolled for service. Those who refused or neglected to obey the call were sought out and forced to do duty on the fortifications and barricades. About ten thou- sand men reported under the Governor's proclama- tion, but on the 15th were released from assembling, although they were ordered to hold themselves in readiness in case of another alarm. For a few days Baltimore was entirely isolated from the rest of the country, except by water. Provisions and fuel doubled in price, and there was some suffering among the poor in consequence. The telegraph-wires were cut, rail- road-bridges burned, and travel almost entirely inter- rupted. The mails for Philadelphia and the North generally were sent by steamers for a day or two, and passengers from Philadelphia came to Havre-de-Grace by rail, and thence by steamboat to Baltimore. A few days afterwards train.s ran as far as the Gun- ])owder Eiver, where the passengers and baggage were conveyed across on flatboats, and thence by rail to Baltimore. Gen. Ord directed that passes to leave the city should not be issued to any except those living outside of it who could prove their loyalty. These restrictions were abolished on the 14th, and on the same date the barricades were removed. By the 20th the embargo which had been laid upon nearly every species of business was removed by order of the authorities, and business returned to its usual chan- nels. Nearly all the railroads were again in running order by the 24th, the greatest damage, as usual, hav- ing fallen upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Gen. Ord remained in command of the forces of the Middle Department until the excitement subsided, when Gen. Wallace resumed his command. Not long after these events, Arthur Christie and wife, British subjects, were arrested for removing a national flag from the room of a Federal ofiicer who boarded in the same house with them. The matter was referred to the Secretary of War, who ordered Christie and his wife to leave the department and the State within twenty-four hours, and not to return during the war. — On the 4th of August a meeting was held in Light Street Methodist church for the purpose of raising funds for the relief of the people of Chambersburg} Pa., which had been burned on the 30th of July by the Confederates. The same day was observed as a day of fasting and prayer, in accordance with the President's proclamation. On the 23d of August, Gen. Wallace ordered Gen. Lockwood, commanding the third separate brigade, "to dftai! a competent officer from )iis command to proceed to the late reeideuce of Isbmael Day, Baltimore Co., Md., and make au esti- mate oi tlie damage sustained by him in the destruction of his property by the rebels during the late raid, anil assess upou and collect from the disloyal and disaflected persons residing within a radius of five miles of Mr. Day's farm a sum equal to the amount of the damages sustained by him, and to pay the same when collected to Mv. Day. The levy will be made upon the individuals according to their taxation list." —On the 24th of August a serious riot occurred in the neighborhood of the Union Relief Rooms be- tween a section of the provost-guard, consisting of Company A, and the Twenty-third Regiment of Penn- sylvania Veteran Volunteers. An attempt was made by the provost-guard to arrest some of the members of the regiment who were intoxicated, when the re- mainder endeavored to rescue their comrades, and the riot ensued, which was only quelled by the personal interference of Col. Woolley. — On the 29th of August, William H. Rogers, alleged spy, blockade-runner, and Confederate mail-carrier, John B. H. Embert, Braxton Lyon, and Samuel B. Home, alleged spies, soldiers, and blockade-runners, were sentenced to be hung at Fort McHenry, but the sentence was not carried into execution. — On the 2d of September, Capt. William Henry Wiegel was made first assistant provost-marshal. The 7th was observed in Baltimore and elsewhere as a day of rejoicing for the receiit Federal victories. — On the 13th, Gen. Wallace issued an order com- manding the closing of all stores on South Eutaw Street between Camden and Lee Streets, on Conway Street between Eutaw and Paca, and on Little Paca THE CIVIL WAR. 149 Street above Conway. The proprietors were also or- dered to remove their goods within three days. These shops consisted of clothing, cigar, jewelry, hat, cap, boot, variety, and fancy stores, confectioneries, and restaurants. The order closing them was issued in consequence of alleged abuses practiced by the pro- prietors upon soldiers, especially the substitutes who were quartered at the Union Relief and Soldiers' | Rest Rooms on Eutaw Street near Conway while on their way to join the army. — On September 19th, Gen. Wallace issued an order regulating the sales of gunpowder, and prohibiting sales in considerable quantities without permission from the military authorities. — On September 21st, George W. McDonald, alias M. M. Dunning, of the Third Maryland Cavalry, was executed according to the military code at Fort Mc- Henry for desertion and attempt to kill. — On the 30th of September the Evening Post was suppressed for the publication of articles offensive to loyal citizens. • — On October 10th a large Union mass-meeting was held in Monument Square, which was addressed by Gen. John R. Kenly, Henry Wilson, of Massachu- setts. Hon. Thomas Swann, R. Stockett Matthews, and Dr. Christopher C. Cox. — On the 12th of October the election of mayor and | City Council was held in Baltimore, and the new constitution was submitted to the voters of the whole State. By its provisions Baltimore was divided into three legislative districts, with a right to three sena- tors instead of one, and eighteen delegates instead of twelve. Before casting their ballots at this election, all suspected voters, besides being required to take the i test oath,. were also called upon to answer a number ! of searching interrogatories touching their loyalty. The declared total vote on the constitution in Balti- more was 11,832, of which 9779 was " for," and 2053 "against." The total mayoralty vote was 14,618, of which John Lee Chapman, the "Regular Union" can- didate, received 11,334, and Archibald Stirling, Jr., " Independent Union," 3783. The vote in Baltimore County was 2001 in favor of, and 1869 against the constitution. — On the 17th of October the mercantile community was greatly agitated by the wholesale arrest of several business firms and their employes. A communica- tion was received from the War Department by Col. Woolley, provost-marshal, directing him to arrest the following persons, which was accordingly done : Ham- ilton Eiister & Co., dry -goods dealers ; Wiesenfield & j Co., clothiers; Jordan & Rose, dry-goods dealers; Isaac P. Coale & Bro., commission merchants ; ' Charles E. Waters & Co., hardware merchants ; A. ! & L. Friedenrich, gentlemen's furnishing articles ; Simon Frank & Co., jobbers ; at the store of Hamil- ton Easter & Co. : Hamilton Easter, J. H. Easter, John Easter, Jr., James H. Wheedon, James Conway, William P. Carroll, Benjamin Harrison, Charles Turner, James Fisher, William Haskinson, Thomas D. Fullerton, Isaac Heldic, Benjamin Perry, W. H. Webb, James M. Gwinn, Donal Paily, Charles S. Custer, Charles Calhoun, Edward Power, William H. Spencer, Robert Simons, John E. Burbag, John E. Kitsen, William Kitsen, Samuel Kitsen, George B. Baker, George R. Rhoades, James Carroll, Joshua R. Dryden, William Johnson, George R. Cross, M. Leaky, W . H. Arnold, Henry A. Hubbard, James R. Clarke, S. Parsons, John A. Field, William Fuller- ton, William McConkey, Thomas Mullooley, Cahas Mitchell, Charles F. Easter, and Benjamin Robinson ; at the house of Jordan & Rose: B. Stern, Solomon Rose, W. P. Rose, Isaac Rose, and Solomon Herman ; at the house of Isaac P. Coale & Bro. : John Guele, Washington Sanderson, John McMuUen, 'J. L. Bes- sick, Thomas Coale, and W. H. Jones ; at the house of Charles E. Waters & Co. : Robert Murray, E. L. Jones, and Charles E. Waters ; at the house of Wies- enfield & Co. : M. Wiesenfield, E. G. Lichy, Jr., Louis Newman, John Zoller, Wakeman Nelson, S. L. Lichy, Benjamin Hergesheimer, G. H. Pitcher, Valentine Benzen, Bennet Helling, Charles France, Thomas Gor.such, and Joseph Bumgardner; on Centre Mar- ket Space and Baltimore: Goody R. Wiesenfield, Michael Wiesenfield, Michael Wiesenfield, Jr., Fer- dinand Lazarus, Philip Danaburg, Nathan Stern- heimer, Abraham Fisher, and John Barrett; at the house of Friedenrich & Co. : Leon Friedenrich and Abraham Friedenrich ; at the house of Simon Frank & Co. : Simon Frank, Alexander Frank, Abraham Adler, John Robinson, Segus Mauniberg. The stores were immediately closed, guards stationed at the doors, I and the prisoners sent to Washington in a special ! train. — On the 18th of October the LTnconditional Union State Convention assembled in Temperance Temple, with Gen. John S. Berry as president. Hon. John L. Thomas, Jr., nominated Hon. Thomas Swann for Governor, who was declared the unanimous choice of the convention. Dr. Christopher C. Cox was nomi- nated for Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. Alexander Randall for attorney-general, Hon. Robert J. Jump for comptroller, and Hon. Daniel Wiesel ibr judge of the Court of Appeals. On October 20th one hundred guns were fired from Fort Federal Hill in honor of Sheridan's victory in the Valley of Virginia. On the 22d, M. J. Terry, agent of New York soldiers in the field, was arrested at his oflSce, No. 85 Fayette Street, on the charge of conspiracy to defraud voters at the Presidential election by substituting on the soldiers' ballots the name of Gen. George B. McClellan instead ' of Abraham Lincoln. I —On the 24th of October, Thomas S. Alexander, of j the Baltimore bar, on behalf of Samuel G. Miles, a slave-owner, applied to the Superior Court of this city for a writ of mandamus to compel Governor Brad- ford to reject the soldiers' vote which was cast outside of the State on the ground of illegality. The applica- 150 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. tion was refused pro forma by Judge Martin, and an appeal was taken the same day to the Court of Ap- peals, which affirmed the decision on the 29th, Judge Bartol dissenting. On the 27th of October the Demo- cratic State Convention assembled in Baltimore. — On November 1st the Evening Loyalist was sup- pressed by order of Gen. Wallace. On the same day, by order of Gen. Wallace, three salutes were fired in honor of the new constitution, the first of thirty-five guns at daylight, the second of one hundred guns at noon, and the third of thirteen at sunset. On the 3d of the month a man was arrested at Camden Station having in his possession a large Confederate mail and a fine sword intended for Col. Harry Gilmor. The letter accompanying the gift led to the arrest of a lady of high social position in Baltimore. She was committed to jail, tried before a military commis.sion, found guilty, and sentenced to be imprisoned for five years and to pay a fine of five thousand dollars. She was sent to Fitchburg, Mass., under charge of Capt. W. H. Wiegel, but was soon afterwards released. — On the 8th of November the election for President and Vice-President took place. The vote for the Lincoln electors in Baltimore was 14,984, and for the McClellan electors 2953. The vote in Baltimore County for the Lincoln ticket was 2576, and for McClellan 2662. On the 9th of November, Gen. Wallace issued an order providing for the establish- ment of a Freedmen's Bureau in the Middle Depart- ment with the oflice at Baltimore, with Maj. William INL Este, A.D.C., in charge. " As it will be im- possible," said Gen. Wallace in this order, "to carry it out without having a place in which the sick, help- less, and needy can be temporarily rested and pro- vided for, Maj. Este is directed to take possession of the building known formerly as the Maryland Club House, but now named ' Freedman's Rest,' to select some excellent lady to take charge of the same as matron, and to suitably prepare and furnish as many rooms as may be required for the purpose pro- posed." Donations were also requested, and " lest the moneys derived from donations and from fines collected should prove insuflicient to support the institution," the order continued, "Maj. Este will ]n-oceed to make a list of all the avowed rebel sym- |)athizei-s resident in the city of Baltimore, with a view to levying such contributions upon them in aid of the ' Freedman's Rest' as may be from time to time required." That portion of the order selecting the Maryland Club House as the " Freedman's Rest" was afterwards revoked. —On December 6th, Messrs. R. Q. Taylor & Co., hatters, were arrested and had their store closed for a few days for displaying over their door an umbrella of the obnoxious red and white. They were released on explaining that such umbrellas had been the sign in Baltimore from time immemorial. — On December 14th the large iron gunboat "Mon- ocacy," built for the government by Messrs. A. W. Denmead & Son, was launched from their shipyard at Canton. The "Monocacy" was the second vessel } of her class built in the country, and the largest war- ship built or repaired in Baltimore during the war. 1865. — On the 3d of April the news of the evacua- ' tion of Petersburg and the capture of Richmond was received in Baltimore and produced the wildest ex- citement. So va.st a concourse soon crowded the j streets in the vicinity of the newspaper-offices that j serious disturbances were apprehended, and a strong I force of police and military were detailed for duty in the central portions of the city. At three o'clock in \ the afternoon, in accordance with an order issued by Mayor Chapman, flags were unfurled from the engine- houses and the bells rung. At night the Union citizens illuminated their dwellings and places of business, and it was not until midnight that the exuberant feeling began to subside. A large stand was erected in front of the American office, where the thousands were ad- ] dressed by several popular speakers. I — On the 4th a .salute of one hundred guns was fired j from Fort Federal Hill by order of Gen. Morris. On the 6th of April, in pursuance of an order of the i mayor and City Councils, the city was draped in I flags, the bells were rung, and cannon roared their I congratulations at the recent Federal triumph. Houses I streamed with bunting and battle-flags, pennants and revenue colors were suspended in all directions, and the city was dressed in red, white, and blue. Balti- more Street was decorated from Broadway to Carey Street, and the display of bunting was richer and more profuse than ever seen in any similar demon- stration in this city before. The streets were filled with thousands of people, and at night the entire city was brilliantly illuminated, especially the news- paper-offices, which were the centres of attraction. ' Monday, the 10th, was also a day of intense excite- \ ment in Baltimore, owing to the intelligence of Lee's surrender. As soon as the news was received in Bal- timore of the assassination of President Lincoln, the police commissioners were convened in order to act in harmony with the military authorities in preserv- ing peace and order. The most stringent orders were issued to the police force, who were on duty both day and night at every prominent point. The drinking- ! houses were all closed, and Gen. Morris, commander of the Middle Department, issued a proclamation sus- pending all travel to or from the city, either by railroad, steamboat, or turnpike, with a view of apprehending the murderers of the President in case they should be in the city or on their way to it. Gen. Morris also issued orders to the commanding officers of the troops around Baltimore to be ready for service at a moment's notice, and two pieces of ordnance were placed in Holliday ; Street near Fayette. A section of a battery was also stationed near the quarters of the provost-marshal. j On the morning of the 15th of April, Mayor Chap- ! man issued an order convening the City Council, and ' requested all the shipping in the harbor, all public THE CIVIL WAR. 151 buildings and private residences, to display the United States flag at half-mast, and also that the various bells of the city be tolled between the hours of eleven and twelve A.M., and between the hours of five and six P.M. These requests were promptly complied with, and before night the whole city was draped in mourning. The courts adjourned, and in the evening the places of amusement were ordered to be closed. The City Council appropriated ten thousand dollars for the apprehension of the murderer or murderers, and soon all the roads swarmed with pickets ordered to arrest all suspicious persons. Commodore Dornin had charge of the harbor and an armed tug, to pre- vent any vessel from leaving the port. The Right Rev. William R. Whittingham, the Episcopal bishop of Maryland, is.sued an address to the clergy of his diocese, and Archbishop Spaulding also issued one to the Catholic clergy. — Gen. Wallace arrived in Baltimore on the 15th from Philadelphia, and on the 19th resumed com- mand of the department, which had been so satisfac- torily administered by Brevet Brig.-Gen. W. W. Mor- ris, United States army, who again took command of Fort McHenry and the other forts about Baltimore. Immediately after Gen. Wallace resumed command he issued the following order respecting the uniform worn by the pupils of the Catonsville Military Insti- tute : " Ueaikjuartf.bs Middle Division, Eighth Army Corps, " Baltimore, April 19, 1865. " General Orders No. 86. " The gray uniform worn by certain young meu, snid to be students, has become bo offensive to loyal soldiers and citizens that it is prohibited in this department. "This order will take effect from and after the 2oth of the present , " George H. Hooker, Aasl.-Adjl. General." — About half-past ten o'clock on the morning of the 21st the remains of President Lincoln reached this city, and accompanied by a large military and civic procession, were taken to the rotunda of the Ex- | change, where the coffin was opened, and at least ten i thousand persons viewed the remains during the two j hours alloted. t — On the 24th of April the City Council passed a | resolution protesting " against the policy of allowing ex-Confederates to return and remain in the city, and requesting the military authorities not to tolerate this the worst of dangerous evils." On the 25th, Gen. Wallace, in accordance with the opinion of Attorney- i General Speed, issued an order prohibiting " prison- ' ers of war (rebels) paroled to return to their homes to await exchange" from remaining in the Middle Department, and commanding their arrest if found within its limits. — It was also proposed in the City Council to re- , quest the mayorto call a town-meeting of the loyal citi- zens, " that an expression of the loyal public of Balti- more may be had in relation to the presence in our midst of returned rebels, who, with an unblushing effrontery, presume to take their places again as mem- bers of our loyal community." In accordance with the orders of the commanding general, and out of re- spect for the dominant authority of the City Council, a large number of ex-Confederates were arrested for " coming into this department without authority," and upon taking the oath of allegiance were sent North, where they were tolerated. A great many, fearing criminal prosecution for acts committed while in the Confederate service or for participation in the troubles of Baltimore in April, 1861, fled from the city. — On the 19th, Gen. Wallace also sent a circular to all the clergymen in Baltimore, requesting them to " avoid everything in the least calculated to offend the sensibilities" of " men and women who esteem their loyalty only a little less sacred than their re- ligion." The excited state of feeling growing out of the assassination of President Lincoln and the return of paroled Confederate prisoners led to the passage of a resolution by the City Council requesting the military authorities to close the Methodist church on Franklin and Pine Streets, the church of the same denomination on Madison and Preston Streets, and to discontinue the meetings of the congregations wor- shiping at Red Men's Hall, on Paca Street, and at Winans' Chapel, all of which were charged with being composed of Southern sympathizers. —On the 24th, Gen. Wallace addressed a communi- cation to the City Council, through Col. Woolley, pro- vost-marshal, stating that the oath of allegiance had been taken by Rev. Drs. Bullock and Lefevre and Mr. Hamner and Capt. Trippe, and that he trusted that the action of the gentlemen named would prove entirely satisfactory. — On the 29th, Gen. Wallace addressed a letter to Mayor Chapman, in which he said, — "Both branches of the City Council, as appears by their resolution received to-day, formally request me as commander of this department •to remove from their midst' the Eev. J. J. Bullock, Eev. J. E. Ham- ner, Rev. J. Lefevre, and all such dangerous persons as are * inimical to our government.' The First Branch is at the same time pleased to inform me that, for reasons stated, it is not satisfied with the oath of allegi- ance which those reverend gentlemen have solemnly taken and sub- ' scribed; on the contrary, it asks of me 'to require of them additional guarantees.' ... I feel sure, however, that I will not suffer in the opinion of these authorities if for once I differ with the Council and respectfully decline to accept their reasons as sufficient to justify the measures they have advised." — On the 29th of April restrictions on travel by steamer or sailing-vessel to the Western Shore of Maryland were withdrawn, and on the 4th of May all restrictions on trade were removed. —On the 2d of May, Gen. Wallace prohibited the sale of " portraits of any rebel officer or soldier, or of J. Wilkes Booth, the murderer of President Lincoln." —On the 18th of July, Gen. Winfield S. Hancock assumed command of the Middle Department with headquarters in Baltimore, with Lieut.-Col. Adam E. King as adjutant-general. On the 2d of August, Gen. Hancock issued an order requiring paroled prisoners HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of the late Southern armies who had not been par- doned by the President of the United States upon arriving within the limits of the department to re- port their presence and residence immediately to the nearest provost-marshal and register their names, and announcing that paroled prisoners non-residents of the department would not be allowed to enter it without the sanction of the department commander or higher authority. 1866.— On the 12th of January another military order was issued, in which it was announced that "the provost-marshal's department will cease to exist in this command on the 31st of January. Brevet Brig.-Gen. John Woolley, United States Volunteers, provost-marshal, will take measures to close the ! books and records pertaining to his ofBce upon that [ date, and turn them over to the adjutant-general of j the department. Having completed this duty, he | will report by letter to the adjutant of the army for instructions. When it becomes necessary, the duties heretofore performed by the provost-marshal will de- volve upon Brevet Maj.-Gen. G. W. Getty, command- ing the district of Baltimore." In accordance with this order, all the books, papers, and records of the office of the provost-marshal-general of the Middle Department of the Eighth Army Corps were turned over on the .31st by Brig.-Gen. Woolley to Adam E. King, brevet colonel and adjutant-general of the j Middle Military Department. The closing of the j provost-marshal's department in Baltimore closed the reign of the military commanders in Maryland, and with the proclamation of President Johnson, on the , 2d of April, formally announcing the conclusion of the war, the city resumed in a great measure the aspects and habitudes of peace.' \ Army Hospitals. — During the first two years of the war a large number of suitable buildings in Bal- ' tiniore were used for hospital purposes, by order of the Secretary of War, pending the construction of reg- ular hospitals. On the 25th of May, 1862, the medi- cal director of the department took possession of the i family mansion of Gen. George H. Steuart, on the ; north side of West Baltimore Street, near the city J limits, and converted it into an army hospital. This building, in connection with the adjoining barracks, , which were also reconstructed for hospital purposes, was capable of accommodating a large number of in- ' valid soldiers, and was called Jarvis Hospital, after Surgeon Nathan S. Jarvis, of the United States army, who was Medical Director of the Dejjartment of Mary- land and stationed at Baltimore, where he died May 15, 1862. Brigade Surgeon J. Russell was put in charge of it. The Maryland Institute was also fitted up in 1862 as a hospital. In the same year a large 1 Among tJiose arrested at various times during tlie war were Rev. Thomais H. Pritchard, of Franklin Square Baptist Church, wlio was sent South on the Kitli nf Anpust, isfi:), and Jtev. .lolin H. Dnshiell. who was arrested on the I5lh „f K,-l.nian, ISKl, hul «,,s i eh.iuse.1 slioillv after- block of warehouses on Union Dock, capable of ac- commodating eighteen hundred patients, was con- verted into hospitals, and in the latter part of the year the old Universalist church building at the corner of Calvert and Pleasant Streets was employed for the same purpose. Among other buildings used as ho.spitals were the Continental Hotel, on Holliday Street, the Gilmor House, now Guy's, on Calvert Street, the McKim mansion, in the northern section of the city, and Douglas Institute, then known as Newton University Hospital. Large hospital barracks were also erected in Patter- son Park, with a capacity for 1200 patients. In 1865 a very large hospital was completed on grounds near the western terminus of Lafayette Avenue, in the western suburbs of the city, which was called the Hicks Hospital. The buildings were eighteen in number and two hundred feet in length, and could accommodate eleven hundred patients. The hospital was under the medical sujierintendence of Dr. Thomas Sinn, United St:ite:< volunteers. Union Relief Association.— In 1861, soon after the troops commenced moving through Baltimore to Washington, to be thence distributed to the various commands. Union citizens were accustomed to meet them at the depot and supply them with water and food. Naturally thrown together in this kindly work, it was concluded to call a public meeting and organ- ize a relief association. The meeting was held at Temperance Temple, on the 28th of June, 1861. S. Morris Cockran was called to the chair, and James A. Courtney was made secretary. John T. Graham ex- plained the objects of the meeting, and proposed a permanent organization, under the name of " The Union Relief Association of Baltimore." The asso- ciation was immediately formed, and the following gentlemen were nominated and elected officers : Presi- dent, A. Sterling ; First Vice-President, Wm. Robin- son ; Second Vice-President, Wm. S. Rayner; Treas- urer, Marcus Denison ; Secretary, John T. Graham. An executive committee, composed of one gentle- man from each ward, was elected, a collecting com- mittee for the several wards appointed, and a com- mittee of eleven was chosen " to attend to the wants of such regiments as might pass through the city be- fore the next meeting." This committee consisted of John T. Graham, James M. Wood, H. Eisenbrand, E. Crocker, J. A. Courtney, Aaron Fenton, Wm. Robin.son, Geo. K. Quail, A. M. Carter, J. C. Turner, and Joseph H. Audoun. A building was soon obtained at No. 75 Sharp Street, where the executive committee held its meet- ings, and where food for the soldiers was prepared. Relief was also extended to the families of Union soldiers of Maryland. Donations were received, and the sick and exhausted from passing regiments were taken in and cared for. The work was .■n.itiimcd at tliis localitv for two THE CIVIL WAR. months, when more extensive accommodations were found necessary, and the buildings Nos. 119 and 121 Camden Street were rented and the premises on Sharp Street abandoned. On the 2d of September, 1861, the executive committee for the first time met in the new rooms, and on motion of Mr. Jarboe com- mittees were appointed " on passports," " purveying," "on supplies," "on water," "on families of Maryland regiments," and " on the hospital." The latter com- mittee was made necessary by the department for the sick, set apart in the new building, where at one time about fifty patients were accommodated, but the national hospitals soon superseded this necessity. The Union ladies becoming interested in the matter, organized a Female Union Eelief Association, which proved a valuable coadjutor in the work of relief in the camp and hospital. As the winter approached it be- came necessary to feed the troops under shelter, and for that purpose the extensive warehouse No. 120 South Eutaw Street was rented and fitted up for the uses of the association. The report of the purveyors' com- mittee, composed of J. W. Butler, Joseph H. Audoun, and J. J. Chapman, shows that from the 8th of Sep- tember to the 31st of December, 18(51, the number of soldiers fed was 83,152 ; from the 1st of January, 1862, to the 26th of June, 1862, the number fed was 50,423. To give an idea of the work done by the as- sociation, it may be stated that from Jan. 1, 1862, to June 26th of that year the committee distributed 46,687 pounds of ham, 4777 pounds of corned beef, 64,200 pounds of bread, 357 pounds of butter, 7342 pounds of cheese, and a large quantity of coflFee, sugar, and other edibles. The committee on Maryland regiments, composed of Messrs. S. F. Streeter, S. E. Turner, John A. Needles, Dr. James Armitage, H. C. Murray, J. J. Chapman, and Emanuel Crocker, distributed food to 5401 heads of families, representing at least 21,604 persons. The sanitary committee was composed of Dr. James Armi- tage, J. C. Pancoast, Richard King, E. S. Webb, and William CoUison. The auditors were Messrs. Wil- liam Robinson and J. B. Rose. In 1862 the report of the treasurer, Marcus Denison, shows that the re- ceipts of the year were $15,024.15, and the expen- ditures $15,036.34. Besides the active members, who jiaid a subscription of a dollar a year, there were a miiuber of honorary members, who paid not less than five dollars annually. The Christian Commission.— At the suggestion of Goldsborough S. Grifiith, tlie "Baltimore Christian Association" was organized May 4, 1861, for the pur- pose of ministering to the physical and spiritual wants of the soldiers who might be engaged in the approach- ing conflict. Among those who took an active part in this preliminary arrangement were William F. Cary, Rev. Thomas Coggins, William A. Wisong, John N. Brown, S. S. Stevens, Andrew Mercer, Lewis Henck, James Balloch, Dr. Henry S. Hunt, Richard Malliliun, Henry Bayley, Francis P. Stevens, John j T. Kelso, J. Henck, William B. Canfield, J. B. Still- I son, James Morfit, Lewis Raymo, George J. Zimmer- i man, William H. Mitlan, Solon Beale, Jacob Yeisley, George W. Sumwalt, Rev. Isaac P. Cook, George A. j Leakin, S. Gitteau, Andrew B. Cross, and Thomas I Myers. The Baltimore Association preceded any i other similar organization ; others followed it quickly j in Philadelphia, New York, and elsewhere, and on the 14th of November, 1861, a convention of the various organizations met in New York and formed the " United States Christian Commission." Mr. Grif- fith was appointed chairman of the Maryland Com- , mittee of the United States Christian Commission, ! and selected as his associates Rev. George P. Hays and Rev. J. N. McJilton. Upon the establishment of a branch of the United States Christian Commis- sion in Baltimore, the " Christian Association" of the I city at once became an auxiliary of that branch, but maintained its own organization during the war. j These gentlemen continued to serve throughout the ! war, with Mr. Grifiith as chairman, and Dr. McJilton as secretary. In 1864, Mr. Hays was chosen treasurer, and Rev. G. R. Bent, who had for some time been in the service of the association, was made general agent, to have immediate oversight of affairs in the office. In the same year a Board of Directors, consisting of seventy well-known citizens, was also elected, and em- braced many of the names already mentioned, so as to represent the different religious denominations and the difterent sections of the home-field. The district assigned the Maryland committee was very extensive, embracing the military camps and hospitals in Mary- land, a part of Virginia, West Virginia, and the Dis- trict of Columbia. The numerous hospitals in Balti- more were systematically visited and well cared for. Having for the most part faithful chaplains, the ladies of the city formed themselves into relief associations, one for each hospital, and thus gave themselves, with the co-operation of the gentlemen of the Baltimore Christian Association, to supply every necessity. Through these several agencies, and under their own personal supervision, the committee of the Christian Commission carried on their work. Few points made memorable by the great war surpass in sad and tender interest Camp Parole and its neighboring hospitals and barracks at Annapolis. Here came the thousands exchanged or waiting to be exchanged from the prisons at Richmond, Andersonville, Salisbury, Savannah, and elsewhere in the South. It was the privilege of I the Christian Commission, mainly through the Balti- more Association, to assist in bestowing such relief and comfort as were possible. When it could be done, delegates and stores were placed upon the transports on their way to the points designated for the exchange of prisoners, so that aid might be given at the'earliest moment. The work done at Annapolis was among the best and most fruitful of any performed by the Com- mission. Not only did kind nursing, with such sup- plies of food and clothing as were necessary, contribute HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. much to the restoration of the men, saving indeed many lives, but the religious training was not less appre- | ciated than the material comforts. The Commission I also did good service at the Confederate prison-camp i at Point Lookout, at the junction of the Potomac with the Chesapeake Bay, in St. Mary's County. The office of the Maryland committee was in the [ upper rooms of the warehouse, owned by the chairman, at No. 77 West Baltimore Street, near HoUiday. This large store-room being insufficient for the storage and shipment of supplies, in 1863 the upper floors of Apollo Hall, on the opposite side of Baltimore Street, , were secured as an additional depot. On the 2d of September, 1864, the following gentlemen, among | others, were added to the committee : Rev. T. Stork, ; Rev. Isaac P. Cook, Charles W. Ridgely, of Balti- j more ; Rev. R. C. Galbraith, of Govanstown, Balti- more Co. ; Rev. G. R. Bent. Delegates were ap- pointed from time to time to visit the hospitals and camps, to relieve the sick and wounded, and to dis- | tribute the holy Scriptures, religious tracts, and j other proper publications. In this work no discrimi- i nation was permitted or practiced, and relief was impartially extended to soldiers of both armies alike. The whole amount distributed by the committee during the war is estimated at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The balance remaining at the close of the war was donated to the Soldiers' Home, the Union Orphan Asylum, and other charities. Many of the most prominent citizens of Baltimore were connected with the beneficent operations of the Commission, and to few did it appeal in vain for aid. Of the many prominently interested in its benevolent work none showed more thorough earnestness in the cause than Mr. Goldsborough S. Griffith, who indeed was the founder of this practical and far-reaching charity. Mr. Griffith was born in Harford County, Md., Nov. 4, 1814, and was the son of a volunteer in the war of 1812, who lost his health in conse- quence of the exposures of camp-life, and died when his son was but a few months old. The family prop- erty, once considerable, was wasted by bad manage- ment, and they removed to Baltimore. When but a little more than twelve years of age he entered into the employ of the tobacco-manufacturing house of A. & J. Bonn, who were so greatly pleased with his fidelity and energy that they oftered him large in- ducements to remain with them until he should be twenty-one years of age, when they promised to estab- lish him in business. While, however, expressing his gratitude to these gentlemen, Mr. Griffith was com- pelled to decline their kindness, as he had other views for the future. With Archibald Golder he learned paper-hanging, at which he became remark- ably expert; and after refusing to go into partnership with Robert Golder in Philadelphia, he and a partner opened a paper-hanging and upholstering business in Baltimore. He wa.s only twenty-two years old, and he and his partucr had but five hundred dollars each, but they possessed commercial qualifications that were better than money, and soon built up a large and remunerative trade. Mr. Griffith bought out his partner at the expiration of two years, and in 18.54 sold the establishment to his half-brothers, Michael & Bros. Eight years previously he had opened a carpet-house, to which he now gave his whole business attention, and at the head of which he still remains. The firm is now G. S. (Jriffith tt Co., the other partners being his nephews, G. S. Grif- fith, Jr., and Thomas Riffle. While deservedly suc- cessful in commercial life, Mr. Griffith's fame more largely depends upon his intimate connection with philanthropic and charitable effort and the spread of the gospel. He is an elder of the First Reformed Church, and for twenty-seven years has been a dele- gate to the meetings of Synod and of the Maryland Classis. He is also connected with the Publication Board of the Reformed Church, and was a trustee of Franklin and Marshall College, at Lancaster, Pa., while the late ex-President Buchanan was the chief officer of the board. He is also a member of the Board of Home Missions of the Synod of the Poto- mac, and of the Board of Foreign Missions of the General Synod. In 1856 he was an American dele- gate to the Evangelical Alliance at Lubeck, Germany, and in 1857 to the Alliance at Berlin, on which latter occasion the members were received by the King of Prussia. For years he has been prominent in Sunday- school work, and is president of the Maryland Sun- day-School Union, besides being a member of the Sunday-School Board of the Synod of the Potomac. He has been a sincere Christian since the age of four- teen years, when he attended St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, and was afterwards confirmed by Bishop Stone. In 1854 he connected himself with the Reformed Church, and for a long time has been treasurer of the General Board of the Orphans' Home, which is under the control of the General Synod. The Maryland Sunday-School Union, which has had perpetual immunities and privileges conferred upon it by act of Assembly, is a great engine of evangel- ization. During Mr. Griffith's presidency it has or- ganized or reorganized about thirteen hundred Sun- day-schools in Maryland. Among other official po- sitions which he holds or has held are those of com- missioner on the part of the city to visit the Indus- trial School for Girls, trustee of the Union Protestant Infirmary, member of the Board of Managers of the Boys' Home Society, of the Board of Managers of the Maryland Tract Society, of the Board of Managers of the House" of Reformation and Instruction for Colored Boys, and visitor to the city jail, besides which he has long been identified with the Young Men's Chris- tian Association and temperance movements. He was one of the original projectors of the Children's Aid Society, the Society for the Protection of Chil- dren from Cruelty and Immorality, and the Maryland Prisoners' Aid Association, in each of which he holds v#? f^^^ THE CIVIL WAR. an important official position. He has represented Maryland at the InterDational Penitentiary Con- vention in London in July, 1872, at the Inter- national Prison Congress in Stockholm in August, 1878, and at the International Sunday-School Con- vention in London in 1881. He is also correspond- ing member for the United States of the National Prison Society of France, and one of the Board of Directors of tlie National Prison Association of New York, and has attended all the National Prison Con- gresses held in this country, being always elected one of the vice-presidents. Mr. Griffith was active in the establishment of the House of Correction, and is one of the Board of Managers. In private and public charity he has given away between sixty and seventy thousand dollars. A history of his as- siduous labors in behalf of benevolence and Chris- tianity would fill volumes, and wherever known his name is highly honored for his life-devotion to good works. He was married May 30, 1839, to Elizabeth Diirst, whose parents were natives of Switzerland, her father being a merchant of Cologne, from whence he fled in the days of Napoleonic tyranny, and coming to America, fought for his adopted country at North Point in 1814, two years before he could become one of its naturalized citizens. Maryland Union Commission.— The Maryland Union Commission was also formed at the suggestion of Mr. Griffith, and after two preliminary meetings on the 5th and 18th of April, 1865, it was fully or- ganized by the election of G. S. Griffith, president ; Rev. C. Dickson, D.D., John C. Bridges, Hon. John M. Frazier, vice-presidents ; John N. Brown, treas- urer ; William A. Wisong, corresponding secretary ; Rev. E. R. Eschback, recording secretary ; and Rev. O. M. McDowell, financial agent. Among the mana- gers were William F. Gary, J. Henry Giese, John L. Reid, Henry W. Drakely, William Bridges, Jesse Tyson, E. M. Janney, Samuel M. Shoemaker, and A. M. Carter. The purpose of the society was " to co- operate with the people of the South in rendering as- sistance to those who were in want and had been impoverished by the ravages of war, and to save by timely generosity the tliousands of refugees whom the tides of war had cast upon our hands." The Com- mission was at first auxiliary to that of New York, but subsequently became a distinct and independent organization. The aggregate collections made during the twelve months of its existence amounted to $12,- 402.63 ; the donations in goods, supplies, clothing, etc., were estimated at an equal amount, making nearly twenty-five thousand dollars distributed by the asso- ciation. The pressing necessity that called it into existence having disappeared, the Commission was dissolved in May, 1866. Baltimore Agricultural Aid Society.— This so- ciety was formed in 1865 by a number of the citizens of Baltimore irrespective of party to supply a portion of the Southern States, and more particularly Vir- ginia, with stock, farming-tools, and seed. For this purpose over eighty thousand dollars were subscribed and judiciously distributed by local agents who un- ; derstood the wants of their immediate neighborhoods. The officers of this noble charity who came volun- tarily to the assistance of the people of the South "in I their sorest need, without wounding their pride or in- ' suiting their poverty," were James Hooper, Jr., presi- dent; Charles J. Baker, vice-president; Daniel Miller, treasurer; Lawrence Sangston, corresponding secre- i tary ; Directors, James Carey, Wra. H. Baldwin, Wm. ; Chesnut, G. Washington Ward, Charles Webb, Myer j Stein, Wm. Devries, Germon H. Hunt, Benjamin F. Cator, Charles M. Dougherty, Israel M. Parr, Wm. Crichton ; Executive Committee, James Hooper, Jr., Charles J. Baker, Charles Webb, James Carey, B. F. Cator. Southern Relief Association.— In the spring of I 1866 the ladies of Maryland organized the "Southern Relief Association," with Mrs. B. C. Howard as presi- j dent ; Mrs. J. Hanson Thomas, Mrs. Charles Howard, I Mrs. J. S. Gittings, Mrs. W. Prescott Smith, and Mrs. J. J. Bankard, vice-presidents ; Mrs. Peyton Harrison, treasurer ; Miss Dora Hoffman, assistant I treasurer ; Miss Frick, secretary ; Mrs. Samuel Hoff- man, Mrs. Charles Baker, Mrs. Samuel W. Smith, I Mrs. Thomas Murdoch, Mrs. Robert H. Carr, Mrs. I Joshua Vansant, Mrs. John F. Hunter, Mrs. Rich- ard Norris, Mrs. Louisa Cannon, Mrs. F. W. Elder, ! Miss Harper, Miss Louisa Hoffman, Mrs. D. Preston ' Parr, Mrs. T. Parkin Scott, Mrs. Lurman, Mrs. J. H. , B. Latrobe, Mrs. A. DuBois Egerton, Mrs. Allan Dorsey, Mrs. James F. Purvis, Mrs. James M. An- j derson, and Mrs. James Hodges, executive commit- I tee ; Auxiliary Managers, Lawrence Sangston, chair- I man ; Charles E. Waters, secretary ; John L. Weeks, I William L. Montague, Thomas J. Magruder, Israel I M. Parr, Lewis Turner, Sr., P. De Murguindo, C. W. I C. McCoy, George W. Herring, William H. Baldwin, Eben Faxon, D. Preston Parr, D. J. Foley, Charles M. Dougherty, James M. Anderson, Charles J. Baker, A. DuBois Egerton, William H. Perkins, J. J. Bank- ard, Ezra Whitman, Thomas Norris, Frederick Raine, W. Holtzman, Joshu^ Vansant, Robert R. Kirkland, I Francis B. Loney, William Crichton, Samuel G. Miles, Leonard Passano, James H. Barney, Charles E. Weth- ered, Benjamin F. Cator, Charles Webb, William Dev- i ries, James Hodges, Henry W. Slicer, B. B. Swayne, Francis Whitson, Augustus J. Albert, W. W. Glenn, I James Fryer, Clifford C. Anderson, Lewis A. Turner, Charles H. Rifllemeyer, and Herman H. Graue. To facilitate the objects of the association it was determined to hold a fair, which was opened on the '■ 2d of April, 1866, in the Maryland Institute. It was continued until the 13th of the month, and at its ! close the net receipts were found to be $164,569.97, ' which was distributed through committees to the j various Southern States. The committee for Virginia ' was composed of Mrs. J. Harmon Brown, Mrs. A. D. 156 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Egerton, Mrs. J. S. Gittings, who through almoners in that State distributed to the deserving citizens $27,000. The committee for North Carolina, com- posed of Mrs. J. J. Bankard, Mrs. Joshua Vansant, Mrs. Charles J. Baker, Mrs. J. Harman Brown, Miss Lizzie Wright, and Mrs. A. D. Egerton, distributed the sum of $16,500 in that State. The committee for South Carolina, composed of Mrs. Louisa Cannon, Mrs. Robert H. Carr, Miss Louisa Hoffman, Mrs. James M. Anderson, Mrs. Dr. Wilson Carr, Mrs. Mc- Sherry, Miss Henrietta Hoffman, distributed the sum of $19,750. The committee for Maryland for Southern refugees and special cases, composed of Mrs. J. J. Bankard, Mrs. Joshua Vansant, Mrs. Charles J. Baker, Mrs. J. Harman Brown, Miss Lizzie Wright, and Mrs. A. D. Egerton, the sum of $10,000. The committee for Georgia, composed of Mrs. B. C. How- ard, Mrs. R. Norris, Miss Harper, and Mrs. Read, the sum of $17,875. The committee of Florida, com- posed of Mrs. B. C. Howard, Mrs. R. Norris, Jr., Miss Harper, and Mrs. Read, the sum of $5500. The committee for Alabama, composed of Mrs. Samuel Hoffman, Mrs. Charles Howard, and Mrs. Frick, $16,250. The committee for Louisiana, composed of Mrs. Charles Howard, Mrs. Samuel Hoffman, Mrs. W. Prescott Smith, Mrs. F. W. Elder, and Miss Friik, $7500. The committee for Arkansas, composed of Miss Harper, Miss Spencer, and Mrs. Peyton Har- rison, $5000. The committee for Mississippi, com- posed of Mrs. Peyton Harrison, Mrs. J. H. B. Latrobe, and Mrs. Dora Hoffman, $20,625. The committee for Tennessee, composed of Mrs. Allan Dorsey, Mrs. Von Kapff, Mrs. Thomas Murdoch, $12,500. In 1867 the Legislature also appropriated one hundred thousand dollars " for the relief of the destitute people in the States wasted by civil war," and appointed commis- .sioners for its distribution. To this sum was added over twenty-one thousand dollars in money and goods, contributed by private individuals. As in many places the people were suffering for the want of food, the commissioners shipped large stores of provisions to various points in North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, to be distributed by agents appointed by the Governors of those States. The Secretary of the Navy of the United States, Hon. G. Welles, placed at , their disposal the United States .store-ship " Relief," by which a full cargo of corn and bacon was shipped to Mobile, Ala. The total amount distributed by the commissioners in supplies and money reached $106,623.65. In addi- ti., capt. 2d Infantry. Spoouer, John A., hospital chaplain U. S. Vols. Stanton, David L., col. let lufantry. (Brevetted brig.-gen. for gallant conduct at the battle of Five Forks, Va.) Starkweather, Norris G., 1st lieut. Ist Infantry, and Ist lieut. 0th In- Stein, Edward, 1st lieut. 5th Infautry. Steiner, David C, 1st lieut. and Q. M. 6th Cavalry. Stephens, James M., 1st lieut. and adjt. 6th Infantry. Sterling, Thomas J., let lieut. 8th Infantry. Stewart, William H., additional paymaster U. S. Vols. Stevens, Nicholas B., 2d lieut. 3d Infantry. Stevenson, John M., surgeon 3d Infantry, and surgeon 3d Cavalry. Stewart, Henry C, aseistant surgeon 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. Stewart, Thomas H., 2d lieut. 5th lufantry. Stinchcomb, John D., capt. 2d Infantry. Stoue, Llewellyn P., 1st lieut. loth Infantry. Stuart, George, 1st lieut. Ist Cavalry. Sudsburg, Joseph M., capt. 2d lufantry, capt. 4th Infantry (German Kifles), aud col. 3d Infantry. Sullivan, John, 1st lieut. loth Infantry. Sullivan, John H., 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Infautry. Sulci-, Johu H., 1st lieut. 4th lufantry. Suter, Martin, capt. 4th Infantry, capt. Ist (E. S.) Infautry, and mi^or llth Infantry. Sweeney, John, capt. 2d Infantry. Swcetiug, Edward T., 1st lieut. and y. M. Di.\ Light Infantry. Talbott, Charles A., let lieut. Battery D, Light Artillery. Talbott, Nicholas B., 2d lieut. 5th Infantry, Tall, Brufl' Vi'., capt. 5th Infantry. Tarr, Froilerick C, capt. 1st Infantry, capt. and A. A. G. V. S. Vols., aud uuy'or and additional paymaster U. S. Vols. THE CIVIL WAK. Taylor, Edgar G., 2d lieiit. Battery A, and Ist lieut. Eagle Artillery. Taylor, Wm., capt. Ist Infantry. Taylor, Wm. H,, 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. Taylor,* Wm. H., 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. Thomas, Arthur G., hospital chaplain U. S. Vols. Thomas, Wm., 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. Thomas, Wm. J., Ist lieut. 2d Infantry. ti, George W., 1st lieut. 1st Infantry, and 1st lieut. 11th Infantry. ihn A., Jr., Ist lieut. 2d Infantry, and 1st lieut. and adjt.4th Infantry. luel S., 2d lieut. 3d Infantry. Thompson, Solomon S., capt. 5th Infantry. Torney, John H., 2d lieut. 10th Infantry. Tower, Lawrence, capt. 7th Infantry. Trobler, Henry, 1st lieut. 11th Infantry. Tucker, James H., 2d lieut. 11th Infantry. Tucker, John A., capt. 4th Infantry . Turner, John, 1st lieut. and Q. M. 9tli Infantry. U. Uber, Cailton A., Ist lieut. Dix Light Infantry. Uliler, John R., surgeon 5th Infantry. Undutch, Nicholas, Ist lieut. 9th Infantry. Valois, Gustavus, capt. 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. Vaughen, Wm. P., capt. 11th Infantry. Vinton, Boliert S., hospital chaplain U. S. Vols. Von Borries, Otto, 1st lieut. 1st Cavalry. Von Hagen, Sigismund, 2d lieut. 4th Infantry. Von Koerber, Vincent E., major 1st Cavalry. (Brevetted lieut.-col faithful and meritorious services during the war.) Von Marsdorf, Herman, 2d lieut. Ist Cavalry. Von Schilling, Louis, 1st lieut. 1st Cavalry and 2d lieut. 3d Cavalry. Von Wessely, Joseph, 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry. Wain, George H., 2d lieut. Ist (P. II. B.) Infantry. Waite, Wm. W., 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. Walker, Joseph E., capt. Ist Infantry. (Brevetted captain for gallant and meritorious services at the battles of White Oak Uoad and Five Forks, Va.) Walmsley, John S.. lat lieut. 25th 0. S. C. T. Walsh, Patrick, 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. Waltemeyer, Charles, 1st lieut. Ist Infantry. Waltemeyer, Francis G. F., capt. Ist Infantry. Walter, John H., 2d lieut. 3d Infantry. Walters,* Wm. H., 1st lieut. 5th Infantry. Warfleld,* L. A., capt. and C. S. U. S. Vols. Warner, John Edward, surgeon 1st Cavalry. Watkins, Wm. H., capt. Purnell Legion lufnntry. Watkins, Wm. M., 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. Watson, Hugh, capt. 1st Infantry. Watson, Hubert, 2d lieut. Di.\ Light Infantry, and capt. 4th Infantry. Way, Walter R., surgeon Ist (P. H. B.) Cavalry, and assistant surgeon U. S. Vols. Webb, Francis I. D., capt. Purnell Legion Infantry, and capt. 11th In- Webster, Thomas W., capt. 10th Infantry. Weiser, Lewis, 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry. Welsh, Charles A., capt. 4th (P. H. B.) Infantry, and capt. 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. Wetschky, Charles, lieut.-col. 1st Cavalry. Wheeler, Henry W., 2d lieut. 10th Infantrj', and capt. 7th Infantry. Wheeler, Wm. T., 2d lieut. 9th Infantry. White, Alpbonso A., surgeon 3d Infantry, and surgeon 8th Infantry. Whitson, David E., Jr., 2d lieut. 2d Infantry. Wiegel, Wm. H., major and A. A. G. U. S. Vols. (Brevetted lieut.-col. and col. for gallant and meritorious services during the war.) Williams, Anthony C, capt. 4th Infantry. (Brevetted major for gallant ices during the war.) Williams, Stillman, 1st lieut. and Q. M. 3d Cavalry. Williamson,* Alex. S., capt. Purnell Legion Infantry. Wills, Richard C, capt. 2d Infantry. Wilson, Charles A., 2d lieut.llth Infantry. Wilson, Edward, 2d lieut. 9th Infantry. Wollman, Edward, 1st lieut. loth Infantry. Wood, George J. P., capt. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. Wood, Nicholas L., Jr., 2d lieut. 9th Infantry. Wnodhull, Aaron, Ist lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. Woods, Hudson, capt. 6th Infantry. Woods, Wm. M., capt. and A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. Wright,* Charles W., capt. 1st Infantry. Yates, Wm. H., 1st lieut. and adjt. 2d Infantry. Teates, Henry P. P., assistant surgeon Dix Light Infantry. Young, John C, Ist lieut. 8th Infantry. Younger, Hiram B., 1st lieut. 2d Cavalry, and 1st lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. Z. Zimmerman, Benjamin F., major 1st Infantry. Zimmerman, George A., capt. 2d Infantry. Appointed from Baltimore County. Cadden, Charles W., assistant surgeon Pnrnell Legion, and surgeon 4th Infantry. Cole, William P., Ist lieut. 8th Infantry, and Q. M. Ilth Infantry. Cooper, Alfred S., 1st lieut. 9th Infantry. Conner, Charles A., Ist lieut. 7th Infantry. Dougherty, Benjamin F., capt. 2d Infantry. Dumphy, Richard G., 2d lieut. 7th Infantry. Ensor, J. Fulton, assistant surgeon 1st Cavalry, and surgeon 79th U. S. C. T. Fibbs. John M., 1st lieut. 1st Cavalry. Goudy,* Stephen, 2d lieut. 2d Infantry. Haverstick, Levi M.,capt. 12th Infantry. Holland, John C, lieut.-col. 5th Infantry. Jordan, Hansou P., 2d lieut. 9th Infantry. Kemp, J. McK., assistant surgeon Ist (E. S.) Infantry, and surgeon 11th Infantry. Matthews, Benjamin F., capt. 2d Infantry. Matthews, Thomas L., 1st lieut. and adjt. 2d Infantry. McComas, J. Marche, capt. 9th Infantry. McCrone, Alexander F., 1st lieut. Patapsco Guards. McNeal, Joseph W., 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. Millender, John H., 1st lieut. 4th Infantry. Morrison, William D., capt. 7th Infantry. Pennington, Henry, 1st lieut. 2d Infantry, and Ist lieut. and adjt. 2d U. S. Vols. Reynolds,* Alfred D., 1st lieut. Ist Infantry. Reynolds, Jesse A., 1st lieut. 11th Infantry. Reynolds, Robert W , capt. 1st Infantry. Shealey, George W., capt. 8th Infantry. (Brevetted capt. for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va.) Shriver, George W., capt. 8th Infantry, and capt. 12th Infantry. Smith, Robert S., capt. 1st Infantry. Smyser, Henry C, 1st lieut. 2d (E. S.) Infantry, and capt. 11th Infanti?. Sommer, John, col. 2d Infantry, and capt. 2d Cavalry. StifBer, John N., 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. Stonebraker, Jos. H., capt. 1st Infantry. Stonebraker, Washington, capt. Purnell Legion Infantry. Taylor, Benjamin F., col. 2d Infantry. (Brevetted col. for conspicuous gallantry in the assault before Petorsbuig, Va.) Whittle, Charles N., 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. Whittle, Samuel N., 1st lieut. 7th Infantry. Wilhelm, Henry, capt. 4th Infantry. Wilson, Isaac, 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. Wilson, James H., major 2d Infantry. Wilson,* John W., col. 1st Infantry. Wilson,* Malcolm, capt. 2d Infantry. Wilson,* Robert A., capt. 1st Cavalry, and 2d lieut. 1st Infantry. Yellott, Charies M., Ist lieut. let (P. H. B.) Infantry. Yellott, John I., major 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. CHAPTER XVII. PROGIIESS AFTER THE CTVIL WAR. The constitution of 1864, as has been seen, virtually disfranchised nearly two-thirds of the citizens of the State. When the military regime came to an end and civil authority was once more fully established, a bitter struggle for political supremacy at once com- menced. The Legislature, which was largely Republican, passed "an act relating to the registration of the voters of the State," which was the first general and permanent registration law in Maryland. By this act the Governor was to appoint from the citizens " most known for loyalty, firmness, and uprightness three persons for each ward in the city of Baltimore, and for each election district in the several counties of the State," who were to be styled officers of registra- tion. They were to " register all free white male per- sons claiming and entitled to the elective franchise resident in or temporarily absent from the several wards of the city of Baltimore, and the several elec- tion districts of the counties." Three persons were also appointed to register the soldiers and sailors of the State in the service of the United States, stationed at convenient and accessible points, who were absent from their regular places of voting on account of the nature of their service, and qualified voters at the various camps, hospitals, etc. To all persons regis- tered they were to administer the oath of allegiance prescribed by the constitution of 1864, and also a fur- ther oath that they would answer truly all questions propounded touching their right to vote. They were empowered to exclude from the lists the name of any person who had done any of the acts enumerated in the third, fourth, and fifth sections of the constitution, notwithstanding the applicant had taken the oath of allegiance prescribed in section four of the first ar- ticle. In pursuance of this law, the Governor ap- pointed registers, who held a convention in Balti- more on the 2d of August, 1865, and adopted regula- tions for the guidance and government of registers throughout the State. A series of questions were for- mulated, to be propounded to the applicant for regis- tration, which effectually excluded from the privileges of the elective franchise not only those who had shown but even those who had felt the slightest sympathy for the Southern cause. The registration, when completed, showed that in Baltimore, out of a voting population of forty thousand, only ten thou- sand pensons were considered qualified to take part in the political government of the city. The total num- ber of persons registered throughout the State was only about thirty-five thousand in a voting popula- tion of ninety-five thousand. The first election under the registration law oc- curred on the 7th of November, 1865, when the peo- ple of the city were called upon to vote for a member of Congress, State senator, two members of the House of Delegates, sheriff, clerk of the Circuit Court, and city surveyor. The total vote polled in the city was a little over five thousand, and resulted in the success of the Republican ticket. The candidates for Con- gress were John L. Thomas, Republican, and William Kimmel, Independent. Early in January, 1866, at the instance of a num- ber of gentlemen from the counties, a meeting was formally called and held in Baltimore for the purpo.se of ascertaining whether the people of the city were willing to co-operate in calling a State convention of those who were opposed to the registration law. At this meeting resolutions were adopted calling upon the people of the different counties of the State and of Baltimore who were opposed to the registration law to hold primary meetings, and through them to appoint delegates to meet in convention in Baltimore on the 24th of January, 1866. The convention met at Temperance Temple, Balti- more, on the day appointed. Baltimore City was rep- resented by George M. Gill, William Dean, Capt. W. Wilson, James C. Wheedon, Ezra Whitman, John L. Smith, William H. Neilson, John Bolgiaho, Marcus Wolf, Thomas G. Pratt, Robert B. Morrison, William Crichton, George H. Brice, Edward J. Chaisty, Wil- liam J. Reiman, Levi Taylor, James R. Brewer, E. Wyatt Blanchard, George P. Thomas, George W. Herring, and P. D. Sutton; and Baltimore County by Hon. John Wethered, Hon. Samuel Brady, E. S. Myers, Charles Buchanan, R. J. Worthington, John S. Gittings, William M. I.saacs, D. Cameron, Jere- miah Yellott, Walter J. Ford, John S. Bidderson, John Glenn, Victor Holmes, and James C. Magraw. Hon. Montgomery Blair, of Montgomery County, was chosen president, with Col. James Wallace, of Dor- chester County, Hon. John Wethered, of Baltimore County, George M. Gill, of Baltimore City, J. Oden Bowie, of Prince George's, and George Schley, of Washington County, as vice-presidents ; and Milton Y. Kidd, of Cecil County, William H. Neilson, of Baltimore City, and Thomas E. Williams, of Prince George's County, as secretaries. The convention adopted an address " to the people of Maryland," in which were set forth the grievances which had called the body together, and appealed to the Legislature to correct the evils complained of. Aftej'a two days' ses- sion, before adjourning, committees were appointed to proceed to Annapolis and present the resolutions of the convention to the General Assembly then in session, and to procure signatures throughout the Stale to a memorial praying a repeal or modification of the con- stitution. The committee appointed to appear before the Legislature were accorded a respectfiil hearing, and in due time petitions signed by over twenty thousand citizens were presented to the General As- sembly, but that l)0(ly, on the 8th of February, 1866, PROGRESS AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. 163 resolved "that neither the temper or conduct of the peojjle of this State who have been hostile to the gov- ernment, nor the condition of our national affairs, nor the provisions of the constitution of the State warrant any interference with the registry law, and that it ought to be vigorously enforced." j On the 6th of June the ultra wing of the Uncondi- tional Union party in Maryland assembled in con- ' vention in Baltimore, and adopted a platform declar- : ing that "the registered loyal voters of Maryland ] will listen to no proposition to repeal or modify the | registry law," and cordially indorsing the reconstruc- | tion policy of Congress. This convention again met ij Baltimore on the 15th of August, and after adopt- ing similar resolutions, and appointing delegates to 1 the Southern Loyalists' Convention, to be held at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, on the 3d of Sep- j tember, nominated Col. Robert Bruce, of Alleghany County, as their candidate for State comptroller.' The Conservative wing of the Unconditional Union party in Maryland assembled in convention in Balti- more on the 25th of July, 1866, and nominated for comptroller Col. William J. Leonard, of Worcester I County. After the adoption of a long series of reso- | lutions and the appointment of delegates to the Phil- adelphia National Convention it adjourned. In the meanwhile a new set of officers of registriition were appointed who gave a more liberal construction to the law than their predecessors. On the 10th of October following the municipal election was held, and resulted in the success of .lohn i L. Chapman, the ultra Republican candidate. The total number of votes cast was 7993, of which 5392 were given to Chapman, and 2601 to Daniel Harvey, the Conservative candidate. As the act of 1862, ch. : 131, provided that for official mi.sconduct any of the | police commissioners might be removed by a concur- [ rent vote of the two houses of the General Assembly, or by the Governor during the recess thereof, those who felt aggrieved at the results of the recent election determined to make an effort to have the police com- missioners removed for their alleged partisan conduct. A meeting of citizens was accordingly held on the 16th of October, when committees were appointed "to gather information touching the official miscon- duct of the police commissioners and appointees," and to prepare memorial lists to the Governor asking for their removal, and that the election should be set aside. In a few days a memorial signed by over four thou- sand citizens was presented to Governor Swann, ac- companied by numerous affidavits, praying for the removal of the commissioners. In their petition the memorialists represented that the commissioners, "dis- regarding alike the appeals of their fellow-citizens ' On the 26th June, 186B, a mass-meeting was held in Monument Sijuare for the purpose of indorsing the policy of President Johnson and giving encouragement to Governor Swann in his support of the President's policy and his opposition to colored suffrage. and their own explicit oaths, ajjpointed the two hun- dred and forty judges almost without exception from the political party of which they themselves are members." They moreover charged that " the Board of Police, in violation of law and the liberty of the citizens, gave orders to the police justices not to hear any case, or take bail, or in manner release any person ar- rested or committed on the day of election, but in all cases to keep them confined until after six o'clock in the evening of that day." On the 18th of October, Governor Swann notified Messrs. Nicholas L. Wood and Samuel Hindes, the police commissioners, that he would take up their case on the 22d, at the execu- tive chamber at Annapolis, and inclosed copies of the memorial and affidavits for their inspection. The police commissioners denied the power of the Gover- nor to try them for " official misconduct," or to find them guilty thereof. Governor Swann, however, pro- ceeded to try their cases, and on the 1st of November announced his intention to remove Messrs. Hindes and Wood on several grounds which he distinctly specified. Pending the decision of Governor Swann, the State was threatened with invasion by armed par- tisans from other States, and military organizations were formed in Baltimore for the open and avowed purpose of resisting the authority of the laws. On the 24th of October, Gen. Grant wrote to President Johnson, declaring that there was no occasion to send troops to Baltimore, and on the 25th President John- son asked for the number of troops at convenient sta- tions near Baltimore, to which Gen. Grant replied on the 27th, giving the desired information. On the 1st of November, President Johnson announced to Secre- tary Stanton that, " in view of the prevalence in vari- ous portions of the country of a revolutionary and turbulent disposition which might at any moment assume insurrectionary proportions and lead to serious disorders, and of the duty of the government to be at all times prepared to act with decision and effect, this force is not deemed adequate to the protection and security of the seat of government. I therefore re- quest that you will at once take such measures as will insure its safety, and thus discourage any attempt for its possession by insurgent or other illegal combina- tions." When Governor Swann made his decision remov- ing the police commissioners. President Johnson, on the 2d of November, gave Secretary Stanton the following order: "ExECDTivE Mansion, Washington, D. C, Nov. 2, 18(i6. "Sir, — There is ground to apprehend danger of an insurrection in Baltimore against the constituted authorities of the State of Maryland, on or about the day of the election soon to be held in that city, and that in such contingency the aid of the United States might be invoked under the acts of Congress which pertain to that subject. While I am averse to any military demonstration that would have a tendency to interfere with the free exercise of the elective franchise in Baltimore, or be con- strued into any interference in local questions, I feel great solicitude that should an insurrection take place the government should be pre- pared to meet and promptly put it down. I accordingly desire you to HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. call Gen. Grant's attention to the subject, leaving to his own discretion | and judgment the measures of preparation and precaution that should be adopted. Very respectfully yours, " Andrew Johnson. ! " Hon. EnwiN M. Stanton, Secretary of Wur." \ On the same day Gen. Grant sent an order to Gen. Canby, inclo.sing the orders from the President, and i directing him to hold troops in readiness for the an- ] ticipated difficulties in Baltimore. Gen. Canby came I immediately to Baltimore, and was followed in a few days by Gen. Grant, who reported on the 5th that "collision this morning looked almost inevitable. | Wiser counsels now seem to prevail, and I think there is strong hope that no riot will occur. Propositions looking to the harmonizing of parties are now pend- j ing." Messrs. Wood and Hindes, the police commis- sioners, having been removed by Governor Swann, | Messrs. William Thomas Valiant and James Young | were appointed on the same day to fill the vacant ' offices. The superseded board, however, procured | the arrest of the new appointees and the sheriff, Wil- j liam Thomson, who was assisting Messrs. Valiant and I Young, and had them all lodged in jail. They were arrested on a warrant issued by Judge Bond, of the Criminal Court, and were charged with inciting a riot. Judge Bond required them not only to give bail to keep the peace, but to bind themselves not to at- tempt to execute the duties of their office, and to this demand they refused to submit, and were therefore committed to jail. This proceeding caused the most intense excitement in the city, but there was no seri- ous disturbance of the peace. Several regiments of troops organized and were quartered at Fort McHenry, and Gens. Grant and Canby were besieged by the several factions at their headquarters in the city. Messrs. Hindes and Wood mustered in about three thousand five liundred regular and special police, and guarded the station-houses, their office, and prominent places in the city. As soon as the new police com- missioners and sheriff were committed to jail, their counsel waited upon Hon. James L. Bartol, one of the judges of the Court of Appeals, who was at his home in the city, and procured a writ of habeas corpus, which was made returnable on Monday, November 5th, at 9 A.M., before the judge of the Superior Court. The writ was directed to the warden of the Baltimore { City jail, commanding him to produce -the bodies of William Thomas Valiant, James Young, and William Thomson, and have them before the judge at the time | named. At the time appointed it was stated to the j judges that the writs had been served, but it was un- derstood that they would not be obeyed. The court adjourned until November 8th, and in the mean time the police commissioners were kept confined. Du- ring their confinement, on the 6th of November, the election took place, and resulted in the triumph of the Conservative party. In the city a total vote of 16,006 wiia polled for State comptroller, of which the Conservatives cast 8513, and the stalwart Republicans 7493. Messrs. Valiant and Young, the new police com- missioners, were brought before Judge Bartol on the writ of habeas corpus on November 8th, and on the 13th the judge rendered his decision releasing the commissioners, who immediately took possession of the office and entered upon the discharge of their duties. The marshal of police during the day surrendered the force under his charge to their orders, and on the 15th Messrs. Hindes and Wood surrendered their books, and turned over the station-houses and other property to the new commissioners, thus settling one of the most exciting difficulties that ever occurred in Balti- more. On the assembling of the Legislature on the 2d of January, 1867, a bill was introduced providing for a new election for mayor and City Council of Baltimore, but before it was signed by the Governor it was re- considered, and failed to become a law. The success of the Conservatives was followed by appeals to Congress on the part of their opponents, and by charges that the State had been revolution- ized, and that the safety of loyal men, and especially of the colored population, was endangered. These charges first took definite and official form in a notice of contest by Joseph J. Stewart, Republican candi- date for the Fortieth Congress from Baltimore, de- feated by Charles E. Phelps, Conservative, and then a member of the Thirty-ninth Congress. Mr. Stewart charged " that Thomas Swann, Governor of the State of Maryland, conspiring with officers of his own ap- pointment to defeat the law and revolutionize the State, did resort to measures revolutionary in their character, as against the loyal body politic of Mary- land." After considerable testimony had been taken on both sides, Mr. Stewart abandoned the contest in a published letter to Mr. Phelps, dated April 12, 1867, admitting that the evidence had failed to pre- sent matter of serious controversy, and ottering to indemnify his opponent for the costs. The Republican State Convention, which assembled in Baltimore on the 28th of March, adopted resolu- tions which were presented to Congress, calling upon that body " to protect the loyal majority of the people of Maryland, both white and colored, in defeating the scheme of the revolutionists in the Legislature," and declaring that " we will oppose any new constitution set up in subversion of the existing constitution under the convention bill which does not express the will of the majority of the people without regard to color; and we will, with the aid of the loyal representatives of the nation, and by all means in our power, resist and destroy any such constitution as revolutionary usurpation." The Baltimore City Council also asked Congress to " assist the people of Maryland to form a State government, republican in form, and in unison with the spirit of the age." A petition for an injunc- tion to prevent the election authorized by the Legis- lature on the 20th of March, 1867, to decide whether or not a constitutional convention should be called. PROGRESS AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. was filed in the Superior Court of Baltimore on the 30th of March. After an extensive argument on both sides Judge Martin, on the 2d of April, rejected the application. The election was held on the 13th of April, and the whole number of votes cast in the State was 58,718, of which 34,534 were for a convention, and 24,136 against it. In Baltimore the whole vote polled was 20,136, of which 11,013 were in favor of the con- vention, and 9123 in opposition to it. After a session of over three months the convention completed its work, and adjourned on the 17th of August, 1867. The election for the adoption or rejection of the new constitution was held on the 18th of September. The whole number of votes cast in the State in favor of its adoption was 47,152, and the whole number cast in opposition to it was 23,036, a majority of 24,- 116 in its favor. The total vote in Baltimore was 21,747, of which 16,120 were cast for its adoption, and 5627 against it, a majority in its favor of 10,493. The first election under the new constitution was held in Baltimore on Oct. 23, 1867, for judge of the Court of Appeals, chief and four associate judges of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore, and mayor and City Council. The vote for mayor was : R. T. Banks, Dem- ocratic-Conservative, 18,420 ; A. W. Denison, Repub- lican, 4896. At the State election on November 6th the candidates for Governor were Oden Bowie, Demo- cratic-Conservative, and Judge H. Lennox Bond, Re- publican. The total vote of the State was 85,744, of which Bowie received 63,694, and Bond 22,050. In Baltimore Bowie received 19,912 votes, and Bond 4846. In the Presidential election of Nov. 3, 1868, the vote of Baltimore City was 21,553 for Seymour, and 9102 for Grant; the vote of Baltimore County was 4377 for Seymour, and 2335 for Grant. In the election for members of the City Council on the 27th of October, 1869, the whole number of votes cast was about 18,900, of which about 12,000 were cast for the Democratic candidates, 6120 for the Republican, and 750 for the Workingmen's candidates. The Demo- cratic majority over the Republicans was about 6880, and about 5130 over both Republican and Working- men's candidates. The whole number of registered votes in the city at that time was 44,211. In March, 1870, the Legislature passed a law in- corporating Towsontown, the county-seat of Baltimore County, and on April 4th an election was held for five commissioners to serve one year. This was the first election in the State under the Fifteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution, and was the first occasion on which colored men had been allowed to vote in Maryland since 1802. They were duly impressed with the importance of the new privilege, and cast a full vote for the Republican ticket, which was elected by a large majority. The election of Nov. 2, 1870, passed off" quietly in Baltimore considering the excite- ment of the campaign and the introduction of a new political element. All the colored voters appeared at the polling-places at an early hour, and the day seemed to be almost a holiday with them. United States deputy marshals were present at the polls in accord- ance with the provisions of the Enforcement Act, but there was no necessity for their services. The total ; vote in the State was 134,525, of which 76,796 were cast for the Democratic and 57,729 for the Republican candidate, leaving a Democratic majority of 19,067. The vote in Baltimore for the Democratic candidate was 23,996, and for the Republican candidate 15,249 ; in Baltimore County the vote was 5384 for the Demo- cratic and 3101 for the Republican candidate. At the municipal election in Baltimore on the 25th of i October, 1871, for mayor and City Council, the entire ' vote cast on the mayoralty ticket was 29,159, of which Joshua Vansant, the Democratic candidate, received 18,157 votes, and Charles Dunlap, the Na- tional Reformers' candidate, 11,062, a majority of 7095 for Vansant. In the State election for Gover- nor, comptroller, attorney-general, and members of the Legislature, held on the 7th of November, the Democrats were again successful. On the State ticket . the Democratic candidates were William Pinkney Whyte, of Baltimore City, for Governor ; A. K. Syes- ter, of Washington County, for attorney-general; Levin R. Woolford, of Worcester County, for comp- troller. The Republican candidates were Jacob Tome, of Cecil County, for Governor; Alexander Randall, of Anne Arundel County, for attorney-general; and Lawrence J. Brengle, of Frederick, for comptroller. The total vote of the State was 132,728, against 134,- 525 at the congressional election in 1870. The total number of votes cast for the Democratic candidate for Governor was 73,908, and for the Republican can- didate .58,820; Democratic majority, 15,088. On the 9th of July, 1872, the National Democratic Convention met in Baltimore, at Ford's Opera- House. Every State in the Union and nearly every Territory was fully represented. The spacious parquette and orchestra circle were filled with the delegates, ranged according to States in regular order. The stage was occupied by the officers of the convention and repre- sentatives of the press, and from this point the coup- d'reil was most striking. The house, brilliant with banners and flags, with the escutcheons of thirty-seven States pendent from the balconies, and with guidons designating the places of the respective delegations, was crowded from stage to dome with eager spectators, while the blended daylight and gaslight shed a soft and mellow lustre over the animated scene. James R. Doolittle, of Wisconsin, was chosen permanent president, with a long list of vice-presidents and sec- retaries. On the 10th the convention completed its work by adopting the platform of principles put forth by the Cincinnati Convention of Liberal Republicans, and by indorsing the candidates for the Presidency — Horace Greeley, of New York, and B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri — nominated by the same body. The whole number of votes cast was 732, of which Greeley 166 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. received 086; Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania, 21 ; James A. Bayard, of Delaware, 15 ; William Groes- beck, of Ohio, 2 ; and blank, 8. All the delegations except Delaware afterwards changed their votes to Greeley. The vote for Vice-President was : B. Gratz Brown, 713 ; John W. Stevenson, of Kentucky, 6; and blank, 3. Mr. Brown's nomination was then made unanimous. The Democrats opposed to the Greeley movement, or " New Departure," as it was called, held a conven- tion of about sixty delegates at the Maryland Insti- tute on the 9th of July to nominate " straight-out" Democratic candidates. They however confined their action to issuing an address and recommending a convention to be held at Louisville on September 3d. The choice of this party for President was Charles O'Connor, of New York, with John Q. Adams, of Massachusetts, as Vice-President. Mr. O'Connor, however, declined the nomination. In Maryland the election was for members of Congress as well as for President. The Greeley or " New Departure" ticket was carried by a small majority, as compared with that cast in 1871. The vote in Baltimore was 24,694 for Greeley and 19,522 for Grant, and in Baltimore County was 4173 for Greeley and 3774 for Grant. In the Second Congressional District, Archer, Democrat, received 10,591 votes, and Hancock, Republican, 10,303 ; in the Third District, O'Brien, Democrat, re- ceived 9675, and Turner, Independent, 8346 ; in the Fourth, Swanu, Democrat, received 12,148, and Gris- wold, Independent Democrat, 10,886. In the munic- ipal election in Baltimore on Oct. 22, 1873, Joshua Vansant, Democrat, was re-elected mayor, receiving 22,751 votes, to 12,667 cast for David Carson, the Re- form candidate. The municipal election for mayor on the 27th of October, 1875, was a very spirited contest, and resulted in the choice of Ferdinand C. Latrobe, Democrat, over Henry M. AVarfield, the candidate of the Reform party. The total vote cast was 53,808, of which Latrobe re- ceived 28,238, and Warfield 25,571. The general elec- tion on November 2d, for Governor, attorney-general, comptroller of the treasury, and members of the Legislature, was one of the most animated political contests ever known in Maryland. The Democratic candidates were John Lee Carroll for Governor, Charles J. M. Gwinn for attorney-general, and Levin Woolford for comptroller. The opposition Reform candidates were J. Morrison Harris, of Baltimore County, for Governor; S. Teackle Wallis, of Balti- more City, for attorney-general; and Col. Edward Wilkins for comptroller. The total vote cast in the State was 157,984, of which Carroll received 85,454, and Harris 72,530. In the counties Harris was suc- cessful, but his majority in the State was overcome by the vote in Baltimore City, which stood 36,958 for Carroll and 21,863 for Harris, the total vote of the city being 58,821. Great frauds were alleged, and the election was contested before the I/Cgislature of 1876, which decided that the Democratic candidates were duly elected. At the congressional election of 1876, Roberts, Democrat, in the Second District, received 15,033 votes, and Harris, Reformer, 11,965; in the Third, Kimmel, Democrat, received 14,251, and Goldsborough, Repub- lican, 8562; in the Fourth, Swann, Democrat, 15,259, and Butler, Reform, 12,738. At the municipal election on the 24th of Oc- tober, 1877, the Democratic nominee was George P. Kane, the Workingmen's candidate Joseph Thomp- son, and the Reformers' Henry M. Warfield. The election passed oif very quietly, and resulted in the success of George P. Kane and all the regular Democratic nominees for both branches of the City Council by large majorities. Kane carried all the wards in the city except the Thirteenth and Twen- tieth, in which Thompson had small majorities. The total vote of the city was 51,091, of which Kane re- ceived 33,188, Thompson 17,367, and Warfield 536. Mayor Kane died on June 23, 1878, and a new election was ordered to fill the vacancy, which resulted in the selection, on July 11th, of Ferdinand C. Latrobe, Dem- ocrat, by a majority of 13,214 over R. Henry Smith, candidate of the Greenback and Workingmen's par- ties. The total vote was 16,002, of which Latrobe re- ceived 14,608, and Smith 1394. In the congressional elections of 1878, Talbot, Democrat, in the Second District, received 9818, Milligan, Independent, 3594, and McCombs, Greenback, 1271 ; in the Third District Kimmel, Democrat, received 11,676 votes, Thompson, Labor-Greenback, 4908 ; in the Fourth District Mc- Lane, Democrat, 11,064, Holland, Rei)tiblican, 6671, Quigley, Labor-Greenback, 627, and Gittings, Inde- pendent Democrat, 398. In the political campaign of 1879 the contest was narrowed down to a struggle between Democrats and Republicans. The municipal election for mayor and City Council on the 22d of October resulted in the re-election of Ferdinand C. Latrobe by a majority of 5899 votes, and the election of eighteen Democratic and two Republican members of the First Branch of the City Council, and nine Democratic and one Re- publican member of the Second Branch. Mr. La- trobe received 25,729 votes, and William J. Hooper, the Republican nominee for the mayoralty, 19,830, and Mathiot, the Greenback candidate, 95. The Democratic majority was smaller than it had been since 1866 in a straight-out political contest be- tween Democrats and Republicans, the opposition in 1875 having been formed by a fusion of Reformers, Democrats, and Republicans. In the election for Governor on the 4th of No- vember, 1879, William T. Hamilton, the Democratic candidate for Governor, received 90,771 votes, and James A. Garey, the Republican candidate, 68,609. In Baltimore the vote for Hamilton was 29,184, and for Garey 17,915 ; in Baltimore County Hamilton re- ceived 6852 votes, and Garey 4144. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE. 167 CHAPTER XVIIL MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF lULTIMORE. Although Baltimore Town was subject until its incorporation to the civil authorities of Baltimore County, within whose jurisdiction it was situated, it necessarily possessed from the first certain separate officers of its own invested with the requisite power for the management and direction of its affairs. The first local ofiicers were the seven commissioners ap- pointed to lay oft" the town, but the authority with which they were clothed by the original act of Aug. 8, 1729, does not seem to have extended beyond the necessary powers connected with the laying out of the town, the sale and resale of lots, and the gen- eral superintendence of the work of building up the new settlement. By the act of Sept. 28, 1745, by which Baltimore and Jones' Town were " incorpo- rated into one entire town," seven new commissioners were appointed with enlarged powers. In addition to the duty of " seeing the present and former acts relating to the towns before mentioned put in execu- tion," the commissioners were required ** to cauBe them to be carefully surveyed by their outlines, therein including the branch over which the bridge is built," and "from time to time (for preventing disputes) to cause all the lots" to be surveyed, bounded, and numbered. They were further authorized to*' till vacan- cies occurring in their number by death or otherwise, and to settle dis- putes about the bounds of lots, meeting at least once a year for this purpose, and to cause other sufficient boundaries to be fixed in the room of any missing or decayed." They were also invested with authority "to levy,asse88, and take by way of distress if needful, from the inhabit- ants of the town, by even and equal proportion, the sum of £^i yearly, to be paid to their clerk, and to demand and receive any money due the first ■ the towns.' From time to time the originally limited powers of the commissioners were enlarged by successive acts of Assembly, until they came to exercise a gen- eral supervision over all the affairs of the town. Thus in 1763 we find them leasing a lot from Thomas Harrison for a market-house, which they and their successors were to hold as if "a legal body corpo- rate," and a few years later they were clothed with authority to appoint inspectors of various commercial commodities, and to act as judges of elections. The commissioners for many years continued to be the sole administrators of purely local affairs, and it was not until after the Revolution that the town began to feel itself too large for such nursery government, and to cherish the ambition of becoming a city. Accordingly, on the 2d of April, 1782, " notice is hereby given to all whom it may concern that the inhabitants of Baltimore intend petitioning the en- suing General Assembly to incorporate said town." Although this application was not successful, the Legislature could no longer altogether overlook the importance and growth of the town, and in the same year its claim to a more complete system of local gov- ernment was recognized by the passage of an act en- titled " An Act for the more effectual paving the streets of Baltimore Town, in Baltimore County, and for other purposes." By this act Messrs. William Spear, James Sterett, Englehard Yeiser, George Lin- denburger, Jesse Hollingsworth, Thomas Elliot, and Peter Hoff"man were appointed "special commission- ers" with " full power to direct and superintend the leveling, pitching, paving, and repairing the streets, and the building and repairing the bridges within said town, and to devise and do all and everything necessary to promote this end which they may judge for the benefit or advantage of the said town and its in- habitants." It was further provided that the licensed auctioneer of the town shall pay to the special com- missioners " all moneys in his hands which have arisen, or which may hereafter arise, upon all sales by auction, in the manner and agreeable to an act to regulate auctions in Baltimore Town, in Baltimore County." The town commissioners were also re- quired to " pay said special commissioners all the moneys paid to them, or in their hands by virtue of their powers, for repairing the streets of said town ;" and the special commissioners were authorized " to borrow to the amount of five thousand pounds current money from the inhabitants of said town, pledging for the discharge thereof the whole or any part of the above appropriation." These sources of revenue proving insufficient for the purpose of "paving, cleaning, and keeping in repair the streets, lanes, and alleys, and for mending and keeping in repair the bridges within the said town," a tax was subse- quently directed to be levied on carriages, chairs, sul- keys, drays, wagons and carts, and riding-horses, — "an additional tax upon billiard tables, fifteen pounds per year; a tax upon rhe play-house, fifty pounds per year; an additional tax of thirty shillings on every chimney catching fire; on persons convicted in the county court of selling liquors without a license, an additional fine of 30 shillings; an additional tax of five pounds annually on tavern licenses, and a tax not exceeding 2 shillings & G pence on every £100 of assessed property within said town." The jurisdiction of the special commissioners re- lated, however, not only to the paving and repairing of streets and the mending and building of bridges, but to all matters connected with the sanitary condi- tion of the public thoroughfares. They were empow- ered to appoint a clerk to keep their entries and accounts, and collectors of the taxes mentioned, who were to turn over the same to their treasurer, who was required to give good and suflScient bond, and to make a yearly settlement with the commissioners, who were directed to cause this report to be published in the Baltimore newspapers " for the satisfaction and information of the citizens thereof." These special j commissioners were to be elected on the first Mon- day in October in every fifth year by nine electors j " qualified to be delegates to the General Assembly," I who were to be chosen by the " inhabitants of the i town of Baltimore qualified to vote for delegates or having real property in said town above thirty HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. pounds." It was further enacted that the special commissioners should he a body corporate, " by the name of special commissioners for Baltimore Town, with all the privileges of a corporate body, and to have one common seal and perpetual succession." And to prevent the abuse of the somewhat extensive powers conferred upon them, it was provided that " the inhabitants of Baltimore Town qualified to vote for delegates .shall elect annually by ballot at the election for delegates three persons, inhabitants of said town, skillful in accounts, and men of integrity and capacity, who shall be called comptrollers of accounts, who are to examine and certify that they have examined and approve or disapprove the annual accounts of the commissioners directed to be pub- lished in the newspapers, which approbation or dis- approbation shall also be published with the account." The comptrollers were to be allowed twenty shillings each for their trouble, and were directed to ascertain the pay to which the special commissioners should be entitled, the sum agreed upon by the comptrollers to be paid by the treasurer, the settlement to be annual, and the compensation confined to the acting special commissioners. Still another legislative concession to the town was made by the act of 1783, by which Samuel Smith, Daniel Bowley, John Sterett, Samuel Purviance, Thomas Bussell, Richard Ridgely, Robert Henderson, Thomas Elliott, and William Patterson were appointed wardens for the i)ort of Baltimore. The preamble of the act recognized the fact that it was " important to the State that proper persons should be appointed to preserve the navigation of the bason and harbour of Baltimore Town, in Baltimore County," and prescribed in detail the duties of the port-wardens, nine in number, who were to be chosen on the first Monday in October in every fifth year by the electors of special commissioners. To enable them more efiectually to discharge their duty of pro- tecting and preserving the " navigation of the bason and harbour," they were authorized by a subsequent act to " assess, levy, and collect on every vessel arriving at the said port of Baltimore, of fifty tun or more, a sum of money not exceeding two cents per tun, to be appropriated and applied by the said Board of Wardens to carry into effect the rules and regula- tions which they may from time to time make respect- ing the harbor and port of Baltimore." In 1784 the town commissioners were authorized by the General Assembly to establish a night-watch and to contract for the erection of lamps, the commissioners being required to " set down in writing at what stands it is fit for the said watchmen to be placed, how often they shall go the rounds, and also appoint the rounds each watchmen is to go." With special commission- ers, paved streets, port-wardens, night-watchmen, and lamps recurred the ambition for municipal dignity, and on the rith of November, 1784, a notice appeared in the columns of the Maryland Journal requesting the citizens " to meet at tin- murkct-lumse on Tuesdav, the 9th inst., at two o'clock in the afternoon, to con- sult whether it may not be expedient to apply imme- diately to the Legislature of this State to incorporate said town. As it is a matter of great consequence to the inhabitants, it is hoped the meeting will be very general; and as ' Civis' (a writer in the Maryland Gazette) seems to be apprehensive something unfair is intended, it is expected the meeting will be honored with his company in particular." Failing in this eflbrt, an attempt was made in 1786 to remove the State capital from Annapolis to Baltimore, but on the 17th of January in that year the House of Delegates, by a vote of twenty ayes to thirty-two nays, refused leave to introduce a bill to that etfect. On the 8th of the following March an act was passed by the General Assemby " to ascertain the value of the land in the several counties of this State, for the pur- pose of laying the public assessment," in which the title of Baltimore to separate and distinct considera- tion was again recognized. By this act it was pro- vided that " Baltimore Town and its precincts in Baltimore Coiinty Bball be con- sidereil and taken as separate and distinct from the said county, and shall not be taken into the valuation of proper!}' in the said county, and an annual assessment for supplies shall hereafter be imposed upon the said town district, and separate from the said county, upon the value of the amount of all the lots and parcels of ground, houses, ground-rents and improvements, lands and real property in the said town, and the value of personal property in the said town, ascertained as hereafter sliall be directed by law ; and the limits and bounds of Baltimore Town aforesaid and its precincts, for the purpose aforesaid, hereby are ascer- tained aud established as follows, to wit: Beginning at the end of the east-southeast seventy perches line of a tract of land called Parker's Haven, and running thence with a straight line to the end of the third line of Carter's Delight, thence with a straight line to the beginning of Darly Hall, then with the t«-o flret lines of Darly Hall the whole length of the said lines, then with a straight line to the end of the east-north- east 278 perches line of Hap Hazard, then with a straight line to the beginning of Hap Hazard, then west-southwest twenty perches, then' south unto the land called Georgia, then bounding on the lines of Georgia Reverse unto the place where they first cross a small run that passes through a meadow in the land late of Charles Carroll, Esq., barrister, and falls into the head of a cove in the land late of Richard Perkins, then running down the said run into the head of the said cove, then with the said cove and bounding thereon, aud on the waters of the mid- dle branch to the Ferry Point, on Patapsco River, thence with the waters of the said river, and of the northwest branch of the said river, to the mouth of Harris' Creek, and thence with the waters of the said creek to the placeof beginning, and alUands, houses, aud improvements within the said limits and wards shall be considered aud taken, and hereby are declared to be Baltimore Town and its precincts. And be it enacted that the property within Baltimore Town and its precincts shall be valued and returned distinct from Baltimore County, and that commissioners of the tax shall be appointed for said town and its precincts separate from said county." It will be seen that this act, as far as purposes of assessment were concerned, separated Baltimore Town from Baltimore County, and gave it to that extent a distinct and independent existence some eleven years before it was formally made a city.' The special I The special commissioners in 1788 were Robert Walsh, David Stodder, John Hammond, Michael Diffenderffer, Leonard Harbaugh, George Franciscus, and Joshua Barney. On Aug. 7, 1789, they gave notice that they had appointed ".lohn Leakin to collect the taxes and fines which are now due or may become due for the present year." On the 11th of Septeniliei in Ihe same year He/.ekiah Watei's, clerk, gave notice that tlie cumiMissioueis of tlip tax fur Baltimore Town and precincts " will MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE. commissioners, as has already been said, were required to make an annual statement of their expenditures, and the following report for 1789 affords a tolerably fair insight into the manner in which such things were done in those days : • Balli, I with the Sperial Con ing ill By halVi Ditto on l.illinr Ditto on hoi-ses Ditto on chimneys being collectoi-spen.-uiit By ditto for paviiiK ■ By ditto l)y Messrs 1 from Thoa. Tates, Esq.. Meanwhile the effort to secure the incorporation of the town was not abandoned, and in 1791 the question was again agitated.'^ From a communication dated the 17th of Novem- ber in that year we learn something of the causes which had operated against the success of previous applications to the General Assembly : " It is well known," says the writer, " how much the citizens were agi- tated a few years since by an attempt to obtain a corporation; that the town was divided into a number of wards or districts; that gentlemen of character were appointed by each to meet, and if possible to agree upon a plan of incorporation which would meet with general approba- ' tion. After a considerable time spent in the endeavor tlie scheme was abandoned as impracticable. It is probable parties prevailed at that time which do not, I hope, exist at present; and, as it frequently happens in the concerns of life, the ambition of some, the indifference o( others, and tlie sinister views of a few frustrated a measure which in all prob- ability would have redounded to the benefit of the whole." The persistent agitation of the subject at length bore fruit, and on the 28th of December, 1793, an act was passed by the General Assembly " to erect Balti- more Town, in Baltimore County, into a city, and to incorporate the inhabitants thereof." The incorpo- ration, however, was only conditional, the act pro- viding that it should " commence and be in force on the 1st of January, 1795, if the same should be con- firmed by the General Assembly at their session in meet at De Witt's coffee-house on Monday, 21st instant, to hear the ap- peals of such persons as are aggiieved by transfer of property." In 1791 the special commissioners were Eobert Walsh, Michael Diffenderffer, John Hammond, John Mickle, Patrick Bennett, and George Franciscus. ' lu October, 1791, James Carey, James Clarke, James Edwards, Wm. Winchester, Charles Gaits, George Salmon, Philip Bogers, David Plunket, and Thomas Johnson were chosen electors of special commissioners, and Stephen Wilson, Alexander McKim, and Samuel Hollingsworth were elected comptrollers of accounts. - A meeting of the inhabitants was called on the 16th of November, 1791, in the Baltimore Daily lieposilory, to determine the propriety of applying to the General Assembly for incorporation. November, 1794;" but the terms of the act were not satisfactory to many classes of the townsfolk, and the confirmatory legislation was not secured.'' The objections entertained are stated at length in the following card in the Maryland Journal of Sept. 12,1794: "The committees appointed by the iuliabitaiits of 'Deptford Hun- dred' [Fell's Poiut], by the precincts, and by the mechanical, Republican, and carpenters' societies of Baltimore Town, to whom it was referred, to report ou the law proposed by the General Assembly of Maryland at their last session fur erecting Baltimore Town into a city, and for in- corporating the inhabitants thereof, beg leave, agreeably to the instruc- tions given them, to represent the aforesaid proposed law as in their opinion defective and dangerous in the following respects: "1st. In making the body corporate to consist only of the free white inhabitants of said town, whereby free negroes and people of color are excluded from any direct share in the making and administration of those laws by which themselves are to be governed, contrary to reason and good policy, to the spirit of equal liberty and our free constitution. "2d. In constituting a council of electors for the election of the Fii-st Branch of the Common Council and of the mayor, because the people ought to have the right of judging of the qualifications of its own rep- resentatives, and because in a situation so limited as Baltimore every voter may be well acquainted with the character and merits of the sev- eral candidates. " 3d. In making the Common Council to he composed of two branches, becau-^e where unity of interests prevail (as itt the town of Baltimore) unity of sentiment in legislatoi-s is to be expected, and because the First Branch of the Common Council, from the sniallness of their num- bers and duration of their office, are perpetually open to the influence of the mayor. "4th. In so regulating the choice of the several officers of the cor- poration that the precincts are left without representation, whereby the people of the precincts whose property is to be taxed and whose persons are to be affected by the decrees of the Common Council are most un- JHstly and unconstitutionally deprived of their right of euflfrage. "5th. In requiring the age tif twenty-five years as a qualification in members of the Second Branch of the Common Council, because merit is not the exclusive attribute of any age, and because youth who have talents are hereby discouraged in their pursuit of legislative knowledge, whereby society must suffer. "6th. In requiring that an elector of the Fii-st Branch of the Com- mon Council and of the mayor shall be worth one thousand dollars iu real or personal property, because wealth ought not to be made a quali- fication to office, and because no restraint whatever ought to be im- posed on the will of the people ill the choice of the man (whether rich or poor) whom they believe best qualified to serve them. " 7th. In requiring no certain time of residence in the mayor of the city previous to his election as such, whereby a chief officer — whose duties, as prescribed by the corporation at-t, are most intricate and im- portant, in whom is necessary an exact knowledge of the laws and the wants of said city, a long residence therein and an intimate acquaintance with the local circumstances thereof— is liable to be obtruded upon the town just coming from the extreme parta of New Hampshire or Georgia, and after the residence of a day or an hour. "8th. In rendering the elected independent of the electors for too long a time, whereby inattentive and unfaithful riervantsmay be continued in office, to the great injury of the people and contrary to their express de- sire and approbation. "9th. In making the elections of olectora and members of the Second Branch of the Common Council to be held viva voce, because this method very much impedes the freedom of elections and lays the poor and mid- dling class of people too open to influence from the rich and the great, whom fear or interest may prompt them not to offend by giving a vote which they do not approve. "10th. In inflicting a severer punishment upon the inadvertent oflfeu- der who shall vote or attempt to vote in a ward of which he is not a resident, or on the mere citizen who shall he convicted of obstructing an election in any illegal manner, than upon the recorder, aldermau, or any a One of the principal grounds upon which the incorporation of the 'city was urged was its rapid increase in wealth and population. The total value of the State's exports for the five years preceding the incor- poration of the town was $20,026,126, of which Baltimore's share was 813,444,796. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. officer of the corporation who fihnll be fuuud guilty of tlie like offense are odious and u iijust distinctions, evidently calculated to screen the latter from the deserved punishment of their crimes. "11th. In giving power to two-thirds of each branch of the Common Council to expel a member without prohibiting them from expelling twice for the same offense, whereby the right of the people to choose their own roprosentatireA is violated, because what m.iy be considered as an offense in a representative by the Common Council may by his con- stituents be considered his greatest merit, and thus the people m:ty be deprived of the men uf their choice because two-thirds of the Common Council may think him, from his superior abilities or integrity, dangerous to their views of aggrandizement and amltition. *' 12th. In not granting power to the Common Council to provide for the good order and police of the precinct, whereas they have power to impose upon the precinct's indirect taxes, a clause, whether from design or oversight, most partial and unjust, whereby the precincts are made to bear the burden without sharing the benefits of the corporation. *'l3th. In granting power to the Common Council to fix the rates of wharfage, a power which may be productive of a most pernicious inter- ference with the rights of private property, whose real value or casual profits should be regulated by the control of times and circumstances "14th. In granting power to the Common Council to fix the rates and taxes of several classes of citizens, because the value and reward of in- dustry should be left to its own operation, and because no jirivileges should be withheld from any one part of the couimunity which all the other parts of it enjoy. "I5th. In granting power to the Common Council to prescribe the mode of trial in all prosecutions for fines, penalties, and forfeitures in consequence of the corporation act, subject to the future regulations of the General Assembly, a jwwer by which the inestimable trial by jury, the greatest security of the lives, liberty, and property of the people, and which the Declaration of Rights positively secures to us, is liable to be taken away from us by an act of Assembly. " I6th. In nut granting power to the Common Council to restrain all theatrical and other public amusements, a power which ought to be lodged in the Common Council, from the abuse that all public amuse- ments are likely to run into from the temptation to idleness, extrava- gance, aud immoiality. "17th. In not providing that the commissions of the recorder and aldermen may be revoked or annulled upon the address of the General Assembly, provided two-thirds of the membera of each house concur in such address, because the chancellor and all other judges of the State are made removable in this manner, and because if judges be made re- movable only on conviction of misbehavior in office, such may some- times be able to screen themselves under the subtleties of the law from thejust punishment of their guilt, aud then a wicked man be continued in office to the utter perversion of jubtice aud the oppression of the ** I8th. In subjecting the money, arising from licenses given to tavern- keepers, ordinaries, aud retailers to tlie future regutatiousof the General Assembly, because these mouejs ought to be left entirely to the use and order of the city, and because to subject them to the disposition of the General Assembly is putting it in tlie power of that body to withhold from the city one mean, which both morality and necessity approve, of fiuppoitiugan establishment which immeiliately or at some future day may become very expensive. "19th. In granting to the city civil court concurrent powers and juris- diction with the county court in all civil matters, things, and causes where the defendant re^des within the city or precincts, which operates as a great grievance on the iuhabitants of the precincts, who are thus liable to be sued in Balliuiore County aud City civil courts, and to be summoned on juries in both. **2Uth. In declaring that the present clerk of Baltimore County shall be clerk of the said courts until bis death or removal, because all courts ought of rigiit to have the appointment of its own servants, iis being best qualified to judge of their merits; that such jmwer is agreeable to reason, founded in usage, and recognized by our constitution; that all the courts of the State enjoy it, and the courts of the city of Baltimore ought not to be deprived of it. "2l8t. In declaring that the fees of said clerk and other officers of said court shall be the simie as the fees established for the liiio officers iu the county courts, because, aa the coriwralion will be the best judges of the services rendered by such officers, they of course will be the best judges of the rewanl that is due them. "22d. In limiting the duties aud services of the mayor to the city le inhubitants of the precincts, who are thus depiived of the benefits resulting from the establishment for the support of which, nevertheless, they are obliged to ai '23d. In granting power to the recorder and aldermen any person suspected of being a vagrant or common prostitute to hard labor 08 a criminal for the space of one year, because it is making law to consist too much in the discretion of a single man, a power ever dan- gerous to liberty, because ever liable to abuse from the dictates of malice, interest, or caprice, and because the unfortunate stranger who cannot procure a security, though be may be innocent, is deprived of the trial by jury, aud liable to have punishment inflicted on him in common with the vilest criminal or most abandoned prostitute, and because it violates a most humane principle of law, which says that * His better that ten guilty persons should escape punishment than that one innocent person should suffer,' "24th. In declaring that no rehgious test shall ever be required as a qualification in any voter, or to any office or appointment, because it unnecessarily changes that part of our present constitution which re- quires 'a declaration of a belief iu the Christian religion on admission to any office of profit or trust." ^ At length, on the 31st of December, 1796, after years of agitation and repeated failures, the cherished object was accomplished, and the Legislature passed an act " to erect Baltimore Town, in Baltimore County, into a city, and to incorporate the inhabit- ants thereof." By the second section it was provided that "Baltimore Town, iu Baltimore County, shall be aud is hereby erected thereof constituted a body politic and corporate by the name of the mayor and City Council of Baltimore, aud as such shall have perpetual succession, and by their corporate name may sue and be sued, implead and be impleaded, grant and receive, and do all other acts as natural persons, and may purchase and bold real, personal, and unmixed prop- erty, or dispose of the same for the benefit of the said city, and may have and use a city seal, which may be brnkeu or altered at pleasure ; that the city of Baltimore shall be divided into eight wards, each ward to contain, as nearly as may be, an equal number of inhabitants; the first division shall be made by seven respectable citizens, or a m^ority of tiiem, to be appointed by the Governor and Council ; and the corpor- ation of the said city thereafter from time to time shall cause a correct division of the said city to be made into eight wards, according to the actual number of inhabitants, which divisions shall be reported as often as the increase or decrease of inhabitants in any ward or wards shall render it necessary in order to a just represeutation, and when the in- habitants shall increjise to forty thousand it shall then be divided into fifteen wards, and for any additional increase ward only shall be added for every twenty thousand, in or as nearly as may an equal number of voters in each ward By the third section it was enacted that "the Council of the city of Baltimore shall consist of one whereof shall be denominated the First Branch, and the other the Second Branch ; the Fii-st Branch shall consist of two members, of the most wise, sensible, and discreet of the people from each ward, who shall be citizens of the United States, above twenty-one years of age, residents of the said town three years preceding their appointment, and assessed ou the books of the assessor to the amount of one thousand dollars; and the voters for the First Branch of the said City Council shall have the same qualifications as \ to the General Assembly of this State, and the said election 1 The comptrollers in 1796 were John Merryman, James Carey, Alex- ander McKim; the special commissioners in 1795 were Johu Mickle, James Wignell, John Hillen, John Brown, Joseph Townsend, Joseph Biays, and John Coulter, and Samuel Vincent clerk. The special com- missioners elected in October, 1796, were William Trimble, John Lee, Robert Stewart, Gabriel Gill, Baltzer Schaeffer, Jacob Myers, and Caleb Hewitt: tlie poit-wiudens were Janii-d Calbouu, Thomas Coal e, James lii.n -, w iiii nil i:i|. ii.n ,r,, v, J,,!,,, ii,,ihns, William Winchester, John > I i 1 iiiian. The electors were Job Mi I , [ I I ; [, John Mackenheimer, Thomas !^I' Ml. (;, \\ iMi ,hi Will,, \•^^ \,\ r . , William Jessop, and Thomas l>i\UU. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE. By the fourth section it was provided that the ** first election for members of the Fii-st Branch of the City Council shall be held oa tlie third Monday in February, 1797, and on the third Monday in February in each and every year thereafter, at such places in each ward as the judges of the election in the first instance, and afterwards as the corporation by ordinance, shall direct; the election shall be held by wards, and no person shall be entitled to vole for any but the mem- bers of the ward of which he is a resident; three respectable citizens, resident in each ward, or a majority of them, in the first instance to be appointed by the commissioners of Baltimore Town, and afterwards by the mayor of said city, shall be judges of the elections in their respec- tive wards, and they sliall have power to appoint their respective By the sixth section it was enacted that " the Second Branch shall consist of eight members, who shall be chosen from the several wards, and no person shall be eligible as a member of the Second Branch who is not of the full age of twenty-five years, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the said town four years previous to liis election, and assessed on the books of the assessor to the amount of two thousand dollars; and the members of the Second Branch shall continue in office for the term of two years next succeeding the time of their election." - The seventh section directed that ' the mayor of the said city and the membeis of tlie Second Branch of the City Council shall be elected in the following manner, to wit : That each ward, at the time and place of electing the First Branch of the City Coun- cil, shall elect, viva voce, one person qualified to be a member of the Firet Branch as elector of the mayor, and of the membere of the Second Branch of the City Council on the third Monday in January next, and on the same day every second year thereafter, who shall, on the third Monday of February, 1797, and on the same day every second year thereafter, meet at the court-house or some other convenient place in the said city and elect by ballot a m»yor and eight members of the Second Branch, to serve for two years thereafter ; no person shall be eligible for mayor who is not of known integrity, experience, and sound judgment, twenty-five years of age, ten years a citizen of the United States, and five yeare a resident of Baltimore Town or City next preceding the election; and in case two or more pereous shall have an equal number of votes for mayor or members of tlie Second Branch, the electors shall determine by lot wliich of the pereons so having au equal number of votes shall be ap- pointed to tlie office of mayor or Second Branch of the City Council, as the case may require ; the said electors of the mayor and of tJie members of the Second Branch, before they proceed to elect, shall swear oraffirm, as the case may be, that they will elect, without favor, partiality, or prejudice, sucli person for mayor, and such persons as members of the Second Branch of the City Council, as they in their judgment and con- science believe best qualified for the said ofiices, and having the other qualifications required by this act; that the said electors shall be judges of the elections, returns, and qualifications of their members, but no person shall be elector of the mayor and members of the First Branch of the City Cuuucil at the same time; any vacancy happening in the electors of the mayor shall be filled up from the ward where such vacancy happened without delay, in such manner as shall hereafter be directed by ordinance, and any vacancy of the mayoralty happening, the same shall be filled up without delay by the electore of the mayor for the time being for the remainder of the term ; and all vacancies happening in the said Second Branch shall be filled up by the electors aforesaid." ^ By the eighth section it was enacted that the City Council 1 By the act of 1797, ch. 54, elections Branch of the City Council were directed t day in October in every year. 2 Property qualifications were required until 1809 "in persons to be appointed tu or holding offices of profit or trust," but in that year they were abolished by act of Assembly. a By act of 1797, ch. 54, the elections for electors of the mayor and the members of the Second Branch of the City Council were directed to be held on the firet Monday in October, 1798, and in every second year thereafter, and the electoi-s of the mayor, etc., were directed to meet on the first Monday in November, 179S, and in every second year thereafter, for the purpose of electing a mayor and members of the Second Branch of the City Council. "shall hold their firsts other place within said city, on the second Monday in February, 1797, and they shall meet on the second Monday of February in every year there- after, but the mayor may summon them to convene whenever and as often as it may appear to him that the public good may require their delibera- tions ; that three-fourths of the City Conncil shall be a quorum to do busi- ness, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day ; they may com- pel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as they may by ordinance provide ; they shall appoint their respective presidents, who shall preside at all their sessions and shall vote on all questions ; they shall settle their rules of proceedings, appoint their own officers, regulate their respective fees, and remove them at pleasure ; they shall judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of their own members, and may, with the concurrence of thiee-fourths of the whole, expel any member for disorderly behavior or malconduct in office, but not a second time for the same cause ; they shall keep a journal of their proceedings, and enter the yeas and nays on any question, resolve, or ordinance, at the request of any member, and their deliberations shall be public; they shall ascertain by ordinance the compensation of their services, which shall not be increased during their continuance in office. The Second Branch of the City Council shall nominate two citizens to each office which may arise under this act and the ordinances of said corporation, and the mayor shall appoint and commission one of said nomination to fill the respective offices during pleasure; and the said mayor shall appoint proper persons to fill up all vacancies during the recess of the session, to hold such appointment until the ensuing session ; the City Council shall settle the salary of the firet mayor at their first session of the second year, and the Siilary of the succeeding mayors shall be settled previously to their appointment; all ordinances or acts passed by the City Council shall be sent to the mayor for his approbation, and when approved by him shall become a law, and shall then be obligatory upon the several courts and justices of the peace of Baltimore County, sheriff" and constables within the limits of the city of Baltimore, and all other pei-sous within the limits of the said city, to every intent and pur- pose as the acts of the General Assembly of Maryland, provided the said laws or ordinances shall not contain anything repugnant to the constitution or laws of this State or the United States ; but if the said mayor shall not approvo of such ordinances or acts, he shall return the same within five days, with his reasons in writing therefor, and if three- fourths of both branches of the City Council, on reconsideration thereof, approve of the ordinance or law, it shall then be an ordinance or law to all intents and purposes; and if any ordinance or law shall not be re- turned by the mayor within five days after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had approved it, unless the City Council by their adjournment prevent its return." By the ninth section the corporation was empowered to enact aud pass all laws and oidinances necessary to preserve tlie health of the city ; prevent and remove nuisances; to prevent the introduction of contagious dis- eases within the city and within three miles of the same ; to establish night-watches and patrols and to erect lamps ; to provide for a general survey of the city and precincts; to ascertain, when necessary, the boundaries and location of streets, lots, lanes, and alleys thereof; to establish new streets, lanes, and alleys, with the consent of the proprie- tors of the ground, and to alter and to straighten streets, lanes, and alleys, with the cousent of the proprietors of the lots or houses adjoining such streets, lanes, and alleys; to provide for the preservation of the naviga- tion of the basin and Patapsco River within the limits of ilie city of Baltimore and four miles thereof; for cleaning and deepening the basin and docks, aud for regulating the station, anchoring and mooring of vessels ; but no tax, direct or indirect, shall be laid on that part of Balti- more called Deptford Hundred (Fell's Point) for the preservation of the navigation of the basin, or for cleaning or deepening the basin or docks therein; to provide for licensing and regulating auctions and pawn- brokers within the city and precincts thereof; to restrain or prohibit gaming, and to providefor licensing, regulating, or restraining theatrical or other public amusements within the city or precincts; to erect and repair bridges; to pave and keep in repair all necessary drains and sewers, and to pass all regulations necessary for the preservation of the same; to establish and regulate inspections within the city, subject to the future acts of the General Assembly ; to regulate and fix the assize of bread; to provide for thesafe-keeping and preservation of thestandard of weights aud measures fixed by Congress, and for the regulating thereby all weights and measures used within the city or precincts ; to regulate party walls and partition fences ; to erect and regulate markets ; to provide for licensing and regulating (with the consent of the Mary- land Fire Insurance Company) the sweeping of chimneys and fixing the rates thereof within the city or precincts, aud for regulating the sweep- HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ing of any cliimney by the neglect of which the safety of the city may be endangered, and to ascertain the width of those to be built in the city; to establish and regulate lire wards and fire companies; to regu- late and establish the size of bricks that are to be used in the houses to be built in the city; to erect and regulate pumps iu the streets, lanes, and alleys; to impose and appropriate fines, penalties, and forfeitures for the breach of their by-laws or ordinances; to lay and collect taxes not exceeding two dollars in the hundred pounds in any one year, except as before is excepted ; to enact by-laws for the prevention and extinguish- ment of fires; and to pass all ordinances necessary to give effect and operation to all the powers vested in the corporation of the city of Balti- more, provided that the by-laws or ordinances of the said corporation shall be in no wise obligatory upon the persons of non-residents of the said town, being citizens of tliis State, unless in cases of intentional vio- lation of by-laws or ordinances previously promulgated ; all the fines, penalties, and foi-feitures imposed by the ordinances of the corporation of Baltimore, if not exceeding twenty dollars, shall be recovered before a single magistrate, as small debts are by law recoverable, and if such fines, penalties. and forfeitures do exceed the sum of twenty dollars, then to be recovered by action of debt in Baltimore County court, in the name of the corpoi-atiou and for the use of the city of Baltimore."' Section 10 enacted " that the powere and authority vested in the town coumiissioners, special commissionere, and port-wardens, heretofore appointed by law for Baltimore Town, except the authority of the town commissioners to hold elections agreeably to the constitution and f..rni of government, shall cease and determine as soon as this act eliall ho in force and opera- tion ;•- and the corporation of the city of Bnltimoi e are hereby declared to possess and may provide for the exercise of all powers and authorities now vested in the said town commissioners, special commissioners, and port-wardens, except the holding of elections for delegates iu the Gen- eral Assembly ; but no rights acquired under the acts of the aforesaid board shall be annulled, impaired, avoided, or restrained by any act of the said corporation; and immediately upon the operation of this act, and organization of tlie corporation contemplated thereby, the records, papers, proceedings, moneys, accounts, and all other matters and things appertaining to the said commissioners of Baltimore, special commis. sioners, and port-wardens, sliall be lodged and deposited with such per-soD or persons as shall be appointed by the mayor and corporation of the city to receive the same, and all acts of the Legislature of the State of Maryland now in force shall continue and remain in force, but the powers and authorities thereby delegated to the commissiouei-s of Balti. more Town, special commissioners, and port-wardens, or any other tri- bunal or persons, touching the police of Baltimore Town or any of its internal concerns, shall be and they are hereby transferred and vested in the corporatiou hereby constituted, and the said corporation are hereby empowered to act under such laws in the same manner and as fully as if the said corporatiou had been particularly named in such laws; the mayor shall, in virtue of his office, have and exercise all the jurisdiction and powers of a justice of the peace, except as to the recovery of small debts, and may call upon any officer of the city intrusted with the receipt and expenditui-e of public money for a statement of his accounts as often as he or the corporation may conceive it necessary ; he shall see that the ordinances are duly and faithfully executed, and shall report annually to the corporatiou during the first five days of their session a general state of the city, with an accurate account of the money received and expended, to be published for the information of the citizens." It was further enacted by Section 11 that all the powere granted to the said corporation should ex- tend "to Deep Point, and to all wharves and other grounds heretofore made and extended into the basin of Baltimore Town, or which shall hereafter be made or extended into the same, which shall bo considered and taken 1 Several additional powers were given by the act of 1797, ch. 54 ; and by the act of 1797, ch. 75, the mayor, with any two justices of the peace, was authorized to arrest and imprison "any French slave" who should be dangerous to the city, and send such slave to the West Indies. 2 This part of the constitution was altered by 1797, ch. 57 (confirmed by 1798, ch. 2), which appointed other judges. By 1798, ch. 3, judges were appointed for elections of representatives in Congress, and of electoi-s of the President and Vice-President. By 1790, ch. 50, sec. 10, the judges of the elections for the First Brani:h of the City Council were to be judges of the imdssioners had 1 as part of the said city." By the last section it was provided that the act should continue in force until " the first day of September, 1798, and the end of the next session of Assembly which shall happen thereafter," and by the act of 1797, ch. 54, the charter was made perpetual. Thus it will be seen that the act of incorporation was to a certain extent an experiment, and was only confirmed after it had been .subjected to practical trial. The citizens of the Point do not appear to have been over well pleased with the incorporation of the town, and it required all the influence of Messrs. McMechin, McHenry, Robert Smith, and Winchester, Baltimore's representatives in the General Assembly, to reconcile them to the charter; and in order to conciliate them the provision was introduced exempting the inhabi- tants of Deptford Hundred from any tax for deepen- ing the upper harbor or basin. On the oth of Janu- ary, 1797, Messrs. John Strieker, Philip Rogers, Emanuel Kent, Alexander McKim, James Calhoun, and James Stodder were appointed special commis- sioners by the Governor and Council to divide Balti- more into eight wards, in accordance with the act, and on the 9th they announced that they had made and "do declare the following divi.^iinii of the said city :" " The First Ward to comprise all that |iart of the city of Baltimore to the westward of Hanover Street and McClellan's Alley, including the west side of said street and alley, and all the west side of Charles Street north of the place where said alley intersects it. Second Ward: the east side of Hanover Street and McClellan's Alley to the west side of Light Street and St. Paul's Lane, inclnsive. The Third Ward: theeaat side of Light Street and St. Paul's Lane to the west side of Calvert Stleet, inclusive. The Fourth Ward : the east side of Calvert Street to the west side of South Street and North Lane, inclusive. The Fifth Ward; the east side of South Street and North Lane to the west side of Gay Street, inclusive. The Sixth Ward : the east side of Gay Street to Jones' Falls, inclusive. The Seventh Ward : the east side of Jones' Falls and the north side of Wilkes Street, inclusive. The Eighth Ward : all that part of Fell's Point to the southward of Wilkes Street, including the south side of said street." On the 14th of January the special commissioners appointed the following persons judges " to hold an election for the choice of the members of the First Branch of the City Council, and also for the choice of electoi-s of the mayor of the city, and of the members of the Second Branch of the City Council"; First Ward, Ellas Ellicott, John P. Pleasants, and George Decker; Second Ward, Lyde Goodwin, Samuel Owings, and Christian Keener; Third Ward, Zebulon Hollingsworth, John Swan, and John Merryman; Fourth Ward, George Salmon. Henry Nicolls, and Samuel Hollingsworth; Fifth Ward, Thoro- good Smith, Archibald Campbell, and Gerard Hopkins: Sixth Ward, George Presbury, Richard Carson, Jr., and Engelhard Teiser; Seventh Ward, Richard Caton, Christian Myers, and David Brown ; Eighth Ward, Job Smith, Joseph Biays, and Hezekiah Waters. By the fourth section of the act of incorporation it was provided " that the first election for members of the First Branch of the City Council should be held on the third Monday in February, 1797," and by the seventh section it was enacted " that each ward, at the time and place of electing the First Branch of the City Council, should elect, viva voce, one person qualified to be a member of the First Branch as elector of the mayor, and of the members of the Second Branch of the City Council on the third Monday in Jamtary next," who were directed to meet at the court-house OH the third Monday in February and " elect by ballot a mayor and eight members of the Second Branch." Tlie time of holding the election for members ot MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE. 173 the First Branch of the City Council being fixed for the third Monday in February, and tlie time for choosing electors of the mayor and Second Branch being fixed for the third Monday in January, some difficulty was experienced in following the directions of the seventh section and choosing the electors of mayor and the Second Branch at the time of electing members of the First Branch. In order to reconcile these conflicting instructions and to follow the law as closely as possible, it was determined to solve the prob- lem by holding two elections, the first of which occurred on the 16th of January, 1797, and the second on the 20th of February following. There appears to have been no opposition ticket in the field, and the election of January 16th resulted in the selection of the fol- lowing gentlemen as members of the First Branch and electors of the mayor and members of the Second Branch : , James Carey, Ephn First Ward.— Cou George Reinecker. . Second Ward. — Dr. George Buchanan, Samuel Owings. Elector, Wil- liam Gibson. Third Ward. — Zebulon Hoilingsworth, James McCannon. Elector, Jesse Hoilingsworth. Fourth Wurrf.— Hercules Courtenay, William Wilson. Elector, Jere- miah Yellott. Fifth Ward. — Thomas Hoilingsworth, Adam Fonerdeu. Elector, Philip Rogers. Sixth Wart!.— Jamos A. Buchanan, Peter Frick. Elector, Englehard Teiser. Sermth Ward. — Joseph Edwards, David Brown. Elector, John EiglUh Ward.— Joseph Biays, William Trimble. Elector, John Coulter. On the 20th of February the electors chosen on the 16th of January met, and elected James Calhoun mayor; and Wm. Goodwin, Nicholas Rogers, John Merryman, Henry NicoUs, Robt. Gilmor, David Stewart, Edward Johnson, Jr., and Job Smith as members of the Second Branch of the City Council ; and on the same day, to make assurance doubly sure, the citizens of the several ward.s again assembled at the various polling-places and voted for members of the First Branch, with the following result : First Ward, James Carey and Bphraim Robinson; Second Ward, Dr. George Buchanan and Samuel Owiugs ; Third Ward, Zebulon Hoilings- worth and James McCannon ; Fourth Ward, Hercules Courtenay aud David McMecheu ; Fifth Ward, Thomas Hoilingsworth aud Adam Fonerden ; Sixth Ward, James A. Buchanan and Peter Frick; Seventh Ward, James Edwards and Frederick Schaetfer ; Eighth Ward, Joseph Biays and William Trimble. The corporation having been thus formally organ- ized, the mayor called the City Council together at the court-house on the 27th of February, " to delib- erate on such matters, and to enact such laws and or- dinances, agreeably to said act of incorporation, as may appear to them right and proper." The City Council assembled at the appointed time,^ and or- ganized by the election of Hercules Courtenay as president of the First Branch, and John Merryman 1 One of the first acts of the mayor and City Council was to address a letter to Gen. Washington expressing their regret at his retirement from public life, to which he responded in appropriate terms. as president of the Second Branch. Thomas Kell was clerk of the First Branch, and Thomas Roberts, messenger ; L. H. Moale, clerk of the Second Branch, and Benjamin Mason, messenger. The first ordinance, which was approved on the 6th of March, 1797, pro- vided " that the several clerks of the markets, the weighers, wood-corders, harbor-master, inspector of flour and of salted provisions, be and are hereby con- tinued in the exercise of the powers heretofore granted to them by the commissioners of Baltimore Town and the port-wardens until the corporation shall provide for the same." - On the 17th of March an ordinance was passed authorizing Richard H. Moale to receive the records, papers, proceedings, and accounts of the commissioners of Baltimore Town, special commis- sioners and port-wardens, and to keep them until the corporation should make further provision with re- gard to them. By the same ordinance William Gib- son was appointed to receive all the moneys in the hands of the commissioners of Baltimore Town, spe- cial commissioners and port-wardens, and to give bond and security for the faithful performance of his duty. By ordinance approved March 20th a corpo- rate seal was adopted.' On the 27th of March an or- dinance was approved by the mayor establishing a register and treasury department, and on the 10th of April an ordinance appointing city commissioners received the executive sanction. Municipal honors, however, were soon discovered to be costly affairs, and it was found necessary to provide funds to defray the current expenses of the new-born city. In order to do this without the imposition of additional taxa- tion, under which the " citizens" would probably j have grown restive, the mayor on the 24th of April I approved an ordinance "to prepare a scheme of lot- : tery to raise a sum of money for the use of the city of Baltimore." Four thousand tickets were to be issued at five dollars each, and $40,920 were to be distributed in prizes, leaving $9080 to be raised for the benefit of I the city. William McCreery, Dr. George Buchanan, and Richard Carson, Jr., were appointed commission- ers under the ordinance "to carry the scheme into I effect," * and were directed, after deducting a " com- j mission of five per centum on the amount of all tickets ! by them sold as a compensation for their trouble, and to discharge the expenses of the lottery, to pay the 2 The wood-corders in 1797 were John Gutho, First District; Charles Merriken, Second District ; Samuel James, Third ; and Peter Weary, Fourth District. Lanvaie Bari-y was clerk of the Hanover Market; James Long, clerk of the Centre Market ; and John Weir, clerk of Point Market. 3 It was subsequently enacted that "the seal heretofore provided and used, the impression on which is a representation of the Battle Monu- ment, is hereby established and declared to have been and now to be the seal of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore." The first seal was oval, and of the same size as that now in use. A female figure represent- ing the Goddess of Liberty formed the centre ; in her right hand she held a balance, the symbol of justice, and in her left a spear surmounted by a cap, the emblem of liberty ; at her feet lay a figure representing tyranny. The central figure was surmounted by the historic thu-tcen stars and the words "City of Baltimore, 1797." * A similar ordinance was passed in March of the following year. 174 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. and all otlier balance to the treasurer of the city." On the 29th of April, 1797, an ordinance was approved establish- ing "the salary and compensation of the ofiicers of the city of Baltimore," which, after recognizing the fact that " those who dedicate their time, abilities, and labor to the public ought to receive a reasonable com- pensation for their services," provided for the pay- ment of the following salaries to the various munici- pal officials : "To the register of the city, inclutling stati pauses, twelve hundred dollars; to the treasur half per centum for receiving, and one-half per centum for paying, all public moneys ; to the city commissioners, each four hundred dollars ; to the harbor-master, two hundred and fifty dollars; to the superintendent of the machine for cleaning the basin, six hundred and fifty-six dollars and sixty-seven cents; to the clerk of the Centre Market, one hundred and sixty dollars; tcj tbi- clirk of the Hanover Market, eighty dollars; totbeclerk.i ili I im M u l..t. one hundred dollars ; to the clerks of the First :i II I ~ I .. I the City Council, Ave dollars per diem for each flii\ <: -- In the messengersof the First and Second Branches ot 111 ' :ii ■ 1 m.' dollar and fifty cents per diem for each On the 20th of January, 1798, the Legislature passed an act providing for a general assessment of real and personal property throughout the State, and five "sensible, discreet, and experienced" persons, to be known as commissioners of the tax, were appointed in each county and in the city of Baltimore to carry out its provisions. The commissioners for the city of Baltimore were William Goodwin, Sr., Thomas El- liott, Nicholas Rogers, George Salmon, and Peter Sharpe; those for Baltimore County were Charles Carman, William McKubbin, Zachariah McKubbin, William Gwinn, and Francis Snowden.' The com- missioners were directed to value all the property lying in the precincts of the city of Baltimore, " in the same manner and by the same rules as the prop- erty in said county," and to make the return of such valuation to the commissioners of the county, and not of the city. Under this assessment the value of the property of the city subject to taxation was returned as £699,519 9s. 2rf.^ In 1802 an ordinance was passed (approved March 29th) " for the more equal division of the city of Baltimore into wards," by which the wards were es- tablished as follows : it pat t of the city westward of 1 During the first year the mayor received two thousand two hundred dollars, and during the second year two thousand four hundred dollars. Subsequently his salary was fixed at two thousand dollars per annum. In 1871 it was increased to five tliunsand dollars. The members of the City Council originally received no couipeusation, the office being considered an honorary one, but they were subsequently paid one dollar and fifty cents a day for every day of actual service, which was afterwards raised to five dollars per day. In lu'l the compensation was increased to one thousand doIlalH \n-r iiiniinn. 2 The tax ,1- - -I - l"i I '..1 11 IN 1 11 \ , ,1] [iNiiii-il liV tlie commissioners, s.racu precincts, con- of 18,011 persons during the previous ton years. I)y the census of 1810, Baltimore and its precincts contained 46,355 inhabitants, of whiijh 4672 " The Second Ward to comprise all that part of the city from the limits aforesaid eastward to Charles Street till it intersects Pratt Street, thence down Pratt Street to the basin, thence with the meanders of the basin southwardly and westwardly with the limits of the city to Sharp Street. " The Third Ward to comprise all that part of the city from the limits last aforesaid as follows: to commence at the intersection of Charles Street and Pratt Street, and thence down Pratt Street to the basin, thence with the meanders of the basin to Calvert Street, thence with Calvert Street to Lovely Lane, thence with Lovely Lane to South Street, thence with South Street to Baltimore Street, thence across Baltimore Street to North Lane, thence with North Lane to the limits of the city, and thence with the limits of the city to Charles Street. " The Tourth Ward to comprise all that part of the city from the limits last aforesaid, beginning at Calvert Street dock, thence with the mean- ders of the basin to Smith's dock, thence across Pratt Street to Spear's Alley, thence with Spear's Alley to Water Street, thence along Water Street westward to Exchange Alley, thence with Exchange Alley to Second Street, thence across Second Street to Tiipolet's Alley, thence with Tripolet's Alley to Baltimore Street, thence with Baltimore Street to Gay Street, thence with Gay Street to Jones' Falls, and thence with Jones' Falls and the limits of the city to North Lane. " The Fifth Ward to comprise all that part of the city from the limits last aforesaid, beginning at Smith's dock, and running thence with the niean.leis uf llie ImsIii t.i JlcEldery's dock, thence with McEldery's il.i. 1. nil I II nil. Mil 1.1 I Sinice to Baltimore street, thence crossing l;,ii , ii, ii.-.t, thence with Harrison Street to Gay ■ In, MMli \run 1 . ill! 11- all that part of the city from the limits last afuiesaid, liciiiiiniuK m McEldery's dock, and running thence with the meanders of the basin to Jones' Falls, thence with Jones' Falls to Philpot's bridge, thence crossing Jones' Falls and running along Balti- more Street extended and York Street to Harford Street, and thence crossing Harford Street and continuing along Dulaney Street eastward to the limits of the city, and thence with the limits of the city to Jones' Falls, thence with the said Falls to Gay Street. " The Seventh Ward to comprise all that part of the city from the I limits last aforesaid, beginning at Philpot's bridge, and running thence I with the Falls to the basiu, thence with the meanders of the basin to Alliceana Street, thence with Alliceana Street to the limits of the city, and thence with the limits of the city to Dulaney Street. " The Eighth Ward to comprise all the rest of the city to the south of Alliceana Street to the limits thereof.''* The first meeting of the City Council, as has been said, was held at the court-house, but it was soon found necessary to seek accommodations elsewhere. Rooms were accordingly rented from James Long, clerk of the Centre Market, whose house was situated at No. 1 Front Street, in convenient proximity to his place of business.'' It is probable that the first and second sessions were held at the court-house, and that Mr. Long's house was first occupied in 1799, for under that date we are informed that "the corporation of Baltimore com- menced their third session at the house of Mr. James Long." Here the City Council continued to meet until May, 1801, when an ordinance was passed al- lowing " James Long, for the occupation of his house by the City Council to the 1st of May, 1801, the sum of two hundred dollars." This would seem to have been intended as a final settlement with Long, as by ordinance passed in the previous March (approved March 7th) the City Coun- cil had appointed Zebulon Hollingsworth, Nicholas < In 181'2 Baltimore and its precincts (the suburbs) contained nearly fifty thousand people. There were five daily papers published in the city, not one belonging to a n.itive, and only one edited by a Marylandor. !• The residence of the mayor, Mr. Calhoun, was at the corner of Bal- timore and South Lane (now South Street), where it is likely he dis- cliarged the greater pai-t of his official duties. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE; 175 Hogers, Eichard l^awson, Elias EUi«®Wt, and James ■ McCannen <»B»Biissioners to purchase a lot of ground ! and erect a tasty hall, and had empowered them " to procure farthwith a suitabJe homse tfor the accommo- dation of ih& City Council, and frar the office of the mayor and iregister, until the said city hall shall be | .completed." By a subseqment ordinance, passed on the -Ith of March, 1802, the .commissioners were di- i rected to suspend proceedings with reference to the i .erection «f the city hall, and on the 17th of March, 1806, itlie (Ordinance authorizing its erection was ab- solutely repealed. It appears, however, from a proc- lamation of Mayor Calhoun on the 24th of September, 1801, that rooms had been secured at the buildings I belonging to the Majyland Insurance Company on .South .Street, where tlie Cooaucil was called to con- | vene, and where it is probable it continued to meet | for a matuber of years. In 1812 a building at the .cojner of HoUiday Street and Orange Alley, with some a(^acent lots, was purcliased for municipal pur- poses, hut it does not seem to have been used by the idity Council. On the 4th of December, 1817, resolu- tions were passed by the City Council authorizing the mayor, the presidents of the two branches of the City Council, and Messrs. John Hollins, John C. White, Jajjues Mosher, and James AVilson to purchase for the aeeoramodation of the City Council and the •officers of the city the lot and buildings fronting upon East Fayette and Holliday Streets, belonging to the proprietors of the Baltimore Dancing Assembly, pay- able in stock to be issued for that purpose, bearing six per cent, interest, provided the purchase could be effected on reasonable terms. The purchase, however, was not effected, and on the 11th of February, 1820, a resolution was passed by the City Council directing the mayor and the presidents of the two branches to "have the house on Holliday Street owned by the city examined, and if in their opinion it can be made to afford convenient accommodations for the mayor's , office, the sessions of the Council, and other requisite ' offices," that they should " communicate the same to ' the City Council, together with an estimate of the [ probable expense of the necessary alterations for the • above purposes;" and if "found impracticable," that ! they should "ascertain whether any other suitable house can be obtained, and on what terms." The 1 house on Holliday Street was probably found to be unsuitable for the purpose, and on the 9th of the fol- lowing March (1820) a resolution was passed request- ing the mayor " to ascertain during the present year from the Baltimore Exchange Company the best terms on which they will agree to furnish suitable accommodations for the city authorities in their build- ; ings; also the best terms on which the Maryland Insurance Company will dispose of their property situated on South Street, and further, the expense of erecting suitable accommodations on the city lot situ- ated on Holliday Street, and report the same to the City Council at their next session." The municipal departments were probably ftt this time occupying rooms in the building of the Maryland Insurance Company. On the 29th of March, 1821, the mayor by resolution was authorized " to rent the whole of the premises they now in part occupy, belonging: to the Maryland Insurance Company, at the annual rent of six hundred dollars." On the 20th of November in the same year a resolution was adopted diirectnng the city commissioners "to produce to *he Council earJy in January next a plan of a building suitable for the accommodation of the different branches of the city government, together with an estimate of the cast of erecting the same on the lot owned by the eity on Holliday Street in a plain and substantial On the 2(Jth of March, 1823, a resolution was ap- proved authorizing the mayor "rto lease from th« Baltimore Exchange Company for the term of five years the whole range of rooms on the second Door of tlie west side of theExcliange for the accommodHtion of the First and Second Branches of the City Council, two rooms in the said Exchange on the first floor, on the entrance from Gay Street, for the mayor anil register, and as many rooms in the basement story as will be necessary for the other oflicers of the corporation, together with suitable accommodations for necessa- liei, not to exceed eight hundred dollars annually for the whole." By the resolution of May 5th following the mayor was " authorized to make any arrangement with the president and directors of the Exchange Company that he may deem advisable for the better accommo- dation of the Council and the officers of the corpora- tion," provided the expense did not exceed eight hundred dollars per annum ; and by subsequent reso- lutions of September 23d and October 31st of the same year authority was given to have the rooms in the Exchange prepared for the reception of the City Council and various departments. On the 24th of January, 1824, "the exchange made by the mayor and the presidents of the First and Second Branches of the City Council with the directors of the Exchange Building, whereby the Council have obtained posses- sion of the range of rooms on the east side in the place of those on the west side, on the second floor of said building," was approved and confirmed by a reso- lution of the City Council. On the 15th of February, 1828, the mayor was "authorized and directed to con- tract with the Exchange Company, for the term of two years from the month of October next, for the rooms now occupied by the corporation in the Ex- change Building, viz., the rooms occupied by the mayor, the register, and the collector, all on the first floor; the rooms occupied by the First and Second Branches of the City Council, and the rooms occu- pied by the city commissioners and Board of Health, all on the second floor, with the vaults in the base- ment attached thereto, at an annual rent not exceed- ing one thousand dollars." A few months before the expiration of the lease, on the 24th of January, 1830, the following report and resolution were presented in the First Branch of the City Council : HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. "The joint committee to whom was referred tlie expedienoy of renew- ing the contract with the Exclmnge Company for tiie rooma at present occupied by the corporation, wliich will expire on the let of October, report that they have had the subject under consideration, and are unanimously of the opinion that it is inexpedient to contiact with the Exchange Company on the terms which they offer the corporation. Your committee would briefly state the terms offered at which they would renew the contract for the two years next ensuing, viz.: fifteen hun- dred dollars per annum, which is an advance of fifty per cent, on the present annual rent. Your committee are satisfied that it is not tlie in- terest of the corporation to assume this charge, when they can be much more conveniently and comfortably accommodated by the offer of the property on lloUiday Street, late Peale's Museum, and they respectfully suggest the propriety of authorizing the purchase thereof, and thereby saving to the city an annual income of nine hundred and eighty-four dollars, as will more fully appear l»y the following estimate: the lot is fifty-one feet on the street, by a depth of upwards of one hundred feet, on which the building proposed to be purchased stands, subject to an annual rent to John McKim, Jr., and James and Charles Wilson of three hundred and si.x dollars, with the privilege of purchasing out at six per cent, the right of property from the lessee, as per note of Reuben Peale $1G0U.00 To which add for altering and repairing, as per commissioner's state- ment accompanying this report $110(J.OO The necessary papering, painting, and furnishing 1300.00 Interest on expenditure at five per cent., including ground-rent, will be 9506.00 Which at one view will show the saving as stated in a part of this "Your committee unanimously recommend the adoption of the fol- lowing resolution: "Resolved, By the mayor and City Council of Baltimore, that the mayor be and he is hereby authorized to purchase from Reubens Peale the property on Holliday Street on which is erected the building known as the Baltimore Museum; and that he is authorized to draw on the register of the city for the sum of $1600.00, the consideration money, on receiving from said Peale a good and sufficient title to the same. " Wm. H. HiXSON, 1 " Jos K. Stapleton > Commillee "Wm.Meeteee, ' J Pi"> Branch. "JOHS EtESE, ■) „ ^. itEANY ' Committee " Baltzer Schaefeer i ^^^'^^^'^ Branch. Peale, however, had become involved, and was not able to give a good title, and on the 30th of May fol- lowing another reso- lution was passed on the subject, by which the mayor and the "" presidents of the two ,-^j^ - branches were invest- ' . . II ed with authority " to ?»- ImT^^- I'll i' ]iurchase the property, 11 ,|^,r!-^«i f^ ' late Peale's Museum, "^ in Holliday Street, by such mode as they may deem expedient, and for sucli sum iis tiiry may think reasonable." The purchase was consummated on the 28th of June. It was soon perceived that the new quarters were but poorly suited to the purposes for which they had been selected, and with the passage of every year they became still less capable of accommodating the constantly enlarging departments of the city govern- ment. The question of providing a permanent city hall was di8cu.ssed from time to time, and was seri- ously considered at the Council session of 184G, when several plans were suggested, o'ne of which contem- plated the purchase of- the Exchange buildings for corporation purposes. In 1852 the subject was again agitated, and a committee of the City Council was appointed to select a site for a new city hall, and re- ported on the 6th of April in favor of the square of ground bounded by North, Fayette, Holliday, and Lexington Streets. On the 19th of January, 1853, a committee was appointed to recommend a suitable site for a city hall, which on the 19th of May pre- sented a report pointing out in strong terms the ne- cessity for a new building, and resolutions calling for the appointment of a commission " to locate and pur- chase a site and procure plans for a city hall." On the 10th of March, 1854, an act was passed by the Legislature authorizing the mayor and City Council of Baltimore to purchase a site for a city hall, and empowering them to issue certificates of city stock to the amount of four hundred thousand dollars, bear- ing five per cent, interest. An ordinance was accor- dingly introduced and passed on the 3d of May by the City Council authorizing the commissioners of finance to "lease from Messrs. George Brown and John White all that square of ground bounded on the north by Lexington Street or Orange Alley, south by Fayette Street, east by Holliday Street, and west by North Street." No practical steps were taken, however, for some years ; and in the meanwhile, on the 2d of April, 1857, a resolution was passed ordering the removal of the ofiices of the mayor and all the departments except the City Council chambers to" buildings on Holliday Street, previously the private residences of Messrs. George Brown and Hugh Gel- ston ; and the removal was effected during the latter part of June. The mayor's office was located on the first floor of the Brown mansion, and occupied the southern side, while the city register and comptroller occupied the rooms on the north side of the hall. The office of the city collector was in the front room of the Gelston mansion, and that of the Appeal Tax Court immediately in the rear. The health officer occupied the two front rooms on the second floor, and the city auditor those in the rear. Several of the rooms were occupied by the archives of the city, which were removed on the 26th of June. In his annual message of Jan. 16, 1860, Mayor Swann recalled the attention of the City Council to the subject of erecting a city hall, and on the 29th of March a resolution was adopted by the Council requesting the joint standing committee on city prop- erty " to prepare and report an ordinance to the Coun- cil, investing the funds of the McDonogh bequest in the securities of the city of Baltimore, and applying the same to the building of a new city hall, for the accommodation of the municipal government and all the various departments thereof." In pursuance of this resolution an ordinance was passed by the City Council, and received the approval of Mayor Swann on the 23d of July, 1860, wliich provided for the ap- MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE. 177 pointment by the mayor of four commissioners, with himself as chairman, who should adopt a plan for the building and advertise for proposals for its construc- tion. It was provided that it should be erected upon the site selected, under the ordinance of 1854 ; that the building should be fire-proof and faced with marble; and that to defray the expense of construction the trustees of the McDonogh Educational Fund should lend five hundred thousand dollars of the fund to the building commission, for which the city was to pay six per cent, interest. A plan designed by Wm. T. Marshall was adopted, and on the 16th of October Messrs. Edwin A. Abbott, Edward S. Lambdin, Evan T. Ellicott, and C. Sydney Norris, the "Board of Commissioners of the New City Hall," were directed by ordinance to have the buildings on the lot selected for the city hall removed, and to procure suitable temporary accommodations for the city officials occu- pying the buildings in question. In his annua! mes- sage to the City Council, on the 7th of January, 1861, the mayor recommended that the erection of the city hall should be postponed, as the lowest estimates made exceeded the amount of the appropriation, and on the 18th of the ensuing April the ordinance providing for the erection of a new city hall was repealed. Further resolutions looking to the erection of a city hall were adopted in 1863, and in 1864 committees were again appointed and plans submitted. In his message of the 3d of January, 1865, Mayor Chapman referred to "the urgent necessity for the building of a city hall," and in response to his suggestions, on the 9th of June, 1865, Valentine Foreman submitted an ordinance in the First Branch of the City Coun- cil "to provide for the building of a new city hall," which, after passing both branches, received the ap- proval of the mayor on the 25th of the following September. This ordinance provided for the appoint- ment of a board of four commissioners, with the mayor as president, to serve without pay as the building committee to superintend the erection of the city hall ; and to meet the expense of its construction the commissioners of finance were authorized and directed to issue five hundred thousand dollars of city bonds, or so much thereof as might be necessary, bearing interest at the rate of six per cent. On the 29th of January, 1866, the Legislature passed an act author- izing the issue of city bonds to an amount not ex- ceeding six hundred thousand dollars for the erection of the building, and on the 24th of April in the same year a resolution of the City Council was approved by the mayor authorizing the commissioners of finance to purchase the property of Messrs. Thomas R. Wil- son and Henry R. Wilson for the sum at which it was ofiered to the city in 1860. On the 30th of May following an ordinance was approved by the mayor authorizing the commissioners of finance to redeem the ground-rents on the lots, and in pursuance of this authority the commissioners purchased from the Messrs. Wilson the property bounding on Holliday and North Streets and Orange Alley (Lexington Street) for the sum of forty thousand six hundred dollars ; they also purchased the ground-rents on the lots which had been leased from George Brown and John White under the ordinance approved March 11, 1854, paying Mr. Brown .$49,000 and Mr. White $92,126, making the total amount paid for the site $177,726. An ordinance was also passed providing for the closing of Orange Alley, and the opening of Lexington Street between Holliday and North, by which the site was enlarged to an oblong square two hundred and thirty-four by one hundred and fifty-one feet. By the terms of the act of Assembly of the 29th of January, 1866, work was not to be commenced upon the city hall until the expiration of a year from its passage, so that operations could not be begun before the last of January, 1867. In the spring of that year Mayor Chapman appointed Messrs. Thomas B. Burch, John W. Kirkland, Thomas C. Basshor, and James Smith as the building committee required under the ordinance, and on the 25th of May they organized, and appointed George A. Frederick architect, and John B. Haswell superintendent. The removal of the old material on the site was soon efiected, and the cellar partly excavated and some of the foundation-walls laid during the latter part of the year. The work was commenced on the Fayette Street side of the building, and the corner-stone was laid with appro- priate ceremonies on the 18th of October, 1867.' On the 7th of November, 1867, the mayor, Hon. Robt. T. Banks, sent a special communication to the City Council suggesting the appointment of a joint committee to inquire into the validity of the con- tracts awarded by the building committee, and on the 11th another suggesting that the city had no authority to issue its bonds to raise funds for the erection of the city hall, because the ninth section of the act authorizing their issue had not been con- firmed and ratified by the General Assembly as the eleventh section required. A resolution was imme- diately adopted by the City Council suspending pay- i ments under the contracts and directing the law-ofii- cers of the city to take steps to bring the question to a prompt judicial decision. Legal proceedings were accordingly commenced in the Superior Court of Baltimore on the 12th of December, 1867, and the question having been decided in favor of the build- i ing committee by that tribunal, the case was taken to I the Court of Appeals, which, on the 12th of June, 1868, reversed the ruling of Judge Dobbin, and decided that the ordinance of the 25th of September, j 1865, providing for the building of a new city hall, I was inoperative until its ninth section should be laid at the Boutheast coi On the 18th of February, 1S69, a resolution was adopted by the then ! building committee directing the removal of the stone to the northeast 1 corner of the building, upon the ground that the original point was un- usual in public andt ordingly carried 178 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. confirmed and ratified by the General Assembly.' Before the decision of the Court of Appeals had been rendered application had been made to the General Assembly for new powers, and on the 30th of March, 1868, an act was passed by the Legislature authorizing the mayor and City Council of Baltimore to issue the bonds of the city to an amount not ex- ceeding one million dollars, the proceeds to be used in the construction of the proposed edifice, the issue of the bonds to be provided for by ordinance of the mayor and City Council, to be ratified by the voters of the city. This ordinance was passed and approved by the mayor on the 24th of .Tune, 1868, was duly submitted to the legal voters of the city on the 8th of July en- suing, and w-as ratified by a vote of 2057 in its favor to 753 against it. An amicable adjustment of the contracts given out by the former building committee was effected, and on the 5th of August, 1868, an ordi- nance was passed providing for the appointment of a new building commission to consist of six persons, with the mayor as chairman. The committee ap- pointed consisted of Messrs. George A. Coleman, John Ellicott, George W. Stinchcomb, Thomas J. Griffiths, George A. Davis, and Ogden A. Kirkland, and organized on the 3d of October, 1868. John J. Purcell was appointed superintendent, and Wm. Rob- ertson secretary, of the committee. The new com- mission at once proceeded to advertise for proposals for the construction of the building, and most of the marble and brick work of the basement was executed under its supervision. On the 4th of November, 1869, an ordinance was passed reducing the building com- mittee from six to five, and providing for their elec- tion by a joint convention of the City Council, and under its provisions Joshua Vansant, John W. Colley, Jchabod Jean, Samuel H. Adams, and J. Hall Pleas- ants were appointed as a new building committee, and organized on the 6th of November by the elec- tion of Joshua Vansant as president, and Walter E. Smith as secretary. At its session in 1870 the Legis- lature passed an act authorizing the City Council to issue additional city stock to the extent of one mil- lion dollars to meet the expenses of construction, and on the 11th of April in the same year an ordinance was adopted by the City Council providing for this new loan, which was submitted to the voters of the city, and was ratified by them on the 21st of April. On the 8th of February, 1872, an ordinance was adopted by the City Council providing for an addi- tional issue of five hundred thousand dollars of city stock, which was confirmed by act of Assembly and ratified by the voters of the city on the 7th of Marcli, 1872, by a vote of 6042 in its "favor and 879 against it. On the 31st of March, 1875, the City Council > After the reraoval of the buildings on the site of the citv liall, the municipal departmeuts sought ciuarters at various points in the vicinity, I the mayor at one time having his oftice in the Johnson building, at the , northwcBt corner of Fayette and Calvert Streets. ' hoisted the United States flag above the new city hall and occupied their chambers there for the first time, and on the 9th of April the other departments also began to move into their new quarters.^ Special preparations were made for the dedication of the edi- fice, and Messrs. H. D. Loney, George A. Kirk, and Charles Streeper, on the part of the Second Branch, Wm. E. Stewart, Columbus W. Lewis, and Matthew W. Donavin, on the part of the First Branch, of the City Council were appointed as a special committee to make all the necessary arrangements. The 25th of October, 1875, was selected by the committee as the day for the ceremonies of the occasion, and the new city hall was formally dedicated on that date in the presence of a vast assemblage of citizens. The ceremonies included an imposing procession, embrac- ing the military, religious, and other organizations of Baltimore, and addresses by Joshua Vansant, chair- man of the building committee, and Hon. John H. B. Latrobe. The aggregate cost of the city hall, including the cost of furnishing and fitting it up, was $2,375,400.41. The whole amount of the several appropriations made for its erection was 12,500,000, thus making the cost $124,599.59 less than the estimate. The superficial area of the block on which the city hall is situated is 51,000 square feet, and the area occupied by the building 30,552 square feet. It fronts on HoUi- day and North Streets 238 feet, and on Fayette and Lexington Streets 149 feet. The linear circumference is 8421 feet. The height of the dome from the bed of Holliday Street is 227 feet, and from the top of the roof 132 feet. The height of the building to the top of the cornice at the main entrance on Holliday Street is 96 feet. It contains 102 rooms, and accom- modates all the departments of the city government. The exterior foundation walls to within 18 inches of the ground are built of Falls Road limestone, a spe- cies of gneiss of the utmost durability, and are five feet six inches thick. All the interior walls are built of brick, and vary from two feet six inches to seven feet in thickness, the latter being those of the dome and tower. All the brick used throughout were dark red or arch, and all the walls are built in Cumberland cement mortar. Above ground, all the exterior walls are faced with Baltimore County marble, a species of white magnesia limestone of very compact and fine grain, extreme hardness and durability, and capable of a very superior finish. Most of the stone was obtained from the extensive quarries of John B. Con- oily, near Cockeysville, about seventeen miles from Baltimore, on the Northern Central Railroad. The greater part of the blocks used in the construction - The large bell cast by Messrs. Joshua Kegister & Sons for the city hall was placed in position on the 12th of October, 1874. It weighs six thousand two hundred and eighty pounds, and the hammer one hun- dred and fifty pounds; it is five feet eleven inoliee in diameter, four feet eleven inches in height, and is affixed to a yoke weighing seven hundred pounds. It is popularly known as •' Big Sam," and was named after one of the junior members of the firm by which it was cast. THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. were of large dimensions, and some in superficial area were probably the largest ever taken from any marble quarry. The columns of the portico are monoliths ; the slabs forming the ceiling and the floor of the bal- cony over the portico are eleven feet ten inches wide and fourteen feet long. The style of the architecture is the " Renaissance." The general plan or division of the mass consists of a centre structure four stories high and two connected lateral wings three stories high, the centre finishing with pediments, the others with Mansard roofs. The different fronts are well broken and relieved, and while the general character of the work is strong and well defined, — devoid of extravagant carving, which serves to accumulate dust and dirt, — it is in strict unison of design, and the tout ensemble is rich in admirable proportion and taste.' The architect was Geo. A. Frederick, and the su- perintendent John J. Purcell.^ The old city hall on Holiday Street is now used as a colored public school. 1 We are mainly indebted for the above description to the official history of the city hall compiled Ijy Allen E. Forrester. 2 The southeast corner of the present site of the city hall was for- merly occupied by the residence of Tr. White. Next to Dr. White's house CHAPTER XIX. THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. Financial Condition of the City— Population— The Mayora and City Councilmen— Members of the Senate and House of Delegates — Regis- ters-Taxable Basis from the Earliest Period, etc. By the act of 1817, ch. 148, the city was divided into twelve wards, and finally into twenty wards by the acts of 1844, ch. 282, 1845, ch. 238, and 1847, ch. 175. The present boundaries of the twenty wards of Baltimore were established by the City Council in 1860, under ordinance No. 79, passed September 18th of that year, and are briefly as follows : First — Wolfe and Monument Streets, city limits and harbor line. Second — Wolfe and Bank Streets, Central Avenue, on the north was a back building; next to that the residences of Alex- ander and George Brown, and next to them the dwelling of James Wil- son, which was torn down when Lexington Street was opened from Hol- liday Street to North. The southwest corner of the lot was occupied by a three-story structure owned by the Messrs. White, and here the post- offlce was for a time located. North of this were the stables of the buildings on Holliday Street, and at the northwest corner of the lot stood the city watch-house, a shabby two-story affair, in the second story of which the Apprentices' Library was accommodated, "where lectures were delivered to the boys on history and geography by a very young student of law, and on mathematics by a prominent member of the HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Eastern Avenue, Jones' Falls, and harbor line. T}iird — Wolfe and Baltimore Streets, Central Avenue and Bank Street. Fourth — Central Avenjie, Fayette Street, .Tones' Falls, and Eastern Avenue. Fifth — Central Avenue, Monument and Hillen Streets, Jones' Falls, and Fayette Street. Sixth— 'WoMe and Monument Streets, Central Avenue and Baltimore Street. Seventh — -Eastern city limits. North and Harford Avenues, Ensor and Monument Streets. Eighth — Hillen and Ensor Streets, Harford and North Avenues, and Jones' Falls. A7«^A— Jones' Falls, Franklin Street, Charles Street, Pratt Street, and harbor line. Tenth — Charles, Franklin, Paca, and Pratt Streets. E/evrnth— Jones' Falls, Biddle Street, Druid Hill Avenue, Paca and Franklin Streets. Twelfth— 3 ones' Falls, North and Druid Hill Avenues, and Biddle Street. Thirteenth— Paca, Franklin, Poppleton, and Lexington Streets. Fourteenth — Paca, Lexington, Poppleton, and Pratt Streets. Fifteenth— Fintt, Howard, and Henrietta Streets, and harbor line. Sixteenth— PrsLtt, Poppleton, Cross, Hamburg, and Howard Streets. Seventeenth — All that part of South Baltimore south and east of Henrietta, Hanover, and Clement Streets. Eighteenth — All that part of South Baltimore south and west of Baltimore, Poppleton, Cross, Hamburg, Howard, Hen- [ rietta, and Clement Streets. Nineteenth — Baltimore, Poppleton, Franklin, and Fremont Streets, North Avenue, and city limits. Twentieth — Paca Street, Druid Hill Avenue, North Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, Fremont and Franklin Streets. The several precincts of the wards were designated by the Board of Police Commissioners under the act of 1876, ch. 247. The city was divided into three legislative dis- tricts under Section 2 of Article III. of the consti- tution of 1864, the First District consisting of the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Sev- enth Wards; the Second of the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Nineteenth, and Twen- tieth Wards; and the Third of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Wards. Each of these districts is en- titled to one senator and three delegates in the Gen- eral Assembly, giving Baltimore a total of twenty- one votes in the two branches of the Legislature. In another place attention has already been called to the unfairness with which Baltimore was treated in the matter of representation under the constitution of 1776, and to the many efforts to secure her citizens political equality with those of the counties. Al- though at the present day the injustice is not so glaring as it was a century ago, it requires but the briefest examination to prove that the representation accorded the city is still based on anything but prin- ciples of fairness and equality. According to the census of 1880 Maryland contains 934,627 inhabitants, and Baltimore 332,190, or largely over a third of the whole population of the State. In a total representation of one hundred and eight sen- ators and delegates in the General Assembly this would entitle the city to nearly twice the number of representatives which it has at present. Calvert County, with a population of 10,538, has three repre- sentatives in the General Assembly (one senator and two delegates), or just one-seventh the number al- lowed Baltimore with a population of over 330,000. In other words, Baltimore, which has a population more than thirty-one times larger than Calvert, has a representation only seven times as great. With this marked disproportion between her popu- lation and her representation, the day when all men shall be politically equal in Maryland cannot yet be said to have arrived. Forming over a third of the population of the State, and paying nearly sixty per cent, of the annual revenues of the Commonwealth, the metropolis of Maryland would seem to be entitled to claim a much larger representation than it actu- ally enjoys in the General Assembly. The city gov- ernment is vested in a mayor elected biennially, with a salary of five thousand dollars, and a City Council of two branches, — the First and Second. The First Branch consists of one member from each of the twenty wards into which the city is divided, elected annually, while the Second Branch consists of ten members, eacli member representing two wards, elected biennially. The members of both branches receive each one thousand dollars per annum. The mayor has a veto power that requires a vote of three- fourths of each branch to overcome. The present mayor of Baltimore is Hon. Ferdinand C. Latrobe, whose term expires in November, 1881. He has been three times elected to the chief magis- tracy of the city, and his administrations have been singularly popular and practical. He comes of a family highly distinguished in Maryland history. The son of that eminent lawyer and scholar, John H. B. Latrobe, and nephew of the famous engineer, B. H. Latrobe, who carried the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad over the Alleghany Mountains, he was born in Baltimore, Oct. 14, 1833, and was educated at the College of St. James, Washington Co., Md. He studied law with his father, and after being admitted to the bar, in 1858 he became assistant counsel of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, and has par- ticipated in most of the important suits to which the corporation has been a party in the Maryland Court of Appeals. His early manifested inclination for public life was gratified by an election to the House of Delegates of the General Assembly of 1868, where he was acting chairman during the entire session of the Ways and Means Committee. He was thoroughly j a working member, and the author of various impor- j tant measures, among which was the military law. Governor Thomas Swann appointed him judge-ad- I vocate-general, and he and Adjutant-General John S. Berry were mainly instrumental in organizing eleven fine regiments of militia. He was re-elected to the General Assembly, and was elected Speaker of the House of Delegates, where he made an honorable /^^:^>^^!/^ THE CITY GOVEKNMENT AND OFFICERS. record as presiding officer. He took the stump for Greeley and Brown in 1872, and the next year was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for mayor of Baltimore, but was defeated by Hon. Joshua Van- sant. In 187.5 he was again a candidate, received the nomination, and was elected in October of that year. His administration was characterized by a number of reforms in the municipal government, es- pecially the abolishment of the extravagant port- wardens' department and the city yard, and the sub- stitution of the Harbor Board, consisting of seven gentlemen, who serve without pay and have charge of all matters appertaining to the harbor. In con- nection with the officials of the national government, they have secured a depth of twenty-five feet in the channels, so that the largest class of steamships can now enter the port. The improvement of Jones' Falls, the opening of many new streets and avenues, the replacement of the cobble-stones by Belgian- block pavements, the institution of an admirable sys- tem of fire-alarm telegraph, a reduction of the annual municipal expenses four hundred thousand dollars, and of the tax rate to $1.37 on the $100 of assessed property, the refunding of five millions of six per cent, debt at five per cent., and the exemption of the plant and machinery of manufacturers from city tax- ation, are all achievements connected witli Mayor Latrobe's administration. In 1877 he was a candi- date for renomination, and was defeated by the late Col. George P. Kane, but upon Col. Kane's death in 1878, Mr. Latrobe was elected to fill out the unexpired term, and was renominated and re-elected in 1879. In 1881 he withdrew from the contest for the renomi- nation, which was conferred upon Hon. William Pinkney Whyte. It is confidently anticipated, how- ever, that because of his great public popularity and services he will not long be permitted to remain in private life. His talents are of a character too use- ful to the public to be confined to the limited sphere of individual station, and it is safe to say that Balti- more has never had an executive who has left a better official record, or who has earned a better right to the public gratitude and recollection. The wise and con- servative policy which he inaugurated, and the prac- tical benefits and reforms which have been accom- plished under his administrations, will make them- selves felt for many years to come, and will doubtless lead the way by their example to the still further im- provement of the public service. Mr. Latrobe is a pleasing orator, a well-read lawyer, and a financier of uncommon ability. For a long term of years he was counsel for the late Thomas Winans and for Winans & Co., and when Mr. Winans died he was chosen at- torney for the executors of that immense estate. He was married in 1860 to a daughter of Hon. Thomas Swann, who died in 1865, leaving one son, and in 1880 he was married to the widow of Thomas Swann, Jr. While the mayor and City Council have all the usual authority of municipal corporations to raise money by taxation, a provision of the constitution of the State declares that "no debt (except as herein- after excepted) shall be created by the mayor and City Council of Baltimore, nor shall the credit of the mayor and City Council of Baltimore be given or loaned to or in aid of any individual, association, or corporation, nor shall the mayor and City Council of Baltimore have the power to involve the city of Bal- timore in the construction of works of internal im- provement, nor in granting any aid thereto, which shall involve the faith and credit of the city, nor make any appropriation therefor, unless such debt or credit be authorized by an act of the General Assembly of Maryland and by an ordinance of the mayor and City Council of Baltimore, submitted to the legal voters of the city of Baltimore at such time and place as may be fixed by said ordinance, and approved by a majority of the votes at such time and place ; but the mayor and City Council may temporarily borrow any amount of money to meet any deficiency in the city treasury, or to provide for any emergency arising from the necessity of maintaining the police or pre- serving the safety and sanitary condition of the city, and may make due and proper arrangements and agreements for the removal and extension, in whole or in part, of any and all debts and obligations created according to law before the adoption of this constitu- tion." Except where otherwise provided by ordinance or by the Legislature of the State, the mayor appoints all subordinate officers, by and with the advice and consent of the two branches of the Council in con- vention. In this connection there is an Appeal Tax Court, consisting of three judges, who receive a salary each of eighteen hundred dollars, with a clerk at a salary of sixteen hundred dollars, an assessor, and other offi- cers provided for by law. They are authorized to assess the property of all persons failing to make their own returns, and are authorized to make alterations, ad- ditions, or deductions in assessments, as they may deem proper. A part of the duty of the Appeal Tax Court is to grant permits for the erection of buildings within the city limits without charge. There is a register, who is elected biennially by the two branches of the Council in convention. The I duties of the register are numerous. Generally stated, 1 he has charge of the moneys and securities of the corporation and its accounting officer. He gives bond in the sum of fifty thousand dollars, and has a salary of three thousand dollars. No money can be paid, however, except through a warrant of the comptroller. I The comptroller is appointed biennially by the i mayor. He performs the duties indicated by his i title, gives bond in the sum of ten thousand dollars, and has a salary of three thousand dollars. The I comptroller, although appointed by the mayor, can only be removed by the joint action of the City Council. 182 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. The law officers of the city government are a coun- selor, at a salary of two thousand five hundred dol- lars, a solicitor, whose salary is four thousand dollars, and an examiner of titles, with a salary of three thou- sand dollars. There is a city librarian at a salary of fifteen hun- dred dollars, with an assistant at a salary of nine hundred dollars. In addition to his other duties, the librarian procures all the stationery and printed matter required by the heads of the several depart- ments. The sanitary department of the city government is carried on by a Board of Health, consisting of a health commissioner, with a salary of two thousand five hun- dred dollars, and an assistant, with a salary of fifteen hundred dollars. There is also a Marine Hospital physician, subordinate to the Board of Health, with a salary of three thousand dollars, whose duties apper- tain to the sanitary condition of the port. The disbursements of the Health Department for twelve months ending Dec. 31, 1880, were : street and Garbage account, including contract for the re- moval of garbage $192,000.00 General Health account, including post-mortems l:i,089.50 Salary account 17,700.00 Nuisance and Sewer account 7,722.23 Marine Hospital account 14,994.69 Total disbursements for twelve months 824.5,606.42 The duty of attending to the streets of the city de- volves upon a " city commissioner," with a salary of three thousand dollars, and three assistants, with a salary of fifteen hundred dollars each. There is also a city surveyor, elected biennially by the qualified voters of the city. The compensation is fixed by a table of rates, according to the services performed by him. Besides the "city commissioner," there is a board of three persons, called " the commissioners for open- ing streets in the city of Baltimore," which deter- mines matters connected with the laying out, open- ing, grading, widening, or closing up of streets, lanes, and alleys. They hold their offices for three years, — one going out of office every year, — and have each a salary of twelve hundred dollars. There are an inspector of public buildings, five in- spectors of streets, two inspectors of sewers, and two inspectors of public cemeteries, who perform the duties indicated by their respective titles. This enumeration of the officers of the city govern- ment does not include all of its employes, but it will suffice to give a correct idea of the system provided for the conduct of its aflTairs.^ The following tables exhibit the financial condition of the city : Dec. 31, 1880, the funded and guaranteed debt was $36,092,298.06, and the productive as-sets $30,223,- 899.36 ; the net debt is therefore $5,868,398.70. The 1 Fur these imrlicul.us «e are in.k-l ted tu Ihu ren„, t of Ilun. John H. amount of funded and guaranteed debt the interest on which is provided for by taxation is $13,162,653.48.^ The details of the debt, as given in the register's report of Jan. 5, 1881, are as follows : Statement of Funded Debt, Dec. 31, 1880. Public Park.. Exempt Water Funding 15 Water i6 Harford Run Improvement. 4 City Hall 6 One Million 6 Valley Railroad. 6 Five Million 6 Consolidated 6 Park Improve- city Haii!!;;!";; e When Payable. ! after the year I860' $86,900.00 " 1885 943,161..54 " July 1, 18901 7,306,546.22 " Sept. 1, 1890l .566,666.25 " Sept. 1, 18931 410,353.87 " July 1, 1894 263,000.00 1894 3,737,000.00 1900 800,000.00 1916| 1,000,000.00 1916| 5,000,000.00 Jan. , 1920 1 40,000.00 City Hall Water Overdue Stock. July 1, 1884 Jan. 1,1886 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 Jan 1 1890 2,211,068.05 1000 000 00 739,600.00 1,000,000.00 500,000.00 6,346.33 732 00 March 7, 1902 Total Funded Debt $34,600,298.06 Indorsemeut W. Md. B. R. Co., 1st mtge... $200,000.00 2d " ... 30O,O0tl,00 3d " ... .S75,000.0<) Uuion R. K. Co., 1st mtge... 117,000.00 Total Funded and Guaranteed Debt... From tvliich deduct — Water Loans of 1894 and 1916, the interest on which is paid by revenue from water rents $9,000,000,(10 Park Loans, interest paid by City Passen- ger Railway Companies 555,566.2.5 Cash in bank in reserve for the redemption of Water Stock of 1875 0,346.33 And the following productive and interest- bearing assets: Mortgage on Baltimore and Ohio R. R. Co. $6,(.«X),000.rHl Union K. R. Co 117,000.00 " West Md. B. B. Co. (First)... 200,000.00 32,500 shares of Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road Company Stock, at $180 5,850,000.00 Value of Sinking Funds 7,859,757.78 550 shares Baltimore and Reisterstown Turnpike Company Stock, valued at 2,200.00 625 shares Baltimore and Yorktown Turn- pike Company stock, valued at 3,125.00 120 shares Baltimore and Havre-de-Grace Turnpike Company Stock, valued at 3,000.00 137 shares Baltimore and Frederick Turn- pike Company Stock, valued at 206.00 Market-houses, producing a yearly rental of. $46,0(JO.0O Improved wharf property, pro- ducing a yearly rental of 45,000.00 other real estate, producing a yearly rental of. 7,601.88 $97,601.88 Capitalized at 6 per cent 1,626,698.00 9,561,912.58 $5,868,398.70 2 It is an apparent anomaly that interest should be required to be paid ipou this amount, when, as is shown above, the actual debt of the city 8 only $6,868,398.70 ; hut it must be recollecteil that of the thirteen mil- ions, over seven jjiillioiis is held in the sinking fund, upon whiih in- I'rest is paid by the city to itself - ^^^^ THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. The followiiuj are the iinproductive assets of ihecity: Second Mortgage on Western Maryland Bailroad Coniimny S3OO,000.0U Interest thereon to J;in. 1, ISSl 21b,000.00 Tliird Mortgage 'ni Wi-imi >l;nvhiii(l Railroad Compaijv . 875,aX).l» Fourth Mortpa^e i>ii \^ ^l \ mimI Railroiul r,im]iain 1,000,000.00 InteresltlMi.. n, I, i -M 610,000.00 lO.OOOsliii! \ l^iiilroad Oom- Ijanv.it ^ . iai*100 1,000,000.00 40006iiui.. >^ MnylandKail- road Cmtiii.hii -i i , i n -.'.ii 200,000.00 7600 shares iif the Baltimore and Susque- hanna Tide-water Canal Company, par S60 380,000.00 714 shares of the Baltimore and Hall Springs Kailway Company Stock, par S20 14,280.00 Besida other properti/, mch as Court-houses, Record Office, City Hall, Jail, Police Stations, Fire-Engiue Houses and Apparatus, School-houses, Alms- house, Ice Boats, City Yard. Marine Hospital Grounds, Public Park^, etc., valued at 10,000,000.00 S15,030,2S0.00 From the total Fnnded and Guaranteed Debt $36,092,298.06 Deduct the following: Overdue Water Stock, no interest allowed. 86,346.:!3 Overdue Stock, no interest allowed 732.00 And the following, the interest being pro- vided for: By the Baltimore and Ohio B. R. Co. on .. 5,000,000.00 " dividend on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Stock, being the in- terest on 4,875,000.1X1 " West. Md. R. R. Co., 1st mortgage on 200,000.00 " Citv Passenger Railway Companies o"[i 566,666.25 " Water Board, from rents, on 9,000,000.00 Union Railway CoTupany on 117,000.00 terest on the One Million Loan... 1,000,000.00 " Western Maryland Railroad Loan. 1,000,000.00 And the Western Maryland Railroad Com- pany Bonds guaranteed by the city 1,176,000.00 22,929,614.58 Leaving the amount on which interest is paid by taxation at $1.'!,162,653.48 viz. : ?2,768,661.54 interest (a 6 per ceut. 40,000.00 " 4 10,353,991.94 " 6 S13,1C2,653.48 OmdiiUm of the Sinkina Futidt Dec. 31, 1880. General Sinking Fund $7,491,618.33 Public Park Sinking Fund „ 357,753.79 Hillen Station Sinking Fund 10,485.66 $7,859,757.78 The public debt of the city, its investments and finances generally, are in charge of a board consist- ing of the mayor and two citizens, who are elected by the Councils in convention annually, and styled "the Commissioners of Finance." There is no salary attached to the ofiice. According to the census returns of 1880 the amount of the outstanding bonded debt of Baltimore City is $20,184,975, issued for the following purposes : Funded floating debt $3,422,800 Improvement of harbors, rivers, wharves, canals, and water- power 952.064 Parks and public places 103,965 Public buildings 2,704,619 Railroad and other aid 3,349,100 Sewers 1,249,900 War expenses _ 1,237,927 Waterworks 7,164,600 Total 820,184,976 Drawing the following rates of interest: Six prr cent $11,467,966 Five per cent 8.717,019 The years of are as follows : Year of Issue. 1860 lS6i 1864 186.5 issue and m 84,028,883 1237:927 103,966 460,000 aturity of this bonded debt Year of Amount ''l^t $680,800 601,819 349,100 1894 :::::;:: 2:172:000 1869 1870 300,000 664,200 935,400 1900 Subsequent to 1900 2,849,500 6,237,800 1872 1873 1874 1875 1877 794,900 349,100 486,600 2,172.000 4,992,600 758 600 $20,184,975 To offset this debt the city has productive assets amounting to $19,330,509, including 32,500 shares of Baltimore and Ohio and various turnpike stock, real estate, wharf property, and market-houses, producing a rental equal to $1,626,698, and the water rents, which equal a capital of $9,000,000. This leaves an un- covered bonded debt of only $854,466. The collector of State and city taxes is appointed annually to collect all taxes of every description levied or assgssed by the mayor and City Council, or by the General Assembly of Maryland. He gives bond in the sum of seventy-five thousand dollars, and has a salary of two thousand dollars, in addition to which he is allowed one per cent, of the State taxes collected by him. He appoints a deputy at a salary of eighteen hundred dollars, cashier, and other officers required for the performance of his duties, as prescribed by the ordinance concerning the collection of taxes. The office of collector is at present filled by Charles Webb, who is a native of Baltimore, where he was born on the 21st of April, 1820. His father was of English birth, and although he did not settle in Bal- more until 1810, he was found among the defenders of the city at the battle of North Point four years afterwards. The popular esteem and confidence in which he was held was so great that, although he was a stanch Whig, he represented the Fourth Ward, which was Democratic, in the City Council. Mr. Webb's mother, whose maiden name was Clar- issa Legg, was born in Baltimore County, and died very recently in the eighty-third year of her age. She was a woman of great force of character, and greatly beloved on account of a life devoted to piety and charity. She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for nearly seventy years. His early political affiliations were with the Old- Line Whig party, but when that party allied itself with the Know-Nothing organization, Mr. Webb's ideas of the nature and destiny of this government were too broad to allow him to continue his connec- tion with it, and he became its active opponent in the ranks of the Democratic party. He believed that the State ought not to have any connection with religious sects, that both ought to be free from such entangling 184 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. and perplexing alliances, and, moreover, that this country needed engrafted upon it a hardy foreign em- I igration, and should be the asylum for the oppressed ! of every nation. \ Mr. Webb took an active part, therefore, in the re- , torm movement of 1859 which resulted in the elec- tion of George William Brown mayor of the city of Baltimore, and was one of the celebrated committee of twenty, representing the Seventh Ward, who had charge of and managed that campaign to the success- ful result of re-establishing order and law in Baltimore, j Mr. Webb had alwa\-s declined political office until the position of city collector was tendered him by Mayor Kane in 1878. He discharged the duties of the onerous and responsible position with such fidelity and ability that upon the accession of Mr. Latrobe to the mayoralty upon the death of Mayor Kane he | was at once reappointed by the new executive, and has been continued in office up to the present time, [ not only with the entire approbation but at the actual desire of the whole community, as expressed in the public journals of every shade of opinion, and in the private utterances of all classes of citizens. These flattering evidences of general esteem and confidence have been fully merited by the zeal and efficiency with which the duties of his official station have been discharged. In these days of official corruption and dishonesty it is rare that the places of public trust are occupied by men of such high and unbending integrity as Mr. Webb, and it is rarer still to find united in one man the loftiest probity with the utmost diligence in the public service. In both these respects Mr. Webb's administration of his office has been of the most distinguished character, and he has " won golden opinions from all sorts of people." The en- ergy with which he has followed up and brought into the treasury the delinquent revenues of the city has | been as marvelous as it has been gratifying, and it | is no reflection upon previous officials to say that no former city collector has ever been so successful in the collection of taxes. Mr. Webb's efficiency in this po- sition has been largely due to his long business experi- ence and to the careful and systematic habits secured by early training. His career commenced when he was [ little more than a boy, when he entered his father's i factory in Ensor Street. When he became of age a : new firm was formed consisting of his father, Charles Webb, his brother James, and himself, under the style of Charles Webb & Sons. At the death of Mr. Webb's father in 1849 the , business was continued by the sons at the same place ' until 1852, when they became associated with James | Armstrong and Samuel Cairns. Although in full partnership, the business was conducted at the factory on Ensor Street under the firm-name of Charles & James Webb & Co., and another factory was con- ducted on Concord Street by Messrs. Armstrong & Cairns under the firm-name of James Armstrong & Co. The business was conducted in this wav until 1855, when Samuel Cairns withdrew and Thomas Armstrong, a nephew of James Armstrong, was ad- mitted into the firm. In 1858, James Armstrong with- drew, leaving the factories under the charge of the three remaining partners, which partnership was dis- solved in 1865, but re-formed and continued until the present time under the firm-name of James Arm- strong & Co., James Webb conducting the Ensor Street factory, and Charles Webb and Thomas Arm- strong conducting that on Concord Street. Mr. Webb has always been a liberal subscriber and active participant in all public enterprises involving the advancement and improvement of his native city, and has held several positions of important trust, among them that of director in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, to which he was elected by the reform Council of 1860. In 1845 he became a member of St. John's Lodge of Freemasons, and shortly after his admission he was elected to one of the chairs. He continued to ascend in regular order until he reached the highest office which the lodge could confer upon him. In 1853 he was chosen Grand Master by the. Grand Lodge of Maryland, and held the position until 1858, when he declined a re-election. His ad- vance in Masonry was more rapid than that of any man of his time. When the office of Grand Master was conferred upon him he was the youngest man who had ever filled the position, and the older heads who feared he was too young for its responsible duties were agreeably surprised to find that he presided with firmness and dignity, and at the knowledge of Ma- sonic jurisprudence evinced by his decisions. There has been no time when the assemblages of the Grand Lodge were more harmonious or the landmarks ad- hered to more rigidly than during his administration. Mr. Webb's public career has been adorned by the unfailing courtesy and consideration which have marked the discharge of his duties, while in his pri- vate life he has won hosts of friends by his kindly and genial qualities. His personal attachments are strong and enduring, and with him loyalty to friend- ship is only second to duty to the public. His chari- ties, though unostentatious, have been neither few nor insignificant, and genuine distress and deserving poverty always find in him a cheerful and bountiful giver. Modest, unassuming, and unostentatious, his life has been too retired to be well known socially to a large number of persons, but, honest and genuine himself, his friends without an exception are composed of the same class of men, and by them he is regarded with sincere aflfection. His energy has been trained to the systematic detail of business that accomplishes a great deal in a short time but nevertheless accurately and completely. Mr. Webb is, however, sufficiently known by the public to be implicitly trusted in any capacity in which he serves. His quick intelligence and thorough knowledge of public men and affairs, and his intuitive judgment with regard to character, THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. afford him superior advantages as an administrative officer. His conduct of the office of collector of taxes has received the strong approval and indorse- ment of his superior and cotemporaries in office and the hearty approbation of business men, not only of his own party but of his political opponents. The general judgment on Mr. Webb, as one of the most important officers of the municipal government, is that " He is the right man in the right place." ■ Mr. Webb was married on the 8th of October, 1844, to Hester Cox, daughter of Isaac Cox, of Baltimore. They have five children living, three daughters and two sons. The following table gives the amount of taxes col- lected on account of the city for the last three fiscal years : Amount collected for year ending Dec. 31, 1878 $4,099,144.00 Amount collected for year ending Dec. 31, 1879 3,93.'),905.78 Amount collected for year ending Dec. 31, 1880 3,91.'),070.56 The estimated requirements for 1880, as shown by the reg- ister's report, are 5,376,832.73 And the receipts 2,882,833.00 Leaving the amount to he levied for $2,493,999.73 The basis for the levy of 1881 is $250,000,000, and the rate of taxation $1.37 on the hundred dollars. Adding the State tax, 185 cents, the total taxation for the year is $1.55| cents on the hundred dollars. The rate for 1880 (not including the State tax of 18f cents) was $1.37; for 1879, $1.50; for 1878 (fourteen months), $1.90; and for 1877, $1.75. The expenses of the city government for the year ending Oct. 31, 1876, were .' 94,921,261.61 For the year ending Oct M, 1876 4,871,866.55 ' Dec. 31, 1877— fourteen months 5,800,286.86 " Dec. 31, 187S 4,668,022.59 Dec. 31, 1879 3,817,742.86 Dec. 31, 1S80 3,947,799.27 In 1878 the collections were 60^''j[ of the levy ; in 1879 they were 65j%\ ; and in 1880 they were 70iVij- The taxable basis of 1880 was composed as follows : Eeal property $183,051,396 Personal property 68,929,242 $241,980,638 These tables show a financial condition of excep- tional soundness and health at a period when almost every other large city in the country is weighed down by an immense burden of indebtedness. The careful and conservative policy which has been pursued in the management of the municipal finances, more particularly under Mayor Latrobe's administration, has saved Baltimore from what has become one of the great dangers of the period, and the result is that she could at any day, if the emergency should arise, clear away the whole of her indebtedness without the apprehension of any serious strain or the necessity of following the fashion of some other cities by going into voluntary bankruptcy. An examination of the financial statements of other cities shows " that there is not one of them with so small an indebtedness over and above its available or interest-bearing securities as is shown by the balance-sheet of the city of Balti- more," as there is undoubtedly none whose credit and financial character stand higher in the business world. At this date (Sept. 16, 1881) Baltimore City stock is quoted at the Baltimore Stock Board as follows: Birf— City 68,1890 118 " " 68,1000 127K " 68,1916 126i| The population of Baltimore by the census of 1880 is returned as 332,190. Of the total population, 157,- 361 are males, 174,829 are females, 276,176 are natives, 56,014 are foreign, 278,487 are white, and 53,689 are colored. The excess of females is about 5 per cent. ; the proportion of colored inhabitants to total popula- tion is 16.86 per cent. In 1870 the foreign-born pop- ulation of Baltimore was 56,484, and its ratio to total population was 21 per cent. There has thus been a decline of 470 in the actual number of our foreign- born population. The colored population, on the/ other hand, has increased from 39,559 in 1870 to 53,- 689, a total of 14,130, or nearly 36 per cent., its ratio to total population advancing from 14.8 per cent, in 1870 to 16 per cent, in 1880. As the total population of the city has increased only 24.28 per cent., the colored population has grown nearly 50 per cent, more rapidly than the city's general growth. This, how- ever, is due to the large influx of colored people from the counties rather than to any larger proportion of births. The following table shows the population of Balti- more at different periods from its foundation in 1730 until the present time : Years. 17.30 17.62 1774 1776 1782...., Population. Years. 1800.. 6,755 8,000 13,503 26,114 35,683 The population of Baltimore City by wards, accord- ing to the census of 1880, is as follows : First I 27,190 Second 14,097 Third I 12,985 Fourth I 9,621 Fifth ' 12,966, Sixth ' 15,402, Seventh ' 27,218 Eighth 14,250 For. White. 1 Col.i 6,381 26,196 5,077 13,421 j 676 2,SIIK 11,317 1,668 .<,819; ~'t.;i 702 3,432 3,090 2,352 1,606 1,224 1,968 4,169 3,247 2,478 2,475 4:i23 3,671 390 4,207 6,824 "weutieth 20,.525 9,3;J4 11,191 18,4 Total 332,190 ;157,361jl74,829' 276,176 56,014 '278,487 I Including, in Baltimore City, 4 Chinese, 1 Japanese, and 9 Indii in 3d Ward) 1 Chinese; in 5th Ward, 7 Indians; 10th Ward, 3 Chin 12th Ward, 1 Japanese; 14th Ward, 1 Indian; 19th Ward, 1 Indian. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. In his " History of the Sesqui-Centennial Celebra- tion," Mr. Edward Spencer says, " Taking the average of the decennial increase in the city's population since the first census in 1790, we find that its rate of growth from the date of its incorporation has been about 4^ per cent, per annum, or 44.7 per cent, for the decen- nial period. From 1840 to 1850 the increase was 67 per cent. ; from 1790 to 1800 it was 97 per cent. ; from 1810 to 1820 it was 73 per cent. Between 1870 and 1880 the increase was (nominally) only 24 per cent., but really much more, for we have been populating Baltimore County, and sending our workers to live at way stations on every railroad that runs into the city. With its true limits recognized, Baltimore, if it should maintain its average rate of increase, will in 1890 | have 550,0011 inhabitants, and in 1900 its population will reach SOd.OOK. These are not guess-work figures, j but accurate jirojections of the well-known rules for ! estimating the growth of population. Nothing but j pesulence or bitter and prolonged disaster can retard this rate of growth." ; The growth of property lias been still more rapid. " While population," says the same writer, " between 1730 and 1880 has expanded 7600 times, property has expanded 95,000 times by the most moderate esti- mates. In 1774, Baltimore paid about $26,000 in poll- taxes to the proprietary government, making, with feudal rents and fees, a taxation of at least $30,000. Assuming that this taxation was equal (and the esti- mate is a moderate one) to two per cent, upon actual values, the property of the town at that date would be $1,500,000. In 1785 the assessment for town and county was on the basis of £1,700,000, equal to about $4,500,000. The city's share in this was about $1,- 000,000, representing an actual value in real and per- sonal property of $4,000,000, the assessments being about one-fourth of real values. In 1798 the basis of assessment of the newly incorporated city was put at $2,240,000. The revenue that year was $32,865; the previous year only $14,412. In 1798, in other words, taxes were higher than now, being, on assessed values, $1.50 per $100. In 1808 the basis of assessment, re- duced to dollars, was $2,522,870 (obviously very low), and the revenue $53,731, over $2 on the $100, or 2 per cent. In 1813 the assessment basis was $3,325,848, revenue $90,000. In 1829 the assessment basis was $3,424,240, and taxes $314,288, equal to ten per cent, on assessed values, which, however, were less than one-fifth of the actual values. Taking these at about $17,000,000, we can understand that in 1839 the values were put at $55,793,370 ; in 1850 at $74,847,546 ; and { 1860 at $138,505,765. The present rate of growth of i property is very rapid. The census valuations of I Baltimore property are not yet absolutely and exactly attainable, but it is easy to approximate them. In 1870 these valuations were obtained, for Baltimore, by the addition of 70 per cent, to assessed valuations. The value of assessed property, real and personal, is given at $244,043,181. The value of unassessed and exempt property is given at $150,000,000. The value of Baltimoreans' property nominally in Baltimore County and there taxed is $30,000,000, to which must be added $10,000,000 unassessed. These figures give the following results in round numbers : Baltimore assessment, 1880 $244,000,000 Add 70 per cent, for real value 170.800,000 Baltimore's sharp in Baltimore County 30,000,000 Add 100 per cent, for real value. (This is the county clerk's estimate) 30,000,OIX] Baltimore property unassessed 160,000.000 Baltin 1 1880.. $634,800,0 " This is only $9,000,000 less than the true census valuation of all the property in Maryland in 1870 ; it is $223,000,000 more than the true valuation of Balti- more City and County in 1870. It shows that the in- crease of property has been 60 per cent, since 1870, a rate which is two and one-half times more rapid than the apparent rate of increase of population. Actually this growth has been in still greater proportion, since valuations in 1870 were upon an inflated currency basis, before the decline in prices, and they are here computed in lianl money." Values and Assessments of Baltimore Town and City of Property from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. 1729.— Villus of tlif original town site, being 60 acres lying bftn .•in Sliar ,. Slr.-.-t and McClellan's Alley, Jones' F;il1^, ^ It it j.i ^iii r, till J the basin, purchased in -TliL- t,i . , . I . 1' ■ 1- 1T2 pounds of tobacco per J,,,;,', .; ...; „ 1,,. 1 1 i: town and county on 7410 pti-oi,.. i. !,,,..., I, J, 4,520 pounds, commutable at 12 tiliilliiigs iiTul t; pence per hundred pounds.... Population about 5000. -For town and county of Baltimore -For Baltimore City (incorporated 1796) Revenue of the city from all sources in 1797, $14,412 the same in 1798, $32,805. -For Baltimore aty Revenue of city from all sources in 1808, $63,781. The a.<-;c.s..,499,873 1 i8,506,766 138,199,960 134,532,804 135.091 aw 139,417,797 143.340,022 144,928,217 147,078,105 206,144,348 203,739,804 THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. Wtimore City $207,181,550 1876.— " 203,148,761 1877.— " " " " 256,105,341 1878.— " . " " " 249,266,695 1879.— " " " " 244,04.3.181 1880— " " " " 241,980,683 1881.— " " " " Baltimore City Government in 1881. Mayor, Ferdinand C. Latrobe; Register, John A. Eobb; Comptroller, Josliua Vansant; City Counselor, James L. McLane; City Solicitor, Thomas W. Hall; Examiner of Titles, John Gill, Jr.; Finance Commis- sioners, Ferdinand C. Latrobe, James Sloan, Jr., Robert T. Baldwin; City Collector, Charles Webb ; Deputy Collector, J. T. M. Barnes ; Judges Appeal Tax Court, Columbus W. Lewis, James E. Carr, A. B. Patterson ; City Commissioner, John H. Tegmeyer; City Librarian, Samuel D. Smith; Superintendent City Hall, James Donnelly; Inspector Public Buildings, Robert S. Bentley ; Commissioners for Opening Streets, John B. Williams, James S. Morrow, Henry R. Curley; Health Commissioner, Dr. James A. Steuart; Assistant, Dr. James F. McShane; A. Robert Carter, Secretary; Physician at Marine Hospital, Dr. James McHenry Howard. Vaccine Pliysicians: First and Second Wards, Dr. James M. Sullivan; Third and Fourth Wards, Dr. S. H. Martin ; Fifth and Sixth Wards, Dr. E. C. Jordan ; Seventh and Eighth Wards, Dr. E. Hall But- ledge ; Ninth and Tenth Wards, Dr. J. V. Coonan ; EleTeuth and Twelfth Wards, Dr. I. K. Page; Thirteenth and Fourteenth Wards, Dr. Henry Darling; Fifteenth and Sixteenth Wards, Dr. J. D. Blake; Seventeenth and Eigliteenth Wards, Dr. R. B. Fishburno ; Nineteenth and Twentieth Wards, Dr. A. H. Saxton.i Mayors of Baltimore City from 1797 to 1881. 17U7. — James Calhoun, resigned ; died Aug. 30, 1819. 18W.— Thorogood Smith, elected May 10th to fill the vacancy occa- sioned by the resignation of James Calhoun ; re-elected Nov. 5, 1804. 1808.— Edward Johnson. 1816.— George Stiles, resigned Feb. 9, 1819. 1819.— Edward Johnson, elected Feb. 10, 1819, to fill the unexpired term of G. Stiles, resigned. 1820. — John Montgomery. 1823. — Edward Johnson. 1825. — John Montgomery. 1823. — Edward Johnson. 1825.— John Montgomery. 1826. — Jacob Small, resigned. 1830.— Wm. Stewart. 1832.— Jesse Hunt. 1836.— Samuel Smith, in place of Jesse Huut, resigned ; re-elected 1836. 1838.— Sheppard C. Leakin. 1840 — Samuel Brady, resigned. 1842.— Solomon Hillen, Jr. 1843.— .lames 0. Law. 1844.— Jacob G. Davies. 1848.— Elijah Stausbury. 1850.— John Hanson Thomas Jerome. 1862.— J. Smith HolliDS. 1664— Samuel Hinks. 1856.— Thomas Swanu. I860.— George Wm. Brown, arrested and imprisoned by Federal authori- ties, Sept. 12, 1861. 1861. — John Lee Chapman, mayor ex officio, to fill vacancy occasioned by the arrest of Mayor Brown ; elected in 1862. 1867.— Robert T. Banks, four years' term. 1871,— Joshna Vansant. 1876.— Ferdinand C. Latrobe. 1877.— George P. Kaue, died June 23, 1878, 1878.— F. C. Latrobe, elected July 11th to fill the unexpired term of Mayor Kane ; re-elected in 1S7'J, and still in office. Members of First Branch City Council from 1797 to 1881. 1797,— 1st Ward, James Carey, Ephraim Robinson ; 2d, Samuel Owings, Dr. George Buchanan ; 3d, Zebulon Hollingsworth, James McCan- non ; 4th, Hercules Courtenay (president), David McMechen ; 5th, Thomas Hollingsworth, Adam Fonerden ; 6th, James . ' The names of other officers i departments or institutions. • be found under their respective Peter Frick ; 7th, James Edwards, Frederick Schaetfer ; 8th, Joseph Biays, Win. Trimble. (Thomas Kell, clerk; Thomas Roberts, mes- senger.) 1798.— 1st Ward, James Carey, Ephraim Robinson ; 2d, George Prest- mau, George Buchanan; 3d, Robert Smith, Peter Hoffman; 4th, Hercules Courtenay (resigned, succeeded by John Hillen), David McMechen; 6th, Thomas Hollingsworth, Adam Fonerdon; 6th, Baltzer Schaetfer, Peter Frick ; 6th, James Edwards (resigned, suc- ceeded by Jonathan Rutter), Robert Stewart; 8th, James Beeman, Joseph Biays. 1799.— 1st Ward, Ephraim Robinson (died, and succeeded by Henry Stouffer), Wm. Jessop; 2d, George Prestman, David Poe; 3d, Zebu- lon Hollingsworth, Robert Smith; 4th, John Hillen, David Mc- Mechen; 5th, Adam Fonerden, Thomas Hollingsworth; 6th, Peter Frick, Baltzer Schaeffer ; 7th, Jonathan Rutter, Robert Stewart ; 8th, Joseph Biays, John Coulter. 1800.— 1st Ward, Henry Stouffer, George Reinecker ; 2d,Saniuel Owings, George Prestman ; 3d, Zebulon Hollingsworth, Robert Smith ; 4th, John Hillen, Joshua Lemnion ; 5th, Adam Fonerden, Thos, Hol- lingsworth ; 6tb, Baltzer Schaetfer, Peter Frick; 7th, Robert Stew- art, James Edwards ; 8th, John Coulter, Joseph Biays. 1801.— 1st Ward, Caleb Hewitt, Richardson Stewart; 2d, John Strieker, George Prestman ; 3d, Zebulon Hollingsworth, Robert Smith ; 4th, John Hillen, James Sloan; 6th, Thomas Hollingsworth, Adam Fonerden ; 6th, Peter Frick, Baltzer Schaeffer ; 7th, Robert Stewart, Jacob Miller; 8th, Joshua Inloes, Josiah Brown. (Thomas Kell, clerk ; Thos. Roberts, messenger.) 1302.— 1st Ward, Wm. Jessop, George F. Warfleld ; 2d, George Prestman ; .3d, Job Smith, Luke Tiernan ; 4th, ; 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer; 6th, Jacob Miller, Peter Frick ; 7th, ; Sth, Joshua Inloes. 1803.— Ist Ward, Wm. Jessop, George F. Warfleld ; 2d, Emanuel Kent, Walter Simpson ; 3d, Luke Tiernan, Job Smith; 4th, William Haw- kins, Christopiier Raborg; 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer, John Shrim; nth, John Mackenheimer, Jacob Miller ; 7th, AichibaldShaw, Wm. Mun- dell ; 8th, Joshua Inloes, Thomas Tenant. 1804.— 1st Ward, Wm. Jessop, Henry Stouffer; 2d, ; 3d, James A. Buchanan, Wm. Lorman ; 4th, George P. Keeports, Christopher Ra- borg; Sth, Baltzer Schaeffer, John Shrim; 6th, Jacob Miller, John Mackenheimer; 7th, Robeit Stewart, Wm. Mundell; 8th, Thomas Tenant. 1806.— 1st Ward, Henry Stouffer, Wm. Jessop ; 2d, Jacob Small, James Carey ; 3d, Wm. Lorman, James A. Buchanan ; 4th, Thomas Hillen, Thomas Kell ; 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer, John Shrim ; 6th, Jacob Mil- ler, John Mackenheimer; 7th, Frederick Schaeffer, Philip Moore; Sth, Thomas Tenant, Isaac Sutton. 1806.— 1st Ward, George Decker, Henry Stouffer; 2d, Walter Simpson, Jacob Small; 3d, James A. Buchanan, Wm. Lorman ; 4th, Thomas Kell, George P. Keeports ; Sth, Baltzer Schaeffer, John Shrim ; 6th, Aquila Miles, John Miller; 7th, Ludwig Herring, Frederick Schaef- fer ; 8th, Thomas Tenant, Jos. Allender. 1807. — 1st Ward, Henry Stouffer, George Decker ; 2d, Jacob Small, James Carey ; 3d, James A. Buchanan, Wm. Lorman ; 4th, Thomas Kell, Kichard Benson; 5th, John Shrim, Baltzer Schaeffer; 6th, Jacob Miller, John Mackenheimer; 7th, Frederick Schaeffer, Joshna Ennis ; 8th, Thomas Tenant, Joseph Allender. 1808,— 1st Ward, George Decker, W. Cook, Sr.; 2d, Jas. Carey, Jacob Small ; 3d, Wm. Lorman, Jas. A. Buchanan ; 4th, Thomas Kell, R. Benson ; 5th, Baltzer Schaeffer, J. Shrim ; 6lh, J. Miller, John Mackenheimer; 7th, Fredeiick Schaeffer, Joshua Ennis; Sth, . 1809.— 1st Ward, Thomas Mummey, Samuel Frey ; 2d, James Carey, Jacob Small ; 3d, James A. Buchanan, William Lorman ; 4th, Thomas Kell, Abner Neal ; Sth, Peter Diffenderffer, William Caulp; 6th, James Wilson, William Ross; 7th, Joshna Ennis, William Steuart; Sth, John Snyder, Thomas Sheppard. 1810. — The same councilmen served with the exception of Jacob Small, of the 2d Ward, who resigned, and Eli Hewitt was elected to fill the vacancy. 1811.— 1st Ward, Samuel Frey, Peter Forney; 2d, James Carny, Benja- min Berry ; 3d, William Lorman, James Mosher ; 4th, Thomas Kell, Abuer Neal; Sth, Jos. Jamison, Peter Diffenderffer; 6th, William Ross, James Wilson ; 7th, William Steuart, Nathaniel Hynson ; Sth, Thomas Sheppard, John Snyder. 1812.- 1st Ward, Aaron Levering, David Fulton ; 2d, James Carey, Ben- jamin Berry ; 3d, James Mosher, Luke Tiernau ; 4th, Thomas Kell, Adam Fonerden ; Sth, Peter Diffenderffer, Jos. Jamison ; 6th, James Wilson, William Boss; 7Uj, William Steuart, Nathaniel Hynson; 8th, John Snyder, Thomas Sheppard. (Stephen Moore, clerk.) HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 1813.— let Ward, Aaron Levering, David Fulton ; 2d, James Carey, Ben- jamin Berry; 3d, Luke Tiernan, James Mosher ; 4th, Adam Foner- den, Thomas Kell ; 5th, Joseph Jamison, William Warner; 6th, Wil- | liara Ross, James Wilson ; 7th, William Steuart, Richard Stevens ; 8th, David Burke, Thomas Sheppard. 1814.— Ist Ward, David Fulton, Samuel Fry ; 2d, James Carey, Benjamin i Berry ; 3d, James Mosher, Thomas C. Jenkins ; 4th, Robert Dun- woody, Jacob Myere; 5th, Joseph Jamison, William Warner; 6th, William Ross, James Wilson ; 7th, William B. Dyer, Christian Slem- | mer ; 8th, Thomas Sheppard, David Burke. 1815.— Ist Ward, Talbot Jones, Samuel Fry; 2d, James Carey, Benjamin i Berry ; 3d, Thomas C. Jenkins, James Mosher; 4th, William Patter- ! son, James Wilson; 5th, Joseph Jamison, William Warner; 6th, William Boss, James Wilson, of Wm. ; 7th, William B. Dyer, Chris- j tian Slemmer; 8th, Thomas Sheppard, George Woelper. | 1816.— 1st Ward, John Berry, John Reese; 2d, Alexander Russell, Rich- ard B. Magruder; 3d, John Brevett, James Mosher; 4th, William Patterson, James Wilson, of Wm. ; 5th, William Urner, Joseph Jamison ; 6th, William Ross, James Wilson, of John ; 7th, William B. Dyer, Christian Slemmer; 8th, George Woelper, Thomas Shep- j 1817. — Ist Ward, John Berry, John Reese ; 2d, Peter Levering, Alexander Russell ; 3d, James Mosher, James W. McCuUogh ; 4th, William Pat- terson, Jnmes Wilson, of Wm.; 5th, Joseph Jamison, William H. Winstandley ; 6th, Edward G. Woodyear, William Ross ; 7th, John S. Young, Thomas Lawrence: 8th, Thomas Sheppard; Baptist Mezick. 1818. — 1st Ward. John Berry, John Reese; 2d, Alexander Russell, Rich- ard B. Magruder; 3d, James Mosher, Nathaniel Williams; 4th, Joseph Owens, James Wilson ; 5th, Joseph Jamison, John Francis- t cus; 6th, John Mackeulieimer, William Mceteer; 7th, William I Steuart, James Williams; 8th, Thomas Sheppard, Baptist Mezick; 9th, Arthur Mitchell, Robert Taylor; 10th, Isaac Phillips, Samuel [ R. Smith; 11th, Lewis Pascault, John H. Rogers; 12th, . j (Thomas Bailey, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, assistant clerkj 1819.- 1st Ward, Isaac Atkinson, James H. Clark; 2d, Peter Gault, I Thomas Sheppard; 3d, Daniel Conn, William Steuart; 4th, William Stausbury, Lambert Thomas; 5th, John Franciscus, Joseph Jamison; 6tli, James Wilson, Joseph Owens (resigned); 7th, James Mosher, Nathaniel Williams; 8th, Peter Gould, William W. Webster; 9lh, Alexander Russell, Jesse Eichelberger; loth, John Reese, Thomas Mummey; 11th, Peter Forney, Henry Brice; 12th, Upton Bruce, John Brevett. (Thomas Bailey, clerk; Hugh D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 1820.— Ist Ward, Isaac Atkinson, James H. Clarke ; 2d, William Baart- scheer, Frederick Schaeffer; 3d, William Steuart, Thomas Kell; 4th, Lambert Thomas, William Stansbury ; 5th, Joseph Jamison, John Franciscus ; 6th, Frederick Leypold, James Wilson; 7th, James Mosher, Thomas L. Emory; 8tb, John Cator, Peter Gold; 9th, Alexander Russell, Peter Levering; 10th, John Reese, Thomas Mummey; llth, H. P. Low, Heury Hook; 12th, John Brevett, Alexander Yearly. 1821.— 1st Ward, Isaac Atkinson, James Clark ; 2d, Frederick Schaeffer, Joseph Biays; 3d, William Steuart, Daniel Conn; 4th, Lambert Thomas, Edward Woodyear ; 5th, Joseph Jamison, John Franciscus ; 6th, Frederick Leypold, John B. Morris; 7th, Benjamin C. Howard, Richard Carioll; 8th, John Cator, Joseph Turner; 9th, Alexander Rnssell, Philip Uhler; 10th, John Reese, Thomas Mummey; llth, Henderson P. Low, Henry Hook ; 12th, Alexander Yearly, Beal Ran- dall. (Thomas Bailey, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 1822.— let Ward, Isaac Atkinson, James Clark; 2d, Frederick Schaeffer, Joseph Biays, Jr. ; 3d, William Steuart, John Mackenheimer; 4th, Lambert Thomas, Standish Barry; 6th, Joseph .Jamison (president), Benjamin C. Ross; 6th, John B. Morris, Jacob M.vers; 7tb. Benjamin C. Howard, Dr. John Owen ; 8th, Joseph Turner, Benjamin Rawlings ; 9th, Alexander Russell, Columbus O'Donnell; 10th, John Reese, An- drew Ellicott; llth, Henderson P. Low, Henry Hook; 12th, Beal Randall, Rezin Wight. (Thomas Bailey, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, as- sistant clerk.) 1823.— Ist Ward, Isaac Atkinson, James Clarke ; 2d, Frederick Schaeffer, William Hubbard; 3d, William Steuart. John Mackenheimer; 4th, Standish Barry, James Clark ; 5th, Benjamin C. Ross, John Francis- cus; 0th, John B. Morris (president), John White; 7th, Benjamin C. Howard, Ebenezer L. Finley ; 8th, Joseph Turner, Benjamin Rawlins ; 9th, Alexander Russell, Elisha Tyson, Jr.; 10th, John Reese, John Glenn; llth, Henderaon P. Low, Henry Brice; 12th, Kezin Wight, William Krebs. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, clerk.) 1824.— Ist Ward, James H. Clarke, Ebenezer L. Finley : 2d, William Hub- bard, Frederick Schaeffer ; 3d, Hezckiah Niles, Jonathan ; 4th, Edward G. Woodyear, James Clark ; 6th, James B. Bosley, Ben- jamin C.Ross; 6th, John B. Morris, John White; 7lh, Benjamin C. Howard, George Winchester; 8th, Samuel Moore, Joseph Turner, Jr. ; 9th, Elisha Tyson, Alexander Russell ; 10th, John Reese, George Williamson; llth, John Lynch, Joseph Gushing; 12th, William Krebs, Kezin Wight. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, as- 1825.— Ist Ward, James H. Clerk, John H. Browning; 2d, Frederick Schaeffer, William Hubbard; 3d, Hezckiah Niles, Charles Diffen- derffer; 4th, Michael Klinefelter, Elijah Stansbury; 5th, James B. Bosley, Benjamin C. Ross; 6th, John B. Morris, John White; 7th, Ebenezer L. Finley, Upton S. Heath; 8th, Benjamin Rawlings, Samuel Moore; 9th, Alexander Russell, Noah Ridgely ; 10th, John Reese, James Curley ; llth, Joseph Gushing, John Lynch; 12th, William Krebs, Rezin Wight. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 1826.— 1st Ward, William Inloes, Isaac Atkinson ; 2d, William Hubbard, Frederick Schaeffer; 3d, Hugh McEldery, Charles Diffenderffer ; 4th, Elijah Stansbury, Lambert Thomas ; 5th, James B. Bosley, Benjamin C. Ross ; 6lh, John B. Morris, John Dukehart ; 7th, Joseph K. Staple- ton, John I. Donaldson; 8th, Nathan Grafton, Samuel Moore; 9th, Elisha Tyson, Alexander Russell ; loth, John Reese, James Curley ; llth, Joseph Gushing, Henry Brice ; 12th, Rezin Wight, William Krebs. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; H. D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 1827.— 1st Ward, Thomas C. Morris, Daniel Perrigo ; 2d, William Hub- bard, William Gatchell ; 3d, Hugh McEldery, Charles Diffenderffer ; 4th, Elijah Stansbury, James Clark ; 5th, Benjamin C. Ross, James B. Bosley ; 6th, Benjamin C. Howard, J. 1. Cohen, Jr.; 7th, Dabney S. Carr, Johu I. Donaldson ; 8th, Daniel Schartzour, Nathan Graf- ton ; 9th, Alexander Russell, Noah Ridgely ; 10th, James Curley, John Reese; llth, Joseph Gushing, Solomon Etting ; 12th, George Keyser, George Williamson. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; H. D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 1828.— Ist Ward, Thomas C. Morris, Daniel Perrigo ; 2d, William Hub- bard, Thomas Curtain; 3d, Hugh McElderry, Charles Diffenderffer; 4th, Elijah Stansbury, James Clark ; 5th, F. E. B. Hintze, William Meeteer ; 6th, J. I. Coher, Jr., Edward Jenkins ; 7lh, John I. Don- aldson, Joseph K. Stapleton; 8th, Samuel Moore, Daniel Schwarz- auer; 9th, Alexander Russell, Noah Ridgely; 10th, James Curley, John Reese; llth, Thomas T.Meredith, McClintock Young; 12th, George Keyser, George W. Williamson. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; H. D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 1829.— 1st Ward, James M. Mitchell, John Mallory ; 2d. Wm. Hubbard, Thos. Curtain ; 3d, Hugh McElderry, Chas. Diffenderffer; 4th, Elyah Stansbury, Lambert Thomas ; 6th, Wm. Meeteer, Benj. C. Ross ; 6th, Jacob I. Cohen, John B. Morris; 7th, Joseph K. Stapleton, John I. Donaldson; 8th, Samuel Moore, Daniel Schwarzauer; 9th, Noab Ridgely, Alex. Russell ; 10th, Robert Neilson, Dennis McHenry, J,r., in place of James Curley, resigned ; llth, Thomas T. Meredith, Mc- Clintock Young; 12th, George Keyser, Joseph Branson. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; H. D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 1830.— 1st Ward, John Mallory, John H. Browning; 2d, John E. Stans- bury, James Fields ; 3d,W. H. Hanson, Thos. P. Alricks; 4th. Elijah Stausbury, Jr., Lambert Thomas; 5th, Wm. Meeteer, Benj. C. Rose; 6th, Jacob I. Cohen, Frederick J. Dugan ; 7th, Jos. K. Stapleton, John I. Donaldson; 8tli, Samuel Bloore, Daniel Schwarzauer; 9th, Richard Bevan, Sr., Patrick Macauley ; loth, Michael S. Baer, Mark Grafton; llth, McClintock Young, James Carroll, Jr.; 12th, Beal Randall, Nathan Grafton. (Thos. Phenix, clerk ; H. D. Evans, as- sistant clerk ; Thos. Williams, door-keeper.) 1831.— Ist Ward, Robert Millholland, Peter Fenley ; 2d, William Hub- bard, John E. Stausbury ; 3d, W. H. Hansen, Charles Diffenderffer; 4th, Lambert Thomas, Elijah Stansbury, Jr. ; 6th, Benjamin C. Ross, Wm. Meeteer ; 6th, John B. Morris, J. I. Cohen, Jr. ; 7th, Isaac Munroe, Stewart Brown; 8th. Zachariah Woollen, John J. Danaker; 9th, Noah Ridgely, Alexander Russell; 10th, Frederick Seyln, M. D. B. Bear ; llth, McClintock Young, James Carroll, Jr. ; 12th, Valentine Dushane, George W. Williamsou, 1832.— 1st Ward, Henry R. Laudermau, John H. Browning; 2d, John E. Stansbury, Wm. Hubbard; 3,1, Wm. II. Haiisnn, Tlionius P. Alricks; 4th, Benedict J. Danders, Kin ,1, m i n i n : > , J i . ili, 11. i.iy Meyei-8, Wm. Koney ; Gth, John II "^1 ^l ' IniJ.Dou- THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICEKS. Blair, Valentine Dushane. (Thomas Plienix, clerk ; Henry W, Gray, assistant clerk ; A. Cook, door-keeper.) 1833.— 1st Ward, Henry K. Lauderman, Wni. Inloes; 2d, John E. Stans- bury, Janies A. Thomas; 3d, Isaac F. Lightner, Thomas P. Alricks; 4th, John J. Gross, Benjamin Greble ; 5th, Wm. H. Hanson, Job Smith, Jr.; fith, Henry Meyers, Benjamin C. Uoss ; 7th, John J. Donaldson, Philip Laurenson; 8th, George Gardner, Samnel House; 0th, Noah Ridgely, Wm. Gwyuu Jones ; 10th, J. Zimmerman, Archi- bald George; 11th, Anthony Miltenbergfr, Corbin Amoss; 12tli, James Blair, Charles Peregoy. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk; Edward Fisher, assistant clerk ; A, Cook, door-keeper.) 1831.— Ist Ward, Carey Southcomb, H. R. Lauderman; 2d, James H. Thomas, James Fields ; 3d, Samuel Brady, John CuUum ; 4th, George Stever, Charles Webb ; 5th, Job Smith, Jr., Samuel Child ; 6th, Ben- jamin C. Ross, Henry Meyers; 7th, Philip Laurenson, John Scott; 8th, Samuel Ready, George Gardner ; 9th, Noah Ridgely, Thomas S. Sheppard; 10th, John Coulson, Bernard Caskery; 11th, Abraham G. Coale, Henry Beamer; 12th, James Blair, Walter Ball. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk; Henry W. Gray, assistant clerk; A. Cook, door- 1835.— 1st Ward, Robert E. Millholland, Peter Fenley; 2d, Thomas P. Stran, John E. Stansbury ; 3d, Samuel Boyd, Benedict I. Sanders ; 4th, Joh 11 B. Seidenstricker, William Chalmers ; 5th, John M. Steuart, Samuel Childs; 6th, Benjamin C. Ross, Henry Meyers; 7th, John Tensfleld, John Scott; 8th, George Gardner, Daniel Fosbenner; Dth, Joshua Dryden, Alex H. Tyson ; luth, James L. Ridgely, Archibald George; llth, Anthony Miltenberger, James Lee; 12th, Waller Ball, James Peregoy. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk ; Henry W. Gray, assistant clerk ; Jacob Glosson, door-keeper.) 1836.— 1st Ward, J. F. Monmonier, Peter Fenley ; 2d, John E. Stansbury, James H. Thomas ; 3d, John L. Yates, Samnel D. Legrand (in place of Benedict I. Sanders, resigned); 4th, Samuel Harker, John B. Seidenstricker; 5th, Samuel Barnes, Augustus Mathiott; 6th, Henry Meyers, Wm. H. Cole; 7th, John Tensfield, John fecott; 8th, George Gardner, Daniel Fosbenner; 0th, Joshua Di^den, Alexander Rus- sell, Jr.; 10th, James L. Ridgely, Bernard Caskery; llth, John King, Wm. J. Cole ; 12th, Walter Ball, Henry McKiiinell. (Stephen H. Moore, clork ; Henry W. Gray, assistant clerk ; Jacob Glosson, 1837.— 1st Ward, Joshua Atkinson, John F. Monmonier ; 2d, Wm. U. Watson, Daniel Metzger (in place of Thos. P. Stran, deceased) ; 3d, Samuel D. Legrand, Henry Powell ; 4th, John B. Seidenstricker, Samuel Harker; 5th, Augustus Mathiott, Richard J. Cross; 6th, Charles Maguire, Wm. H. Cole ; 7th, Samuel J. Donaldson, John Tensfield; 8th, George Gardner, Julias Williard; 9th, Joshua Dry- den, Alexander Smith ; 10th, John Creagh, Wm. Barnett; llth, Abraham G. Cole, Chauncey Brooks; 12th, Thos. Parken Scott, John W. Watkins. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk; Henry W. Gray, as- sistant clerk ; Jacob Glosson, door-keeper.) 1838.— 1st Ward, John W. Randolph, Joshua Atkinson ; 2d, John E. Stansbury, Daniel Metzger ; 3d, Samuel D. Legrand, Thos. P. Al- ricks; 4th, John B. Seidenstricker, Robert Howard (in place of Samuel Harker, resigned) ; 5th, Richard J. Cross. Augu-stus Ma- thiott ; 6th, John S. Gittings, Wm. H. Cole ; "th, Wm. H. Gatchell, John Tensfield ; 8tli, Thomas Meyer, Daniel Schwartzauer (in place of Samuel Stump, Jr., not eligibl e) ; 9th, Joshua Dryden, Alexander Smith; loth, David H. McDonald, John Creagh ; llth, Abraham G. Cole, Chauncey Brooks; 12th, Joseph Brown, Joshua Watkins. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk ; Henry W. Gi'ay, assistant clerk ; Jacob Glosson, door-keeper.) 1839.— 1st Ward, John W. Randolph, Joshua Atkinson ; 2d, Daniel Metz- ger, George Kuotts; 3d, Henry Powell, Addi Piudell; 4th, John B. Seidenstricker, Thomas Sollers; 6th, Augustus Mathiott, Richard J. Cross (in place of Benjamin Buck, resigned) ; 6th, Godfrey Meyer, John L.Yates; 7th, Philip Wallis, William Pinkney; 8lh, Alexan- der Russell, Thomas Meyer; 9th, Joshua Dryden (president), Dan- iel P. Barnard; 10th, Henry Suyder, David H. McDonald; llth, Francis Burns, Charles M. Keyser; 12th, John Wesley Watkins, .Joseph Brown. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk; Wm. Hope, assistant clerk ; Jacob Glosson, door-keeper.) 1840.— 1st Ward, Henry R. Lauderman, John F. Monmonier; 2d, John E. Stansbury, James Hooper; 3d, Addi Pindle, Henry Powell ; 4th, Samuel Brady (president), A. I, W. Jackson ; 6th, Thomas T. Walsh, William H. Hanson ; 6tli, John L. Yeates, Godfrey Meyer ; 7th, Francis I. Dallam, William Pinkney ; 8th, Joseph S. Donovan, Sam- uel Lucas; 9th, Joshua Dryden, John T. Brown; 10th, Henry Snyder, Daniel Bender; llth, Francis Burns, Charles M. Keyser; 13 12th, John W. Watkins, Joseph Brown. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk ; Joseph Neilson, Jr., assistant clerk; Jacob Glosson, dnor-keeper.) 1841.— 1st Ward, Peter Fenly, Jacob Myers, Jr. ; 2d, Joseph Ramsay, James Fields; 3d, Peregrine Gorsnch, Elijah Hntton ; 4th, A. R. Blakeny, Lewis Holter; 6th, Edward De Loughrey, William H. Hanson ; 6th, Richard Bradshaw, William Cole, Jr. ; 7th, Francis J. Dallam, William Pinkney ; Sth, John S. Brown, Joseph Donovan ; 9th, Joshua Dryden, John T. Brown ; 10th, Henry Snyder (president), Daniel Bender; llth, Francis Burns, Charles M. Keyser; 12th, Wil- liam A. Hack, James Peregoy. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk ; Henry W. Gray, clerk pro tern. ; Joseph Neilson, Jr., assistant clerk; Jacob Glosson, door-keeper.) ' 1842. — 1st Ward, Henry R. Lauderman, Joseph A. Ramsay; 2d, Joseph Ramsay, William R.Rochester; 3d, William D. Roberts, Peregrine Gorsnch; 4th, John F. Hass, Charles A. Pendergast , 5lh, ElUah Hntton, James 0. McCormick ; 6th, Abel R. Blakeney, Henry Stay- lor; 7th, William H. Cole, Jr., Richard Brndshaw ; Sth, A. C. Lud- low, Samuel H. Tagart; 9th, Levi Taylor, Daniel Schwarzauer ; 10th, Samuel Morris, James Dunn; llth, Charles Towson, A. H. Green- field; 12th, J Stinchcomb, James Peregoy; 13th, Valentine Dushane, William A. Hack; 14th, Henry Snyder (president), Jacob C. Zim- merman. (Henry W. Gray, clerk ; Philip Mnth, Jr., assistant clerk; Jacob Glosson, door-keeper.) 1843.— 1st Ward, Joseph A.Ramsay, Peter Wells; 2d, Joseph Ramsay, William R. Rochester; 3d, William D. Roberts, Benjamin Clark; 4th, T. Yates Walsh, John R. Diggs; 5th, James Lucas, James Spil- man ; 6th, Henry Staylor, Nathaniel Lightner; 7th, Henry Myers, Michael Caughey; Sth, Edward D. Kemp, Robert Purviance ; 9th, John S. Brown, William A. Fisher; 10th, A. R. Levering, Joel Wright; llth, John W. Ringrose, William Spears; 12th, Reuben Aler, Joshua Stinchcomb; 13th, John W. Watkins, William A. Hack ; llth, Henry Snyder (president), Jacob Zimmerman. (Henry W. Gray, clerk; CM. Cole, assistant clerk; Jacob Glosson, door- 1844.— 1st Ward, .Tames Grieves, John Hughes; 2d, James Fields, David Hudson; 3d, James Whiteford, William D. Roberts; 4th, Thomas Yates Walsh (president), Joseph Breck; olh, George Brown, Jehu Gorsnch ; 6th, N. R. Kennedy, Joshua Turner; 7th, John H. Ken- nedy, Charles Farqnaharson ; 8th, Edward D. Kemp, Robert Purvi- ance; 9th, William A. Fisher, John S. Brown; 10th, William S. Browning, Joel Wright ; llth, Francis Foreman, Charles G. Ridgely ; 12th, Alexander Russell, Jr., Horatio Miller; 13th, John C. Black- burn, Isaac Mules; llth, Henry Snyder, George A. Heuisler. (Wil- liam Hope, clerk ; John H. Westwood, assistant clerk ; William Ed- ' wards resigned door-keeper, Henry Most appointed.) 1845.— 1st Ward, Hugh A. Cooper, John W. Croney; 2d, David W. Hud- son, James Fields; 3d, John H. Hall, Thomas Hynes; 4th, T. Yates Walsh, Joseph Breck ; 5th, Samuel Harker, Dr. W. T. Leonard, Sr. ; • 6th, Joshua J. Turner, Henry Staylor, Sr.; 7th, John H. Kennedy, George Reilly; Sth, F. J. Dallam, B. Purviance; 9th, John S. Brown, William J. Page; 10th, William S. Browning, George C Addison; llth, C. G. Ridgely, John Green; 12th, Alexander Russell, Cyrus Gault; 13th, George Suter, Richard Marley ; llth, William Barret, Henry Snyder.2 (George P. Woodward, clerk; Peregrine Gorsnch, assistant clerk; John Lingenfelter, door-keeper.) 1846.— 1st Ward, William Colton; 2d, John Button; 3d, John O'Leary; 4th, T. Yates Walsh; 6th, Col. N. Hickman; 6th, Addi Pindell, re- signed, and William Bishop, Jr., elected; 7th, Joseph Neilson, Jr.; Sth, Joseph J.Turner; 9th, Charles Soran ; 10th, Dr. S. Collins; llth, Jacob I. Cohen, Jr. ; 12th, John W. Watkins; 13th, Dr. S. Buchan- nan; 14th, George A. Davis; 16th, Thomas Hooper; 16th, William M. Starr; lYth, John S. Brown; ISth, Felix McCurley ; 19th, Wil- liam A. Hock ; 20th, Michael Gross. (George P. Woodward, clerk ; Joseph Barling, assistant clerk ; John Lingenfelter, door-keeper.) 1847.— Ist Ward, William Colton ; 2d, Richard C. Wells; 3d, J. J. Abra- hams; 4th, J. C. Cockey; 5th, Joshua Creamer; Cth, George W. Eager; 7th, Lindsay H. Rennolds; Sth, J. F. Connolly; 9th, Charles Soran: 10th, S. Collins; llth, Jacob I. Cohen, Jr.; 12th, Jesse T. Peters; 13th, W. Spurrier; llth, George A. Davis; 16th, Joseph Simms; 16th, Edward Spedden; 17th, Isaiah Gardner; 18th, Abner Key: 19th, William A. Hack; 20th, Michael Gross. (George P. Woodward, clerk; Joseph Barling, assistant clerk; John Lingen- felter, door-keeper.) 1848 —1st Ward, Wm. Colton; 2d, Hugh A. Cooper; 3d, D. U. Hudson; 4th, Wm. H. Steuart; 5th, James Lucas ; 6th, Wm. Bishop, Jr.; 7th, 1 Resigned May 2, 1846. 2 Resigned Feb. 26, 1845. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Benjamin German ; 8th, John F. Connolly ; 9lh, Charles Soran ; loth, Charles Farquhamon ; lltli, J. I. Cohen, Jr. ; 12th, George T. Marye ; 13th, Frederick Pinkney; 14th, George A. Davis; 16th, Levi Tay- lor; 16th, Dennis Kerry; 17th, Samuel Winter; 18th, Levi Hoge; 19th, Wm. A. Hack; 20th, N. T. Dushane. (George P. Woodward, clerk ; Joseph Barling, assistant clerk , John Lingeufelter, door- keeper.) 1849.— 1st \V;ir.l, K.lw.ird llornsy ; 2.1, J. E. Stansbury ; 3d, R. C. Wells ; 4th, W, II -i.u.Ni, II,,' l: (.,<.,,,, i.ili.i: >[ F.-nn;, II , Till. I'.r,,. 16th, Ji.liii Disin-y, .Si-.; Htli, llii.rles A. Lcl.mi.; l.Stli, J. J. Grin- dall: 19th, J. S. Shipley; 20th, Nat. T. Dushane. (Wni. A.Stewart, clerk; Joseph Barling, assistant clerk.) 1850.— Ist Ward, Edwanl Horney ; 2d, H. A. Cooper; 3d, Isaac Glass; ■ 4th, J. S. Suter; 5th, C. B. Green; 6th, James Gilmore; 7th, G. A. Lovering; 8th, T. Dobler; 9th, 0. Woodward; 10th, G. Shaffner; 11th, J. I. Cohen, Jr. (president) ; 12th, L. G. Quinlin ; 13th, Mark Grafton ; 14th, G. A. Davis ; 16th, Wm. Carpenter; 16th, John Dis- ney ; 17th,C. A. Leloup; 18th, Levi Hoge ; 19th. J.S.Shipley ; 20th, N. T. Dushane. (Wm. A. Stewart, clerk ; Joseph Barling, ussistaut clerk ; John Kitts, door-keeper.) 1851.— 1st Ward, Edward Homey; 2d, David Blanford; 3d, Joseph Weathers; 4th, James F. Suter; 6th, James H. Cook ; 6th, Abel E. Blakeney; 7th, Wm. E. Beale; 8th, John F. Connolly; 9th, E. G. Shipley; 10th, William B. Purguson; 11th, Dr. J. Hanson Thomas; 12th, George J. Zimmerman ; 13th, John E. Kelso ; 14th, Henry P. Brooks; loth, George D. Tewksb'ury; 16th, John F. Davis; 17tli, John S. Brown (president) ; 18th, Eiaza Dill ; 19th, George Good- shell; 20th, Joseph Wilson. (Wm. A. Stewart, clerk; Martin F. Conway, assistant clerk ; John Kitts, doorkeeper.) 1852.— 1st Ward, Edward Homey ; 2d, David Blauford; 3d, William H. Shelley ; 4th, M. W. Mearis; 5tli, John Dukehart ; 6th, William H. Young ; 7th, Wm. E. Beale ; Stii, E. S. Bowie ; 9th, W. W. Wilson ; 10th, C. Z Lucas; Uth, Dr. J. H. Thomas; 12th, John T. Morris; 13th, Thomas Whelan, Jr.; 14th, H. P. Brooks; 16th, George D. Tewksbury ; 16th, John F. Davis ; 17th, John S. Brown ; 18th, Charles G.Griffith; 19th, Isaac Mules; 20th, N. T. Dusliane. (J. F. Pere- goy, clerk ; Martin F. Conway, assistant clerk ; John Kitts, door- . keeper.) 1853.— 1st Ward, William Colton; 2d, John W. Croney ; 3d, William H. Shelley; 4th, Malcolm W. Mears; 6th, Hugh Bolton; 6th, John Bolgiano; 7th, William E. Beale; 8th, William H. Turner; 9th, George Reilly; 10th, Andrew S. Ridgely; 11th, James H. Luckett; 12th, John 0. Blackburn; 13th, John A. Eoche; 14th, George P. Thomas; 16th, John F. McJilton; 16th, Samuel H. Grafton; 17th, John S. Brown (president) ; IStli, Luther Wilson ; 19th, D. Eayhice; 2Uth, Eugene Cummisky. (Joseph W. Peregoy, clerk; Martin F. Conway, assistant clerk ; John Kitts, door-keeper.) 1864.— 1st Ward, John France ; 2d, Dr. H. S. Hunt; 3d, Joseph Weathers ; 4th, William Peters ; 6th, F. H. B. Boyd ; 6th, Alexander J. Bouldin ; 7th, Samuel G. Spicer: 8th, William Grooms; 9th, Dr. F. E. B. Hintze ; luth, Bobert M. Magraw ; 11th, E. Law Rogers ; 12tb, John R.'Cox; 13th, John A. Roche; Uth, John J. Barry; 16th, Joseph Simms; 16th, E. Yates Reese; 17th, John S. Brown; 18th, Daniel Lepson ; 19th, Charles C. Norwood ; 20th, B. F. Zimmerman. (Jo- seph M. Peregoy, clerk ; Martin F. Conway, assistant clerk; John Kitts, door-keeper.) 1855.— Ist Ward, John France ; 2d, James Mullen, of 0.; 3d, Joseph H. Boyd; 4th, James S. Suter; 5th, F. H. B Boyd; 6th, R. K. Craw- ford; 7th, Samuel G. Spicer (president); 8th, J. J. Barker; 9th, James H. Cox ; 10th, Charles L. Kraft; 11th, John S. Wright; 12th, John A. Thompson ; 131h, George K. Quail ; 14th, Jacob Oounselman ; 15th, E. W. Rpgester ; ICth, Orlando G. White ; 17th, William Pyle ; 18th, Daniel Lepson; 19th, William M. Woods; 20th, William I. Nicholls. (Columbus Huzza, clerk ; M. H. Pollock, assistant clerk ; Andrew Salisbury, door-kefper.j 1856.— 1st Ward, .bilH I limi :l .hnn.-a Mullen, of O.; 3d, Jacob F. Grove; 4th, Will. M i i 'li. F. H. B. Boyd; 6th, Samuel Kirk; 7th, I.iH. II l- ^^ -ili, John B. Tidy ; 9th, John K. Carroll; 10th, .\ii ii » - lli '■-_■ 1,\ ; lllh, Charles J. Pennington; 12th, George P. 'llHinuis; bllli, Augustus M. Price; Uth, John F. McJilton; 15th, Joseph Simms ; 16th, Sanmel Duer; 17th, William Delanty; 18th, Joshua H. Hynes; 19th, Samuel J. Garrison; 20th, Thomas Sewell, Jr. 1867.— 1st Ward, Frederick S. Turner; 2d, M. A. Daiger; 3d, Philip II. Muller; 4th, Frederick Pinkney; 5th, F. H. B. Boyd; 6tli, Jacob Green; 7th, Henry Forrest; 8th, .lohn B. Tidy; 9th, John K. Car- roll; 10th, Benjamin F. Nails; 11th, Frank Key Howard; 12th, John T. Ford; 13th, T. Oswald Wilson; 14th, John F. McJilton (president) ; 16th, Heniy Handy ; 16th, F. C. Crowley ; 17th, J. Henry Travers ; IStli, Joshua H. Hynes ; 19th, Daniel Harvey ; 20th, Thomas Sewell, Jr. (John Bunting, clerk ; John K. Wright, assistant clerk ; A. J. Bandel, door-keeper.) 1858.— 1st Ward, Caleb B. Hynes; 2d, Leonard J. Bandel; 3d, William i. Maddox; 4th, Silas Beacham; 5th, John Dukehart; 6th, C. A. Talbot: 7th, William E.' Beale ; 8th, John J. Staylor; 9th, George A. Cuningham ; 10th, A. J. Hampson; 11th, Jehu Hamilton ; 12th, John T. Ford (president) ; 13th, Sanmel R. Duunock ; 14th, Joshua Drydeu; 15th, James H. Wood; 16th, John W. Glanville; 17th, William Addison ; 18th, Amos McComas; 19th, Daniel Harvey : 20th, Charles H. Clark. (Richard E. Battee, clerk ; Thomas D. Sultzer, assistant clerk ; \. J. Bandel, door-keeper.) 1869.— 1st Ward, Caleb B. Hynes; 2d, John W. Randolph; 3d, Gustavus A. Henderson ; 4th, Silas Beacham ; 6th, Alford Mace ; 6th, Charles A. Talbott; 7th, William E. Beale; 8th, William H. Jenkins; 9th, George A. Cunningham; 10th, Samuel T. Houstou; 11th, John Hamilton; 12th, John T. Ford (president); 13th, James Clark; 14th, L. P. D. Newman; loth, James H. Wood; 16tli, John W. Glanville; 17th, William Addison; 18th, George W. Bain; 19th, Thomas H. Mules ; 20th, William L. Montague. (Richard R. Bat- tee, clerk ; Thomas D. Sultzer, assistant clerk ; A. J. Bandell, door- 1860.— 1st w. II. I, I. Ill, 11. .11 I 111.- J.l. - M Kvaus; 3d, George R. Calli:-: ..i I . .1 I \.' -.1 I. .■: Uth, C. A.Talbot; 7tli,S:,:, .. -. i , I Koberts ; 9th, Henry Poll.'. 1, l.iih, .\i. \ ml. r r. hi. Mil. I .. jli Uiitigher; 12th, John C. Blackburn; Ultli, Augustus M. Price; Uth, Richard Price; 15th, Joseph Simms ; 16th, Edward Spedden ; 17th, Steptoe B. Taylor : 18th, George W. Barri ; 19th, William Linton ; 20lh, C. Sidney Norris. (Thomas D. Sultzer, clerk ; John N. Wright, assistant clerk ; A.J. Bandell, door-keeper.) 1861.— Ist Ward, Jacob Yeisley ; 2d, George W. Wolf; 3d, Jacob Myers ; 4th, Col. Owen Bouldiu; oth, David E. Thomas, Sr.; 6th, George S. Bandel; 7th, John Bolgiano; 8th, John J. Staylor, of H.; 9th, Thomas J. Brown ; 10th, John Spear Nicholas ; 11th, E. Wyatt Blanchard; 12th, Charles E. Phelps; 13th, John C. Blackburn (president); Uth, Heiirv W. Driikely; l.=.tli, Suloinun Allen; 16th, H. Cl,i,.. , 1711. .11 .. \ I Iv. II Mil .1 Hay; 19th, John H. Tegni...N. I II i , -. l.rit, clerk; William J. O'Bi II i . . ill: ;.. , |.er.) 1862.— 1st Ward, Willi, nil I w iI.lhm^ , j.l. 11. . In \ n.li - « !Schwartzj 3d, Edward S. Lunideu; 4lh, John L. Cliapnian linting as mayor); 5th, James Young; 6th, .lohn Evans: 7th, William S. Crowley (presi- dent pro ton.); 8th, Andrew J.Burke; 9th, John Dukehart; 10th, David H. Hoopes; Uth, Sebastian F. Slreeter ; 12th, C. Sidney Nor- ris; 13th, Peter G. Sauerweiu; 14th, Samuel Duer; 15th, William Sullivan ; 16th, John Barron ; 17th, Philip Kirkwood ; 18th, Thomas W. Cromer; 19th, J. M. Kimberiy ; 20th, Thomas H. Mules. (Andrew J. Bandel, clerk ; George W. Brooks, reading clerk ; James Maddux, 1S63.— 1st Ward, Stephen Whalen; 2d, Frederick C. Meyer; 3d, Edward S. Lamdin ; 4th, William McClymont : 6th, James Young (president) : 6th, Joseph J. Robinson; 7th, Noah Gill; 8th, Andrew J. Burke; 9th, John Dukehart; 10th, David H. Hoopes; Uth, Sebastian F. Streeter: 12th, John T. Bishop; 13th, Oliver Dennis; Uth, John F. Towner: l.iib, Tli,iuias H. Evans; 16th, Oliver M. Disney; 17th, Pbili|. 1, 1. 1 „,., I I -11. , T I lomiis W.Cromer; 19th,Robert M. Proud ; 2mli, I M Ml.- ^Andrew J. Bandel, clerk; George W. Bri'.'l. . n. .lames Maddux, sergeant-at-arms.) 1864.— Isi \\ . . I , Mull ; 2d, Frederick C. Meyer; 3d, Edward S. l-.iii. 1.. II Wil 1,1111 McClymont; 6th, James Young (presi- d , M ] J, ^\il]iam Jackson. 1807. — lst^^.l: '■ I ^^ I !!■ Id; 2d, Henry Payson; 3d, James Cal- houn; lili i: th, John Purviance; 6th, Michael Dif- fenderl1u, Jr., Clerk.) I-JT. 1,1 w, ,1,1, li.i. ,,; Hull., . . i' , 1 >i ■ i, Iiiiniel Bosley (in !,-,;;,>, Wilii.uii l:i.-;iii> \v.i» Uii' 1, iju..uiii.iiu, , , iLli, Tliomas Kelso; 6tli, Baltzer Schauller ; 0th, I'liilip Laurensou ; 7th, James Mosher; 8th, Peter Gold; 9th, Dr. Patrick Macauloy ; 10th, Francis H. Dav- idge ; llth, Henry Stouffer ; 12th, William Krehs. (Robert Wilson, Jr., clerk.) 1829.— iBt Ward, Wm. Inloes; 2d, Philip Moore; 3d, William Beany ; 4th, Thomas Kelso: 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer; 6th, Philip Laurenson ; 7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr. ; 8th, Wm. J. Wight ; 9th, Joseph W. Patter- son ; 10th, John Reese ; llth, Henry Stouffer; 12th, Samuel McClel- lan. (T. H. Belt, clerk.) 1831.— 1st Ward, Wm. Inloes; 2d, Philip Mooio ; 3d, William Eeaney; 4th, Joshua Mott; 5th, Baltzer Schaeffer; 5th, Philip Laurenson (in 1832, James Beatty represented the ward) ; 7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr.; 8lh, Samuel Moore; 9th, Richard Bevan ; 10th, Mark Crafton; llth, Henry Stouffer; 12th, Thomas Sewell. (T. H. Belt, clerk; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 1833.— 1st Ward, Philip Moore (he died, and was succeeded in 1834 by Wm. Inloes); 2d, Wm. Hubbard; 3d, Michael Klinefelter; 4th, Lambert Thomas; 5th, Wm. Beany; 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer; 7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr. ; 8th, Samuel Moore; 9th, Francis H. Davidge; 10th, Jacob Smith ; llth, James Carroll ; 12th, Samuel McClellan. (T. H. Belt, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 1835.— Ist Ward, James Frazier; 2d. William Hubbard (died and was suc- ceeded by James Fields in 1830) ; 3d, Michael Klinefelter ; 4th, David Stewart; 5th, William Reauy; 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer ; 7th. Fielding Lucas, Jr. ; 8th, Samuel Ready ; 9th, Thos. S. Sheppard ; loth, Jacob Smith ; llth, James Carroll ; 12th, Samuel McClellan. (T. H. Belt, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 1837.— 1st Ward, Henry L. Lauderman ; 2d, James Grieves ; 3d, Michael Klinefelter; 4th, David Stewart; 5th, William Beany; 7th, Balt- zer Schaeffer; 7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr.; 8th, Samuel Moore; 9th, Thomas E.Bond; loth, Samuel Mass; llth, James Carroll; 12th, Walter Ball. (A. H. Pennington, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 1839.— 1st Ward, James Frazier; 2d, James Grieves; 3d, Samuel Boyd ; 4th, Robert Howard; 6th, William Reany; 6th, Benjamin C. Ross; 7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr. (president); 8th, William J. Wight; 9th, Samuel Harden ; 10th, William Barnett; llth, Samuel Jones, Jr. ; 12tli, Joseph Hook, Jr. (T. H. Belt, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 1841.— Ist Ward, James Frazier; 2d, John E. Stansbury; 3d, Samuel Boyd; 4th, Robert Howard (president); 6th, William Beany; Otb, John S. Gittings: 7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr.; 8th, William J. Wight; 9th, George W. Krebs (nice Samuel Harden, deceased) ; 10th, William Barnett; llth, Samuel Jones, Jr.; 12th, Joseph Hook, Jr. (A. H. Pennington, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 1842.— Ist Ward, James Frazier; 2d, John E. Stansbury; 3d, Samuel Boyd; 4th, Robert Howard (president); 6th, William Beany; 6th, John S. Gittings; 7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr. ; 8th, WiUiam J. Wight; 9th, George W. Krebs ; 10th, William Barnett ; llth, Samuel Jones, Jr.; 12th, Joseph Hook, Jr.; 13th, William Wilson; 14th, Daniel Bender. (A. H. Pennington, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 1843 —1st Ward, Henry Lauderman ; 2d, John E. Stansbury ; 3d, Sanmel Boyd ; 4th, John Keene ; 5th, Hugh Bolton ; 0th, Robert Howaid ; 7th, John S. Gittings; 8th, George M. Gill; 9th, William J. Wight; 10th, John L. Reese ; llth, Philip Laurenson ; t2th, James Peregoy ; 13th, David Taylor ; 14th, Daniel Bender. (A. H. Pennington, clerk ; Elijah R. Sinners, door-keeper.) 1845.— 1st Ward, Henry R. Louderman; 2d, John E. Stansbury; 3d, Samuel Boyd, Sr.; 4th, Sanmel Barnes; 5th, Hugh Bolton; 6th, Robert Howard ; 7th, Michael Caughey ; 8th, Dr. S. Collins ; 9th, Wil- liam J. Wight; 10th, John L.Reese; llth, Francis Foreman; 12th, Dr. James Esender; 13th, William Baker; 14th, B. H. Richardson. (.\. H. Pennington, clerk ; Elijah R. Sinners, Sr., door-keeper.) 1846. — 1st and 2d Wards, Henry Louderman; 3d and 4th, Dr. John Keene; 5th and 6th, Hugh Bolton; 7th and 8th, Robert Howard ; ath and 10th, Col. Henry Meyers ; llth and 12th, B. H. Richardson ; 13th and 14th, John Green, Jr.; 15lh and 16th, Isaac M. Denson ; 17th and 18th, Elias Ware; 19th and 20th, William Baker. (A. H. Pennington, clerk; Elijah R. Sinners, door-keeper.) 1847.— 1st and 2d Wards, Elijah Stansbury ; 3d and 4th, T. Yates Walsh ; 5th and 6tli, Hugh Bolton ; 7th and Slli, Wm. Lineberger; 9th and 10th, J. C. Miude; llth aud 12th, David Taylor; 13th and 14th, John Green, Ji-. ; 15th and 16th, J. L. Reese ; 17th and 18th, W. J. Page ; 19th aud 20th, John McPherson. (Jesse Reid, clerk ; Elijah R. Sin- ners, door-keeper.) 1840.— 1st and 2d Wards, J. T, Farlow; 3d and 4th, F. L. Shaffer; 5th and 0th, J. J. Steuart; 7th and 8th, J. W. Wilson; 9th and lOtli, A. E.Warner: llth and 12th, D. Taylor; 13th and 14th, J. R. Kelso; 15th and 16th, J. Dukehart; 17tli aud 18th, E. Ware, Jr.; 19th and 20th, W. A. Hack (president). (John A. Thompson, clerk.) 1851.— Ist and 2d Wards, H. A. Cooper; 3d and 4th, K. L. Shaffer; 5th and 6th, Hugh Bolton (president); 7th and 8th, George A. Levering; 9th aud loth, J. V. Niude; llth and 12th, J. I. Cohen, Jr.; 13th aud THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. 14th, George A. Davis ; 15th and 16th, Wm. B. Morris ; 17th and 18th, William J. Page : 19th and 20th, Charles S. Towson. (Thomas H, Moore, clerk ; El^ah R. Sinners, Jr., door-keeper.") 1853.— 1st and 2d Wards, John T. Farlow ; 3d and 4th, James S. Suter ; 5th and 6th, J. W. Richardson ; 7th and 8th, John B. Seidenstricker (president) ; 9th and 10th, Moor N. Falls; 11th and 12th, Jabez M. Gill; 13th and 14th, Henry Webster; 15th and 16th, B. Albert Vickers; 17th and 18th, Charles G. Griffith; 19th and 20th, John Stewart. (J. SI. Griffith, clerk ; Elijah R. Sinners, door-keeper.) 1855.— 1st and 2d Wards, William Houlton; 3d and 4th, William S. Shoemaker; 5th and 6th, William S. Crowley; "tli and 8th, William E Beale; 9th and 10th, F. E. B. Hintze; 11th and 12th, William 0. Welsh ; 13th and 14th, James Armitage (president) ; 15th and 16th, William E. Bartlelt, Jr. ; 17th and 18th, Edward C. Thomas; 19th and 20th, John Hilbert (i ice B. F. Zimmerman, resigned). (Allen E. Forrester, clerk ; William Cole, door-keeper.) 1857.— 1st and 2d Wards, Edward Hnrney; 3d and 4th, George W. Her- ring; 5th and 6th, Samuel Kirk; 7th and 8th, John B. Seiden- stricker (president); 9th and 10th, Dr. F. E. B. Hintze; 11th and 12th, Alexander B. Gordon; 13tli and 14th, John K. Kelso; loth and 16th, Joseph Simms; 17th and 18tli, Lemuel Bierbowor; 19th and 20th, Robert Sullivan. (Allen E. Forrester, clerk ; John Kitts, door-keeper.) 1859.— Ist and 2d Wards, William A. Van Nostrand ; 3d and 4th, William H. Cathcart; 5th and 6lh, James H. Cook; 7th and 8th, William Colton ; 9th and 10th, William McPhail (president); 11th and 12Ih, David Taylor; 13th and 14th, Evan T. Ellicott; loth and 16th, John Mnsselman ; 17th and 18tli, Amos McConias ; 19th and 20lh, Thomas Sewell. (Isaac Coriell, clerk; John Bunting, diwr-keeper.) 1861.— 1st and 2d Wards, William Dean ; 3d and 4th, Jesse Marden ; 5th and 6th, James B. George, Sr.; 7th and 8th, John W. Wilson; 9th and 10th, Francis W. Alricks; 11th and 12th, Decatur H. Miller; 13tb and 14th, Charies J. Baker (president); loth and 16th, Joseph Bobb; 17th and 18th, William Swindell ; 19tli and 20th, Asa Big- gins. (Allen E. Forrester, clerk ; John Kitts, door-keeper.) 1863.— 1st and 2d Wards, Dr. Andrew Schwartz; 3d and 4th, John G. Wilmot ; 5th and 6tb, George I. Kennard ; 7tb and 8th, William Brooks ; 9lh and 10th, James H. Markland ; lltli and 12lh. C. Sidney Norris (succeeded in 1864 by H. D. Evans) ; 13th and 14lh, Samuel Duer (president); 15th and 16th, John Barron; nth and 18th, Wil- liam Moody; 19lh and 20th, Valentine Foreman. (Sauiuel H. Cochran, clerk (succeeded by William S. Crowley in 1864); George W. Cunningham, sergeant-at-arms.) 1865.— 1st and 2d Wanls, Thomas B. Burch; 3d and 4th, William UcC]y- mont; 5th and 6th, Joseph J. Robinson ; 7th and Sth, A. J. Burke; 9th and 10th, B. F. Nails; 11th and 12th, J. Fails Moore; 13th and 14th, David Ireland; 15th and 16th, William T. Valiant; 17th and 18th, S. B. Taylor: 19th and 20th, Daniel Harvey. (William S. Crowley, clerk; John Baughman. sergeant-a^a^ms.) 18«.— Island 2d Wards, Nicholas Miller; 3d and 4th, Thomas C. Mc- Guire ; Sth aud 6th, C. W. Burgess; 7th and Sth, W. P. Kimball ; 9th aud 10th, James L. McPhail ; 11th and 12th, H. J. Bayley ; 13th and 14th, Henry Davall ; loth and 16th, B. C. Green ; 17th and 18th, Samuel Duer; 19th and 20th, William K. Mitchell. (William S. Crowley, clerk ; John N. Wright, assistant clerk ; George G. Holtz, Jr., sergeant-at-arms.) 1868- 1st and 2d Wards, William Stevens; 3d and 4th, Andrew J. Sauls- bury ; 5th and 6th, William J. King ; 7th and Sth, James Webb , (president); 9th and lOtb, Thomas Brown; lltti and 12th, Samuel W. Smith (succeeded in 1869 by James M. Andereon) ; 13th and 14th, George M. Bokee; 15th and 16th, Thomas White; 17th and 18th, Lewis Ehlere; 19th and 20th, William H. Owens. (William J. O'Brien, clerk.) 1S70.— 1st and 2d Wards, Daniel Constantine ; 3d and 4th, William H. Vickery; 5th and 6th, Joseph B. Esca^-il!e (president; succeeded in 1871 by J. J. Gross) ; 7th and Sth, A. W. Duke ; 9th and 10th, Harry McCoy ; 11th and 12th, Charles G. Kerr ; 13th and 14th, Henry Du- vall (in 1871 was chosen president of the branch) ; loth and 16th, Frederick Cook; 17th and 18th, John Milroy; 19th and 20th, Jesse R. Ogle. (George T. Beall, Jr., chief clerk; Joseph J. Grindall, as- sistant clerk.) 1872.— 1st and 2d Wards, Henry Cashmyer; 3d and 4th, John Wicker- sham; 5th and 6th, N. Bufus Gill (president); 7th and Sth, S. S. Mills; 9lh and 10th, Owen Ward (succeeded in 1873 by James A. Cavates); 11th and 12th, Charles G. Kerr; 13th and 14th, John F. Somerlock ; 15th and 16th, Thomas Whyte ; 17th and 18th, John H. Marshall ; 19th and 20th, John T. Ford. (James Hyde, clerk ; Wil- liam J. Brady, assistantclerk and sergeant-at-arms; Henry D. Berry, page.) 1874.— 1st and 2d Wards, Charles Streeper ; 3d and 4th, John K. Carroll ; 5th and 6th, Henry M. Staylor (succeeded in 1875 by Wm. H. Bol- ton); 7th and Sth, George Rinehart; 9th and 10th, Henry Seim ; 11th and 12th, Henry D. Loney ; 13th and 14th, John S. Hogg ; 15th and 16th, William J. Murray; 17th and 18th, Charles A. Wheeler; 19th and 20th, George A. Kirk. (J. J. Grindall, chief clerk; E. J. Edwards, assistant clerk ; Joseph W. Wallace, sergeant-at-arms ; Henry D. Berry, page.) 1876 -Ist and 2d Wards. Henry Cashmyer; 3d and 4th, John G. Dille- hunt; 5th and 6th, 0. A. Danaker; 7th and Sth, James Bond ; 9th and 10th, Eugene Biggins; lltli and 12th, P. P.Pendleton (presi- dent) ; 13th and 14th, J. F. Sommeriock ; 15th and 16th, Wm. J. Baker (succeeded in 1877 bv Jacob H. Freburger); 17th and 18th, Jacob Groh; 19th and 20th, J. J. M. Sellman. (James Hyde, chief clerk : E. J. Edwards, assistant clerk ; Geo. T. Beall, Jr., committee clerk; Robert W. Hays, sergeant-at-arms; John J. Mahon, door- keeper ; James Kelly, page.) 1878.- 1st and 2d Wards, A. F. Schrocder; 3d and 4th, Dr. Thomas Kelly ; oth and 6th, Samuel J. Barman ; 7tli and Sth, Prof. Wm. P. Tonry; 9th and 10th, H. G. Fledderman; 11th and 12th, Francis P- Stevens; 13th and 14tli, John S. Hogg; IStli and 16th, Dr. M. W. Donavin ; 17th and ISlh, John S. Bullock ; 19th and 20th, Dr. C. W. Chancellor (president). (James Hyde, chief clerk ; E. J. Edwards, assistant clerk; M. J. Whelan, committee clerk; Jas. T. Dorsey, sergeant-at-arms ; Jos. Kelly, door-keeper ; Jas. Stanton, page.) 1880.- l6t and 2d Wards, Wm. Stevens ; M and 4th, Samuel A. Clagett ; Sth and 6th, John McWilliams; 7lh and Sth, James H. Ives (suc- ceeded in 1881 by Dr. D. 0. Weland); 9th and 10th, J. Frank Lewis; 11th and 12th, Dr. J. Pembroke Thorn ; 13th and 14th, J. C. Toner ; 1.5th aud 16th, R. A. Poulton; 17th and ISth, J. F. Weyler; 19th and 20th, A. H. Greenfield (president). (James Hyde, chief clerk (suc- ceeded in 1881 by Jesse N. Boweu) ; James T. Doisey, assistant clerk ; M. J. Whelan, committee clerk (succeeded in 1881 by James Halle) ; M. Farrell, sergeant-at-arnis ; James Kelly, door-keeper ; B. D. Berry, page j City Registers from 1797 to 1881. 1797-1801, Richard H. Moale; 1804-8, Edward J. Coale ; 1808-24, .Inhn Bargrove; 1824-36, Emanuel Kent; 18.36-46, Jesse Hunt; 1846-57, John J. Graves; 1857-66, John A. Thompson; 1866-C8, John F. Plummer; 1868-70, John H. Barnes; 1870-81, John A. Bolilj. State Senators from Baltimore City from 1776 to 1881. 1776, Charies Carroll, barrister; 1779, Andrew Buchanan was elected July 21st, but declined; 1780, Richard Bidgely was elected Decem- ber 19th, in place of Thomas Stone, resigned, but he did not accept ; 1781, John Smith, James McHenry (he resigned, and Daniel Bowley was elected Jan. 7, 1786), Charles Carroll, barrister (he died, and Samuel Hughes, of Washington County, was elected May 9, 1783) ; 1786, John Smith, Richard Ridgely; 1788, James Carroll was elected November 12th, in place of Thomas Johnson, who did not accept the position ; 1789, Daniel Bowley was elected November 20th, in place of William Harrison, deceased; 1791, John Eager Howard, James McHenry, Samuel Chase (he declined, and Daniel Bowley was elected November 15th ; he resigned, and Robert Smith was elected on Nov, 26, 1793) ; 1796, John Eager Howard, Charles Bidgely, of Bampton ; 1811-14, William McCreery; lSlo-18, Nathaniel Williams; 1821-24, Isaac McKim; 1831-34, Charles F. Mayer; 1836, John V. L. Mc- Mahon: 1838, David Stewart; 1840, Benjamin C. Howard: 1841^5, William Frick; 1846-50, Charles M. Kcyser; 1851-54, Nathaniel Williams; 1855-59, Samuel Owings Hoffman; 1860-61, Coleman Tellott (he removed South, where he died, and Marcus Denison was elected in his place); 1862, Marcus Denison; 1863-64, Archibald Stirling, Jr.; 186.5r66, Ist Leg. Diet, Robert Turner ; 2d Leg. Diet., Joseph C. Whitney ; 3d Leg. Dist., George C. Maund ; 1867, 1st Leg. Dist, William Kimmell ; 2d Leg. Dist., Thomas Mnles ; 3d Leg. Dist., D. Stirling ; 1868, Ist Leg. Dist., William Kimmell ; 2d Leg. Dist., Henry Snyder; 3d Leg. Dist, I. M. Denson ; 1870, Ist Leg. Dist., Wil- liam Kimmell ; 2d Leg. Dist., Henrj- Snyder ; 3d Leg. Dist., Isaac M. Denson ; 1872, 1st Leg. Dist., John R. Blake ; 2d Leg. Dist , Henry Snyder; 3d Leg. Diet., Isaac M. Denson ; 1874, 1st Leg. Dist., John H. Blake ; 2d Leg. Dist., F. Putnam Stevens ; 3d Leg. Diet., Isaac M. Den- son ; 1876, let Leg. Dist., John. H. Cooper; 2d Leg. Dist , F. Putnam HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Stevens ; 3d Leg. Dist., Eugene T. Joyce ; 1878, 1st Leg. Bist , John H. Cooper ; '.id Leg. Dist., Eobert M. McLane ; 3d Leg. Dist., Eugene T. Joyce; 1880, 1st Leg. Dist., Jolm H. Cooper; 2d Leg. Dist., William A. Fisher ; 3d Leg. Dist., William H. Beans. Members of the House of Delegates from Balti- more City from 1776 to 1880. Meclien, Mark Ate.xander; 1781, David M '^] I,, i, H m \ Wilson; 1782, David McMechen, William Fell; 1> - i -.tt, Da- vid McMechen ; 17S6, David McMechen, .1 - ! I h ; 1TS7, David McMeclien, Samuel Chase; 1788, J.njii- ^l 11. i,n J l,ri Coul- ter; 1789, James McHenry, Samuel Sterrett ; I7'.in-'J1, David Mc- Mechen, Samuel Smith ; 1792-93, David McMechen, John O'Donnell ; 1794, Alexander Mc Kim, James Winchester; 1795, James Winches- ter, David McMechen ; 1796, David McMechen, Robert Smith ; 1797, j Bobert Smith, Adam Fonerden ; 1798, Archibald Buchanan, William Wilson; 1799, Archibald Buchanan, George Johonnot; 1800, Bobert Smith, James H. McCuUoch ; 1801, John Scott, Thomas Dixon ; 1802, I James Purviance, Thomas Dixon ; 1803, Thomas Dixon, Cumberland Dugan; 1804-5, John Stephen, Andrew Ellicott; 1806, Edward Ais- quith, Bobert Steuart; 1807, Thomas B. Dorsey, Eobert Steuart; 1808, Robert Steuart, Theodorick Bland ; ISiiS, William G. D. Worth- ington, Theodorick Bland; Ifl" I I : i, 1, r. I ml, .lames Martin ; 1811, William Pechin, James I. h l^lJ-13, James L. Donaldson, William B. Barney , m w ,, I, Hiruey, Thomas Kell ; 1815, Christopher HuKhe.-,. I W i :l >: - ~i .> aj t ; 1816, William Stewart, Thomas Kell; 1817, TIlhiim Kell, E.lwaid G. Woodyear; 1818, Thomas Kell, Henry M. Breckeuridge ; 1819, John Montgom- ' ery, Henry M. Breckeuridge; 1820-21, John P Kennedy, John Bar- ney; 1822, Thomas Kennedy, Bobert Pun-iance; 1823, William Stewart, William G. D. Worthington ; 1824-25, Benjamin C. Howard, John S. Tyson ; 1S2G, John S. Tyson, John Strieker; 1827-29, George H. Steuart, John V. L. McMahon ; 1S30, Jesse Hunt, John Spear Nicholas; 1831, Jesse Hunt, Pliilii- T m i n- i. . I -:'.;, Louis W. Jen- kins, Charles Carroll Harper; 1- i . i i. ' liarles Peregoy ; 1834, Joshua Jones, .Tnseph Cu-li; - i: .1- H. Bichardson, ComeliusMcLean, Jr.; 1837, Wil: , , I ■. - l inouHilleu, Jr., Francis Gallagher, Henry Me K 1 1 1 , , ; L. Ridgley, Cornelius L.L. I,.,,! I' - liam F. Giles, John C. Legraiei. i Strieker, Francis Gallagher ; l,'^4(^, 1 [ a n i- ^ .[li.i.li. i , .lohn J.Graves, Benjamin C. Presstman, J. B. Seiaenstiieker. Juhu C. Legrand ; 1841, Francis Gallagher, John C. Legrand, John J. Graves, Benjamin C. Presstman, William H. Starr; 1842, David C. Springer, John J. Graves, Francis Gallagher, William M. Starr, Carroll Speuce; 1843, James Curley, Aaron R, Levering, William H. Watson, John L. Carey, Elyah Stansbury ; 1844, Elijah Stansburj-, Nathaniel Williams, David C. Springer, Francis Gallagher; 1845, Elijah Stansbury, Fran- cis M. Baughman, Joshua Vausant, Nathaniel Cox, Bobert McLane ; 1846, Francis M. Baughman, EUas Ware, John P. Kennedy, Abraham B. Patterson, Nathaniel Cox ; 1847, Elias Ware, Jr., Nathaniel Cox, William Pinkney Whyte, Mendes I. Cohen, Francis Gallagher ; 1848, F. M. Baughman, Elias Ware, Jr., John P. Kennedy, A. B. Patter- son, Nathaniel Cox ; 1849, John Marshall, C. J. M. Gwinn, Charles S. Spence, OHver F. Hack, Sidnor S. Donaldson ; 1850, John Marehall, C. J. M. Gwinn, Charles S. Spence, Oliver F. Hack, Sidnor S. Don- aldson ; 1851, William George Baker, John Morris, Elias Ware, A. D. Miller, Bolivar D. Danels, John W. Davis, William A. Stewart, Cov- ington D. Barnitz, Martin J. Kerney, Jos. Weathers; 1852, William George Baker, John W. Davis, John Morris, William A. Stewart, Elias Ware, Covington D. Barnilz, A. D. Miller, Martin J. Kerney, Bolivar D. Danels, Joseph Weathers ; 1853, William George Baker, John W. Davis, John Morris, William A. Stewart, Elias Ware, Cov- ington D. Barnitz, A. D. Miller, Mai-tin J. Kerney, Bolivar D. Dan- els, Joseph Weathers; 1854, J. B. George, Sr., Sterling Thomas, J. M. Lester, S. M. Cochran, J. A. Ramsay, John H. Barnes, John S. Tough, N. T. Dushane, Bichard H. Diggs, David Irelan ; 1855, An- thony Kennedy, William H. Travers, James B. Partridge, Jacob W. Hugg, William T. Valiant, Job Smith, Edwin A. Abbott, Jehu B. Askew, Elisha Harrington, James M. Lester; 1856, Anthony Ken- nedy, William H. Travers, James R. Partridge, Job Smith, Edwin A. Abbott, William T. Valiant, James M. Lester, Jacob W. Hugg, Jehu B. Askew, Elisha Harrington ; 1857, William Alexander, Baltus H. Kennard, Frederick C. Crowley, Archibald Stirling, Jr., Henry Forrest, Dr. John S. Lynch, Elisha Harrington, John H. T. McPher- son, George O.Smith, Edmund Law Rogers; 18.18, Archibald .Stiriing, II. Pitts, James II ins; 1839, Wil- lalin B. Seiden- Jr., Edmund Law Bogers, John H. T. McPherson, Baltus H. Ken- nard, Frederick C. Crowley, John S. Lynch, George M. Smith, Elisha Harrington, Henry Forrest, William Alexander; 1860, Charles L. Kraft, Thomas Booze, Robert L. Seth, Williim A. Wisong, George R. Beiry, F. C. Crowley, Bobert A. McAlIisUr, Thomas M. Smith, Bobert Turner, Marcus Denison; 1861 (special session, elected in April), John C. BiTine, Henry M. Warfield, Charies H. Pitts, Wil- liam G. Harrison, John Hanson Thomas, Severn Teackle Wallis, T. Parkin Scott, Ross Winans, Henry M. Morlit, Lawrence Sangston; elected in November, William Price, Michael Warner, Edmund Wolf, James Stockdale, Capt. N. Christopher, Dr. William S. Reese, Capt. J. W. Hugg, Stephen B. Taylor, Thomas S. Alexander, E. Stockett Matthews; 1864, John Barron, William Silverwood, Philip S. Chappell, George G. Stephens, James F. Lee, H. C. Murray, Michael Dundon, Thomas H. Mules, Henry Stockbridge, Mar- riott Boswell; 1865, J. H. Cnok, James F. Lee, T. B. Hambleton, H. J. C. Tarr, F. T. Darling, I. M. Frazier, Jos. Harris, Samuel J. Sopcr, Thomas J. Tull, Thomas H. Mules, J. F. Pilkington, J. P. Cummings, M. Showacre, H. B. Hazcn, S. C. Garrison, H. C. Jones; 1865, (First District) Caleb B. Hynes, Cliristopher Bartell, James H. Cook, James F. Lee, Thomas B. Hamilton, H. T. C. Tarr, (Sec- ond District) F. T. Dariing, John M. Frazier, Joseph Harris, Samuel J. Soper, T. I. Tull, Thomas H. Mules, (Third District) J. E. Pilking- ton, J. P. Cummings, M. S. Showacre, H. G. Hazen, S. C. Garrison, H. C. Jones; 1806, Caleb Hines, C. Bartell, J. H. Cook, James F. Lee, T. B. Hamilton, J. N. Foster, F. T. Darling, John M. Frazier, Jos. HaiTis, Samuel J. Soper, Thomas J. Tull, Thomas H. Mules, J. F. Pilkington, J. P. Cummings, John Barron, H. B. Hazen, S. C. Garri- son, H. C. Jones; 1867, Frederick S. Turner, George A. Coleman, William H. Neilson, John L. Smith, Edward F. Flaherty, John Rob- inson, John G. Hooper, Stephen G. Israel, A. Leo Knott, Henry S. Langford, F. P. Stevens, Frederick A. Kraft, Marriott Boswell, John D. Thompson, Edwin E. Davis, Jacob Waltemeyer, George Feig, William Tell Bixler; 1868, James B. Sauner, John B. Wentz, Jr., John A. Robb, Thomas W. Moi-se, John R. Blake, William A. Stew- art, Ferdinand C. Latrobe, James Pentland, H. Tillard Smith, G. Morris Bond, George Colton, Michael A. Mullin, Dr. Edward J. Chaisty, James W. McElroy, Bernard L. Harig, William T. Mark- laud, John H. Marshall, John N. Conway; 1870, James B. Sanner, Thomas H. Hamilton, John H. Cooper, Thomas W. Morse, John R. Blake, Jamar Webb, Greenbury Wilson, John F. Wiley, F. C. Latrobe, James L. McLane, George Colton, George A. Kirk, Wil- liam E, Collins, John F. Ehlen, Israel Gardner, William T. Markland, Jolm H. Marshall. F. S. Hoblitzell ; 1872, Thomas McCosker, Thomas H. Hamilton, John H. Cooper, Charles E. Hamilton, Lewis A. Jamart, Jr., Nelson Foster, John Staylor, Jr., William E. Stewart, John M. Travers, Charles L. Clarke, George Colton, George A. Kirk, Dr. E. J. Chaisty, James McColgan, B. L. Harig, William T. Markland, George A. Feig, Elias Griswold ; 1874, Thomas McCosker, Thomas H. Ham- ilton, John J. McWilliams, J. Nelson Foster, John Staylor, Jr., Wil- liam E. Stewart, Charies J. McAleese, John Gill, Jr., Henry B. Hart, Henry E. Loane. Aquilla H. Greenfield, James McColgan, Bernard L. Harig, Eugene T. Joyce, Jacob Groh, John J. Fenton, John H. Cooper, Charles E. Hamilton; 1876, H. Welles Rusk, August Berke- meier, C. W. Lewis, J. J. McWilliams, F. S. Hobliizell, John T. Mc- Glone, Thomas Coburn, William E. Stewart, Charles J. McAleese, John Gill, Jr., Henry B. Hart, Henry E. Loane, Edward J. Chaisty, Marcus Hess, Bernard L. Harig, Edward W. Albaugh, Henry San- ders, John J. Fenton ; 1878, Thomas McCosker, August Berkemeier, Alfred P. Burt, Robert W. Hays, Fetter S. Hoblitzell, Thomas P. Ker- nan, Eugene Higgins, Sands S. Mills (died before he took his seat), Isador Bayner, J. Thomas Scharf, William Campbell Hamilton, John G. Mitchell, John S. Campbell, Bernard L. Harig, John L. Matthews, Henry Sandei^, Asa H. Smith ; 1880, Thomas McCosker, Henry Cashmyer, Cliai li. I: MnKii.ti. I^iigene A, Early, Jesse N. Bowen, Levin H. Jba i; ant, Daniel Murray, Martin Emericb, James A. 1 >1 I ml* G Hays, W. Campbell Hamilton, Edward (' M.l, , J , i - ■ ampbell, Dr. M. W. Dona- vin, E. W. Albaugh, A. .\. r.,:.e, aiei William A. Boyd. Members of Constitutional Conventions from Bal- timore City and County. FIBST STATE CONSTITUTION IN 1776. Ooiiiify.— Charles Bidgely, Thomas Cockey Deye, Jolm I Chase. THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. RATIFICATION OP U. S. CONSTITUTION (STATE CONVENTION OF 1788). Baltimore Cmnti).— Charles Eidgely, Charles Ridgely, of Wui., Edward Cockey, Nathan Cromwell. Baliimore Town. — James McHenry, Juhn Coulter. STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1851. BuUimore Coimty.— Benjamin C. Howard, James M. Buchanan, Ephram Bell, Thomas J. Welsh, H. G. Chandler, James L. Eidgely. BalUmore CUy. —ChaHes J. M. Gwinn, David Stewart, Robert J. Brent, George W. Sherwood, Benjamin C. Presstman, Ellas Ware, Jr. STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1864. Biiltiinwe County. — John S. Berry, James L. Ridgely, Wra. H. Hoff- man, Edwin L. Parker, David King, Wm. H. Mace, Silas Larsh. Baltimore City. — Samuel T. Hatch, Joseph H. Andoun, Henry Stock- bridge, Wm. Brooks, John Barron, Joseph M.Cusbing, John L. Thomas, Jr.,BaltusH.Kennard, Edwin A. Abbott, Archibald Sterling, Jr., Wm. Daniel. STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1867. Baltimore Couniy. — Charles A. Buchanan, John Wethered, Ephraim Bell, Anthony Kennedy, Samuel W. Starr, Charles H. Nocolai, Robert 0. Barry. Baltimore City, Isl Legislative District.— Uvisny H. Reynolds, Ezra Whitman, John H. Barnes, Isaac S. George, Joshua Vansant, Edward F. Flaherty, James A. Henderson. Baltimore City, 2d Legislative District.— George M. Gill, George Wm. Brown, Bernard Carter, Albert Ritchie, Henry F. Carey, George W. Dobbin, J. Hall Pleasants. Baltimore City, 3ti Legislative District. — James R. Brewer, John Ferry, J. Montgomery Peters, John Franck, Joseph P. Merrynmn, Ir^aac M. Den- son, Walters. Wilkinson. Electors of President and Vice-President from Baltimore City and County. Robert Smith, 1789 : John E. Howard, Wm. Smith, 1793 ; Nicholas B. Moore, 1801 ; Tobias E. Stansbury, 1805 ; Tobias E. Stansbury, 1809; Tobias E. Stansbury, 1813 ; George Warner, 1817 ■, A. McKim, 1821 ; George Winchester, 1825 ; Benjamin i;. Howard, 1829 : Wm. Frick, U. S. Heath, 1833 ; George Howard, David Hoffman, 1837 ; David Hoffman, George Howard, John P. Kennedy, 1811 : Thomas S. Alexander, A. W. Bradford, 1845; R. M. McLane, Carroll Spence, C. J. M. Gwinn, 1853 ; Thomas Swann, C. L. L. Leary, 1857; Joshua Vansant, T. Parkin Scott, 18G1 ; Wm. J. Albert, R. Stockett Mat- thews, Wm. S. Reese, 1865 ; George M. Gill, H. Clay Dallam, J. Thomson Mason, 1869; Augustus W. Bradford, Frederick Raine, John M. Carter, James A. Buchanan, 1873 ; Frederick Raine, Rich- ard J. Gittings, Wm. Sheppard Bryan, Charles G. Kerr, 1877 ; Wm. H. Welsh, P. H. Walker, I. Nevett Steele, John R. McNulty, 1881. United States Senators from Baltimore City and County. John Eager Howard, Nov. 30, 1796 ; Samuel Smith, March 4, 1803 ; Robert G. Harper, Jan. 29, 1816; Alexander Coutee Hanson, Dec. 20, 1816 ; Wm. Pinknoy, Dec. 21, 1819 ; Samuel Smith, Dec. 15, 1822 ; Reverdy Johnson, March 4, 1845 ; David Stewart, Dec. 8, 1849, appointed to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Hon. Reverdy Johnson, who resigned to accept the position of attorney-general of the United States; Anthony Kennedy, March 4, 1857; Reverdy Johnson, March 4, 1863; Wm. Pinkney Whytc, July 14, 1868, to fill the une.xpired term of Reverdy Johnson, who was appointed minister to England ; Wm. Pinkney Whyte, Jan. 27, 1874. Hon. Thomas Swann was elected on Jan. 25, 1867, but he declined to accept March 1, 1867. He was the first and only one that has ever been chosen from the Western Shore to represent the Eastern Shore according to the custom. Barons of Baltimore, and Lords Proprietary of Maryland. George Calvert, First Lord Baltimore. Lmds Proprietary. — 1&2, Cecilous Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore; 1675, Charles Calvert, Third Lord Baltimore ; 1715, Benedict Leon- ard Calvert, Fourth Lord Baltimore ; 1715, Charles Calvert, Fifth Lord Baltimore ; 1751, Frederick Calvert, Sixth and last Lord Balti- more ; 1771-76, Sir Henry Harford, last Proprietary. Governors of Maryland. Proprietary Governors.— 10.^3, Leonard Calvert ; 1647, Thomas Green j 1649, William Stone; 1G54, Bennett and Matthews, commissioners under Parliament; 1058, Josiah Fendall; 1661, Philip Calvert; 1662, Charles Calvert ; 1667, Charles, Lord Baltimore ; 1678, Thomas Not- ley ; 1681, Charles, Lord Baltimore ; 1685, William Joseph, Presi- dent of Deputies; 1689, Convention of Protestant Associations. Roya! OoDernors.— 1691, Sir Lionel Copley; 1693, Sir Edmond Andros; 1694, Francis Nicholson ; 1699, Nathaniel Blakistone ; 1703, Thomas Tench (president) ; 1704, John Seymour ; 1709, Edward Lloyd (presi- dent) ; 1714, John Hart. Proprietary Governors.— lUS, John Hart; 1720, Charles Calvert; 1727, Benedict Leonard Calvert; 1732, Sanmel Ogle ; 1733, Charles, Lord Baltimore ; 1735, Samuel Ogle ; 1742, Thomas Bladen ; 1747, Samuel Ogle; 1752, Benjamin Tasker (president); 1753, Horatio Sharpe; 1769 to 1774, Robert Eden. The Revolulion.—mi-16, Convention and Council of Safety. State Governors (elected annually by the Legislature, with an Executive Council).— 1777, Thomas Johnson; 1779, Thomas Sinn Lee; 1782, William Paca; 1786, William Smallwood; 1788, John Eager Howard; 1791, George Plater ; 1792, Thomas Sinn Lee ; 1794, John H. Stone ; 1797, John Henry; 1798, Benjamin Ogle; 1801, John Francis Mer- cer; 1803, Robert Bowie ; 180('.. Robert Wiiglit; l.-iim, Edward Lloyd; 1811, Robert Bowie ; ISVl. I.^mm h hmI. i , I I , ( hulrs Kidgely, of Hampton; 1818, Charle>i:. I i . ' i. l ' - . . -|.iigg ; 1822, Samuel Stevens, Jr. ; 1N.'>, I i ■ I. i' ! ivii Thomas King Carroll ; is.i' lnm.i M.iiin I- l,' (acting) ; 1832, George Houaid ; l.'<:i :, .lames Thomas W. Veasey. Elected under the amended constitution of 1838, for thri liam Grason, of Queen Anne's County, 1838; Francis Thomas, of Frederick County, 1841 ; Thomas G. Pratt, of Prince George's County, 1844; Philip F. Thomas, of Talbot County, 1847; Enoch Louis Lowe, of Frederick County, 1850. Elected under the constitution of 1851, for four years.— Thomas Watkins Ligou, of Howard County, 1853 ; Thomas Holliday Hicks, of Dor- chester County, 1867 ; Augustus W. Bradford, of Baltimore County, 1861. Elected under the constitution of 1864, for four years.— Thomas Swann, of Baltimore City, 1865 ; Lieut.-Gov. C. C. Cox, of Baltimore City, 1865. Elected under the constitution of 1867, for four years.— Oden Bowie, of Prince George's County, 1867; William Pinkney Wliyte, of Balti- more City. 1872. Elected to the United States Senate on the 20th of January, 1874, and on the 27th resigned the oflice of Governor, to take effect on the 4th of March following. James Black Groome, a member of the House of Delegates from Cecil County, resigned his seat Feb. 4, 1874, and on the same day was elected Governor to fill the unexpired term of Senator Whyte. John Lee Carroll, of Howard County, 1875; William T. Hamilton, of Washington County, 1879. Consuls at Baltimore. Great Britain.— Denis Donohue, consul; T. W. Lawfonl, vice-consul. Olfice, over Exchange Beading-rooms. IVduce.- Leon Glandut, 42 Second Street. Spain.- A.de la Corte, 42 Second Street. German Empire.— G. A. von Lingen, 6 S. Gay Street. Ii)mia.—C. Nitze, 7 South Street. Jtalj.— E. de Mezolla, 33 S. Gay Street. Ketherlands.—auRS Vocke, 100 S. Charies Street. Stceden and Norway.— J. S. Brancker, 31 ( il,,itin;1829. It ue Howard 1835, Thomas 9 years.— Wil- Stewart, southwest corner rman Street. Gay Street. I7rti(/riaj^.— Prudencio de Murguiondo, over 1 Wood Street. Argentine Republic and Venezuela. — C. of Gay and Lombard Streets. Brazil.— SuWy de Souza, consul, 57 Second Street ; Charles Marshall, vice- consul, 25 S. Gay Street. Portugal and Belgium.— Bobert Lehr, over 29 S. Charles Street. Nicaragua. — Basil Wagner, 25 S. Gay Street. C/iiJi.- Washington Booth, 6 S. Gay Street. Peru.— David W. Gray, 6 S. Gay Street. Austria. — J. D. Kremelberg, 31 German Street, near Light. Agents for the Underu-riters at Bremen.— F. W. Brune & Sons, 112 Spear's Wharf. Agents for the British, French, German, Belgian, Scandinavian, Dutch, Phil- adelphia, and New York Underwriters.— Ja.mea Carey Coale, 56 Ex- change Place. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Baltimore City Elevations Above Tide. EasI of Jones' Falh. Streets. Feet. Aliceanna and Washington 2 8 Aliceanuaiiiiil Essex Bank and Bond 17^ Bank and Exeter Chester and H;iiri|.-lr,,il Cambridge an.i liiii l.- Eden and John ?;'^ Eden and Canton Avenue Fayette and Gist Fayette and Broadway Fayette and Front 99-S }]S GayandBiddle Harford Avenueand Torest Harfnni \ -,,,,!> ,,„,l (.1,,,, Harf..!.. \ . , ,:: 1 , ,1 Jeftel.. : V , : LonikiMi .11, .i ih 'I'l ""''.','" '■■■^'i;;/; Lombard and i;i>t es.8 lii's Madison and Bureu Z:::::Z Nortb A.. 1 i-. , .i \ ,,i, l:,iad Oliver r ., Pattfi- ■ , ,11, PatUX,,,! „:, ,,. I Point l.:in,.,,.,l \,,l. b,„„l 17S.C i:.5.9 !.'.'"'.'.'.■'.'.'. 320 98.3 Regesterand Hampstead Regester and Orleans 102.3 Shakespeare and Broadway 6.5 Washington and Aliceanna Washington and Monument Wea 0/ Jones' Falb. Streets. Feet Baltimore and Centre Market Baltimore ;ii,.l I.iKlit Baltiiie.i. ,,h,l 1 Mi.,u 36,4 Baltini..!. .• ' 1 ■. Baltii,.. 1 , l; p. , Balti,,, 1 Baltim ,n„l r..,-,„, 112.7 Calvert and I'ratt Calvert and Saratoga Calvert and Eager 73.4 Deck,.. . : . Dolphin . 1 . 1 Druiil II, , -• 1, i„i i|, Mechcn 160.4 Favette and C^rey ,„, 60 Gilmor and Ramsey Gilmor and Cooke 85.4 178.3 John and McMechen Ill" Lexington and Fulton Madisonand Nortl Madison and Tow nsend McMechen and Division 28.1 15.^0 171.8 North and Saratoga North and Centre 19 7 Orctiardand Madison 197 9 Pratt and Centre Market Pratt and Small wood Presstman and Strieker 4.0 ! 11)8.0 Zl Republican and Mosher Second and Gay ;;;:;:;::: 'S ' streets. Feet. Saratogaand Calhoun 18.2 Saratoga and Scliroeder 9g.i Washington Monument 98.3 Woodyear and Presstman 205 CHAPTER XX. CITY DEPARTMENTS. Police^Iails— Executions— Penitentiary— Markets — Jones' Falls and Biidges— Floods— Water Companies— New Water-Works, Police Department. — The original commissioners appointed by tlie act of the Legislature, Aug. 8, 1729, to lay off Baltimore, had for many years police con- trol of the town. The town, however, seems to have taken care of itself until 1775, when it became necessary to establish a night-watch. With that object a public meeting was held and a plan for a regular night-watch adopted. Under this organiza- tion each male inhabitant capable of duty signed an agreement by which he bound himself to conform to the police regulations adopted by the general meeting of the citizens and sanctioned by the commissioners, and to attend personally when summoned to serve as a watchman or provide a suitable substitute, accept- able to the committee. This committee, composed of Robert Buchanan, Robert Alexander, and David McMechen, forshadovved some of the functions of the present Board of Police Commissioners. The town was divided into districts, with a company organized on a military basis in each district, each with a captain of the watch. The following were the officers : Cap- tains: First District, James Calhoun ; Second, George Woolsey ; Third, Benjamin Griffith ; Fourth, Barnet Eichelberger ; Fifth, George Lindenberger ; Sixth, William Goodwin, for Baltimore Town ; Isaac Van- bibber, with two assistants or lieutenants, for Fell's Point. Each captain had under his command a squad of sixteen men, each inhabitant being enrolled in a squad and taking his turn in allotted order. The streets were patrolled by this watch from 10 p.m. until daybreak, the watchman calling aloud the time of night each quarter of an hour.' No legal obligation or penalty controlling this or-' ganization, it became in a short time inefficient and re- miss in the discharge of duty, and in order to provide greater security for persons and property the Legisla- ture in 1784 passed an act by which the town com- missioners were vested with power to organize and control a police or regular night-watch. Under this act the commissioners were authorized to employ as many watchmen and constables as they might deem necessary, and were also empowered to levy a tax for the payment of the wages and salaries of men and 1 The Sun, in 1843, advised against the policy of calling out the time by the watch, on the ground that it notified thieves of the locality of the watchmen, and gave them an opportunity of tixing their time and lo- cation of operations. The custom was finallv abatnloned. CITY DEPARTiMENTS. 197 officers so employed. Our townsmen, however, were so exemplary in their demeanor, both in daylight and darkness, that but three constables were required for hours of business, and fourteen watchmen for the night. In 1792 the sum levied proved to be inad- equate to support the necessarily increased force, and a house tax was demanded and levied to sup- ply the deficiency ; but this character of tax did not meet with the approval of the inhabitants and it was repealed, and provision made for a general tax in its stead, or rather an additional tax was levied, from which apjjropriations were made for the payment of peace officers. In 1793 the town commissioners were by act of the Legislature deprived of their authority in this respect, and the Court of Oyer and Terminer, which then administered the criminal law for Baltimore County, was authorized to appoint any number of such officers, and to assess the expense of their employment on the county. During the time that the police and constables were under the control of the Court of Oyer and Terminer assistant justices were employed to attend the station-houses and dis- pose of the peace cases. The following extract from the comptroller's report of Dec. 15, 1796, shows the amount paid to the assistant justices and constables for their attendance in weekly rotation at the station- houses, and for superintending the conduct of the ■ night-watch : "Paid to assistant justices £182 10«. ; allowance to twenty-two consta- bles for their attendance on the court, taking up vagrants and disordeily persons, and serving criminal processes, £198 10s. 3d. ; wages paid five captains and forty-four privates for the Baltimore night-watch from Oct. 1, 1796, including fire-wood, candles, and house rent for the Fell's Point watch, £1905 Os. M." This account also shows that as an additional pre- caution against thieves night-lamps were placed at convenient intervals throughout the town. " Cash paid to Jacob Lewis Ballenger for erecting and lighting three hundred and five lamps, £1.597 10s." When the old Court of Oyer and Terminer was abol- ished, the power of appointing constables was trans- ferred to the Baltimore City Court, which was estab- lished in 1816. The city in the mean time was incorporated, and the powers of the town commis- sioners were transferred to the new corporation, which was in the act specially authorized to establish night-watches and patrols. From 1796, therefore, until 1812 Baltimore was guarded by the night patrol and constables appointed by the corporate authori- ties. In 1801 a town-meeting was held with the object of perfecting means to prevent the frequent thefts, rob- beries, disturbances, and fires that had become so common, the town having been for some time infested with a number of dishonest and disorderly characters. At this meeting a committee of three persons from each ward was appointed to report a plan of organi- zation of the night-watch to an adjourned meeting at Bryden's Inn on the 30th of April, 1801. The com- mittee consisted of. First Ward, William Jessop, C. H. Gist, and Walker Simpson ; Second Ward, John Strieker, Henry Schroeder, and Luke Tiernan ; Third Ward, Jesse Hollingsworth, Peter Hoffman, and John Swann ; Fourth Ward, William McCreery, William Wilson, and Alexander McKim ; Fifth Ward, Thomas Hollingsworth, Robert Gilmor, and William Woods; Sixth Ward, Peter Frick, Baltzer Schaeffer, and Mi- chael Diffenderffer; Seventh Ward, Edward Johnson, Thos. McElderry, and John Mackenheimer ; Eighth Ward, Thomas Tenant, John Snyder, and Henry Waters. The patrol was increased and rendered more efficient by the measures adopted at this meeting, and for a time disorder was suppressed by the vigilance of the watchmen. In 1810 it again became necessary for the citizens to reorganize the watch, although at this time the corporate authorities of the city were clothed with all necessary powers in the premises. Ward-meet- ings were held in all the wards of the city, and repre- sentatives were appointed to a general meeting. At this meeting a plan was proposed and adopted and ac- cepted by the authorities. A sub-committee was also appointed, which had general control of the organiza- tion. The chairman of this committee was Elisha Tyson, and the secretary John E. Carey. Mr. Carey in the latter part of the year was succeeded by J. Lewis Wampler. Under this organization there were thirty captains, each being responsible for a territory distinctly marked out. Each captain had under him a squad of eight men, making in all a force of two hundred and forty men. For more than twenty-five years this system was in operation in Baltimore, but it was again changed in 1836 and 1837, and in 1838 Baltimore had for day service especially a high con- stable, one regular policeman for each of the twelve wards, and two extra policemen for each ward, who might be called into service as occasion required. This system of day police was accommodated to each increase in the number of wards in the city until it reached the number of twenty wards. This system proved inefficient, and the mayor and City Council, in pursuance of the authority vested in them by the act of 1853, ch. 46, proceeded to organize a police force under an ordinance which passed both branches of the City Council and received the approval of the mayor, Hon. Thomas Swann, in January, 1857. This ordinance completely changed the old police system, and by its provisions the night-watch and day police were incorporated in one department. A regular uniform was provided for the force, which consisted of one chief of police, one deputy, and eight captains, eight lieutenants, twenty-four ser- geants, and three hundred and ninety-three men. This was exclusive of four superintendents, forty-two lamplighters, and five detective officers. I The following table will show the number of men i on the force and the character of their duties at that time : HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. No. of Districts. Ileserve. Day Beat.s. Night Beats, First, Eastern 9 22 -14 Second, Middle 11 38 7li Third, Western 6 23 4C Fourth, Southern 9 22 44 Total Z:< 10.-. 2111 It will be observed by this table that the number of men on duty at night was two hundred and ten, twice as many as were on duty in the daytime, and fifteen more than were employed under the old system. In order to give more efficiency to the night service the chief of police enlarged the beats in the suburbs of the city ; this was with a view of concentrating more readily an effective force whenever a sudden call might be made for it ; the same disposition was made with the men detailed for service during the day. The headquarters of the department were in the building then occupied by the Water Commission, on North Street, near Fayette. The chief of police at that time, B. W. Herring, had two rooms in that building. The following letter was sent to all the police captains : 'BaI' , Man , 18,17, " GAprAiN or ToLlCE. Sir.— TIjc system will comuience this morning with the designated force of your district in the following order : one- tliird for day and two-thirds for night service. The day men to go on duty ate A.M., and remain on until 8 p.m., at which time the night men will relievo the day men, and remain on until relieved by the day men, at 6 o'clock A.M. It is uuderetood that the men are in no case to leave their beats unless compelled to do so in the discharge of their duty. In going to their meals only a portion will leave at a time, the balance remaining until their return, which must not exceed one hour. Two sergeants for day and four for night duty in each district will patrol their districts and see that their men are at their posts. The captains, lieutenants, and turnkeys will relieve at six o'clock, morning and even- ing. The reserve force will be taken from the divisions as provided for in the card previously circulated. In case of absence from roll-call, a substitute will immediately take the place of the absentee, morning or night. The above regulations must be strictly complied with until fur- ther orders." This .system proved more efficient than any former one, until the organization of the American, or Know- Nothing party. At first when the rowdy clubs com- menced a course of open violence the police made every effort to maintain order, but the force was gradually filled with recruits from the Know-Noth- ing organizations, and became the willing tool of violence and riot. Gradually the official arm of municipal authority became not only the supporter, but the promoter and the executor of disorder and bloodshed. The very men who were sworn to protect and defend the execu- tion of the laws that guaranteed the right of the citi- zen became the chief instruments of an authority ele- vated to position by defiance of right, law, and order. The city during this time may be said to have been given up to a mob, and that a mob of the most dangerous character, — a mob clothed with the robes of office and the baton of official power. Security for life and property became a mockery. At every election the red hand of riot triumphed over every right of the citizen, until more than half of the voters of the city were deprived of the right of franchise, because it could be exercised only at the risk of life. A committee of the members of the Reform party who had personally witnessed the condition of affairs in Baltimore for four or five years previous, in 1859 drafted a number of bills, known as the " reform bills," among which were the police bill, the election law, and the jury law, which were presented to the Legis- lature. In order to wrest from the city officials the power of controlling the police department in their own political interests, the police bill provided for the organization of a Board of Police Commissioners, com- posed of discreet persons, who should have been resi- dents of the city of Baltimore for three consecutive years next preceding the day of their election, and who should be elected by a joint session of the two houses of the General Assembly ; one elected for two years, one for four years, and one for six years. The bill empowered the Board of Police Commissioners to organize a police force for the city of Baltimore, arm, equip, and control the same, and make them responsi- ble for the entire system. Under this bill the General Assembly, in 1860, elected Messrs. Charles Howard, William H. Gatchell, Charles D. Hinks, and John W. Davis as the first Board of Police Commissioners. The passage of the bill excited the most violent oppo- sition from the city authorities, and it was contended that the act was unconstitutional. On the passage of j the bills the mayor dispatched a message to the Council asking leave to test their legality, and volunteered his own opinion that they were " without the authority of law, and cannot be recognized by the courts." The commissioners of police on the 6th of February ap- peared in the clerk's office at the Superior Court and I subscribed to the oath of office, and on the 9th made a formal demand through their counsel, Messrs. Rev- erdy Johnson, S. Teackle Wallis, J. Mason Campbell, and AV^illiam H. Norris, upon the mayor and City Council for the delivery of the station-houses, police equipments, etc. On the 10th, Mayor Swann notified them of his refusal to comply with the demand. Ap- plication was immediately made to the Superior Court, Judge Martin, for a mandamus to compel compliance by these authorities. On the 13th of March Judge Martin delivered his opinion, that the act constituting the Board of Police Commissioners was constitutional. The mayor and City Council ap- pealed, and the decision of the Court of Appeals was rendered in favor of the police commi-ssioners on the 17th of April. This decision gave the greatest satis- I faction to the great body of the people, and a sensa- t tion of relief, inexpressible and without precedent in this community, was experienced. The board imme- diately organized a new police force, which entered upon their duties May 1, 1860. A new uniform was adopted, and the new force was known as the Metro- politan Police. After raising the force to the highest point of effi- ciency. Col. Kane, who had accepted the position of CITY DEPARTMENTS. marslial at great personal sacrifice, tendered his resig- nation, but the protests of the citizens were so general that he was induced on the 16th of November to with- draw his resignation and continue to discharge the duties of the office. This police force continued to protect the city until the military authorities took possession of it in 1861. On the morning of the 27th of June a detacliment of military proceeded to the residence of Col. George P. Kane, arrested him, and carried him to Fort McHenry. On the same day, by order of Gen. Banks, Col. John R. Kenly suspended the board of police and assumed command of the police force of the city. On July 10th, Gen. Banks appointed George R. Dodge marshal of police in place of Col. Kenly. He entered upon the duties of the office the same day, with James McPhail as deputy marshal. They occupied the marshal's office, station- houses, and other property of the city provided for the regular police, and the troops which had been quartered in the heart of the city were withdrawn and marched back to their several camps. On the 1st day of July the police commissioners were also arrested. These arrests were made between three and five o'clock in the morning by Col. Morehead's Philadel- phia regiment, which first proceeded to the house of John W. Davis, arrested him, and .sent him under guard to the fort. They next visited the residences and arrested Charles D. Hinks, Charles Howard, and William H. Gatchell. All four of the commissioners were conveyed to Fort McHenry, and were afterwards imprisoned for more than a year in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor. William McKewen, clerk of the board, was also arrested, but afterwards discharged by Marshal Kenly, there being no charge against him. Gen. Banks appointed the following Board of Police Commissioners to assist in the management of the police affiiirs in the city: Columbus O'Dounell, Ar- chibald Sterling, Jr., Thomas Kelso, John R. Kelso, John W. Randolph, Peter Sauerwein, John B. Sei- denstricker, Joseph Roberts, and Michael Warner. Between the hours of eleven o'clock Thursday night and eleven o'clock Friday morning a number of mili- tary arrests were made, among them the mayor of the city, George William Brown, at that time ex officio a member of the Board of Police Commissioners, who was committed to Fort McHenry. It was intended to send him with others arrested to the Dry Tortugas, but fortunately there were no vessels in the port suitable at that time for the service. William McKewen, for- mer clerk of the board, was rearrested on the 15th of October. Thus passed away the last vestige of civil authority in the police department under its new and splendid organization. On the 21st of July a bill was introduced into Con- gress appropriating one hundred thousand dollars for the payment " of the police organization of Baltimore employed by the United States," and passed under the pressure of the previous question, Hon. Henry May having in vain attempted to obtain the floor to discuss it, and having been sharply reprimanded for a breach of the rules of the House in protesting against it as " a bill to provide for the wages of oppression." In the Senate it was adopted with equal precipitancy against the remonstrance of both senators of Mary- land. The Congressional appropriation not being sufficient, the City Council, at its session of 1862-63, made an appropriation of twenty-two thousand dol- lars to supply the deficiency. In 1862 the military authorities signified their willingness to turn over the police department to the civil authority of the State, as the Legislature, which had the power to appoint commissioners of police, were at that time in full sympathy with the Federal government. In 1862, therefore, the Legislature, under a new police law passed by that body, which repealed the act of 1860, appointed Messrs. Samuel Hirides and Nicholas L. Wood, in connection with the mayor, as the board of police commissioners of Baltimore, who were sworn into office on the 7th of March, 1862, and entered upon the discharge of their duties on the 10th. A large majority of the force selected were the same appointed by the provost-marshal. The new force entered upon its duties on the 3d of April, 1862. Messrs. Hindes and Wood continued to exercise the functions of police commissioners until 1866, when charges of official misconduct were preferred against them, and after an examination by the Governor they were removed, and William T. Valiant and James Young appointed in their places. Messrs. Hindes and Wood refused to deliver to the new commission- ers the machinery and agencies of the police estab- lishment, and this with such an array of force as to repel the new appointees and prevent them from taking possession under the authority of the State. The new commissioners, however, established their headquarters at another point, and proceeded to insti- tute measures for the exercise of their official func- tions. The power of the judge of the Criminal Court was then invoked against them, on the ground that they were unlawfully conspiring to obtain possession of the offices and property of the police department. They were arrested on a warrant issued by the judge of the Criminal Court, and refusing to give bail were incarcerated in the city jail. The sherifl" of Baltimore was also subjected to the same treatment, on the charge that he was engaged in aiding and abetting an unlawful assemblage and riot, because of his un- dertaking to exercise his prerogative in summoning the posse comitafus. Writs of habeas corpus were ob- tained from Judge Bartol, and the prisoners released and placed in possession of the office, equipments, arms, and station-houses of the department. Col. John T. Farlow was appointed marshal of police, and Capt. John T. Gray, who was captain of the central police force under the metropolitan police bill, was made deputy marshal. Col. Farlow was succeeded as marshal by Thomas H. Carmichael, who was removed in 1867 by the board of commissioners, who appointed 200 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. in his place William A. Van Nostrand, who was fol- lowed by Col. Farlow. The police force for 1860 not having been paid, a resolution was introduced in the Council in 1867 to appropriate one hundred and twelve thousand dollars in payment of this obliga- tion, and one thousand dollars to Mayor Chapman for his services upon the board, which was defeated, whereupon K. C. Barry and S. Teackle Wallis, as counsel of the police, made formal demand of the city register for the payment of the amount. This demand was refused, and suits were docketed to the number of three hundred and eighty-nine before Judge Scott, of the City Court, for the recovery of the claims. The costs in the cases, with fees of attor- neys, etc., amounted to fifteen thousand dollars. The suits were finally compromised and the claims paid. In 1870, John T. Gray, who had for some years served as deputy marshal, was appointed by the board marshal of police in place of Col. John T. Farlow, who had been marshal for three years, and who va- cated the ofiice to fill the position of police magis- trate at the Eastern station-house. Jacob Frey was appointed deputy marshal. These gentlemen have discharged the duties of their respective positions for eleven years in a most efficient and satisfac- tory manner. The police force of Baltimore has ar- rived at a state of efficiency unequaled perhaps by that of any other city in the United States. Its offi- cers and men discharge their duty quietly but firmly, and the safety of the citizen at all hours of the night and day is assured by the vigilance and activity of a body of men that never flinch from duty or quail in the hour of danger. The Boards of Police Commissioners from 1860 to 1881 have been as follows : I860 (organized February 6th).— Charles Howard, president; William H. Gatchell, treasurer; Charles D Hinks, John W. Davis; ex off., George William Brown, mayor (Nov. 9, 1860); William F. McKewen, clerk; George P. Kane, marshal ; Thomas Gifford, deputy marshal. 1862. — From the arrest of the foregoing commissioners hy the United States governmeiit until the 10th of March, 1862, the police force was under the control of officers appointed by the Federal government, — Gen. John R. Kenly, succeeded by George R. Dodge, provost-marshal. The Police Board qualified March 6,1862, and organized March 10; on the 29th, the government force of police was turned over to the Police Board, and on the 1st of April the government force was paid off and disbanded. 1862.— Nicholas L. Wood, president ; Samuel Hindes ; ex off., John Lee Chapman; William S. Browning, clerk ; W. A. Van Nostrand, marshal; ■William B. Lyons, deputy marshal. 1863. — Nochanges in the board. Under the police law, John A. Thomp- son, city register, was constituted treasurer of the board. 1864.— Samuel Hindes, president; Nicholas L. Wood, ex off., John Lee Chapman, mayor. March 4, 1864, Thomas H. Carmichael was appointed marshal, rice William A. Vau Nostrand, removed. John S. Manly was appointed deputy marshal, vice William B. Lyons, removed. George W. Taylor was appointed secretary to the board, vice Browning. March 19, 1864, John A. Thompson, city register, declined to serve any longer as treasurer, and requisitions for money were made through the city comp- troller. 1865. — No changes in the board or chief officers. 1866. — November Ist, Governor Swann removed Messrs. Wood and Hindes from office. November 2d he appointed and com Messrs. James Young nnd WilHiim Thoimis Valiant comn November :id, Mi-ssrs. Young nnd Valiant were comniitted to ! City jail, by order of Jud«i' liund, of the Criminal I'ourt. Nover Judge Bartol, of Court of Appeals, released Messrs. Young and Valiant, and on November 1.5th, Messrs. Hindes and Wood yielded possession of the office and property of the hoard, and the marshal of police (Carmichael) reported for duty with the entire force to Messrs. Young and Valiant. November 13th, board organized permanently with James Young, presi- dent; William T. Valiant; ex off., 3o\m Lee Chapman, mayor; George W. Taylor, secretary ; Thomas H. Carmichael] marshal ; John S. Manly, deputy marshal. 1867.— March 15th, board organized. Commissionere- Lefevre Jarrett, president; James E. Carr, treasurer; William H. B. Fusselbaugh ; Clerk, George W.Taylor, (August) Thomas E.Martin; Marshal, John T. Far- low ; Deputy Marshal, John T. Gray. 1868. — No changes. 1869. — No changes. 187U. — Lefevre Jarrett, president, died iu February, 1870, and the Leg- islature elected John W. Davis to fill his unexpired tenii, and Thomas W. Morse was elected for the full term of four years from March 15, 1871. August 1, Marriott Boswell wa« elected clerk to the board, rice Thomas E. Martin, deceased. Commissioners — John W. Davis, president ; James E. Carr, treasurer; William H. B. Fusselbaugh ; Marshal, John T. Gray; Deputy Marshal, Jacob Frey, appointed April 21, 1870. 1871. — March ]5lh, board organized. William H. B. Fusselbaugh, presi- dent ; James B. Carr, treasurer; Thomas W. Morse. The oflicers of the board unchanged. 1872. — No changes. 1873. — No changes. 1874. — The Legislature changed the terms of service of the commis- sioners. William H. B. Fusselbaugh was elected for the term of six years, Harry Gilraor for the term of four years, and John Milroy for the term of two years, from March 15, 1875. For 1874 there were no changes in the commissioners. 1875. — Commissioners — William H. B. Fusselbaugh, president; John Milroy, treasurer; Harry Gilmor. The officers of the board unchanged. 1876. — The Legislature elected James R. Herbert commissioner in place of John Milroy, for six years from March 15, 1877, Harry Gilmor bo- coming treasurer of the board, and Mr. Fusselbaugh remaining presi- dent. 1878. — John Milroy was elected by the Legislature for six years in place of Harry Gilmor. The latter resigned April 10th, and John Mil- roy was appointed by the Governor, April 12th, to fill the unexpired term. Commissioners — William H. B. Fusselbaugh, president ; James B. Herbert, treasurer ; John Milroy. Officers unchanged. 1879.— No changes. 1880.— George Colton was elected by the Legislature commissioner for six years in place of WilliKm H. B. Fusselbaugh, from March 15, 1881. 1881.— Commissioners— George Colton, president; James Herbert, treasurer; John Milroy; Secretary, George Savage, rice Marriott Bos- well, removed August, 1881 ; Marshal, John T. Gray ; Deputy Marshal, Jacob Frey. Baltimore Jails. — Until 1768 Joppa was the county- seat of Baltimore County, and the jail as well as the court-house was situated there ; but in that year Balti- more was made the county-seat, and a " public prison" j was ordered by the General Assembly to be erected in the town. While this jail was in process of construc- [ tion prisoners were confined in a log building on the ] east side of South Frederick Street, near Myers' tan- yard, not far from the residence of Daniel Chamier, the sheriff", who lived in a brick house in the rear of it. When the regular jail was completed is not known, but the site selected for it was on the hill in the rear of the court-house, near the present location of the record office. In November, 1797, the Legislature of the State passed "an act entitled an act for building a new goal in Baltimore County," by which act Sam- uel Owings, James Carroll, John Merrymau, James Carey, and Nicholas Rogers were appointed commis- sioners, vested with powers to receive by purchase or donation any portion or portions of ground within the citv of iJaltiiiiore or its precincts which to them CITY DEPAKTMENTS. should appear suitable for a jail building, and also ! authority to erect a jail upon the same. Under this 1 act the commissioners, in 1799, obtained from William ' Wilson, John Brown, and Nicholas R. Moore a part ' of the ground, six acres and a half in all, upon which \ the jail now stands. This jail was finished and occu- pied in 1802, E. C. Long, architect. It was built in i quadrangular form, inclosing a square court. The lower story and the principal part of the other stories ! were vaulted, as a safeguard against fire as well as additional security against escapes. The apartments were generally twenty feet square and well ventilated, j The first executions in the jail-yard occurred on Friday, April 22, 1808. On the night of the 14th of | March, 1808, a number of prisoners broke jail and made their escape, after a severe encounter with the turnkey, Mr. Green, and others, who were desperately wounded, and a watchman named Worker, who died | of his wounds. William Robinson, William Morris, Daniel Dougherty, and Caleb Dougherty, four of the prisoners, were tried, convicted, and executed for the murder of the watchman in less than a month after the commission of the crime. This jail, in 1812, was the j scene of great brutality sul!ered by the gentlemen who were taken there to protect them from the mob. The result of the capture of the jail by the mob was the building of the stone wall eleven feet high around it. In 1850 the necessity for a larger jail became apparent, and the Committee on Police and Jails, Sept. 14, 1850, reported to the Council in favor of building a new jail on the site of the old one. Both branches of the City Council accordingly passed an ordinance on the I 20th of May, 1851, appropriating fifty thousand dol- lars for the erection of a new jail or addition to the old one. A dispute arose in the Council in regard to the location, and for some time the project was held t in abeyance, and it was not until February, 1856, that the Council adopted a resolution appointing the joint Committee of the Police and Jail with the mayor and city commissioners a committee to select a place and secure specifications for the new jail. The original jail grounds on Madison Street and Jones' Falls were selected for the site, and in April the city commis- sioner, J. P. Shanon, entered into a contract with Messrs. H. R. & J. Reynolds to build the jail accord- ing to specifications for $117,000. The contractors completed the greater part of the work, when a difii- culty arose upon the subject of the plans, and the city entered into an arbitration, Nathan T. Dushane representing the city, and J. B. Emory the contrac- tors, Lawrence Sangston being umpire. The arbitra- tors decided that the city was indebted to the contrac- tors in the sum of $102,415, which by a resolution of the City Council was paid to them. A contract was then entered into with Messrs. John W. Maxwell & Co. to complete the jail according to the Dixon plans for $169,000 by the 5th of July, 1858. The new jail was completed and accepted by the commissioners Dec. 28, 1859, and the prisoners moved into it Jan. 2, 1860. The city commissioners' reports for 1858-61, together with the award made by the arbitrators to H. E. & J. Reynolds, show the cost to have amounted to $307,286.15, not including the price paid for the ground, $35,000. The report of the warden for 1881 estimates the value of the jail property under the charge of the Board of Visitors at $362,835.70. The ground upon which the jail is built contains six acres and a half, surrounded by a substantial stone wall eleven feet high. The plan of the jail embraces a jail within a jail. The main hall through the centre of the jail, opening east and west, is fifty-nine feet eight inches in length, and fifty-eight feet six inches wide ; the entrance is by a flight of iron steps from the yard on the west ; immediately on the right and left of the hall are eight rooms twenty by twenty feet and fifteen feet high. There is an interior building running right and left from the main hall, each build- ing a hundred and sixty feet long, with rows of cells opening out on an iron portico ; there are five rows on each side of the two wings, or five stories, with iron portico in front ; in all three hundred cells eight by eleven feet and nine feet high. Above this main hall is the chapel of the jail, fifty-seven by sixty feel and twenty-two feet high. On each side of the interior buildings is a space of thirteen feet wide extending from the cells to the outer wall of the main building. The basement of this space is now used as a dining- room, the old custom of feeding persons in their cells having been abandoned. The main hall is divided from the cells by an open iron railing built very sub- stantially. At the extreme end and in the rear of each of these wings bathing-tubs are placed, and by the peculiar construction ventilation from the roof of the building through each cell is obtained. The cells are furnished with an iron cot, a table, chair, wash-basin, etc. The whole establishment is subjected daily to flooding and washing from hose arranged for that purpose. The entire building is of stone, brick, and iron, and is fire-proof. The exit from the main hall opposite the entrance is by a similar flight of iron steps into the back yard of the jail, where are located the kitchen, a brick building, forty by thirty feet; the weaving-shop, one hundred feet long ; the engine- and boiler-room, the tin and blacksmith-shop, and the laundry ; the bake-house is in the main building. In the centre of the main hall is a fountain throwing up refreshing columns of water, and near the entrance of the hall is a small oflice, built for the deputy war- dens. The yard in front of the jail on the west is laid j ofl' into grass and flower-plats. At the gate on Madi- I son Street a handsome cottage, like a porter's lodge, has been erected, with a large room on each side of the passage or entrance-way, one for a clerk and the other for a deputy warden assigned to the duty of , keeping the gate. The residence of the warden is built like the jail, of block stone, in cottage style, fronting on Madison Street, and divided from the jail ■ by the stone wall surrounding the latter. 20-2 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. The present officers of the jail are as follows : Board of Visitors, Otis Keilholtz, president ; Adolph Nachman, secretary ; H. E. Reinhard, Jacob France, St., and Thomas G. Hayes ; Warden, J. F. Morrison ; Physician, Dr. D. P. Hoffman ; Clerk, William H. Turner ; Matron, Carrie H. Dall ; Deputy Wardens, Charles Carroll, Henry Cruse, William H. Cross, Edward C. Bowers, John Rielly, William H. Miller, William H. Tibballs, John F. Carter, Thomas J. Murray, William Howard, Joseph J. Peters, Law- rence Mayberry, Andrew J. Morris, Thomas M. Ken- ney, James J. Flannery, Peter B. Kestler, and James B. Sanner ; Baker, Charles W. Muhley ; Gardener, Louden Feast. The following are the names of the successive wardens of the jail since 1827 : Dixon Stansbury, David W. Hudson, William H. Counsel- man, Daniel E. Meyers, William A. Wysong, Thomas P. O. Sellers, A. P. Shutt, Thomas C. James, Charles M. Henry, James H. Irvin, and J. Frank Morrison. Executions. — 1752, January 10th, John Berry, Martha Bassett, and Mary Powell were executed for the murder of Mrs. Clark Berry, the former having been hanged in chains. 1788, Donnelly and Mooney were executed for the highway robbery of Mrs. D. Shadwell. 1808, April 22d, Daniel Dougherty, William Robin- son, William Morris, and Caleb Dougherty were ex- €cuted for jail-delivery and murder. 1817, December 9th, Jean Lamarde, condemned to ■death for the murder of Andrew Clemments, hanged himself in his cell. 1818, Hare and Alexander were executed for the robbery of the Eastern mail. They were hung in the jail-yard, the platform and trap being used for the first time in Baltimore in place of the cart hitherto employed. 1820, April 13th, John F. Ferguson and Israel Denny were executed for piracy ; five others, who were condemned at the same time, having received executive clemency. In the same year Perry Hut- ton and Morris B. Hull were executed for mail rob- bery. 1844, January 12th, Adam Horn was executed for the murder of his wife, Maliuda Horn. The murder was attended with circumstances of unusual atrocity, jind created great excitement at the time. 1845, June 27th, Henry McCurry was executed for the murder of Paul Roux. 1847, February 26th, Joseph Alexander (colored) •was executed for the murder of Washington Sheppard. 1849, July 21st, Conrad Vinter was executed for the murder of Mrs. Elizabeth Cooper, near Parkton, Baltimore Co. 1853, August 5th, Thomas Connor was executed for the murder of Capt. William Hutchinson. When the drop fell the rope broke and Connor fell to the ground. He was taken back to the scaffold and hanged, the shocking spectacle being witnessed by fully twenty thousand peojjle. 1859, April 8th, Henry Gambrill, Marion Cropps, Peter Corrie, and John Stephens, alias Cyphus (col- j ored), were executed for the murder of Benjamin Ben- ton, Robert M. Rigdon, and William King (colored). I The popular excitement on this occasion was intense, ' and the above executions were regarded by all good I citizens as a vindication of the law, which had been to some extent undermined by ruffianism and vio- lence. 1862, March 7th, Private Joseph H. Kuhns, of the Second Maryland Regiment, was hanged at Fort Mc- Henry for the jnurder of Lieut. David E. Whitson. 1864, May 23d, Andrew or Isadore Laypole was executed at Fort McHenry as a Confederate spy and guerilla. He died bravely. 1864, September 27th, George McDonald, alias M. M. Dunning, of the Third Maryland Cavalry, shot at Fort McHenry for desertion and other crimes. 1873, August 1st, Thomas R. Hollahan and Joshua Nicholson were executed for the murder of Mrs. John Lampley. An unusual notoriety was given to the case by the attempt of HoUohan to assassinate Dep- uty Marshal Frey in open court at Annapolis during the trial of the cause. The Maryland Penitentiary.— The ]\Iaryland Penitentiary was opened ibr the reception of crimi- I nals in 1811. Prior to its establishment the offenses now punishable by confinement therein were pun- ished by confinement in the jails, alms-houses, or work- I houses, and the criminals were made to labor upon the public roads. In a report made in 1884 it is stated that "Before the establishment of any regular system in this country convicts were employed in Maryland, as in other of the States, in making and repairing roads, cleansing streets, etc." A penitentiary was es- tablished in Philadelphia in 1794 and placed under ! regulations excluding all the hardships of the pr'c- j vious mode. At the November session of the General Assembly in 1804, a resolution was adopted by which John Eager Howard, Thomas Dixon, Josias Pennington, Thomas McElderry, Robert C. Long, Levi Hollings- worth, Daniel Conn, Samuel Sterett, and George Warner were appointed commissioners to provide for the erection of a penitentiary for the reception of criminals, with authority to agree upon a site for the building, and to propose a plan to the Governor, and ' when approved to contract for and superintend the erection of the same. The proceeds of the fines, for- feitures, and licenses collected in Baltimore, not ap- propriated to the use of the city, were assigned to defray the expenses of construction ; but owing to the defective provisions of the resolution they could not be obtained, and the Legislature was forced to make regular appropriations for the erection of the institu- tion. The commissioners under this act proceeded to purchase ground and erect buildings on Madison Street near the York road, Mr. Conn being the archi- CITY DEPARTMENTS. 203 tect and builder. The deed made to the commission- ers by Daniel Bowley conveys all "that piece, parcel, or lot of ground situate and lying in BaUimore County, being part of Todd's range, Eogers' Inspection, and Salisbury plains. Beginning, for the outlines of the whole three parcels, at a stone Sitarked No. 3 of the prison lot, and running thence north one and a half degrees, west three-tenths of a perch to Henry Stevenson's part of Sal- isbury plains; thence binding on said part north eighty-nine degrees, r i> inaiket d lys at the 11^ uhdt&oevei, brought dajbof the week to the HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. said town for sale (except fish and oystera brought by water, all kinds of grain, flonr, bread, butter in firkins or other vessels exceeding twenty pounds net, cheese, pork by the hog, beef or pork in the barrels or larger casks, live cattle, sheep, or hogs), shall be carried to the market-house of the said town, there to be sold at market hours, to wit, from any time in the morning to twelve at noon." Up to 1784 the old and single market-house at the corner of Gay and Baltimore Streets had sufficed for Baltimore, hut ahout this period the inhabitants of Old Town and Fell's Point, those on Howard's Hill, and those in the centre of the settlements, began to dispute about the site for enlarged accommodations for the traffic in provisions. It was soon seen that one market would no longer satisfy the three widely-separated classes of population, and it was therefore wisely re- solved that each should be accommodated. In early times it had been intended to get rid of " the marsh" on Mr. Harrison's property at the junction of Harri- son and Baltimore Streets, by thoroughly excavating it so as to form a dock connecting with the Basin, and extending the whole distance thence to our principal street. This scheme was now abandoned, and the exec- utors of Mr. Harrison offering to appropriate the space in Harrison Street, the inhabitants of the neighborhood subscribed money to erect a market-house on the site of our present Maryland Institute. It was accordingly resolved to build one market-house in Hanover Street, one at Fell's Point, and the chief and largest of the three on Harrison Street upon the bed of the old swamp. Application was therefore made to the Legis- lature for the necessary authority, and at the Novem- ber session of 1784 an act was passed " for establish- ing new markets and building market-houses in Bal- timore Town, and for the regulation of said markets." By this act Samuel Smith, William Patterson, John McLure, David Harris, Thomas Yates, James Jaffray, Englehard Yeiser, Abraham Vanbibber, and Thomas Elliott were invested with authority to build a market- house " on a parcel of ground situate in the said town opposite Harrison Street, beginning in Baltimore Street, and running thence south, parallel with Gay Street, of the width of one hundred and fifty feet to Water Street, with the privilege of extending the same to the channel." It was further provided that the market-house should be completed " on or before the first day of March, 1787." Hanover Market. — The second section of the act gave similar authority to Col. John Eager How- ard, Wm. Hammond, Jonathan Hudson, Wm. Good- win, Dr. Lyle Goodwin, and Leonard Harbaugh to build a market-house " on a space or parcel of ground to the westward of the Basin, situate in a square extending and bounding on Hanover Street one hundred and fifty-six feet, and on Camden Street one hundred and ninety-eight feet." This market also was to be completed by the first of March, 1787. The act also authorized the com- missioners of Baltimore Town, after the completion of the Marsh or Centre Market, to lay off the grounds of the old market-house on Gay and Baltimore Streets into convenient lots and sell the same, with the houses thereon, appropriating three-fourths of the proceeds to the construction of the Marsh Market and the com- pletion of the public wharves adjoining it, and one- fourth to the completion of the Hanover Market- house. In 1790 the commissioners appointed to build the Hanover Market represented to the General Assembly that the funds at their command had been insufficient to defray the expenses connected with its erection, " whereby they had incurred a large debt for which they were personally responsible," and prayed that they might be empowered to sell part of the market- house and the ground adjoining for the purpose of discharging the obligation. In answer to their pe- tition an act was passed on the 14th of December in that year authorizing them " to sell in fee simple for life, years, or otherwise, such parts of the said market-house and the ground thereto adjoining as will be sufficient to discharge all debts w^iich may have been incurred in purchasing ground for the said market-house and erecting the same thereon." Fell's Point Market. — Although the Fell's Point Market-house was not legalized until the following year, it appears to have been completed before either the Centre or Hanover Market, as in a supplemental act " for the regulation ofthe markets in Baltimore Town," passed on the 6th of March, 1786, it is recited that " the inhabitants of that part of Baltimore Town called Fell's Point have built a market-house on a piece of ground given them by Edward Fell, de- ceased." By this act all the regulations and provis- ions relating to the other markets were extended to this, and the commissioners were directed to appoint a clerk for the Fell's Point Market, and to make such further rules for the "good government of the several market-houses in the said town" as they should deem necessary. The Lexington Market.— In 1782, Col. Howard laid off the Lexington Market on Howard's Hill, on his own land, but it was many years before a market-house was erected. Efforts were made in 1799 by the in- habitants of the western section of the city to have Hanover Market re- moved to the present site of Lexington Market. The committee appointed to consider the petition an- joh.v e. iioward. of Samuel Chase to have Hanover Market removed recommended its removal farther west, but reported that they were unable to fix upon a suitable locality, and for the latter pur- pose they recommended the appointment of a com- mittee, consisting of Henry Stouffer, Adam Fonerden, Ephraim Robinson, George Presstman, and John Hillen, but it does not appear that this committee CITY DEPAKTMENTS. took any definite action. Tlie citizens of wliat was known as Western Precinct, liowever, continued tlieir efforts to liave a market-house built upon tiie lot laid off by Col. Howard, and finally, in 1803, Wm. Cook, EbenezerFinley, Christopher Johnson, Adam Welch, and Wm. Jessop were appointed a committee to memorialize the Legislature for the establishment of the Lexington Market. Funds were soon raised, and the building proceeded rapidly to completion. The market-house then erected extended only from Eutaw to Paca Streets on Lexington Street. In 180<3 the commissioners for the AVestern Precinct (or Lex- ington) Market were Daniel Lammot, Ebenezer Fin- ley, Chris. Johnson, Lewis Pascault, Luke Tiernan, and John Kennedy. On Feb. 13, 1826, a public meeting of the citizens of the Twelfth Ward was held at Cugle's Tavern, at which Jacob Deems presided, and Daniel Kraber acted as secretary, for the purpose of petitioning the mayor and City Council to make an appropria- tion to repair the Lexington Market west of Paca Street, and also to purchase a lot for the purpose of erecting a market-house for the sale of fish. The committee was composed of George Warner, J. H. B. Latrobe, A. Welch, Daniel Kraber, James Blair, John Schriver, John W. Berry, Joseph Hook, Jr., Thomas Finley, and William Hollins. In accordance with the memorial presented by the committee a resolution passed the City Council appropriating the sura of two thousand five hundred dollars, to be used to repair Lexington Market west of Paca, in the same way as the market-house on the east side, and "to erect a new house for the sale of fresh and dried fish, of the same height and breadth as the present house on the space of ground on Lexington Street west of the present fish-market, so as to leave not less than thirty feet between the said present fish-market and the new house contemplated to be erected, and to ex- tend towards the hay-scales fifty feet." In 1855 that part of the market between Paca and Green Streets was reconstructed, and on the 3d of January, 1856, the building was completed and ready for use. After the close of tlie late civil war the greater portion of the Lexington Market was rebuilt. Federal Hill Market-hou.se and Cross Street Market.— " Federal Hill Market-house," on the corner of Cross and Henrietta Streets, was built in 1845, and opened in January, 1846. It was one hundred feet long by sixty feet wide, and con- tained twelve butchers' stalls, four fish stalls, and twenty huckster or eave stalls. It was built under the supervision of Francis A. Gibbons, the contractor, and the carpenter's work was done by Charles Haw- kins. In 1873 a new market-house, called the " Cross Street Market-house," was erected upon the space between the old Federal Hill Market-house and the Cross Street Market wall. The new house was built by John S. Hogg, contractor, for thirty-one thousand dollars. The plan was furnished by Frank E. Davis, architect. The building is two hundred and sixty- eight feet long, sixty feet wide, and thirty-five feet high. It extends from Light to Charles, between Cross and West Streets. The Belair Market. — The first Belair Market- house was built on Forest Street, and extended from Hillen to Orleans Streets. The house was two hun- dred and eighty-eight feet in length and sixty-five feet wide, and each butcher's stall was supplied with gas and all other conveniences necessary. It was sup- ported by iron columns and had a slate roof. Messrs. Beale and Kamsay were the contractors and carpen- ters. An additional market-house was built in 1870, and was nearly ready for occupancy, when, on the 1st of January, 1871, a wind-storm lifted off the roof, which rested upon iron pillars on granite sockets, de- pending entirely upon vertical pressure for support. The roof was not materially damaged. In addition to the ten thousand dollars originally appropriated, the City Council appropriated three thousand eight j hundred dollars to reset the roof more securely ; the contract was awarded to Charles Dunn. The iron I pillars of the structure now rest upon and are secured by large flagstones, and the pillars are braced by heavy iron stays. Richmond Market. — A new market-house was built in 1853 on the site of the old Richmond Market, j Under the authority of the city the commissioners for the opening of streets, Messrs. Mittenberger, Lightner, and Harrison, purchased the squares of ground located in a southeastern direction from the Richmond Mar- ket-house, including all that tract of ground run- ! ning from Richmond to Cathedral Streets, and from Howard to Tyson Streets, upon which the market- house was erected. On Dec. 10, 1874, a new house [ was added by building an extension on the lot north of the market-house, under the Fifth Regiment's j Armory. On this occasion the butchers obtained the services of the Fifth Regiment's band, Capt. Itzell, and opened the market with music and jollity. 1 Cattle Market. — The increase in the sale of live- stock made it necessary for the accommodation of I dealers for the State to procure a larger area upon I which to locate the cattle market and scales. The Legislature, therefore, at the session of 1851-52, made ah appropriation, and appointed commissioners to sell the lot then used and procure more extensive and eligible grounds for the purpose. The grounds upon I which the scales had been previously located and cattle sold, on the north side of Pratt Street, with a front of three hundred and thirty feet, and two hun- dred and eighteen feet and six inches on the north side of Pulaski Street, three hundred and fifty on the southernmost side of Frederick Avenue, and three hundred and thirty-six feet on the west side of Pay- son Street, were sold at public auction to W. C. Conine for $5300 by authority of the commissioners, who on the 27th of September, 1852, purchased the more eligible lot on the Calverton road, near the 208 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. western limits of tlie city. The ground was surveyed by Owen Bouldin, and the new market was opened for business on the 1st of January, 1853. The Ca^'ton Market-house. — The Canton Market-house was erected under ordinance of July 14, 1859, on O'Donnel near Potomac Street. On the | 14th of July, 1876, the southern half of the market fell, the roof having been badly damaged by fire on the 29th of February previous. Broadway Market-house was erected under ordinances Nos. 30, April 7, 1864, and 79, June 9, 1864, on the vacant space of ground on Broadway between Canton Avenue and Aliceanna Street. No. 30 authorized the comptroller to rent the public hall in the upper story, and to sell in perpetuity all the permanent and movable stalls in the same. It was further provided that the said market-house should in all respects be under the control of the mayor and City Council. HoLLiN.s Street Market was erected under the provisions of resolutions No. 63, April 16, 1835, No. 2, 1839, No. 60, Aug. 27, 1863, No. 5, February, 1864. No. 36, April 11, 1864, provided for the erection of an additional market-house at the HoUins Street Market. The first and last-named ordinances authorized the comptroller to rent the public hall in the upper story, and to sell in perpetuity all the permanent and movable stalls in the market-house. No. 80, June 9, 1864, provided ibr the erection of an extra story and gallery to the above, and by resolution No. 203, June 29, 1877, the market building was extended from its west gable end to the east gable end of Hol- lins' Market Hall building. Lafayette Market-house.— On the 22d of De- cember, 1869, a resolution was adopted by the Second Branch of the City Council, and subsequently by the First Branch, providing for the purchase of a lot of ground, known as the "Sewell Lot," bounded by Pennsylvania Avenue, Cook, and Fremont Streets, as a site for a new market-house in the northwestern section of the city. In accordance with this resolu- tion the lot was purchased of Mr. Sewell for thirty thousand dollars, and the city having contracted with John S. Hogg, he proceeded to build the house, and had nearly completed it when the entire roof was lifted off" by a wind-storm on the 1st of January, 1871. The roof rested upon iron pillars and granite sockets, depending solely upon vertical pressure to keep it in place. The loss amounted to nineteen thousand dollars. The City Council then appropri- ated nine thousand one hundred and fifty dollars to rebuild the market-house, with four thousand dollars additional to stay the pillars with iron. Mr. Hogg again contracted with the city to rebuild the house, which was conii)leted about the 1st of December and opened for the accommodation of the public. Jones' Falls. — Jones' Falls, a small, but at times, " taken at the flood," an angry and boisterous stream, rises northwest of Baltimore, and enters the city at the intersection of North Avenue and Oak Streets, flowing southeast until it intersects West Hoffnian Street, thence south and slightly west until it inter- sects West Biddle Street, thence south to Hillen Street, thence slightly southeast until it debouches into the Basin at the City Dock. The stream was named "Jones' Falls" after David Jones, who is said to have been the first actual settler upon the borders of the stream, and who resided on the northeast side of the Falls, on Jones, now Front Street. When Baltimore was first laid out Jones' Falls formed the absolute easternmost and northernmost boundary of the town. It then swept around in a deep horseshoe bend until it reached a point a little south of Lexington and Calvert Streets, where it turned its course and ran northeast to about the present location of the Gay Street bridge, and there once more changing its direction, flowed south into the Basin. Shoals of porpoises were often seen in the stream as high up as Bath Street, and a man was drowned while bathing in it at the corner of Lexing- ton and Calvert Streets. At that time it was navi- gable to sea-going vessels as high up as the City Spring. The early settlements of Jones, Cole, Gor- such, and others formed a nucleus that in time be- came known as "Old Town," and made it necessary for the convenience of the citizens of both sides of the stream to bridge it. By the united eftbrts of both a wooden bridge was built over the Falls where it is now spanned by the Gay Street bridge. In 1759, An- drew Steiger, a butcher, purchased of Dr. Wm. Taylor the marsh in the bed of the Falls, drained it, and cleared it for the pasturage of his cattle. In 1773 Gay Street bridge was rebuilt of wood, and a new bridge erected at Baltimore Street of stone, which gave way when finished, and was then rebuilt of wood. In 1789, Englehard Yeiser and others, who owned 1 the ground, cut a new channel for the stream from the lower mill at Bath Street across the meadow to Gay Street bridge, the bounds of which were fixed by an ordinance of the City Council in 1803, and the old course of the Falls by the court-house at the corner of Lexington and Calvert Streets gradually filled up. In 1799, on the petition of the proprietors, Pratt Street from Franklin Lane was directed to be opened to the Falls, and a bridge was erected to con- nect the eastern and western divisions of the street. In 1807 an act was passed to open Centre Street east- I wardly from Howard Street to the Falls, and the Centre Street bridge was erected. In 1808 an appro- [ priation of ten thousand dollars was made by the mayor and City Council to build a stone bridge over Jones' Falls at Baltimore Street. The materials of the first .stone bridge, which fell as soon as completed, remaining in the bed of the Falls, it was found im- practicable to sink a cofler-dam, which rendered it necessary to pile the foundation, abutments, and I piers. This bridge of two arches, built of common quarry stone from Jones' Falls, furnished with side- CITY DEPARTMENTS. 209 walks and iron railings, was forty feet wide and eighty- feet long, and cost twenty-two thousand dollars. In 1811 the City Council determined to proceed in the work of erecting substantial bridges, and authority was given to the mayor and city commissioners to borrow from the banks twenty-six thousand dollars for building bridges at Pratt and Gay Streets. The Pratt Street bridge was undertaken by Lewis Hart for twenty thousand dollars. This bridge was eighty- four feet long and fifty feet wide, and had three arches. The Gay Street bridge, erected a year after by John Kennedy, was sixty feet long and fifty feet wide, with two arches, and cost sixteen thousand dol- lars. In 1813 the City Council resolved " That iu consideration of the fact that tlie deepening and walling up of Jones' Falls from the mouth thereof to Centre Street,- and making the same navigable, is deemed highly essential to the preservation of the health of Baltimore, and as leading to improve the navigation of said city, the mayor be requested by both branches of the Council to sanction any applications of persons interested therein to the Legislature of Maryland, at its next session, for authority to open a lottery or lotteries for the purposes aforesaid, the said application to be iu conformity with that of Samuel Chase and others to the session of the Legislature pre- A resolution was also passed in March requesting the mayor " to advertise that a premium of five hundred dollars would be paid to the person who should submit a plan for the improvement of Jones' Falls, provided the plan was adopted by the corporation, and also to ad- vertise in the papers of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington that the corporation of Baltimore is liesii'ous to receive proposals, with plans and estimates of the expense, for the improvement of Jones' Falls, by making a canal navigable for flats and scows, or by seeming the watere within their bed so that it shall not overflow." In 1821 an ordinance was passed appropriating eight hundred dollars for building a mud-machine for the purpose of cleaning the Falls, and another appropriating two thousand dollars for deepening •Tones' Falls from Pratt Street to Gay Street bridge. The city by this time had crowded its habitations along the banks of Jones' Falls, and the floods began to be a terror and a nuisance to that section. Engi- neering skill was employed to remedy the evil ; many plans were suggested, among them one by Robert Mills, and submitted to both branches of the City Council by a committee composed of John Hollins, John Campbell White, and James Biays, of the Second Branch, and John Reese, James Wilson, John S. Young, William Ross, and B. Mesick, of the First Branch. This plan proposed, as a hygienic measure, the removal of all nuisances situated on its banks; secondly, the paving of a street on each side of the Falls ; and, thirdly, the deepening of the Falls, so as to make the stream navigable as far up as Madison Street. On the 10th of March, 1819, the new and elegant bridge on Belvidere Street gave way. While some workmen were repairing it, it broke and fell into the stream, but was afterwards more substan- tially rebuilt, and .successfully withstood all subse- quent floods. It was torn down in 1880. It was also suggested by a distinguished engineer at this time (1819) that it would be practicable to divert the course of Jones' Falls into Herring Run, which passed east of the city, and thence into the Patapsco. The flood of 1837 swept away all the bridges across Jones' Falls erected by the city, with the exception of the Belvidere bridge, when it was suggested by another engineer to substitute for the wood and stone bridges destroyed cast-iron bridges, as the material i would ofter greater resistance and would not present so broad a surface ; and this plan was adopted in the reconstruction of the bridges. The bridges were not immediately built, but when constructed they were j made of iron, were higher above the water, and , spanned the stream with a single arch. The Fayette ] Street bridge was finished in December, 1848. The ! Eastern Avenue bridge was completed in 1850, The I draw-bridge at the City Dock in 1852. The one at the intersection of Hillen Street the same year. The : iron suspension-bridge at Eager Street in 1854. The bridge.s over Baltimore and Pratt Streets were fin- ished in 1855. The strength of these bridges and the wisdom of their erection was demonstrated by their resistance to the flood of 1 858. At this flood, there being no obstruction to clog the stream and back the water, everything passed ofi" freely, doing much less damage than previous floods. In 1868 another freshet in Jones' Falls seemed to have swept everything before it by the fury of its torrent, and it was at first supposed that all the bridges over the Falls had been destroyed!; but for- 1 tunately it was not the case, though the few that were 1 left standing were nearly all greatly damaged. The stone bridge at Eager Street stood firm, and did not seem to be injured in the slightest degree. The Charles Street bridge was swept entirely away, the abutments having yielded to the force of the torrent. It was soon dashed to pieces, and came down with a mass of d6bris against Monument Street bridge. The pressure of the debris and the obstruction to the flood I at this point soon caused the water to rise and flow over the bed of that structure, and in a few moments after it floated from its abutments and was dashed into fragments. The Madison and Centre Street bridges, the Hillen Street and Swann Street bridges, : soon after gave way, and were swept down the current, j the abutments and approaches to these fine structures i being entirely destroyed. The Belvidere bridge was I not injured, it having withstood all the floods for j fifty years past. The iron bridge at Fayette Street I was also swept off'. This bridge was of massive cast iron, and probably had enough iron in it to construct half a dozen bridges. The abutments gave way, and the iron superstructure crumbled into a thousand fragments ; even the abutments were pushed out of their base. The only other bridge totally destroyed was the foot-bridge over Plowman and Swann Streets, which was swept off and destroyed. The three prin- i cipal bridges in the centre of the city, those over i Gay Street, Baltimore Street, and Pratt Street, were all badly damaged^ and were in a condition only for 210 HISTOKY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. foot-passengers to cross. This flood occurred in July. Another rain-storm visited Baltimore on Saturday night, October 2d, in the same year. Centre Market bridge was carried away, and Pratt Street bridge and the draw-bridge were considerably injured by the | dredging machines, which were wrecked against them. The first flood of this year had been so destructive of public and private property that it stimulated action on the part of the City Council to provide some means of preventing the recurrence of the ca- lamity. The Council appointed a joint committee of the two branches to confer with the best engineering talent to ascertain and report to the Council the feasibility of diverting Jones' Falls from its channel through the centre of the city. The committee held a meeting on the 30th of July, and appointed a com- mission of engineers, composed of Messrs. B. H. La- trobe, John H. Tegmeyer, and Gen. Isaac E. Trimble, to examine the stream and prepare a report. This commission submitted two plans to the Council, — one contemplated the diversion of the stream out of the city limits, and the other, widening and straightening it within the city. This commission was dissolved, and a number of plans were submitted by Robert Mills, and, upon invitation of the Council, one by Henry Tyson, which latter plan was adopted, and consisted in the widening, straightening, and walling of the channel, the construction of sewers, and the opening of avenues, together with the development of wharf front on the stream. While Mr. Tyson's plan was similar to that of the commissioners, Messrs. Latrobe, Tegmeyer, and Trimble, and that of Mr. Mills, in detail it was more complete, and seemed to threaten less damage to existing property. Mr. Ty- son's plan was submitted April 8, 1869. It involved very great outlay, as " the whole wiilth of the contemplated channel was to be excavated so as to afford six feet water at low tide to such a point in the vicinity of Monument Street as it may be deemed advisable to extend the flow of the tide and use it as a dock ; above this to be paved with rubble ma- sonry, with a depression in the centre sufficient to carry off the ordinary flow of the stream," and to " erect bridges of a single span, provided with suitable road and foot-ways, presenting no obstruction to the free flow of the water at Charles, Madison, Monument, Centre, Hillen, Gay, Fayette, Baltimore, Lombard, and Pratt Streets, Canton Avenue, and at the mouth of the channel, and an additional arch of masonry to Eager Street bridge," which arch was afterwards a prolific source of dispute between the commissioners. By an ordinance approved Jan. 31, 1870, Messrs. Henry Tyson, Isaac R. Trimble, and George P. Kane were appointed " the Board of Commissioners for the Improvement of Jones' Falls." This ordinance adopted the plan submitted by Mr. Tyson, declaring, however, that the Board of Commissioners should not take action on any provision of the ordinance until after the passage by the General Assembly of an act authorizing the mayor and City Council to exercise the powers for which provision was made in the ordi- nance. The ordinance was confirmed by an act passed by the Legislature of 1870, ch. lir), and further au- thority was granted by the Legislature of 1870, ch. 113, to the mayor and City Council, to issue bonds for the improvement of Jones' Falls, to an amount not ex- ceeding two million five hundred thousand dollars, subject to ratification by a vote of the people. The ordinance was submitted to the decision of the voters of Baltimore at an election held April 7, 1870, as to whether or not the city should issue not exceed- ing two million five hundred thousand dollars, for the improvement of Jones' Falls on the Tyson plan, which resulted in the ratification of the measure. The board of commissioners appointed Benjamin F. Latrobe chief engineer of the work.' Unfortunately, the commissioners appointed under the ordinance for the improvement of Jones' Falls did not agree upon the details of the plan, Messrs. Trim- ble and Kane differing from Mr. Tyson. This con- flict of opinion seemed to impede the work, and har- assing discussions arose that finally induced the Council to pass a supplementary ordinance, approved October, 1870, by which sections 13 and 15 of the original ordinance were repealed, which very mate- rially changed the Tyson plan in several of its main features. A new commission was appointed by the Council March 29, 1871, under the supplemental or- dinance, composed of Messrs. A. J. Saulsbury, James L. McLane, John F. Hunter, William H. Tillard, and George Colton. Finally, June 7, 1871, the two branches agreed upon a new commission, composed of Messrs. Frank Frick, William A. Dean, H. Clay Dal- lam, P. P. Pendleton, Francis B. Loney, and George W. Benson. Mr. Frick declined the appointment, but the board organized, his declension not aff'ecting its authority, and selected Maj. W. P. Craighill, of the United States corps of engineers, and Strick- land Kneass, engineer of the city of Philadelphia, as. engineers of the board. This commission, on the 19th of February, 1871, made a report on the various plans and submitted an additional plan, the cost of which they estimated at two million seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In February, 1872, a report was made to the Coun- cil by their joint committee, recommending a plan, substantially that of Messrs. Craighill and Kneass, to widen, deepen, and straighten the channel between Eager Street and the Basin ; the avenues and other costly features of Mr. Tyson's plan were omitted, and a sewer on the west side of the Falls only was pro- posed. Appended to the report was an ordinance constituting a commission of three to carry on the work. This ordinance passed the City Council, and was approved April 24, 1872, and under it a commis- sion was appointed, consisting of Henry Snyder, Sam- uel H. Adams,. and Robert S. Beatley. The salary oi each commissioner was fixed at two thousand five hundred dollars per annum, with power to employ a , built by Wendell : CITY DEPARTMENTS. 211 clerk at twelve hundred dollars, and an engineer at five thousand dollars per annum. In April, 1873, Henry Snyder resigned, and W. H. Gatchell was ap- pointed to fill the vacancy. The commission began its labors in June, 1872. C. P. Manning was selected as their engineer, and the work was begun anew. All the plats and condemnations were placed in the ofiice of the city register, August, 1873, so that the work occupied but little over a year. The ordinance gave large discretionary powers to the commissioners, the Council having wisely con- cluded that a few intelligent men would more easily arrive at just conclusions upon the work than a large number not familiar with all its details. The ordi- nance provided that in order to have suitable drain- age for the city on the west side of the Falls, — then drained by sewers emptying into the Falls, and which cannot be drained into the new channel, — to have con- structed a sewer along Holliday to Saratoga, along Saratoga to Frederick Street, in connection with the sewers on Centre and Saratoga Streets, and to con- tinue the same to the Basin, and also to construct such other sewers both on the east and west side of the Falls as in their judgment, under the advice of their engineer, may be necessary or advisable to secure a i^roper drainage of the water-shed surrounding the new channel. This plan contemplated the erection of bridges over the Falls at Madison, Monument, Centre, Hillen, Gay, Fayette, Baltimore, Lombard, and Pratt Streets, and at Eastern and Canton Ave- nues, and a new draw-bridge at the mouth of the Falls. Until May 1, 1872, the expenses from the commencement, in 1870, amounted to $34,888..57. The work was continued under the new commission until 1873, when it became evident that the original ajipropriation of $2,500,000 would be exhausted and fall short $1,500,000. The City Council applied to the Legislature for authority to submit to the people for their ratification or rejection an ordinance pro- viding for the issue of $1,500,000 in city bonds for the completion of the improvements of the Falls. The Legislature granted the authority at the session of 1874, and the ordinance was submitted to the voters of Baltimore at a special election held for that purpose April 21 of the same year, and it was rejected by a vote of over 5500 majority. Two additional appropriations have, however, been made since then for the completion of the work, — one of city six per cent, bonds to the amount of $800,- 000, and another of city five per cent, bonds to the amount of $739,600, both payable April 9, 1900, which amounts, or so much thereof as were needed, have been from year to year disbursed for the pur- poses for which they were appropriated. The work is not yet finished. When completed it is hoped that the trouble occasioned by Jones' Falls for a century will be permanently obviated. During the past year the sustaining walls on the west side of the Falls and on the south side of the City Dock, together with the piers, abutments, and iron superstructure of the new draw-bridge, have been completed. The new and splendid bridges over the Falls at Calvert, St. Paul, and North Streets, for beauty, strength, excellence of construction, and cheapness of cost, will compare favorably with any similar public works in the country, and were designed by Charles H. Latrobe, civil engineer. The dimensions and cost of these bridges are as follows : North Street bridge. Length, 346 feet 6 inches ; width, 60 feet; divided into two spans of 178 feet 3 inches wide, each. Not yet completed. Calvert Street bridge. Length, 571 feet 3 inches ; width, 60 feet ; divided into two arched spans 114.4 and 146 feet respectively, and two viaducts, resting on iron columns, 195.11 and 115 feet long, each. The cost was $219,140.02. St. Paul Street bridge. Length, 693 feet ; width, 60 feet ; divided into two arched spans of 108 feet and 276.6 each, with a viaduct of 308.6, supported on iron columns. Not yet completed. The piers and abutments of these bridges are of the best style and quality of granite masonry. The superstructures are of iron, and the floors of Calvert and St. Paul Street bridges of asphalt, laid upon iron plates. In addition to crossing the Falls, they pass entirely over the grounds and tracks of the Northern Central Railway. Floods and Storms. — The early records of Balti- more contain accounts of many destructive floods and storms ; the topography of the country drained by the streams that make the Patapsco River is of that character that sheds the great body of rain-fall im- mediately from high and steep hills into the valleys of the streams, and precipitates the flow of waters along the course of Jones' Falls, Gwynn's Falls, and other small streams that pass through or near the city. 1750. — May 15. A " terrific hurricane" is reported as sweeping over the town, turning " bottom upwards" a sloop of Col. Travers', and prostrating five houses on North Point. 1751. — January 21. Baltimore and Anne Arundel visited by a storm of wind and rain, blowing down houses and killing stock. July 30. Many mills and bridges washed away, and the rain " heavier than ever known." The bridge near site of present Gay Street bridge " was removed about a foot." 1767. — The March rains greatly damaged all crops, and many tenants would have left the province but for the kindness of the landlords remitting or reducing rents. 1769. — July 30. A severe hail-storm, " or rather cakes of ice, flat and oblong, many of them four or five inches in circumference, did much damage in and around Baltimore Town. Many houses were struck by lightning, and several persons killed." In September a violent storm of wind and rain extended over the province generally, destroying upwards of one huu- 2U HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. dred tobacco-houses, breaking down the corn, and even driving the rain through the walls of a house " fourteen inches thick," and causing damage amount- ing to ■' many thousand pounds sterling." 1780. — October 5. A severe rain, lasting for twenty- four hours, and accompanied with thunder and light- ning, swelled Jones' Falls beyond its banks, and ex- tended its waters over the adjacent lands. Herds and flocks, mills and bridges were swept away. The new German Reformed church, at corner of Baltimore and Front Streets, then on the banks of the Falls, was nearly destroyed, the water undermining the founda- tion and causing the walls to fall. On the west side of the marsh, between the upper and middle bridges, a large brick house was destroyed. At the corner of Gay Street bridge a handsome two-story building was taken up and carried across the street and into the Falls, where it was crushed and floated away. John Boyce, a lawyer, Edward Ryan, a butcher, and Alex- ander Grant, a cooper, were drowned. The damage by this flood was estimated at five hundred thousand dollars. This flood is recorded as the beginning of i the troublesome career of Jones' Falls. 1788.— July 23. A tidal wave inundated the wharves, stores, and low grounds near the Basin and Fell's Point, destroying immense quantities of sugar, rice, salt, and dry-goods. James Mackintosh lost his life on the wharf. At Norfolk, Va., forty vessels were driven on shore. 1803.— July 24. Mrs. Higgins and child, Sarah Kean, twelve years of age, Mrs. Lull, Charles Clark, William Harnian, David McCloskey, and Catharine Dwyer drowned from a sail-boat capsizing in a heavy wind. 1808. — September 20. The shipping in the harbor was very much damaged by a gale of wind. The packet-boat from the Eastern Shore was upset, and five persons lost. Many fine vessels were driven high and dry on shore on the south side of the Basin. Op- posite Fort McHenry three schooners were upset, and seven men saved by the efforts of the soldiers at the fort. 1817. — August 8. A violent flood swept away the bridge at Centre Street, and deposited it in a garden below. The bridge at Baltimore Street was swept away unbroken, and lodged against the bridge below. The waters of the Falls passed with great violence down Fish (now Saratoga) Street to Harrison and Frederick. Market (now Baltimore) Street bridge stood the force of the waters. Nearly all the bridges over the Falls were carried away. 1835.— June 29. Thomas Marshall, son of Chief Justice John Marshall, was killed by the falling of the chimney of the burned court-house. Mr. Mar- shall was on his way to Philadelphia, and walking with a friend, was overtaken by the rain and stepped under the temporary shed, where he was caught, and so injured that lie died at the residence of Dr. Alex- ander. 1837. — July 14. The most destructive flood in Jones' Falls of which there is any record up to the above date. After a rapid and continued fall of rain the Falls rose so suddenly and spread beyond its banks with so much rapidity and volume that many persons aroused from sleep found themselves surrounded by the rapid flowing waters, and several were drowned or crushed to death amid the falling buildings. All the bridges along the stream were torn from their piers and abutments, and crashing against those below them, wrecked every bridge over the stream. The dam at Belvidere bridge, which supplied the reservoir of the water company, was destroyed ; the mill and adjoining tenements on Madison Street submerged ; the coach- factory of Stockton & Stokes and the tannery of Geo. Appold inundated ; the distillery of Messrs. J. C. White & Son, on Centre Street, swept away by the rushing waters, and thirty horses and fifty cows drowned ; the water here rose twenty feet above its bed, to the second stories of the houses; the "Meadow" was inundated; the Universalist church at Pleasant and Calvert Streets overflowed ; the city spring was under water, and the gas-house submerged in water six feet deep ; the African Protestant church, corner North and Saratoga Streets, was overflowed five feet above the floor; the City Hall, the Presbyterian church, corner Holliday and Saratoga Streets, over- flowed, the latter as deep as the top of the pulpit desk ; the soap-factories of Francis Hyde & Son and of T. N. Smith and Co. were very much dainaged ; Harrison and Frederick Streets were inundated ; all the stores on Market Space were overflowed and their cellars filled. Several persons were lost, among whom were the following: Christopher Wiest, wife and three children, Saratoga Street ; ■ Dougherty, cor- ner Concord and Water Streets ; Catharine Donelly, Pratt Street; James Doyle, Long Wharf; Jacob Oakley, Falls' road ; as well as several others whose names could not be ascertained. 1838. — May 23. A violent wind-storm prevailed, which unroofed many warehouses, blew down Hol- lins Street Market, and did very much damage. 1842. — August 24. After a very heavy rain the wind shifted and blew the rising tide with such vio- lence and volume as to overflow the wharves on Pratt Street, from Light Street to Marsh Market. 1843. — April 24. A shower of " sulphur," or some- thing very much like it, fell during a heavy rain. 1847. — October 7. A heavy rain-storm swelled the waters of Jones' Falls beyond their banks until the water was at one time three feet deep on Holliday and Saratoga Streets, compelling access to the Central Police Station by boats ; White's distillery was over- flowed, the temporary railroad across the Falls at Monument Street carried away ; the iron-foundry of W. Denmead undermined and very greatly damaged ; Centre Market Space was overflowed and the stores flooded ; Harrison Street from Gay to Baltimore was impassable. Great damage was done along all streams ; CITY DEPARTMENTS. railroad communication was interrupted by bridges and culverts being washed away. 18.52.— July 1.3. The overflow of Harford Run, occasioned by heavy rains, did very great damage in the northeastern section of the city ; the bridge at Broadway and Gay, as well as the Bond Street bridge, were washed away, and coming in contact with a cluster of one hundred new houses along the line and in the immediate neighborhood of Dallas and Gay Streets, six of the buildings were crushed and de- stroyed. 1856. — August 13. A tornado visited the city, in- flicting damage of not less than $100,000. Four build- ings being constructed by Michael Roach, at the corner of Madison and Calvert Streets, were totally destroyed, the roofs of many houses were torn ofi", and telegraph-poles and trees blown down. 1858. — June 12. A flood of almost equal extent and damage as that of 1837 occurred. Harrison Street, Saratoga Street, and the east side of Centre Market Space were inundated. Charles Street bridge was car- ried away. Sarah Hopkins and Cornelia Brown, ser- vants of Mrs. Frederick Dogan, and Frances Jones at Woodberry Factory, were drowned. Very great dam- age was done all along the streams in the vicinity. 1860. — May 11. Jones' Falls overflowed its banks and extended its waters over a wide area, reaching Harrison Street, Centre Market Space, Holliday Street from Old City Hall to Bath Street, and Sara- toga and Bath Streets up to Davis Street, and Lom- bard, Second, and Pratt to Frederick, and Gay from Frederick Street to the bridge, the depth of the water varying from three to six feet. 1868.— July 24. The water-spout that this day visited all the region round about Baltimore was pro- ductive of more disastrous consequences than ever followed a flood in this State. While all the streams were greatly swollen and overflowed their banks, it was along the valleys of Jones' Falls and the Pa- tapsco River that the immense damage was done. The down-pouring rain was accompanied with an easterly wind, and thus both flood and tide united. The waters of the Basin and river dammed up the outflow of the Falls, which was thus forced to dis- charge its storm-wave over the adjacent land on either bank. The great flood of 1837 was exceeded in the volume of water which poured in torrents down the streets. The rise of water began at the outlet of the Falls, and the overflow was first at the east side of Centre Market Space and Swann and Hawk Streets ; in less than an hour afterwards Harrison,* Holliday, Frederick, and Saratoga Streets were inundated, and the cellars of two thousand houses in that locality were filled with water, and the first floors invaded. Soon the ceilings of rooms never touched by any pre- vious flood were reached. A Gay Street car, over- taken by the flood, was abandoned by driver and conductor, and was carried along by the current, en- dangering the lives of four persons, two of whom, E. J. Emery, of the American, and A. Meriche, were res- cued at the corner of Harrison and Fayette Streets by being drawn up an awning-post. The two other pas- sengers, whose names are unknown, were lost. In front of Laroque's drug-store, corner of Harrison and Baltimore Streets, the water rose to the top of the lamp-post. Chrighton's distillery was entirely de- stroyed. With the exception of the Eager Street bridge, every bridge across the Falls in the city was either destroyed or so badly damaged as to be useless except for foot passage. In consequence of appre- hended destitution among the numerous families thus made homeless, the mayor and City Council appro- priated fifty thousand dollars to be distributed in re- lief to the suflering thousands, and private charity added a further sum of twenty-nine thousand dollars. The amount of suflering caused by this flood may be partially estimated when it is stated that one thou- sand and thirty-four families, composed of eight thousand and eighty-three persons, were relieved, in sums varying from ten to two hundred and fifty dol- lars. 1876. — February 1. A polar hurricane visited the city, unroofing more than three hundred houses. Baltimore Water-works.— In the early years ot its history Baltimore abounded in many natural springs of pure and excellent water, which for a long period were the only sources of supply, and which contributed largely to the health, convenience, and beauty of the town. As time passed on, however, and the community began to increase, many of these springs disappeared' or became contaminated, and it 1 The chief of these was the the City Spring, which in the early days of the city furnished a sweet and abundant store of water of a pleasant temperature at all seasons of the year. It was composed of several springs collected together, which flowed from beneath the brow of the precipice that overhung Jones' Falls when that stream retained its original course, passing over what is now Calvert Street, between Lex- ington and Pleasant Streets. In the early history of tlie town vessels of considerable burden, intended for sea, weie built and launched on tide- water at the place now occupied by the City Spring, and near the original bed of the Falls, at the southeast corner of Lexington and Cal- vert Streets, was a small wharf, to which boats from the shipping came for powder during the Revolutionary war. In 1810, when Calvert Street was graded, the lot now occupied by the City Spring, then called the Northern Fountain, was purchased by the city, and under the direction, of Peter Hoffman and Jesse Hollingsworth the grounds were laid out and buildings erected from the designs of John Davis, architect, at a cost of twenty-seven thousand dollars for the entire property. They erected for the keeper a granite house of Gothic design, having in frout a large niche for the Armistead Monument, which was removed by the city with the keeper's lodge in 1864. At the time of the laying out of the City Spring lot, and for a long time afterwards, Calvert and other adjacent streets contained the residences of the iliie of Baltimore, and the spiing being kept in fine order, it was considered one of the ornaments of the town, and was a favorite resort of the gallants and damsels of ye olden times. The temple-shaped dome which covers the spring is the same in design as that originally erected, but the fountain is now supplied with hydrant water, the old spring having become unfit for use. The Eastern and Western Fountains, which also aided to supply the city with water, were laid out in 1819, at about the same cost each as the Calvert City Springs, by John Mitliman, architect. The Eastern Fountain still exists, forming a large square on the corner of Eden and Pratt Streets. The Western Fountain was on the northwest corner of Charles and Camden Streets, and the improvements were similar in character to those of the Calvert Street spring. At one time the water from tliis spring flowed 214 HISTOEY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. was found necessary to supplement those that re- mained by means of pumps and wells. The first attempt to establish a regular water com- pany, however, was not made until 1787, and seems to have met with so little favor that it was almost immediately abandoned. In 1792 the effort was re- newe4, and on the 2.3d of December, in that year, an act was passed by the Legislature authorizing the Maryland Insurance Company, under the name of the " Baltimore Water Company," "to supply the town with water by pipes from a sufficient reservoir or source." Nothing appears to have been done under the act, and this second attempt, like the first, seems to have failed from lack of public patronage. Even after the incorporation of the city in 1796, the citi- zens appear to have been so insensible to the require- ments of their new-born dignity that they still con- sidered existing sources of supply all-sufficient for their needs. The City Council at its first session recognized the fact that " a due supply of water is a convenience and of the utmost importance in times of fire to the inhabitants;" but the ordinance, which was passed on the 2(5th of April, 1797, in pursuance of this declaration, was simply for the appropriation of one thousand dollars "to erect and regulate pumps in the streets, lanes, and alleys" of Baltimore. Two years later, however, the subject was again discussed, and Messrs. Robert Smith, Zebulon HoUingsworth, T. HoUingsworth, Edward Johnson, and W. Mac- Creery were appointed "to view the springs and streams in the neighborhood of Baltimore, and to report on the practicability of conveying the same into the city." Their report was made on the 13th of February, 1799, and was as follows : " A full and complete supply for the three great purposes of domestic con- sumption, cleaning the city, and extinguishing fires caunot be obtained but by introducing iuto the city the waters of either Gwinn's Falls, Jones' Falls, or Herring Bun. From either of tbeje sources there would be more water under our control than could be reasonably used in the city. The redundancy might be conveyed with great advantage to the heads of the ditferent docks to purify the watei-s therein, and for the essels of every kind.i from the bank, at the very edge of the Basin, and Clopper, the original owner, supplied vessels with water from it. Upon the extension of Light Street and wharf, the water which was not used at the spring was conducted in pipes to the wharf at Light Street. The spring, however, was destroyed many years ago, and its site is now entirely occupied by buildings. Centre Fountain was situated in front of the Marsh or Centie Market, and is still remembered by our older citizens. It was a small, square monument of white marble, with an ornamental heading, and threw its two jets of water from dolphins' mouths into stone basins ou either side. The spring originated from several small threads of water, ou the southeast side of the hill then known as " Howard's Park," near St. Paul and Centre Streets. It was purchased by the Water Company, and used to supply " Waterloo Row," on Calvert Street, near the city mill ; and finally the city purchased it, and by means of iron pipes con- veyed the water to the fountain at Marsh Market. It retained nntil a very late period the best reputation of all the fountains for its purity, but it, too, passed away when the present Maryland Institute took the place of the old market-house. Tlie site of Perkins' Spring, on George Street and Myrtle Avenue, was for many years only a waste lot, but in the last few yeara it has been transformed iuto a beautiful park, small in extent, but one of the most elegant and attractive in the city. ' It will be seen from this that the plan of" Hushing the Basin" is not a new idea. " Your committee are enabled to state that the water-table of the dwelling-house of William Cooke is seventy-six feet above the level of the water of the Basin ; that the water of Gwinn's Falls, in the head-race of Ellicott's Mill, at the distance of two miles from the city, is ninety- six feet above the same level ; that the water of Jones' Falls, in the head- race of the mill of Thomas & Samuel HoUingsworth, at the distance of two miles from the city, is eighty feet above the same level, and that the water of Herring Run, at the distance of three and a half miles from the city, is one hundred and fifty feet above the same level. " From the elevation of these three great bodies of water, it is appa- rent that either of them can be conveyed into the city and distributed to all the different parts thereof, and if necessary may be introduced into the upper departments of most of the houses. These waters, from their great height and abundance, may be applied not only to the cleansing of all the streets and alleys, to the furnishing of baths in the different apart- ments, and for all other domestic purposes, but may be used in the most efficacious manner in extinguishing fires.without the aid of buckets, and in some instances without the aid of an engine. For by a proper appli- cation of the hose the water may be conveyed not only to the engine without the aid of buckets, but to the different parts of the house, by means of the hose only, without the assistance of the engine, as the water will ever rise in the hose to its level in the canal whence it is first introduced into the pipes. "If, therefore, the water of Gwinn's Falls should be used, it would rise in the hose or in the pipes about ninety-six feet above the level of the water in the Basin; if Jones' Falls, about eighty feet; if Herring Run, about one hundred and fifty feet. " your committee entertain the pei-suaaion that all their fellow-citizena are duly sensible not only of the propriety of this important work, but of the urgent necessity of its being accomplished without delay." Impressed by the views of the committee, the City Council passed an ordinance authorizing a lottery to raise a sum of money to defray the expenses of the proposed undertaking, and appointed Joseph Biays, Christopher John.son, and William Clemm managers of the lottery. On the same day an ordinance was approved appointing the mayor and William Patter- son, Archibald Campbell, George Salmon, William Cooke, William Smith, John Eager Howard, and John O'Donnell commissioners to convey into the city by pipes the waters of either Gwynn's Falls, Jones' Falls, or Herring Run, and to borrow money for the pur- pose. Surveys, plans, and specifications were made, but owing to the pestilence of 1800 nothing was done until December 19th of that year, when an act was passed by the Legislature " to enable the mayor and City Council of Baltimore to introduce water into the said city." Although this act gave to the corporation full and ample powers to effect this important object, yet it seems to have been beyond the pecuniary means of the city to accomplish it. Notwithstanding the journals of the city warmly urged the usefulness and necessity of such a measure during the years 1801 and 1802, nothing was done until the meeting of the Council in February, 1803, when mayor James Cal- houn in his annual message again called the attention of that body to the subject. In pursuance of his recommendations an ordinance was passed on March 24th appointing William Cooke, James McHenry, Thomas McElderry, John O'Donnell, Robert Stewart, Thomas Tenant, James A. Buchanan, William Jessop, John E. Howard, Walter Simpson, Christopher John- son, and William Patterson commissioners, and cloth- ing them with ample power and autliority for the pur- pose. In the execution of the trust confided to them CITY DEPARTMENTS. 215 the commissioners collected the numerous springs which formed the source of Carroll's Run, aud were proceeding to conduct it into the city by pipes, when they were stopped by an injunction issued at the in- stance of some of the property-holders through whose land the water lines were intended to pass. The mat- ter was again revived in the mayor's annual message to the City Council in February, 1804, in which he referred to the subject as follows : *' I do not recollect any subjects of mnch importance not already de- cided ou e.\cept that of introducing a permanent and copious supply of water into the city, which is certainly an object of much magnitude, and very interesting to the citizens, but every attempt heretofore hiis failed of success. Whether it will be possible for the Council to adopt any measure that will answer the purpose is for them to decide." This portion of the mayor's message was referred to a special committee, which reported on the 27th of the same month a resolution authorizing him to re- ceive proposals until June 1st for "introducing a copious and permanent supply of water into the city, or into any part thereof, by any individual or com- pany," and advertisements were accordingly published in the newspapers of the city to that effect. The city having thus practically confessed its inability to ac- complish the object, and thrown it upon the enterprise of public-spirited citizens, a meeting was called at Bryden's Fountain Inn, on the 20th of April, 1804, to devise means of carrying out the design. It was largely attended by the best citizens of Baltimore, and Gen. Samuel Smith being called to the chair, the fol- lowing resolutions were unanimously adopted : "That a conimitttee of seven be appointed on the part of this meeting to prepare and report the plan and constitution of a company for the purpose of introducing a copious supply of water into the city, together with the amount of capital stock which the said company ought to pos- sess, the number of shares, the mode and terms of subscription, aud the times of payment. " Resolved, That the said committee consist of the following persons, viz., Gen. Smith, Alexander McKim, Elias Ellicott, Robert Goodloe Har- per, Thomas McElderry, William Cooke, aud Col. John B. Howard. " Resolved, That this meeting be adjourned till Tuesday, May 1st, 7 P.M., at this place, and said committee be requested to make their report at that time." In the mean time, John O'Donnell, Thomas McEl- derry, Joseph Stirling, William Buchanan, Cumber- land Dugan, the proprietors or tenants of houses fronting on Market Space, and of the McElderry, Dugan, and O'Donnell wharves, applied to the City Council for permission to introduce "at their own expense, and with the aid of voluntary subscriptions, for the convenience and health of the citizens occu- pying those parts of the city, a stream of pure spring water from sources arising near the Harford road, in the vicinity of the city, all the right to said water when introduced to attach to the mayor and City Council." An ordinance was passed on March 8, 1804, granting their prayer, and appropriating a lot of ground in Market Space, near the south end of the Centre Market, for the purpose of erecting thereon a reser- voir for the storage of the water to be introduced.' ^ March 3, 1808, an ordinance was passed by the City Counci iiig the introduction of water at Fell's Point by Joseph and Ja The committee appointed at Bryden's hotel reported on May 1st articles of association of the proposed Baltimore Water Company, which were discussed, amended, and adopted, and William Cooke, Alexander McKim, R. G. Harper, George Grundy, and T. McEl- derry were appointed commissioners to open books and receive subscriptions to the stock. Books were accordingly opened on the 4th of May, only three days afterwards. To diffuse the stock among the citizens as much as possible, no one, according to the original terms of subscription, could subscribe on the first two days for more than four shares, nor could any one subscribe by proxy. In spite, however, of the importance and popularity of the enterprise, great difficulty was experienced in procuring the necessary subscriptions, the activity in business and the small amount of capital at that time possessed by the citizens proving serious obstacles to its success. The books were kept open from the 4th until the 20th of May, the commissioners in the mean time personally calling upon the citizens to induce them to subscribe, if only for one share. At length the insurance com- panies and other corporations came forward and subscribed liberally, and thus all the stock was taken. On the 24th of May, 1804, the company organized with the following board of directors: John McKim, Sr., James A. Buchanan, Jonathan Ellicott, Solomon Etting, John Donnell, William Cooke, and James Mosher. The directors secured the services of Jona- than Ellicott, a civil engineer of distinction, and a member of the board, and proceeded to make the necessary surveys and estimates. After careful in- vestigation, aided by " the perfect knowledge Mr. Ellicott possessed of the force of the several streams that could be used for that purpose, a decided prefer- ence was given to Jones' Falls, as it had long been well known in dry seasons to be the most permanent stream in this part of the country." Proposals were made to purchase all the water-rights on the stream as high up as " Whitehall Mill," then below Wood- berry, with the design of conducting the stream "to the elevated ground near the old poor-house, there to form a large resorvoir for the supply of the city, and to use the surplus water for milling purposes, by erecting a range of mills on Centre Street." Owing princi- pally to the scarcity of money, which was more profitably employed in active business, this scheme was abandoned, and in the fall of 1804 the company purchased from Messrs. John Eager Howard, Josias Pennington, and James Ogleby several parcels of land embracing the water-privileges of that part of Jones' Falls immediately above and below what is now John Street bridge. They also purchased a lot at the southwest corner of Calvert and Centre Streets, and constructed a storage reservoir, which was filled with water from Jones' Falls, conveyed through an open canal starting from the dam near the present site of John Street bridge and running between Cal- vert and North Streets. Subsequently, for the supply 216 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of the more elevated portions of the town, another reservoir was constructed on Howard's Hill, near the southwest corner of Franklin and Cathedral Streets. The water was pumped into this reservoir by a water- wheel, which was in a building on the southeast corner of Calvert and Centre Streets. At this point the office of the company was also situated, and adjoining were the " City Mills," which were run by the waste water from the Centre Street reservoir. It was dis- charged by means of an open canal through the grounds now occupied by the Calvert Street Railway Station, and thence into Jones' Falls near Bath Street.' Under the direction of John Davis, an en- gineer of Philadelphia, the company proceeded to complete the works, and, it is said, contracted in June, 1805, with Samuel Hughes, of Harford County, for a supply of cast-iron pipes ranging from two and a half to six inches, at from sixty-five dollars to eighty dollars per ton. Most of the pipes at first employed, however, were of wood, either locust or spruce pine, and were from twelve to fifteen inches in diameter, with a bore of about four inches.- In the fall of 1806 the com- pany was in a condition to ftirnish water to the city, and on the 29th of October, John McKim, the president, addressed a letter to the mayor to ascertain what quantity the city would require for water-plugs, etc. In consequence of the receipt of this letter the City Council was convened, and a joint committee, com- posed of James Calhoun, Thorndike Chase, Wm. Lor- man, Henry Payson, George P. Keeports, and George Decker, on the 13th of November, made a report upon the subject, which resulted in the purchase by the city of all the fire-plugs erected by the water company, with the proviso that the city should in- sert new ones in the future at its own expense, and that the company should furnish the water without charge.' It would seem, however, that unexpected delays must have occurred, as previous to May, 1807, the company furnished no water to the city, except a small amount, which was supplied by natural flow directly from Col. Howard's spring ; but in this month the pumps, which had been erected at the intersection of Centre and Calvert Streets, were put in successful operation, and thenceforward water was obtained from Jones' Falls and furnished to the city almost exclusively through this process of artificial elevation into reservoirs of various heights, ranging from sixty- 1 On the lath of Jauuaiy, 1805, an act of incorporation was obtained from the Legislature, but, it is stated, was not accepted on account of objectionable restrictions; a supplement to this act was passed on the 26th of January, 1806, but neither does this appear to have been alto- gether satisfactory. - On the 14th of February, 1806, an ordinance was passed authorizing the company " to open streets, lanes, and alleys for the purpose of lay- ing down water-pipes." 3 It is stated that in December, 1805, a conference was held between the directors of the company and a committee of the Council in regard to the purchase of the company's stock by the city, but nothing definite lie iitlicere of tlie conipiiuy in I80r. were John M Kim, president ; iiiid J.ilnvs A. Buch.inan, Solomon Ettiug, Wm. Cook James Moslier, John 1) lell. and Jonathan Bllicott, directors. five to one hundred and thirty-six feet above tide- water. On the 24th of December, 1808, " the presi- dent and directors of the Baltimore Water Com- pany," consisting of Wm. Cooke, John McKim, James A. Buchanan, John Donnell, Solomon Etting, James Mosher, Jonathan Ellicott, and John Hollins, were incorporated, with a capital stock of $250,000, divided into 5000 shares of five dollars each. In 1811 the receipts of the company were about $9000 per year from water-rents. With a view of ex- tending the supply of water to the utmost extremities of the city, the company, in May, 1829, began to take up the old wooden main pipes which led from the reservoirs, and substituted larger iron pipes " made at the furnaces of the young Messrs. Ellicott's, on the Patapsco." At this time the company had over thirteen miles of pipe laid in the city, consisting of 30,530 feet of iron pipe and 42,230 feet of wooden pipe. At the January session of the City Council in 1829 a joint committee was appointed " to inquire during the recess into the best mode of furnishing every part of the city in the most ample manner with a never- failing supply of pure, fresh, and wholesome water, which will render the preservation of pumps and wells unnecessary." On the 15th of January, 1830, the committee, composed of P. Laurenson, Fielding Lucas, Jr., John Reese, Samuel Moore, Jas. K. Stapleton, Wm. Hubbard, and George Keyser, made their report to the Council. Aided by Capt. Louis Brantz, vi'ho tendered his services free of charge, they examined all the streams near the city from which the desired supply was to be drawn, and sent Messrs. Laurenson, Lucas, and Moore as a sub-com- mittee to Philadelphia to examine the Fairmount Water-works, and to obtain all information relative to their cost, mode of construction, etc. Upon the return of the delegation from Philadelphia the com- mittee successively visited Gwynn's and Jones' Falls and the Patapsco River. On the former it was dis- covered that the canal or race which conveyed the water of the Falls to the Calverton Mills was about one hundred and eighty-five feet above tide, and that it could be continued north of the Frederick turn- pike road, near the residence of Jas. Carroll, on the line of Baltimore Street, extended to the city limits, where reservoirs could be erected. The race on Jones' Falls, at Tyson's mill, about three miles from the city, was about one hundred and fifty feet above tide, and the committee reported that "the extension of I it would be attended with a great deal of expense and labor from the rocky, undulating nature of the ground," etc. As these two streams presented the j same advantages from their natural elevation, the I committee endeavored to ascertain if the mill prop- I erty could be purchased. It was found that on i Gwynn's Falls there were ten miles between the Cal- verton mill-race and tide-water, and ten on Jones' Falls between Tyson's mill-race and the city. On the former .stream all Hk' |iroprietors consented to CITY DEPARTMENTS. 217 sell their property ; but on the latter, while some consented, others peremptorily refused. Upon the Patapsco they found there was but one — the Hockley works — which they would be compelled to purchase in case that stream was selected, and that it would ' cost about five hundred and fifty thousand dollars to introduce the water from it upon the plan of the Fairmount Water-works in Philadelphia. After a careful examination of the whole subject the com- j niittee therefore unhesitatingly recommended Gwynn's Falls to the City Council "as the most abundant and most economical source whence the city of Baltimore | could be supplied with a never-failing supply of pure and wholesome water." Their preference for Gwynn's Falls was based, — " Ist. On accouut of the superior elevation of its stream above tide at a shorter distance from the city. " 2d. Because the Calverton race can be extended at its present eleva- tion into the city at a point the most convenient of all others, in our opinion, for the construction of reservoirs comparatively with little labor and expense, the nature of the ground being highly favorable for that purpose ; whereas the race of Mr. Tyson's mill, on Jones' Falls, could be carried little further at much greater labor and expense. '* 3d. Because the necessary water-rights on Gwynn's can be purchased for less than half the sum which would be required for those ou Jones' Falls if the latter could be obtained, which it appears they cannot be." In conclusion, they say that Capt. Brantz had gauged the Calverton mill-race several times during the sum- mer, and the smallest quantity of water he ever found it to produce was upwards of 10,000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours, and that the city would have in it "a supply of water abundantly sufficient, in the pres- ent state of the race, for the population of half a mil- lion of souls, which may, when necessary, be nearly doubled by making the dam tight and by substitut- ing a brick tunnel of six feet diameter for the present open and imperfect race." They therefore recom- mended the city to purchase all the mills below the Calverton mill-race, the five Calverton mills, the three known by the name of the Ellicott's Mills, on the Frederick turnpike road, and the two mills of James Carroll, owned respectively by Messrs. Jessop, Worth- ington, James Cheston, George Ellicott, Jacob C. Davis, Thomas Ellicott, and James Carroll, and to pay for the same in five per cent, city stock. Upon the submission of this report, Thomas Parker, presi- dent of the Baltimore Water Company, on Jan. 18, 1830, on behalf of his company, memorialized the mayor and City Council, offering to sell their works and fixtures, exclusive of their real estate, to the city for $350,000. The proposition, however, was not ac- cepted, nor does any further action appear to have been taken at that time upon the committee's report. In 1833, upon application of the City Council, the company offered to sell their works, which had been enlarged by the purchase of Salisbury Mill and the construction of a new pump-house and reservoir, for $500,000. The number of water-supplies at that time was 2164, and the annual income therefrom $21,300. In 1835, in response to another overture of the Coun- cil, the 'company offered to sell their interest for $.550,000, but the municipal authorities declining to pay the price the offer was withdrawn. The annual receipts of the company at this time were $25,500, and there were about eighteen miles of pipe laid down in the streets of the city, one-fourth of which were of the old defective pattern of cast iron, one- fourth of wood, and the remainder of iron of the im- proved pattern of the present day. In 1845 the con- struction of a new reservoir on the east side of the Falls, near the Lanvale Cotton-factory, a short dis- tance above Belvidere bridge, was begun, which was completed in the latter part of 1846. It was eighteen feet deep, with a capacity of about 15,000,000 gallons of water, and covered nearly seven acres of ground. It was intended to supersede the reservoir on Calvert Street, and to supply the city east of the Falls. The water was drawn by natural flow through pipes of twenty inches in diameter from the head-race of the mill, which the company purchased from Maj. Brad- ford. The work was constructed under the general supervision of Capt. Chiftelle, chief engineer; the excavation and embankment were made by Messrs. Mullen and Lester, the brick-work by Mr. Downing, and the stone-paving by Messrs. Benzinger, Eschback & Co. The pressure from this new reservoir was so great that in the following year many of the wooden pipes still remaining in use burst, and it was found ' necessary to replace them with iron ones, which was done in Harrison Street, from Gay to Baltimore, in April, 1847. Notwithstanding the construction of this new reservoir, the supply of water was soon found insufficient for the needs of the city, and in 1848 the statement is made that " it is a generally admitted I fact that Baltimore is most inadequately supplied with water," and that " the time has arrived for a movement to be made towards diverting the water of I Gwynn's Falls, the Gunpowder, or some other of the ] falling streams of the vicinity, for this purpose. Whilst the city is extending and the demand increas- ! ing, the water of Jones' Falls is yearly diminishing, and likewise becoming less pure and wholesome." From 1835 to 1852 the use of pumps and springs, from which many citizens had previously obtained their I water, became much less general, and the demand for I water from the company's works increased rapidly, i the income from water-rents in 1852 being eighty I thousand dollars. In the same year the City Coun- cil made a fifth application for the purchase of the 1 water-works, and the company oflered to sell them I for $1,250,000. During the same year, with a view to ! the iinal settlement of what had come to be known I as the " water question," Messrs. Vansant, Winans, Keighler, King, Randolph, and Turner were appointed commissioners by the City Council "to examine and report upon the practicability and propriety of intro- ] ducing a larger and better supply of pure water into [ the city." Capt. Thomas P. Chiffelle was appointed ' by the commissioners to gauge the flow of water in the ' Patapsco and Great Gunpowder Rivers and Gwynn's 218 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Falls, and to make examination of the elevations and depressions of the laud between these streams and the city, and also to take the altitudes of those water- courses at favorable points above tide-water. On the 27th of May, 18.53, the Legislature passed an act au- thorizing the mayor and City Council to introduce a permanent supply of water into the city, and em- powering them to purchase all necessary lands and water-rights, as well as the interest and property of the water company. For the purpose of defraying the ! cost of the undertaking the municipal authorities were further authorized to issue certificates of debt, to be denominated " Baltimore Water Stock," to an amount not exceeding two millions of dollars. On the 1st of September, 1853, the commissioners appointed by the resolution of the City Council, ap- proved May 11, 1852, made their report, which was referred to a joint special committee of the City Coun- cil. The committee reported in favor of referring the whole subject to the people for decision, and accord- ingly a resolution was passed on the 5th of October ' submitting the question of the establishment of water- works by the city to the popular vote. The vote was taken at the municipal election on the 12th of Octo- i her, 1853, when 9727 votes were cast in favor of the ] undertaking and 304 against it. In pursuance of this ' decided expression of the popular will an ordinance was passed, approved July 29, 1854, to carry out the provisions of the act of 1853. Negotiations for the purchase of the old water-works were then resumed, and finally concluded in August, 1854, by their trans- fer to the city for $1,350,000. This transfer included several large mills and much valuable real estate. At this time the water-works consisted of two small pools of water in the valley of Jones' Falls, which were formed by the original dams of the Mount Royal and Rock Mills, and from which the whole supply for the city was conducted in large iron mains i to a receiving reservoir on the east side of the Falls a short distance below the Charles Street bridge. From this reservoir water was distributed to those points of the city lying below a level of sixty feet above mean tide by direct gravitation. For the higher portions of the city the water was raised by i machinery into a second reservoir at the intersection of Charles and Chase Streets, from which it was dis- ' tributed to all other elevations not exceeding one hundred and thirty-six feet above tide. There were about fifty miles of distributing pipes, and the joint capacity of the two reservoirs was twenty-five millions of gallons, while that of the two mill-pools was about ten million gallons. The residents of the upper and higher parts of the city were not reached, however, by the water-service of the company, but were still forced to depend upon pumps and wells. The presi- dent of the water company, at the date of the transfer in 1854, was Columbus O'Donnell. Under an ordi- nance approved Dec. 29, 1854, a board of three water commissioners was established to take charge of the Water Department, which was organized in the fol- lowing year, and consisted of George Neilson, president of the commissioners ; Levin P. Clark, first assistant commissioner ; Edward Spedden, second assistant commissioner; Wesley Stevenson, secretary and treas- urer; J. Green Boggs, book-keeper; Eli D. Howard and Berry Tanner, collectoi-s. The cost of the intro- duction of water from the Gunpowder was estimated by Mr. Sickels, civil engineer, at $2,135,000. While the surveys and estimates were being made, however, many portions of the city were suffering for want of a proper supply of water ; and it was accordingly de- termined by the municipal authorities to sink a num- ber of artesian wells in those localities where they were most needed. The first of these wells sunk by the corporation was on Block Street near the chemical works, and was constructed in April, 1855. Many of the wells and pumps, the use of which has re- cently been interdicted, were constructed in the east- ern and southeastern sections of the city at this period. In 1856 an ordinance was passed authorizing the issue of fifty thousand dollars additional water stock to en- large and improve the water-works. In 1857, under an ordinance approved April 14th, the water board was reorganized by the appointment of six commis- sioners, James S. Suter, water engineer, and Wesley Stevenson, water registrar. The City Council also passed a further ordinance, approved July 11, 1857, to provide for an increased supply of water from Jones' Falls, upon the plan reported by James Slade, consulting engineer, and authorizing the board to purchase land and water rights and enter upon the con.struction of new works. By the act of 1858 the city was empowered to issue additional water stock to the amount of $1,000,000; a subsequent ordinance, however, required all plans for the extension of the work to be submitted to the City Council for its ap- proval. After the consideration of many surveys, plans, and estimates, the choice of the City Council rested between the Gunpowder River and Jones' Falls, and the latter was at last selected. The city had purchased in 1856 the water rights from Rock Mills, above Woodberry, for $150,598 ; and in 1857 it purchased the water rights to the head of the lake (originally known as Swann Lake, now known as Lake Roland), with the land required for the lake, dam, and conduit, for $289,539. During the summer and autumn of 1857 Mr. AVampler, under the general directions of Mr. Slade (who acted as consulting en- gineer), made all the surveys required in the process of final location of the lake and conduit line, and de- fined the boundaries of the property acquired by con- demnation or purchase. These arrangements having been concluded, the construction of the new works was begun in 1858, under the supervision of Charles P. Manning, by the erection of a dam across Jones' Falls, at a narrow pass near the Northern Central Railroad Station, eight miles from the city, and the excavation of a CITY DEPARTMENTS. natural basin above it. The dam and lake were both so far completed as to be available for use in 1860, and entirely completed in 1861, and the conduit ex- tending from the gate chamber of the dam to Hamp- den reservoir was finished by the 1st of January, 1860, twenty months from the time of its commence- ment. The contractors of the lake were Messrs. I Crowley, Hoblitzell & Co. ; of the dam, Messrs. Hoblitzell, Crowley & Co. Among the contractors \ of the conduit line were F. C. Crowley, John W. | Maxwell & Co., and Joseph H. Hoblitzell & Co. j The cost of the lake was $112,752.55 ; of the dam, j $152,190.65. In constructing the conduit it was ne- ' cessary to excavate three tunnels at different points, one of 1000 feet in length, one of 1225 feet, and a third of 2950 feet. Six millions of bricks were used in its construction, and the whole cost of the (con- duit) line, tunnels, and open cuts was $536,.339.35. Hampden reservoir, which is east of Druid Hill Park, near Jones' Falls, was constructed in connec- tion with the new water system, and was commenced in the autumn of 1858, and completed in the spring of 1861. The contractors were Messrs. John W. Maxwell & Co., and its cost was $206,643.53. Mount Koyal reservoir, located on what was formerly part of the Mount Royal Mill property, west of the North- ern Central Eailroad track, and a short distance north of Boundary Avenue, was commenced in December, 1859, and was finished in May, 1862. Its cost was $112,352.72, and with the pipe-line from Hampden reservoir to the northern limits of the city, com- pleted the new system of water-works introduced under the auspices of the city at that period. The cost of the pipe-line was $142,700.14; it was com- menced in the month of August, 1860, and was com- pleted in February, 1861. The manufacture of the pipes and the excavation of the trench were executed by contractors, the former by Messrs. Poole & Hunt \ and the latter by Messrs. John W. Maxwell & Co. The process of delivering and laying the pipes was performed by mechanics and laborers employed by j the day. The graduation and the larger proportion of the masonry in and around the Mount Royal res- ervoir were executed by Messrs. Burke & Green. The masonry of the pipe vault and screen was built by mechanics and day laborers, but the iron house which ■covers the well was erected by Messrs. Hayward & Bartlett, and the gate-keeper's cottage by Messrs. Binyon & Andoun. The aggregate cost of these new works, including the sum of $.50,000 for engineering expenses, was $1,313,009.35. The actual cost of all [ the city water-works up to Jan. 1, 1863, was as fol- 1 lows : for real estate, water rights, etc., $1,069,661,52; j for construction of the new works, $1,313,009.35 ; for distributing mains in the city, $1,066,000; total, ! $3,526,000. The estimated revenue from water-rents | for the year 1863 was $225,000, besides income from other sources. At that time there were 38,881 build- ings in the city, of which 19,640 used the water. The ' expenses for the year, including the interest upon the water stock, were estimated at $228,000. The prop- erty purchased from the old company, and not re- quired by the city, was sold for $50,000. The Water Board consisted at this date of John Lee Chapman, president, ex officio,- John W. Randolph, Evan T. Ellicott, F. Littig Schaeffer, John B. Seidenstricker, and George Merryman ; James S. Suter, water engi- neer; John W. Randolph, Jr., clerk; Samuel Hinks, water registrar; Samuel J. Maccubbin and Charles E. Nedles, clerks; Eli D. Howard and John W. Blake, collectors.' Although the new works were not entirely com- pleted until May, 1862, a part of the western section of the city was supplied from the new source as early as the 22d of February, 1861. It was discovered, however, soon after the completion of these works, that they would be insufficient for the needs of the city, and in 1863 the City Council passed an ordinance, approved August 27th, authorizing a loan of $300,000, to be expended for the purchase of land and the con- struction of another reservoir. The site of Druid Lake, called at one time Lake Chapman,' was then a deep ravine, and was selected on account of the adaptation of the location to the purpose, and the great addition which a lake of the size and character designed would make to the beauty of the park. Work on this new reservoir was commenced in March, 1864, and was so far completed as to admit of the introduction of water in the latter part of 1865. In the fall of 1866 the water was drawn off and the pipes through the base of the dam examined, when four of them were found to be broken, and a similar exami- nation in the following year revealed the fact that, the remainder had also been broken by the weight of the immense earth embankment.'' An entire change was necessitated, and new pipes were laid through the rock formation of one of the sides at large cost, in order to insure future safety. This change also, of necessity, reduced the capacity of the lake (which had been originally designed to hold 1,000,000,000 gallons), as it had to be partially filled up in order to obtain safe connection with the influent and affluent pipes, and made its total cost $1,000,000, instead of $300,000 appropriated in the beginning. The im- provement in the water service after it came under the control of the city may be estimated from the following comparative statement of income receipts under the two managements. The income of the old 1 In August, 1861, an attempt was made to supply Tort McHenry with water by means of an artesian well, but after boring to the depth of one hundred and twenty-five feet the work was stopped by a thick layer of oyster shells. For eighty feet of this distance a very impervious clay was encountered studded with bowlders and nodules of iron ore, liuie- 2 In 1867 the Water Board " restored to Lake Chapman its appropriate name of Druid Lake." 3 The timely discovery of the condition of the pipes undoubtedly pre- vented very serious consequences, as the leakage would soon have under- mined the dam and let loose upon the city and neighboring villages a dangerous and disastrous flood. 220 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. water company in 1835 was $25,500 ; in 1852 it was $80,000. The income of the city Water Department in 1862 was $207,808 ; in 1866, $272,522 ; in 1868, $.362,408. The working expenses for 1868 were $47,838.93, which included $10,000 expended in re- pairs necessitated by floods. After the completion of the new works it was supposed that the storage sup- ply was sufticient, but it proved utterly inadequate in 1869, when the city was threatened with a water famine, and in 1870 the same' trouble was experi- enced. In 1871 the authorities determined upon the construction of another depository, now known as the High Service reservoir, which was begun in that year. It was designed particularly to supply the higher sections of the city, and is located in Druid Hill Park ; it was not completed until June, 1874. The inadequacy of the water-supply during the sum- mers of 1869, '70, '71, and '72 compelled the adoption of immediate measures for the relief of the commu- nity, and on the 23d of December, 1872, the City Council passed an ordinance directing the award of a contract for the introduction of a temporary supply to the lowest bidder. The contract was awarded to Van Stamp & Suter, and two Worthington pumps were erected at Meredith's Ford, on the Gunpowder, for the purpose of replenishing Lake Roland in time of need. Each of these pumps has a capacity of 5,000,000 gallons, and forces the water from the Gun- powder through a thirty-six-inch pipe for three and a half miles, discharging it into a basin on Roland Run, two miles from the lake. This temporary supply has been in use since July, 1874, and has rendered service of the most important character. On the 3d of November, 1874, the ordinance pro- viding for the introduction of a permanent supply of water from the Gunpowder River was submitted to the people, and was ratified by a vote of 13,131 in its favor to 6202 against it. As early as January, 186(i, Mayor Chapman recommended to the City Council j the inirchase of the water rights of the Great Gun- 1 powder River for the purpose of securing an addi- tional supply of water to meet the future wants of the city. The City Council adopted the suggestion and authorized the issue of the necessary water stock, and the purchase was accordingly made. It included the water rights of the whole stream from tide-water to Meredith's bridge, a distance of twenty-one miles, with sixteen hundred acres of laud, the bed of the lake on the Great Gunpowder, with a margin of one hundred feet, and also the Hollingsworth Copper- works, Joppa Mills, and Patterson Xail-factory, the price paid for the whole being $2()O,000. After the passage of the ordinance of 1874, steps were immediately taken to carry its provisions into effect, and the necessary preliminaries having been arranged, ground was broken for the permanent water- supply on the 3d of December, 1875, by Robert K. Martin, the able civil engineer, who on the 18th of April, 185S, had broken ground for the first water- works constructed by the city, and who was during all this time in the employ of the Water Board. Af- ter nearly seven years of continuous labor, the works connected with the permanent supply were completed in October, 1881, at a cost of more than $4,500,000, making a total of $10,000,000 expended in supplying the city with water. On July 1st, Mayor Latrobe oflicially turned in the water from the dam at Loch Raven, on the Gunpowder River, into the great tun- nel which connects the dam with Lake Montebello. The Gunpowder River, from which the new supply is drawn, is one hundred and seventy feet above tide. To find its own level the water must rise sixty-five feet above the base of the Washington Monument, and seven-eighths of the city can be supplied by natural flow. The works connected with the supply consist of a dam across the Gunpowder at Raven's Rock, about eight miles from the city, a receiving lake at the same point called Loch Raven, a tunnel piercing the rocky bank of the stream and connecting Loch Raven with a distributing reservoir called Lake Montebello, about two miles from the city, on the line of the Har- ford road, and a second conduit connecting Lake Mon- tebello with another distributing reservoir, called Lake Clifton, situated on a part of the Johns Hopkins es- tate. The Gunpowder dam is constructed of solid stone masonry, is five hundred feet wide, thirty-one feet high, and sixty-five feet thick at the base. Loch Raven, which extends from Meredith's Ford bridge to the dam at Raven's Rock, is one hundred and seventy feet above tide, five miles long, one thousand feet wide, twenty feet deep at the dam, and four feet deep at the bridge, and is surrounded by a roadway thirty feet wide and nine miles in extent. Over the streams run- ning into the lake, and on the line of the carriage- drive, nine stone bridges have been constructed, three being on the east, and six on the west side of the lake. Seven of these bridges are built of white marble found in the vicinity, and two of white and bluestone com- bined. Their spans are twenty and thirty feet, accord- ing to the width of the stream crossed, and each is of different design. The construction of these bridges was necessary for the passage of the carriage-drive on each side ; their openings are sufficient for all freshets that may occur; there is six feet head-room from the surface of the water to the intrados of the arches in all cases, and boats can readily pass from the main portion of the lake under the arches and out into the estuaries on the sides. The tunnel connecting this lake with Lake Montebello is seven miles in length, and is a circular bore with an internal diameter of twelve feet and a dip of one foot to the mile.' For five miles and a half its course is through hard rock, which required no arching, and where the drifts had to be pushed by hand-drilling and dynamite blasting. The remaining mile and a half is of brick-work, con- structed with the greatest care and the utmost atten- 1 It was coiiiincuced in December, 1S76, and cunipleted N'oveniber, 1S80. CITY DEPAKTMENTS. 221 tiou to solidity and endurance. Its direction is north- east, and the greatest depth of the drift is at Satyr Ridge, where it is three hundred and sixty-five feet underground. It is an air-line from the dam to Lake Montebello, except just before reaching this latter point, where a curve with a radius of seven hundred and seventeen feet was used to give the proper direc- tion on entering the gate-house. The waste-weir in the gate-house at the dam is on a level with the intra- dos of the arch of the conduit at that point, and the waste-weir in the gate-house at Lake Montebello being on a level with that on the dam, there will be conse- quently seven feet of water over the conduit at the lower end when the upper portion is full. In the con- struction of the tunnel fifteen shafts were sunk from the surface to the grade-line. From the bottom of these shafts working- parties advanced north and south to meet each other. With the opening at each end of the tunnel and the two at each shaft, there were thirty- two points from which the tunnel was worked. The shafts varied from sixty-five to three hundred feet in depth. They were located about two thousand feet apart, except at each end of the tunnel, where the shafts were shallower, the distance between them was greater. The longest drive between shafts was three thousand one hundred feet, at the south or Montebello end. Six miles of the tunnel was through blue gneiss, most of it very hard, and not disintegrating or soften- ing from the action of the air. This six miles lay north from Lake Montebello in an unbroken chain. The first mile south from the dam was through lime- stone, all of which, except four or five hundred feet, required arching. The total cost of the tunnel from the dam to Lake Montebello was $1,779,610.24. Mon- tebello Lake is one hundred and sixty-three feet above tide, with a water-surface of sixty acres, a depth of thirty feet, and a drive eighty feet wide and a mile and a half long. The supply of water for the city, after it leaves the gate-house at Lake Montebello, is conveyed in a conduit, built partly in tunnel and partly in open cut, a distance of five thousand three hundred and ninety-one feet, to the gate-house at Lake Clifton. Clifton Lake has the same level and similar dimen- sions, and from this point six distributing mains, each forty inches in diameter, bring the water to the dis- tributing mains in the city.' The Jones' Falls system, as already shown, consists of Lake Roland, two hun- dred and twenty-five feet above tide, one and a half miles long, with an average width of one-eighth of a mile, and a water-surface of one hundred and sixteen acres ; a conduit four miles long, of brick-work, semi- circular at bottom, semi-ellipse at the top, long axis six feet two inches, short axis five feet, with a dip of two feet to the mile; Hampden reservoir, two hun- dred and seventeen feet above tide, semicircular in form, and eight acres water-surface ; Druid Lake, in 1 A pliin substantially the same as that which has been adopted in the new water-supply was recommended by T. E. Sickels and Alfred Duvall, civil engineei-s, in 1854. Druid Hill Park, two hundred and seventeen feet above tide, depth twenty to sixty-five feet, with fifty- three acres of water-surface, surrounded by a drive of one and a half miles, sixty feet wide ; High Service reservoir, three hundred and fifty feet above tide, supplied by two pumps, with a daily capacity of seven million of gallons, with a water-surface of four acres f Mount Royal reservoir, one hundred and fifty feet above tide, circular in form, with a water-surface of five acres. These two systems (of Jones' Falls and Gunpowder River) are capable of furnishing daily a supply of 165,000,000 gallons of water, which is the capacity of the streams by which the works are fed. To this must be added the sum total of the reservoirs and aqueducts as given below. Jones' /f(/&.— Lake Roland, 400,000,000; conduit (daily), 3,500,000; Hampden reservoir, 46,000,000; Druid Lake, 429,000,000; High Service reservoir, 27,000,000 ; Mount Royal reservoir, 30,000,000. To- tal, 935,500,000. Gunpowder Hiver. —hoch Raven, 1,500,000,000; conduit (daily), 30,000,000; Montebello Lake, 500,- 000,000 ; Clifton Lake, 265,000,000 ; total, 2,170,000,- 000 ; grand total, 3,105,500,000. The cost of the works of the Gunpowder supply to Dec. 31, 1880, had been $4,704,260.83. The total cost of both systems of works has been about $10,000,000. The net revenue of the Water Department for 1880, after deducting the sum of $28,453.15 allowed in dis- . counts, amounted to $606,879.06, as against $552,877.27 for the jjrevious year, sliowing an increase of net rev- enue for 1880 of $54,001.79. The working expenses of the department for 1880 were $87,419.31. There are 277 miles of water-pipe in the city. The number of water-meters in service are 524, of which 72 were placed in 1880, and 54 in 1879. The registered consumption of water by meters for 1880 was 629,- 680,175 gallons, against 496,032,105 gallons in 1879. ' The number of water-takers in 1880 was 50,000, the revenue from which in 1880 amounted to $72,483.52, against $64,230.86 in 1879, an increase of $8,252.66, notwithstanding the reduction in price made by the board from fifteen to twelve cents per thousand gal- lons for the last half of the year. For 1881 the charge for water served through meters has been still further reduced, to eight cents per thousand gallons. It is difiicult to ascertain accurately the city's daily con- sumption of water, as the supply is served from two of the three elevations by gravity. The gravity sup- ply can only be ascertained by shutting off" the supply from the reservoirs and measuring shrinkage. Close observation at Lake Roland, however, as to opening of gates, has furnished data with respect to water consumption which may be regarded as substantially reliable. When the conduit is being regularly sup- plied, with no visible waste along the line, it is esti- mated that every inch of opening on the gates repre- - This reservoir distributes to a tenth of the city, Druid Lake and Hampden reservoir supplying the rest of the high service. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. sents a consumption of 5,000,000 gallons of water every twenty-four hours. In previous warm seasons the heavy draw seldom exceeded three and a half inches of gates, which represented 17,500,000 gallons, but during the summer of 1880 the gates for days re- quired five inches opening in order to supply the con- duit, representing a consumption of nearly 25,000,000 gallons. The completion of the Gunpowder Permanent Water- supply gives Baltimore a system of water-works un- equaled in the United States, affording a supply of water nearly double that of the great city of New York, which has a supply of only 100,000,000 gallons daily, wherein Baltimore has a supply of 150,000,000 gallons. The capacity of the Philadelphia water- works is 50,000,000 gallons. The successful completion of the permanent water-works is largely due to the en- gineering skill of Robert K. Martin, under whose supervision they were constructed. The members of the Water Board from 1858 h.ave been as follows : 1858-60.— Hon. Thomas Swaiin, chairman; Columbus O'Donnell, Atlam Denmead, F. Littig Scliaeffer, Thomas E. Hanibleton, John Duke- hart, Jolin W. Randolph. Charles P. Manuiug, chief eugiueer of new works; James S. Suter, water engineer; W. Stevenson, water registrar. Engineer Cot-pskew Works, Jones^ Fulls Suj^phj : Charles P. Manning, chief engineer; \V. Eugene Webster, principal assistant engineer. Frank F. Jones, resident eugiueer: H. Scott Tburetou, assistaut engineer, in charge of Lake Roland and dam. Robert Hooper, Jr., resident engineer ; Henry M. Graves, assistant engi- neer, in charge of conduit line from dam to waste-weir and pipe-line. Robert K. Martin, resident engineer; William L. Kenly, assistant en- gineer, in charge of remainder of conduit line and Hampden and Mourjt Royal reservoirs. 1861. — Hon. George W. Browu, chairman; John W. Randolph, secretary ; Adam Denmead, Thomas E. Hambleton, Nicholas Poplein, George V. Porter, Isaac S. George. Charles P. Manning, chief engineer of new works; James S. Suter, water engineer; W. Stevenson, water registrar. 1862.— Hon. John Lee Chapman, chairman ; John W. Randolph, secre- tary; Hvan T. Ellicott, F. Littig Scliaeffer, John B. Seidenstricker, Geitrge Merryuian. Ctiarles P. Manning, chief engineer of new works; James S. Suter, water engineer; Samuel Hinks, water regis- 1863-65.— Hon. John Lee Chapman, chairman ; John W. Randolph, Evan T. Ellicott, F. Littig Schaetfer, John B. Seidenstricker, Geiard T. Hopkins, Francis T. King. James S. Suter, water eugiueer; Robert K. Martin, civil engineer; George Merryman, water regis- 1866-67.— Hon. John Leo Chapman, chairman; John W. Randolph, John R. Kelso, F. Littig Schaeffer, John B. Seidenstricker, Gerard T. Hopkins, Francis T. King. James S. Suter, water engineer; Robert K. Mai-lin, civil engineer; George Merryman, water regis- trar. 1868.— Hon. Robert T. Banks, chairman ; James L. McLane, George U. Porter, Charles D. Sliugluff, John A. Griffith, John F. Hunter, Wen- del Bollman. James Curran, water engineer; Robert K. Martin, civil engineer: William L. Sharetts, water regifttrar. 1860-71.— Hon. Robert T. Banks, chairmau; James L. McLane, George U. Porter, Charles D. Sliugluff, John A. Griffith, John F. Hunter, George P. Thomas. James Curran, water engineer ; Robert K. Mar- tin, civil euBiiieor; William L. Sharetts, water registrar. 1872-7;'>.— Ilun. .Jusliua Vansaut, chairman ; James L. McLane, John A. GrillUli, John F. Hunter, George P. Tlumnis, Joiin R. Seemuller, Martin, civil engineer; William L. Sharetts, water registrar. 1874-75.— Hon. Josliua Vansaut, chaii man ; James L. McLane, John F. Hunter, George P. Thomas, John R. Seemuller, Fielder Slingluff, Thomas Bond. James Curran, water engineer; Robert K. Martin, civil engineer; William L. Sharetts, water registrar. 1876-77.— Hon. Ferdinand C. Latrobe, chairman ; John R. Seemuller, « John F. Hunter, George P. Thomas, Thomas Bond, George U. Porter, Thounis W. Hall, Jr. James Currau, water engineer ; Robert K. Martin, chief engineer Gunpowder Permanent Supply ; William L. Sharetts, water registrar. 1878.— Hon. George P. Kane, chairman ; George U. Porter, John F. Hunter, Geoige P. Thomas, Thomas Bond, William A. Fisher, N. Rufus Gill. James Curran, water engineer ; Robert K. Martiu, chief engineerGunpowder Permanent Supply ; William L. Sharetts, water 1879.— Hon. Ferdinand C. Lntrobe, chairman ; George U. Porter, John F. Hunter, George P. Thomas, Thomas Bond, William A. Fisher, N. Rufus Gill. James Currau, water engineer; Robert K. Martin, chief engineer Gunpowder Permauent Supply ; William L. Sharetts, water registrar. 1880.— Hon. Ferdinand C. Latrobe, chairman ; George U. Porter, John F. Hunter, George P. Thomas, Thomas Bond, William A. Fisher, N. Rufus Gill. James Curran, water engineer; Robert K. Martin, chief engineer Gunpowder Permanent Supply ; Samuel Kirk, water registrar. The engineer corps of the Gunpowder Permanent Supply from 1876 to 1880 has been as follows : Robert K. Martin, chief engineer; William L. Kenly, principal assistant engineer; Charles P. JIauning, consulting engineer; R. B. Hook, resident eugiueer, H. B. McLane, as=iistant engineer, in charge of First Residency ; William R. Warfield, resident engineer, W. W. Kenly, assishiut engineer, George L. Cummins, assistant engineer, in charge of Second Residency; G. 0. Swann, resident engineer, John Ridgi-ly. iissistant engineer, in cburgo ..f Third Residency; Charles 'I' ,M niu.i. pKiii r,._M,,,,,l,. ( >. MacTavish, as- losident engineer, fSi.\lh Residency; 1880, William A. Charles A. Houk, resident engineer to Chapman, assistant engineer, and resident engineer from April 1880, in charge of Seventh Uesideucy; Matt man ; A. H. Tinges, resident engineer. Will eugiueer, iu charge of Eighth Residency. CHAPTER XXI E1)UC.\TI0.N. The First Schools— Public Schools and Colleges— St. Mary's Seminary- Johns Hopkins University— St. Cathaiine's Normal School— Oliver Hibernian Flee School— Floating School— Baltimore Female College, While the early settlers of JIaryland doubtless entertained no little reverence for education, all the evidence goes to show that the majority of them were more interested in horse-racing and cock-fighting than in books. Some of the first colonists, indeed, were men of high culture, but the generality of the people had to subdue and replenish the land, and were forced to pay more attention to clearing the wilderness and fighting the savages than to mental improvement. People who wanted an education and had the means went to England to get it, but the greater part of the young Marylanders were more like Harry Warring- ton than his brother George. Fox-hunting in the morning and cards or dancing at night left them little time for books. The earliest effort to establish a public educational institution in Maryland was made in the year 1671, only thirty-seven years after the first settle- EDUCATION. ment at St. Mary's, and a bill was introduced in the Assembly on the 13th of April in that year for found- ing and erecting a school or college within the prov- ince of Maryland for the education of youth in learn- ing and virtue. It failed, however, to become a law, and it was not until 1694 that the first provision was made for a free school in the province, which resulted in the establishment two years later of King Wil- liam's Free School at Annapolis. On the 24th of June, 1714, Governor Hart, who was one of the original founders of public education in Maryland, sent the following query to the clergy of the province : " Are there any schoolmasters within your respective parishes that came from England, and do teach with- out the Lord Bishop of London's license, or that came from other parts and teach without a license from the Governor?" The general answer was, "The case of schools is very bad ; good schoolmasters are very much wanting; what we have are very insufficient; and of their being qualified by the Bishop of London's or Governor's license, it has been utterly neglected." Several notable schools, among which were St. John's at Annapolis, and Washington College at Chester- towu, were set up in the province at different dates, but the first general free school act was that of 1723, chapter XIX., which provided a per capita tobacco tax for the support and maintenance of county and parish schools. By this act seven persons were ap- pointed in each county trustees to establish in the centre of the county one school for the boarding of children. The trustees for Baltimore County were Rev. William Tibbs, Col. John Dorsey, William Hamilton, John Stokes, John Israel, Thomas Tolley, and Thomas Sheredine. These schools were, per- haps, the nucleus out of which our excellent county -academies grew ; but at that time they did not work well nor make rapid progress, except in the unfre- quent cases when the clergyman of the parish was a man of piety and learning and able to take charge of the school him.self. The schoolmasters were generally a low and dissolute set, more than half of them being redemptioners and servants. They had Latin and Greek enough, perhaps, but were of the " hedge priest" class, drunken in habits.severe and capricious in discipline, and teaching in a rude, irregular way.' The school fund was derived from a tobacco tax, and from a tax of twenty shillings per poll laid upon each Irish Catholic servant and each negro slave im- ported into the colony. There was also a three pence per hogshead tax on exported tobacco, of which one- . T2, 17G0, .Ii. hiilteia, i\ es a parcel of Mr. Ciiiinoli'a ...v, w, iting ia half went to schools. The earliest school fund, how- ever, was provided by the act of 1695, entitled an act for the " encouragement of learning," by which all persons residing in the province were forbidden to export any furs or skins therein mentioned except on the payment of certain specified duties, to be appro- priated to the maintenance of free schools. As the fur trade was a large and profitable one at this period, the revenue derived from it constituted the school fund for nearly thirty years. By this act every ex- ported bear-skin paid 9rf. sterling ; beaver, 4rf. ; otter, 3d. ; wild-cats, foxes, minks, fishers, wolves' skins, IJrf. ; musk-rat, 4rf. per dozen; raccoons, 3 farthings per skin ; elk-skins, 12rf. per skin ; deer-skins, 4d. per skin ; young bear-skins, 2d. per skin. All non-resi- dent exporters of these furs were to pay double. On the 29th of May, 1724, the Bishop of London ad- dressed the following query to the Episcopal clergy- men of Maryland : " Have you in your parish any public school for the instruction of youth? If you have, is it endowed, and who is the master?" The replies show that while there were a number of pri- vate schools in the province, there were scarcely above half a dozen public schools throughout its entire limits, and most of these were small and insignificant. Among the rest, Mr. Tibbs, rector of St. Paul's Parish, Baltimore County, replied, " I have no public school in my parish for the instruction of youth." Boys of wealth, however, frequently had their private tutors, or were sent to the mother-country for their educa- tion, and in some sections the clergymen founded good schools. In 1745, Kev. Thomas Cradock be- came rector of St. Thomas' Parish, in Baltimore County, and in 1747 began a school at his own resi- dence. From his advertisement in the Maryland Gazette at this time, we learn that he took young men into his family and taught them the Latin and Greek languages, and furnished them with board, at fifty- three dollars per annum. This seminary became a famous seat of learning, for it was here that some of the oldest and most distinguished men of the prov- ince were educated, among whom were the Lees and Barnes, of Charles County, the Spriggs and Bowies, of Prince George's, and the Dulanys, of Anne Arun- del. The school received many of its pupils from the lower countie.s, and was maintained during the whole of Mr. Cradock's life. Mr. Cradock died in 1770. He was a graduate of one of the English uni- versities, and a brother of the Archbishop of Dublin. He was a fine poet and scholar, had a large minis- terial influence, and was no mean author. The ma- jority of the schoolmasters of the day were, as has been said, of a much less distinguished character, and were often more noted for their personal irregu- larities than for their learning or virtue. According to the returns of the number of Schoolmaslers in the province, made to the Governor in 1754, we find among them " Enoch Magruder's convict servant," "Jeremiah Berry's indented servant," "John Hag- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. gerty's indented servant," " Thomas Harrison, a con- vict," and " Daniel Wallahorn's convict servant." Parents, even in tliose rude days, were naturally averse to intrusting the education of their children to this kind of teachers, and douhtless entertained a well-grounded apprehension that in such schools the young idea might be taught to shoot in directions decidedly the reverse of classical. With this expla- nation it is easy to under.?tand the numerous adver- tisements of this period calling for teachers of " good sober character," who seem to have been as greatly needed in Baltimore Town as in other sections of the province. On the 27th of February, 1752, C. Crox- all, of Baltimore, advertises in the Maryland Gazette for " a person of a good sober character, who under- stands teaching English, writing, and arithmetic, and will undertake a school," and on the 12th of March following, the same advertisement is repeated by the ■'inhabitants of Baltimore Town." James Gardner kept a school at this period at the corner of South and Water (Lombard) Streets, but from these adver- tisements it would seem that he was not sufficient for the literary needs of the little town. Ten years later, in February, 1762, John Archer announces that he will open " a grammar school" in Baltimore Town ; and a few weeks later Thomas Lyttleton, who " had been employed for a considerable time in the educa- tion of youth in and about London," advertises that he "teaches writing, arithmetic (both vulgar and decimal), merchants' accounts, geometry, etc., in a j house adjoining Mr. Roberts' store, where the pro- vincial office (land office) used to be kept in the winter season. Young ladies are taught the Italian hand." The " Italian hand" seemed to have proved a success, for in the following year he repeats his ad- vertisement, and concludes with the somewhat incon- gruous announcement that he has for sale " choice ; West India rum by the hogshead, loaf-sugar, coffee, ' chocolate, Madeira wine, and cedar desks." A free school would seem to have been established about ! this period in Baltimore, for in October, 1766, Wil- liam Young, who lived near Joppa, advertised that a " master" was wanted at " Baltimore Free School," " capable of teaching the English language, writing, surveying, and arithmetic. Such a person, if a sober man, will meet with good encouragement from the visitors of said school." ' In 1785 the great lexi- i I'ographer, Noah Webster, visited Mount Vernon, and was so much pleased with what he saw of Baltimore ; in his passage through the town, that on his return he determined to take up his residence here for a { l)rief perioc* at least, and on the 25th day of May, in ! that year, adveitised in the Maryland Journalt\\a.t he would open a school in Baltimore " fur the iDstructioD of young gentlemen and ladies iti reading, spealting, and writing the Englisli language with propriety and correctness. He [ will also teach vocal music in as great perfection as it is tanght in i America." " It is a very common and very just complaint," he says, " that nothing is neglected so much as the study of our own native lan- guage. From what cause the neglect proceeds it is needless to examine, as the fact is equally lamented and acknowledged. He expects, as an indispensable condition, that the school should be patronized by families of reputation, and he himself will be responsible for the success of the undertaking. For particulars, inquire of the subscriber at his lodgings at Mrs. Sanderson's, opposite South Street." 2 Whether this school was ever opened or not does not appear, but in the following autumn it was an- nounced that "on the evening of October 19th, at Dr. Allison's church (First Presbyterian), Mr. Web- ster will begin to read a short course of lectures on the English language," the heads of which are as follows : "I. — Introduction, general history of the English language; cause and effects of its copiousness, — its irregularity in orthography and con* struction. Defects of the alphabet. Remarks on school books and the practice of using the Bible in schools. *' II. — General rules respecting the pronunciation of words ; deviations from the rules of propriety and from the practice of the best speakere. " III.— Errors in pronouncing and printing certain classes of words; corruptions of the language ; effects of these upon its simplicity and harmony ; folly of imitating fashionable improprieties. "IV. — Errors in the use of words; mistakes and defects of English grammars; remarks on English verse, with rules for reading poetry. " v.— General remarks on education; defects in the mode of in. structing youth in the several branches of science; effects of education on individuals, society, and morals." Tickets for the whole course were 7s. 6rf., for a single lecture one quarter-dollar. It was also an- nounced at the same time that " on the stated even- ings for singing, the audience will be entertained with the whole performance in vocal music." Stimulated in all probability by these lectures, a public meeting was held on the 27th of March in the following year (1786), at which the Rev. Dr. Carroll presided, to consider the establishment of an academy in Balti- more. The great importance and necessity of such an institution was so manifest that it was unanimously agreed that a committee representing the diffisrent Christian denominations of the town should be ap- pointed to prepare a plan, to be reported at a subse- quent meeting at Mrs. Ball's Coffee-House. A plan wa-s accordingly prepared and adopted, and in June thirteen trustees elected for management of the insti- tution; and in the same month Daniel Bowley, John Kernan, Wra. Patterson, Engelhard Yeiser, Peter Hoffman, Michael Diffenderffer, Jesse Hollingsworth, Richard Lemmon, and Andrew EUicott were ap- pointed to solicit subscriptions for its support. The academy was situated on Charles Street, and was con- ducted in the beginning by Edward Langworthy, who taught the classics, and Andrew Ellicott, of Joseph, surveyor of the United States, who presided over the department of mathematics, natural philosophy, etc. In spite of the encouraging auspices under which the enterprise was begun, it does not appear to have re- ceived any marked degree of public patronage, and was not continued very long. The zeal for education, however, would seem to have been only quickened by EDUCATION. 225 this failure, and in 1789 the town seems to have been literally overrun with teachers. Among those who offered their services to the public in this capacity in that year were Stephen Merrill, Mr. Sweeny, John Deaver, Wm. Graham, Mr. Hogan, Augustus Konig (professor of German), Joseph Paillottel (professor of French), and Mark Morris. The following is a fair sample of the school announcement of those " Stephen Merrill, from Boston, teaches school at the house commonly known by the name of Kesley's School-house, on Howard's Hill. Having every convenience for u school, and an accomplished assistant, he begs leave to inform the inhabitants of this town that he teaches beginners at 12s. 6d. per quarter. Writing and arithmetic 15 shillings. He will teach book-keeping, surveying, etc., on the most reasonable terms. He forbears to bestow any encomiums on his abilities or character, only wishing those that have a desire to inquire of those who have been his employers for these four months past; and if indefatigable industry will be a recommendation, he flatters himself he will gain the encourage- ment of the public." In 1796 anew "Baltimore Academy" was estab- lished, and on the 25th of February the trustees an- nounced that it would be opened on the 2d of May following in the "elegant building lately purchased from Mr. Grant for that purpose." This school was divided into two departments, one for males and one for females ; the principal of the male department was James Priestly, of Georgetown, and the principal of the female department was Levi Noyer. The studies iu the male department were reading, writing, and arithmetic, English grammar, geography, with the use of the globes, rhetoric, logic, history, and the learned languages, natural and moral philosophy, geometry, trigonometry, navigation, surveying, astronomy, and a general system of the mathematics." The studies in the female department were reading, writing, arith- metic, English grammar, geography with the use of the globes, rhetoric, logic, natural and moral phi- losophy, and a general sysliem of history. The man- agers or trustees of the school were Philip Rogers, Adam Fonerden, James McCannon, Henry Willis, John Hagerty, William Bruff, and Nelson Reed. The academy building was situated in Light Street, near the Light Street Methodist church, and was de- stroyed in the fire of Dec. 4, 1796. An effort was made to rebuild it in the following year, but with what success is uncertain. Mr. Priestly afterwards kept a school in St. Paul's Lane, which may have been a continuation of the same institution. In 1803, in conjunction with Bishop Carroll, Mr. Priestly ob- tained a charter for the "Baltimore College," for which a building was erected on Mulberry Street by the aid of a lottery .• As has been shown already, free schools had been authorized in each of the twelve counties of the State by the act of 1723, and the funds provided by pre- vious acts for the support of county scholars were dis- tributed among them. But though interest in the I June, 1797, Joseph Townsend, 18 Baltimore Street, ;her "fur tlie Baltimore African Academy now ready to begin subjectof public education was manifested in repeated acts of legislation, the free schools that had been es- tablished in the several counties did not [flourish. There were funds, but there could not be found outside of the clergy capable teachers, and a system which was productive of expense, but of little practical benefit, soon came into disrepute. Little, however, was done to remedy the defects of the system until 1812, when a fund arising from the incorporation of several banks and turnpikes was appropriated to the establishment of free schools throughout the State. This is a noted event in the history of Maryland education, as it is the first permanent provision made for the support of free schools in the State. In 1816 an act was passed appointing nine school commissioners in each county, who were to distribute the funds arising from the act of 1812, and for other purposes. It was not, however, until 1826 that the present public school system was established. On the 28th of February in that year an act was passed for the establishment of primary schools throughout the State, and on the same day the mayor and City Council of Baltimore were authorized by a further act to es- tablish public schools in Baltimore.'^ On the 27th of January, 1827, an ordinance was adopted by the City Council approving and accepting the act of the General Assembly, and on the 8th of March, 1828, another ordinance was adopted creating a board of commissioners of public schools, and in- vesting them with the power to establish schools. By its provisions six commissioners were elected by the two branches of the City Council annually in the month of January, who should constitute a board, of which the mayor was the president ex officio. They were directed to divide the city into six school dis- tricts, and to establish one school in each district on the monitorial plan, each school to be divided into two departments, one for males and the other for females, and every child should pay one dollar per quarter, unless excepted therefrom by the commis- sioners. The following well-known citizens consti- tuted the first Board of Commissioners, all of whom are now deceased : Jacob Small, John B. Morris, Fielding Lucas, Jr., Joseph Cushing, John Reese, and William Hubbard. From various causes nothing was done towards opening the schools until July 21, 1829, when the board determined to establish four schools, two in the eastern and two in the western section of the city. On the 21st of September, 1829, the first public school in Baltimore City was opened in the basement of the Presbyterian church, then on the east side of Eutaw Street, between Saratoga and Mulberry Streets, and was placed under the charge of William H. Coffin, who was the first public school-teacher in Baltimore. On the 28th September two other schools were ■ The primary school bill of 1825 was framed by i sed of Messrs. Teackle, Brooks, McCullongh, Goldsborough, Duvall, inals, and S. K. Smith. 226 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. opened, under the charge of Thompson Randolph and Harriet D. Randolph, on Bond Street, near Canton Avenue. The fourth school was not opened until the next year, because a suitable room could not be ob- tained for the purpose in the western section of the city ; but the otiiers were soon filled, and numerous applications for .admission were declined for want of room. The first pupil enrolled in the public schools was Andrew Reese, a son of one of the commissioners, who thus evidenced his appreciation of the work in which he was engaged. On the 7th of April, 1830, an ordinance was adopted reducing into one the several ordinances relating to public schools, and by which the powers and duties of commissioners were increased. During that year a tax of twelve and a half cents on every hundred dollars' worth of assessable property was levied for the support of the schools, which gave some assurance to the commissioners that their work was appreciated and that their future efforts would be sustained. The schools were conducted on the monitorial plan until 18.39, and were designated simply public schools, there being no distinct separation between the primary and grammar schools. The schools for boys were taught entirely by male teachers until nearly twenty years after their establishment, at which time female assistants were introduced with great success. Since then female teachers have been appointed in every department of the schools, and they now constitute seven-eighths of the whole number, there being eight hundred and twenty teachers, of whom seven hundred and four are female. The number of pupils during the first year was two hundred and sixty-nine, with three teachers, which increased until 1835, when it was eight hundred and sixty-seven, with eight teachers. During the next three years the number declined to six hundred and seventy-five, and there seemed to exist the necessity for some additional stimulus for the public mind, which was furnished in 1839, when a reaction occurred, and the number of pupils commenced to increase rapidly, so that during the next ten years the number increased to six thousand seven hundred and sixty- three, under the charge of one hundred and seven teachers. Evening schools were opened for the first time for the benefit of those who could not attend during the day, and the experiment proved to be a great success. In March, after mature deliberation and much discus- sion, a resolution was adopted allowing the use of the Bible in all the schools as a reading book, the teachers being instructed in all cases to allow the Douay edi- tion to be used by those children whose parents prefer the same to the common translation. By a resolution adopted by the City Council March 7, 1839, the commissioners were requested to establish a male high school, in which the higher branches of English and classical literature should be taught. This was doubtless in response to the demand of in- telligent public sentiment, and it has had a most im- portant influence upon the schools, and was the stim- ulus that was needed to promote their greater success. Tlie Male Central High School was opened on the 20th October, 1839, in a rented building on Courtland Street, under the charge of Dr. Nathan C. Brooks as principal, with forty-six pupils. Dr. Brooks was suc- ceeded in 1849 by Rev. Francis Waters, who was fol- lowed in 1853 by John A. Getty. The latter was suc- ceeded in 1854 by George Morrison, and he in 1857 by Thomas D. Baird. Upon the death of Dr. Baird in 1873 the present incumbent, William Elliott, Jr., who had been connected with the school since 1851, was elected principal. By ordinance dated Oct. 9, 1866, the name was cliauged to that of Baltimore City College, and the board was authorized to confer diplomas on its gradu- ates. At first the admissions to this school were con- fined entirely to those who had been pupils of the grammar schools and had passed a prescribed satis- factory examination, but it was afterwards changed so as to admit any applicant who passed the required examination, and had a good moral character. This school was removed in 1840 to rooms over the present office of the Firemen's In.surance Company, at the corner of South and Second Streets, but the accom- modations were insufficient for the number of pupils, and in 1841 it was again removed, to a building on the northeast corner of Lombard and Hanover Streets; but the location was unsatisfactory and not adapted to the wants of the institution, so that in 1842 it was again removed, to the old building on Courtland Street first occupied by it. The board then made an earnest effort to obtain a more suitable building, and applied to the City Coun- cil for permission to purchase or lease one more cen- trally located and with better accommodations. After an examination of several sites it recom- mended the selection of the property at the corner of Holliday and Fayette Streets, then known as the "Assembly Rooms and Theatre Tavern," and by an ordinance of the City Council, adopted March 11, 1844, the board was authorized to purchase the above property for the sum of $23,000, subject to ground- rent of $261 on the former and $90 on the latter building, making $351 in all, and the deed was exe- cuted that year. -The old tavern was removed, and its site was used as a yard for the school, which was then transferred to its new apartments, where it re- mained until the building was destroyed by fire in 1873, and the school was again removed to Court- land Street, in the building formerly occupied by Baltimore Female College. It remained there until February, 1875, when the new building on Howard Street was completed, and the institution was then removed there, where it is now located, with five hundred and twenty-six pupils. In the Rules of Order of the Board of School Com- EDUCATION. missioners it is provided that there shall be an ex- amination of candidates for admission to the Balti- more City College annually in the month of July, conducted by the faculty, under the direction of the committee, and the result submitted to the board. To this examination are eligible boys not less than fourteen years of age, who have spent in public grammar schools the two full quarters next preceding the time of the examination, if they possess good moral character and have paid their fees in full. Also, on the same conditions, boys are eligible who, being not less than twelve years of age, have passed two full scholastic years next preceding in the public grammar schools. These candidates will be admitted to the college upon passing, to the satisfaction of the committee, an examination in spelling, English gram- mar, geography, arithmetic, and algebra through simple equations involving three unknown quanti- ties. Boys of not less than fourteen years of age, who are not pupils of the grammar schools, are eligible for examination for admission, and the committee are authorized to direct their examination at such times as it may deem proper; the requirements and stand- ard being, however, the same as those required of grammar-school pupils. The regular time of this ex- amination is annually, on the first Monday in Sep- tember. The .first annual commencement of the Male Cen- tral High School took place on the 27th ot Novem- ber, 1851, with eight graduates, and the honorary ad- dress was delivered by Hon. S. Teackle Wallis. In 1843 vocal music was introduced into the schools, at the request of many parents and patrons, and in 1846 drawing was made a branch of study in the High School. The year 1844 was an important period in the his- tory of the female schools. The board, appreciating the beneficial results of the Male High School for boys, had earnestly recommended the organization of two Female High' Schools, and the City Council having approved the recommendation and given authority to the commissioners, they established two schools during the year, — the Eastern Female High School in the building at the corner of Front and Fayette Streets, and the Western Female High School in a rented building on North Paca Street. In 1852 the former was removed to the new building on Aisquith Street, which was again rebuilt and enlarged in 1869; and in 1846 the latter was removed to the southwest corner of Fayette and Green Streets, where it re- mained until September, 1858, when it was removed to the new building on Fayette Street now occupied by the school. The first annual commencement of these schools took place on Oct. 25 and 28, 1853, with graduates, and honorary addresses were delivered by Hon. Robert M. McLane and Dr. Stuart Robinson. In 1847 and 1848 female teachers were appointed in some of the male schools with marked success, and the result settled the future policy of the system with reference to the employment of females in these schools, from which they had previously been ex- cluded. In the latter year a change was made in the character of the schools, by engrafting upon the system the grade of primary schools. Previous to this time there had not been any distinct grades es- tablished, but the necessity seemed to be so apparent that it was determined to organize separate schools for the younger children, in which they should be taught the primary and elementary branches, and prepared for the schools of higher grade, which were thereafter to be designated grammar schools. This was the basis of our present symmetrically graded system of primary, grammar, and high schools, which has not been changed except in the amount of studies in some of the classes. In September, 1851, the Eastern and Western Nor- mal Classes were organized, the former in the Eastern Female High School, under the charge of Emily E. Jones, and the latter in the Western Female High School, under Eliza Adams, two of the most efiicient female teachers. These classes were discontinued in 1858, and a Central Normal Class was organized, to which male pupils were also admitted, and placed under the charge of a male principal, with male and female assistants, which still continues, and is ac- complishing good results. Previous to 1867 no provision had been made by the city for the education of colored children. The only instruction received by them was at private schools, or at the free schools which had been organ- ized by the Association for the Improvement of Col- ored People, which had been sustained by private contributions. On the 10th of July of that year an ordinance was adopted directing the Board of School Commissioners to establish separate schools for the colored children, under the same rules as governed the white public schools. This was in response to the request of the above-mentioned association, which had petitioned the city to take charge of its schools, and provide for their support. The board pro- ceeded to organize these schools, and in September they commenced with about one thousand pupils. It asked the City Council for ten thousand dollars, but no appropriation was made, and the board was without the necessary means for their support. The city registrar declined to pay the salaries and other expenses, and the only income was from the use of books, which the board authorized the teachers to apply to the payment of their salaries. This con- dition continued until November, 1867, when a new Board of Commissioners was elected, which urged the appropriation for the support of the schools. There existed a legal doubt as to whether the city had the power to appropriate money for these schools, and accordingly the Legislature passed an act at January session, 1868, authorizing the city to establish sepa- rate schools for the education of colored children, and to levy and appropriate money for their support. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. On May 5, 1868, the City Council passed an ordi- nance autliorizing the new board to reorganize.these schools, and appropriated three thousand six hundred dollars to pay all arrears for salaries and other ex- i penses, and also the sum of fifteen thousand dollars for their support for the year 1868, in addition to such taxes as might be paid by the colored people for edu- j cational purposes. On June 28, 1868, the board organized ten separate schools for colored children, under the charge of white teachers, since which time the number of schools and pupils has increased. The grade of the schools was at first primary, but after- wards it was extended so as to include grammar school studies, which meets the demand of this class of pupils. In 1873 a resolution was adopted in the City Coun- cil requesting the board to inquire into the expediency of introducing the study of the German language into the public schools, and in response to that in- quiry, as well as to the urgent requests of many citi- i zens, the present system of English-German schools was introduced. Previous to that time the language had been taught in the City College, but it was thus limited to those who entered that school ; a large number of pupils never received any such instruc- tion. It was deemed inexpedient to introduce the language into all the primary and grammar schools, or to make it obligatory on all pupils, and hence it was thought best to establish separate schools, in dif- ferent sections of the city, in which parallel courses of English and German should be taught, and leave it optional with children to attend. The original number of commissioners was six, which was increased to eight in 1834, to nine in 1836, to twelve in 1838, to thirteen in 1840, to fourteen in 1842, and to twenty in 1846, being one to each ward. The ordinance establishing schools in the city lim- ited the admission to children under twelve years of age, which was afterwards extended to fourteen years, 1 and the pupils, therefore, for a long period were be- j tween the ages of four and fourteen, boys between four and seven being admitted to the girls' schools, and over that age to the male schools. Subsequently the rule was changed to conform to the general laws of the State, by which the school age is now between six and twenty-one years. The first public school-house was erected in the year 1830, on Aisquith Street near Fayette Street, in the eastern .section of the city, and the next was in 1882, at the corner of Green and Fayette Streets. The former has been sold by the city, and a more commodious building erected for the school ; the lat- ter, which has been rebuilt, is occupied by Male Grammar and Primary School No. 1. Since 1832 a large amount hiis been invested in the erection of new buildings for the use of schools, the number now owned by the city being fifty-nine, containing about seven hundred class-rooms. Many of these houses, however, are improperly designed and constructed, with insufficient room, light, and ventilation, and without the necessary space in the yards to permit proper exercise during recess. The whole number of schools under the supervision of the board during the past year was 125, contain- ing 36,337 enrolled pupils, classified as follows: One Ballimore City College 560 Two Female High Schoole 846 Thirty-eight Grammar Schools 10,660 Fifty-nine Primary Schools 15,652 Five Public (formerly English-German) Schools 3,440 Fourteen Colored Day Schools 4,139 Four Colored Evening Schools 781 One White Evening School 184 One Normal School 75 These schools have been conducted by 822 teach- ers, with an average daily attendance of 29,961, and the whole number of different pupils during the year was 48,066. Numt>erof white pupils 31,417 colored pupils 4,920 pay pupils 12,496 free pupils 23,841 male teacliers 104 female teachers 718 The cost per pupil, estimated on the number en- rolled, was $16.98, and on average attendance was $20.60, for the current expenses of the schools ; and was $18.27 on enrollment, and $22.16 on average at- tendance, for the current expenses, and also the amount expended by the inspector of buildings for the erection and repairs of buildings. The average annual salary of the teachers was $584, and of the teachers and officers of the board $590, thus showing that the annual cost per capita of the pupils and the salaries of the teachers and officers are much less than in other large cities. White Schools. Salaries of officers and teachers $457,943.30 Eenis of lioiiees and fcround-rents 26,512.44 Ilouks ami htatiniieiv 30,460.05 SchooMiii, , .; ,'.'.'■'.' 6.'618;46 Fuel..,. 11,140.19 Pnntii.g. iiiii-.ln:, .lud luci-itiitjii 6',233!96 $55.i,114.28 Amount paid by inspector of buildings for new houses and repairs: New house — Male Grammar and Primary School No. 1— balance duo 814.815.75 New house, Grammar School No. 7 7,023.20 Repair of old houses 24,997.16 T.itiil expenses of white schools S601,950.36 Colored Schools. $52,266.43 3,249.75 2,876.12 Itepairs of buildings and furniture Supplies and iucidentals 270^07 Current expenses of white and colored schools Amount paid by inspector of buildings for white Total cost for the year 1880 $663,988.74 EDUCATION. The estimated expenses for 1881 are $647,845, of which $583,845 is for white, and $64,000 for colored schools. Summary Statement. Showing the yumber of Schools^ Teachers, Pay Pupils, Free Pupils, on ItoU Nov. 20, 1880, Average, Altmdance, Percentage of AUenilance, and Number of Different Pupils in School During the Year. Table showing the number of pupils and teachers- in the public school on the last day of each fiscal year, from the year 1829, when the firsl public school was opened, to the year 1S80, inclusive. Baltimore City Cull,-.. East. Female His;h >. 1 West. Female Hi;;li S Male Grammar .Srlii i> il . Female Griimmui S> h Publics.! 1- Malel'iin.ii. ^. I- 1 'liiii 2 li-fo^M' Colo lie T, Otiiee Schools. Saturday Normal Class... Evening School (White). Evening Schools (Col.)... Day .Schc Total... 11979912,454 22,843 35,297 29,417 83.34 5 1 751 75l 49,63 3 ! 184, 184| 8139 15 42: 739 781 424 54.3 ; 12,496 23,841 36,337,29,961 82.45| 52,299 Deduct number of pupils promoted to High School and City College Deduct number of pupils promoted to Grammar Schools ; Actual number of different pupils iu school i 48,060 berof Hi;;!, -■ I l',,| il- in 1m. , - . , i Siiturday Normal Total number of pupils on roll, Nov. 20, 1880.. 30,3)7 Geadfs of Schools Compaked— 1879 and 1880. 1,040 Schools. Number in 1880. Number in 1879. 1 i .2 1 1,400| 1,520' in.eon' io,.'5ii)' l^n S,44" :t,!"'i 41 36,337,36,505 321 " Grammar Schools " Public " " Primary " " Colored " 168 . pils. Date. Teachers 4U2 1856 253 246 12,946 11759 040 544 859 867 814 270 12,263 1859 271 12,419 1861 317 319 13,962 14;382 1126 1834 ISO5!!!""" 1866 358 .";.'.".".'" 411 16,086 16,523 17967 18,896 2471 1868 565 558 20,591 23159 3300 . 571 24,673 26:3.57 6017 6439 6699 6763 70U3 624 1874 1875 1870 661 706 ........'. 764 29,108 31,366 31,404 9081 9447 9717 1878 820 36;505 822 36,337 School Buildings.— There are sixty-four buildings now occupied by the schools, of which fifty-nine are owned by the city, and their value estimated at about $1,100,000, and the other five are rented, one of which has good accommodations, and the other four are un- suited for school use. Of those owned by the city, three are occupied by the City College and female high schools, fourteen by grammar schools, twenty- five by primary schools, six by grammar and pri- mary schools jointly, four by public schools, one by colored grammar school, and six by colored primary schools. Faculty of Baltimore Cifi/ Co/fege.— William Elliott, Jr., A.M., Ph.D., Principal, Professor of Higher Mathematics ; James R. Webster, Professor of Writing and Book-keeping ; A. L. Milles, B. A., Professor of the French Language and Adjunct Professor of Latin; Charles F. Eaddatz, Professor of the German Lan- guage ; Chapman Maupin, M. A., Professorof Latin and Greek; Powhatan Clarke, M.D., Professor of Natural Sfcience ; Charles C. Wight, Professor of History and English Literature ; Richard W. Preece, Professor of Drawing; F. A. Soper, A.M., Professor of Mathe- matics and Astronomy ; Alexander Hamilton, Adjunct Professor of English and Mathematics ; Stephen F. Norris, Heningham Gordon, A.B., A. Z. Hartman, A.M., Tutors. Faculty of the Eastern Female High School.— W. F. Wardenburg, Astronomy, Mental Philosophy, Alge- bra, Arithmetic ; Elizabeth A. Baer, Rhetoric, Elocu- tion, Composition ; Phebe J. Tompkins, Arithmetic, Composition ; Sarah L. Bassford, History, Composi- tion ; Mary C. Geddes, Algebra, Geometry, Composi- tion ; Laura V. DeValin, Physiology, English Litera- ture, Composition ; Louisa Browning, Grammar, Composition, Literature, Rhetoric, Algebra; Eliza E. Nicolai, History, Natural Philosophy, Composition, Algebra; Laura M. MuUin, Drawing; Armande Du- breuil, French; W. A. Tarbutton, Vocal Music. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Table containing the Location of Public School Buildings, Size of Lots, Size of Buildings, Cost of Buildings, and Date of Erection. et, opposite Centre 120 X 200 1 Mullikin Streets 102 X210 " " I Rear building. et, nearPaca ' 98 X 144 Kav.ltB aii.l Uiceiie Streets I 97 X 102 I I',, 1,11, ,,i,,i r;r,-cne Streets ' VT^xlTO ' '■ ' 'I HiinkStrcets | 100 X HI ■ I i'"ayette 80X167 74 X150 j 44X N,.rll, »i,k- llillSt.ect, neai Slunp North side Hollins Street, near Fulton.... Corner Cliesapealse and Hudson Streets.. i East side Holliday Street, near Le.vingl,. EastsideSaratogaStn-.l, II, ,1 ^i I m Nortll side East Street, 1, ,1' S. E. corner Howard ill i, I ^i ,, , - Sontli side Eastern .\m,i, I, ,., , l ,, Nortll side Barre Strei't, n, mi I ni ,„ North side Waesche Street, near Ficuiio 33 X 60 .■iO X 120 HB X 113 50 X 72 4.SX 68 60 X 80 174 Hamburg Street St. Stephen's Church Chesapeake Street, near Hudson.. Biddle Street, near Pennsylvania Total ground-rents. Total value of buildings, actual and estimated... Total amount of rents 1,()!14.7.5 244.44 918(10 6110.00 600.00 800.01) 360.00 700.00 600.00 25.00 120.00 93.75 lots leased for Grammar No. 8 and Primary No. 30 aggregate 289 feet front, but only 160 of it are used 1 60,000 17,350 29,520 10,0110 lO.IHIO • 1(),(HI0 I 18,791 14,831 6,(KX) I 3,000 5,1 KXI I 15000 1874 18.000 i 1809 12,000 j 1869 0,000 I8.-14 15.618 1 1874 8,000 i 1853 10,000 2,000 14,809 Faculty of the Western Female High School. — An- drew S. Kerr, Principal, Mental Philosophy, Astron- omy, Algebra, Arithmetic; Pamela A. Hartman, KnglLsh Literature, Rhetoric, History, Composition; Sara S. Rice, Rhetoric, Grammar, Elocution, Compo- sition ; Jane S. Williams, Algebra, Composition ; Emma Cowman, Physiology, Rhetoric, History, Grammar; Henrietta C. Adams, History, Literature Grammar, Compo.sition ; Louisa C. Saumenig, Geom etry, Algebra, History, Physiology ; Isabella Hamp- son. Natural Philosophy, Arithmetic, Elocution Composition; Anna P. Tudor, Arithmetic; Laura D EDUCATION. Brian, Grammar, History, Algebra, Composition; Eliza J. Davis, Drawing; Victor Rigueur, French; William A. Tarbutton, Music. The Board of School Commissioners is composed of Ward. 1. Francis J. Ruth 2. George 11. Biuleke.. 5. wniii.m M 6. John B. Wi 7. Kobert H 8. Janiea Bo.v John T. Morris 188a 17. H. B. Roenicr 18. John N. Conway.. 19. Joseph H. Gale 20. James W. Denny.. The officers of the board are : President, John T. Morris ; Secretary, Henry M. Cowles; Superintendent, Henry E. Shepherd; Assistant Superintendent, Henry A. Wise. State Normal School.— The State Normal School, which is designed for the training of teachers for the public schools, was established under an act of As- sembly of 1865, and was organized in January, 1866. It is supported by an annual appropriation of $10,500. The school was fir.st located in the Red Men's Hall, on Paca Street, and in 1872 was removed to the building formerly occupied by the Union Club at the northeast corner of Charles and Franklin Streets. A liberal appropriation was made not long afterwards by the Legislature, and the present splendid structure at the northwest corner of Lafayette and CarroUton Av- enues was erected. The building is one hundred and twenty by one hundred and five feet, built of brick and Ohio sandstone trimmings, with a lofty spire and conspicuous slate roof. The tower at the corner of the two fronts is twenty feet square at the base, and is one hundred and seventy-five feet high. The ventilation of the building is the most complete of all the educational institutions of the city. In the base- ment are the gymnasium, dressing-rooms, the large class-rooms, etc. The principal story contains the parlor, library, offices, reception-rooms, and class- rooms ; the second floor, the assembly-room, seating six hundred persons ; and the third the lecture-room, laboratory, etc. Each county in the State is entitled to two students for each of its representatives in the General Assembly. The law requires the appointees to be not less than sixteen years of age for young women, and not less than seventeen years of age for young men. A limited number of other pupils are taken on payment of tuition. The Normal School is in charge of Prof M. A. Newell, Principal ; Miss S. B. Kidwell, Principal Girls' Model School ; Miss Rosa Stoll, Principal of Kindergarten, and the following members of the State Board of Education as ex officio trustees: Gov. Wm. T. Hamilton, President; M. A. Newell, Secretary and State Superintendent; P. A. Witmer, Dr. John P. R. Gilliss, Wm. H. Harlan, Dr. J. T. Williams. The Johns Hopkins University was founded by the bequest of the Baltimore merchant whose name it bears, and who also endowed a hospital, and gave generous gifts to the Maryland Institute, the Johns Hopkins Colored Orphan Asylum, the Manual Labor School, the Home for the Friendless, and the Balti- more Orphan Asylum. A few words in regard to his life may fitly precede an account of the university which was created by his bounty. Johns Hopkins, son of Samuel and Hannah (Tan- ney) Hopkins, was born in Anne Arundel Co., Md. johns hopkins. (where his father's family had long resided), on the 19th of May. 1795, and died in Baltimore on the 2Ith of December, 1873, at the age of seventy-eight years. The family were English Quak- ers of respectability and substance. He worked upon his father's farm until he was eighteen years of age, and then came to Baltimore and entered the counting-room of his uncle, Gerard T. Hopkins, a wholesale grocer. For twenty-five years he was devoted to mercantile pursuits, first in the firm of Hopkins & Moore, and afterwards in that of Hopkins & Brothers, his busi- ness relations being chiefly with the Valley of Vir- ginia and the adjacent States. In 1847 he became a director in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and from that time until his death he was actively engaged in the promotion of its inter- ests. Twice, in emergencies, he pledged his private resources for the support of the company. In middle life he became president of the Merchants' Bank of Baltimore ; was also a director in seven other banks, and was a manager of many other financial a.ssociations. He made large investments in real es- tate, and constructed many warehouses. During the latter part of his life his residence was in Saratoga Street near Charles in winter, and in summer at a beautiful estate named " Clifton," in the northeastern suburbs of Baltimore. He was never married. Towards the close of his life he devoted much thought to the disposition of his property. There is reason to believe that his philanthropic impulses were quickened by the example and words of George Peabody, and by the counsel and suggestions of the friends by whom he was .surrounded. His will was signed July 9, 1870, and'at that time he had matured the principal features of his bequest, though codicils modifying the details were subsequently added. Three years earlier, on the 24th of August, 1867, at the instance of Johns Hopkins, twelve citizens of j Maryland had formed a corporation, entitled the j "Johns Hopkins University for the Promotion of j Education in the State of Maryland." ' The trustees I by a special act of the Leg- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. in this corporation were Francis T. King, Lewis N. Hopkins, Thomas M. Smith, William Hopkins, John Fonerden, Jolin W. Garrett, Francis White, Charles J. M. Gwynn, Galloway Cheston, George W. Dobbin, Reverdy Johnson, Jr., and George W. Brown. Sub- sequently, in the places of Messrs. Fonerden, Smith, and Johnson, Dr. James Carey Thomas, C. Morton Stewart, and Joseph P. Elliott became trustees. Nine of the original body were also trustees of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The original officers of the board were Galloway Cheston, president ; ' Francis White, treasurer ; and William Hopkins, secretary ; and [ they were first chosen on the 13th of June, 1870. After the death of Mr. Hopkins in 1873 it appeared | that his gift to the university included his estate of j three hundred and thirty acres at Clifton, fifteen thousand shares of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1 stock and other securities, the entire endowment being estimated at more than three million of dollars. ! On the 6th of February, 1874, the board entered j upon the administration of the trust. Several of the members visited successful colleges and universities : in the North, South, and West ; correspondence was instituted with able advisers in educational matters, j and a number of eminent college officers were in- vited to come to Baltimore and give their counsel. A president of the university^ was elected in 1874, and entered upon his office in May, 1876. The re- mainder of the year he devoted to a study of univer- sities at home and abroad, and on the 22d of Febru- ary, 1876, the plans adopted were publicly announced before a large assembly in the Academy of Music. Prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. Randolph, of Em- manuel Church ; instrumental music was performed by the Peabody Orchestra, directed by Professor Asger Hamerick. The chairman of the executive committee, Reverdy Johnson, Jr., introduced Presi- dent Eliot, of Harvard College, who delivered a con- gratulatory address, which was followed by the inau- gural address of President Oilman. The Governor of the State, the mayor of the city, the principal civil and educational authorities, the clergy, and a large number of officers of other colleges were present. On the 27th of May a special address was made before the youth of Baltimore, explaining the opportunities of instruction about to be offered them, and on the 12th of September, 1876, by invitation of the trustees, an introductory address was delivered in the Academy of Music by Professor Huxley, of London. He dis- cussed the relations of universities to the study of medicine, a subject on whicli his views were particu- ! larly acceptable, not only because of his ability as a teacher, but also because of the co-operation in pro- moting medical knowledge which is anticipated , between the two foundations of Johns Hopkins, — the university and the hospital. On the 3d of October following the classes which had been forming for some days were first assembled for instruction in the buildings at the corner of Ross and Howard Streets, which had been purchased at a cost of seventy-five thousand dollars and enlarged for their new uses. Large outlays have been made by the university for the purchase of apparatus and books ; laboratories have been opened and equipped for the study of chemistry, physics, and biology ; instruction has been given in these subjects, in the highest branches of mathematics, in ancient and modern languages and literature, and in history, political economy, logic, and the history of philosophy. The trustees, how- ever, have regarded their work hitherto as prelimin- ary and tentative. They hope at an early day, in the light of the information and experience already ac- quired, to enlarge the academic staff and increase the fecilities here afforded for the work of a university. No steps have been taken as yet for the organization of any other faculty than the philosophical. In addition to the strictly academic exercise, lec- tures have been given in one of the halls of the uni- versity during a considerable part of every year, at five o'clock in the afternoon, to which ladies and gentlemen not connected with the university, as well as the students, have been admitted. Not infre- quently more than two hundred persons are present at these lectures, which are sometimes given by the resident professors and sometimes by gentlemen in- vited to come from other institutions. Several Satur- day classes have also been maintained for the instruc- tion of teachers in special studies, — physiology, Latin, zoology, English, and mathematics. The university has liberally encouraged investiga- tion and research, and has contributed to the expense of printing periodicals devoted to mathematics and physics, chemistry, philology, and physiology. It has maintained twenty fellowships, the incumbents of which give all their time to advanced studies. It has established a marine station or sea-side laboratory for the advancement of zoological researches. It has supi>orted a mechanic's shop for the manufacture and repair of apparatus. It has kept its reading-room supplied with the latest scientific and literary journals of every land. Moreover, it has left the principal teachers comparatively free for the prosecution of in- quiry and for the publication of results. Societies, in which both officers and students take part, give fre- quent opportunities for the presentation of elaborate papers. The number of students formally enrolled as such have been in 1876, 89; in 1877, 104; in 1878, 123; in 1879, 159; in 1880, 170. Besides these many unen- rolled students have received instruction. Of the whole number of students received prior to the close of 1879-80, one hundred and sixty-five had taken an academic degree before joining this university. As an indication of the wide influence which the Ibuiidation alroadv exerts, it niav be added that the EDUCATION. students assembled in the autumn of 1880 came from I twenty-nine different States and countries. Thegrad- ! uate students who have here been received represent at least seventy different institutions. I The various publications of the university show | that a distinction is made between university work and collegiate work, and that both are promotive of the trust of Johns Hopkins. Four scientific journals are published under the auspices of the University, — The American Journal of Mathematics, The American Chemical Journal, The American Journal of Pkilology, and Studies from the Biographical Laboratory. The academic staff from 1876 to 1880 has included the per- sons whose names are now given: President — Daniel C. Gilman, appointed Dec. 30, 1874. Pro/essoy^f — Basil L. Gildersleevc, Greek, 1870 ; J. J. Sylvester, Mathematics, 1876; Ira Kemsen, Oliemistry, 187C; Henry A. Rowland, Physics, 1876; H. Newell Martin, Biulogy, 187n; niiarles D. Morris, Classics, 1S7B. Asmcialea—jLibu M. Cniss, Oi k, ynT:; Pliilip R. Uhlor, Natural History, 187B; .\ustin Scmt 11; ■ - l-":; A. Marshall Elliott, Romance Philology, 1871.; I I ,, i I 1 1 .v, Sheniitic, 1876-79; Herman C. G. Brandt, Germ, HI. I-... ViiLiun K. Brooks, Biology, 1870; Harmon N. Morse, Olienustry, ln7ij ; Robert Ridgway, Natural History, 1876-77; William E. Story, Mathematics, 1876; Arthur W. Tyler, Librarian, 1870-78 ; Charles S. Hastings, Pliysics, 1876 ; Chae. R. Lanman, Sanscnt, 1877-80; Herbert B. Adams, History, 1878; Albert S. Cook, English, 1879; Minton Warren, Latin, 1879; Wil- liam Hand Browne, tibrarian, 1879; Henry Sewall, Biology, 1880. Le^turera — Simon Newcomb, Astronomy, 1876; Leonance llabillon, French, 1876 ; John S. Billings, Medical History, etc., 1877 ; Francis J. Child, Early English, etc., 1877-78; Thomas M. Cooley, Law, 1877- 79 ; .Julius E. Hilgard, Geodetic Surveys, 1877 ; James Russell Lowell, Romance Literature, 1877 ; John W. Mallet, Technological Chemis- try, 1877-78; Francis A. Walker, Political Economy, 1877-78; Wil- liam D. Whitney, Comparative Philology, 1877 ; William F. Allen, History, 1878 ; William James, Psychology, 1878 ; George S. Morris, Philosophy, 1878; J. Lewis Diman, History, 1879; H. Von Hoist, History, 1879; William G. Fallow, Botany, 1879 ; J. Willard Gibbs, Theoretical Mechanics, 1879; Sidney Lanier, English Literature, 1S79-80; Charles S. Peirce, Logic, 1879 ; John Trowbridge, Physics, 188U; J. Lewis Diman, History, 1881 ; A. Graham Bell, Phonology; 18S1. AasiManls—lUnry Sewall, Biology, 1876-78; Samuel F. Clarke, Biology, 1879; Fabian FiaMkliii, Mathematics, 1879; Lyman B.Hall, t'heniistry, 1879-sll; Cliristian Sihler, Biology, 1879-80; Henry C. AdaUiS, Political Economy, 1879 ; Thomas Craig, Mathematics, 1879 ; Willi.imT. Sedgwick, Biology, 1880; Edwin H. Hall, Physics, 1880; George H. Stockbridge, Latin and German, 1880 ; Philippe B, Marcou, French, 1880. In place of a midsummer anniversary, the 22d of February is annually observed as " Commemoration Day." Degrees are conferred at that time, and also at the end of the academic year. Baltimore Female College.— The Baltimore Fe- male College, intended for the liberal education of young women, was instituted in 1848, chartered in 1849 as a college proper, with authority to confer de- grees, and liberally endowed by the State in 1860. The college was first located on St. Paul Street, but in 1874 was transferred to the new buildings at Park Place. It was originally under the control of the Methodists, but by the act of the Legislature of 1868, making all persons eligible as trustees, the col- lege became undenominational. N. C. Brooks, LL.D., is its i)resident. Male Free School and Colvin Institute for Girls. — The Male Free School was organized Jan. 1, 1802, under the direction of the trustees of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church of Baltimore. It was at first situated in the school-room of the Light Street Meth- odist church, and at the close of the first year had fifty- eight scholars. Its first oflicers were George Roberts, president; John Hagerty, treasurer; and I. Burneston, secretary. On the 20th of December, 1808, the insti- tution was incorporated, with Owen Dorsey, John Brevitt, Abner Neal, William Hawkins, Thomas E. Bond, Moses Hand, William Browne, George Roberts, and Joseph Jamison as incorporators, under the name and style of the " Trustees of the Male Free School of Baltimore." In January, 1813, the school was removed from Light Street church to its present location, No. 39i Courtland Street. Mr. Roberts died in 1828, and was succeeded as president by William Wilkins, who retained the position until his death in 1833. Thomas Kelso was chosen as Mr. Wilkins' successor, and re- mained president until his death in 1878, and was followed by the present incumbent, John B. Seiden- stricker. The object of the school is to educate poor children without regard to creed. Miss Rachel Col- vin, of Baltimore, l)y her last will and testament be- queathed ten thousand dollars to enable the trustees of the Male Free School to afford gratuitous education to girls. Among the prominent private schools that formerly existed in Baltimore were the Literary and Commer- cial Seminary, second door from the northwest corner of North and Lexington Streets, William Nind, prin- cipal, in 1806; J. Magee's Academy, No. 18 Bank Street, and in 1822 at No. 2.'5 South Calvert Street; the Classical and English Seminary in St. Paul's Lane, in 1822, Hugh Maguire, formerly professor of languages in St. John's College,- principal ; Dr. Barry's School, No. 32 Courtland Street; Rev. Fran- cis Waters' Classical Seminary, opened in 1829 in the building formerly occupied by Dr. Barry ; Dr. S. A. Roszel's School, conducted in the same place ; and Mr. Larned's University School, at No. 11 Lexington Street, in 1847. Oliver Hibernian Free School.— John Oliver, a native of Ireland, but subsequently a successful mer- chant and citizen of Baltimore, by his will dated May 19, 1823, made the following bequest, upon which the present charity is founded : " To the Hibernian Society of Mainland I leave and bequeath the sum of twenty thousand dollars, to he put in the hands of the president and directors of said society for the time being, or a majority of them, and to be hy them invested in any manner which they think proper for the purpose of establishing a Free School in the city of Baltimore under their direction for the education of poor children of botii sexes, one at least of whose parents must be Irish, and residing in or about Baltimore; and should it ever happen that said school should not have a sufficient number of scholars of Irish parents, as aforesaid, it is my wish that it should be filled with poor children born in the city or precincts ; but with this proviso, that room must be made always when required for children of Irish parents, and no distinction is ever to be made in the school as to the religious tenets of those who may apply f At the annual meeting of the Oliver Hibernian Free School, held on the 17th of March, 1830, the 234 HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Luke Tiernan, president ; John Kelso and Samuel Moore, vice-presidents; Rev. Dr. John Glendy, chap- lain ; Samuel Donaldson, counselor; Dr. George S. Gibson and Bernard M. Byron, physicians ; Stewart Brown, treasurer; B. IT. Campbell, .secretary. The managers were Thomas Kelso, Samuel Harden, Hugh Boyle, Thomas B. Adair, Robert Armstrong, Matthew Bennett, and Charles Tiernan. It is the custom to make on March 16th of every year an examination into the proficiency of the pupils, to ascertain the progress made during the year, the eve of St. Patrick being selected for this purpose as peculiarly appro- priate to the character of the institution. The present location is on the east side of North Street, between Lexington and Saratoga Streets. Floating School. — The idea of a floating school, which had been suggested before, was revived in Baltimore at the time of the acquisition of California, by the difficulty in obtaining a sufficient supply of capable seamen to meet the increase in our mercan- tile marine, and to Capt. Robert Leslie much of the credit of the scheme was due. In 185.3 the subject was taken up by the Board of Trade, and afterwards by the Board of School Commissioners, and finally, on the Sth of May, 1855, an ordinance was passed by the City Council authorizing the commissioners of public schools to organize and put in operation a public school of such grade as might be deemed ad- visable on board of any ship or vessel that might be supplied by the Board of Trade for the purpose. Accordingly, the United States ship "Ontario" was purchased and fitted up, and on the 14th of Sep- tember, 1857, the school was opened with eight pupils. The joint committee in charge of the school when it was organized was as follows: Messrs. Edwin A. Ab- bott, John F. Plummer, Thomas J. Pitt, William B. Griffin, and Dr. R. H. Brown, on the part of the public school commissioners ; and on the part of the Board of Trade, Messrs. E. S. Courtney and Law- rence Thomsen. The number of pupils increased to forty-nine by the last of December, and up to 1860 the school continued to grow in public favor and in practical usefulness. Its design was not only to sup- ply the growing demand for trained men in our mer- cantile marine, but to elevate the character and pro- fession of the sailor. Instruction was therefore given not only in nautical matters, but in studies bearing upon the future profession of the scholar. The war, however, interfered with its successful operation, and it was abandoned. St. Mary's Seminary.— St. Mary's is the oldest Catholic theological seminary in the United States. Its foundation was due, in the first instance, to the wise forethought of Rev. Mr. Emory, Superior-gen- eral of the Society of St. Sulpice, at the period of the French revolution. When he perceived that the National Assembly, in 1790, threatened tlie destruction of all religious institutions in France, he thought of seeking a new field of usefulness for his society in this country. Having learned, the same year, that the Rt. Rev. John Carroll, Bishop-elect of Baltimore, had gone to London for the purpose of receiving the episcopal consecration, he sent the Rev. Francis Charles Nagot, his assistant, to England, to confer with him in relation to the employment of Sulpicians for the direction of an ecclesiastical seminary. The proposition was gladly accepted, and the following year the Rev. Mr. Nagot, with three other French Sulpicians — Rev. Messrs. Levadoun, Tessier, Gamier — and five seminarians, sailed from France for Balti- more. On his arrival in Baltimore, July 10, 1791, Rev. Mr. Nagot at once "bought an inn with four acres of ground for the sum of 850 pounds Maryland currency," and without delay, on July 21st, opened St Mary's Seminary for theological students, with himself as superior. Father Levadoun procurator, and Fathers Tessier and Garnier assistants. In 1792, Revs. Benedict Joseph Flaget, John B. David, Sulpicians, and Stephen V. Badin, an advanced seminarian, arrived and took their places in the col- lege. The subsequent May, 1793, Father Badin re- ceived holy orders from Bishop Carroll, at old St. Peter's, his ordination being the first within the limits of Baltimore. He is the Protn Sacerdos of the United States, and among the galaxy of great names that brighten church records, none shine more radiant than that of Badin, the Kentucky missionary. On June 24th, Rev. Ambrose Marechal, with two more destined for the Boston mission, reached Ualtimore, where Father Marechal, who had been ordained priest the day before his departure from France, cele- brated his first mass at old St. Peter's. Soon after- wards came the Rev. William Valentine Du Bourg, the Rev. M. Dillet, the Rev. Peter Babade, Rev. John Dubois, Rev. Simon Gabriel Brute, and others, several of whom figure notably in church history. Though all were French priests, two of them did not become Sulpicians till after their entrance into St. Mary's; as, for instance. Father Dubois, founder of Mount St. Mary's College, at Emmittsburg, Md. In 1795 the Prince Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin, sou of a Russian nobleman, and a convert from the Greek faith, was ordained priest here. The almost exclusive object of the Sulpician Soci- ety is to train clerical candidates in the higher branches of ecclesiastical knowledge, and in the virtues of their sacred calling. But the number of young men who sought admission into the seminary was for many years too small to absorb all the time of the faculty. They therefore turned their attention to other objects; and, in connection with the semi- nary, was commenced, in 1799, another institution for the education of youth, which became the cele- brated seat of learning, St. Mary's College, which, by act of Jan. 5, 1805, w:is raised to the rank of a uni- versity. The chief promoter of this new establish- ment, the Rev. William Du Bourg, erected on the EDUCATION. seminary grounds spacious buildings well adapted to collegiate purposes, and the increasing patronage of the public soon gave evidence that his views and ef- forts were duly appreciated. In the purchase of the site and the erection of the necessary buildings the president incurred a heavy debt, and to enable him to pay it off the Legislature, on Jan. 25, 1806, granted the aid of a lottery to raise thirty thousand dollars. The managers of the lottery were Revs. William Du Bourg, John Tessier, and Messrs. Luke Tiernan, Robert Walsh, Sr., William Lorman, Alexander Mc- Kim, Henry Wilson, Samuel Sterett, James McHenry, Samuel Hollingsworth, Lewis Du Bourg, and Philip Laurenson. From this period St. Mary's College rapidly rose to a first rank among educationiil estab- lishments, and even at this date many distinguished men, both Catholic and Protestant, in this country, the West Indies, Mexico, and South America, are proud to point to it as their Alma Mater. In 1806, Rev. Mr. Dillet began the Abbottstown Preparatory College, two miles from Abbottstown, Pa., near the foot of a ridge called Pidgeon Hills, and in 1808, Rev. John Dubois commenced Mount St. Mary's College at Emmittsburg. Besides these enterprises, and the direction of St. Mary's Seminary and College in Baltimore, the Sulpicians, from the time of their arrival, also performed ministerial or parochial duties for the benefit at first of the many French inhabitants of the town, and afterwards of the Catholics at large; and, in aid of this branch of their work, they built and dedicated, June 15, 1808, St. Mary's chapel, which was for a long time " the most elegant edifice ■of the kind in America." In 1808, through the mu- nificence of Samuel Cooper, a student at the seminary, and the piety of Mrs. Eliza Ann Seton, of New York, St. Joseph's Convent, or Mother-House of the Amer- ican Sisters of Charity, was founded at Emmittsburg. The community was formally established by Mrs. Seton in this city Juhe 2, 1809, when she and four other ladies appeared at service in St. Mary's chapel «lad as " Sisters of Charity." Mr. Cooper donated eight thousand dollars to the society, which enabled her to build St. Joseph's at Emmittsburg, or rather, to commence building it, for since then vast im- provements have been made. Both parties were •converts to the Catholic Church, Mrs. Seton having been closely related to the late Archbishop Bayley, who, like herself, was once a member of a different church. These memorable events, with the consecra- tion of Benedict Flaget, Bishop of Kentucky, on Nov. 4, 1808, occurred during Father Nagot's incum- bency. Owing to ill health he relinquished control of the seminary in 1809, and was succeeded by the Rev. John Tessier, whose administration continued fourteen years. In October, 1812, Father Du Bourg was appointed Prefect Apostolic of New Orleans, in -which city and in St. Louis he labored some years, and died finally in France as Archbishop of Resancon, about 1833. He was followed in the presidency of St. Mary's (secular) College by Rev. I. B. Paqinet, from 1812 to 1815; Rev. Simon G. Brute, from 1815 to 1818 ; Rev. Edward Damphoux, from 1818 to 1822 ; Rev. Louis Regis Deloul, from 1822 to 1823, when Father Tessier's direction ended. In 1815, Archbishop Carroll died, and was temporarily buried at St. Mary's chapel. In 1817 his successor, Leonard Neale, died in Georgetown, and Rev. Ambrose MarSchal, the Sulpician, became Archbishop of Baltimore, conse- crated Dec. 14, 1817, by Dr. Cheverus, of Boston. In 1819, Father Nagot died, and in 1818, Father Brute went to Emmittsburg. In this year also Rev. Samuel Cooper, the eminent convert, was ordained by Arch- bishop Marechal, and at this period Fathers Paqinet, Damphoux, Deloul, Alexius Elder, and John Hickey were added to the faculty. Father Tessier resigned his dignity in 1823, and was succeeded by Rev. Louis Regis Deloul, one of the most estimable, as he was indeed one of the ablest, priests Baltimore ever knew. His administration began in September, 1823, and ended in July, 1849. On Oct. 29, 1820, the Rev. John Dubois, the well- known Sulpician and president of Mount St. Mary's College, became first bishop of New York. Two years afterwards, in 1828, Rev. James H. N. Joubert, of the seminary, founded the colored order of women called the " Oblate Sisters of Providence," whose duty comprises the education of colored children. Father Joubert was a native of St. Jean d'Angfily, western part of France, and came to Baltimore from San Domingo, where his parents had fallen victims to the ferocity of the blacks. Prompted by a noble spirit of revenge, he founded this community of col- ored women, — the only one in the United States. He was born in 1777, and died in Baltimore Nov. 5, 1843. In 1834, Rev. Simon G. Brute, of Mount St. Mary's College, went to St. Louis, and became first bishop of Vincennes, Ind. The same year Rev. Samuel Eccles- ton, of St. Mary's, was consecrated fifth archbishop of Baltimore. In 1841, Rev. John Joseph Chanche, also connected with the faculty of St. Mary's Semi- nary and College, received consecration as the first bishop of Natchez, Miss. Of these three eminent professors, the former died in 1839, at Vincennes; the second in 1851, at Baltimore; thedast in 1852, at the same place. In 1842, Rev. Anthony Garnier, one of the founders of St. Mary's in 1791, died at the Seminary de St. Sulpice, France, whither he had returned about 1803. At his death he was the superior-general of the order. About this tinle the college which Father Dillet had established at Abbottstown, Pa., was abol- ished, although for a couple of years afterwards the property remained in the Sulpicians' custody. On Oct. 1, 1848, St. Charles' College, six miles above Ellicott City, Howard Co., was opened by Father Deloul, and Rev. Oliver Jenkins, of St. Mary's, be- came its first director. The presidents of St. Mary's secular college, Baltimore, from 1823 to 1849 — the term of Father Deloul's incumbency — were as follows : HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Rev. Edward Damphoux, 1823-27; Eev. Michael Wheeler, 1827-28 ; Rev. Edward Damphoux, 1828- 29; Rev. Samuel Eccleston, 1829-34; Rev. John Joseph Chanche, 1834-41; and Rev. Gilbert Ray- mond, 1841-49. Besides these there were at St. Mary's during this period the Revs. Alexius Elder, John Hickey, James Hector, Nicholas Joubert, Augustine Verot, Oliver Jenlcins, Francis L'Homme, Hugh Griffiu, Edward Knight, Peter Fredet, John Ran- daune, as also the very Rev. Father Tessier, former superior, who died at the seminary about twelve years after his withdrawal from the office. Among the stu- dents ordained whilst Fatlier Deloul governed the seminary were Revs. Peter S. Schreiber, John Baptist Gildea, Henry Benedict Coskery, Henry Myers, Ed- ward McColgan, William Starrs, John Donelan, James Dolan, Edgar Wadliams, Henry F. Parke, Thomas Foley, Francis Boyle, Michael Slattery, Jo- seph Maguire, Bernard J. McManus, William Par- sons, Charles C. Brennan, .John McNally, Stephen Hubert, and Peter Lenchan. Of these, E. Wadhams was a distinguished convert. Born at New York in 1818, he graduated at Middleburg College, Vermont, twenty years later ; became a Protestant Episcojial minister in 1843, receiving orders from Rt. Rev. Dr. Onderdonk, Bishop of Western New York ; came to Baltimore in June, 1846, and entered the seminary ; made his profession of faith in St. Mary's Chapel, July' 5, 1846, and was ordained Sept. 2, 1847. He still -sur- vives as the Bishop of Ogdensburgh, N. Y. Impaired liealth compelled Rev. Lewis Regis Deloul to sur- render his position in November, 1849, when he em- barked for France, where he died in 1855. He was succeeded as the superior of St. Mary's Seminary, in September, 1849, by Rev. Francis L'Homme. In 1849, Rev. Gilbert Raymond, president of St. Mary's secular college, vacated the post, and Rev. Oliver .Jenkins, president of St. Charles', took charge also of j St. Mary's. Father D. E. Lyman, a Protestant Epis- copal minister of Maryland, embraced Catholicity, and became a priest at St. Mary's in 1850. Father A. Hewitt, another Protestant minister, subsequently entered the seminary, and was ordained. In 1851 Archbishop Eccleston died, and in the following year Bishop Chanche, of Natchez. In the same year Rev. Francis A. Baker, the founder and first pastor of St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Church, Franklin Square, of which Rev. Dr. Rankin is the present rector, re- nounced Protestantism and joined the Catholic priest- hood. Rev. Father L'Homme died on the 27th of October, 1860, and was succeeded Ijy Rev. Joseph Paul Dubruel. In the mean time, however, the Catholic clergy of the city became sufficiently numerous to attend to the spiritual wants of their people; and as those cele- brated educators of youth, the Jesuit fathers, mani- fested a willingness to open a college in Baltimore, the Sulpicians thought they could, without prejudice to the community, limit tlieniselvcs to their own special line, the education of clergymen, which, more- over, owing to an increase of aspirants, now claimed their undivided attention. In consequence, St. Mary's College was closed in 1852, and parochial functions gradually ceased to be performed within its chapel walls. The college faculty, tutors, and other officers in 1851 were Rev. Oliver L. Jenkins, president; Rev. J. Paul Dubreul, vice-president; Rev. John B. Ran- daune. Rev. Pierre Fredet, Rev. Augustine Verot, Rev. Alexius J. Elder, Rev. Hugh F. Griffin, Rev. Jno. McNally, Jos. A. Pizarro, A. Freitag, J. Dough- erty, F. X. Leray, A. Leo Knott, Alp. Van Schal- kuyck, Jas. Carney, J. Walter, A. McDonnell, Jno. Farran, John Mulligan, James Doyle, Aug. Van Schalkuyck. C. E. Gephard, P. Kelly, and Henrj' A. Allen. On Jan. 2, 1856, Rev. Peter Fredet, the Professor of Hi.story, died, and in the same year the corner- stone of an addition to the seminary was laid by Archbishop* Kenrick. In April, 18.58, Rev. Augus- tine Verot, of the seminary, was consecrated Vicar- Apostolic of Florida, whither he repaired the next month. In September, 1864, Rev. John F. Hickey celebrated the fiftieth year of his ministry, which was followed by his death on Feb. 15, 1869, in his seventy-seventh year. He was born at Georgetown, D. C, in 1789, and on Sept. 24, 1814, was ordained to the priesthood. Rev. Father Alexius Joseph Elder died on Jan. 20, 1871, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. The corner-stone of the new and magnificent build- ing connected with St. Mary's Seminary was laid with impressive ceremonies by Archbishop Bayley on May 31, 1876. The ceremonies included a pro- cession of seventy seminarians, one hundred and sixty priests, nine bishops, and three archbishops. The main structure was completed and blessed on Feb. 11, 1878, all the church dignitaries present at the installation of Archbishop Gibbons on the previ- ous Sunday at the cathedral being in attendance. The pontifical mass was celebrated by Archbishop Gibbons, and the sermon delivered by Right Rev. George Conroy,.D.D. The new seminary buildings stand upon the site of the old, and the grounds which they occupy are bounded by Paca, Druid Hill Ave- nue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and St. Mary's Street. During 1881 the north and a portion of the centre wing was added, completing the original plan of the college, which now presents a front of three hundred and twenty feet. Rev. Dr. Joseph Paul Dubreul, Vicar- General of the Archdiocese of Maryland, and Superior of St. Mary's Seminary, died on April 20, 1878, and was succeeded by Rev. A. Magnien, S.S. Since the erec- tion and opening of the new seminary buildings on North Paca Street, in 1878, St. Mary's chapel has been exclusively devoted to seminary purposes. St. Mary's Seminary — also known as the Semi- naire de St. Sulpice— has ever held a prominent rank among the Catholic schools of divinity in this coun- FIRES AND FIEE COMPANIES. try. In 1828 it was elevated by the Holy See to the dignity of a university, with power to grant degrees in theology and canon law. The course of studies i embraces five years, two of which are devoted to I philosophy and the higher natural sciences, and the j rest to the study of the Scriptures, canon law, theol- ogy, and ecclesiastical history. None are admitted but such as study for the priesthood and have suc- cessfully passed through the collegiate course. The institution is conducted by Sulpician priests, forming a corporation under the legal name of the "Asso- ciated Professors of St. Mary's Seminary." The pres- ent head of the establishment is Dr. A. Magnien, as- sisted by an able corps of teachers formed in the best schools at home or abroad.' St. Catharine's Normal School.— On Thursday morning, March 11, 1875, Archbishop Bayley dedi- cated St. Catharine's Normal School, at the northeast corner of Harlem and Arlington Avenues, Father Myer, of the Immaculate Conception Church, assisting. The institution is in the charge of the Sisters of the Holy Cross, and is designed to educate young women as Catholic teachers. Previous to the inauguration of this institution there had been no school in the city for the education of Catholic teachers. ! The Male Free School of St. Peter's (Catholic) Church was established in December, 1817, and re- ceived an endowment from Charles Carroll of Carroll- ton. The number of pupils in attendance in January, ^ 1820, was eighty. Archbishop Marfichal was presi- dent of the in.stitution, with Rev. E. Fenwick, John Parsons, John White, Abraham White, Jr., P. Tier- nan, John Sinnott, and D. Williamson, Jr., as di- rectors. Eaton & Burnett's Business College, northeast corner of Baltimore and Charles Streets, has long been known as one of the best institutions of its character in the country. It is the design of this college to educate young men for actual mercantile business iu all departments and phases. The principals and con- sulting accountants are Profs. A. H. Eaton and E. Burnett. The faculty consists of Profs. A. H. Eaton, E. Burnett, W. R. Glenn, Edward Otis Hinkley, A. E. Twiford, A.B., W. P. Rinehart, George W. Nach- man, Rev. R. G. Chaney, A.M., Charles L. Maas, Robert S. Holden, and S. Lauer. The Bryant, Stratton & Sadler's Business Col- lege, on North Charles Street, is an institution of similar character with the above, and has been em- inently successful. Like Eaton & Burnett's, it is con- sidered one of the very best business colleges in the United States. The faculty of the college is as fol- lows: Warren H. Sadler, president; William H.De- von, William A. Heitmueller, W. H. Patrick, Joseph H. Elliott, G. W. H. Carr, John K. Hopper, T. W. Jamison, William R. Will, R. E. Wright, J. H. Kunker, Jos6 De Lamar, William Carpenter. CHAPTER XXIL FIRE8 AND FIKE COMPANIES. The First Company— Tlie Bucket Brigade— The Uuited Fire Depart- ment—The Old Volunteer Companies— The Paid Department— Prom- No special regulations with reference to fires appear to have existed in Baltimore until 1747. On the 11th of July in that year an act was passed " for the en- largement of Baltimore Town, in Baltimore County," and stimulated, doubtless, by local pride in the grow- ing importance of the place, the Assembly added a section bearing on this subject. By this section it was provided I See Loyola College, under head of St. Ignatius' Church. " that any inhahitants in the said town who shall after the first day of December next ensuing permit his, her, or their chimuoy to take fire so aa to blaze out at the top shall forfeit and pay the sum of ten shillings current money for every such offence ; and any person having a house in the said town with a chimney and in use, who shall not after the first said day of December keep a ladder high enough to extend to the top of the roof of such house, shall also forfeit and pay ten shillings current It would seem that the fine of teji shillings and the tall ladders combined served to keep down fires for a good many years, for it was not until 1760 that any further safeguards appear to have been considered necessary.' In that year a meeting was held for the purpose of considering the question of providing more effectually for the safety of property, but it was not until several years later that the first fire com- pany was formed and the first engine procured. Among the earliest engines, it is said, were two im- ported from Holland by Levi Hollingsworth, at the request of the townsfolk ; one of them, the " Dutch- man," was put in charge of the Mechanical Company, and the other, the " Tick-Tack," in charge of the Union. The works of the " Dutchman" consisted of two pumps made of sheet brass, and with a small sec- tion of sewed hose, and pipe, constituted the appa- ratus of the primitive companies for the extinguish- ment of fires. After the organization of the second company all anxiety on the subject of fire seems to have died away for a time, and the inhabitants of Baltimore Town appear to have imposed implicit re- liance in the protection and guardianship of those wonderful machines the "Dutchman" and the "Tick- Tack." In 1785, however, a third company {the Friendship) was formed, and from this time forward greater attention appears to have been paid to the protection of property from fire, public interest in the matter probably having been quickened by some dis- aster or danger from this source. At all events the inhabitants began to awake to the importance and necessity of greater precautions and more thorough organization, and on the 17th of March, 1787, a meet- - Annapolis had a fire-engine some years before this. The local chron- icles inform us that " on the 8th of May, 1755, there was landed at An- napolis for the use of the city a very fine engine made by Newsham and Ragg, No. 180O, which the inhabitants last year generously subscribed for. It throws water oue hundred and fifty-six feet perpendicular." HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ing was held at the house of Daniel Grant by the representatives of the Mechanical, Union, Friend- ship, and Mercantile fire companies, with Wra. Smith in the chair, and the following resolutions were adopted : *' Rt'Koh'ed^ That this coniiuittoe recoinnieiid to the inhabitants of this town that they put liglits in their windows in time of fire in the night, not only near where the fire is, but generally thronghont the town, for the convenience of those who are repairing to the fire." ' ** Rcsohed, That it be recommended to every housekeeper, whore one of the family is not enrolled in some fire company, to provide as soon as possible two good leather buckets, marked with the owner's name, and that they send them to the place of fire immediately on the alarm being ompany appoint any number of men of en, wlio shall each be distinguished by a lose business it shall be to form lanes for "Resolved, That each fire their own company for lane- white staff eight fiet long, \ the purpose of handing the water. "Resolved, That each fire company appoint any number of men of their own company for property-men, who shall each be distinguished by having the crown of his hat painted white, and whose business it shall be to take charge of property to be removed in lime of fire." In accordance with these resolutions, ari act was passed by the Assembly on the 15th of May following " for the more efllctual remedy to extinguish fire in Baltimore Town." By this act every householder was required to keep two leather buckets hung up near the door of his house, and the commissioner of the town was authorized to dig wells and erect pumps on the sides of the streets. These famous "leather buckets," of which we hear so much, were used in conveying water to supply the engines, as hose and fire-plugs were not then in use. The attachment of the early inhabitants to the leather buckets seems to have been nearly as great as that of the poet to the "old oaken bucket that hung in the well," and if they were not regarded with quite so much sentiment, they were certainly made to render fully as valuable service. In those primitive times there were few or no idlers or mere spectators at fires. Long lines of people were formed to " hand along the buckets," and if the curious and idle at- tempted to pass, the cry echoed along the line, " Fall in ! fall in !" The resolutions adopted in 1787 do not appear to have been complied with as generally as was deemed desirable, for on the 24:th of November, 1789, it was considered necessary by the companies to reiterate them, and to call the especial attention of the inhabitants to the " great inconvenience arising for want of water in the distressing time of fire." It was also resolved that t fire companies to meet all together, [ 1 the first Monday in December next ! at three o'clock p.m., at the court-house, and at such other places and I times as may hereafter be agreed to, in order to try their engines and I exercise themselves, that they may be better enabled to act more in con- ' junction than they have hitherto done." Before 1790 the cry of "Fire!" was the only method j rapid locomotion on of warning the townspeople and procuring succor, but I in that year David Evans " erected an alarm" at the I court-house, which was favorably reported upon on the 2d of September by a committee of clock-makers consisting of George Levely, Elijah Evans, Gilbert I Bigger, Joseph Rice, and Standish Barry. Probably the first severe test of the efficiency of the companies j and the suflSciency of their precautions was had in I the fire of Dec. 4, 1796, which at one time threatened I with destruction the greater part of the town. The I fire broke out about four o'clock in the afternoon in a I frame building on the west side of Lig4(t Street oc- cupied as a shop by Dr. Goodwin, and Tm mediately , spread to the frame buildings of Messrs. Wilkinson & j Smith's cabinet manufactory on the south side, and the two three-story brick houses owned by Mr. Hawkins. On the north the flames communicated to the "mag- nificent structure" the Baltimore Academy and the I Methodist meeting-house. In spite of the utmost efl^orts of the firemen and citizens, it was found im- possible to save the six buildings on fire, and the j spread of the flames could only be prevented by par- tially demolishing the dwelling of Rev. Mr. Reid. "Mr. Bryden's 'Fountain Inn,' directly opposite, was with difliculty preserved by wetting the roof and spreading wet blankets by a gentleman traveler (Mr. Francis Charlton, of Yorktown, Va.) on a shed adjoining the inn, which was on fire several times previous to this experiment." Thoroughly alarmed by the recent danger, a meeting of citizens was promptly called, and a committee appointed " to consider and report to them such measures as may appear the best calculated at this juncture for the preservation of the town from fire and other calamities." On the 22d of December the committee reported and submitted the following resolutions for the consideration of their fellow-citizens : "First, Resolved, That there be a voluntary patrol of the citizens as long as the same may appear necessary, and that the town be divided into eight districts; that the citizens patrol in their respective districts; that there he three superintendents in each district, with authority to organize and regulate the patrol thereof; that the following be the super- intendents: For the First District, John P. Pleasants, William Jessop, John Stump: for the Second, John Strieker, David Poe, Joseph Thorn- burg; for thB TliinI, I'l.t... H..lliii:in, It.jl.rrt Smith, James McCannon ; for the Fell! Hi \i.y,,,i, M I. m ., - I ,.n Etting, Samuel HoUings- worth; fur ti, I , I .1' I mas Hollingsworth.and Paul Bentalou ; 1 -, , ,; , ii . i . ui- Frick, Englehard Yeiser; for the Seveulli, Jia iuml Luw sun, 1 iiuuiiis McElderrj , and John Macken- heimer; for the Eighth,. loseph Biays, Hezekiah Watere, and John Steel. "Second. Resolved, That, in consideration of the present alarming circumstances of the town, extraordinary vigilance be and the same is hereby recommended to the chief justice of the Baltimore County Court and his associates in order to carry into complete effect the provisions of the law respecting vagrants, vagabonds, and disorderly persons. " Tltird. liesolved. That it be and it is hereby recommended to the said chief justice and his associates to give without delay the most pointed instructions to the watchmen to bo particularly vigilant at this time in the observance of their duty. "Fourth. Resolved, That the several fire companies are requested to appoint a committee of three from each company, to assemble at James Bryden's tavern on Monday evening next at five o'clock, to digest some system that may tend to insure a regular uniform government of the time of fire ; and that it bo recommended to the several s to assemble on Satunlay evening next at such places as FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. they may respectively appoint for the purpose of appointing the said i committees. | '* Fifth. Rf.soh-ed, That it is hereby recommended to the citizens to have theU" chimneys swept every thirty days as by law directed.^ " Sixth. Reftolvedf Tiiat Jesse HolHngsworth, Robert Smith, and Alex- ander McKiui be and they are hereby appointed to tlie Maryland In- Burance Fire Company to issue a license or liL-enses for the sweeping of chimneys to any person or persons of good character that may apply for the same upon giving the security prescribed by law. | "Seventh. Resolnedy That it is hereby recommended to the special com missloners to put the law in force against all citizens who do not provide themselves with the number of buckets required by law, and it is further recommended that every housekeeper furnish himself with four good buckets, or a less number in proportion to his abilities. " E'ujhth. Resolved, That it be recommended to the special commis- sioners to cause to be establislied immediately a competent number of large good pumps in each street, the wells thereof to be deep and tpa- cious ; and it is earnestly recommended to the citizens to concur in the same by the requisite application therefor, and it is further recommended to the special commissioners to make the necessary repairs to the public pumps. " Ninth. Resolved, That it is recommended to the citizens of Baltimore to give information to some magistrate of any vagrant, vagabond, or • disorderly person that they may know to be within the limits of the town or the precincts. " Tenth. Resolved, That the practice of firing guns within the limits of the town is highly improper and dangerous, and it is recommended that magistrates take all necessary steps to prevent the same. " Eleventh. Resolved, That it be recommended to all masters and mis- tresses of slaves, servants, and apprentices not to sufler them to be from home after nine o'clock without leave in writing. " Twelfth. Resolved, That it be recommended that upon the alarm of fire all citizens ouglit, in going to the place of fire, to fill their buckets with water, and that all housekeepers put a sufficient number of candles in their windows to afford light to the citizens." Ill accordance with the suggestion made in these resolutions, a meeting of the committees of the vari- ous fire companies was held on the 28th of December "for the purpose of establishing a uniform system at times of fire." After a full interchange of views, the following resolutions were adopted : I the) " Resolved, That the axe-men, hook-men, and ladder-men of each fire company unite and elect their officers, who shall (in time of fire) com- mand them, under the instruction of the superintending directory, and that no person shall be suffered to interfere with the axe, hook, or ladder- 1 One of the results of these recommendations was the passage of an ordinance on the 12th of December, 1798, requiring the sweeping of chimneys every four weeks when considered necessary by the superin- tendent of chimney-sweepei-8. This, however, was not the first legisla- tion on the subject, but the law does nut seem to have been very strictly observed. Another result of the alarm created by the fire of 179t> was the passage two years later of an ordin:ince repeating the provisions of the former act of Assembly, and requiring the occupier of every dwelling- house assessed at more than two hundred dollars to provide two well- made leather fire-buckets, which were to be *' kept in good repair" and "hung up near the front duor of the house." In case of the loss of the buckets the householder was required to replace them within one month, and all persons were forbidden to use them except in ■* handling water at the times of fire." It was further provided that the supeiintendent of chimney-sweepers in each district should from time to time examine the houses and buildings in their respective districts, and "see that they be properly furnished with buckets, and report all delinquents to the mayor." The same ordinance contained various other regulations, with reference to stoves and chimneys, looking to the prevention of fires. On the 11th of June, 1799, another ordinance was passed forbidding the erection of any more wooden buildings within certain limits, and im- posing a penalty of one hundred dollars for its violation, and a further penalty of twenty dollars per month until the removal of the building 80 erected. men but their officers, under the control aforesaid, who will distinguish themselves I'y a badge. " Rewlved, That the directors shall consist of one member from each fire company, to be chosen by their several and respective companies, who will also distinguish themselves by a badge. " Resolved, That the property-men of each fire company unil e and elect their officers and make regulations to govern themselves in time of fire. " Resolved, That each fire company appoint lane-men, who shall be dis- tinguished by a staff, and whose duty it shall be in time of fire to form and regulate the lanes. "Resolved, That the following persons be and are hereby appointed a committee to call on the owners of property in their different districts for approbation to the special commissioners to dig wells and erect pumps in the public streets, etc., agreeably to act of Assembly in each case made and provided, viz.: " Fi ret, John Pleasants, Henry Stouffer, Ephraim Eobinson, Henry Wil- lis; Second, John Strieker, David Poe, John Mickle; Third, Robert Smith, Peter Hoffman, Jesse Hollingsworth; Fourth, Solomon Etting, Samuel HolHngsworth, William McCreery ; Fifth, Thomas Hollingsworth, Archi- bald Campbell, P. Bentalou ; Sixth, Engelhard Teiser, James Sterling, Peter Frick; Seventh, John Mackenheimer, Kichard Lawson, Charles Jessop, James Edwards; Eighth, John Steele, Dixon Brown, Job Smith. Patrick Bennett. '* Resolved, ThAt each fire company are requested to assemble on or before the first Tuesday in January next at the place tliey may appoint, for the purpose of carrying the foregoing into effect, and this committee meet the day following to receive their report." On the 16th of January, 1797, another meeting was held at Mr. Bryden's by the persons appointed to take charge of property necessary to be removed, when the following resolutions were adopted : " Resolved, That a captain and six assistants be appointed to command the whole of the property-men at fires; and that James Calhoun be ctL^ tain, and Hercules Courtnay, John Merryman, James Somer^-ille, Heni-y Schroeder, Ebenezer Finley. and Cyprian Weils the assistants. " Resolved, That eacli member wear at fires a hat with the crown painted white, and on the front thereof the following device: except the captain and assistants, who. in place of the numl^er, the former shall have the word ' captain,* and the latter * assistants,' to distinguish them from others; and that the secretary of each company be requested to furnish Mr. James Calhoun with an accurate list of the names of each property-man in their respective companies as soon as possible, to en- able him to inform each member of his number. " Resolved, That each member shall immediately furnish himself with a bag to contain not less than three bushels, with a running string at the mouth, and marked with the owner's name and number, which bag he shall take with him to all fires, and which at other times shall be placed near his buckets and make no other use of." On the 23d of the same month a meeting of the directors appointed by the different fire companies was held, when, under the favorite form of "resola- tions," the following system of regulations was adopted : *' First. R(^8olvfid, Ih&t there shall be appointed a president, who shall preside at all meetings and at all fires. "Second. Resolved, That Jesse Hollingsworth be and is hereby ai>- pointed the president. " Third. Resolved, Upon evei-y alarm of fire the directors instantly re- pair to the place of fire; and in order that they may without ditficulty distinguish one another, each director shall bear a staff with a small white flag. "Fonrth. Resolved, That in times of fire the directors continually m- main together, unless one or more of them be sent by the president to some other place for the purpose of making observations or for some other useful purpose. " Fiftfi. Rf solved. That upon all questions at the time of Are the sense of the majority of the directors present shall prevail. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. "Sixlh. Itaiohfil, That if at the time of a fire it shall appear to the directors expedient to remoTe a house or tlie roof of a bouse, or to do any other such act, the directions therefor shall without delay be communi- cated by the president, iu the presence of the directors, to the command- ing officers of the axe-men, hook-men, and ladder-meu. "Seventfi. Besoh-ed, That it be recommended to the axe-men, hook- men, and ladder-men to take their station at the time of files as near to the director} as tlie nature of the ground will admit, and the same retain, in order that the direction of the directors may from time to time without difficulty be communicated to the commanding officers of said company. " Eighth, liesoh-ed, That it be recommended to the axe-men, hook-men, and iadder-uien to furnish themselves immediately with axes, hooks, and ladders, and all other implemeuts necessary to the eflfectiug the Important objects of their respective appvnutments." The determination to adopt a regular system to be observed and carried out by all the companies, work- ing in combination and under one management, marks the first step towards the establishment of a united fire department. From the tone and character of the resolutions adopted at the meeting soon after the fire of Dec. 4, 1796, it is evident that more than ordinary alarm had been created by that occurrence, and it was supposed to have been the work of an incendiary. It is, more- over, clear, from the appointment of citizens to patrol duty and other similar precautions, that there was at least a suspicion that the destruction of the city might be attemped by foreign emissaries. The trou- bles between this country and Great Britain, which finally culminated in the war of 1812, had already begun, and the wish had been more than once ex- pressed by English journals that Baltimore might be razed to the ground. Under these circumstances it was not unnatural that the apprehension indicated should have existed, and however ill-founded it may have been, there seems some reason to believe that it was entertained.' It would seem that until the year 1810, although small quantities of sewed hose had been used, no con- siderable quantity was carried to the fire ground, the usage being to place the engine in front of the fire and supply it with water by means of the leather buckets so often mentioned. The organization of the First Baltimore Hose Company in that year promised improvement in this particular, and the company had built a large hose-carriage on which to reel the hose, made of leather, and served over a pole. By reso- lution of the mayor and City Council, two inches in | diameter was established as the standard. The use of hose, however, was very limited until the year 1822, when the Patapsco Company was organized under the auspices of J. I. Cohen, Jr., who introduced a new style of building for fire company purposes, as well as j the use of riveted hose. The formation, equipment, | and management of all the properties of the Patapsco Company gave an impetus to the companies formed prior to it, and it was not long before all of them pur- chased riveted hose and two-wheel hose-carriages. New spouting-engines were built for the Mechanical, I the year 1803 a lottery was held for the Independent, and the Liberty, and throughout the city might be seen various new contrivances. The Deptford obtained a three-wheel reel, and the engine of the same company had attached to it a third pump to supply the others with water. Small cylinders were arranged on the side of the suction for hose, and the old rope-basket reel gave way to two- wheel reels. About this period Robert Holloway introduced the check-valve, and the fourteen com- j panics were equipped to attack any fire of less magni- tude than the one occurring on McElderry's wharf prior to this reformation, and which destroyed most of the property between the wharf and the Falls south of Pratt Street.- Although, as has been seen, a system of united action was adopted by the various companies in 1796, it was not until 1831 that any- thing like a regular association was formed by these I organizations. Inthat year the Baltimore Association of Firemen was organized, a constitution adopted, [ and the following ofiicers elected : George Baxley, president; Charles M. Keyser, first vice-presideut ; Wil- liam Houlton, second vice-president; John C. Reese, secretary; Samuel Wilson, treasurer. Standing Committee— Frederick S. Lit- tig, Columbian Fire Company ; Thomas D Stran, Deptford Fire Company; Charles Diffenderffer, Friendship Fire Company; Wil- liam Wickersham, Franklin Fire Company; John Watei-s, Howard Fire Company ; Joshua Turner, Independent Fire Company ; David Martin, Liberty Fire Company ; Thomas M. Locke, Mechanical Fire Company; SHumel Hess, New Market Fire Company; Menry Mantz, Union Fire Comi)any ; Daniel Dail, Vigilant Fire Company ; Jacob Baldeston, Washington Fire Company. The ofiicers of the Firemen's Association for 1833 were as follows : George Baxley, of the New Market, president ; Charles M. Keyser, of the Liberty, first vice-president; William Houlton, of the Deptford, second vice-president ; Samuel W'ilson, of the Independent, treas- urer; Edward Needles, of the Washington, secretary. Standing Committee — John Glass, of the Columbian ; Charles Difienderfier, of the Friendship; Joshua Turi»;r, of the Independent; Joseph K. .Stapleton, of the Mechanical ; Thomas W. .lay, of the Union; Wil- liam Wickersham, of the Franklin; Thomas P. Stran, of the Dept- ford; John Waters, of the Howard; Joel 'Wrigbt, of the Liberty ; W. W. Keyser, of the New Market; Daniel Dail, of tlie Vigilant; E. E. Crane, of the Washington. In January, 1834, a Firemen's Convention was held, and it was determined to adopt new articles of asso- ciation, and to reorganize as the " Baltimore United Fire Department." Accordingly, on the 20th of the month the delegates from the several fire companies - The following is a list of the fire and hose companies existing in Bal- timore in January, 1S19, and the points at which they were stationed : Union, Hanover Street; Mechanical, Belvidere (now North) Street; Friendship, Frederick Street; Vigilant, Granby Street; New Market, Eut4iw Street; Liberty, Liberty Street; Independent, Bridge (now Gay) Street, O. T.; Deptfoi-d, Columbian, Fell's Point; First Baltimore Hose, McClellan's Alley; United Hose, Washington Hose, Sharp Street; Fell's Point Hose. Fell's Point; Franklin, Light Street. In 1829 there were fourteen fire companies, with twenty-nine engines and about sixteen thousand feet of hose, and about two thousand mem- bers. Many parts of the city being but poorly supplied with water, the members of some of the companies determined to ascertain whether by uniting their hose they would not be able to conduct the water to these points. The experiment resulted successfully, and proved that one supply-engine, with about sixteen men, could propel the water through a line of hose four thousand three hundred and fifty feet in length in FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. met at the city hall to organize the new association. Hon. Jesse Hunt presided, with Thomas M. Locke as .secretary, and by-laws and rules of order having been adopted, the organization was completed by the elec- tion of the following officers : Hon. Jesse Hunt, of the Washingtou, president; Charles M. Keyser, of the Liberty, first vice-president ; Tliomas P. Stran, of the Deptford, second vice-president ; Thomas M. Loclie, of the Mechanical, tliird vice-president ; Samuel Wilson, of the Independent, treasurer ; Fred- erick S. Littig, of the CoUimbian, secretary. Standing Committee — .T. K. Stapleton, S. S. Riter, and J. Needles, Mechanical ; Goddard j Raborg, J. Harvey, and Jesse B. Wright, Union; E. Mffenderffer, L. Holter, and C. S. Davis, Friendship ; R. D. Craggs, William Cornth- wait, and J. Miles, Deptford; Joel Wright, John Brannan, and Jas. i \. May, Liberty ; Hugh Bolton, John Rogers, and J. S. Turner, ! Independent; Daniel Dail, R. St. John Stewart, and John C. Pitt, Vigilant; A. W. Barnes, J. Kreager, and A. Martin, New Market; John Glass, John Henderson, and A. Hiissey, Columbian ; S. Keerl, J. R. Moore, and J. B. Tliomas, First Baltimore; John Smith, Fred- erick Seylor, and J. S. Hoffman, United ; W. Wickershani, John A. Kobb, and P. Cooney, Franklin; T. Watson, T. Gillingham, and C. W. Evans, Washington; J. I. Cohen, Jr., E. A.Warner, and R. Lewis, Patapsco; S. McClellan, John Waters, and W, P. Ponder, Howard. On the 10th of March, 1834, the association was in- corporated by the General Assembly as the Baltimore United Fire Department, with the following incor- porators : Thomas M. Locke, James Lovegrove, Joseph K. Dukehart, Joseph R. Stapleton, John Needles, Samuel S. Riley, and James McEIroy, as dele- gates for the Mechanical Fire Company ; Jesse B. Wright, Samuel Stump, Jr., William E. Kane, PhilipMuth, Jr., Joshua Harvey, Goddard Raborg, and Alexander Smith, as delegates for the Union Fire Company ; Dr. Mi- chael Diffenderffer, Dr. Charles S. Davis, John P. Miller, Charles Diffen- derffer, Lewis Holter, George Meyer, and Kinsey Fowble, as delegates for the Friendship Fire Company ; William Cornthwait, Joseph M. Miles, Carvel Conaway, Thomas Evans, Thomas P. Stran. Robert Craggs, and Henry Dundore, as delegates for the Deptford Fire Company ; Charles M. Keyser, Joel Wright, John Brannan, James A. May, David Ander- son, Samuel Rulon, and John Kummer, as delegates for the Liberty Fire Company ; John Rogers, Joseph Matthews, Dr. John L. Yeates, Hugti Bolton, Joseph Turner, Joseph L. Thomas, and Samuel Wilson, as delegates for the Independent Fii e Company ; Col. William Stewart, Dan- iel Dail, David Brown, Benjamin Buck, Robert St. John Stewart, William Reauy, and John C. Pitt, as delegates for the Vigilant Fire Company; William W. Keyser, Charies A. Schwatka, Henry W. Winters, A. W, Barnes, John Baldwin, Joseph Kreager, and Andrew Martin, as delegates for the New Market Fire Company ; Frederick S. Littig, John Hender- son, John Glass, Ashael Hussey of George, John Beacham, David Nicholl, and William Randall, as delegates for the Columbian Fire Company ; Samuel Keerl, John McKean, Jr., John R. Moore, Joseph B. Thomas, Daniel H. McPbail, James R. Gaskins, and George Booth, as delegates for the First Baltimore Hose Company; Frederick Seylor, John Rick- stine, John Smith, William Starr, G. W. Hynson, Joseph Walter, and Ja- cob V. Hoffman, as delegates for the L^nited Hose and Suction Engine Company; John A. Bobb, William Wickersham, Josepli Coppreice, Pat- rick Cooney, James Biaya, Ezekiel Dorsey, and Henry R. Landerman, as delegates for the Franklin Hose Company ; Jesse Hunt, John E. Reese, Edward Needles. Jacob Balderston, James Gillingham, Charles W. Evans, and Thomas Watson, as delegates for the Washington Hose Company ; J. I. Cohen, Jr., Andrew E. Warner, George H. Tucker, Thomas Shanley, Richard Lewis, James Arthur, and James H. Jones, as delegates for the Patapsco Fire Company; Samuel McClellan, John Waters, William P. Ponder, John Erhman, George Keyser, Alcaeus B. Wolf, and George Sauerwein, as delegates for the Howard Fire Company. The act of incorporation provided that each fire company should be represented in the department by seven delegates, and that there should be a board of select delegates composed of the first-named member of each delegation. The department was authorized to pass all by-laws which should be deemed necessary for the better regulation of the companies during their operations at fires, and was empowered to redress all grievances and settle all disputes between two or more of the companies, to enforce obedience to the by-laws, and to expel refractory members. It was further authorized to provide for the creation of a fund to be applied to the purpose of affording "relief or assistance, comfort, and support" to the members of fire com- panies in association with the department, " whose health or person should have sustained any injury in assisting at a fire or in performing any duty as a fireman, and in giving support or relief to the families of such members as should be unfortunately deprived of life or rendered incapable or less capable of laboring for their support by attending to bis duties as fireman." Liberal contributions were at once made to this fund by the citizens, and by May, 1835, it amounted to $11,094.08, and was invested in city 5's for the benefit of the association.^ Unfortunately, the rival- ries and jealousies of the various companies had resulted at a comparatively early period in scenes of riot and bloodshed, and in spite of the formation of the United Fire Department disorders and disturb- ances were of frequent occurrence between some of the organizations which composed it. "The alarm of fire," we are told, "sounded to the peaceful citizens as a war-whoop, and the scene of conflagration was the scene of riot, if not invariably of bloodshed. Gangs of disorderly blackguards, adopting the names of some of our fire companies, would marshal themselves under ringleaders, and, armed with bludgeons, knives, and even fire-arms, fight with each other like hordes of savages." The evil at length assumed such proportions that the Legislature found it necessary to interfere, and an act was passed on the 30th of March, 1838, "for the protection of firemen and the property -of the fire companies in the city of Baltimore." By this act the destruction or injury of the apparatus of any fire company was made a felony punishable by confine^ ment in the penitentiary for not less than two nor more than five years, and a penalty of fine and im- prisonment prescribed for assaults upon firemen while engaged in the discharge of their duty. It was also provided that the Standing Committee of the Balti- more United Fire Department and the presidents of the several fire companies should possess and exercise all the powers and jurisdiction of a justice of the peace " whilst attending at, going to, or returning from any fire." The disorders, however, did not ceaje, for in the following year further legislation on the same subject was obtained. In April, 1844, an ordi- nance was passed by the City Council making special appropriations for the various fire companies on con- dition that they should transfer their engine-houses and lots to the city, should exclude minors from mem- bership, and should confer authority on the president I On the 19th of November, 1838, a parade of the companies occurred, in which the following organizations participated: the Assistance Fire Company, of Philadelphia; Union Fire Company, of Washington; Me- chanical, Union, Friendship, Deptford, Liberty, Independent, Vigilant, New Market, Columbian, First Baltimore, United, Franklin, Washington, Patapsco, Howard, of Baltimore. Charles M. Keyser, chief marshal. 242 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. to strike the names of unruly members from the roll. Officers and members were also required to use every effort to prevent breaches of the peace, and companies were made liable for damages " in case of altercation." The ordinance, moreover, provided for the appoint- ment of a superintendent of appropriations for fire companies, and prohibited the establishment of any more companies without the consent of the mayor and City Council.' In 1849 the city was divided into four fire wards or districts, and it was provided that the proper fire ward of each company should be that in which its engine-house was situated. By the re- port of the United Fire Department for 1851 it ap- pears that there were then seventeen companies in active service in the city, having twelve spouting- engines, twenty-seven suction-engines, thirty-nine hose-carriages, twenty-one thousand two hundred and fifty feet of hose, and two thousand four hundred members, one-third of whom were classified as active firemen. In 1854 the City Council committee on fire companies reported that there were then in active operation seventeen engines and two hook-and-lad- der companies, having fourteen spouting-eugines, twenty-seven suction-engines, forty hose-carriages, and nineteen thousand five hundred feet of hose, two- tliirds of which was in good order. Great opposi- tion was at first offered by the United Fire Depart- ment to the introduction of steam-engines, and several companies which had jjurchased them or had made arrangements for doing so were suspended by the dejiartment. Upon the establishment of the Paid Fire Department in 18-58, the Baltimore Fire De- partment was composed of twenty-two companies, three .steam-engine companies, seventeen hand-engine companies, and two hook-and-ladder companies, with about one thousand active members, and about two thousand honorary or contributing members. The system was voluntary, and the organization was sus- tained by an annual appropriation of eight hundred dollars to each of the companies and by contributions from insurance companies, business men, property j owners, and the members of the various companies. Each company was distinct and independent, and the | only persons receiving compensation for their services were the engineers and hostlers of the steam-engine [ companies. The United Fire Department, however, [ did not dissolve immediately upon the inauguration of the new system, and, although of course not con- tinuing in active service, maintained its organization for several years. In 1862, when it became evident that the organization must soon disband, application was made to the Legislature for such an amendment ' The offlcore of the standing committee of the United Fire Depart- j niont for 1S44 were Joshua Vansant, cliairman ; S. S. Briggs, flint eubsti- ! tute; Samuel Kirk, secoud substitute; Edward :^Ittc)K-ll, tliiid ^ul'Sti- j tlite; James Young, secretary. The officers -I iIm I mt-.l I n. Dcparr- ] nient for 1845 were Thomas M. Locke, preM I : ^~ , il w ntson, ' first vice-president; David Irelan, second vic<.--i i I; i -i, J..lm Stewart, third vice-president; Hugh Boltun, d i^ui.i; .imi.^ Vi.iing, secretary. of the charter as would enable the department to dis- pose of the fund, amounting to about twenty thousand dollars, which had been accumulated under the pro- visions of the original act of incorporation for the benefit of disabled firemen and their families.^ The necessary legislation for this purpose was obtained from the General Assembly and the City Council in 1865. The act of the Legislature was passed on the 21st of March, 1865, and authorized the department to donate its properties and effects to the " Aged Men's Home" of Baltimore, to dissolve its organization and surrender its charter.' On the 4th of April the en- abling acts were accepted and the following committee appointed to carry out the wishes of the organization: Joshua Vausant, of the Liberty ; J. L. McPhail, of the J^irst Baltimore; James Young, Franklin ; Samuel M. Evans, Franklin; James G. Ramsey, Columbian; W. H. B. Fusselbaugh, Independent; Charles T. Hol- loway. Pioneer. The fund, amounting to $19,100.12, was donated on condition that the institution should receive free of charge at all times seven members of the old United Fire Department who might stand in need of its care. Before its dissolution the depart- ment authorized the establishment of a Board of Re- lief, which was empowered to nominate persons for admission to the Home. The Board of Relief was accordingly organized on the 29th of June, 1865, with Joshua Vansant as president ; Charles T. Holloway, vice-president; James Young, secretary ; and Hugh Bolton, trea.surer. On the evening of the 31st of July, 1865, the members of the Baltimore Fire Department met at the City Hall for the last time, with Henry P. Duhurst, president, in the chair, and after receiving the report of Joshua Vansant, with relation to the provision made for the orphan children of Thomas Buckley, and the organization of the Board of Relief, adjourned sine die. In 1877 the Board of Relief was composed of the following members: Mechanical, John A. Needles; Union, Thomas U. Levering; Kriend- Bhip, David Duncan; Dcptford, Samuel M. Evans; Independent, George P. Kane; Colimil'iaii, .his.-ph H. Ao-luiin ; Nfw Jliirket, John T. Morris; Frauklin, Ivi> liii I 11 l.^iiv l'i..t i 1 Im,, I. ,ii,,l- [.adder Company, Charles T. II l i , , , \ uilant, Joseph H. Graveustiiit-; ! : : i I , i i i , i I'l nderick Achey; Wasliingt*-)!!, \\ ' -iiMin- I'.i! 1]-. . i, II im; Mm;, \\,,ii : Howard,Francis A. Miller; Watchman, J. .ho W, Havis; Lafayttle, Washington Hick- man; Mount Vernon, W. J. Nicholls; United States Hose, Joseph V. Baxter ; Western Hose, William Barrett ; Monumental Hose, George B. Chase. On the 1st of May, 1877, an association of the sur- viving members of the old Fire Department was or- ganized at the office of Charles T. Holloway. Among those present were former members of the Watchman, the Lafayette, the Monumental, the Pioneer Hook- and-Ladder, the Western Hose, and the United Hose liars had been dispensed by the associa- tion for this purpose during its existence. 3 The committee appointed to memorialize the Legislature on the sub- ject consisted of Hon. Joshua Vansant, James L. McFhail. James G. Kamsey, James Young, W. H. B. Fusselbaugh, Samuel M. Kvane, and Charles T. Holloway. FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 243 Companies. John Dukehart was elected president; Cliarles T. Holloway, vice-president; Fredericlc Achey, Sr., treasurer ; George B. Chase, secretary ; and John M. Hennick, member of the standing com- mittee.' Tlie abolition of the old department was not unat- tended with regret. For many years it had served the community faithfully without reward, and ren- dered valuable and important service. It had num- bered many brave and generous men in its organiza- tion, and could boast of many deeds of gallantry, self-sacrifice, and heroism. The old system, however, not only trained bold and expert firemen, but gave rise to evils of the greatest magnitude. The spirit of rivalry not only produced competition in battling with the flames, but led to constant disorders and breaches of the peace. Some of the engine-houses became hot-beds for the growth of lawlessness and depravity. Youth not controlled by parental restraint, as soon as the shades of night closed in, sought the engine-houses, where hours were spent in the rehearsal of deeds of violence and crime, the planning of at- tacks on rival companies, or in scheming for the ap- plication of the incendiary match without danger of detection. Nightly, however, their conversation would be interrupted by the alarm-bell, " which in a majority of instances only heralded the intelligence that the incendiary had been at work." The " ma- sheen" would go forth " amid hootings and bowlings, and the flames, fierce as they might be, would be as fiercely fought by the firemen, and when subdued, if not while they were still raging, the insulting taunt would be tlirown out, and tlien a wild scene of riot would follow. Some of the participants would be taken to the police-stations, while others, with bloody heads, returned to the engine-house to be the heroes of the next few hours." These riots were created and participated in by a certain class known as " hangers- on" and "runners." Many worthy citizens belonged to the companies, and exerted themselves to the utmost to prevent or check these evils. As has been truly said, "tile system had become a standing outrage. The spirit of rowdyism wliich had grown up under it, not satiafied with an occasional demon- stration at fires, turned to the highways, and assailed the inoffensive citizen as he walked to his home. Political feuds were added to com- pany fights, and the climax was an open warfare, not only as companies, but as individuals, and the sight of a member of a rival organization was the signal for an attack. Suggestion followed suggestion, and restric- tion followed restriction, in the vain hope that a remedy could be found for the evils without the destruction of the system." The old system was a power. It was no child's play to destroy an organization which the habits and needs of years had made a living thing, and Avhich 1 It is stated in one of the historical sketches of the old department, read before the association by Mr. Dukehart, that the old volunteer or- ganizations played a conspicuous part in quelling the Bank of Maryland riot in 1835. They fearlessly put out the fire of rich furniture piled up in front of the Battle Monument, and mingling policy with courage, in- duced the rioters to abstain from interference by telling them that the fire\ uld inj was endeared to the people by acts of the noblest heroism. The advocates of the department could point to half a century's unpaid toil; to acts of bravery for which comparisons could scarce be found ; to deeds of daring which would have appalled the sternest warrior. All these deeds and all this half- century's toil had been given without reward, or at least none other than a knowledge that a whole com- munity was grateful. Tliey claimed for the members of the companies exemption from the charge of being riotous, and asked for protection against those who used the department for these disgraceful exhibitions. On the other hand, those who favored the change saw plainly the impossibility of separating the two ele- ments. Nothing but the destruction of the good and commendable part would eradicate the evils which all deplored. They conceded the historical facts, of which all were so proud, but at the same time pointed to the disgrace which was inseparably connected with the department. They asserted that a volunteer department and acts of lawlessness were concomi- tants. It became evident that nothing but the com- plete destruction of the volunteer system would secure the results desired. The ordinance creating the paid system was passed, and following close on its passage was its institution. The volunteer system retired. The engine-houses became places of mourning; the adherents of the system, chagrined at the cavalier manner in which they had been disposed of, met nightly to speak of the ingratitude of the people, re- count the valuable services which had been rendered, or recall the crowd of reminiscences which were the glory and honor of the department. All the deeds, which were to them as precious jewels, — the heroism which only ended in the sacrifice of life, the winter midnight scene, the generous rivalry to risk life and limb, the hours of toil, — all, all were poured into sympathizing ears. One after another of the martyrs who at the post of duty scorned danger and courted death were reverted to, and as the virtues and heroism of each were truthfully recounted, many an eye that had looked fiercely and defiantly on the glaring flame grew dim with a manly tear. But while these brave firemen were sincerely mourning for the destruction of a system which they loved for the good it had done and still could do, there was another class who were lamenting its demise for entirely different rea- sons. This class were those who styled the apparatus " de masheen /" who said " nah .'" and " yaas /" They regretted its destruction because they would have " tio more musses." They cursed a steam-engine as it passed them on the street, and called it a " lummix !" This class was severely grieved that they could not " bunk any more," and the wisest of them prophesied the failure of the system. Overcoming the few ob- stacles that were thrown in its way, the new system was inaugurated, and years have since elapsed. The results which have followed are the best encomiums which can be paid it. Instead of hearing the start- 244 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ling alarm-bell at almost any hour of the night, send- ing forth notes of horror from its brazen throat, it is now seldom heard. The institution of the fire-alarm telegraph, which is the great auxiliary of the depart- ment, is another great blessing. The alarm comes noiselessly over the wires, telling its tale with unerr- ing accuracy, and is immediately followed by the ! measured stroke of the alarm-bells, giving the exact locality of the fire. At the first stroke of the signal- j box in the engine-house the firemen spring from I their places, rush to the horses, and in another mo- [ ment the harness is on, and the intelligent animals, I apparently eager to reach the scene of the fire, stalk unbidden to the apparatus. The match is applied, and in another instant they are on their way. No- thing is heard but the rumbling of the wheels of the engine and hose-carriages, the quick steps of the horses, and the occasional sharp whistle which is given en route to show that in five minutes and a half from the time the signal was received the engine was ready for work. In less time than it takes to recount the mode of procedure, on reaching the fire, the engines are at work. There are no loud words spoken, no hooting nor howling, and no street-fights. The same daring, the same heroism ; which characterized the volunteer firemen is dis- played by their successors. Tremendous streams of water are poured incessantly on the burning building, and as the angry flames burst out the fiat of the fire- man goes forth : " Thus far shalt thou go but no far- ther." Sinew and muscle will fail, the strength of men will grow to weakness, but the iron muscles and steel arms of the steam-engine are tireless, — no ex- ertion can exhaust them, no labor affect them. As soon as the fire is extinguished, the horses, apparatus, and men are returned to their places. Such is the practical working of the Baltimore Fire DeiJartment, — a model in every particular, a source of pride to our city, and a credit and honor to those who com- pose it. The Mechanical Fire Company, organized in | 1763, was the first fire company established in Balti- i more, and was composed of the best citizens of the j town. From its origin until 1769 the primitive bucket brigade, with axes, ladders, and the rude implements common to the times, was the only agency for the extinguishment of fires. In the same year in which the Mechanical was : organized a lottery scheme was proposed for the purpose of raising the sum of five hundred and ten ' pounds, to be applied to completing the market-house, buying two fire-engines and leather buckets, enlarging I the town wharf and building a new one. The mana- gers of this lottery scheme were John Ridgely, Brian Philpot, John Smith, John Moale, John Plowman, Barnabas Hughes, James Sterett, William Lux, Andrew Buchanan, William Aisquith, Benjamin Rogers, Nicholas Jones, Mark Alexander, John 1 H.irtv, and Melchoir Keener. It was known as "the Baltimore Fire-Engine and Wharf Lottery," and was drawn in the market-house on the 26th of December, 1763. It does not, however, appear that the scheme was successful, for it is quite certain that an engine was not obtained until 1769, when David Shields, James Cox, Gerard Hopkins, George Lindenberger, John Deaver, and others, aided by a general subscrip- tion, obtained the requisite amount (ninety-nine pounds, or two hundred and sixty-four dollars), and purchased for this company the first engine ever used in Baltimore. As the population of the town in- creased other companies were organized. In Decem- ber, 1789, the Mechanical company issued a call to the Commercial, Friendship, and Union companies to meet at John Stark's tavern, the object being to put into execution some plan for procuring a greater supply of water in time of fire. This call was signed by David Shields and Adam Fonerden. The com- mittee of these companies met at the place designated December 18th, Jesse Hollinsworth in the chair. From the minutes of the meeting, signed by W. Jeffries, secretary, it appears committees were ap- pointed to apply to the citizens of the town to have wells and pumps sunk in such localities as were designated by special commissioners. The first list of officers and men composing the company, as consti- tuted in 1807, that we have been able to obtain is as follows : David Shields, president; ThomaB S. Slieppard, vice-president; P. E. Tlionias, secretary ; Wiliiara Riley, treasurer ; John Dulcehart, engineer; Jauiea Calhoun and John Sinclair, assistant engineers; Directors, David Shields, John Hagerty, Thomas S. Sheppard, Emanuel Kent, William Riley, Isaac Burnetson, Michael Diffenderffer, James Mosher, William Wilson, Thomas Ellicott; Lane-men, William Wood, Samuel G. Jones, Joseph Townsend, William Jones, John Cornthwait, John An- derson ; Property-men, John Fisher, John Nicholson, Philip Littig, Andrew Hauna, William Husband ; Axe-men, John Donaldson, Richard A. Shipley ; Managers of the Suction-Engine, Richard H. Jones, Noah Moffett, James Wainwright, William E. George; Snction-Engiue Men, John Ready, Thomas B. Baker, John Wilson, Hezekiah Niles, Benjamin Armitage, Abraham Long, John Frick ; Hose-men, John Kipp, John Jewitt, Joseph Husband, Amos Brown, Amos Allison, Gravenor M. Jef- fcris, Jacob Rogers; Engine Guards, William Ball, William Clemm, Jr., Jacob Norris, Samuel Hardan; Ladder-men, Benjamin Sands, David Smith, John Crane, Thomas D. McHenry; Public Bucket-men, William Baker, Jr., Joseph Smith, Edward Makall, John Compton. In 1812, Thomas S. Sheppard succeeded Mr. Shields as president. Among his successors were John R. Moore and Thomas M. Locke, the latter of whom was succeeded in 1853 by Francis H. B. Boyd. In 1855, John Dukehart, who had been and was afterwards a prominent member of the company, succeeded AVil- liam McKim as president. In 1828 the members of the company applied to the General Assembly for an act of incorporation, which was granted on the 7th of March. The incorporators were Dr. Thomas S. Shep- pard, Hezekiah Niles, Isaac N. Toy, William Baker, John Dukehart, Thomas M. Locke, James Wilson, James Mosher, Joseph Halbrook, Joseph K. Staple- ton, George Rogers, John Dukehart, Jr., William Gwinn Jones, and such others as were then or after- wards became members of the company. The act FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 245 limited the property the company was authorized to hold to fifteen hundred dollars per annum, with all other rights appertaining to such a body corporate. In 1835 and 1836 the Mechanical Fire Company oc- cupied a building on North Street opposite Lexing- ton ; in 1837 the company purchased a spacious lot on Lexington Street adjoining the Law Buildings for the purpose of erecting on it a new fire-engine house, but it does not appear that this locality was utilized for that purpose, as they afterwards moved to No. 29 South Calvert Street. In August, 1843, the company had five pieces of apparatus, consisting of one gallery engine, two suction-engines, and two hose-carriages. It was composed of two hundred and twenty active firemen and two hundred and eighty honorary members, and had fourteen hundred feet of serviceable hose. With a view of exciting and fostering among its members a desire for mental cultivation and improvement, cer- tain members of the Mechanical in 1840 formed them- selves into an association for the purpose of collecting a library of literary and scientific books, and of hold- ing stated meetings for the hearing of lectures and essays. On the 16th of March it was incorporated as " the Library Association of the Mechanical Fire Company," with the following incorporators : Hugh D. Evans, Thomas M. Locke, Folger Pope, Philip W. Lowry, Edward G. Starr, James Dunn Armstrong, John G. Proud, Jr., George H. McDowell, John Fur- long, Charles West, Lowry D. Lowry, and Israel Cohen. The inferior apparatus used by the Mechani- cal and other fire companies becoming inefficient, in 1858 this company, as well as other companies, deter- mined to purchase a steam-engine light enough to be drawn by hand, and at a meeting on the 18th of Feb- ruary of that year it was concluded to appoint a com- mittee to solicit aid from the citizens to purchase one. The committee appointed consisted of Henry Spil- nian, J. S. Jenkins, John Dukehart, Charles West, J. A. Needles, and Samuel McPherson. On July 27, 1858, the necessary funds having been obtained, the company contracted with Poole & Hunt, of this city, to build a steam fire-engine at a cost of $3750, guaranteed to throw an inch-and-a-quarter stream of water two hundred feet. On Feb. 12, 1859, the engine built by Messrs. Poole & Hunt at the works at Wood- berry was received by the company. The building committee who superintended its construction were Thomas J. Lovegrove, Henry Spilman, and J. Strieker Jenkins. This engine could be drawn by fifteen men, and was called the " Maryland." The old Mechani- cal fire-engine, better known as the " Old Lady," was sold to the United Fire Company of Frederick City in April, 1860. The Mechanical Company having been in existence ninety-five years, held its last annual meeting Jan. 6, 1859, and elected the following officers : Henry Spilman, president ; Samuel McPher- son, first vice-president ; Joseph P. Warner, second ; and John A. Needles, third; J. Strieker Jenkins^ treasurer; John D. Stewart, secretary; Henry P. Duhurst, chief engineer; John S. Hogg, Robert S. Wright, and Richard Dorsey, assistant engineers; delegates to the United Fire Department, Henry Spilman, Henry P. Duhurst, John Dukehart, John McGeoch, Joseph E. Warner, and Henry C. James. At this meeting John D. Stewart, the secretary, was presented with a pair of silver goblets in testimony of his long and faithful services to the company. On the 30th of November, 18.59, the old and efficient Mechanical Fire Company having been superseded by the pay department, closed its existence as a fire company, but it was determined that the old organi- zation should still continue, as it was in possession of a valuable library of over 3000 volumes. The com- pany continued its existence in a hall over the office of the Associated Fire Insurance Company, on South Street near Baltimore, until June 15, 1873, when it surrendered its charter. One hundred dollars had been deposited with the managers of the Baltimore Cemetery, the interest of which was to compensate the cemetery company for keeping the Mechanical Company's lot in order. Henry C. Duhurst, John D. Stewart, Henry Spilman, John A. Needles, and John Dukehart were appointed trustees to control the burial-lot, after which the company adjourned sine die, full of years of usefulness and eflicient and heroic labor for the protection of the lives and property of the citizens of Baltimore. After all the indebtedness had been paid, there was a balance of twelve hundred and thirty dollars on hand, which was turned over on Jan. 29, 1874, to the trustees of the Boys' Home.' The Union Fire Company was instituted in 1782, and was incorporated March 5, 1834, by the Legisla- ture, with the following incorporators : Charles Ker- nan, Thomas W. Levering, and Jesse B. Wright. In 1843 the company owned four pieces of apparatus, — two suction-engines and two hose-carriages, with fifteen hundred feet of hose, — and consisted of one hundred and sixty active firemen. The engine-house was for a time at Hanover Market, but the company afterwards built a fire-engine house in Baltimore Street between Light and Charles Streets. In 1806 the officers were : Elisha Tyson, Peter Hoflfman, Jr., Luke Tiernau, Samuel Toner, Jacob 3l3'er8, WaUer Simpson, John McKean, George Heide, Isaac Tyson, and Matthew Tyson, In 1817 they were Wm. Schroeder, president; Vice- Presidents, BeDJamin Ellicott, Peter Mason ; Elisba Tyson, Jr., secretary and treasurer; Directors, William Schroeder, Luke Tiernan, George Hoffman, Isaac Tyson, Jolin Levering, Benjamin Ellicott, Peter Mason, William Faltz ; Standing Committee, Wm. Scliroeder, Isaac Tyson, Ben- jamin Ellicott; Engineers, Baltis Branson, Wm. L. James, George Yel- lott, George Sumwalt, Jr., Josh. F. Batchelor; Engine-keeper, Peter Maurer. In 1844, William Hope was elected president; in 1846, William Hissey ; anil in 1846, Thomas W. Levering. In 1849 he was succeeded by William G. Middletou. In 1851, Charles A. McComas was president, and was succeeded in 1855 by Jacob T. Harmar, and in 1862 1 The Mechanical Fire Company issued many curious notices. The following is taken from the minutes of the company in 1779 : *' In case any house shall take fire near to tliat of any member of this company, particular attention will be paid to that member's house before any 246 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. A. C. N. Matthews became president. In March, 1835, an attempt was made to burn the engine-house, and in 1859 the company intending to disband, presented j the silverware belonging to it to the president, A. C. i N. Matthews. | The Friendship Fire Company was organized in 1785. In 1805, at the regular annual meeting of the company, the following officers were elected : John Mackenheimer, president; Peter DiflFenderffer, vice-president; Baltzer Schaeffer, treasurer ; John Shiim, engineer; John Weatherburn, secretary; Director-General during tire, John Hillen; Lane-men, John Mackenheimer, Henry Dukehart, Baltzer Schaeffer, Walter Crook, Sam- uel Vincent, Wm. Smallwood, James Button, Daniel Diffenderffer ; Property-men, John Weatherburn, John Readell, Peter Diffenderffer, Frederick Prill, John Dickson, Joseph Haskins, Jr., John Schultze, and Jacob Myera. In 1817 the officers elected were as follows : John Hillen, president; Philip Uhler, vice-president; Baltzer Schaeffer, treasurer; Dickson B. Watts, secretary ; John Shrim, engineer and engine-keeper; Directors, John Hillen. Philip Uhler, John Mackenheimer, Baltzer Schaeffer, Wm. Jenkins, Christopher Raburg, Wm. Pekin, Frederick Leypold, Wm. Warner, Standish Barry, Peter Diffenderffer, John Wilson ; Property Guards, John Keadell, John Dixon, James Hutton, John Gross, James Harrison, Feli.v Weise; Engine Guards, Ackerman J. Young, James Carnaghau, Basil SoUers, John Howser, George Littig, Wm. Jones, Barney Struddehoff, Charles Cook, Godfried Meyers, Edward Jenkins, John Maydwell, Wm. Meeteer, John Franciscns, Thomas Warner ; Hose- men and Guards, D. B. Watts, Wm. Frim, John Finley, Alex. L. Boggs, B. Reynolds, Michael Weyer, Edward Priestly, Charles Bogge, Michael Diffenderffer, John Bradenbough, Sebastian Seltzer, George Franciscus, Ezekiel Mills, Thomas Lane, Charles Diffenderffer, Samuel McKiro, John S. Smith, Wm. Millese, Matthew Griffith, John L. Barry, Edward P. Roberts, Samuel Brown, Charles Singleton, Philip Reigart, Lewis Cross ; Standing Committee for 1S17, Wm. Peckin, James Caruaghan, Biisil Sol- lers, John Young, Samuel McKim. On the 5th of April, 1839, the company was char- tered with the following incorporators : Charles W. Karthaws, president of the company ; Frederick E. B. Hentze, vice-president; and Charles Difienderffer, Louis Holter, Thomas Trotten, John A. Difienderffer, Hugh Deralin, George W. Pryor, William Ward, William Higgins, William Croggs, and Richard Miller, directors. In 1843 the company owned four pieces of appa- ratus — one gallery-engine, one suction-engine, two hose-carriages — and twelve hundred feet of hose. It was composed of one hundred and thirty active fire- men and sixty-one honorary members. The engine- house was located at No. 11 Frederick Street. At the annual election in January, 1845, the following offi- cers were returned for the year : Eli Hewitt, presi- dent; John Buchtar, vice-president; Richard Mason, treasurer ; William G. Warner, secretary ; Samuel W. Teal, engineer. In 1846 Daniel Sefer was elected president. The officers of the company for 1854 were : President, Samuel S. Mills ; Vice-President, William A. Warner; Treasurer, Patrick Reilly; Secretary, John T. Maguire ; Chief Engineer, E. Hyett. The engine-house of the company was destroyed by fire in 1856, leaving nothing but the bare walls. The com- pany made a futile eflfort to obtain funds to rebuild it, and were compelled to resort to the expedient of propping up the walls of the old building, covering it with common boards, and planking up the windows, making the best iirovisioii uiultr llic circiniistiinccs for the protection of their apparatus. In 1857, Robert Knight was elected president, with John B. Carroll, vice-president; Patrick Reilly, treasurer; William Smith, secretary; and William Aldercise, chief engi- neer. James W. Goodrich was the president of the company in 1860, and in 1861 the following gentle- men were elected officers: Erasmus Uhler, president ; William J. High, vice-president; P. Reilly, treas- urer ; H. R. Eisenbrand, secretary ; Thomas Wiley, engineer; delegates to the Baltimore United Fire Department, David Duncan, H. P. Horton, Thomas Goodrick, H. E. Eisenbrand, Erasmus Uhler, Joseph Stevens, G. W. Goodrick. In 1865, D. Duncan suc- ceeded Mr. Uhler as president. The Deptford Fire Company was instituted in 1792, and was chartered by the Legislature Jan. 24, 1843, with the following incorporators : John Dutton, president ; D. S. Monsarat and Caleb Merritt, vice- presidents ; and John W. Williams, Oliver Andoun, Thomas F. Frazier, and Robert Read. In 1843 the company owned one gallery-engine, one suction-en- gine, with one thousand feet of hose, and was com- posed of two hundred and thirty active firemen and thirty honorary members. The engine-house was situated at the northeast corner of Market (now Broadway) and Fleet Streets, Fell's Point, until they built (in 1843-44) a new engine-house at the corner of Strawberry Alley (now Dallas Street) and Gough Streets, which was burned in the absence of the com- pany at a fire. In 1854 the company erected a new building on the site of the one burned. The latter building was sold at sheriffs sale in 1855 to satisfy a judgment in the Superior Court of Baltimore City in fiivor of Thomas W. Binyon. It was purchased by George W. Buck for nineteen hundred and twenty- five dollars. The original cost of the building was six thousand dollars, four thousand dollars of which was donated by the City Council. At an annual meeting in 1806 the following officers were elected : Joseph Biays, president; Job Smith, treasurer; John Neilson, John Lee, and Chas. Feinour, trustees and pipe-men; James Hammond, secre- tary ; Directoi-8, Wm. Trimble, Hezekiah Waters, Thomas Cole, James Biays, David Burke, James H. Clarke, Wm. Mundle, Wm. Daneson, Thomas Cockrill, Edward Hegthorp ; Lane-men, Job Smith, Job n Snyder, Thomas Tenant, Win. Jackson ; Property-men, John Fitz, Wm. Wilson, James Hammond, Thos. C. Morris, George Waters, Richard Waters, and ■ John Wheeler ; Property Guards, Joseph Clark, Dietrich Babb, William Etchberger, Thomas Beague ; Ladder-men, John Roach, Athanasius Moore, Levi Glandye, Peter Peduzi; Axe-men, Henry Neighbors, George Wilson, Edward Dickinson, John Sabel ; Hook-men, James B. Graham, James Pilch, Thomas Kirk, Jesse Wheeler. In 1811, William Trimble was elected president, and in 1817 David Burk was president, succeeded in 1823 by James Clarke. In 1844 the following were the officers of the company : Samuel , president, Caleb Merrett, first vice-president ; Charles Tyte, sec- ond; 0.scar Monsarat, treasurer; and Thomas Tru- man, secretary. In 1849 William Stran was presi- dent, succeeded in 1851 by William H. Shelly, and in 1852 by Nicholiis Lyiu-li, who in 1856 was suc- ceeded bv Gforgf W. Buck, and in l.S.")9 by Samuel FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 247 M. Evans, who served until 1865. When the steam | fire-engines superseded the hand-engine, Baltimore . City came into possession of the gallery-engine of the j Deptford company. It was a first-class piece of ma- { chinery, and was afterwards sold by the comptroller j to the Independent Hose Company of Frederick City for four hundred and fifty dollars, one-fourth of its original cost. In 18.'59 the new suction-engine of the Deptford company, which was built by Messrs. John Rogers & Son, of Baltimore, was sold to a fire com- pany in Philadelphia for six hundred dollars. I The Liberty Fire Company was organized in 1794, i and chartered on tlie 11th of February, 1818, with j Wm. Jessop as incorporator. The act of incorpora- tion empowered William Jessop, Ephraim Robinson, and George Decker to hold in trust for the company a lot of ground conveyed by John Eager Howard for the use of the company. This lot was of triangular shape, and upon it the engine-house was subsequently erected. It was situated about the centre of the broad space at present formed by the junction of Fayette, Liberty, and Park Streets, and in what is now the bed of the street. The company in 1843 had four pieces of apparatus — one gallery-engine, one suction-engine, \ and two hose-carriages — and fourteen hundred feet of j hose. The company was composed of one hundred and thirty active firemen and sixty-five honorary mem- bers. In 1807 the officere were: William Jessop, president ; Rev. Francis Beeston, vice-president; Basil S. Elder, secretary ; George Wall, treasurer; Jacob Watt, engine-keeper; John Lyetb, notice-server; Directors, John Marsh, James Gillingham, Jesse Slinglnff, Samuel Lyeth, Sr,, James Thompson, Abraham Jesso]), ! Frederick Grapevine, George Decker, William Jones, Edward J. Coale ; Engineers, Jacob Wall, J. Lewis Wampler, John Lyeth ; Engine Guard, Thomas Mummey, Elie Hewitt, D. Fahnestock, John Whitelock, George Thornburgb, Jacob Adams ; Removers of Property, Joseph Hook, George I Peters, Frederick Sumwalt, John Walsh, Thomas Whelan, Adam Den- j mead ; Property-men, Benjamin Fowler, Wm. R. Smith, Henry Beckly, [ George Reinicker; Ladder-men, John Inglis, John McKinnell, Wm. Strebeck, Charles Avisse, John Bausman, Jacob Stiiuffer; Hook-men, Reynolds K nox, David Harner, Abraham Larew, Henry Shamberg, Jacob ' Fowble, Benjamin Morsel ; Axe-men, Adam Alter, Anthony Law, Rezin White; Lane-men, Littleton Holland, John Roberts, Isaac McPhersou, David Whelan, Daniel Hoffman, Leonard Wheeler; Hose-men, George Wall, Henry Johnson, Samuel Lyetb, Jr., Stephen Grove, B. S. Elder, George Maris ; Key-keepers, John Marsh, Jacob Wall, Wm. Jessop, Beiy. In 1810 a lottery scheme was proposed for the purpose of building an engine-house, with William Jessop, George Decker, Abram Denmead, James Thompson, J. Lewis Wampler, and George Wall as ' directors, and at the drawing, April 20th, the sum of six thousand and two dollars was realized for the pur- j pose. In 1848 the Hon. Joshua Vansant was elected i president of the company, and occupied that position until 1853, when he was succeeded by S. A. Bixter, j who was followed in 1854 by Arnold Shultz. Mr. ' Shultz was succeeded in 1855 by George W. Arnold, who was again elected in 1857. In 18.59 he was sue- j ceeded by F. H. Kelly, with Vice-Presidents, G. J. \ Roche, Joseph F. Schweitzer, and Arnold Schultz ; I Secretary, J. G. Anderson ; Treasurer, Joseph Rogers; Chief Engineer, J. S. Schweitzer ; Delegates to the Baltimore United Fire Department, G. J. Roche, John S. Schweitzer, F. H. Kelley, Jos. F. Schweitzer, Joshua Vansant, John Webster, and W. T. Jones. On the 25th of March, 1835, the engine-house of the company was discovered to be on fire, which was ex- tinguished. The engine-house, which was one of the old landmarks of Baltimore, was sold and removed in April, 1867. It was a building of marked note in the city, located in a central place, and many meetings of importance were held within its walls. In 1860, dur- ing the great excitement immediately preceding the civil war, a palmetto flag was displayed from its steeple, and one of the first meeetings of Southern sympa- thizers was held there for the purpose of enrolling volunteers. Great excitement prevailed, and a large body of police, under the command of Marshal Gif- ford, were stationed around and about the building. William H. Cowan presided over the meeting, at which conservative but independent resolutions were passed. Speeches were made by Frank Brooke and J. Klassen, and over a hundred names were added to the list of Southern volunteers. The Independent Fire Company was organized in January, 1799, as tlie Federal Fire Company. Du- ring the earlier years of its history its meetings were held at the house of James Renshaw, who was one of the first and most prominent members of the or- ganization. At a meeting held at his house on the 7th of January, 1799, James Edwards was elected moderator; John Dalrymple, treasurer; Thomas Foxall, secretary; John Brown, engineer; Lewis Miller, assistant engineer; and William Brown, Ros- siter Scott, Peter Bond, and John Dalrymple were appointed staff-men. At the annual meeting in Jan- uary, 1801, Richard Colvin was elected secretary; David Wilson, Samuel Matthews, Arthur Mitchell, place-men of the engine; and William Brown, Ros- siter Scott, Peter Bond, and John Dougherty, staft- men. The officers for 1802 were William Brown, moderator; John Dalrymple, treasurer; Lavallin Barry, secretary. For several years the engine and apparatus of the company occupied free of rent a building belonging to James Brown, one of the members, but in 1802 a committee consisting of Peter Bond, John Dougherty, and Jacob Stansbury was appointed to consider the subject of providing proper accommodations for the company. On the 20th of July the committee reported " that they found by an ordinance of the City Council that the mayor was authorized to purchase for the use of the fire companies of the city a lot or lots whereon to erect houses for the safe keeping of their engines. Agree- able to said ordinance they called on the mayor, and he agreed to purchase, and has purchased, of Mr. Pat- rick Mullen ground for that purpose, and had a deed to the city for the use of this company." The committee was continued, and was empowered "to have erected on the same lot purchased of Mr. Mullen a brick building, as large and convenient as 248 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. possible, situated as they may think best, and that they, or either of them, draw on our treasurer for that purpose to the amount of one hundred and thirty dollars." At the next meeting, on the 6th of Sep- tember, the committee reported the completion of the building, and the engine was immediately removed to its new quarters. The annual meeting on the 5th of January, 1807, was held at the house of Mr. Gorsuch, when Peter Bond was elected moderator; John Dougherty, treasurer ; Lavallin Barry, sec- retary ; Thomas Matthews, engineer; and Samuel House, assistant engineer. On the 3d of December, 1810, the quarterly meet- ing was held at the house of John Hicks, when the following preamble and resolution were offered by Hugh Balderston : " Whereas^ It is conceived that it would promote the real good of this company to change the name by which we are distinguished, not that we, the present members thereof, feel the least hesitation or difliculty in do- ing all in our power to promote the object of our associating together, but viewing it altogether unimportant by what name we are known, so that we attain the good object in view, our own security, and the assist- ance of our fellow-citizens when in danger from fire; with this view and under these considerations it is "Resolved, That the Federal Fire Company be hereafter known and distinguished by the name of the Independent, and to meet the expense incidental to changing the name it la determined that each member, now and until it be otherwise determined, pay his quarterage." The resolution was adopted, and Hugh Balderston, Samuel House, Jacob Lafetra, and Arthur Mitchell were appointed to have the necessary alterations made in the labels, etc. The meetings of the com- pany at this period were held at the house of John Hicks, and on the 7th of January, 1811, the first annual meeting occurred after the change of name, and the following persons were chosen officers for the ensuing year : Peter Bond, moderator ; David Wilson, treasurer; Lavallin Barry, secretary ; Arthur Mitch- ell, engineer; and Elijah Hutton, assistant engineer. At a special meeting of the Independent Company, on the 1st of May, 1813, it was resolved " that a com- mittee of four be appointed to call personally on the citizens of the Sixth Ward and eastern precincts, and request them to repair to the engine-house at all calls of fire, in order to assist the company in the use of the engine, as many members are absent on military duty." During the same year a contract was made with Joseph Shaw to build the company a suction fire-engine, not to cost more than seven hundred and fifty dollars. At the quarterly meeting on the 6th of June, 1814, "the committee for our suction" re- ported " that, agreeable to the request of the company at last quarterly meeting, they waited on Joseph Shaw, and informed him that the company was disposed to take the suction provided he would finish her by the time proposed." They added " that he has her now in a state of forwardness, but not ready to deliver." The committee was continued, " and requested to act with him respecting her, agreeable to former con- tract." At this meeting the company was presented with a fire-bell by some of the members, '' which was accepted, and ordered to be aflSxed to the engine- house or as convenient as possible to give alarm at time of fire." At the annual meeting in 1817 "it was represented to the company by Samuel House that the Legislature had passed a law vesting the title of part of Fusselback's lot in Bridge Street in the mayor and City Council for the use of the Independ- ent Fire Company. The question was asked. Shall we accept of it? and agreed to, and Samuel House, Joshua Mott, Nicholas Burk, John Smith, Thomas Matthews, Henry Hardesty, and William Stansbury were appointed a committee to make the necessary arrangements for improving the said ground, first having ascertained that the funds are provided, and that there are no legal obstacles to the company's occupying the same." Some difficulty was experi- enced, however, in obtaining possession of the lot, and at the quarterly meeting in March, 1818, Thomas Plienix, William Brown, William Stansbury, Samuel House, and James Taylor were appointed " to pre- pare and present to the mayor and City Council a memorial representing the necessity of this company being provided with a suitable lot of ground whereon to erect an engine-house, stating in said memorial the advantages attached to the lot at the junction of Bridge (Gay) and Harford Streets for that purpose, and for the accommodation of this company." At the succeeding meeting in June the committee reported " that from observation and inquiry they found it would be unavailing to petition the mayor and City Council to take possession of the property on the terms prescribed by the General Assembly of Maryland at the last session, without some exertion on their part to raise a sum equiva- lent to the value of the property required for the use of the company. Your committee therefore waited upon the citizens with a subscription- paper lor the purpose of raising such money as in their opinion would be required to induce the corporation to take possession of the property above mentioned, and are happy to add, succeeded beyond their most sanguine expectations. Your committee furthermore report that they paid into the city treaisury on the 1st of May the sum of one thousand dollars, being their proportion of the expense attending the purchase of the lot, and that by ordinance of the City Council the property not re- quired for widening the street is held by the city for the use of the In- dependent Fire Company." The committee was enlarged by the addition of Rossiter Scott and William Lafl'erty, who were di- rected to dispose of the old engine-house, and to build the new one at the intersection of Bridge and Harford Streets. The new engine-house was probably erected during the following year, for at the Septem- ber meeting in 1819 "the building committee were continued, and requested to report to the next meeting the cost of our engine-house and the amount of money received and paid by them for that purpose." From the minutes of the same meeting it appears that the company rented "the upstairs room" of the engine- house " for one year at one hundred dollars" to Philip Smith for a day school, "reserving to them- selvas the privilege of holding their company meet- ings in said room, they providing their own firewood, candles, etc. ; also the use of the room to the Female Sunday-school, on the lime sjiecified to the female FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 249 teachers of said Sunday-school." Mr. Smith also agreed to " have the school-room cleaned out every Saturday evening, and to repair all damages done to the engine-house by himself or scholars."- In 1819 the officers elected were as follows : James Taylor, preaident; William Stansbury, treasurer; Hugh Bal- derston, secretary; Benjamin Chandler, engineer; Robert HoUoway, assistant engineer; Directors, D'. L. Thomas, Joshua Turner, Rossiter Scott, Lambert Thomas, John M. Smith, Richard Summerville ; Lane- men, Henry Pennington, Arthur Mitchell, William Lafferty, Larkin Read, Thomas Phenix, James C. Dew, John Haslam ; Directors of Suc- tion, William Stansbury, Jacob Lafetra, Jonathan Fitch, William Parish, James Allen ; Hose-pipe Men, Samuel Wilson, George Stever, Timothy Richards; Hose-men, Elijah Hutton, Joshua Mott, Israel Price, Henry Andei-aon, John Mott, Martin Bower, Jr., Larkin Cox, Winston D. Smith, Martin Eichelberger, John Brooks, William Espey, Robert Taylor, Ennion Hnssoy, Frederick Ellender, Elijah Glenn, Francis Youuker, David Baker, Thomas P. Levy. Thomas B. Watts, Richard Snyder, James Armstrong, John Araos, Nicholas Smith, Samuel Matthews; Managers of Suction, Thomas Kelso, William Bandle, Joseph Taylor, William Brooks, James Sykes, John Curlett, Gideon Fitch, Solomon Stackers, Joshua Matthews, Pctei; Swart?.; Water-men, Henry Long, Joshua Gorsuch; Hook-and-Ladder Men, Greenberry Phelps, John Hicks; Axe-men, John Kii-by, Joseph Cloddis; Key-men, Benjamin Chandler, William Lafferty, Richard Summerville; Notice-server, John Mott; Standing Committee, Thomas Kelso, Eli Baldereton, James Tay- lor, William Stansbury, Rossiter Scott. * In 1822, Joshua Turner succeeded James Taylor as president of the company. The company was chartered by the Tjegislature on the 5th of February, 1827, with James Clark, president at the time, and the members thereof as incorporators. In 184.3 the company owned five pieces of apparatus — one gallery- engine, two suction-engines, two hose-carriages, — and twelve hundred feet of hose, and consisted of three hundred and fifty active members and fifty honorary members. The election of ofiicers at the annual meeting of the company in 1844 resulted as follows : Dr. John L. Yates, president; Augustus P. Shutt, vice-presi- dent; William M. Richardson, secretary; and Hugh Bolton, treasurer. In 1845 these officers were suc- ceeded by Maj. James O'Law as president; George P.Kane, vice-president; and Hugh Bolton, treasurer. During a disgraceful riot at a fire on Gough Street, in the latter year, some persons unknown took pos- session of tlie suction-engine of the company, ran away with it, and threw it into Harford Run, injuring it considerably. In 1848, Samuel Kirk was elected president ; George P. Kane, vice-president ; Evan M. Forinan, secretary ; Hugh Bolton, treasurer ; Robert Holloway, engineer. Dr. David O'Keefe succeeded Samuel Kirk as president in 1849. In 18.53 the com- pany moved their apparatus from an old shed on High Street to the commodious building erected by them on the corner of Gay and Ensor Streets ; the building, however, was not entirely completed until 18.54. The structure, with its high campanile or tower, was one of the handsomest in Oldtown, was three stories high, with all the conveniences necessary for the purposes of an engine-house, but the campanile formed the principal feature of its architectural beauty, being one hundred and three feet in height, with a base seven- teen feet square. It was Gothic in style, and was built from the design and under the supervision of»Rea.son & Wetheall, architects. In 18.55 the officers of the company were Jacob Green, president; William W. Turner, first vice-president; and John Rogers, second vice-president ; W. H. B. Fusselbaugh, secre- tary; Hugh Bolton, treasurer; and Robert Holloway, chief engineer. In 1858, Jacob Green resigned as pres- ident, and after an exciting contest Samuel Hanna was elected to fill the vacancy. The Board of Fire Com- missioners of Baltimore in 1859 purchased the com ■ pany's engine-house for eight thousand dollars, the city having a lien on the building for five thousand dollars. The Independent still kept up their or- ganization after the old system had been superseded by the Paid Fire Department, and in 1860 elected the following gentlemen officers of the company : Presi- dent, Samuel Hanna ; Vice-President, William H. H. Turner ; Secretary, John S. Fusselbaugh ; Treasurer, Hugh Bolton; Engineer, Robert Holloway; Delegates to Baltimore United Fire Department, Hugh Bolton, Samuel Hanna, William H. B. Fusselbaugh, James H. Stone, John S. Fusselbaugh, William H. Powell, J. A. Steigelman. The same officers, with few ex- ceptions, were annually elected until 1865. The Vigilant Fire Company.— On the 18th of January, 1804, a number of citizens of the Seventh Ward of Baltimore City met at Josiah Stephenson's to concert measures to organize a fire company. A subscription was taken up to aid in the purchase of an engine, and two hundred dollars were subscribed on the spot, but fearing sufficient funds could not be obtained in the ward, it was resolved to appoint a com- mittee to .solicit subscriptions throughout the city. The following gentlemen were appointed a committee for that purpose: East of Jones' Falls, Edward John- son, Robert Stewart, and Ludwig Herring; west of the Falls, Cumberland Dugan, Thomas McElderry. Andrew Buchanan presided at this meeting of or; ganization, with David Brown, secretary. At an annual meeting of the Vigilant Fire Company, held 1 Jan. 17, 1817, the following gentlemen were elected j officers: I William Stewart, president; David Brown, treasurer; W. H. Winstan- ley, secretary ; Robert St. John Stewart, engineer; George Coulson, as- sistant ; Directors, John Trimble, Frederick Schaeffer, Thomas Boyle, John Diffenderffer, William McConkey, Ephriam Smith, William Stew- art, William Robinson, L. P. Barnes, W. H. Winstanley; Property-men, William Parks, John Shaw, Mayl>erry Parks, Thomas Perkins ; Axe-men, George Matthiot, Jacob Winchester; Supplying Engine Engineers, K. D. Allen; Assistant, William Comegys ; Supplying Engine Directors, John Buck, David Brown, Robinson Woollen, Benjamin Buck, John M. Brown, David Harryman, Joseph Barling, Samuel McDonald ; Hose-men, Gilbert Cassard, Joseph Hart, Joseph Webster, William Hooper, Michael Hedlnger, Samuel Byncs, W. H. Bates, L. G. Taylor, William West, J. T. Ford, Michael Bandle, William Rusk, C. Comegys, John Cathcart, Samuel Russell, Pearl Durkee, Joseph Turner, David Parr, John Cross, William Edwards. The Vigilant Fire Company was chartered by an act of the Legislature passed Feb. 10, 1827, with William Stewart, president, and the members of the company as incorporators. On the 2d of January, 250 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 1837, a meeting of the company was held, at which resolutiyis of respect, regret, and condolence were passed upon the death of Col. William Stewart, i former president of the company. In 1843 the mem- ; bers formed a library association, and obtained by subscription a very useful and instructive library. The following officers were elected for the year: i T. Yates Walsh, president; Edward Mitchell, first vice-president; James Pauley, second vice-president; ' C. C. Egorton, third vice-president ; L. D. Daniels, secretary ; and F. C. Ford, treasurer. In that year the Vigilant owned four pieces of apparatus — one gallery-engine, one suction-engine, two hose-carriages — and twelve hundred feet of hose, and was composed of three hundred and forty-two active firemen and sixty-three honorary members. In that year the engine-house was situated at the corner of High and Lombard Streets. In JMarch, 1845, the reel of the Vigilant was captured in the course of a riot at a fire and taken to the Long Wharf, Canton, and there, detaching the hose, the i rioters threw it piece by i)iece into water twenty feet deep. In January, 1840, Edward Mitchell was elected president; Charles C. Egerton, first vice- president; Hugh B. Jones, second vice-president; William H. Valentine, third vice-president ; William H. Ijams, secretary; James H. Gravenstein, treas- urer ; and Charles H. Ehrman, engineer. The following gentlemen were elected officers of the library association for the same year: John H. Kehlenbeek, president ; Asa H. Smith, vice-presi- dent; Leonard A. Helm, secretary; Elijah Carson, treasurer ; Edward Little, librarian ; and Francis A. Miller, Jacob Hayward, John Neidheimer, Charles H. Shult, John Albright, and Robert Hall, trustees. In 1848 the Vigilant Company erected a very fine building, with engine-room, library, etc., all com- plete, at No. 35 East Lombard Street. In 1851 the | following gentlemen were the officers of the com- pany : E. R. Petherbridge, president ; Thomas Crea- mer, first vice-president; Hugh B. Jones, second vice-president ; Malcolm W. Mearis, third vice-presi- dent; John W. Boyer, secretary; James H. Graven- stein, treasurer ; and Malcolm W. Mearis, chief direc- tor. In 1853, Thomas Creamer succeeded E. R. Petherbridge as president of the company. In 1855 the library association of the company, which had been in successful operation for ten years, elected tlie following officers: J. S. Hagerty, president; L. J. Bandell, vice-president; Recording Secretary, John Suter; Financial Secretary, John R. Bayliss; Treas- urer, Moses Oettinger ; Librarian, W. E. Bradley. In 1857, L. J. Bandell was elected president of the company. In 1858, Thomas Creamer was again elected president, and in October of the same year the company secured a steam-engine, which they named " Comet," and which was built for them by Reaney, Neafie & Co., of Philadelphia. The engine was light, but in other respects modeled on the plan of the " Alpha," and cost three thousand four hun- dred dollars. The company disbanded in 1859, upon the introduction of the Paid Fire Department, but de- termined to donate the money in the trea.sury, after the sale of their building, to charitable institutions. It was accordingly divided between the four dispen- saries of Baltimore, each receiving the sum of eight hundred and thirty-three dollars and thirty-three cents. On the 18th of January, 1860, the following gentlemen were elected officers of the company: Thomas Creamer, president; Vice-Presidents, J. S. Hagerty, Thomas H. Sullivan, and Lemuel J. Bandell ; Secretary, J. J. Ryan ; Treasurer, James H. Graven- stein ; Delegates to the Baltimore United Fire De- parthient, Thomas Creamer, James H. Gravenstein, Lemuel J. Bandell, Charles D. Hiss, John A. Lucas, and John K. Bayliss. The New Market Fire Company.— This was or- ganized at Chamberlain's tavern, in this city, on the 14th of January, 1806, when reports were made from various committees appointed at a preliminary meet- ing. At a subsequent ineeting at the same place, Jan- uary 18th, the following officers were elected : George Grundy, president; Peter Little and Eljenozer Finley, vice- presidents; Owen Dorsey, secretary; Adam Welsh, tn^Hsiirer; Bictaard Seabrook, John Stonfler, John Dillon, Samuel Cole, William Krehs, Moses Hand, Leonard Frailey, Gerhard Von Hatten, Charles Bohn, Wil- liam Hayward, directors; Isaac Phillips, Asahael Hussey, John Baxley, .Tohn Hayward, lane-men ; Michael Eimmel, Christiau Baum, Samuel Wolf, engineers ; Nicholas Orrich Kidgely, Peter Pollaid, John D. Read, Elisha Bailey, John Sticher, Thomas Haelbraith, James Hyadea, George Henuich, Peter Fowble, Jacob Myers, hose-men ; Marshal English, Peter Hedges, George Reynolds, Bennet Kirk, axe-mei; William Edwards, Henry Wiuters, Henry Myers, .Alexander Thompson, Humphrey Sanders, William B. Lupton, ladder-men ; Ai-chibald Hawkins, George Myers, Robert Edwards, John Bracken, Abraham Pyke, George Speake, hook- men; David Harris, William Meredith, Jlichael Warner, John Reese, Andrew M. Coy, Josias Thompson, property-men ; Oliver Pollock, George Baxley, Gunning S. Bedford, Abraham Booth, property guards; John Simpson, notice-server. The company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed Jan. 20, 1808. The incorporators were Ebenezer Finley, president; Peter Little, first vice-president; William Krebs, second vice-presi- dent ; Leonard Frailey, Owen Dorsey, and Samuel Howard, and the other members of the company. The company at that time had purchased a fire-engine and other apparatus, and had been presented by John Eager Howard with a lot of ground upon which to build an engine house on the west side of Eutaw Street near Lexington, where the house was subse- quently erected and tenanted by the company. In 1843 the New Market company had four pieces of apparatus, consisting of one gallery-engine, one suc- tion-engine, and two hose-reels, and was composed of two hundred and twenty firemen and forty honorary members. In 1810 a supplemental act was passed by the Legislature, authorizing Ebenezer Finley, Charles Bohn, William Krebs, Michael Kimmel, John Stouffer, Daniel Lammot, Asahael Hussey, Emanuel Kent, George Warner, Luke Tiernan, Adam Welsh, Lewis Pascault, and David Harris to propose a lottery FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 251 scheme for the purpose of raising money to purchase an engine and build a house with an alarm-bell thereon for the benefit of the company. The volunteer fire companies frequently engaged in rough skirmishes, :ind the New Market came in for its share of this sport. On the night of the 25th of July, 1853, whilst a number of the members were proceeding to a fire, they were attacked by a band of desperadoes, who, rallying under the cry of " Calithumpians," rushed upon them unawares, drove them from the hose-carriage, then breaking it into many pieces, threw it into Gwynn's Falls. On the 2d of August, 1855, a more serious engagement took place about eleven o'clock at night between the New Market and Union Fire companies on one side and the Mount Vernon Hook-and-Ladder company on the other, in which two men were mortally and several others seriously wounded. Ebenezer Frailey was succeeded as president in 1818 by Michael Kimmel ; in 1822 by George Baxley ; in 1845 by David Irelan ; in 1847 by George T. Mayre; in 1849 by William G. Gorsuch; in 1853 by Lemuel W. Gorsuch; and in 1855 by John Peacock. In 1857, Augustus Albert, who had been one of the vice-presidents of the company, and who was subsequently sheriff of Baltimore for two terms, was elected president, and continued to serve as such until the company went out of existence. In 1859 the company yielding to the change in the Fire Department, sold their gallery-engine with a quantity of hose to the corporation of Waynesboro', Pa., for seven hundred dollars, and the suction-engine to the authorities of Norristown, Pa., for five hundred dol- lars. The fine steeple, bell, and clock were sold to the city and removed to the truck-house of No. 2 Hook-and-Ladder company, then near the northwest corner of Eutaw and Ross Streets (now Druid Hill Avenue). The engine-house was sold to Messrs. Howell Brothers for three thousand one hundred dollars.' The Franklin Fire Company was organized in 1809, but was not chartered by the Legislature until March 7, 1844. The incorporators were James F. Grieves, Robert Scott, William Wickersham, James A. Bamberger, James Young, Nathan H. Hall, James Shinnick, and Peter Foy. In 1843 the company owned four pieces of apparatus, — one gallery-engine, one suction-engine, and two hose-carriages, — with eleven hundred feet of hose. The company was composed of one hundred and seventy-five active firemen and thirty-four honorary members. The engine-house was located on the northeast corner of Broadway and Fleet Streets, Fell's Point. On the 2d of January, 1845, the following members were elected 1 It is related of a prominent member of tliis company, Peter Little, wlio was a watcb-malter, and for nianyyeai-s a member of Congress, that on one occasion he attacked John Randolph of Roanoke on the subject of military aifairs. Mr. Randolph, knowing his occupation, interrupted him, saying, "The gentleman from Maryland knows more about ' tic- tics' 1 tactics.' officers of the company : James Grieves, president ; Robert Scott, vice-president; William Wickersham, treasurer; James Young, secretary ; John Flinn, en- ..gineer; David H. Boyer, engine-keeper. Robert ' Scott was president in 1846, and was succeeded in 1847 by James Grieves, who was followed in 1851 by David Blanford. He was succeeded in 1852 by Nicholas Lynch, and in 1853, David Blanford was re-elected, who in 1856 gave place to William Bouldin. In 1857, Joseph W^. Carey was elected president, and was succeeded in 1858 by William A. Van Nostrand, who continued president until 1865. The Columbian Fire Company was instituted in 1809, and chartered by the Legislature March 26, 1839, with the following incorporators : John Hen- derson, president; Frederick S. Littig, vice-president; John Henderson, James Frazier, Jr., Aaron Stockton, James Baxter, Job Fosler, John Jillard, Jr., Wil- I Ham Hunt, Henry W. S. Evans, Joseph Caprice, I Richard Hamilton, Thomas Binion, Jr., and Wil- liam Hooper, directors. In 1843 the company had ■ five pieces of apparatus — one gallery-engine, two suc- ; tion-engines, and two hose-reels — and fourteen hun- dred feet of hose. The company consisted of two hundred and sixty active firemen, and fourteen hon- j orary members. The engine-house was situated on the northeast corner of Market (now Brodway) and Fleet Streets, Fell's Point. In 1809 the following officers were elected : President, Jo.seph Allender; Vice-President, John Ogston ; Secretary, William Proctor; Treasurer, Thomas Sheppard ; Engineer, Samuel Wilson; Pipe-men, Joshua Atkinson, Thomas Sheppard; Directors, Thorndike Chase, James D. Joues, Thomas Worrell, Peter Gait, Nathan- iel Hynson, Robt. G. Henderson, George Alkinson, Isaac Atkinson, Nicholas Stansbury, John Laue ; Lane-men, William Cornthwait, Robert Moore, Nathaniel Childs, Samuel Barnes, William Price; Property Guards, Thomas Conway, Baptist Messick ; Ladder-men, Richard Bell, William Echberger, George Robinson, Davis McCaughan; Property-men, William Proctor, Peter Green, James Ferrall, John Duncan, William Price; Hook-men, Anthony Hanson, William P. Barnes, Thomas Cornth- wait, William Davis ; Axe-men, Peter Foy, Joseph Clark, Joseph White, Benjamin Baker; Managers of Suction-engine, George Hazeltou, James Cunningham, John Smith, Daniel McNeal, Deitrick Hewld, Philip Cronimiller. In 1811, Thomas Sheppard was elected president, and in 1844, William H. Watson, who was succeeded in 1846 by H. W. S. Evans, in 1848 by James Frazier, in 1849 by W. D. Harris, and in 1850 by Philip Sherwood. In 1851, William Colton was ; elected president, and in 1854, James G. Ramsey. j The engine-house built by the Columbian, on Ann Street, was sold by the sheriff in 1857, under the lien law, to Philip R. Reiter, the contractor, whose lien amounted to four thousand three hundred and forty- two dollars. The house was constructed at a cost of eight thousand dollars. The Fell's Point Hose and Suction Company was organized in 1810. At its annual meeting in that year the following gentlemen were elected officers : Alexander McCaine, president; Mathew McLaughlin, treasurer; George Chapman, secretary; Trustees, Charles M. Poor, James Biays, Jr., William B. Dyer; Directors, Alexander McCaine, Archibald Kent, HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITS' AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Matbew McLiiughliii, George Dandle, Robert Graves; EDgineers, Joseph Share, W. B. Dyer; Pipe-men, I'eter Foy, Thomas Cornthwait, Daniel Perigo, James Biays, Jr. ; Lane-men, Thomas Galloway, John P. Stroble, Jacob Dunham, Joseph Clark ; Hose Guards, William Denny, J. B. Stans- biiry, Thomas Presstman, Joh n Luueburg, James Coobes, Abraham Parks, George Chapman, Samuel Graham, James Bell, Jr., Samuel Grace, John Weary, Joshua Thorp, Peter Fenby, John Lout, Nathan Shaw, Thomas Milwaters, Blias Evans, R. W. Garrettson, L. B. West, John Ramsey, James Castello ; Engine-men, Robert Conway, Gregory Foy, P. Croui- miller, G. Waggner, T. Rogers, S. Fenby, Daniel Evans, B. Bateman, James Pletcli, A. Suthenling, R. Craggs, P, Chaids, Robert Gibson, Thomas Hall, William J. Hines, John Mitchell, C. G. Petere, John Boss, John Quisick, S. B. Cooper, John Davis, J. J. Rigl>y, James White, J. M. Mette, Thomas Posington, William Philips, Mathew Taylor, William Feinour. In 1818 the officers elected were as follows : Peter Gait, president; Peter Chaille, vice-president; Thomas Worrell, treasurer; B. U. Campbell, secretary. Trus- tees, Peter Foy, D. Metzger, R. Graves; Directors, Peter Gait, Peter Leary, Peter Chaille, T. Pilkington, and Thomas Hall ; Engineers, Abraham Parks and Joseph Share; Pipe-men, Peter Foy, Daniel Perigo, Robert Graves, T. Cornthwait; Lane-men, James P. Smith, John Bandle, J. I. Costello, Joseph Perigo. The duties of engine-men and hose guards were as- signed to the remaining members of the company. In 1832 its engine-house was over the Fell's Point Market-house. The First Baltimore Hose Company was insti- tuted in 1810. At a meeting of its members in April of that year a committee was appointed to purchase an engine, hose, and other necessary apparatus, and a committee was also appointed to solicit aid from the property-holders of Baltimore. That committee was composed of the following members : George Smith, Henry James, John E. Carey, John Cornthwait, Stacey Horner, William Evans, A. R. Levering, Wm. Meteer, and Christian Cline. The committee to re- ceive and enroll members were John Davis, Wm. , Jones, J. Buffurn, John Cornthwait, and Joel Hop- kins. The company was chartered by the Legislature on the 24th of January, 1815, with John Davis as president, and the members thereof as incorporators. At the anual meeting of the company in 1819 the | following officers were elected for the ensuing year : i George Williamson, president ; George S. Baker, vice-president ; Joseph G. Tomkins, treasurer; W. H. Sinclair, secretary; Directors, Wm. E. George, T. G. EUuiondson, Wm. Martin, Jr., James Reyburn, Benjamin i Ellicott, Jr., Samuel Black, Wm. Lyon, Samuel T. Mathick; Standing Committee, George Williamson, Wm. Martin, Jr., W. E. George, Samuel Keerl, Alex. Fridge ; Axe-men, Joe Brown, John Gillingham ; Hose-men, Andrew T. Ellicott, Wm. Evans, John H. Hodges, Runyon Harris, Sam- uel O. noffmaii, Edward K<-hly, Samuel R. Tui uer, J..lin Gadsby, Edward Lynch,Fi, .1^ ;i.l, J. nl.ii.-.Tin.m.- T.ii. , -,,„in, I l;..i.>.,,.<.,r„iielKeerl, John li, \\ I 1. ' i ^l - , :: Miction-en- gine-nii-ii. ,i v , • i i , i . l I !i ': I , ,i,:,s Under- | Samuel rcuUin-y, Tln.niaa Fruiicc, Wm. H. Sinclair, Thomas Tyson, j Robert Miller, Jr., Wilson Worthington, John F. Poor, Evan T. Poultney, j ■Wm. B. Bend, R. P. Wellford, Wm. B. Gwynn, Thomas Vance ; Hose- carriage Guards, Alexander Fridge, John T. Brooks, Wm. Morris, Isaac Tyson, Joseph G. Tomkins, Wm. Gillingham. I In 1820 the honorary members were the following gentlemen : iposed of John Davis, Thomas S. Sbeppard, Augustus Hammer, James Labea, j Alexander Brown, Joseph King, Jr., Frederick Waesche, Lewis Mayer, , J\'m. Lornian, George T. Dunbar, John M. Sewell, Elisha N. Brown, I Samuel Poultney, Mathew Swan, Henry Keerl, Evan Poultney, George ! I. Keerl, John F. Freize, Shaw and Tiffany, R. T. Welford, George F. Warfield, Alex. Fridge, H. Young and Pochou Wm. Morris, Solomon Et- ting, R. Higinbotham, John Duer, D. Warfleld, Joseph Todhunter, Alex. McDonald, Charles Tiernan, Nicholas Ridgely, John E. Swan. In 1843 the Baltimore Hose Company, Samuel Keerl president, had two suction-engines and three Tiose-carriages, with fifteen hundred feet of hose, and was composed of a corps of one hundred and forty active firemen, and one hundred and fifty-four hon- orary members. The engine-house of this company was located at No. 10 McClellan Alley, near Balti- more Street. In 1844 the company purchased a new suction-engine, built by Joseph Share & Son. The ofiicers of the company for the latter year were Sam- uel Keerl, president; John McKeen, vice-president; John Gushing, treasurer; and B. F. Zimmerman, secretary. In 1845, G. W. Krebs became president, and was succeeded in 1847 by G. W. Flack. In 1851, John R. Moore was elected president, and resigned Sept. 10, 1857, and Samuel Harris, Jr., was elected to fill the vacancy. When steam-engines were tested and found efficient in other cities, the First Baltimore, with commendable public spirit, determined to obtain a steam-engine for their company. In furtherance of this object, in February, 1858, the Baltimore Company appointed a committee to visit Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, to examine fully into the workings of steam-engines. The committee was composed of Samuel Harris, Jr., president of the company, Charles H. Walker, vice-president, and Samuel Dryden and Joseph Lewis, directors. The committee left on the 20th of February, and during its absence a number of citizens residing in the neighborhood of the engine- house solicited subscriptions to aid in the projected enterprise, among whom were Messrs. Charles A. Grinnell, John Gushing, Francis T. King, C. N. Lutz, and James A. Stone. The committee of inspec- tion visited the cities designated, and returning made a highly favorable report of the efficiency and supe- riority of steam fire-engines. The company, there- fore, in March, 1858, contracted with Messrs. Reaney, Neafie & Co., builders, of Kensington, Philadelphia, to construct for them a steam fire-engine to weigh about eight thousand pounds. The engine was com- pleted in May, 1858, and on the 18th of the same month arrived in Baltimore by the Ericsson Line, accompanied by a committee of the Philadelphia Hose Company, the committee of the First Baltimore Hose, the inventors, and the builder. It was drawn to the open space north of the Battle Monument, where it was examined by thousands of the citizens of Baltimore. The day after the arrival of the engine it was taken from the engine-house and drawn by four handsome gray horses to the corner of Baltimore and Sharp Streets, where the com])any had placed a fire-plug, and was there fully tested. It was christened the "Alpha." FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. On the 6th of June, 1858, a fire broke out in a public house known as the Farmers' and Merchants' Retreat, on the corner of Eutaw and Franklin Streets, kept by George Delphey. The fire originated in the stables, and assumed such proportions as to threaten the en- tire block. The " Alpha" arrived, and, although a part of the roof and the upper story of the building had been burned, the stream thrown by this engine subdued the flames in fifteen minutes, and achieved for the " Alpha" a great triumph and reputation. In July, 1858, the Mechanical Fire Company desiring to purchase the steam-engine " Island Queen" and to test its powers, that engine and the " Alpha" were drawn to the dock at the foot of South Street, and, although the " Island Queen" had superior hose, it threw a stream pumped from the basin only one hundred and sixty-five feet, while the '"Alpha" threw a stream two hundred and twenty-one feet. The Mechanical Company declined to purchase the "Island Queen." At the annual meeting of the Bal- timore Hose Company, Jan. 1.3, 1859, the following officers were elected to serve the ensuing year: Presi- dent, Samuel Harri.s, Jr. ; Vice-President, Charles W. Walker ; Secretary, Charles B. Honeywell ; Treasurer, G. W. Flack ; Engineer, Alexander Forrest ; Assist- ant Engineers, George W. Johnston first, F. W. Ma- gruder second, and A. Husband third ; Delegates to the Baltimore United Fire Department, James L. Mc- Phail, C. W. Walker, E. L. Jones, Edward Israel, John R. Moore, A. Stirling, Jr., James A. Courtney. In June, 1861, the Baltimore Hose Company held a meeting for the purpose of settling up the aff'airs of the association and disposing of its funds In the treas- ury. It was determined to distribute the amount, five thousand one hundred and eighty-five dollars and ten cents, among the charitable institutions of Baltimore, and it was divided equally between the " Home of the Friendless," " Indigent Sick Society," " Maryland Blind Asylum," " Baltimore Rosine Association," " Union Protestant Infirmary," and the "Mercantile Library Association." After many years of useful ser- vice, the "Alpha," while assisting in the extinguish- ment of a fire at Brown Brothers' drug house, on Sharp Street, near German, on the morning of May 22, 1871, exploded and killed J. Harry Weaver, member of the First Branch of the City Council from the Nineteenth Ward. The United Hose and Suction Company was or- ganized in 1810, and chartered by the Legislature Dec. 19, 1812, with James Powers, the president of the company, and the members thereof as incorpo- rators. In 1820 the following gentlemen were elected officers for the year : Presidect, Erasmus Uhler; Vice-President, Jacob Deems; Secretary, Joseph Hiss ; Treasurer, Jacob Wall ; Standing Committee, Michael Hoff- man, Jacob Deems, Leonard Helms; Engine-keeper, Ebenezer Hum- phrey ; Pipe-men, George S. Shade, Henry Risel, John Gnibb, John Dis- ney, Theodore E. Salter. The first engine built by John Rogers & Son of 17 Baltimore was for the use of this company, and was so complete in finish and perfect in execution that it established the reputation of the firm in that line of work. This engine was delivered to the company Sept. 12, 1836, and on Sept. 12, 1837, the members, through their president, Anthony Miltenberger, pre- sented to John Rogers, the senior member of the firm, a silver goblet with the following inscription upon it : " Has been in constant use one year, and throws water from the gallery two hundred and twenty-seven feet." In 1843 the " United" had six pieces of fire apparatus, — one gallery engine, two suc- tion-engines, three hose-carriages, — one fire-ladder and escape, and one thousand three hundred feet of hose. The company was composed of two hundred and thirty active firemen. The engine-house was located on Liberty Street, between Pratt and Lombard Streets. In 1852 the ofiicers were: President, Jno. S. Reese, Jr. ; Win. Harris, Wm. M. Starr, and Jacob B. Balt- zell, vice-presidents; Jacob Lanier, Jr., secretary; and Frederick Achey, treasurer. In 1853, Wm. M. Starr became president. At the annual meeting of the company held January, 1856, the following oflicers were elected to serve for that year: President, Geo. A. Freeberger; First Vice-President, James Martin ; Sec- ond Vice-President, Chas. Toner; Third Vice-Presi- dent, Thomas M. Campbell ; Treasurer, Thomas M. Campbell; Secretary, Geo. W. Johnson; Chief En- gineer, Gabriel P. Key; Engine-keeper, Thos. Mur- phy. In 1857, Alfred H. Davis succeeded Mr. Free- berger, and in 1861, Gen. Anthony Miltenberger was elected president. Washington Hose Company was instituted in 1815, and in 1817 the oflicers and members were : John Berry, presideut; Jesse Hunt, vice-president; Charles G. Kobb, secretary; William Street, treasurer; Directors, Basil Duke, Robert Norris. Joshua Drydeu, George B. Schaeffer, Stidman Van Wyck, George Elliott; Engiueers, John S. Watts first, George Adams second, Joseph Branson third; Axe-men, John A. Simmons, Alfred Crump, Anthony Kinimell, Jr., Josh. Rowles; Standing Committee, John E. Reese, J. P. Branson, George B. Schaefler ; Hose-men, Philip Poultney. Simon Wedge, Jr., Oswell Bailey, Lemuel Holmes, Charles Little, Jacob Pepper, Joseph Luckey, William F. Btason, Henry Sanderson, Adolphus Dellinger, Samuel Small, Jacob Yundt, Nathaniel Owings, Emanuel K. Deaver, Ignatius P.McCaudless, John Patterson, Thomas Hammond, Samuel H. Harris, Abner Pope, Samuel Shaw, Robert Dutton, Mark Grafton, Thomas Symington, E. R. Robinson, Charles Tiernan ; Suction-men, Philip T. Tyson, Thomas Ellicott, Granville S. Townsend, Samuel Spicer, Francis Sorrell, John Gray, Joseph W. Jacobs, John E. Reese, Francis Dowell, Edward Stewart, John M. Dash, James M. Rowe, Anthony L. Cooke, Henry W. Webster, Edwin H. Alfred, Silas Norris, Samuel Ewing, Charles Baker, George Tyson, Jr., Adam Crandall, George W. Bailey, Benjamin Fahnestock, James Russel, Peter Barger, D. Bruner, Joseph Fairbum, John Watt, Jr., Josiaa Small, Matthias N. Forney, William Gill; Suction Pipe-men, John C. Norris, George Carey; Hose-carriage Guards, William Little, Samuel Ruckle, Thomas L. Berrj-, John Pierce. The following gentlemen composed the honorary members of the company in 1820 : William Gwynn, Robert Smith, Alexander Irwin, William Cole, John Power, George B. Schaeffer, Jas. Carroll, Sr., D. Barnum, Isaac McPher- aon, Peter Forney, James Symington, H. M. Brackenridge, Ebenezer L. Finley, Hartman Elliott, John F. Frieze, Edward Norris, R. P. Simpson, James Russell, George Thomas, Benjamin F. Wheeler, George Weaver John M. Neal, Joshua Dryden, Thomas Ellicott, Benjamin I. Cohen, HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. John H. Short, Col. George H. Stuart, Joseph Cashing, Philip T. Tyson, William Hopkins, James Carroll, Sr , Col. John Berry, Henry Brice, Jacob Albert, Anthony Eimmell, Mark Grafton, Samuel Hopkins, Wil- liam H. Bailey, Amos Price, Jesse Shipley, William W. Wilson, Joseph Young, Isaac Hoopes. In 1820, John Berry, president, was succeeded by Jesse Hunt. In 1844, William Wilson was president, and was succeeded in 1846 by William L. Simms. In 1852, A. J. Levering became president, and was .suc- ceeded in 1856 by Henry Handy, and he in 1857 by William Wilson. In 1858, James Barron was elected president, and was succeeded in 1859 by Thomas S. Sumwalt. In 1861, A. J. Levering again became president, and continued to hold the office until the company disbanded. In 1843 this company had five pieces of apparatus, consisting of two suction-engines I and three hose-carriages. It had eighty active firemen and sixty honorary members, and twelve hundred feet of serviceable hose. Thiscompany was chartered by the Legislature Jan. 26, 1832. In 1841 the engine-house, located on Lombard near Sharp Street, caught fire, and , before the flames were arrested the upper jiart of the building was entirely destroyed. It was thought to be the work of an incendiary. In 1852 the Washing- ton Hose Company went out of service temporarily \ on account of the sale of their engine-house to the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Company. In 1853 the company completed a handsome three-story building on Barre Street near Sharp, and the 20th of Septem- •■ ber, 1858, received a steam fire-engine constructed by Messrs. Murray & Hazelhurst, Vulcan Iron-Works, I of this city. The engine weighed four thousand pounds, and cost three thousand dollars. This steam- engine, the second that was introduced into Balti- I more, was christened " The Home." It was the first engine of the kind built in Baltimore, and upon trial proved entirely satisfactory. The following gentle- men composed the building committee to superintend the work : Thomas S. Sumwalt, A. J. Levering, Wil- liam C. Simmons, and George M. Sullivan. The fire commi.ssioners of Baltimore in 1859 purchased this i engine and also the engine-house in fee, which was at that time the finest building of the kind in the city, j Their two suction-engine.s, "The Southern" and the " Gazelle," were sold to the corporation of Knoxville, j Tenn., for the sum of twelve hundred and fifty dollars, including two hose-reels and five hundred feet of hose. The Patapsco Fire Company had its origin in July, 1822, in the appointment of a committee from each ward to solicit subscriptions to aid in its estab- lishment. The following gentlemen composed the committee : John Augell and Henry Elliott, First and Second Wards ; S. G. Cald- well and James Cox, Third Ward ; John Milhuen and C. E. Cook, Fourth { Ward ; G. D. Elsworth and A. E. Warner, Fifth Ward ; Peter Nefl' and L. h. Townsend, Sixth Ward; William F. Redding and Joseph Cone, j Seventh Ward; Ephraim Barker and G. V. Raymond, Eiglith Ward; H. j W.Evans and Samuel Nightingale, Ninth Ward; Thomas Palmer and t J. V. N. Throop, Tenth Ward ; Nathan Levering and Charlee Schultz, Eleventh Ward ; G. Hamner and George Stiles, Twelfth Ward. ' The proceedings of this meeting were signed by Wm. F. Redding, secretary. The company was in- corporated by the Legislature Feb. 28, 1826, with J. I. Cohen, president, and the members thereof as in- corporators. In 1843 the company owned five pieces of apparatus, consisting of one gallery-engine, one suction-engine, three hose-carriages, with one thou- sand one hundred feet of serviceable hose. The en- gine-house was located first at the corner of Fayette and North Streets. In 1849 it was sold to Mrs. Rachael Colvin, and the company purchased a lot and built a new engine-house on St. Paul near Centre Street. The following were the oflScers in 1844: Jacob I.Cohen, Jr., president; Andrew E. Warner, vice-pres- ident; Thomas Wildey, trea.surer; and Walter E. Jones, secretary. For the year 1850 the Hon. Wm. Pinkuey Whyte was elected president, with Christian H. Smith, vice-president ; John P. Posey, treasurer ; Geo. V. Metzel, secretary; Benj. F. Adams, engineer. J. I. Cohen, who had been president for twenty-six years, declined re-election, but was still continued as a representative of the fire department. In 1852 Mr. Whyte was succeeded as president by James H, Lucket. In 1855, Mendez I. Cohen was elected presi- dent, and was .succeeded by Jesse Hunt in 1858. Mr. Cohen was re-elected in 1865. In 1861 the engine- house of the company on St. Paul Street was sold at public auction to Michael Roach for eighteen hun- dred dollars ; at the same time the large gallery-en- gine, which originally cost two thousand dollars, was sold for one hundred and seventy-five dollars to Jesse Hunt, and the suction-engine, built by John Rogers, of Baltimore, was sold for one hundred and fifty dol- lars to D. B. Banks. The Howard Fire Company was chartered by the Legislature March 1, 1830, with the following incor- porators : Samuel McCIellan, George Keyser, George W. Williamson. Jame^ Blair, McCIintock Young, Alcaeus B. Wolf, William Walls, Peter Sauerwein, Jr., George Hathower, B. B. Simpson, Vjilentine Dushane, Robt. O'Reilly, John R. Piper, John Grubb, John W. Walker, Franklin Raburg, D. W. B. McCIellan, John Hooper, John H. Dorsey, George Sauerwein, Levj Bowei-son, John Ritney, John Winn, Jr., Stephen Waters, and Alexau- ander Waters. In 1843 the company owned four pieces of appa- ratus, — two suction-engines and two hose-carriages, — and nine hundred feet of serviceable hose, and had two hundred active firemen and sixty-two honorary mem- bers. Their engine-house was situated on Paca near Fayette Street. On the 2d of October, 1834, at a meet- ing of the company, it was resolved to recommend to the several fire companies to close their engine-houses and not to open them until the proper authorities or property-owners generally should adopt such ener- getic measures as would ensure the firemen security in the discharge of their duties. In July of the same year the company, having suffered severely from the burning of their engine-house by an incendiary, passed resolutions announcing their determination to ferret out the villains engaged in the wanton destruc- FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 255 tion, and also appointed a committee to wait on the mayor to request him to co-operate with them by offering a reward for the arrest of the incendiaries. A committee was also appointed to solicit subscriptions from the citizens to enable tlie company to repair their losses. The committee was composed of William G. Gorsuch, Benj. Caughey, Dr. Perkins, John C. Rau, William Barnet, Edmund Bull, George Keilholtz, Wil- liam Reed, and William Allen. In 1845 the following gentlemen were elected officers of the company for that year: John W. Durst, president; Jos. Carson, first vice-president; William O. Helm, second vice- president ; Samuel Reese, treasurer ; William H. Fow- ler, secretary; Elijah Carson, chief engineer. Francis A. Miller succeeded as president in 1846, and Asa H. Smith in 1851. Mr. Smith was followed by Charles E. Griffith in 1853, but was re-elected in 1855, and was succeeded by Thomas A. Cooper in 1856, Chas. H. Short in 1859, J. F. Bowers in 1861, and Michael Hamman in 1863. In 1859 the fire commissioners of Baltimore purchased the company's fine house and lot on Paca Street, now occupied by No. 2 Truck and Engine Company, for the Paid Fire Department for the sum of five thousand dollars. The small suction- engine of the company was purchased by Messrs. R. Townsend & Co., of Fallston, Beaver Co., Pa., for two hundred and seventy-five dollars. The steam- engine of the company was sold to the Shiffler Hose Company of Philadelphia, including a reel, for five hundred dollars. The Watchman Fire Company was organized in 1840, and incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed March 2, 1842. The incorporators were : Langly B. Culley, the president of the company ; John S. Brown, Abraham Busch, and Thomas W. Jay. the vice-presidents ; and Joseph Craig, Michael Dorsey, Gideon Brown, Joseph Donovan, John Watch- man, Henry Meyers, George Klasey, and Richard H. Middleton, In 1843 the company was equipped with four suc- tion-engines and two hose-reels and a new suction and seven hundred feet of hose. The company consisted of three hundred and twenty active firemen and one hundred and sixteen honorary members. They were first located near Watchman & Butts' foundry, but in July, 1843, the company laid the corner-stone of a new building on Light Street, near York, Elijah Wat- son, builder. At the ceremonies of laying the corner- stone, prayer was offered by the Rev. John Guest, and a speech was made by T. Y. Walsh. The corner-stone contained among other things a piece of Gen. Wash- ington's coffin wrapped in a copy of the Declaration of Independence. On January 10, 1846, the follow- ing members were elected officers for the ensuing year: Henry E. Barton, Jr., president ; Elijah Bishop, Jacob Grurer, and Hugh McNeal, vice-presidents; Isaac N. Denson, treasurer ; William Alexander and George Russell, secretaries ; and John Hornagle, chief engineer. In 1855, William H. Thornton suc- ceeded Mr. Barton as president. In 1858, Joseph R. Stephens was elected president. The Lafayette Hose Company was organized in 1842 with Samuel Boyd as president, and four pieces of apparatus, consisting of two suction-engines and two hose-carriages. The company was composed of two hundred and forty-eight active and forty honorary members, and had at the time it was instituted twelve hundred feet of hose. Its engine-house was located at the corner of Caroline and Silver Streets. In 1843 it occupied a new engine-house nearly opposite, on Caroline near Pitt Street. The company was incor- porated on the 24th of January, 1842, with the follow- ing incorporators : Samuel Boyd, Charles Ingram, Thomas Gifford, Stephen McCoy, George Schock, J. W. Hall, William Devere, William McKinley, Peter Carothers, William Pierce, William Rusk, David W. Hudson, Nathan- iel Hall, Thomas H. Duvall, I'rancis Luke, Richard Fonder, Frederick Davis, Augustus Olivane, Solomon J. Willis, William B. Boyd, Samuel Bowen, Thomas H. Willis, James E. Foreman, William L. Wisehraigh, Edward M. Kellum, William D. Boherts, N. Merryman, James Quay, and Thomas Guay. The first officers were: Samuel Boyd, president; Wm. D. Roberts, vice-president; M.S. Mc- Coy, treasurer; J. W. Hall, secretary; and Messrs. Charles Ingram, George Schock, R. Fonder, A.C. Kendall, and M. McClintock, directori. In 184a the offlcera were Alex. Gifford, president; W. D. Roberts, first vice-president; Hugh Gifford, second vice-president; David I'arr, treas- urer; Benj. J. Clark, secretary; and Fred. Davis, engineer. In 1847 they were James McNabb, president; Wm. McKinley and Samuel W. Bowcn, vice-presi- dents. In 1848, Wm. Devere was elected president, and in 1851 was succeeded by John W. Hall, and in 1854, Mr. Devere was again elected. He was suc- ceeded in 1855 by R. T. Wilkinson, followed in 1860 by Wm. McKinley, the last president. The company having served its purposes, in 1860 it followed its predecessors and went out of existence. Its fine engine-house was sold for a public school, and its notable steeple disapjieared. The Monumental Hose Company. — The organi- zation of the Miinuniental Hose Company was au- thorized by an ordinance passed by the City Council of Baltimore on the 17th of April, 1851. The com- pany proposed to use nothing but a hose-carriage and to furnish the hose at their own expense, and was composed of highly respectable young men. The first appearance of the Monumental was at a fire at Fell's Point on the night of May 21, 1851. The offi- cers elected in June of that year were composed of the following-named gentlemen : President, James L. D. Gill ; Vice-President, John E. Heald ; Secretary, Charles M. Chase ; Treasurer, Joseph M. Boyle ; Chief Engineer, B. Frank Crane. In 1853, George P. Frick was made president; John P. Cummins, vice-president; Isaac J. Fowler, secretary; Joseph M. Boyle, treasurer ; and G. Edmund Valitte, chief engineer. In 1854, J. P. Cummins was elected presi- dent ; John R. Heald, vice-president ; Charles Chase, treasurer ; H. L. Armstrong, secretary ; and W. H. Edwards, engineer. The following officers served for the year 1858 : President, J. P. Cummins ; Vice- President, Howard Heald ; Secretary, Geo. B. Chase ; HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Treasurer, S. M. Chappell ; Delegates to the Balti- more United Fire Department, J. P. Cummins, S. M. Chappell, L. N. Buckler, E. Law Rogers, Charles R. Smith, Charles A. Oliver, Geo. B. Chase. In 1860 the following gentlemen composed the officers of the company : Jacob Heald, president ; Howard Heald, vice-president ; George B. Chase, secretary ; Samuel M. Chappell, treasurer; J. Heald, John P. Cummins, C. A. Oliver, J. M. Chappell, J. S. Wineberger, Geo. B. Chase, and Charles R. Smith, delegates to the Baltimore United Fire Department. The Western Hose Company was established by an ordinance of the City Council in 1852. Its first location was on West Baltimore Street, near Green, but in 18.57 it was moved to a new house, which it erected on Green Street, near Baltimore. In 18.55 a motion was made at a meeting of the United Fire Department to admit the Western Hose into its membership, but it was defeated ; afterwards, how- ever, it was received into the department. At an election of officers of the company, April 7, 1852, the following gentlemen were elected : Charles F. Cloud, president ; John C. Ensor, vice-president ; D. Allen Mantz, secretary ; Joseph T. Logan, treasurer. In 1856, Joseph T. Logan succeeded Charles F. Cloud as president, and he was succeeded by .Joseph H. Amey in 1857. In 1859, J. T. Tucker was elected president, and continued in that office until 1864. Pioneer Hook-and-Ladder Company, No. 1, was inaugurated by a public procession of its uniformed members in 1852. The uniform was handsome and becoming, and consisted of black hats with the name | in front, silver lettered, black coat and pants, the latter protected by leather covering. The company occupied a three-story brick house on Harrison Street near Fayette. Their apparatus was manufac- ' tured by Messrs. Rogers & So^n, and delivered to the 1 company on the 22d of October, 1852, when the parade | took place. The following were the parade officers: Charles T. HoUoway, president ; B. F. Cole, acting I vice-president; John M. Denison, secretary; L. H. | JIatthews, treasurer; with John M. Denison, marshal. Ill 1853 the following were the officers of the company : Charles T. Holloway, president ; Hugh B. Jones, vice-president; John M. Denison, secretary; and Samuel H. Matthews, engineer. The Pioneer Com- pany had an excellent library for the use of its mem- bers. The officers of the library association in 1855 were William G. Holbrook, president ; R. W. Bower- man, vice-president ; M. O'Brien, secretary ; L. A. Sanders, treasurer; Trustees, Alexander Geddes, William D. Jones, Henry Claridge, Benjamin Stan- ton ; Librarian, Alexander Geddes. Mount Vernon Hook-and-Ladder Company was organized Sept. 9, 1853, with the following officers : President, B. F. Zimmermann ; First Vice-President, George F. Zimmerman ; Second Vice-President, Thomas Whelan ; Secretary, George W. Lindsay ; Treasurer, Nathan F. Dushane. The apparatus of the Mount Vernon was kept for some time in the quarters of the Western Hose Company until the company obtained a building on the west side of Bid- die Street near Ross (Druid Hill Avenue), but that structure being destroyed by fire the apparatus was kept in a shed nearly opposite. In 1855, Col. George J. Zimmerman was elected president, who was suc- ceeded in 1858 by George F. Blinseuger, and in 1859 by John Hielbert. In 1861, William J. Nicholas was president. On the night of Aug. 18, 1855, on their return from a fire a terrible fight occurred between the Mount Vernon and New Market companies at the corner of Franklin and Park Streets, in which bricks, axes, picks, hooks, and pistols were freely used. In the desperate struggle two men were mortally and a number badly wounded. Upon the organization of the Paid Fire Department tlie Mount Vernon com- pany went out of existence. The United States Hose Company was formed March 8, 1854, at a meeting called for that purpose at the Seventeenth Ward House. The City Council on March 20th gave authority for the organization and establishment of this company in William Street, on Federal Hill. The company commenced operations as firemen with a hose-carriage purchased in Philadel- phia, and with five hundred feet of hose presented to them by the difierent fire companies of Baltimore. The following were the first officers of the company : President, John H. Travers; Vice-Presidents, William Koonsmary, Thomas Meshaw, J. P. Baxter; Secretary, George W. Rider ; Treasurer, Josiah Orem. In 1855, Joseph P. Baxter was elected president, and was suc- ceeded in 1856 by William M. Starr. In 1864 the following gentlemen were elected officers of the com- pany : President, Joseph P. Baxter ; James Carr, vice-president ; George Rider, secretary ; Edward Al- baugh, treasurer; delegates to the Baltimore United Fire Department, J. P. Baxter, Edward Albaugh, Daniel Shanks, John Marshall, George Rider, James Carr, and James Classey. In September, 1857, a riot occurred in the vicinity of the engine-house of this company between its members and adherents and members of the Mount Vernon Hook-and-Ladder and the Washington Hose Companies, in which several men were shot. Paid Fire Department— For many years prior to the abolition of the old Volunteer Fire Department the subject of introducing a new system had occupied the public mind, and as early as 1849 the attention of the City Council had been formally called to the matter by the mayor. In his message of that year he says, — • "For many years past the peace of the city has been disturbed. Or- dinances have been passed, and the City Council anxiously concerned to devise some means to stay tlie violence and outrage attendant upon actual fires and false alarms, too often got up for such purposes." At the session of 1849, two reports were made, one in favor of organizing a Paid Fire Department with twelve companies. The condition of the city treas- ury at that time, however, was not such as to warrant (JHAKLES T. IIALLUWAY. FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. the increased expenditure which would have been necessitated by the establishment of a Paid Depart- ment, and no practical action was taken upon the mayor's suggestions. On the 31st of January, 1853, the United Fire Department took up the subject of reorganization, and a committee of one from each company was appointed to devise a plan for this purpose. At the July meeting in 1853 the majority of the committee reported a plan for a Paid Department with a chief engineer, and the minority presented an .adverse plan. The majority report was rejected by a large vote, and the report of the minority was laid on the table. In 1854 the subject was revived, and on the 15th of December in that year a petition, signed by numerous and prominent merchants and business men of Baltimore, was presented in the First Branch of the City Council, praying a change in the organi- zation of the Fire Department.' After referring to the well-known evils of the system then existing, the petition suggested the " expediency of passing an or- dinance to the effect of creating a department which should be paid by the city." In order " to raise the funds for the special purpose without increasing their already onerous taxes," the petitioners expressed the opinion that "by making the city of Baltimore a general fire insurance company the surplus arising from the payment of premiums would be ample to meet all necessary expenses, and leave a handsome revenue to the city besides." The subject was then allowed to rest until Feb. 11, 1856, when a resolution was adopted by the United Department and sent to the City Council, requesting that body not to grant the use of the streets to any more fire companies. This request was denied, but in 18.57 the First Branch adopted a resolution prohibiting the formation of any more volunteer companies. On the 18th of January, 1858, the attention of the City Council was once more called to the subject by the mayor, who in his message of that date emphatically declared that the "Fire Department required reorganization," and urged prompt and eftective action. On the 19th of May, Mr. Kirk submitted a resolution which was adopted, providing for the appointment of a commission of nine persons to examine the whole question and re- port a plan " for the thorough organization of the Fire Department of Baltimore." The commission was accordingly appointed, and after investigation made two reports, the majority recommending the reor- ganization of the existing department, and the mi- nority report, by Henry Spilman, urging the establish- ment of a Paid Fire Department. The two reports of the commission were referred to the joint standing committee of the two branches, which adopted the plan suggested in the majority report, and submitted an ordinance embodying its features to the Second 1 Oh the lat of February, 1855, a trial of the " Latta" steam-engine ■was made at Bowley's wbiirf, in the presence of an immense concourse of Branch of the City Council. While the commission was still in session a meeting was held, on July 1st, by the United Fire Department, at which resolutions were adopted protesting against the violent dismem- berment of the organization, and requesting the ap- pointment of a committee of representatives from the various companies, for the purpose of preparing a plan for the reorganization of the department. A plan and ordinance were reported by this committee, which were submitted to the City Council in Septem- ber, at the same time as the ordinance and reports already mentioned. While the subject was still before the council, numerous memorials signed by active firemen were presented favoring the establish- ment of a Paid Fire Department, and arguments on the question were made before the mayor by the presi- dents of the several companies. The ordinance re- ported by the committee, proposing a simple reor- ganization of the department, was passed by the City Council, but on the 16th of November it was vetoed by the mayor. A joint special committee of the City Council was then appointed to consider the sugges- tions made in the veto message, and reported an ordi- nance for the establishment of a Paid Department, which was passed on the 9th of December, and ap- proved by the mayor on the following day. Charles T. Holloway was appointed chief engineer of the force, and under his management the new system, which he had long advocated, began almost immediately to prove its superiority to the old. Mr. Holloway was among the first to see that the steam fire-engine was certain to supersede the old hand- engine, and he had one brought from Cincinnati to exhibit its workings to the people of Baltimore. The I new " machine" created a profound impression, and I in a short time Mr. Holloway succeeded in securing its adoption in Baltimore. Born in Baltimore, Dec. 25, 1827, he had grown up, as it were, with the old i volunteer system, and by long experience had learned i precisely where it was defective, and the dangers and errors against which the new department should guard. His parents, Robert and Eleanor Holloway, though of Revolutionary stock, were members of the Society of Friends, and he was the fifth in a family of eight children. His father was a watch and clock-maker, and made, fifty odd years ago, the clock now in the tower of the engine-house at Gay and Ensor Streets, Baltimore, ^ then occupied by the old Independent Engine Com- \ pany, of which he was an active member. His son ' inherited the father's predilections for this service, and at the age of fifteen he was president of the Hope Junior Fire Company. Charles T. Holloway also inherited his father's busiMess, and in 1850, while en- gaged in it, organized the Pioneer Hook-and-Ladder Company, the first in the city, of which he was presi- i dent for nine years. Such a company was then a novelty, but it became an exceedingly useful adjunct to the department, and Mr. Holloway's reputation as 258 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. a practical fireman was greatly enhanced by its suc- cess. In 1864, Mr. Holloway resigned the position of chief engineer of the Paid Department, and in parting with him the City Council passed resolutions commending his invaluable services, and tendering him the thanks of the public. The members of the department pre- sented him with a magnificent watch and chain as a testimonial of their esteem. He had previously, in 1859, received from the Pioneer Hook-and-Ladder Company a highly complimentary series of resolutions passed at a meeting of that organization. In 1868 he was appointed to the important office of fire inspector, which he has so administered as to save much valuable property at fires, to detect cases of incendiarism, and to suggest methods of protection against conflagrations. He has rendered the public great service by procuring the passage of laws providing for the inspection of illuminating oils and the prevention of the sale of such as are dangerous. When the principal insurance companies determined upon the formation of the Salvage Corps, Mr. Holloway organized and .still controls that very useful ally of the Fire Department. On the morning of Nov. 20, 1870, while on duty at a fire on South Charles Street, he was shock- ingly hurt by the falling of a wall upon him. For four hours he was imprisoned among the flames, almost suffocated by smoke and steam. His sufferings were terrible, but he was finally rescued and brought back to life. In gratitude to Providence for his es- cape from death he presented St. Andrew's Protestant Episcopal Church, of which he is a vestryman, with a superb marble altar. In 1870, Mr. Holloway as- sisted in the organization of the present Fire Depart- ment of Pittsburgh, and the Board of Commissioners thanked him by resolutions " for his very kind as- sistance and many valuable suggestions." He is vice-president of the several boards of the Baltimore United Fire Department. He is largely engaged in the manufacture of chemical fire extinguishers of his own invention, which he has brought very close to perfection. He also builds hook-and-ladder trucks on plans of his own, and has patents on velocipedes and other inventions. He married Anna H. Ross, daughter of the late Capt. Reuben Ross, Oct. 12, 1854. One of the most noticeable changes introduced by the new system was the large reduction in the force employed, the whole number of men in the Paid Department at its inauguration being only one hun- dred and fifty-three, or not more than often seen attached to a single engine under the volunteer man- agement. Immediately upon the approval of the ordinance establishing the Paid Department, the Mechanical, First Baltimore, New Market, and other companies tendered their services until the organ- ization of the new system should be completed. Ac- cording to the first report of the fire commissioners appointed by the ordinance, the estimated cost of the new department for 1859 was as follows : Salary of chief engineer, $1200; clerk, $700; two assistant engineers, $600 each ; eight firemen, at $300 each ; six firemen, at $475 each ; eight hostlers, at $400 each; fifty-four extra men, at $200 each; twenty- eight extra men, at $200 each; keep of hook-and- ladder horses, $3300 ; fuel and gas for engine-houses, $500 ; tallow, oil, etc., for oiling hose, $200 ; repairs of hose and machinery, $1500 ; rent of houses and stables, in case of no purchase, $2000 ; incidentals : brooms, soap, buckets, tools, etc., $300; six steam- engines, $21,000 ; one hook-and-ladder company, $1200; hose, $6000; hose-carriages, $1500; horses, $5000; harness, $1000; total estimated cost for salaries, apparatus, etc., for 1859, $75,770. From the second report of the commissioners, made on the 2d of January, 1860, it appears that the total expenses of the Fire Department to that date were $123,185.33, embracing the outlay for construction and purchase of all the property then belonging to or in use by the department, as well as the current expenses of the same. When the first report was made only three steam-engine companies and one hook-and-ladder company had been organized, but when the second report was submitted four more steam-engine companies and one hook-and-ladder company had been brought into service, making the seven steam-engine companies and two hook-and- ladder companies contemplated by the ordinances establishing the Paid Department. The steam-engine companies were the " Alpha," No. 1, built by Reaney, Neafie & Co., Philadelphia, and purchased of the First Baltimore Hose Company ; " Home," No. 2, built by Murray & Hazlehurst, Baltimore, and pur- chased of the Washington Hose Company ; " Comet," No. 3, built by Reaney, Neafie & Co., Philadelphia, and purcha.sed of the Vigilant Fire Company ; "John Cushing," No. 4, built by Pool & Hunt, Baltimore; " Thomas Swann," No. 5, built by Murray & Hazle- hurst, Baltimore ; " Deluge," No. 6, built by Murray & Hazlehurst, Baltimore ; " Baltimore," No. 7, built by Poole & Hunt, Baltimore. These engines went into service under tne new system at the following dates : " Alpha," No. 1, " Home," No. 2, and "Comet," No. 3, Feb. 15, 1859; "John Cushing," No. 4, May 6, 1859; "Thomas Swann," No. 5, May 1, 1859; "Deluge," No. 6, May 17, 1859; "Balti- more," No. 7, Sept. 27, 1859. The first Board of Fire Commissioners was composed of John Cushing, president; William H. Stran, John W. Loane, John T. Morris, and W. H. Quincy. The officers were : Chief Engineer, Charles T. Holloway ; Assistant Engineers, James L. Stewart and James Wesley Shaw ; Clerk to the Fire Commissioners, Daniel Su- per. The apparatus now in service consists of thir- teen steam fire-engines, twenty-six four-wheel hose- carriages, twelve steam heaters for engines, located in the houses as follows : one each in Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12; four hook-and-ladder FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. trucks in regular service; four fuel-tenders, -located at Nos. 1, 5, and 12 Engine Companies, and at No. 1 Hook-and-Ladder Company ; one supply-wagon ; twenty-four fire-extinguishers, two of which are carried on each hook-and-ladder truck, and two on each of the hose-carriages of Nos. 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, and 13 Engine Companies; five Concord wagons, with gongs attached, for the use of the officers of the department, which are located at the following houses: chief engineer's, at No. 2 Engine Com- pany ; assistant engineer's, eastern district, at No. 6 Engine Company; assistant engineer's, western district, at No. 4 Hook-and-Ladder Company ; super- intendent of telegraph, at No. 4 Hook-and-Ladder Company ; lineman of telegraphs, at No. 13 Engine Company ; one Jaggar wagon, with cover, for use of veterinary officer of the department; in reserve without companies, three first-class steam fire-en- gines and equipments, and one second-class steam iire-engine and equipment. The general officers consist of one chief engineer, two assistant engineers, and one veterinary officer. The force consists of thirteen foremen of engine com- panies, four foremen of hook-and-ladder companies, thirteen engine-men, thirteen assistant engine-men, seventeen hostlers, four tiller-men, one house-man, at- tached to No. 4 Hook-and-Ladder Company, one hun- dred and four firemen, and thirty-nine ladder-men. They are divided into seventeen companies, thirteen of which are engine and four hook-and-ladder com- panies. Each company also averages five substitutes, who give their services to the department without com- pensation except when on duty for regular members, and are always in the line of promotion, according to their good behavior and attendance. Engine Company No. 1 went in service February, 1859. Engine-house situated on Paca Street north of Fayette Street. Has in charge one steam fire- engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, one wood- tender, four horses and harness, with all necessary equipments for service. Engine Company No. 2 went in service February, 1859. Engine-house situated on Barre Street west of Sharp Street. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, two fire-extinguishers, six horses and harness (two of which are for the use of the chief engineer), with all necessary equipments for service. Engine Company No. 3 went into service February, 1859. Engine-house situated on Lombard Street east of High Street. Has in charge one steam fire-en- gine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, four horses and harness, with all necessary equipments for service. Engine Company No. 4 went into service February, 1859. Engine-house situated on North Street near Fayette Street. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, five horses and harness, with all necessary equipments. Engine Company No. 5 went in service April, 1859. Engine-house situated on Ann Street, south of Pratt Street. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, four horses and har- ness, with all the necessary equipments. Engine Company No. 6 went into service April, 1859. Engine-house situated corner of Gay and En- sor Streets. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, five horses and harness, with all necessary equipments for service and two fire-extinguishers. Engine Company No. 7 went into service April, 1859. Engine-house situated corner Eutaw Street and Druid Hill Avenue. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, two fire- extinguishers, five horses and harness, with all neces- sary equipments. Engine Company No. 8 went into service March, 1871. Engine-house situated on Mulberry Street west of Schroeder Street. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, two fire- extinguishers, four horses and harness, with all neces- sary equipments. Engine Company No. 9 went into service February, 1872. Engine-house situated on Madison Street near Broadway. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, one reserve steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-car- riages, two fire-extinguishers, five horses and harness. Engine Company No. 10 went in service December, 1872. Engine-house situated on Columbia Avenue east of Poppleton Street. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, four horses and harness, with all necessary equipments for service. Engine Company No. 11 went in service December, 1874. Engine-house situated corner Eastern Avenue and Gist Street. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, one reserve steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose- carriages, five horses and harness. Engine Company No. 12 went into service February, 1875. Engine-house situated corner Johnson Street and Fort Avenue. Has in charge one steam fire-en- gine, one reserve steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, two fire-extinguishers, one wood-ten- der, five horses and harness. Engine Company No. 13 went in service March, 1876. Engine-house situated corner Myrtle Avenue and Fremont Street. Has in charge one steam fire- engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, two reserve trucks with ladders, two fire-extinguishers, six horses and harness. Hook-and-Ladder Company No. 1 went into service February, 1859. Truck-house situated on Harrison Street north of Baltimore Street. Has in charge one truck, one reserve fire-engine, one wood tender, two fire-extinguishers, three horses and harness, with all necessary ladders and equipments. Hook-and-Ladder Company No. 2 went into service April, 1859. Truck-house situated on Paca Street 260 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. north of Fayette Street. Has in charge one truck, two fire-extinguishers, two horses and harness. Hook-and-Ladder Company No. 3 went into service January, 1871. Truck-house situated on Ann Street south of Pratt Street. Has in charge one truck, two fire-extinguishers, one wood-tender, three horses and harness. Hook-and-Ladder Company No. 4 went into service December, 1880. Truck-house situated on Biddle Street west of Druid Hill Avenue. Has in charge one truck, one hose-carriage in reserve, two fire-ex- tinguishers, two horses and harness. The expenses of the department for 1880 were $189,387.86; the estimated expenses for 1881 are $196,435. The present officers of the department are : Board of Fire Commissioners, Samuel W. Regester, president; Mayor F. C. Latrobe, ex officio member ; Thomas W. Campbell, Bartholomew E. Smith, Charles B. Sling- lufT, Samuel T. Hanna, J. F. Morrison ; Secretary and Clerk, George A. Campbell ; Chief Engineer, John M. Hennick; Assistant Engineers, George W. EUen- der, Thomas W. Murphy; Fire Inspector, Charles T. Holloway. The Salvage Corps is situated at No. 27 North Liberty Street. Fire-Alarm and Police Telegraph.— The estab- lishment of a municipal fire-alarm and police tele- graph was suggested by the Sun in 1854, and its introduction was again urged upon the City Council in the following year, but, like many other valuable suggestions, it passed unheeded for a time. The sub- ject continued to be agitated, however, and on the 11th of March, 1857, a petition containing several thousand signatures was jiresented to the First Branch of the City Council, praying " the erection of a police ! and fire-alarm telegraph in the city." In April of the i same year the members of the City Council were in- j vited to visit Philadelphia to witness tlie working of i the police and fire-alarm telegraph which had recently { been introduced there, and a joint special committee, consisting of Messrs. James H. Wood, John Duke- I hart, and Amos McComas, of the First Branch, and j Messrs. F. E. B. Heintz, George AV. Herring, and j Lemuel Bierbower, of the Second Branch, were ap- i pointed to proceed to that city and examine the oper- ation of the new system. They left Baltimore on the 14th of April, and on their return made a report fa- vorable to the introduction of the same system in Bal- timore, accompanied by resolutions authorizing a contract to be made with Messrs. Phillips & Co. for I the construction of the telegraph and fire-alarm ap- i paratus, provided the cost should not exceed thirty thousand dollars. On the 26th of May these resolu- tions were unanimously adopted by the First Branch of the City Council, but on the 28th were rejected in : the Second Branch by a tie vote. A committee of conference was appointed by the two branches, and on the 3d of June a report was made in the First Branch, and resolutions adopted authorizing the comptroller to advertise in two of the daily papers " for proposals for the erection in the city of a police and fire-alarm telegraph for the use of the city, with no less than thirty-five alarm stations." On the 9th these resolu- tions were concurred in by the Second Branch, with an amendment requiring further legislation by the Council before any contract should be made under their provisions. Proposals for the work were made by Henry J. Rogers and James L. McPhial, William J. Phillips and J. M. Gamewell & Co., the latter offer- ing to undertake the work for thirty-three thousand five hundred dollars. On the 16th of September the joint special committee on the subject reported in the First Branch of the City Council resolutions author- izing the mayor, register, and comptroller to contract with Messrs. Gamewell and Phillips, on behalf of Gamewell, Phillips, Robertson, and Browning, to erect a fire-alarm and police telegraph for the use of the city, and the resolutions were unanimously adopted in that branch on the following day, and in the Sec- ond Branch on the 22d of the same month. It was provided, however, that they should not be operative unless the ordinance for the reorganization of the Fire Department should become a law. The mayor's veto of the ordinance upon which the resolutions were made dependent necessitated their reintroduction at the following session of the City Council, and they were accordingly again passed by the First Branch on the 22d of November. On the 1st of December they received the approval of the Second Branch, which attached the proviso that the cost should not exceed thirty -three thousand dollars. The sanction of the City Council having thus at length been obtained, the erec- tion of the lines was commenced the middle of March, 1859, and the work was completed on the 27th of June, and formally transferred to the city two days after- wards. The first test of the power of the telegraphic wires was made on the 27th, in ringing the bell con- nected with the engine-house of the " Alpha," on Paca Street near Fayette. On the 31st of August connection with the eastern, western, and southern police-stations was made from the central olfice in the old city hall, and the first words sent over the wires to the southern police station was the name of the marshal of police, Mr. Herring, who happened to be at that point. At the fall elections of 1863 the police and fire-alarm telegraph was employed for the first time to transmit the returns of a general election. In August, 1867, the police commissioners purchased new telegraphic instruments for the marshal's office and the several station-houses, and the police tele- graph then became separate and distinct from the fire-alarm telegraph. In 1877 an ordinance was passed by which the management and control of the police and fire-alarm telegraph was placed in the hands of the Board of Fire Commissioners, of which the mayor was constituted a member. During the same year the boxes of the old system were discarded, and on the 3d of December the new police and fire- FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 261 alarm telegraph was put in operation. Charles J. McAleese is the superintendent. The Salvag'e Corps of Baltimore, while not a part of the Paid Department, is one of the most valuable agencies connected with the present system for the preservation and protection of property. It was or- ganized through the efforts of Messrs. Charles B. Hol- loway, Andrew Reese, and others connected with in- surance interests, and is supported by fire insurance companies. It is equipped with two wagons, Hollo- way's Chemical Extinguisher, buckets, and water- proof covers. The duties of the Salvage Corps are to extinguish incipient fires, to protect perishable goods by water-proof covers, to remove goods to a place of safety, to take charge of damaged goods, and to notify companies of the perilous condition of the premises. Prominent Fires. — 1749. The first recorded fire in Baltimore occurred March 10, 1749, in the house of Greenbury Dorsey, by which one man, four chil- dren, and a colored girl were burned to death. 1776. — September IS. The main building and the east wing of the almshouse were nearly consumed by fire. 1779. — February 4. The brewery of James Steret was destroyed; rebuilt, and destroyed Nov. 4, 1783; rebuilt by Thomas Peters, of Philadelphia, and again destroyed by fire some years afterwards, and again re- built. 1790.— The residence of the Carrolls at Mount Clare was partially destroyed by fire, and all the fur- niture damaged. 1796.— December 4. The building on Light Street occupied by John Parks, hatter, the drug-store occupied by Dr. Goodwin, adjoining, and the cab- inet manufactory of Williamson & Smith, on the south side, together with the two-story residence of Mr. Hawkins, on the north side, with the Baltimore Academy and the Methodist church, were destroyed by fire. The buildings were opposite " Bryden's Fountain Inn," which was in very great danger of destruction. This was the largest and most destruc- tive fire that up to this date had visited Baltimore Town. 1799.— May 28. The burning of the bake-house of Patrick Millian, on the west side of South Street, occasioned the destruction of fourteen warehouses and much other valuable property between that and Bowley's wharf. The chief losses fell upon James Piper, William Jessop, William Woods, Von Kapft" & Anspach, Benjamin Williams, Rogers & Owens, Solo- mon Betts, James Corrie, Redmond Berry, M. Larew, William Ryland, John McFaddeu, A. W. Davey, Mrs. Lawson, John Strieker, Patrick Millian, Jarard Toep- ken, J. Masey, Lewis Pascault. 1812. — November 21. The large brewery of John- son & Co. was destroyed, and shortly afterwards re- built. • 1817. — February 10. A wing of the jieuitentiary occupied by three hundred prisoners was nearly destroyed. 1818. — October 22. The old tobacco inspection warehouse, corner of Philpot and Queen Streets (now Pratt), Fell's Point, was destroyed, creating a very extensive conflagration, and destroying property of James Morrison, John Robinson, Samuel Kennard, Joseph Coleman, George Wagner, and William Pat- terson. The loss was estimated at $25,000. 1820. — The public warehouse on the Point was de- stroyed by fire. 1822. — June 23. t)ver two million feet of lumber near McElderry's wharf destroyed by fire, with twenty- five or thirty buildings, many of them large and valuable warehouses filled with goods. 1826. — January 17. The "Pantheon," on Court- land Street, was destroyed. 1827.— March IS. The warehouse of Mr. Webb and those adjoining on Howard Street, with their contents, were destroyed. John Rankard and Fred- erick Knipp were killed by a falling wall. 1829. — December 29. Steam sugar-refinery of D. L. Thomas destroyed. 1832.— July 15. Lumber-yard of William Car- son & Co., Buchanan's wharf, together with ware- houses on Smith's wharf, occupied by Messrs. White, Buck & Hedrich, Manning & Hope, Hugh Boyle, and Mr. Lester; by falling walls two persons were killed and four wounded. 1833. — September 27. The planing-mills and lum- ber-yard of Howland & Woollen, Lombard Street near Greene, destroyed, and Columbus Vinkle killed by suction-engine of the Howard Company. 1835. — February 7. The " Athenfeum," southwest corner St. Paul and Lexington Streets, totally de- stroyed, involving the loss of the philosophical appa- ratus of the Mechanical Institute, the library of the Maryland Academy of Arts with valuable cabinets, and a splendid organ belonging to Mr. Shaw. The in- surance on the building was $20,000, in the Equitable Society of Baltimore. Same day, chair-factory of Mr. Daily, Baltimore Street near Jones' Falls, was burned. February 13. The court-house, at that time one of the finest buildings in the country, destroyed, but all the valuable records were saved. During the same week attempts were made to fire Rev. Mr. Duncan's church, Lexington Street ; the Female Orphan Asy- lum, Franklin Street ; the Friends' meeting-house, Lombard Street; the Baltimore Gazette oflice, the Middle police station-house, the museum, the Lib- erty and LTnion engine-houses, the Exchange, and many other public buildings. February 25. The range of stables in the rear of the Western Hotel, then at the corner of Howard and Saratoga Streets, were destroyed, and firemen Wra. McNelly, Stewart D. Downes, Michael Moran, and Wm. Machliu were killed. 1836. — April 8. The Lazaretto warehouse, at Quar- antine, destroved. HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 1888.— February 3. Front Street Theatre anil Cir- cus, then occupied by Cooke's celebrated European Circus Troupe, was entirely consumed by fire. Mr. Cooke lost the whole of his stock, fixtures, machinery, wardrobes, and decorations, including his entire stud ; of nearly fifty beautiful horses. "Gough's Mansion j House," nearly opposite the theatre, occupied by \ Patrick Murphy, was also destroyed. August 8. The extensive soap-factory of Peter Boyd & Co. destroyed by an incendiary fire, and involving in its destruction that of the plow-factory | of Richard P. Chenowith, the shop and dwelling of Richard McLanahan, and the saw-mill and mahogany- yard of Jacob Dalley. August 31. The cabinet-factory of John Needles, ( Cypress Alley above Pratt Street, destroyed ; also the brick house adjoining of W. & J. Neal, occupied by Mr. Cochran as a furniture wareroom ; the Virginia House and American Hotel, owned by R. Smith, on [ the south side, with very great damage to many other I buildings, and destroying values equal to $150,000. i 1840.— March 30. Ths German Lutheran church, built in 1808 at a cost of forty thousand dollars, was totally destroyed, together with its organ. 1842. — The extensive rope-walk of George A. Yon Spreehelsen, Lombard Street, was destroyed by an incendiary, and involved also the dwelling-houses of Wm. Mansten, John Wells, and Wm. Knorr. By the falling of the walls on the next day seven persons 1 were killed or injured, mostly children engaged in ' picking up nails, etc. 1843.— March 9. The fine mansion corner of Madi- son and Hoffman Streets, of Andrew Tiffany, de- stroyed. 1844.— September 10. The lumber-yard of Coates & Glenn, with several stores and dwellings, destroyed. December 29. The shoe-store of Bellinger & Son, the cracker-bakery of Richard C. Mason, the shoe- store of J. H. & Edward Searles, with all their stock of goods, together with the tobacco-factory of Charles Ingram, the clothing-store of John H. Rea, Josephs' lottery-office, corner South and Pratt Streets, and several other houses, were totally destroyed. 184-5. — December 31. Thomas Neilson's observatory and marine telegraph. Federal Hill, and all the ap- paratus totally destroyed. 1847. — May 9. The cabinet-factory of John and James Williams & Co., 58 South Street, the grocery and warehouse of Wm. Chestnut, corner of South and Pratt, Middleton's tobacco and snuff-factory, | Peter Keenan's biscuit and water-cracker factory I were destroyed, with many other buildings seriously damaged. 1848.— January H. The .steamboats the "Wal- cott," belonging to Robert Taylor, and the " Jewess," | of the Norfolk line, destroyed at the end of Patter- son's wharf The " Walcott" was laid up for the I winter, but the " Jewess" was laden with much freight, and was scuttled to prevent total destruction. May 28. Knox's cotton-factory, on the north side of Lexington Street, west of Fremont, with over sixty dwellings, was destroyed. 1849.— January 28. The large beef, pork, and candle-factory of Henry Kimberly, on Buren Street, with contents, destroyed ; loss, $85,000. February 10. The extensive steam soap and can- dle manufactory of Smith & Curlett, northeast corner Holliday and Pleasant Streets, destroyed ; damage, $15,000 ; insurance, $25,000. 1850. — June 4. The extensive livery and carriage stables of Charles Goddard, northeast corner Green and Raborg Streets, destroyed ; horses and carriages saved. July 13. The lumber-yard of John J. Griffith, East Falls Avenue, destroyed, involving also the lumber- yard of James Harker, and injuring the planing-mill of H. Herring, and embracing the entire block from the Falls to President Street, with Messrs. King & Sutton's lumber-yard, two dwelling-houses of Richard Cross on Stiles Street, with four brick dwellings of Robert Cross, Mr. Cousin's cooper-shop, and several small houses occupied by German families; loss, $20,000. 1851. — July 21. The brewery and two houses be- longing to Mr. Mattese, at the then extremity of Saratoga Street, destroyed. July 28. The paint, drug, oil, and glass house of Messrs. Baker Bros., on South Charles Street near Lombard, destroyed to the extent of $13,000 ; insur- ance, .■?51,000. The large building of Leonard Jarvis adjoining, occupied by Cannon, Bennett & Co., auc- tioneers, was partially burned, with all the adjoining building seriously damaged. December 14. The Emmanuel Evangelical Associ- ation church, southeast corner Camden and Eutaw Street, destroyed. December 15. Cook's cotton-factory, on French opposite Chestnut Street, burned. 1853. — June 28. Lower Broadway Market-house, from Thames to Lancaster Street, and two houses on east side of Broadway destroyed. 1854. — March 6. Messrs. Knabe, Gable & Co. sustained a loss of $28,000, Mrs. Frank Sewall of $8600, and W. A. Daushin of $1000. April 29. St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal church, corner Charles and Saratoga Streets, was destroyed. The building cost $140,000. May 14. McElderry & Floyd's lumber-yard. Light Street wharf, between Camden and Conway Streets, with the row of four-story warehouses belonging to Michael Dorsey and Dr. Keenan, much damaged by fire June 10. An extensive fire damaged small tene- ments to the extent of 115,000. October 19. The sash-factory of Crook & Duft", on East Falls Avenue ; the steam works and sash-factory of Lapourelle & Maughlin, on Stiles Street; the luni- ber-vard of Griffith & Cate, five houses on President FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 263 Street, James Bates' establishment, the spice-mill of Crawford & Berry, the coal-office of Jlr. Cliff, the cooper-shop of John Cousin, many tenement houses, and a vessel load of coal destroyed. December 9. The warehouse of J. McGowan & Son, Baltimore Street, east of Paca, with seven other large warehouses, involving a loss of $200,000. Tlie occu- pants were J. McGowan & Sons, wliolesale grocery and liquore; Messrs. Knabe & Gahle, piano manufac- turers; Messrs. Mills & Bro., stoves and tinware; Messrs. Newsham & Co., iron railing manufacturers; Messrs. Mills & Murray, feed-store ; Messrs. Eoth- rock and Peacock, tinners and roofers ; Mr. Caspear, cedar cooper; E. P. Osier, cedar cooper. On Paca I Street the stores of Messrs. Kahler & Smith were also on fire. At one time it was feared that the Eutaw House would be destroyed, but the employes of the establishment well saturated the roof with water, and thus prevented the disaster that might otherwise have ensued. 1855.— April 6. The warehouse No. 266 West Bal- timore Street, occupied by Carey, Howe & Co., whole- sale boot and shoe dealers, and George A. Warder & Co., wholesale hat dealers, destroyed ; losses to the warehouse over $60,000, and to the latter $50,000 ; the falling of the walls destroyed the carpet-factory of Gable, McDowell & Co., with stock valued at $100,000. Total loss between $200,000 and $300,000. May 26. The wholesale clothing warehouse of Dailey, Massey & Maupin, Baltimore Street near Howard ; with that of Devries, Stepliens & Thomas, corner Baltimore and Howard ; that of Norris, Cald- well & Co., grocers ; that of Fisher, Boyd & Co., on Howard Street; that of Mayer & Bro., John Gush- ing, and Enoch Bennet, destroyed and damaged to the extent of nearly $200,000. July 4. The extensive ham and bacon establish- ment of Eoloson & Co., North Paca Street between Lexington and Fayette Streets, destroyed, with injury to dwellings owned by A. H. Reip, Henry Hartsog, and the Howard engine-house. July 12. On Barnes Street, between Broadway and Bond, the scene of a destructive fire. 1856. — September 18. A number of workshops at the Maryland Penitentiary burned. 1 857.— April 14. Nos. 37, 39, and 41 South Charles Street were destroyed by fire, and communicating on Lombard Street to the warehouse of E. L. Parker cfe Co., Hodges & Emack, hardware merchants; Hanley i^ Bansemer, wholesale grocers; Gilpin, Canby & Co., wliolesale druggists, as well as a two-story building, were consumed. No. 37 South Charles Street was occupied by J. S. Robinson, paper-dealer, and L. Harrison & Co., cap manufacturer. No. 39 by R. Edwards & Co., and B. S. & W. A. Loney. No. 41 was occupied by Norris & Bro. The falling of floors caused the deaths of Joseph R. Bruce, Joseph Ward, George Boyle, Jacob Marshek, Joseph Hasson, Wil- liam E. Abell, James Payne, Herman Bollman, Theo- ' dore Brun, Thomas Buckley, Joseph Litzeuger, and Samuel Hargrove. May 14. Lumber-yard of Thomas & Price de- stroyed ; loss, $30,000. November 21. Nos. 318 and 318J West Baltimore Street, occupied by Fisher, Boyd & Brother, importers, and by L. P. D. Newman, boots and shoes, destroyed. 1858. — January 10. The Empire House, corner Low and Forest Streets, destroyed ; also four-story warehouse corner Hanover and Lombard, owned by Col. John E. Howard. March 25. A number of small houses in Dallas Street burned. March 26. Arbiter Hall, No. 3 South Frederick Street, destroyed, and great damage done to several houses on Centre Market Space. 1859. — January 22. Property on Dugan's wharf valued at $20,000 destroyed. March 16. Old Saratoga Brewery, built in 1832 by Gen. Medtart, destroyed. December 11. No. 408 West Baltimore Street, C. M. Steiff, piano manufacturer ; No. 400, P. McGill, feed-store, and three houses owned by William Bowers and used as a coach-factory ; No. 404, Thomas Mc- Glennan; and also at same time No. 577 Pennsylvania Avenue, used as a stable by Benjamin Horn, were destroyed. I860.— September 4. Old Congress Hall, corner Baltimore and Liberty Street, occupied by Summers & Townsend, and by Samuel Dryden, destroyed. December 12. Warehouse No. 246 West Baltimore Street, occupied by Marsden & Brother, also by Mer- ryfield & Stitchcomb, and on the third floor by E. Rosenswig & Co., destroyed, and many buildings seriously damaged. 1861. — January 11. The United States barracks on Lafayette Square destroyed. 1867. — February 8. No. 9 Commerce Street, below Exchange Place, the premises occupied by Charles A. Ross & Co., rectifiers, was entirely destroyed, and values to the amount of $150,000 consumed. No. 11, next door, occupied by W. S. Shurtzs & Co., dealers in salted fish and cheese, and also No. 7, occupied by Adams & Davidson, destroyed, valued at $50,000. 1869.— April 25. The oakum-factory of R. B. Hanna & Co., Thames Street between Ann and Wolf Streets, destroyed, and twenty other houses consumed ; Ran- dolph & Brother, lumber-yard, corner Wolf and Thames Streets; also Charles T. Morris, joiner-shop, 138 Thames Street, loss $6000 ; No. 136, Robert B. Hanna, loss $10,000 ; Nos. 132 and 134, E. H. Frazier & Co., loss $50,000 ; No. 130, John Welch, paint-shop, loss $5000; No. 128, James Wheedon, loss $3000; No. 126, John Vanderhorst; No. 269, South Ann Street, Dr. Inloes; No. 294, Night Day, furniture; No. 292, Peter Smith ; No. 290, Henry Mankin ; No. 288, William Sager ; No. 286, Henry Brown ; No. 284, JVIrs. Vessels ; No. 282, occupied by several fami- lies ; No. 107 Lancaster Street, Boonehorn ; Nos. 109 264 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. and 111, Henry Platte; Nos. 113 and 115, John Tay- lor ; Randolph chapel, on Lancaster Street, with the building adjoining, owned by Mr. Klinefelter; No. 255 South Wolf Street, H. Herbech ; No. 253, F. K. Draihs; No. 251, Mrs. Johnson; No. 249, Mrs. Young ; No. 247, Jackson Ingelfritzs, were destroyed or seriously damaged. November 1. The Abbott Iron Company's rolling- mill damaged to the extent of $70,000. 1870. — November 20. The tobacco warehouse and factory of F. W. Feigner, Nos. 88 and 90 South Charles Street, destroyed ; the wall of the building occupied by J. B. N. & A. L. Berry, commission mer- chants, fell in, crushing in the gable end of Lloyd's Hotel, kept by John O'Dounell, whose leg was frac- tured by the fall. The walls of both buildings fell, burying under the d6bris Fire Inspector Charles T. Holloway, J. B. Hays, Frederick Marsden, and Michael Nolan, of No. 1 Truck Company. Mr. Hol- loway was taken out of the ruins in an unconscious state, but recovered ; Mr. Hays died. Feigner & Co., loss, $50,000 ; Messrs. Berry, $16,500 ; and O'Donnell, $500. 1871.— May 22. Warehouses of Wm. H. Brown & Bro., and Stellman, Henrichs & Co., and dwelling- house were destroyed, valued at $250,000. J. Harry Weaver, memlier of the First Branch City Council, was killed by the explosion of the steam fire-engine " Alpha," at the northwest corner of German and Howard Streets. June 12. The steamer " George Weems" de- .stroyed, and the " George Law" badly damaged, in the Basin. 1872.— January 28. The new ice-boat " Maryland" destroyed ; loss, $25,000. December IS. The planing-mills of Otto Duker & Bro., corner of President Street and Canton Avenue, destroyed. 1873.— May 12. The Protestant Episcopal Church of the Ascension, at the southeast corner of Lafayette Avenue and Oregon Street, was destroyed. June 20. Mount Vernon Company's cotton-mill No. 1, on Jones' Falls, above the city, destroyed, with loss on building and machinery amounting to . $205,000. July 25. The most destructive fire ever known iij Baltimore. The sash and blind factory of Messrs. Jos. Thomas & Son, corner of Park and Clay Streets, took fire, and the combustible materials with which it was filled soon spread the flames, until the area of flame extended over portions of Park, Clay, and Sara- toga Streets. The extensive livery stables of John D. Stewart, No. Ill Lexington Street, were jiartially destroyed. St. Alphonsus' church, Saratoga and Park Streets, as well as the cathedral, were in very great danger, and rescued from destruction only by the un- tiring efforts of people and police. On Lexington Street the First English Lutheran church, with the parsonage an |.i-.M.iited by F. T. D. Taylor, of Baltimore f'.iunty, and was cut of fine wliite marble from the quarries ..n the York road. The monu- icnt stands in an open space, t \ ) hundred teet square, appro- I iiitely called, after the home I Washington," Mount Vernon I 1 iLC It lb surrounded by fine il 11 and two public build- I 1 1 1 e ibody Institute and M uiit \ cinou Methodist Epis- I al church The area inclo- 1 by the iron railing around ill monument is about one liiiridred feet in diameter; the 1 Li^ht of the monument above the ground is,one hundred and eighty-eight feet, and above tide two hundred and eighty- eight feet. The column is one hundred and sixty feet high; the statue is sixteen feet high, and was wrought in three separate pieces from one block of thirty-six tons, each block weighing about five and a half tons when completed. It was elevated successfully, by means of a pair of spars attached to the cap of the column, by pulleys and capstan, planned and directed by Capt. James D. Woodside, of Washington City. The statue is the design and work of Causici, and repre- sents Washington in the State-House at Annapolis, Md., at the instant he resigned his commission. The monument is a stately Doric column of white marble ; the base is fifty feet square and twenty-four feet high ; the number of steps to the gallery surmounting the column is two hundred and twenty. The following in- scription is engraved upon the four sides of the base of the monument : GEORGE WASHINGTON, STATK OF MARYLAND. Born February 22, 1732. Coinmandor-iiiCbief of tho American Army, June 1.5, 1776. Trenton, December 25, 1776. Torktowu, October 19, 1781. Commission resigned at Annapolis, December 23, 1783. President of the United States Mttrcli 4, 1789. Retired to Mount Vernon March 4, 1797. Died December 4, 1799. MOXUMENTS, PARKS, AND SQU^EES. The marble used in the monument was donated by Gen. Charles Kidgely, of Hampton, and the stone- cutting was performed by Gen. William Steuart. The marble is of a very pure kind, free of veins, and is a fine specimen of the native white formation which abounds in the neighborhood of Baltimore. The Wells and KcComas Monument— A meeting of representatives of the various military companies of Baltimore was held March tj, 18-5-1, at the armory of the Wells and McComas Eiflemen, to devise means for obtaining money with which to erect a monument to commemorate the gallant conduct of Wells and McComas, two young men of Baltimore, to whom was attributed the fall of Gen. Ross at the battle of North Point. An organization was effected, called the " Wells and McComas Monument Association." Chiefly through the efforts of the Wells and McComas Eiflemen, sufficient means were finally obtained to in- sure the success of the patriotic enterprise. On the 10th of September, 1858, the remains of Wells and McComas were removed from the vault at Greenmount Cemetery where they had been deposited and placed in state at the hall of the Maryland Institute. The remains were under the care of a guard of honor composed of the Wells and McComas Eiflemen, Capt. Bowers commanding. The catafalque, about three feet high and seven feet square, occupied the centre of the room, where the bodies remained three days and were vtited by thousands of the citizens. On the morning of the 12th, the anniversary of the battle of North Point, the military companies and civic author- ities formed in procession on Baltimore Street, and the coffins were removed from the Maryland Institute and placed upon the funeral car. The line of procession then moved up Baltimore Street, and thence through several streets to Ashland Square, the place of inter- ment, and where the comer-stone of the monument was to be laid. On arriving at the square the funeral car was placed in front of the stand, but the vast concourse of people there assembled precluded the possibility of the military forming around the tomb, as was designed, and they were necessarily compelled to form on the adja- cent streets. The ceremonies were opened with prayer by the Eev. John McCron, and Mayor Swann was nest introduced, and delivered an address. At its close the orator of the day, the Hon. John C. Legrand, addressed the immense audience, after which the interment took place. The base of the monument was erected in 1871, by funds subscribed by citizens, and an appropriation of two thousand seven hundred dollars was made by the City ConncU to complete the work, which was fin- ished May 18, 1873. The marble for the monument was obtained from quarries in Baltimore County. Its cost was about three thousand five hundred dollars. Its height from the ground is thirty-three feet; the base, comprising two granite steps, is laid upon a brick foundation underground, built over the remains of the yoatkfiil patriots. The pedestal is plain and square, ten feet high, having panels on the four sides facing east, west, north, and south. Upon this is reared the obelisk, a tall, four-sided pillar, tapering as it rises, and cut off at the top in the form of a pyra- mid. The shaft is of two immense stones, with a pro- tecting cap interleaved, the lower one weighing four- teen tons and fourteen hundredweight, and is four feet square at the base ; the final stone is eleven feet six inches high, weighing seven or eight tons. The obelisk, therefore, is almost twenty-one feet in length ; the protecting stone between its two parts is carved in raised letters, breaking the plainness of the shaft and making a very handsome ornament. The inscriptions are as follows : On the east side : "Daniel WeUs, born December 30*, 1794. Killed September 12, ISll, at the tattle of Koitb Point, aged 19 jeais, 8 months, and 13 dav^." On the wtet side : Battle H onnment. — The Committee of Vigilance and Safety of the city of Baltimore, deeply impressed with the gratefiil recollection of the distinguished gallantry of their late fellow-citizens who fell nobly fighting in defense of their country, on the ever mem- orable 12th and 13th of September, 1814, unanimously resolved, on March 1, 1815, upon the erection of a monument to perpetuate their memori«, and ap- pointed James A. Buchanan, Samuel Hollingsworth, Eichard Frisby, Joseph Jamison, and Henry Pay- son, five of their members, to carry into effect the resolution, " and that the corner-stone be laid on the 12th of September next, that there be then a grand procession, that the relatives of the deceased be in- vited to attend, and that a suitable address be de- livered on the occasion." Agreeably to the foregoing resolution, on the 12th of September, 1815, a procession was formed in Great York Street ''now East Baltimore Street), which pro- ceeded by the proposed route to Monument Square. The funeral car, surmounted by a plan of the intended monument, as designed by Maximilian Gk>defroy, and executed by John Finley, assisted by Bembrandt Peale, was drawn by six white horses, caparisoned and led by six men in military uniform, and guarded by the lnde{)endent Blue, commanded by Capt. Lev- ering. On the arrival at the Square, the band, under direction of Professors Neninger and Bunzie, per- formed the music selected for the occasion. The Eight Eev. Bishop Kemp then addresed the Throne of Grace in prayer, when the corner-stone of the monument was laid by the architect and his assist- ants, under the direction of Gen. Smith, Gen. Strieker, CoL Amiistead, and the mayor. The books contain- ing the names of the subscribers to the building of the monument, the newspapers of the preceding day, gold, silver, and copper coin of the United States, were deposited therein, together with a plate of cop- per, on which was engraved : HISTORY OF BA-LTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. "A.D.MDCCCXV., I the xl. year of Independence Jamea 1 Federal salute was fired by the detachment of artil- lery, and the assembly was dismissed. Minute-guns " In the xl. year of Independence James Madison being I'resident of /. , j ii i ii „<■ ni _;„4. „i u U.S. TO the memory of the brave defender, of .his city, who glorionsly | Were fired, and the bclls of Clmst church were rung fell in the Battle of North Point on the xii. September, 1814, and at the "" '^ '"" " '^''" * bombardment of Fort DIcHoni^ on the xiii. of the same month. "Edward Johnson, Mayor of the City. Maj.-Gen. Samuel Smith, Brig.-Gen. John Strieker, and Lieut.-Col. G. Armistead, of the U. S. Ar- niuffled during the moving of the procession, and all business was suspended for the day. The military enthusiasm born of the recent conflict caught up the patriotic design, and money came in rapidly, especially "Laidthecfcrnerstoneof this monument of public gratitude and tiie | fj-om the survivors of the memorable field of North deliverance of this city. Raised by the munificence of the citizens of Baltimore, and under the superintendence of the Committee of Vigi- lance and Safety. . liaughman, and The Rev. Dr. Inglis then delivered the address, after which the mayor announced to Gen. Harper that the laying of the corner-stone was completed, when a Point. Two impediments to the enterprise soon be- came apparent,— the difficulty of procuring the ser- vices of an artist to do the subject justice in a design becoming the dignity of such an undertaking, and of obtaining suitable statuary marble for the purpose. The sum of ten thousand dollars having been secured by subscription, preparations were made for the erec- MONUMENTS, PAKKS, AND SQUARES. tion of the monument, and in the autumn of 1816 the services of the celebrated artist, Antonio Capeleno, formerly first sculptor of the Court at Madrid, were procured, and orders were immediately sent to Italy for marble. Considerable delay was occasioned by an accident to the vessel upon which the blocks were shipped, which compelled her to put into Malaga for repairs. The artist in the mean time prepared the im- portant parts of the preliminary work by making the models and casts for the colossal statue of the city of Baltimore, the two basso-rilievos, and the griiHns. In 1816 the base was raised to the height of the cornice, but the cornices were net received until April, 1817, and the column in October of the same year, when the cornices and the blocks forming the socle of the column were put up. The work proceeded slowly, and it became necessary to apply to the City Council for aid. On the 18th of March, 1819, the City Council passed a resolution "that a certificate of six per cent, stock for three thousand dollars be issued to and in favor of the chairman of the committee of the Battle Monument, to be applied in aid of the funds for com- pleting the said monument." On Sept. 12, 1822, the female figure executed in marble by Capeleno was placed upon it. The Council, March 5, 182.5, made another appropriation of four thousand dollars, and the committee, composed of Jos. Jamison, Paul Ben- talou, and John Riese, reported in December, 1825, that the monument had been completed. The shaft of the monument presents a fasces symbolical of the union ; the rods are bound by a fillet, on which are inscribed the names of those who fell at North Point. The fasces are ornamented at the bottom on the north and south fronts with bass-reliefs, one representing the battle of North Point and the death of Gen. Ross, the other the bombardment of Fort McHenry. On the east and west fronts are lachrymal urns, and on the top are two wreaths, one of laurel, expressing glory, and the other cypress, expressing mourning. The structure is entirely of marble, surmounted by a statue representing the city of Baltimore. The head of the figure wears a mural crown, emblematic of cities. In one hand is a rudder, emblem of naviga- tion ; in the other the figure raises a crown of laurel a.s it looks towards the field of battle. At its feet are an eagle of the United States, and a bomb in memory of the bombardment. The monument is inclosed with an iron railing, outside of which are chains fastened to marble cannons. The height, without the statue, is forty-two feet eight inches ; the statue is nine feet six inches. Total height above the platform, fifty-two feet two inches. The following inscriptions appear on the different sides of the monument: "B\TTLE OF North Point, "12tli of September, a.d. 1814, ami of the Iiidependence of the United Stutes the thirty-ninth." "Bombardment of Fort McHENitr, September 13, a.d. 1814. "James Lowry Donaldson, Adjutant, 27tli Eegiment. "Gregorine Andre, Lieut. 1st Rifle Battalion. 18 . " Levi Clagett, 3d Lieut, in NichoIson's^Artilleriats. "G. Jenkins, H. G. McConias, D. Wells, J. Richardson, J. Burncston, W. McCIellan, R. K. Cooksey, W. Alexander, G. Fallier, J. Wallack, T. V. Beeston, J. Jephson, J. C. Byrd, D. Howard, E. Marriott, W. Ways, J. H. Marriott of John, J. Dunn, C. Bell, J. Armstrong, P. Byard, J. Clemm, M. Desk, B. Reynolds, T. Garrett, J. Craig, J. Gregg, J. Merriken, R. Neale, A. Randall, C. Cox, J. Evans, J. H. Cox, U. Pressor, J. Haubert, I. Wolf, B. Bond, D. Davis." These are the names of the citizen-soldiers of Bal- timore who fell in the struggle which the monument commemorates. The Wildey Monument. — At an annual meeting of the Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd- Fellows of Maryland, held in this city in 1861, imme- diately after the death of Thomas Wildey, a resolution was adopted that the representatives of the Grand Lodge of Maryland to the Grand Lodge of the United States be instructed to bring before that body at its next annual session the fitness, propriety, and justice of erecting a monument to commemorate the virtues of the deceased. This action of the Grand Lodge of Maryland was communicated to the Grand Lodge of the United States at its meeting in September, 1862, and that body directed its secretary to address a cir- cular letter to each grand body, requesting them to submit the subject to their subordinates, and that such moneys as might in this way be raised should be for- warded to the Grand Corresponding Secretary, to be placed by him in the Grand Lodge of the United States, to be held by the Grand Treasurer in special trust as the " Wildey Monument Fund." In this way seventeen thousand seven hundred and ninety-five dollars was raised for the purpose specified, and at the session of the Grand Lodge in Boston, in 1864, a design was adopted, and a committee of the Grand Lodge of the United States instructed to procure a site for the monument. That duty was assigned to the members of the committee residing in Baltimore, James L. Ridgely and Joseph B. Escaville, who pe- titioned the Council, Jan. 5, 1865, to grant them a square of ground on North Broadway as a most suit- able and commanding location for the site of the pro- posed monument. The ground was promptly donated, and the erection of the monument immediately com- menced. The corner-stone was laid on the 26th of April, 1865, and the monument was completed and dedicated with great ceremony on the 20th of Sep- tember in the same year, representatives of the Federal and City governments, and of the Grand Lodge of the United States taking part in the pro- cession. The monument is intended to illustrate in its design the life of Wildey, and the character of the work performed by him. It bears the following inscriptions. The northwest base block bears the words, — "The site for this monument was unanimously voted by the Mayor and City Council of Balti- Upon the northeast side is the sentiment,- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. " He who realizes thut tlie true miseion of man on earth is to rise above the level of individual influence, and to recognize the Fatherhood of God over all, and the brotherhood of man, is Nature's true The opposite side coiitiiin.s, — " Thomas Wildey, Born January 15, 1783 ; Died October 19, 1861." The northern f:ice bears the following memorial inscription : "This column, erected by the joint contributions of the Lodges, Encampments, and individual members of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows of the United States of America, and jurisdictions thereunto belonging, commemo- rates the founding of that order in the City of Baltimoreon the 26th day of April, 1819, by THOMAS WILDEY." The pedestal supports a full order of the Grecian Doric architecture, typifying by the beauty of its proportions and the simplicity of its character the Independent Order of Odd-Fellowship ; on the four faces of the frieze of the entablature are carved the emblems of the order, — the three links, the heart and the hand, and the bundle of rods and the globe. The column is surmounted by a life-sized figure of Charity protecting orphans, thus blending the theory and principles of the fraternity with recollections of the services of Past Grand Sire Wildey. The entire height of the structure is fifty-two feet, and the total cost was about eighteen thousand dollars. The design for the monument was executed by Edward F. Durang, and it was erected under his supervision. The building committee consisted of James B. Nicholson, Joseph B. Escaville, John W. Stokes, Theodore Ross, Joshua Vausant, A. H. Ran- i son, James L. Ridgely, and J. T. Havener. ! The McDonogh Monument.— The monument erected to commemorate the memory of John Mc- Donogh, a native of Baltimore, who died near New Orleans, in McDonoghville, Oct. 26, 1850, and who left the bulk of his immense estate to the cities of New Orleans and Baltimore, for the education of the poor of those cities, is located in Greenmount Ceme- tery. The remains of Mr. McDonogh arrived in this city on the schooner " Mary Clinton" on the 4th of June, 1860, from New Orleans. They were tempo- rarily deposited in the vault of the Mayer family. The mayor and City Council of Baltimore appropri- ated two thousand dollars for the erection of a monu- ment to the memory of McDonogh out of the amount realized from his bequest by the city. The monument was dedicated July 31, 1865. The statue is consider- ably larger than life, and is erected in a conspicuous ])ositi()ii on an elevated portion of Greenmount Ceme- tery. It consists of a ma.ssi\r -ranil.' Kase, supporting a marble i)edestal fourteni I. .a liiyli. ii|iiin which the statue is reared. The figure i< natural and expres.sive, and was sculptured by Kandcjlph, of ISaltiinore. Upon the front of the pedestal is the following in- scription : "SACKED TO THE MEMOKY OF JOHN McDONOGH, Born in this city December 29, 1779. Died in the Town of McDonooii, Louisiana, Oct. 26, 1850." [Written by himself:] " Here lies the body of John McDonogh, of New Orleans, Louisiana, one of the States of the United States, son of John and Eliza- beth McDonogh, of Baltimore, Maryland, also one of the United States of America, awaiting in tirm and full faith the resurrection and the coming of his glori- ous Lord, Redeemer, and Master to judge the On the left side is carved : " Rules for my guidance in life in 1804. Bemember that labor is one of the conditions of our existence; Time is gold; throw not one minute away, but place each one to ac- count. Do unto all men as you would be done by. Never put off until to-morrow that which you can do to-day. Never bid another do what you can do yourself. Never covet what is not your own. Never think any matter go trivial as not to deserve notice. Never give out that which does not first come in. Never spend but to produce. Let the greatest order regulate the transactions of your life. Study in the course of your life to do the greatest amount of good." On the right side is the following : "Deprive yourself of nothing necessary to your comfort, but live in an honorable simplicity and frugal- ity. Labor then to the last moment of your existence. Pursue Strictly the above rules, and the divine blessing and Eiches of every kind will flow upon you to your heart's content, but first of all remember that the chief andgreat study of your life should be to attend by all the means in your power to the honor and glory of the Divine Creator. New Orleans, March 2d, 1804. John McDoxooh," "The conclusion to which I have arrived is that without temperance there is no health, without virtue no order, without religion no happi- ness, and the sum of our being is to live wisely, soberly, and righteously." These inscriptions were copied from the monument which Mr. McDonogh had prepared under his own supervision, and which is now standing in the town of McDonogh, opposite New Orleans. On the remaining side of the pedestal is the follow- ing : "Erected by the constituted authorities of Baltimore, In memory OF John McDonooh, and as a testimonial of their appreciation of his character and nuuiiti- cent liberality for the pr.iniotiun of a sreat public enter^jrise. Poe Monument. — Baltimore gave Edgar Allan Poe a grave when he died on the 7th of October, 1849, in this city, but for many years gave him nothing more. After the lapse of a considerable period, Neilson Poe, a relative of the unfortunate genius, ordered a stone for the purpose of marking his grave, but the kindly design was frustrated by an accident, and it was not until 1865 that any further movement in this direc- tion was made. At a regular meeting at the Public MONUiMENTS, PARKS, AND SQUARES. 271 School Teachers' Association, held on the 7th of Oc- toher in that year, a resolution was offered by John Basil, Jr., principal of No. 8 grammar school, direct- ing the appointment of a committee of five " to de- vise some means best adapted in their judgment to perpetuate the memory of one who has contributed so largely to American literature, ' and a rommittee con- sisting of Messrs. Basil, Baird, and J. J. G. Webster, and Misses Veeder and Wise was at once appointed. The committee reported in favor of the erection of a monument, and recommended that measures should at once be taken to secure the necessary funds; the recommendation was heartily indorsed by the associa- tion, which entered upon the work without delay. The enterprise received the active assistance of the pupils as well as the teachers of the public schools, and for some time was prosecuted with energy and enthusiasm. Entertainments by the young ladies of the Eastern and Western Female High Schools, under the direction of Miss S. A. Kice, added largely to the fund, which was increased by contributions from va- rious sources, and amounted on the 23d of March, 1871, to five hundred and eighty-seven dollars and two cents. About this period a new committee, con- sisting of Messrs. Elliott, Kerr, and Hamilton, and Misses Rice and Baer, was appointed, and on the 15th of April, 1872, the association resolved, at the sugges- tion of the committee, " that the money now in the hands of the treasurer of the ' Poe Memorial Fund' be appropriated to the erection of a monument to be placed over Poe's remains." On the 2d of September, 1874, the committee received from the estate of Dr. Thos. D. Baird, deceased, the late treasurer of the Poe Memorial Fund, six hundred and twenty- seven dol- lars and fifty-five cents, the amount of principal and in- terest to that date, and believing that it could be easily ' increased to one thousand dollars by the contributions of citizens, they applied to George A. Frederick, ar- chitect, for the design of a monument to cost about that sum. Mr. Frederick's design was found to re- quire a larger amount than had been expected, and , the committee was forced once more to resort to ap- i plications for contributions. The well-known liber- ality of George W. Childs, of Philadelphia, encour- j aged a member of the committee to address him on I the subject, and in less than twenty-four hours a reply ! was received from that gentleman, expressive of his willingness to make up the estimated deficiency of six hundred and fifty dollars. The necessary amount having thus been secured, the committee proceeded to place the construction and erection of the monu- ment in the hands of Hugh Sisson, whose proposal was the most liberal one received. The monument I was completed, and dedicated on the 17th of Novem- I ber, 1875, in the presence of a large concourse of j spectators, with addresses by Profs. William Elliott, t Jr., and H. E. Shepherd, and Hon. J. H. B. Latrobe. I The monument stands in the Westminster Presby- ] terian churchyard, corner of Greene and Fayette Streets, where the poet's remains were interred on the 9th of October, 1849. It consists simply of a pedestal ! or die block, with an ornamental cap wholly of mar- ble, resting on two marble slabs, and a granite base. 1 The front of the die block bears a medallion portrait of the poet by the sculptor Volck, while on the west- j ern side is the lines of inscription : " Edgar Allan Poe: born Jan. 20, 1819; died Oct. 7, 1849." I The Ferguson Monument.— The Ferguson Monu- ment was erected by the citizens of Baltimore to per- petuate the virtues and self-sacrificing life of William B. Ferguson, of Baltimore, founder of the Howard So- ciety, and its president, in Norfolk, Va., where he lost his life by the yellow fever while devoting his atten- tion to the sufferers from that scourge during its preva- lence in that city in 1855. The corner-stone was laid at Greenmount Cemetery, May 11, 1857, with im- pressive ceremonies, in which a large concourse of the best citizens of Baltimore and a delegation from the Howard Association and the United Fire Company of Norfolk participated. The monument was erected j through the efforts of the Ferguson Monument Asso- I ciation of this city, composed of John R. Moore, president; Gen. C. C. Egerton, vice-president; Wil- I liam Wilson, Jr., treasurer; and Thomas W. Hall, j secretary ; Executive Committee, David Gushing, 1 Maj. R. Edwards, William Wilson, Jr., Col. George i P. Kane, and Thomas W. Hall. The monument was completed June 18, 1857. It is a beautiful specimen of art, and is surrounded by a fence of marble and i steel. The monument was from the establishment j of A. Geddes. The inscriptions on the cenotaph are j as follows : t On the front side of the square, — I "Wm. Boyd Ferguson, President of the Howard Association of Nor- folk, September •22d, 1855." HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Immediately tence : ider tlie above is the following s On one side of the square,— "His grave is consecrated by tiie widow's prayer, the orplian's teai tie blessiugs of the desolate." On another side, — " His ministry of mercy ceased only when God's fingers touched hiu On the other face of the monument, — "Erected by the Maryland Cadets, the first Baltimore Hose Company, and other Baltimoreans, in memory of a citizen who died in his elTorts to stay the pestilence which desolated Norfolic in 1855." Monument to William Prescott Smith.— Soon after thr diath of William Prescott Smith, master of transportation on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, in the tall of 1872, a number of gentlemen of the city met at the rooms of Otto Sutro and appointed a com- mittee to contract with William Einehart, the sculptor, for a life-size bronze statue of Mr. Smith, to be placed over his grave in Greenmount. The committee, com- posed of John G. Curlett, Walter S. Wilkinson, and Otto Sutro, contracted with Mr. Rinehart for the statue, who completed a model before his death. The work was then undertaken by Mr. Volk, who followed in his model very closely the one prepared by Rinehart. The statue was cast in Munich, after the model and under the supervision of Mr. Volk. The likeness to the original is said to be very striking. The statue, when placed over the grave in Greenmount, cost about four thousand dollars. The Creery Monument.— After the death of Prof. William K. Creery, superintendent of the public schools of Baltimore, the teachers and pupils of these schools determined to express their esteem for the ser- vices rendered by him to public education by the erec- tion of a monument over his grave in Greenmount Cemetery. The Teachers' Association placed the mat- ter in the hands of a committee consisting of Michael Connolly, chairman ; John T. Morris, John C. Mc- Cahan, Henry E. Shepherd, Sara A. Rice, and Susie S. Bouldin, under whose charge the monument was completed, at a cost of fifteen hundred dollars. The monument was dedicated with becoming ceremonies on the 8th of June, 1876. It is a simple marble obe- lisk, eight feet high, on a square marble base three feet high, surmounted by a small urn, the whole being about twelve feet in height. The northwest front of the base bears a medallion of Prof. Creery. The mon- ument bears name and dates of birth and death and the following inscription : "A tribute of affection and respect from the teachers and pupils of the public schools of Balliiiiore City." The Gleeson Monument. — "The Gleeson Monu- ment Association," witli Hon. Montgomery Blair as president, Thomas Swann and Mayor Chapman among the vice-presidents, William Prescott Smith, chairman of the building committee; Dr. E. F. Chaisty, financial secretary ; and William J. Nicholls and Capt. J. M. Stevens, secretaries, was formed at the Eutaw House, Jan. 2, 1864, and erected a beau- tiful monument over the grave of Capt. John Glee- son in the Cathedral Cemetery in 1866. The monu- ment is after a design by E. G. Lind, architect, and built by Hugh Sisson. It is of the Doric order, and characterized by simplicity and durability. It has inscriptions on three sides, one of which states that it is " Erected to the memory of Capt. John Gleeson, Fifth Maryland Regi- ment U. S. v., who was captured in the Shenandoah Valley, and died at Kichniond, October 2d, 1863, from whence his remains were sent to this city, November 17th, 1863." The other inscriptions are complimentary to his gallantry as a soldier and other personal and patriotic qualities. It was erected mainly under the supervi- sion of William Prescott Smith. The monument is located near and on the right side of the main en- trance of the Cathedral Cemetery, where Capt. Glee- son is buried. Druid Hill Park.— Although the establishment of a public park for the benefit of the people of Balti- more had been contemplated for several years prior to 1858, it was not until that year that any definite action was taken to carry out the purpose. The ani- mated contest in progress at that time between rival companies for the privilege of establishing lines of horse railways in the city for the transportation of passengers suggested the expediency of making the corporation to which the right might be granted pay for its franchise by contributing to the public health and comfort.' Accordingly, on the 7tii of April, 1858, the commissioners of finance were authorized by ordinance of the City Council to receive from the register the one-fifth (now twelve per centum) of the gross revenue of the passenger railway companies and invest the same from time to time in Baltimore City six per cent, stock, as well as the accruing in- terest, as a fund for the purchase of a park or parks. In pursuance of this design, when the city passenger railway companies, in March, 1859, were authorized to construct their lines, the companies were required to pay into the hands ofthe city registerquarterly one-fifth (now twelve per centum) of the gross receipts accru- ing from the passenger travel, " the same to be applied to the establishment and improvement of the city Boundary Avenue, and to the location, purchase, and improvement of such park or parks as may be de- termined upon hereafter by the mayor and City Council of Baltimore for the benefit of the people of said city, said park or parks to comprise an area of not less than fifty acres each." In May, 1860, the subject was again brouglit before the City Council by a resolution (approved June 4th) which, after reciting the fact that one-fifth of the mayor of the city, MONUMENTS, PARKS, AND SQUARES. 273 revenue from the passenger railway companies had been pledged to the purchase of a park, and that a considerable portion of the funds were already in the hands of the register, authorized the mayor to appoint four discreet persons, who, with himself, should constitute a commission to select and purchase a site for the proposed park. Under this resolution Mayor Swann appointed Messrs. John H. B. Latrobe, Robert Leslie, William E. Hooper, and Columbus O'Donnell to act as commissioners, and on the 21st of July approved an ordinance of the City Council providing more fully for the purchase, improvement, and government of the property which should be secured for the park. By this ordinance it was en- acted that whenever the commissioners should certify to the register that they had purchased the site for a park, it should be his duty to issue and deliver to the Commission certificates of stock of the mayor and City Council of Baltimore, in the usual form, redeem- able at the end of thirty years from the date thereof, and designated on thfeface of the certificate as "Pub- lic Park Stock" for the amount of the purcha.se money. By another section of the ordinance the revenue " derived and to be derived" from the city passenger railways was "pledged and set apart for the payment of the interest on the certificates of stock to be issued" under its authority, and it was provided that one-fifth of the revenue from the passenger railways remaining after the payment of the interest should be invested by the register in the stock of the city of Baltimore as a sinking fund for the redemption of the park debt. It was further enacted that four-fifths of the remaining revenue should be paid by the register, on the order of the Commission, as the revenue should be received, for the improvement and maintenance of the park or parks.^ 1 By ordinance No. 37, section 1, May 2, 1863, whenever the Park Com- mission shall certify to the register that they require a sum of money for an object connected with the parks, an issue of stock is authorized, re- deemable on Jan. 1, 1895, interest at the annual rate of si-x per centum, payable quarterly, and designated as park improvement stock, for an amount suiJicient to meet such requisition, after retaining one-tenth of the par value for the purposes of a sinking fund ; provided that the whole amount of bonds so issued shall not exceed the sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for Druid Hill Park, and twenty thousand dollars for Patterson Park. By section 3 of the same ordinance it is provided that one-tenth of the par value of the said bonds retained by the register, as tiereinbefore di- rected, shall bo invested by the commissioners of finance in the bonds of the city of Baltimore, or in bonds for which the city is liable by indorse- ment, as a sinking fund fur the redemption of the bonds issued under its provisions; and the proceeds of all sales or rents of any land south of Newington Lane which may be sold or leased by the Park Commission, shall be paid to the register of the city, to be invested by the commis- sioners of finance in the sinking fund herein provided for until the said fund shall, in the opinion of tlie said commissioners, be adequate to the redemption of the bonds hereby authorized at their maturity. By ordi- nance No. 52, June 28, 1865, another issue was authorized for Druid Hill Park of twenty-seven thousand dollars. By ordinance No. 80, section 1, May 26, 1866, the register was author- ized, in accounting with the Public Park Commission, to pay to them the revenue derived from the passenger railways, without other deduction than the interest on the bonds issued for the purchase of said parks and the sinking fund. And he was further authorized to pay to tlie Park uch sums as might from time to time be required, fifty It was provided that the mayor of the city for the time being should always be a member of the Com- mission ex officio, which was authorized, by sale or otherwise, to dispose of any portion of the site or sites originally purchased which might not be neces- sary for the purpose of the park or parks, "as well as any crop, wood, trees, or other property that might be .severable from the freehold, should it become neces- sary, in the improvement and maintenance of the .said park or parks, so to do in their judgment, and to make use of the avails thereof for the use of said park or parks." By subsequent enactment the mayor and City Council were authorized by the General Assembly (1868, ch. 36) "to issue from time to time, as they may deem proper, the bonds of said mayor and City Council, payable at such time and for such sums as they may deem proper, not exceeding the sum of fifty thousand dollars in any one year, and in the whole not exceeding the sum of one liundred thousand dollars„for the improvement of the public parks of the said city." Several sites were offered the commissioners, among which was the almshouse property, Mr. Swann's farm, property on Charles Street Avenue, and at Oxford, on the York road, but after careful examination they found none compara- ble for the purpose to Druid Hill, the estate of Lloyd N. Rogers, situated a short distance northwest of the city limits, between the Hookstown road and Jones' Falls. Arrangements were made for its purchase, but before they were consummated Mr. Rogers, by the advice of his counsel, refused to comply with his contract on the ground that the city was not authorized by the Legislature to issue bonds for the purchase of property or raise money for any improvement outside of the corporate limits. Suit was brought in the Cir- cuit Court of Baltimore County by Messrs. Stirling and Alexander, counsel for the park commissioners, to compel Mr. Rogers to comply with his contract, and an injunction obtained restraining him from making any improvements on the premises, or from cutting down or destroying any of the trees, shrubbery, or undergrowth. The trouble, however, was amicably adjusted, Mr. Rogers receiving one hundred and twenty-one thousand dollars cash and the remainder of the purchase money in bonds of the city, with a mortgage upon the whole property as a security in thousand dollars, of which sum ten thousand dollars should be for the use exclusively of Patterson Park, and the remainder for Dniid Hill Park. By ordinance of June 8, 1870, after deducting from the revenue de- rived from the city passenger railways the interest on the issue of park stock, and the sinking fund, and the further sum of ten thousand dol- lars annually for the maintenance of the parks, the surplus of said reve- nue, and the rent of the pavilion, and the net receipts from any passenger railway which may be laid within Druid Hill Park shall be applied, as far as necessary, to reimburse the city the interest upon the bonds hereby authorized to be issued ; provided that not less than one-fifth of the sum reserved in this section for the annua] maintenance of the parks, and of the excess of annual receipts from the city passenger railway over the amount necessaiy to provide for the interest on the bonds issued under the provisions of this ordinance, shall be expended in the improvement and preservation of Patterson Park. 274 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the event of the feilure of the Legislature to confirm the purchase and the issue of the bonds.' Tlie neces- sary papers were signed on the 27th of September, 1860, and the park was inaugurated on the 19th of October with imposing ceremonies, in which the civil authori- ties of the city and various military organizations of this and other States participated. The ceremonies at the pai-k were commenced with prayer by Kev. Dr. Geo. D. Cummins, rector of St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, which was followed by an address by Mayor Swann, chairman of the Park Commission. The ceremonies were concluded with an ode, written by J. H. B. Latrobe, and sung by the pupils of the public schools.- In the report of the Park Commission to the mayor, made on the 1st of January, 1864, the following estimate of the number of acres and cost of the park is given : The piircliaae from Mr. Rogers of the a. r. p. Druid Hill estate was 433 28 ftu SIOOO per acre. Additional purchase of Mr. KoEors 8 1 17 t' SlOOn 11 3 36 fm $100(1 One-fourth of the Mount Vernon Cemetery 16 (S) JIOOO " Bought of Kraft's heirs 4 2 16 for S6000. " " "' " " ■ 11 2 23 St. SKMX) per acre. John Clark and ( Hugh Gelston.... Miles White Since this report was made the area of the park has been largely increased by additional purchases, until at present it contains six hundred and ninety- three acres. The original patent of the Druid Hill estate was taken out in 1688, and its name was suggested by the numerous and magnificent oaks which are still to be found on every hand. In 1709 the estate passed into the possession of Nicholas Rogers, in whose family it remained until its purchase by the city. His grandson, of the same name, was an aide-de-camp of Baron de Kalb during the Revolution ; was an architect of considerable distinction, aud left many traces of his artistic taste. It is stated that "when he returned to Druid Hill after the war he laid it out in the best style of English landscape gardening. He went so far as to group trees with regard to their au- tumnal tints, and with fine effect. The gold and crimson colors were brought out into strong and beautiful re- lief by being backed with evergreens. The skirting woodlands were converted into bays and indentations." The park is provided with four entrances, — a main entrance at the head of Madison Avenue extended, to which the city passenger cars run direct; the Druid Hill Avenue entrance, from whence a steam railway formerly conveyed visitors to the centre of the park ; the Eutaw Street entrance; and the Mount Royal entrance, facing Oliver Street, near the Park Avenue . line of cars. Each gateway is provided with a keeper, and the gates are open until 9 p.m. from May till j October, and until dark during the remainder of the I year. The gateway to the main entrance was built in 1 This confirmatory legislation was obtained in June, IHOl. 20n the 12th of Novemher, 186(t, leas than a month after tlie opening , of till, parli, Mr. Rogers, the former owner, died. 1867-68 ; is constructed of Nova Scotia freestone, and was designed by George A. Frederick. After the purchase of the property a railway was constructed from a point near the present entrance on Druid Hill Avenue to the centre of the park, and was equipped with a dummy-engine and several small passenger- coaches, which were regularly employed in the trans- portation of visitors. The railway has since been abandoned, and at present phaetons run from all the gates direct to the Mansion House, about a mile dis- tant. The Maryland Building, a relic of the Centen- nial, is situated on a knoll at the west of the Mansion House, and the State Fish Commission have their fish-hatching houses and apparatus in the northern section of the park. Druid Hill Lake, in the S(mth- eastern part of the grounds, has a water surface of fifty-five acres, and is surrounded by a drive one and a half miles in extent. The average depth of this lake is about thirty feet, and it contains about 450,000,000 gallons of water. This water is conveyed by natural flow from Lake Roland, and is as high as it can be had by that means. Besides this, there is in the rear of the park the high-service reservoir, with water-surface of nine acres. This reservoir is three hundred and fifty feet above tide, supplies the northwestern section of the city, and the water is pumped into it from Druid Lake and Mount Royal Reservoir at the Oliver Street entrance, which is similar in size, and supplies the centre of the city. There is a lake for boating in summer and skating in winter thirteen acres in ex- tent. There is an island in this lake, on which is a beautiful house, handsomely fitted up with cloak- rooms, arrangements for lady skaters, etc. Nothing is charged for checking cloaks, etc. Spring Lake, near Crise Fountain, is four acres in extent; here are Bra- zilian duck, Brandt, wild geese. Hong Kong or Chinese geese, ducks, etc., and a three-legged duck presented to the i)ark some years ago. The zoological collection is still small, but is rapidly increasing. There are two burial-grounds in the park ; the larger of these, con- taining two and one-quarter acres, belongs to the German Lutheran Church, and is situated near the centre of the park. It is owned by three congrega- tions, and is still used for the purpose of interment. It originally contained four and a half acres, but two and one-quarter acres in which there were no graves were condemned by the park commissioners. The other graveyard, containing only half an acre, and situated some distance in the rear of the Mansion House, was reserved by Mr. Rogers in selling the park, the burials in it being restricted to the present generation. The old family residence of Mr. Rogers, formerly situated in the northwestern section of the park, was not removed until 1868. In September, 1867, a valuable addition to the attractions of the park was received by the commissioners from Thomas Winans, in the form of a herd of fifty-two deer, which had been raised and domesticated on his farm in Bal- timore County. The herd has now increased to about MONUMENTS, PARKS, AND SQUARES. 275 two hundred, and but for frequent 'sales would be much larger. The celebrated flock of thoroughbred Southdowns numbers nearly three hundred ; the buck lambs are sold at twenty-five dollars apiece, and the demand is greater than the supply. While the hand of art has not been employed so extensively at Druid Hill Park as in Central Park, New York, or in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, its natural beauties are probably superior to those of any public park in the country, and have been heightened and set off by a judicious taste which has known how to avoid meretricious show, and to recognize the fact that in this as in other cases nature is best adorned when least adorned. By the temptation of a series of shaded and diver- sified walks for the pedestrian, by extensive and well- arranged avenues for riding and driving, bridle-paths for horsemen, and by the introduction of artificial lakes for boating, the park has been made attractive, outside of its beautifiil scenery, but it has been to small extent ornamented. An avenue of urns, over- flowing with wealth of floral treasures, lines the main entrance, and near this are rows of symmetrical horse- chestnut trees, with beautiful and well-kept lawns beyond, in which grow at irregular intervals beautiful forest-trees. The picnic-grounds are divided into nine groves, and permits are secured in advance of Capt. Ca.ssell, the park superintendent, thus securing the grove to parties holding the permit and preventing all intru- sion. There are sixteen miles of carriage-roads, vary- ing from twenty to sixty feet in width, and eleven miles of footwalks. These latter are all furnished with seats at short intervals, which are manufactured on the place during the winter. The principal springs are Edmund's Well, near the dummy station at the head of the boat lake, adorned by Mr. Chas. Needles in a handsome manner. This spring is much resorted to, and groups are at all hours of the day to be found testing its water or loitering in its immediate vicinity. Silver Spring, at the base of Centennial Hill, adorned by Jarrard Hopkins. This is a special resort for sick children, and baby-carriages, with attendant nurses and attentive mothers, are seen there throughout the summer. At this point, too, the pony phaetons pro- vided by Mr. Bishop are stationed, and the children are not a little attracted to this point by them. Some of the ponies are little bigger than a large-sized goat, though horselike in appearance and spirited in dispo- sition. Crise Fountain, at the head of Spring Lake, was ornamented by John L. Crise, and has the most copious flow of water of any of the springs in the park, all of which are natural. Mountain Pass and High Service and Garrett Bridge Springs are all ar- ranged for watering horses, and are temporarily orna- mented by the Park Board. At the bridge donated by John W. Garrett there is also a spring, which was used by the ancestors of Mr. Rogers, known as the Colonial Spring. It is ornamented with a circle of pressed brick. There are numerous other springs, which have not yet been brought out or ornamented, and in water supplies of this kind Druid Hill Park is far ahead of any other public park. Grounds for base ball, la crosse, foot-ball, lawn tennis, and other games are assigned, and all that can be done to further the proper athletic sports has received attention. The principal objects of atten- tion to the visitor outside of the great natural beauties of the place are the zoological collection, Maryland Building, and Mansion House, with its spacious cor- ridors, arm-chairs, etc., all free. Here are found re- freshments for adults as well as for children. In the basement of this building are the headquarters of the park police, where ofiicers are always on hand to give information, receive lost children, and, strange as it may seem, also lost adults, who not unfrequently re- quire attention and direction. The Dell, a beautiful stretch of forest bordering the park in rear of Silver Spring, is one of the noted places in the vast inclosure. Here little family par- ties are seen on the bright green sward skirting this forest growth, and making the scene picturesque by the gayly-decked bonnets, bright-colored wraps, etc., hung on the trees, while lively groups of pleasure- seekers are scattered about on the grass. The deep background of dark woods brings out the picture very distinctly. Tempest HiU and the skirting of woods about it, overlooking Woodberry, is well supplied with iron settees, and here all day long may be seen lovers of nature drinking in the scene. Prospect Hill, a broad and elevated plateau, on the north side of the park, overlooking Woodberry, has a road-bed to accommodate two hundred and fifty car- riages at one time. From this point can be seen nu- merous beautiful country residences, many of them with vistas cut through heavy timber, so as to get a view of the surrounding country. The busy village of Woodberry is in full view, with all its manufactur- ing interests, — Druid Mills, Woodberry Mills, Poole & Hunt's foundry, Garabrill's mills, Hooper & Sons' mills, Clipper Mills, etc. While looking at the beau- tiful hills in the distance you still hear the rattle of the machinery and the clang of the anvil in the busy manufacturing village spread out below. This hill runs gradually down by a beautiful descent to the Northern Central Railway. From this stand-point may be seen eleven churches of different denomina- tions, all in Woodberry or vicinity. The hotel, lo- cated in that village for the accommodation of the female operatives of William E. Hooper & Sons' mills, looks out from a fine grove of willows. Board is furnished at nominal figures, and there is accommo- dation for two hundred and fifty girls. Tutors give lessons free on the piano to such as desire it, and con- certs are given by the young ladies at intervals. Par- lors are in the hotel, where visitors are received, and all departments close at ten o'clock p.m. 276 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Philosopher's Walk is another of the features of the park, and is much resorted to. It winds through deep woods of boundless shade, over rustic bridges, over hill and dale, and has all the interest of wild scenery in deep forest far away- from civilization, save that every now and then a couple of lovers come into view, individual lady or gentleman with book in hand in deep meditation, parties of children, and an occasional officer. These appearing from time to time in sudden turns of the road or dotting it at a distance, bring the mind back to the fact that civilization is all around in spite of the forest on every hand, and the doe, with timid spotted fawn, within thirty yards of the specta- tor. This Philosopher's Walk is of great natural beauty, and in the display nothing has been done to assist nature. Around the fish-house the landscape is strikingly beautiful. On Terrapin's Back is the great oak-tree, king of the woods, girthing over twenty-two feet, and ou either side of it deep ravines. The view from this point looks up Green Spring Valley. At the old dum- my station, near Edmund's Well, are the numerous aged oaks from which the park took its name of " Druid." At Edmund's Well the picture is always bright and lively, and many persons are likewise congregated under these famous old patriarchs that stretch their aged limbs far out beyond the persons seated near their trunks. Reservoir Hill, three hundred and si.xty feet above tide, back of the mansion, is the highest point in the park. There is a beautiful and dense growth of trees in this locality, each tree showing individuality of beauty as well as collectively. The view from the mansion is strikingly beautiful. Looking over the beauties of the park, the spires of numerous promi- nent churches in Baltimore are seen, the elevators. City Hall, and a panoramic view down the harbor and bay. Lnmediately in front of the mansion is seen the Bull Fountain, presented to the park by Mrs. W. C. C!onine in memory of her grandson, Wil- liam Bull. Here and there through this beautiful, undulating, and diversified scenery is seen a ravine overhung with densest shade and shut out from view by tan- gled vines, the source of some cooling spring, around which nature has been left to hold undisputed sway and mastery. Following the line of the principal avenues of the park the eye is attracted not less by the varied beauty of the place than by the extent and vastness of its area. On the north and northeast the rugged passage of Jones' Falls breaks the continuity of the landscape. The forest on this side of the park is without a parallel in any part of the world. A ride through the various commodious roads that for miles wind through this beautiful stretch of rolling country never fails to exhilarate the person making such an examination of the grounds. The towering forest, the bosky dell, the attactive sward, broken with in- dividual trees at irregular intervals, and groups of pleasure-seekers or schools on picnics, make a picture that fails not to impress every beholder, and creates a wish for such scenery to be enjoyed daily. The exits of the park are as follows: West exit, Reisterstown road ; northwest, Pimlico Avenue; north, Green Spring Avenue. On some occasions between thirty thousand and forty thousand people have visited the park in a single day. The first superintendent of the park was Robert Sullivan, who died in September, 1867, and was suc- ceeded by the present courteous and efficient super- intendent, Capt. William H. Cassell. The present Board of Commissioners consists of Ferdinand C. La- trobe, mayor, ex officio chairman ; Thomas Swann, John H. B. Latrobe, William E. Hooper, Charles H. j Mercer, George S. Brown, commissioners. I Patterson Park.— On the 24th of January, 1827, I William Patterson addressed to Jacob Small, the then I mayor of Baltimore, a letter, in which he proposed to present to the city two adjoining squares of ground, I containing about five or six acres, on HampsteadHill, ' on the south side of Smith Street, and opposite Lou- I denslager's tavern, to be used as a public walk or park j by the citizens of Baltimore. On the 1st of March, ( 1827, the City Council passed resolutions accepting the offer and providing for the improvement and in- closure of the grounds, which had already, by reason of its varied and picturesque views and pleasant sur- roundings, become a favorite promenade. This, with additions, constitutes what is now known as Patterson Park. On the evening of July 13, 1853, the park was formally introduced to the public. There were some twenty thousand citizens present to witness the display of fireworks and take part in the ceremonies of the occasion. About seven o'clock a park of ar- tillery (eighteen-pounders), the same that in 1814 had been used by Commodore Rogers in the defense j of Baltimore, arrived, under the command of Capt. David R. Brown, and began firing salutes. William Bond had charge of the pyrotechnic display. The band of the Independent Blues, numbering twenty- one pieces, under the lead of Prof Holland, furnished the music. The following gentlemen acted as a Com- mittee of Arrangements : Col. J. Maybury Turner, Mr. Abbott, of Abbott & Lawrence, Thomas J. Rusk, Peter Mowell, Jacob Poppler, William McElroy, George A. Poppler, J. J. Bankard, John W. Pentz, Thomas Woolen, James L. Pentz, Edward Dowling, and George A. Rusk. Patterson Park contains fifty-six acres of highly- improved land, and is situated on the eastern suburb of the city, bounded by Baltimore Street on the north. Eastern Avenue on the south, Luzerne Street on the east, and Patterson Park Avenue on the west. It is a parallelogram, the longer sides being on Patterson Park Avenue and Luzerne Street. There are nine entrances in all, two of which are for vehicles. The main entrance is on Patterson Park Avenue, fronting Lombard Street. This gateway is formed of four MONUMENTS, PAKKS, AND SQUARES. 277 substantial marble coluuins, and the design elaborate while chaste. It was erected in 1869 by Messrs. Whitelaw & Fenhagen. On entering this gate a large fountain is immediately in front. It has a marble basin fifty feet in diameter, in which are numerous fish of different kinds. A column rises in the centre, surmounted by a jet which throws water to a height of twenty feet in an umbrella- shape. In the immediate vicinity of this entrance the dis- phiy of flowers and shrubbery is effective. One of the squares contains a great variety of agaves or cen- tury plants, that bloom once in a hundred years. The collection is a good one, and attracts much attention. A number of metal casts of animals, life-size, are placed in this part of the grounds. There is a cast of a mastiff', and also of a Siberian bloodhound, a copy of an original in the Florentine gallery. A car- riage-drive extends all the way round the park, about a mile and a quarter in length, passing the princij)al points of interest. There are numerous walks for pe- destrians, which are regularly thronged of an evening. The trees furnish an abundance of shade in the older portion of the park, and the part taken in eight years ago is now strikingly improved in that respect. These trees include elms, maples, lindens, locusts of all sorts, oaks in variety, evergreens of various kinds and shades of color, all making an attractive picture by their harmonious blending in the landscape. The land is rolling, and furnishes opportunity for a display of landscape gardening which has been taken advan- tage of with much taste. The conservatory, with the tropical plants which it contains, and the numerous beautiful flower-beds arranged in different ways around it, is one of the great attractions of this park. The conservatory is built in the curvilinear style, span-roof, with centre building octagon-shape, rising to a dome, this centre building being forty by forty feet, and the wings fifty by | twenty-five feet each. This is decidedly the largestcon- i servatory in Baltimore, and its contents are strikingly beautiful. In the centre building grow a profusion of I plants that present all the appearance of a tropical j forest, not only in variety of plants but also in size. I The centre plant growing in this mass of tropical lux- | uriance is the Ficus elastica, or India-rubber tree, thirty feet high, the banana, the mango, with fruit on it, the Paiidanus utitus, or screw-pine, the Yucca Gautama- lennis, and others vying with the India-rubber plant in height. In the south wing of this building are a groat variety of beautiful ferns, orchids, or air-plants, many of them of large size, growing on piecas of plank and clay. These latter plants derive their whole nu- triment from the atmosphere. Here also may be seen the Carica papaya, or melon-tree, with fruit on it, which fruit, when fully developed, is as large as an Eastern Shore watermelon. In the north wing are fine specimens of palms, and many other beautiful I and curious plants. A lake in the southeast corner of the park covers about two and three-fourths acres of ground. It is of irregular form, the banks surmounted with willow, poplar, and birch-trees. An island in the centre con- tains the " Santa Maria," which was presented to the park by the Italian Society after the sesqui-centen- nial, having been used in a parade to represent the vessel in which Christopher Columbus discovered America. This lake is well supplied with boats for pleasure-parties, and numerous water-fowl of pure breed float on its surface. Among these are the Egyptian goose, Hong-Kong goose, wild goose of United States, Pekin duck, etc. Near the lake may be seen a model of the Lumber Exchange building, which was presented by the lumber merchants of Baltimore, and which was also in the procession during the sesqui-centennial celebration. The buildings in the park are such as are necessary for the convenience of the public. Among them are the refectory, pavilion, pagoda, ladies' room, near the lake, bird-house, etc. The pavilion was erected during the summer of 1869. The view from the battery, situated near the main entrance, is difficult of description, overlooking as it does the Patapsco, Locust Point, the Basin, the lower harbor, the Marine Hospital, and Anne Arundel County, Canton, the Chesapeake Bay for miles down, and a large portion of the city. This grand panorama daily attracts large numbers to the battery, particularly strangers. The battery was erected in 1814 against the threatened invasion by the British, headed by Gen. Ross, which was averted by the battle of North Point. The fortifications in great part still remain, and are covered, like the rest of the park, with beautiful turf. They are inclosed, and the public are not permitted to tread upou them, the precinct being considered sacred. Old men in the neighborhood say they car- ried sods on their heads and helped to build these works when boys. A flag-staff" seventy-five feet high is placed on these battlements, and at the base of it is a ten-pound cannon, which was fished up in the harbor by one of the mud-machines some years ago. On the north of the park the country is open, showing in the distance Clifton, the residence of the late Johns Hopkins ; near, in the same direction, is the Scheutzen Park and Baltimore Cemetery. On the east is a stretch of country showing Bayview, High- landtown, — one of the suburbs, — and, closer. Canton Park. This ground was deeded to the Canton Com- pany for a public park, and can only be used as such. Directly east of Patterson Park is a stretch of vacant land, rising gradually to the east, and suggestively appropriate as an addition to the park, which with its present acreage can scarcely accommodate the throngs visiting it. It is understood that the Canton Company are willing to turn over to the city that tract of land known as Canton Park in the event of an extension of Patterson Park in that direction. There are about eight acres in Canton Park. 278 HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Riverside Park, overlooking the Patapsco River, Spring Gardens, Locust Point, Fort McHenry, and as far down tlie bay as North Point, is probably the most attractive place in South Baltimore. It is situ- ated between Randall, Covington, and Johnson Streets, and in a direct line south with Federal Hill Park, from i which point it can be distinctly seen. It contains seventeen and a quarter acres, handsomely embel- lished and improved. A large marble fountain dec- 1 orates the centre of the park, in which are numerous gold and other fish, and at intervals four drinking- 1 fountains supply the visitors with ice-water. The I park is laid out with well-arranged drives and walks. There are two driving entrances, one each at the northwest and northeast corners of the park, on Ran- i dall Street. There are two pavilions, one on the west i and one on the north side of the park. A nursery is i on tlie grounds, where trees and shrubs, as well as ' flowers, are raised for the ornamentation of the place, j The lawns are fine and kept closely shaven, aud nu- merous floral designs decorate the place. The trees [ have all been set out since the park was opened in 1875, and show remarkable beauty and thrift, mak- [ ing a beautiful shade all over the grounds. The park i is inclosed with iron railings, and provided with set- ' tees and rustic benches. The attendance is large, and on Sunday afternoons as many as seven thousand people are seen in the grounds, showing the appreci- ation in which this attractive place is held. There has been some talk of extending the park westward by purchase of the ground at present partly occupied by the City Passenger Railway Company's car stables. , Federal HiU Park.— Federal Hill Park, in South Baltimore, although not yet completed, already gives promise of being one of the most attractive resorts in j the city. It is an elevated plateau, eighty-two feet above tide-water, and bounded on the north by Hughes Street, on the south by Warren Street, on the east by Covington Street, on the west by Johnson Street, this last-named street not yet being graded. The base of the park covers eight and a quarter acres, and the pla- teau is a surface of four and a half acres. There is a ! rise of seventy-two feet from the base of the park to the plateau. On this plateau at present is the old Signal Service observatory, which is still used to herald the approach of vessels aud steamers. From the pla- teau, as well as from the observatory, the scene is ex- tended and varied, surpassing in many respects the ' view from Washington Monument. A full view is had of the city, with its churches, foundries, manufac- tories, etc., and as far down the bay as a good glass ■will reach. Commencing southward, Anne Arundel County's hills and farm-houses are plainly visible, and as the eye sweeps around every prominent building and point in the city is brought into view, until the eye again rests on the objects from which it started out on the j tour of inspection. The whole city encircles this park, and the view is most striking. Iinmcdiatclv in front of the park and to the east is the harbor of the port, with all its variety of shipping and multiplicity of small craft. The water-front view is not less interest- ing than the view inland. Large steamers and ships are seen at the wharves loading and unloading, and smaller steamers and sailing-vessels are constantly moving up and down the harbor, giving life and vari- ety to the beautitiil picture. The plan of the park is unique and unlike that of any other park in the city. The old ramparts con- structed at this point by Gen. Butler during the late war have all been cut down and converted into fine walks and drives. The park is almost square. A stone wall has been constructed on Hughes Street, one on Warren Street, and one is now in course of construction on Johnson Street. These walls are all to be six feet high. On Covington Street there are a lot of old buildings which will no doubt in the future be bought in order to extend the park in that direction. From the base up the park is being ter- raced, and slopes at an angle of one and a half to one foot. On the north side there will be two slopes, with a terrace between before the upper terrace is reached, which is four hundred feet long by twenty feet wide. The other sides will be somewhat similarly arranged, possibly with more terraces. It is thfe intention to put up steps in the centre of each of the sides of the square bounded by Hughes, Covington, and Johnson Streets. The steps on Hughes Street, where the stone wall is six hundred feet long, are already completed. These are sixteen feet wide, with a rise of seven and a quarter inches and a tread of fifteen inches, and are easy of ascent. The plateau surmounting this park has an area of four and a half acres, divided into walks and drives, and will be handsomely decorated with trees, shrub- beries, and choice flowers. The driving entrance will be on Warren Street, with entrances for pedestrians also. The drives are wide, with carriage concourse on the north side of the park. The ornamentation has not yet been fully decided upon, but probably a pavilion will be erected upon the plateau. It is thought the improvement will be fully completed next year. Already settees line the upper terraces completed on the north side, and afternoon and even- ing the place is crowded with pleasure-seekers of South Baltimore. There is always a delightful breeze sweep- ing over this elevated plateau, and there is probably no resort in Baltimore which has more agreeable fea- tures than this circumscribed though delightfully sit- uated place of recreation and relax.ation. The Broadway Parks, which extend from Balti- more Street to Gay Street, a distance of over a mile, are the most extensive in the city, and have recently been greatly improved. The iron railings which for- merly disfigured those near the Baltimore Street end have been removed and the park widened several feet. Neat and graceful walks have been laid out, largo and luindsome urns placed at the entrances to MONUMENTS, PAKKS, AND SQUARES. 279 the various squares, and curbs and drains provided wherever needed. Beds and mounds of coleus and other plants, designed in anchors, Maltese crosses, stars, and many other forms, are almost innumerable, and roses and shrubbery are cultivated with the great- est success. Shade-trees have also been platjted in large numbers. Midway between Baltimore and Hampstead Streets stands a fountain, the water fall- ing into an octagonal basin of neat design. In the square between Fayette and Hampstead Street is the Wildey Monument, erected by the Odd-Fellows of the United States to the memory of Thomas Wildey, a citizen of Baltimore. From this point, the highest in the series of the Broadway Parks, these beautiful gardens may be seen stretching away to the north over an undulating surface as far as the eye can reach, forming a vision of great beauty, especially grateful to a denizen of the city. Square after square of flow- ers, shrubbery, grassy plots, and winding walks are seen, with Johns Hopkins Hospital on the east, the whole ending at Gay Street, where there is a foun- tain similar to that near Baltimore Street and a square of special beauty, bordered by rows of shade- trees. Harlem Park. — Harlem Park, located between Gilmor and Callioun Streets and Harlem and Ed- mondson Avenues, contains nine and three-fourths acres, and is more than double the size of Franklin, Lafayette, and Union Squares, being about seven hundred and ninety-three feet east and west, and upwards of four hundred and fifty feet north and south. In the First Branch of the City Council, on the evening of Nov. 11, 1867, Mr. Tagert presented a communication from John H. B. Latrobe, executor and trustee of the late Dr. Thomas Edraondson, in j I which he proposed to give to the mayor and City Council of Baltimore, for the purpose of a public square or park, the lot of ground in the northwestern section of the city bounded on the west by Gilmor j Street, on the east by Calhoun, on the south by Thompson, and on the north by Adams Street. In February, 1868, an ordinance was passed accepting the gift. August Paul, the civil engineer of Druid j Hill Park, prepared the plan for laying off the grounds, and E. A. Hohn superintended the execution of the work. It was not dedicated until 1876. The gar- dening in Harlem Park forms its chief attraction. Beds and mounds of exotic and native flowers, the most difiicult of cultivation, are found in great pro- fusion. The designs include stars, diamonds, Mal- tese crosses, hearts, ovals, circles, and semicircles, each one of great artistic beauty and of remarkably accurate outline. In the park there are twenty-seven of these beds. Every available spot in the park is decorated with beds of bright and beautifully-blended foliage and blooming plants. Public Squares.— Baltimore might almost as ap- propriately be called the city of parks as the city of monuments. In addition to the six principal places of recreation and resort already mentioned, it con- tains within the corporate limits a large number of charming garden-spots, which in other cities would probably be dignified by the name of parks, but which in Baltimore are generally known by the modest name of squares. These blooming oases in the desert of brick and mortar, with their bright flowers, green grass, waving trees, and playing fountains, are becom- ing more numerous every year, and, adding largely to the health and comfort of the inhabitants, form one of the distinguishing features of the city. Franklin Square is situated in one of the most closely populated and handsomely built sections of the West End, and is bounded by Carey, Calhoun, Lexington, and Fayette Streets. It was laid out under ordinance of April 23, 1839, and was purchased from James and Samuel Canby for $10,000, the pur- chase not being finally consummated, however, until 1845. The square contains three acres, and is pleas- antly shaded by lindens, maples, poplars, cedars, etc. The marble fountain and jet which adorn the centre of this resort were provided in 1850, and the square was lighted for the first time with gas on the evening of June 23, 1853. The iron railings which had been placed around the square in 1851 were removed under resolutions of Oct. 3, 1874, Jan. 2, 1875, and June 30, 1875. The square was at one time provided with four wells that were supposed to possess medi- cinal qualities, and were frequently resorted to by the sick and afllicted, who would often carry away a sup- ply of the water in bottles. Investigation, however, cast discredit upon the genuineness of their mineral pretensions, and for sanitary reasons the wells were closed. Union Square.— On March 5, 1846, the mayor transmitted to the Second Branch of the City Council a proposition from Messrs. John Donnell & Sons to cede to the city a tract of land in West Baltimore bounded by Hollins, Lombard, Strieker, and Gilmor Streets, to be by the city inclosed and improved as a public square. On April 9, 1847, the ordinance to accept the plot of ground passed the City Council, and on the 10th of May " Union Square" was donated to the city of Baltimore by the Messrs. Donnell. In 1850 the City Council made an appropriation of four thousand dollars to defray the expense of improving the spring. By ordinance of April 18, 1849, the mayor and register were authorized to sell the right to all surplus water arising from the public fountain in Union Square to the president and directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Kailroad Company. The marked feature of this square is its magnificent shade, giant poplars, maples, and ash-trees forming a leafy canopy impervious to the rays of the sun. The railing has recently been removed from the squares and urns of flowers placed at the entrances, which are paved with concrete. In the southeast part of the square is a pavilion, supported by fluted columns about twelve feet in height. 280 HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Eastern City Spring, bounded by Lombard, Pratt, Spring, and Eden Streets, contains about two acres, and is a level plateau. Part of the ground was purchased by the city on the 1st of August, 1818, and part on the 29th of August, 1837, the whole costing fifteen thousand dollars. The iron railing was re- moved in April, 1881, and the ground near the side- walks graded and bordered with a cement drain ex- tending around the square. It is well -shaded by large trees, and is ornamented with statues and a fountain in the centre.' Taney Plac;e, on North Avenue, from Charles Street Avenue to Oak Street, is a pleasant little park lately begun by the residents in the neighborhood, and when finished will almost complete a continuous line of trees, grass, and flowers from Charles Street and Boundary Avenues to Druid Hill Park. Washington and Mount Vernon Squares.— These are the names by which the four squares are known which flank Washington Monument at the in- tersection of Charles and Monument Streets. The two parks on Monument Street, east and west of the monument, together constitute Mount Vernon Place, and are each two hundred feet wide by seven hundred and forty-four feet long, that on the east extending from Charles to St. Paul, and that on the west from Charles to Cathedral. Washington Square is com- posed of two plots in Charles Street, north and south of the monument^ each of which is one hundred and fifty feet wide by seven hundred and forty-four feet long, that on the north extending from Monument to Madison Street, and that on the south from Monu- ment to Centre Streets. These reservations, together with the site of Washington Monument, were donated to the city by Col. John E. Howard, of famous mem- ory. The bill providing for the improvement of these plots passed the City Council in April, 1850. By or- dinance of Oct. 10, 1876, the commissioners were au- thorized to remove the iron railings, and to uiake such improvements as they might deem advisable. New walks have been laid out and paved, a fountain erected in the square south of the monument, and flowers and shrubbery planted. John W. Garrett, of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, has authorized the city authorities to procure at his expense an addi- tional fountain, to be placed in the square between Charles and St. Paul Streets. The fountain will be a duplicate of those in the Champs Ellysees, Paris, and will cost fifteen thousand dollars. These squares are surrounded by stately buildings, public and private, among which are the Peabody Institute and Mount Vernon Methodist Episcopal Church. Lafayette Square.— Lafayette Square, situated in the northwestern section of the city, and bounded by Carrol|ton, Lafayette, and Arlington Avenues, and Lanvale Street, was purchased under the ordinance of April 28, 1857, from Messrs. Knell, Rice, Hoffman, 1 For Culvert Street Spring, see foot-note on page 213. and others, for fifteen thousand dollars. In Feb- ruary, 1859, a company of citizens interested in the property in the vicinity was formed, with Jacob HofF as president; William Carmichael, secretary; and Frederick Weiss, treasurer; and in March following the grading of the streets around the square was com- menced. In November, 1865, the frame buildings erected by the United States government for govern- ment purposes during the civil war were removed, and the square fitted up and used again as a resort. The fine forest-trees which adorned this square at the time of purchase were destroyed by the troops during the military occupation. On Jan. 11, 1867, Mr. Handy, in opposing a resolution to appropriate five thousand two hundred dollars to the repairing of La- fayette Square, stated in the City Council that up to that time twenty-nine thousand three hundred and sixty-eight dollars and thirty cents had already been expended on this square, while but few of the condi- tions accompanying the appropriation had been com- plied with. In July, 1870, the Lafayette Square As- sociation was formed, with Henry Knell, president ; J. Henry Knell, secretary ; and F. Rice, treasurer ; and through the enterprise and exertions of this com- pany the square and its neighborhood rapidly im- proved. In 1872 the handsome bronze fountain which adorns the centre of the square was placed in position. It was cast in Philadelphia, and cost eight hundred dollars. The iron railings round the square were removed under resolution of May 8, 1873, and with the curbing, etc., were sold for fifteen hundred and twenty dollars, having cost originally between twelve thousand and thirteen thousand dollars. The square contains three and one-half acres, and is well I shaded by English walnut, Norway maple, birch, and I other trees. Beds of various designs, cultivated in < canna and coleus, some containing as many as thir- j teen varieties of foliage and flowering plants, attest I the skill with which the square is kept. In the [ centre of the .square is an ornamental fountain and a I circular basin, in which sporting gold and silver fish [ aftbrd the greatest amusement to the many children who make the park a daily resort. The entrances, eight in number, are each flanked by urns containing j blooming flowers, and are paved with artificial stone. i Four churches front on this beautiful park. i Johnson Square, bounded by Biddle, Valley, Chase, and McKim Streets, was purchased by the city from the Vickers estate under ordinance of May 3, j 1878, and has been leveled and provided with marble I steps leading up to it, but owing to a difference of views as to the plan to be followed in its improvement nothing further has been done towards beautifying it. The site is an elevated one, and John.son Square will no doubt become one of the favorite gardens of East Baltimore. Park Place Squares were created by ordinance ! of July 23, 1860. The square from McMechen to Wilson Streets contains a fountain, rows of shade-trees. THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. and a fine growth of grass, and is surrounded by a j dressed granite curb. From Wilson to Laurens Streets j a curb is being set, trees planted, and walks laid out. Perkins' Spring Square. — By ordinance of Oct. ' 1, 1872, the city comptroller was authorized to lease i for public use that portion of the Perkins' Spring property bounded on the west by Ogston Street, on the south by George Street, and on the northeast by Myrtle Avenue, with the right to purchase at six per cent, at the convenience of the city. The square is triangular in shape, and is noted for the beauty of its ilowers and careful gardening. Luxuriant beds of coleus and petunias in the most varied colors attract the eye of the visitor, the designs being anchors, stars, shields, etc., of the most elaborate kind. Rockeries, covered with creeping vines and topped with vases of bright flowers, form a beautiful novelty. Edtaw Place Square. — Eutaw Place Square had its origin in the gift of Henry Tifl'any, who in 1863 offered to the city the piece of ground, now in the bed of Eutaw Street, extending from Dolphin Street to the north line of Mr. Tiffany's property. The gift was accepted by the ordinance of March 19, 1853, Mr. Tiffany agreeing to build upon each side of the square " not less than seven houses, of not less than twenty- five feet front and three stories high." By the ordi- nance of July 15, 1853, the commissioners for open- ing streets were required to condemn, open, and con- tinue Gibson (now Eutaw) Street and Morris and Jordan Alleys from the north line of Henry Tiffany's property to Laurens Street, the centre of the contem- plated opening in Eutaw Street, to form a continua- tion of the square previously established. By the ordinance of May 23, 1876, Eutaw Square was ex- tended from Laurens Street to North Avenue, giving it a total length of six blocks. Artistic gardening of the highest character has exhausted its resources in beautifying these squares, and it may be said without exaggeration that they form one of the most complete specimens of street parking to be found anywhere. Between McMechen and Wilson Streets stands the handsome fountain exhibited by Messrs. Mott & Co., of New York, at the Philadelphia Centennial Expo- sition. The outer basin is forty-eight feet in diame- ter, and the main fountain, standing upon a granite base, is fifty feet high and has three distinct basins, the water flowing from the two upper ones to the lower, which is ten feet in diameter and richly orna- mented. A graceful female figure, standing in a shell, surmounts the work. Smaller figures on the surface of the water, and vases of flowers surrounding the outer basin, complete one of the most beautiful foun- tains in the city. Water was turned on Saturday afternoon, May 19, 1877. The fountain was purchased and presented to the city by the following gentlemen, residents of Eutaw Place : Charles C. Fulton, Nicholas Popplein, S. L. Earley, Wesley Eicketts, Henry Mc- Shane, J. Edward Hambleton, Jr., Bernard Chrom, Abraham Seligman, Theodore R. Miller, Greenleaf Johnson, William H. Crawford, William H. Skinner, A. W. Bradford, A. H. Russell, E. B. Hunting, John A. Horner, Horatio D. Vail, Thomas Kensett, C. C. Hermann, William S. Rayner, Robinson & Lord, R. R. Bowling, and H. C. Murray. The Gunther foun- tain, the gift of L. A. Gunther, which stands in the reservation between Mosher and TovvnSend Streets, is of bronze, eighteen feet high, and richly ornamented. All the railings formerly inclosing these squares were removed under resolutions of Jan. 8, 1876, and March 25, 1878. Ashland Square is the site of the Wells and Mc- Comas Monument. It has recently been planted with flowers, and otherwise improved. Madison Square was laid out under ordinance of April 6, 1853, by which the commissioners of finance were duly authorized to purchase from Archibald Stirling the square of ground bounded by Chase, Caroline, Eager, and Eden Streets for the sum of thirty thousand dollars. The square slopes gently to the south, a fountain and basin, with swimming fish, forming the centre, around which are ranged rustic seats, beneath the shade of large willow-trees. Grace- fully winding walks, paved with concrete and bordered with shade-trees, lead in every direction. Beds of bright-colored coleus and roses, backed by the green of the sward, give delightful variety to the scene. The iron railing was removed in 1880 and eight en- trances made, each marked by urns of blooming plants, mounted upon pedestals of pres.sed brick with marble panels, the effect being altogether inviting. Jackson Square.— Jackson Square, situated near the intersection of Broadway and Fayette Streets, was donated to the city on the 3d of December, 1844, by Robert Howard, a prominent merchant and public- spirited citizen, who died, much lamented. May 13, 1865. Baker Circle.— Baker Circle is a circular plot of ground two hundred and forty feet in diameter situ- ated at the intersection of Fulton Avenue and Baker Street. It was presented by the executors of the late William Baker, and was accepted Sept. 14, 1869, by resolution of the City Council. CHAPTER XXIV. THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. Geographical Position — Commerce— Centres of Trade — Claims for Con- Biileration— Private Enterprise— Houses— Basin anil Ship-Channels— Harbor Defenses— Observatory — Clipper-Ships- SteamboatsandSteam- ebips— Ice-Boats, etc. Whether the city of Baltimore was located by ac- cident or design, her citizens have cause for congratu- lation that they enjoy a location the best of any of the Atlantic cities for residence, commerce, trade, and manufactures. Climate and locality limit or promote HISTORY OF BAI.TIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the growth of cities, since tliey iiillueiice and siflect the life and liappiness of people. An equable climate void of extremes, and a locality free from deleterious influences, have enabled tlie citizens of Baltimore to accomplish in a scsqui-centennial period more of population and wealth than have fallen to the fortune of any of her sea-board rivals. Free from the ener- vating heats of prolonged summers, and exempt from that extreme cold which annually seals the avenues of Northern commerce, the trade and commerce of the people of Baltimore are uninterrupted, with but very few exceptions, from one year's end to that of anotlier. While more distant from the ocean than her chief rivals, her wharves are nearer to the great fields of Western and Southern trade than any of her competitors ; and since houi-s, not miles, measure dis- tance in modern commerce, and projected improve- ments to shorten both to the ocean are contemplated, the day is not distant when, with her gate on the sea, she will yet maintain her closer proximity to the granaries that supply the commerce of the country. While Baltimore extends for the cotton, breadstutt's, tobacco, naval stores, and provisions of the South the benefits of short routes to a port that secures for them cheap handling and every possible facility for ship- ment across the seas, it also aims through its jobbers and manufacturers to supply the Southern interior markets with all domestic and imported goods and manutiictured products at the lowest possible figures. In all these respects Baltimore possesses many advan- tages over New York, Philadelpliiu, and Boston. Its railroad communications, stretching in every direction, are managed at the minimum of expense as compared with those of the Northern and Eastern cities, and this fact insures that cheai)ness of trans- l)ortation which is so essential to successful competi- tion to both the buyer and seller. In the dealings of rival markets, that which brings to itself articles for consumption, shipment, or purchase with less outlay than its competitor pays secures tlie largest profits to all the parties concerned in the barter, sale, or pur- chase. Then another active factor comes to influence foreign trade at a port where transfers from railroad to ships are made, or rice versa, as may be, according to whether the goods or products liandled are intended for domestic import or foreign export. This factor is the successful solution of the problem how to eflect the speediest and least expensive transfer of cargoes and their component parts, and in this instance Bal- timore hits established the best system in this country. Neither the importer nor the exporter arc drained of their legitimate profits in trade to pay exorbitant charges for transfer at railroad dejiots and wharves, because all consignments are received and dispatched by the workings of a system that is unsurpassed for its speed and economy. Moreover, the foreign steam- ship lines of Baltimore admirably maintain their reputation for reliability and accommodations, and the growth of the foreign conimeree of tlie port is assisted by an increasing number of sailing-vessels arriving and departing. When peace was declared in 1865 there was a gen- eral feeling iu Baltimore business circles that this city must at once endeavor to re-establisli with the South the commercial relations that had existed prior to 18(51, and it was also felt tliat, as far as was in its power, it must take the foremost place in granting the accom- modation necessary to enable Southern houses to re- cover from the terrible disasters that liad been inflicted upon them while the struggle was pending. This sentiment was strongly marked with regard to nour- ishing a revival of trade connections witli the Vir- ginia cities, and was undoubtedly somewliat due to the personal and business intimacies that l»ad always subsisted between Baltimore and them. The Western trade, too, was beginning to attract attention, and the energy and capital of our peoi)Ie were thus at once directed southward across the Potomac and westward beyond the Mississippi. Their money and their en- terprise, wisely applied, have proved able to cope vic- toriously with the obstacles oft'ered, and Baltimore stands to-day the city of the Ejistern sea-board that has grown to the largest comparative extent in solid prosperity since 1865. 4 cause that figures very luoniinently in the in- fluences that nurture trade facilities here is the rela- tive slightness of taxation as compared with that which prevails in other principal cities. The mer- chant and the property-owner are not burdened with the excessive levies that depreciate the value of all real estate and compel the exaction of high rents. A fair valuation of land and buildings, and a not in- ordinate assessment thereupon, enable the building of stores and warehouses under favorable conditions, and permit them to be let out to tenants at figures which do not oppress business. We have seen by the examples of other communities that trade may he. most seriously enfeebled when it is taxed extrava- gantly to support profligate municipal government, and although Baltimore has been reproached that she does not expend larger sums in public improvements, yet experience has demonstrated that our policy of conservatism is wiser and more profitable in the long run than the practice of loose expenditures, to be eventually paid for in high taxes wrung from the earnings of industry and thrift. It has been found that business thrives best under careful and economic government, and that the development of capital is in ])roportion to the completeness of the innnunity it enjoys from burdensome taxation. This being the case, the erection of new and magnificent buildings has measurably continued even during periods of greatest financial stringency. Much has been accom- plished also by the soundness of the Baltimore bank- ing institutions, both public and private. It is some- thing extraordinary tiiat while in the North, East, and West banks, trust companies, and insurance corporations have been collapsing, involving serious THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMOKE AS A TRADE CENTRE. distress to business and visiting the loss of millions of dollars upon depositors, not one of the well-estab- lished financial institutions of Baltimore has shown any symptoms of weakness/ but, on the contrary, they have all been able to give the strongest evidences of their soundness and to carry the business interests of the community safely through the storms of the last ten years. It is even more worthy of note that with a single exception not one of the leading commercial establishments of Baltimore has gone into bank- ruptcy in that time, and that the few manufacturers and jobbers who have been compelled to close their doors have done so honorably and with the expecta- tion of resuming operations in that season of return- ing prosperity upon which the country has entered. It is patent to everybody that this immunity from the evils of overtrading and wild speculation is due to a strict observance of the rules upon which all perma- nent, prosperous trading and production are founded, and hence it must be observed that Baltimore is well prepared to extend her commercial relations, and occupies a most enviable situation in that respect. Geographical Advantages. — All these causes com- bined have undoubtedly tended, to a great extent, to give Baltimore a commercial standing, the value of which is at last being reluctantly acknowledged by sister-cities in the Union which have for so long held a maritime supremacy. Even New York, claiming to be not only the empress of the East, but also to be the centre from which radiate all the trade and com- merce of the continent, has awakened to the fact that her trade is diminishing rapidly to the increase of that of Baltimore. The New York Chamber of Com- merce has tacitly admitted the fact, and the presi- dents of the great trunk lines from the East to the West have given cumulative testimony to show that, even with all the natural advantages possessed by the harbor of New York and with a great river and canal as auxiliaries, this city is exercising an influence that is gradually making itself felt among public and private corporations, and is leading her rivals to de- vise some means, if not of checking her pretensions, at least of counteracting what to them is proving so destructive. To the general reader it may seem tedi- ous to enter into details which prove that the claims Baltimoreans set up are not extravagant and have not been overstated.- But to the business man, whose mission it is to collect facts and weigh their relative value, statistics are always welcome. They are the atmosphere in which he moves, the data on which he bases his calculations, and anything which will help him in his business or suggest avenues to which he can turn with profit, is more eagerly perused than would be well-rounded sentences, which attract with- out leaving behind any satisfactory impression. This, then, must be the apology if the present chapter deals occasionally with statistics and figures, as they are IS tlie last bank fail- necessary in order that a full understanding may be had of the trade and commerce of Baltimore. Situation. — Situated as Baltimore is, midway be- tween the North and South, and possessing in her climate all the advantages which are owned by the dwellers on the rocky headlands of New England or in the green glkdes of Florida, the temperature is neither enervating in summer nor chilling in winter. It is hardly possibly to conceive of anything more genial and delightful than the winter which comes to us, with its merry in-door parties, its round of balls and receptions, its coasting and sleighing, and the thousand social influences which seem to expand and strengthen under the bracing air and the deep blue sky. Independently of the poetic aspect which this fact wears, there is also a practical side to the ques- tion, in that the harbor and the river are nearly al- ways open to traffic, and there is no loss to trade from ice blockades, with their accompanying discomforts and inconveniences. Even in the event of an ex- traordinary low temperature, the contingencies which would naturally follow have been guarded against, and the services of powerful ice-boats specially con- structed for the i)urpose are called into requisition to keep the harbor clear and unimpeded. Nowhere probably in the Union can there be found such a commingling of the lesthetic and the practical, of the almost spontaneous luxuriance of the South and the cultivation — which is born of hard and enduring toil — of the North, than in this city and its immediate neighborhood. Dank fields where tobacco flourishes alternate with rows of tasseled corn ; acres of rich and waving grass flanked by orchards laden with mellow fruit, and flowers that seem to have caught all the glory of the summer sunlight ; hoary trees that have stood the storms of a century ; rivers stocked with fish and singing their murmuring song as they dance onward to the sea ; a bright and glassy bay, with storm-stained fishing-boats and tall and stately ships, and hills glowing with verdure, — all these form the frame-work of the picture, while placed in the centre, set upon a hill, stands the great city, with its clanging forges, its busy wharves, its screaming loco- motives, and nearly all the industries of the nation bound up and epitomized within its limits. It has already been stated that, owing to the central position which Baltimore occupies as regards the At- lantic portions of the Union, and by means of direct railroad communication with the great West, she can successfully compete with New York and Philadel- phia for the trade of the West and Northwest. The West can be reached as follows: by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and its branches to Pittsburgh, Wheel- ing, Columbus, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, and Chicago, and by the Northern Central Railroad with all the great Western connections of the Pennsylvania Central Railroad. The Northern Central brings Bal- timore into close connection with the lake country, the distance and time from Baltimore to Erie, Buft'alo, 284 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. and Niagara being some seventy miles less than from New York to these points. Baltimore is also one hundred and fifty-two miles nearer Chicago than New York; two hundred and ten miles nearer St. Louis; two hundred and forty-six miles nearer Louisville, Ky. ; two hundred and forty miles nearer Cincinnati, and one hundred and four miles nearer Pittsburgh. The erection by the Baltimore and Ohio and the Pennsylvania Railroad Companies of capacious grain- elevators at Locust Point and Canton, the deepening of the harbor to a uniform depth of twenty-five feet, and the superior facilities for handling freight have offered great attractions to the trade of the West, of which it has not been slow to take advantage. The [ other railroads centering in Baltimore are the Phila- [ delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore; the Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio, which has direct connection with the entire net-work of Southern roads to New Orleans and Texas ; the Baltimore and Poto- mac to Washington, and thence by Southern connec- tions to New Orleans ; and the Western Maryland, which passes Gettysburg, Hanover, and many of the interior towns of Maryland and Pennsylvania, through a country rich in historical associations and natural beauty. The Western Maryland also connects at Hagerstown with the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valley Railroad. These savings of distances and connections with the great trade centres of America do more than shorten time: they cheapen the cost of transportation, and thus increase the returns to the people trading with Balti- more. The saving of three cents per bushel on the grain receipts of Baltimore for 1879 (66,822,083 bush- els) amounted, according to the twenty-fifth annual re- port of the Corn and Flour Exchange, to $2,004,662.49, which was really equal to that amount of additional profit to those Western shippers who sent their grain to Baltimore instead of New York. One fact in trade is worth more than many theories, and comes home to the planter and grower with more force than whole pages of argument. Commerce. — As a commercial port Baltimore ofl^ers inducements superior to any American city. Her situation, near the head of the Chesapeake Bay, is that of an intermediate station between the North and the South, and her water communication with all the sea-board cities of both sections offers opportunities in domestic trade nowhere else obtainable. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia to the North, and Nor- folk, Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah, Havana, New Orleans, and Galveston at the South, are all in communication by water lines with Baltimore, where the peculiar productions of each locality are ex- changed. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, though reaching tide-water at Georgetown, may yet be re- garded as another of the lines of intercommunica- tion by which Baltimore trade is promoted and in- creased. The Atlantic sea-board, by means of the Bay Line steamers and the Sea-board and Roanoke Railroad, are brought into the closest commercial connections with Baltimore. When to this magnifi- cent system of continental communications is added the Northern and Eastern system by water lines and railroad, it may be said of Baltimore that there is hardly a hamlet in the Union that may not feel the impulse of her energy and enterprise. Centres of Trade. — The history of Baltimore from its infancy upwards has been one indicative of indom- itable perseverance, sterling integrity, and all the qual- ities of true manhood and womanhood. On no other principle, even with the natural advantages spoken of, can her rapid growth and vitality be accounted for. Standing on one of the eminences which encircle her, the eye looks down on a panorama which cannot be presented by any other city in the Union. And when it is considered that all that is looked upon has been the product of a period which, so far as a Euro- pean city is concerned, would seem trivial and insig- nificant, it can readily be understood what a con- servatism of energy has been necessary in order to produce such substantial and enduring results.' Al- though the site of the city is such as to cause irregu- larity in some of the streets, the various sections are laid out with remarkable uniformity. Baltimore Street, which runs east and west for a distance of about five miles, is the principal thoroughfare, and the chief seat of the retail trade in all branches of industry. Gay, North Charles, Howard, Eutaw, and Lexington Streets have, however, of late years at- tracted a considerable portion of this trade, although Baltimore Street still retains the supremacy. Portions of it, as also South, Hanover, Sharp, Howard, Liberty, Charles, and German Streets, and Exchange Place, are now the principal locations of the wholesale trade. It is questionable if New York, with its prestige and constant inpouring of wealth and capital, could pre- sent a finer exhibit than do the stores which line the thoroughfares of Baltimore. They may not, as a rule, be rich in architectural beauty and outward adorn- ment, — although even to this rule there are excep- tions, — but in the nature, finish, and diversity of their goods, in the taste which shines through them, and in the equable manner in which all wants and re- quirements are attempted to be supplied, their supe- riority to much which is only arranged for show and embellishment is at once perceptible. It is not alone in the lower plane of manufactures that our business men exist. The elephant that tears a tree from its roots can also pick up a pin, and the industry of our city which can forge a chain or an anchor can 1 As large as it is, Baltimore is the youngest of all the cities of the Atlantic sea-board, a mere child to hoary patriarchs like St. Augustine and Quehec and Montreal ; the junior of Now York hy one hundred and sixteen years, of Boston hy one hundred years, of Chiirleston and Philadelphia hy fifty years. It is younger than New Orleans and Newport ; Richmond and Norfolk overtop it many years, and us for venerable Annnpolis, that ancient beau among the cities already wore periwigs and sported its gold-headed cane and diamond- studded snuff-box before lialtiniore bad put on swaddling-clothes. THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. also fashion those delicate articles from the precious metals which adorn the head or deck the bosom of beauty. The conservative policy which has marked the commercial cai-eer and growth of Baltimore has extended its influence from the warehouse and the counting-room to the household, and there is conse- quently an absence of that affectation for everything which is new, and a more reverent clinging towards the old and the enduring. Not that it is meant to be 1 understood that old-fogyism prevails to any appreci- | able extent, but rather that comfort and solidity are ; in greater demand than mere display and fashion. It ] might surprise casual visitors to the city if they were furnished with statistics as to the value of the retail trade of many of our merchants. And the same re- i mark will hold good when applied to our wholesale j trade. We may enter a warehouse unpretentious in ! appearance and with no hurry or bustle perceptible in its rooms ; its goods, whether woolen, or cotton, or I leathern, lie quietly on its counters and shelves, and the natural thought is that the proprietors depend ! simply upon local trade. But question them, and you will find that they send their goods as far South as the Gulf and as far West as the Pacific Ocean. One agent is in New Orleans taking orders, another is in Chicago or St. Louis driving a bargain with a keen- eyed Western dealer. There are firms in the city whose goods are known and sought after all over the United States, and the extent of whose business would never be guessed at simply by looking at their stores, or judging of them by their personnel or their location. The refinement which had its birth here in old colo- nial times, and which has transmitted its purity through a long line of descendants, untainted by the commingling of newer and grosser elements, is still observable in our midst. And probably in no place outside of the family circle is it seen to better advan- tage than in the tastes of society in dress and fashion. Those outre costumes and that strange discord of colors so painfully evident as one travels west of the Alle- ghany Mountains have no place here. And this of itself ought to hold out an inducement to surrounding towns and cities to extend their business relations with Baltimore. There is not a steamer arriving at this port from Europe which does not bring as part of its cargo some of the finest products of European art and skill, — silks of the finest texture, dresses of the most approved and artistic shape and pattern, bonnets a reflex of those which grace the Parisian boulevards, delicate straws from Leghorn, cheviots from the Scot- tish mills, broadcloth from the west of England, and laces from Chantilly or Valenciennes. Nor are any of them such as would be bought cheaply as surplus stock to be got rid of at any price. They have all been selected with care, and under the personal super- vision of some man or men skilled in his or their business. The same store which sells the poor serving- girl her cheap print or calico has its representative in Paris, who is deep in the mysteries of Worth, and who will bring home some marvelous illustrations of the skill of the modiste, which in a few evenings will be worn at a reception on the avenue or in the square. The wonderful flowers you see in the millinery win- dows on Baltimore Street, and whose delicate texture and glowing color almost vie with Nature's handiwork, have been bought in the same way, while even the toy for your boy and girl at Christmas has necessitated a journey across the Atlantic before it could take a place in your nursery. But, it may be argued, there is nothing uncommon in this ; New York and Philadel- phia are also represented in London, in Paris, and Vienna. That is all true, but it is just here where the value of the figures and statistics hereafter given begins to make itself apparent. When we consider the want of terminal facilities in New York, the ob- stacles and petty obstructions placed in the way of its trade, the heavy freight and a thousand other charges to which importers are subjected, and then look to the advantages which surround Baltimore, and the corre- sponding inducements which the dealer can, as a natural consequence, offer to his customer, it will be seen at a glance that the position assumed in this chapter is logical and consistent. Claims for Consideration.— In thus arguing for a closer connection between Baltimore and the South, as far as individual trade is concerned, it should also be borne in mind that besides the pecuniary advan- tages to be derived from it, this city is entitled to some return for the benefits which her courage and en- terprise have conferred upon the States south of her. The position which she holds, standing as she does at the very gates of the South, has secured her influence for the advantage of those not so happily situated as she is. She has extended her hand to all industrious enterprises which have had for their object the pros- perity of those sections of the country lying contigu- ous to her, or with whom she has been able to inter- change commodities. The enterprises which she has inaugurated have had an effect in stirring up a spirit of friendly rivalry and emulation around her, and it is safe to say that much of the prosperity which the sea-board, and, as a result, the many inland cities of the South are beginning to feel to-day is due to the establishment of her lines of steamers, to the open- ing up of her railroads, and to a thousand other schemes which have been engineered by her keen- eyed citizens. The conservatism which was mentioned as being one of the characteristics of Baltimore enterprise, and as having prevented the ruinous speculation and loose sense of morality which have afflicted younger communities, has also produced another good result. It has taught its possessors the value of steady growth and the danger of transplanting, except under the most favorable conditions. The illustrations which fill this chapter are those of men who have grown up with the city, whose interest in it is abiding, who could not afford to change their location, and whose THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 287 means which honest labor can win. Her wealthy citizens enjoy mansions with every comfort, witliout the ostentatious display of marble or brownstone palaces. Her public schools and city colleges are arranged upon the most modern and complete plans, provided with trained teachers and learned professors, and free to all. In these seminaries of learning the children of people in every class of society meet and contend for the prizes which education brings. Sec- tarian differences disappear where no course of sec- tarian instruction is permitted, while morals and religion are cultivated by precept and example. Markets, surpassed by no city in the world, and equaled by few even in this country of plenty, offer and tempt the people with excellence of food and cheapness of cost. The beef, mutton, pork, venison, and fish of Baltimore markets are equal in every respect to those of other cities, and can be obtained at retail prices at about one-half their cost in New York, Boston, or Philadelphia; while the Chesa- peake Bay is richer in products for the table than any other sheet of water in the world. Fuel, whether coal or wood, for domestic and manufacturing pur- poses, is obtainable in Baltimore at prices far below those of any other city. To this must be added a water-supply unequaled in quantity and unexcelled in purity by that of any other city in the Union. In fact, health, comfort, happiness, and prosperity are attainable in Baltimore with less outlay of capital, and with more of ease and satisfaction, than in any other city. The Basin and Harbor.— That portion of the har- bor of Baltimore known as the Basin was formerly much more extensive than it is at present, the tide once reaching nearly if not quite up to Baltimore and Gay Streets. As late as 1S18 a writer in the Federal Gazette said that the "oldest inhabitants of Biiltlmore recollect when vessels were built near the City Spring, and when ships could unload their cargoes near the foot of Light Street. Younger men recollect when ships lay about Pat- terson's wharf, and heavy sloops went up to Gay Street (Griffith's) bridge. Without referring to older documents, it will be seen on inspection of Folie's map of Baltimore, published in 1792, only tweuty-six years ago, that eastward of Gay Street the causeway, now Water Street, bounded the tide, and that a marshy island occupied the whole space now covered with buildings and streets south of that line ; and if the space inclosed, but still overflowed by the tide around the city dock, and which is already lost to the harbor, be excluded, it will be found that not one-third of the surface of the basin, covered with navigable water in 1752, remains open ; and that the extent of basin which is left is now more shallow by Ave to ten feet than it was twenty-five years ago. My information as to the depth of water in the basin now and at a former period is not sufiiciently detailed and extensive to enable me to be very particular, but there can ttha I the tiou above Fe i Point." In 1789 the Centre Market lottery scheme had for its object the filling up the docks, " often filled with stagnated water and every species of filth, which have not only been destructive to health but highly incon- venient in that part of the town to free mercantile intercourse." In November, 1789, an earnest com- munication was addressed to the " honorable repre- sentatives of Baltimore Town and County," urging the importance of preventing the construction of small docks around the Basin, and the removal of those already there, and advocating the inclosure of the Basin with " one continuous street." '* Let the proposed Front Street," says the writer, " be the permanent boundary or margin of the basin from Camden Street on the north, which lies nearly in a direct line with Bowly's wharf continued ; on the west let the basin be bounded by Light Street, and on the south by Lee Street, leaving the aforesaid boundaries from sixty to eighty feet vnde, and let them be known by the names of North Front Street, South Front Street, etc., then let the whole breadth of South Street be continued with the basin until it intersects a direct line drawn from Conway Street continued, making the same a part of Front Street; from thence with said line of Conway Street past Messrs. McLure's, Spear's, Smith's, and Buchanan's wharves ; and at the said Buchanan's wharf it will be requisite to form an angle, on whose leg towards the east let the Front Street [be] ex- tended to Mr. Pattereon'B wharf, still leaving it not less than from sixty to eighty feet wide for the good of the public. In these dimen- sions would he comprehended a body or space of water of between sixty and seventy perches from north to south; and from east to west, along the town and Point, water sufficient to accommodate all the ships belonging to the United States. Opposite Jones' Falls into the basin a space must be left for a draw-bridge and the necessary works on each side. Such a front as this would express the good sense and taste of our citizens, cause their improvements to be admired by all travelers and foreigners, become an excellent boundary to our harbor, afford every pos- sible convenience to trade, and abolish those stinking docks which are of little benefit unless it be to infect and poison the community." ' In 1816 the filling up of the four docks extending at that time up to Cheapside was commenced, and subsequently completed. As was natural, much op- position was encountered in every attempt to get rid of the Basin. In November, 1838, Dr. Thomas H. Buckler proposed the bold but practicable scheme of filling up the Basin from Pratt Street to the west side of Jones' Falls by leveling Federal Hill and with its earth filling the Basin. The scheme of Dr. Buckler contemplated the extension of Calvert, South, Com- merce, Gay, and Frederick Streets, Marsh Market Space, Concord Street, and West Falls Avenue across and over the Basin and Whetstone Point to the Patapsco River, between Fort McHenry and the Ferry Bar, and to open Camden, Conway, Barre, Lee, York, Hill, Great Hughes, and Montgomery Streets eastwardly to intersect West Falls Avenue at or near Fells' Point. Such a scheme, it was contended, was necessary to the health of the city, by effectually re- moving the Basin, and would be commercially and pecuniarily advantageous to Baltimore. The removal of Federal Hill would not only extend the prospect, but admit the fresh air from the river into the city. The now separate quarters of the city would by such 1 Another correspondent, about the same time, in the Maryland Gazette, showing the advantages of Baltimore for the permanent residence of Congress, said that it had " as secure a harbor for shipping as the world can aflbrd ; a capacious basin capable of being made to contain one thou- sand ships, without any risks from winds, injury from freshets, or ice in the winter, or worms in the summer," and " Jones' Falls might, at smaU expense, be conducted through every part of the town ;" fuel, coal, and lumber they had " for centuries to come." Another correspoudent, who did not admire the appearance of the town, said, " Should Congress ever settle in Baltimore, what would foreign ambassadors think of their taste when they observed hut few tolerable streets in all the metropolis, and even those disgraced by such a number of awkwardly-built, low, wooden cabins, the rest of the town being divided by irregular, narrow lanes?" HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITi' AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. an improvement have been brought into more direct communication, and the capacious and deep-water harbors, together with waste lands adjacent to them, would have been advantageously utilized. It was contended that pecuniarily the city would have been j benefited by the acquisition of laud valued at four | million five hundred thousand dollars, which when sold and improved would have added at least nine million dollars to the taxable basis of the city ; that filling up the Basin and leveling Federal Hill would j reclaim eight hundred and thirty acres lying then ^ almost unimproved between East Light Street and Ferry Bar, the value of which was put at forty-five ] million dollars. The scheme was laid before the City Council, debated and referred to a committee, and a report by Benjamin H. Latrobe was made showing the cost for actual filling to be $764,.346, not includ- ing the cost for damage to existing property rights. After much discussion in the press and very great opposition from interested parties the scheme dropped | out of public notice. AVhether it is forever dead j remains to be seen. That many objections exist to the Basin but few will deny. Whether its advan- tages exceed its disadvantages is very doubtful, and what will be the action of the city in the future can- not now be foreshadowed. But Dr. Buckler, who was ; also the originator of the scheme to introduce the water of the Gunpowder, has lived to see that part of his grand idea consummated, though that too was opposed and for the time defeated. It may be that within the not distant future the Basin also will be ' filled up, Federal Hill leveled, and the great scheme of Dr. Buckler in its entirety be realized for the city. Topographical Map.— In October, 1874, John T. ! Ford proposed in the City Council the preparation | of a new map of Baltimore City and its environs, which should be an accurate topographical picture of the city and its adjacent territory, showing within the city the grade and width of streets and avenues, their surface drainage, and their improved and unim- proved blocks, with the wharves, piers, docks, and depth of water, and all practical information neces- sary to the understanding of the topographical fea- | tures of the city ; and showing beyond the city limits in every direction the accurate details of all avenues and streets, and their proposed extensions, water- courses, parks, homesteads, with the elevations and depressions of surface. This eftbrt of Mr. Ford was followed in 1877 by a lecture at Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, by Prof. J. E. Hilgard, of the United States Coast Survey, upon "The Surveys of Baltimore and j Vicinity for Economic Construction and Sanitary j Purposes," urging the necessity of the early comple- ' tion of the map as proposed by Mr. Ford. In 1867 an act of the Legislature was passed creating " The Harbor Commission," which was composed of the pr&sidents of the Board of Trade and Corn and Flour ! Exchange, and one other person appointed by the i presidents of the several Maryland insurance com- panies. This commission called in the aid of the United States Coast Survey in its work of surveying the harbor, but the proposition for such a survey was not acted upon by the Council. In November, 1880, Dr. C. W. Chancellor, of the State Board of Health, acting under authority from the National Board of Health, made a report on the sanitary condition of Baltimore as determined by him in a sanitary survey. The mayor and City Council have power to provide for the preservation of the navigation of the Basin and Patapsco River, within the limits of the city, and within four miles thereof, and for cleaning and deep- ening the Basin and docks, and for regulating the stationing, anchoring, and moving of vessels. The harbor is governed by a board of six commissioners, two of whom are appointed biennially, who, with the mayor, receive no compensation for the service they render in this connection. They are called the Har- bor Board of Baltimore, and consist of the following members : Mayor F. C. Latrobe, chairman ; John W. McCoy, William H. Skinner, Thomas B. Ferguson, Robert T. Baldwin, Alexander Jones, James Bond; James Woodside, secretary ; N. H. Hutton, engineer. There are also appointed annually, as other city officers are, six harbor-masters, who are empowered to collect wharfage on merchandise, tonnage, etc., at the city wharves. The harbor-masters for 1881 are: 1st District, Joseph Cromwell ; 2d District, William Knorr ; 3d District, B. Maitland ; 4th District, Fran- cis Cutaiar; 5th District, Patrick McLaughlin ; Spring Gardens, Charles T. Balla. The Governor appoints biennially one or more persons as wharfingers in the city of Baltimore to take charge of the wharves rented or owned by the State. Ship-Channels. — The necessity for a deeper ship- channel for the commerce of Baltimore was fully recognized in 1851 by the Board of Trade, and meas- ures were actively undertaken to devise the means required for the work. At the January meeting in 1852, on motion of Joseph C. Wilson, a resolution was unanimously adopted for the appointment of a committee of twenty members, empowered to ex- amine and report upon the subject of deepening the channel. The following gentlemen composed the committee: John C. Brune (e.i- officio chairman), Jacob Brandt, Jr., Galloway Cheston, Jacob G. Davies, Wil- liam Gardner, Rol)ert Howard, John Henderson, William Heald, Robert Leslie, Henry Mankin, Hugh McElderry, Henry A. Thompson, William Graham, William Kennedy, David Stuart, Andrew Flaunagan, Thomas Whitridge, R. M. Magraw, J. H. Luckett, R. R. Kirkland, James Murray. At a meeting of this committee, Capt. Robert Leslie submitted a chart constructed in 1819 by Lewis Brantz, and urged the necessity of a channel of twenty-five feet depth the entire length of the river, which could be accom- plished by removing the " Knolls," and he continued : THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 289 "Should the committee coincide in this general view, the question presents itself. How is the object to bo accomplished ? Shall we apply at once to Congress for a special appropriation to be expended under the direction of one of their own engineers? or shall we ask the appoint- ment of an engineer to survet/ and report on the whole subject? or shall we ask for the construction of a dredging-machine to be employed in the waters of the Chesapeake, in deepening the channel leading to the navy- yard at Norfolk, on Harrison's Bar in James River, and in the removal of obstructions in the Patapsco? The latter plan would avoid any consti- tutional objections, and should it be determined on, Richmond and Nor- folk would unite in the petition. In case of failure with (3ongress, where shall we look? to the Legislature of Maryland, or the city of Baltimore, or both together ?" Being in earnest they applied to all, — to Congress, the city, and the State, and their zeal was rewarded with assistance from each. Congress appropriated $40,000, the city granted $50,000, and the State gave the auction dues, amounting to about $20,000. But all these sums were not immediately available, nor were they all applied by the same directing head. Capt. Brewerton had charge of the congressional appropriation, and the commissioners of the other funds. The original, or what is known as the Brew- erton Channel, commenced at Fort McHenry, and extending one and one-half miles below Fort Carroll, was six miles long, with an average natural depth from nineteen to twenty-one feet at mean low water ; the lower division of this channel, extending from a point one and one-half miles below Fort Carroll to the entrance buoy of the old ship-channel, about four miles beyond North Point, was nine miles in length, with an average depth of only sixteen to eighteen feet. Capt. Brewerton commenced (Octo- ber, 1853) the formation of the new channel by dredging a channel one hundred and fifty feet wide and twenty-two feet deep at mean low water in a direct line from Fort McHenry to a point one and a half miles below Fort Carroll, and thence in another straight line nine miles in length to the old .ship- channel entrance buoy, about four miles beyond North Point. His work was confined to the lower division until its depth was equal to that in the upper division, no work being done between Fort Carroll and Fort McHenry until the spring of 1873. In 1856, Congress appropriated for this work one hundred thousand dollars, and the operations were conducted at the joint cost of the city and the United States until suspended in 1860, when the results obtained were a channel one hundred and fifty feet wide and about twenty-two feet deep at mean low water, from a point one and a half miles below Fort Carroll to a point just beyond North Point, about four and a half miles in length. The whole work was left in an un- finished condition. The original estimate for this channel was .?390,000, the amount expended to the date of suspension was, by the United States, $120,- 000, and by the city and State, $184,317.06, making a total of $304,317.06. In 1866, Congress appropriated $15,200, and a careful resurvey was made by Maj. Craighill of the river below Fort Carroll, which de- veloped the fact that the excavations had been ma- terially injured by the tides and currents, and that the lower end was subject to obstruction from float- ing ice. In consequence of this a new location was made, deflecting from the Brewerton Channel, three- fourths of a mile below the Seven-Foot Knoll Light, near the terminal point of the work previously com- pleted, and running thence due south towards Sandy Point Light. On this new line a channel was pro- jected two hundred feet wide and twenty-two feet deep at mean low water. In September, 1867, Maj.- Gen. Parke, of the United States Engineers, was placed in charge of the work, but relieved in May, 1868, by Brev. Brig.-Gen. I. H. Simpson, of the United States Engineers, who in September, 1869, announced the new south channel open to commerce, two hundred feet wide and twenty-one feet deep at mean low water, and that the Brewerton Channel had been reopened for a limited width to the same depth. The name of the " Craighill Channel" was given to the new south channel by Gen. Simpson. In 1870 an appropriation of $42,900 having been made by Con- gress, work was resumed on the Brewerton Channel. Maj. W. P. Craighill, United States Engineers, was again placed in charge of the work in November, 1870, and the " contract system" adopted, to the much greater expedition and cheapness of the work. In 1872 Congress appropriated one hundred thousand dollars for the work, and this year the Patapsco River Improvement Board was organized, and two hundred thousand dollars put at its disposal. This greatly increased the force employed upon the work, and ex- pedited its earlier completion, as well as enabled it to be enlarged to meet the requirements of the day, which diflered greatly from what they were twenty years before, when the work was projected. In 1872 the whole plan of the work was revised and the chan- nel marked out in three divisions, as follows : from Fort McHenry to the angle below Hawkins' Point two hundred and fifty feet wide and twenty-four feet deep at mean low tide ; thence to the angle near Seven Foot Knoll (Brewerton Channel), same dimensions; thence due south towards Sandy Point (Craighill Channel ) two hundred and fifty feet wide through the softer portions, four hundred feet wide through the oyster-beds and hard lumps, and twenty-four feet deep throughout. An addition to the Brewerton Channel of six and three-quarters miles long, one hun- dred feet wide, and twenty-four feet deep wa,s com- pleted during the summer of 1872, and buoys marking the northern edge of the cut located, and the new channel thrown open to commerce. In 1873 the United States and the city of Baltimore, by nearly equal contributions, made the sum of four hundred thousand dollars available to the prosecution of the work. The ship-channel has for its object to permit the approach to Baltimore at mean low water of vessels drawing from twenty-two and a half to twenty-three feet, and at ordinary high water vessels drawing 290 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. twenty-four or twenty-four and a half feet. This was attained in 1874 by the completion of the chan- nel with a depth of twenty-four feet at mean low water. A width of two hundred and fifty feet was given where tlie material on the edges of the cut is not of sufficient liardness to injure a vessel torching it, which is the case throughout the channel from Fort McHenry through the Brewerton Channel, and for about two miles down the Craighill Channel. This is regarded as a minimum width, which will be gradually increased by the abrasure of the sides by Since that report by Maj. Craighill the project of the channel has been enlarged to a depth of twenty- seven feet, and its directionsomewhat changed by an- other cut-off", shortening the length 'and improving the work. When completed Baltimore will enjoy all the advantages of easy approach which New York possesses for the largest ships and vessels of modern commerce. Harbor Defenses. — The harbor of Baltimore is defended by two fortifications, Fort McHenry and Fort Carroll. The former is an inner fort, situated passing vessels which may not be exactly kept in the i at the extremity of a point of land lying between the line of the channel. In some parts of the lower I northwest and middle branches of Patapsco River, channel where hard sides existed a width of four hundred feet has been given, and which is extended in many places to one thousand feet by the natural depth of the water ; this width was given to the channel at the turn from the Brewerton into the Craighill Channel, to give ample room for the turn- ing of large vessels in passing that point. Maj. Craighill, in his report to the Patapsco River Improvement Board, in 1874, remarks, — " It is not to be forgotten that this channel is an artificial road or high- way of the flame general character in that respect as a railway or canal or ordinary wagon road. It did not exist by natnre. It waa made, and to be kept in good condition it requires care in its use and annual re- pairs. Range-lights and bnoys have been provided to enable careful navigators to And their highway and to keep it safely as well by niglit as by day. Tlte sum which wilt be required annually to keep this high- way in its present condition need not exceed, and probably will not be less than, fifty thousand dollars. But it should bo regularly provided and Judiciously and economically applied. The constant and caref\ll use of this channel by heavy ships, and especially by screw-steamers, will inl- and now known as Locust Point. The first settler upon the point was probably Charles Gorsuch, said to be a member of the Society of Friends, who on the 24th of February, 1661, patented fifty acres of the tract, yielding and paying the rent of one pound sterling per annum in equal half-yearly installments at St. Mary's. Gorsuch subsequently abandoned it, and on the 2d of June, 1702, a patent was granted for the same land to James Carroll, who called it " Whetstone," and paid two shillings rent per annum. Whet- stone Point or Neck was evi- dently considered a favorable 1 leation for a town, and by the ict of April 19, 1706, it was made a port of entry, but it does not appear that either traders or planters ever availed themselves (it its commercial " facilities." In 1725, Carroll .sold it to John • iiles for five pounds sterling, nid in 1727 the Principio Com- n),' through John England, I urchased of Giles all the iron (lie "opened and discovered or shut and not yet discovered" ir three hundred pounds ster- ng and twenty pounds current iiKinev of Maryland. It was for 111 my years one of their principal sources of ore.^ Upon the commencement of the Revolution the importance of Whetstone Point for the defense of the town was at once appreciated, and in 1775 preparations were made to fortify it. Warned by the recent approach of the British sloop-of-war "Otter," in 1 The Principid Company was an association of British iron-masters, merchants, and capitalists, established in the early part of 1700, and en- gaged in nianufactnring pig and bar iron in the colonies of Maryland and Virginia, ■- After the Revolution, in 1781, the projierty of the company was con- fiscated, and we find among the returns of the Intendant of the Revenue the sale, on August 15tli in that year, of seventy-live acres, and on Sep- tember 2.')th of one hundred and twenty acres, on Whetstone Point belonging to the Principio Company. THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMOEE AS A TRADE CENTRE. March, 1776, the inhabitants set to work with a will to complete the defenses of Baltimore, which liad been ordered by the provincial convention. A water-battery of eighteen guns was planned at Whet- stone Point by James Alcock, and begun under the superintendence of Messrs. Griest, Griffith, and Lou- denslager, and Capt. N. Smith was put in command. A large force of colored men were employed in provid- ing timber, logs, etc., and in the erection of a boom be- tween Whetstone Point and the Lazaretto, and a chain was also stretched, supported by twenty-one sunken schooners, across the neck of the harbor. As the Revolution progressed these fortifications were still further strengthened, and an air-furnace was erected near the batteries, from which, the Maryland Oazetfe of Sept. 9, 1777, declares, "red thunder-bolts of war will issue to meet our invading foes." Until 1793 the fortifications on Whetstone Point remained ex- clusively under the control of the State, but in conse- quence of the apprehensions entertained at that period of a conflict with Great Britain, it was deemed i advisable to place the Point at the disposal of the Federal government, which was done in the follow- ing somewhat condescending resolution passed by the Legislature in 1793 : " Whoreaa, the United States may think it necessary to erect a fort, arsenal, or other military works or buildings on Wlietstone Point for the public defense; therefore, Resolved, That upon the application of the President of the United States to the Governor for permission to erect a fort, arsenal, or other military works on the said Point for the purpose aforesaid, the Governor shall and may grant the same, with the consent of the owner of the soil." The Federal government did not take advantage of this permission, however, until 1798. In the summer of that year Maj. Tousard, an oflicer of rank and ex- perience, was ordered to examine the existing works at Whetstone Point and report the additions he should deem indispensable to the protection of the city. Maj. Tousard was directed to submit his plans to the con- sideration of a committee of Baltimore citizens, con- sisting of Messrs. Robert Gilmor, Jeremiah Yellott, George Sears, Mark Pringle, Robert Oliver, Archibald Campbell, William Patterson, Thomas Coale, and David Stewart, who were at that time engaged in superintending the construction of " ships of war" that were being built by the subscriptions of the citi- zens. In an address to the public on the subject under date of July 24, 1799, the committee say, — " It was a duty foreign to our general pursuits, and in every respect inconvenient, but it interested all, and we did not think ourselves at liberty to refuse. We were informed by the Secretary of War that the finances of the United States did not admit of a larger appropriation than twenty thousand dollars towards the fortification to be erected in our city, and Mty. Tousard was enjoined to keep this circumstance in view in projecting the proposed new works. From the same sum also the land on which the works were to be erected was to be purchased, as well aa all necessary materials. Maj. Tousard, after examining the old, and fully considering the position to be secured by the new works, de- livered a decided opinion to your committee that it was impossible to erect adequate works of defense for the sum limited, nor would he risk I his professional reputation by recommending such as on trial would de- ceive by proving insufficient. He, however, submitted the plan he 1 deemed most proper to our consideration, with his estimate of the ex- pense of executing, which exceeded the public appropriation 810,963.44. Thus did your committee see the economy of the government at variance with the safety of the city. The latter was too serious and too im- portant an object to be relinquished, and your committee, at every hazard, recommended that the fortifications should be erected on the most approved and effectual plan. In doing this they relied on the well- known liberality, patriotism, and zeal of their fellow-citizens to supply the deficiency. The Secretary of War has complied with their recom- mendation, and under the direction of your committee the proper quan- tity of land has been purchased, and considerable progress is made in the necessary works. Mr. Foneiu, the present engineer and superin- tendent, in whose skill, industry, aud economy your committee have per- fect confidence, has improved the plan of Maj. Tousard and devotes his whole time and attention to its completion. In the mean time the pub- lic funds are nearly exhausted. But those works of defense, which all must admit to be proper even in the event of peace, and indispensable in time of war, remain incomplete. Our lives, our families, our property are all exposed, for danger will exist while Europe is convulsed with wars, and as long aa human nature remains imperfect. In this interest- ing situation you are called upon to supply the deficiency of public ap- propriations by voluntary contributions. Tour committee, from the ex- ample of New York and other State governments, have formed au expec- tation that the subscriptions of the citizens will be reimbursed by the Legislature of Maryland. They pledge themselves to make the applica- tion in person if required, and in a measure of just and sound policy and deeply interesting to the State, they may reasonably promise themselves success. At the present moment, however, it is of primary importance to raise a supply by private subscription. To facilitate the business the city will he divided into districts, and two of the subscribers will call on the inhabitants of each district to receive their donations on or after the 25th instant."! The fortifications thus constructed consisted of a star fort of brick-work, which was subsequently called Fort McHenry in honor of James McHenry, of Balti- more, who was the first Secretary of War under Wash- ington. During the war of 1812 the defenses of Fort McHenry were still further strengthened, and it was thus enabled to withstand successfully the memorable attack of Sept. 13, 1814. In 1872 a heavy water-bat- tery was constructed and the fort was placed upon a thorough military footing. In spite of the proud as- sociations connected with its heroic resistance in 1814, Fort McHenry can scarcely be considered at the present day as an adequate water defense, and it might with advantage be superseded by another fortification at a greater distance from the city. Fort Carroll is situated in the middle of the Patapsco River, eight miles below Baltimore. It is a six-sided work, originally intended to be casemated on all sides, but has never been entirely completed. It occupies four acres, and is furnished with over forty heavy guns. With three tiers of casemates and bar- bette as originally intended, its armament would have consisted of three hundred and fifty guns. Fort Car- roll is in charge of Col. Craighill, who is superin- tendent of the harbor defenses of Baltimore. The ordinary occupants of the post are only the " fort keeper," the light-house keeper, and their families. The walls of the fort are from eight to ten feet thick and forty feet high. The foundations rest upon heavy piles riprapped and driven into the bed of the river. Fort Carroll was first projected in 1847, when Maj. Ogden, of the United States Engineers, asked for an 1 Their hope of reimbursement by the Legislature, and we may also say by the general governmeut, does not appear to have been realized. 292 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. appropriation to locate the site on Soller's Flats, be- tween Sparrow's Point and Hawkins' Point. Work was actually begun March 1, 1848. Capt. Robert E. 1 Lee, then a brevet colonel of engineers for nieritor- i ious services in the Mexican war, relieved Maj. Ogden in the superintendence of the work on the 15th of ! November, 1848, remaining in charge until 1852. Lieut.-Col. Brewerton had charge from 1861 to 1864, and Col. Craighill, in connection with other duties, j since about 1871. | The Observatory. — The observatory on Federal Hill is an " i,h\ iiiluibitant." On May 9, 1797, Daniel Porter notified the commercial port of Baltimore that j his observatory rooms were then ready, and that the j price of one year's admittance thereto was three dol- I lars, and single visits twenty-five cents ; that he ex- | pected soon " to get as good a telescope as can be j procured in London," and that signals for vessels had j been completed as follows : " An American ensign for ! a ship, a pendant for a brig, a burgee for a topsail j schooner, and a red flag for a sloop ; for a ship and a [ brig, a pendant over the ensign ; for two brigs, the ensign over the pendant ; for two ships, a pendant over the red flag." Gentlemen who wished to en- courage this necessary undertaking were invited "to send their names to the observatory on Federal Hill." And there to-day, at an elevation of one hundred and fifty feet above tide, the signals that notify of ap- proaching craft may be seen. A more powerful tele- scope than that of Daniel Porter now makes out the letters, recognizes the flags, and communicates the intelligence of the arrival of the thousands of vessels that make up the commerce of this city. Ferries. — In 1813, Peter Paul ferried persons across the river by two ferry-boats, Nos. 1 and 2, at twelve and a half cents ferriage. The " Locust Point Ferry Company" was organized in 1851 with a capital of ten thousand dollars, with Rowland Robinson as president. Their first steam ferry-boat was launched from the yard of Homey & Mead, on June 14th of that year, and was designed to ply between Kerr's Wharf and Locust Point. Her name was the " Lo- cust Point," and her regular trips began Aug. 4, 1851. The same company added " The Belle of Bal- timore" to their line May, 1852. In 1857 the City Council authorized the use of the terminus of the county wharf, lower end of Broadway, to this com- pany for ferry purposes, and on May 28, 1857, the " Locust Point" and the " Belle of Baltimore" com- menced regularly the route from that wharf to Locust Point. The " Federal Hill Steam Ferry Company" was organized Jan. 30, 1854 ; E. A. Abbott, president ; John S. Brown, Horace Abbott, R. A. Taylor, H. R. Hazlehurst, Saml. Butler, and Thos. Kensett, direc- tors. The route was from Hughes to West Falls Avenue. The "' City Block," a substantial and com- modious boat, commenced lier regular trips in April, 1855. In 1864 the Patapsco Company opened a ferry from their lands at Locust Point to Ferry Bar, and in Sep- tember the steamer " Liberty" opened the route. In 1865, M. E. Uniack, of South Baltimore, opened a ferry with twenty small ferry-boats, marked on the stern " W. & C," for the ferriage of persons from Covington Street, South Baltimore, to the tobacco warehouse on the opposite side. In 1861 an ordi- nance authorized The City Block Ferry and Towing Company to open a ferry between West Falls Avenue and Great Hughes Street. Ship-Building. — As a ship-building station Balti- more takes an early precedence among American cities. Ships were built at Fell's Point at a period anterior to the founding of Baltimore Town. In 1752, however, but two ships, the " Philip and Charles" and the " Baltimore," were owned in the town, though Douglass, who died in that year, says " some years since they built a very large ship, called the ' British Merchant,' burden one thousand hogs- heads." The Province of Maryland in 1 769, accord- ing to the tables of Lord Sheffield, built twenty ves- sels of thirteen hundred and forty-four tons. In 1772 only eight vessels were built in Maryland. From Jan. 5, 1770, to Jan. 5, 1771, the total tonnage of Maryland was 30,477 tons entered and 32,474 tons cleared; how much of this belonged to Baltimore it is impossible even to conjecture. , John Pearce, in 1777, built for Messrs. John Sterett and others the topsail schooner " Antelope," armed with fourteen guns, and under the command of Jeremiah Yellott she made many voyages, and had many narrow es- capes; the "Felicity," the "Nonesuch," the "Buck- skin," and the " Virginia" frigate of twenty-eight guns all belong to this period of Baltimore ship-building, and their various exploits are more fully detailed under their records as privateers and men-of-war. In 1786 there were entered in the port of Baltimore fifty ships, fifty-seven brigs, and one hundred and sixty schooners and sloops, and there were cleared for foreign ports twenty ships, fifty-seven brigs, and one hundred and fifty schooners and sloops. In 1787, Messrs. Septimus Noel, Isaac Vanbibber, Robert Hen- derson, and Thomas Elliott were constituted a Board of Examiners to license pilots and establish rates of pilotage. In 1791 there arrived at Baltimore sixty- eight ships and barges, one hundred and fifty-nine snows and brigs, ninety-four schooners, forty-five sloops, and three hundred and seventy coasters, making seven hundred and forty-six vessels entered at the custom-house, and the clearances were three hundred and eighty-seven for foreign ports, and six hundred and sixty-two coasters. In 1795 the number of vessels of all kinds entered at the port were one hundred and nine ships, one hundred and sixty-two brigs, three hundred and fifty sloops and schooners, and five thousand four hundred and sixty-four " bay craft." The value of merchandise entered at the cus- tom-house from October, 1790, to October, 1791 , was THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMOKE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 293 $1,690,000; in 1792, $1,782,861 ; in 1793, $2,092,660; in 1794, $3,456,421 ; in 1795, $4,421,924; making in all $13,444,796; and for the State of Maryland, in the same year, $20,026,126. During the Revolution the shipyards of Baltimore were very active in fitting out cruisers to annoy the enemy and to supply the need of a regular navy. The marine committee equipped in Baltimore a sloop and a schooner, the first that got to sea under the new government. The war between France and England in 1798 so nearly involved the United States that preparations were made in expectation of participation therein. In all these measures of defense Baltimore took an active and zealous part. At a meeting of merchants held at the Exchange, No. 2 Commerce Street, on June 16, 1798, Thorogood Smith in the chair, Messrs. Robert Oliver, David Stewart, George Sears, John Strieker, and James Barry were appointed a commit- tee to receive subscriptions for the purpose of building and equipping two sloops-of-war to be presented to the government of the United States. At this meet- ing forty thousand three hundred dollars was imme- diately subscribed for the purpose, which was in- creased in four days to seventy-six thousand one hundred dollars. Under this action of the patriotic citizens of Baltimore the sloops-of-war " Maryland" and " Chesapeake" were built at Fell's Point and presented to the United States government. The " Maryland," of twenty-six guns, constructed at Price's ship-yard, was launched on June 3, 1799, and on Sep- tember 13th following sailed under Capt. John Rogers. The " Che.sapeake," of twenty guns, was built at the ship-yard of Lewis Rochbrune, and launched on June 20, 1799. The frigate "Constellation," of thirty- eight guns, was built at the ship-yard of David Stod- der, in Harris Creek, for the United States government, and was launched on Sept. 9, 1797. Under the com- mand of Capt. Thomas Truxton the " Constellation" sailed from Baltimore April 6, 1798, and gallantly captured the French frigate " Insurgente," Feb. 9, 1799. The "Insurgente" was brought to Baltimore and fitted out, but under the command of Capt. Pat- rick Fletcher was lost with all her crew the ensuing winter. The merchant ships " Baltimore" and " Mon- tezuma," of this port, were fitted out with twenty guns each, and commanded respectively by Capts. Isaac Philips and Alexander Murray. On the 16th of November, 1798, the " Baltimore" having convoyed a number of American vessels near Havana, was met by a British squadron under Admiral Loring, who invited Capt. Philips on board his ship ; and in his absence had above fifty men brought away from the " Baltimore" as British seamen, which Capt. Philips resented strenuously and offered up his ship. Admiral Loring returned all the men but five, and Capt. Philips being without a commission for his ship, and thinking the government would find some better means of re- dress, hoisted his flag and proceeded, but was dis- missed the service on his return without a trial by an order of the Secretary of the Navy. The remaining I officers and crew becoming dissatisfied at the dismissal of their commander, in February, 1799, when off Craney Island, the officers resigned and the crew mutinied. In 1799 an elegantly-modeled cutter pierced for fourteen guns was launched from the ship- yard of Mr. Price for the United States. On Sept. 8, 1804, the United States schooner " Louisiana," cop- pered and pierced for sixteen guns, was launched from the yard of Mr. Parsons. In 1832 the following ves- sels were being built at the shipyards of Baltimore :' " At Robb & Donaldson's, a brig two hundred and fifty tons; at Gardnes', a ship five hundred tons; at Beacham's, a ship five hundred tons ; at Duncan's, a ship five hundred tons; at Price's, a brig two hun- dred and forty tons ; at Kennard's, a large ship ; at Dorgans & Bailey's two large brigs ; at Miles', a large schooner; at Stevens', a schooner; at Culley's, a ship; at Skinner's, besides the beautiful steamboat ' Patrick Henry' now there receiving her machinery, there is ! on the stocks in a great state of forwardness a steam- I boat which bids fair to rival anything of the kind on j the Chesapeake." The " noble ship ' Medora' " was launched from P. Beacham's yard Aug. 23, 1832,^ for the Liverpool trade, Luke Tiernan & Son owners. j Jan. 17, 1839, James Gordon Bennett, in a letter from Washington to the New York Herald, gives the fol- 1 lowing account of ship-building at Baltimore: " Everything was ice-bound, yet I saw much of interest. There are six -vessels building here for the Texas government, one fiigate of twenty guns, two brigs, and three schooners; they are getting rapidly along, and a portion will be afloat next summer. I examined also a splendid new ship, recently launched, built on a somewhat new model, under the direction of the owner, Capt. Leslie, of this city. This vessel is called the -Scotia,' measuring four hundred tons, but capable of car. rying twelve hundred tons at least. The character of Baltimore for building 'clippers' has been celebrated in former days. Such vessels sacrifice burden to speed. The ' Scotia' is the first vessel constructed on a new model combining the Baltimore and Boston systems, so as to unite burden with speed. It is calculated that the commercial interest of Baltimore has lost five millions of dollars during the last ten years, arising from the peculiar construction of their vessels. A complete revo- lution is begun. The ' Scotia' is the first on the new plan. I saw at the wharf the ' Ann McKim,' a beautiful ship built on the old plan for speed at the sacrifice of burden. It was amusing to contrast the great differ- ence between these ships. Ship-building is carried on to a considerable extent here, and many merchants of the North have their vessels built here, principally from the superior cheapness of labor as compared with New York." The LTnited States gunboat " Eutaw," of twelve hundred tons measurement, length two hundred and forty feet, beam thirty-five feet, and depth of hold twelve feet, was launched from the ship-yard of J. A. I Robb in May, 1863, and the United States monitor j " Waxhaw" from the wharf of Messrs. Denmead, in May, 1865. Baltimore Clippers. — The triumph of Baltimore ship-building was the Baltimore " clipper," the 1 There were building iu the ship-yards of Baltimore in 1832 eight ips, six schooners, and one steamboat. ' 1826. Mr. Beacham launched a six- four-gun ship for the : HISTORY OF BALTLMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. fastest and stanchest sailing craft formerly built in any country. The model is said to have originated at St. Michael's, in Talbot County, where ship-build- \ ing had been handed down from father to son, and sometimes through collateral branches, from 1670, and i to have grown out of the "pinnace" of Capt. John Smith. The model was a rather singular one, being broader and higher in the bows than in the stern. Upon the model of the "clipper" the yacht " Amer- ica," which carried ofl'the international prize in 18.51, was built. These schooners furnished the British builders with models for their best ships, and the changes introduced by the Collins line of steamers may be directly traced to the model of the " clipper" ships of Baltimore. Their admirable forms for the combination of stability with great speed and for holding their course, their long and slender masts, and their unusually large spread of canvas, cut so perfectly that none of the propelling force of the wind ' was lost or wasted, presented a rig exactly adapted to ' the model of their need, and made them famous all over the world. It was " The Flying Cloud," of clip- per build, that made the two shortest trips between New York and San Francisco in 1851, one in ninety and the other in eighty-nine days. The clipper "Sovereign of the Seas," in 1863, arrived at Liver- pool from New York in less than fourteen days, and from thence to Melbourne in eighty days. The "Comet" made the passage from Liverpool to Hong- Kong in less than eighty-five days, and from San Francisco to New York in seventy-seven days; the " Panama" from New York to Shanghai in eighty- five days, all attest the splendid sailing qualities of those model ships which, having their origin here, associated with their form the name of this city. But the most remarkable instance of rapid sailing recorded is probably that of the brig "John Gilpin," i of Baltimore, which sailed from this port to Batavia j in a passage of eighty-two days, proceeded thence to j Canton in eleven days ; from Canton to Manilla in five days ; from Manilla, through the Straits of Sunda round south of New Holland to lat. 48°, to Valparaiso in eighty-five days, and from Valparaiso to Lima in six days and seventeen hours, making an aggregate dis- tance of thirty-four thousand nine hundred and twenty ; miles in one hundred and eighty-nine days and seven- teen hours, — averaging a fraction more than one hun- dred mid eighty-three miles per day. The " Gray Eagle," a Baltimore-built ship, made the passage from Rio to Philadelphia in twenty-three and a half days. The"Banshee,"Capt.Wingate, and the "Grey- i hound," Capt. Pickett, both Baltimore-built, made their famous race to Rio, the former winning by twenty-eight hours, in thirty-nine days. In the race the Boston clipper " Shooting Star" entered at Etjuator, but was beaten by the " Greyhound." The " Architect," another Baltimore-built clipper, made | the voyage from New Orleans to San Francisco in one hundred and seventeen davs. The civil war between the States and the tariff necessitated by the public debt have had on ship- building at Baltimore the same depressing effect which has at every other port overtaken American ship-building. As the currency has become fixed, the price of labor, which in ship-building is fully eighty per cent, of the cost, is coming down ; the cost of materials is diminishing; and it only remains for some modification of the tariff to be made in order to revive this great industry. Baltimore has the same skill and material, the energy and capital, the same cheapness of labor, and all her other facilities which made the clipper-built ship known throughout the world. The new demand for iron ships will find this port equally prepared with all the appliances for the con- struction of that class of vessels. The census of 1880 shows 18 ship-building firms in Baltimore, em- ploying 540 hands, with .$96,500 capital, paying an- nual wages of $110,556, and paying for materials $140,069, with annual products valued at $309,988. In addition, there are 15 ship-carpentering establish- ments, employing 62 hands, with $21,375 of capital, paying $20,685 in annual wages, and for material $15,302, with an annual production valued at $57,630. French Spoliations prior to 1800.— The story of French spoliations on American commerce prior to 1800 presents one of the strongest illustrations of the maxim that " No one is fit to be a judge in his own case," for the original wrongs done by France having been atoned for by her, the United States have per- petuated and aggravated those wrongs by receiving the compensation from France and withholding it to this day from the rightful owners. This outrage upon American citizens, this immoral and unconsti- tutional confiscation of the property of American merchants, has a history, which, though now almost forgotten, is nevertheless a blot upon the character of our government. That history we propose to revive and recall. Our first transaction with a foreign government as an independent nation was the treaty of alliance ;vith France, concluded 6th of February, 1778, and by that treaty France acknowledged our independence and engaged to supjjort it with all her power. Its second article declared that " the essential and direct end of the present defensive alliance is to maintain effect- ually the liberty, sovereignty, and independence, ab- solute and unlimited, of the said United States, as well in matters of government as of commerce ;" and, in prosecution of this object, France engaged to fur- nish assistance, without any claim to compensation, whatever might be the event of the war. The conse- quence of this treaty to France was an immediate and expensive war with Great Britain. For the guarantee of our independence and for the material aid given by France to the United States, article 11 of the treaty guaranteed "the present pos- sessions of the Crown of France in America, as well THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMOKE AS A TRADE CENTRE. as those it may acquire by the future treaty of peace," and by article 12, "the contracting parties declare that in case of a rupture between France and Eng- land, the reciprocal guarantee declared in article 11 shall have its force and effect the moment such war shall break out." France fulfilled her engagements to the letter, — she furnished supplies of men and money, and her troops and ships participated in the surrender of Lord Corn- wallis. England yielded to the united forces of the two countries, acknowledged our independence, and ample territory was secured by the treaty of peace. On the same day that the treaty of alliance was formed with France another treaty, of amity and commerce, was concluded, the 17th, 22d, and 23d arti- cles of which have an important bearing upon our subject. Article 17 made it " lawful for the ships of war and privateers freely to carry whithersoever they please the ships and goods taken from their enemies," without duty to admiralty officers, and without arrest I or seizure in port, and without search or examination. And on the other hand, " no shelter or refuge shall be given in the ports of either contracting party to such as shall make prizes of the subjects, people, or prop- erty of either of the parties." Article 22 provided that " it shall not be lawful for any foreign privateers," not belonging to France or the United States, " to fit their ships in the ports of either," or to sell what they have taken, or to exchange ship or merchandise, nor make purchase of anything beyond absolute necessa- ries. Article 23 made it lawful for the subjects of France or the citizens of the United States to sail with their ships, no matter who were the proprietors of the merchandise laden thereon, with all manner of liberty and security, from any port to the places of those who now are or hereafter shall be at enmity with either France or the United States; that free ships shall also give a freedom to goods, and that every- thing shall be deemed free and exempt found on board the ship of either contracting party except contraband of war, which latter articles were listed in another article ; and the same freedom extended to persons as well as to property. On the 14th of No- j vember, 1788, the Consular Convention was also con- j eluded between France and the United States. I The French Revolution of 1789 convulsed Europe and involved almost every nation in wars, during which rights unprotected by ample force were re- ) spected by neither party. Our commerce, at that i time flourishing, and encouraged by the neutral po- sition of our government, was peculiarly exposed to danger, and suffered extremely. Our citizens shipped immense quantities of provisions to the belligerents j of Europe, trusting for immunity and safety to our neutrality and to the action of our government. Their i ships fell an easy jjrey to the contending parties, and j our commerce was almost entirely swept from the | sea. Under these circumstances the government is- | sued its circular, as follows : "CunipIaiDts having been made to the government of the United States of some instances of unjustifiable vexation and spoliation committed on our merchant vessels by the privateers of the powers at war, and it being possible that other instances may have happened of which no informa- tion has been given to the government, I have it in charge from the President to assure the merchants of the United States concerned in foreign commerce and navigation that due attention will be paid to any injuries tliey may suffer on the high seas or in foreign countries, con- trary to the law of nations or to existing treaties; and that on their for- warding hither (to the Department of State) well-authenticated evidence of the same, proper proceedings will be adopted for their relief" In response to this invitation merchants collected the evidence of their injuries and transmitted it to the State Department. For what purpose was the invitation given if not for redress of wrongs, com- pensation for losses, " indemnity for the past, and security for the future?" That the government so understood its duty, and entered actively upon its discharge, is abundantly proven by the instructions given to our ministers resident in France, by the ac- tion of those oflicers, and by the results of their labors. The instructions given to Mr. Monroe, who succeeded Mr. Morris in 1794, were "to insist upon compensa- tion for the captures and spoliations of our property and injuries to the persons of our citizens by French cruisers." This was done, and so persistently done that apology was given and explanation offered, the French minister concluding his dispatch by saying that "the difficulty of distinguishing our allies from our enemies has often been the cause of offenses com- mitted on board your vessels ; all that the administra- tion could do is to order indemnification to those who have suffered, and to punish the guilty." But the spoliations did not cease, and, to the contrary, in- creased, not only in European waters, but even the authorities in the West Indian possessions of France i.ssued their decrees prohibiting trade with Great Britain and her islands, authorizing the seizure of American vessels and the appropriation of the prop- erty of American citizens. Some idea of the destruc- tion of American commerce and the loss to our citi- zens may be had from a single clause in a report to the Executive Directory of France, in which it is said " that having found no resource in finance, and knowing the unfriendly disposition of the Americans, and to avoid perishing in distress, they had armed for cruising; and that already eighty-seven cruisers were at sea; and that for three months preceding the administration had subsisted and individuals been enriched by the product of their prizes." The people of this country, humiliated by the wrongs endured by their fellow-citizens, and the evident hesitancy on the part of the government to vindicate the national honor, began an agitation which drew a resolution from the House of Representatives asking for information. In reply to which, on the 21st of June, 1797, the Secretary of State reported the facts of wrong and humiliation, of property seized and confiscated both in France and her West India possessions, of citizens beaten, insulted, and cruelly imprisoned, of the exchange of American citizens with England for Frenchmen, and among other out- rages that perpetrated upon " Capt. William Murphy HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of the ship ' Cincinnatus,' of Baltimore, with a copy of the protest, together with an extract of a letter from Mr. King, minister of the United States in Lon- don, who examined Capt. Murphy's thumbs, and says the marks of the torturing-screws will {ro with him to his grave." During all these wrongs and outrages the protests of our government were overshadowed and clouded by the knowedge of the fact that the stipulations of our guaranty of the possessions of France in the West Indies by article 11 of the treaty of alliance were unfulfilled, and that our government was liable at any moment to be called on to discharge its portion of that treaty. In one of the conversations, Mr. Monroe was asked by the French minister if he in- sisted on the execution of the treaties, and Mr. Mon- roe declined giving an explicit reply. The procla- mation of neutrality, issued by President Washington, in December, 1793, aggravated and exasperated tlie French. The excitement of that day has passed away, the violence of its hasty spirit no longer blinds the judgment of men, and candor compels the con- fession that our engagements under the treaty of al- liance were unlimited, and that the casus f Argentine 3 3 5 30 606 Beleian DaS: :::::::::::. ... 2 5 French ? 9. 27 34 35 101 133 Italian 263 272 205 Nicaragnan 20 157 Portuguese 1 1 Spanish 26 1 4 4 36 32 2 2 30 15 Total, 1880 313 114 » 108 121 1521 1939 Months. 1880. 1879. Foreign. American. Foreign. American. 100,344 95,187 79;312 110,792 102,129 95870 126,910 160,453 104,821 96:809 96,195 76,245 5,868 7,930 10,436 12,040 9,206 9,436 4:431 7,179 7,948 6j343 4,474 7,634 82,142 89,280 137,941 97,186 116,660 113,057 93,187 141,190 187,260 107,810 160 665 7.379 May 8,482 11,239 6:M9 S.SRO December. 124,834 8,687 1,236,067 91,929 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Total amount of tonnage arrived from foreign ports during 1880 1,326,996 Total Hniount of tonnage arrived from foreign ports during 1879 1,549,050 Decrease, 1880 222,054 Of the total ) 1880, 723,129 to — 1880. 1879. Foreign. American. Foreign. American. J 95,178 100,426 126:.M1 127,2.(9 76,586 108,371 143,919 162,7^(8 102,408 95,682 112,760 98,432 4,132 : 8,933 70S6 8,693 12.766 2,351 mi 7,073 6,361 2406 7,326 74,935 5.701 102,941 113,337 90,963 127,449 139,119 167,773 142,761 103,802 102,048 Marcl. '"! 11.317 May.'.!!!'.::!!!!!!!!!!.'! jSr/..'.'.'.'.'.'.'!!!!!!.'!.'!!! August 7,483 8,694 4,046 5110 September. NOTemi;;";;!'.'."!!!".!!! 7,701 7,371 7331 8.330 Total 1,348,240 81.145 1.389,072 92,892 Total amount of toDnage cleared for foreign ports during 1880 1,429,385 Total amouDt of tonnage cleared for foreign ports during 1879 1,481,971 Decrease, 1880 52,58fi Of the total number of vessels which cleared for foreign ports during 1880, there were 23 American and 13 foreign which cleared in ballast, the former principally small West India fruit-schooners; and of the latter several were chartered to load at Nova Scotia ports, while the others cleared for foreign ports via Norfolk, New Orleans, or other American cities. Cleared roE Foreign Poets : Yeabs 1879 AND 1880. — Sleam- ships. Ships. Barks. Brigs. Sch»n- Total, 1880. Total, 1879. January 22 13 18 27 18 19 42 55 21 19 20 23 4 10 15 14 10 15 6 12 10 9 10 5 120 171 126 72 94 66 70 81 56 77 101 95 79 78 80 72 968 1046 1008 874 837 437 10 4 11 12 12 7 6 10 13 13 11 2 110 i:» 158 159 178 241 8 20 11 18 22 110 117 168 152 118 140 165 160 £ 151 6 im fiSL'iiv;:!!! October November. December 2 4 8 15 174 130 123 129 117 1814 1697 1349 160 196 188 134 134 Total, 1880 Total, 1879 Total, 1878 TotHi, 1877 Total. 187B Total. 1875 297 276 184 95 99 85 186 222 149 151 184 ■•i'8U NATioNAinr OF Vessels cleared FOB FoBEIQN FOKTS DHEINO THE Yeaes 1879 AND 1880. t 1 1 i i i 1 i i American 6 68 37 120 ?37,8.66 lx.325.32l 19,:i44.l77 27.61:1,111 27.615,667 31,216,807 39,206.274 45,492,527 78,220.870 73,994,910 819,976,544 ig^^ jgg[ 22,398,730 I-'- 23,204,857 1874 66 8li6 249 1878 .... 02 431 155 96.168,861 92,638,163 INTERNAL REVENUE. The internal revenue collected in this collection district during 1879 and 1880 was as follows: Taxes. 1880. 1879. On spirits 8709,248.94 8700,201.68 On tobacco 1,282,979.48 1,I02,:)33.52 On beer 26.6,126.59 22k,S17.04 On banks 60,59861 52,28045 Other collections 36,695.35 7,362.81 Penalties 1,682.48 482.41 Total 82,:)46,331.45 $2,091,477.91 Increase for 1880, 8254,8,53.54. Distances from Baltimore to Principal Cities. Miles. Miles. Annapolis, Md Albany, N. Y.. Altoona, Pa.... Atlanta, Ga Boston, Maj?8... BufTiil... N,T... Mobile, Ala 1065 Montgomery, Ala 899 Memphis, Tenn 971 Milwaukee. Wis 890 Norfolk, Va New York City New Haven, Conn.. New Orleans, La.. Nashville, Tenn Omaha, Neb Varksishur!;. W. Va... Petereburg, Va. Qnincy, 111 Uichniond, Va.. lull Unwii, lu.l 654 Grafton, W, Va 279 Galveston, Texas 1711 Hageretown, Md 103 Havre de Grace, Md 36 Harrisburg, Pa 85 Harrisonburg, Va 162 Hartford, Conn 829 Indianapolis, Ind 704 Jei-sey Citv. N. J 188 Kansas Cilj-, Mo 1213 Lexington, Ky 688 Salt Lake City, Utah 2332 Staunton, Va 193 St. Louis, Mo 931 Pa.. St. Paul, Mil Leavenworth. Kan.... Lynchburg, Va Martinsburg, W. Va.. Macon, Ga 218 1296 St. Joseph, Mo 1237 Toledo, O 591 Terra Haute, Ind 765 Utica, N. Y 427 Vicksburg, Miss 1202 Washington. D. C 40 Wheeling, W. Va 379 Winchester, Va 113 Wilmington, N. C 418 Distances on the Chesapeake.— The following tables have been furnished by the United States Coast Survey, and are taken from official measure- ments by statute miles : Sev< n t 11 1 Knoll Low CI I<,lind Point mouth ( Mouth of Magothy Ruer Pool s lalanil Light-house Love Point Light house K 1 Sandy P 11 1 Li„ht house Legos Point mouth of Bnsh Queeliht >w 11 Thomas P int Light house Hov ell s Point Kent Point Mouth )f Cox 8 Creek W est Turktv Point Light hou<.e Fredeiick on bassatras Rnei Havre de drace Fail Ha>en Herring Creek Tnu \ s 1 an ling, Heriing (. t St. Michaels Chaili 1 wn CheBt^ * Choi t ink 111! I I i„l I 1 Oxford Ca8Ileha\en (.h pt ink Ri\ Easlon landin„ Cove Point I ight h use 310 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Baltimoie to Miles. Cambridge 70 Chancellor's Point, Cluiptiiiik Kivn 7i'4 Church's Creek Landini; T^]4 Drum Point, Patnxent Hiv. I 76 Mill Creek I-andinK,PatuN.ui !:,>.. 78 Mouth of Cabin Creek, (Jli.M.im.k Un^i 1»]4 Hunting Creek, Choptank Uiver 81 Hooper's Strait Fog Signal 9154 Point Lookout Light-house 95 Clay M.n.l LiRht l„m«. 98 Solon,. ■ '- I nrr yi-,,ti, ■; r 101 Smllh. !■ , M I : . 1U5V4 Willi. ■ ii >. i. ■ in Crl»l..l I. : -I 115 Vic.,..:. 1..I ;, . ^ l:: 124 Wnll»l.i,u,., I., l--!05i Pongotcafc'ui' I ..' ! 129 Windmill P.Miit 1 : , 129 Onancock Lamlin l-W)^ Chorrv l'..iiit, I; , ■ :.. i. 135 Parn.if. ''•.), I l;,|.|..,i„. k 1;,>,t 1:19 Wulli, ,,. 1,1, HI Will,,u, I ,. : r :, ! ,. i;iv,., 147 Nt« r , : - : ; i I il house 151 Ch.-..' - 1 I I ; .i-' lol EasH:l : i 155% Turk - ! I 156 Toe.'- II ■ I ,,■. 163% 01.1 I' i M 175 Cape Ik n:. ki.h. I 175 Cranev l=k.i,.l l„^ki-i„.u.-,. 1821^ Norfolk 187 From Baltimore to Foreign Ports. — The distance by water from Baltimore to Bremen, in Germany, is 3575 miles; to Liverpool, England, 3023 miles ; to Lon- don, 3225 miles; to Havre, France, 3148 miles; to Southampton, England, 3156 miles; to Amsterdam, Holland, 3510 miles ; to Canton, China, 10,600 miles ; to Batavia, Java, 13,066 miles ; to Bordeaux, France, 3310 miles; to Botany Bay, Australia, 13,294 miles; to Bombay, India, 11,574 miles; to Constantinople, 5140 miles; to Havana, 1280 miles; to Hong Kong, China, 6488 miles; to Lima, Peru, 11,310 miles; to Nagasaki, Japan, 9800 miles ; to Pekin, China, 15,325 miles ; to Eio Janeiro, Brazil, 5920 miles ; to the Sand- wich Islands, 7157 miles. CHAPTER XXV. TRAN.SPORTATION. Roads— stage-Lines — Internal Improvements — Steam Railroads — Adams Express Company— Railroad Riots— Omnibuses — City and Suburban Railroads— Old Roads. As early as 1666 the Assembly of Maryland began the work of expediting intercommunication between the difi'erent parts of the colony, and for this purpose passed an act for " marking highways and making the heads of rivers, creeks, branches, and swamps piissable for horse and foot;" and in 1704 the width of roads was established at twenty feet, and provis- ion was made for marking their route by notching trees and branding them with marking-irons ; and in 1774, Isaac Griest, Benjamin Griffith, Jesse Hol- lingsworth, and others were appointed commissioners to direct the expenditure of nearly $11,000 to con- struct the three great roads leading to the town. The Frederick, Reisterstown, and York roads were laid out in 1787. The Falls road was authorized by act of Assembly, Dec. 27, 1791. to be laid out forty feet wide from the mill-seats of Elisha Tyson, William and Charles Jessop, John Ellicott, George Leggett, Rob- ert Long, Jacob Hart, and John Strieker to Balti- more Town. Charles Alex. Warfield, Lewis Law- rence, Thomas Hobbs, of Anne Arundel County, and Thomas Worthington, Zachariah McCubbin, and Daniel Carroll, of Baltimore County, were appointed commissioners, and empowered to make the Freder- ick road, in 1792, a public highway. The Washing- ton turnpike was authorized on the 31st of December, 1796 ; and an " act to lay out and establish a turnpike road from the city of Baltimore, through Frederick Town, in Frederick County, to Elizabeth Town (now Hagerstown) and Williamsport, in Washington County," was passed by the General Assembly on the 20th of January, 1797. The Reisterstown Turnpike Company was also incorporated at the same time. In 1805 three companies were incorporated by one act for the construction of three most important roads, — the Baltimore and Fredericktown turnpike road, the Bal- timore and Reisterstown turnpike road, and the Balti- more and Yorktown turnpike road. In 1815 the first of these companies was empowered to extend its road from Boonsborough as the beginning of the Cumber- land turnpike road. In 1813 the presidents and direc- tors for the time being of the several incorporate banks in the city of Baltimore — of the Hagerstown Bank, of the Connococheague Bank, and the Cumberland Bank of Alleghany — were incorporated as the president, managers, and company of the Cumberland turnpike road. In 1821 the presidents and directors of the banks in Baltimore, except the City Bank, and the president and directors of the Bank of Hagerstown were incorporated as the president, managers, and company of the Boonsborough Turnpike Company. The era of railroads, which began about this time, put an end to turnpike roads, except as feeders to rail- roads. Early Stage-Lines. — As early as 1757 a line of stages, boats, and wagons was run by John Hughes & Co. between Annapolis and Philadelphia as fol- lows : By "good stage-boats on the river Delaware and on the Sassafras at Frederick Town immedi- ately to Annapolis." The land carriage by this route was only twenty-one miles. lu 1772 a stage-line be- tween Baltimore and Philadelphia made regular pas- sage along the route from Philadelphia by stage- boat to Wilmington every Wednesday, from Wil- mington to Charlestown by stage-wagon, and by packet from Charlestown to Baltimore. The time was from two to three days, as weather permitted, and the fare eleven shillings. Messrs. Smith & Flanagan were the agents in Baltimore, and Thomas Ellicott at Fell's Point. In the next year, 1773, a line of stage, boat, and wagon, by Patrick Hamilton and Joseph Tatlow, was run between Philadelphia and Baltimore via boat to New Castle on same day, by stage-wagon from New Castle to Charlestown the next day, and by packet to Baltimore the day after, returning the TKANSPORTATION. 311 alternate days of the week, " fare eleven shillings, and luggage at reasonable rates." In 1781, Gabriel Peterson Vanhorn ran his " carriage" from Daniel Grant's Fountain Inn, Market Space, Baltimore, at eight o'clock, to Capt. Phillips, " where the passengers may dine," and thence to Harford Town, where they remained over-night, and proceeded next morning to the Susquehanna for breakfast at Capt. Twining's, meeting there the stage from Philadelphia and ex- changing passengers, returning by same route to Baltimore, " fare $4 specie, and the like sum for 150 weight of baggage." Nathaniel Twining and Gershon Johnson, of Philadelphia, ran the stages connecting with Vanhorn's line, and assured the passenger leav- ing "Baltimore on Monday morning of completing his journey to Elizabeth Town by Friday at two o'clock." Letters were carried by this line : for "every letter one-eighth of a hard dollar, to be paid by the person sending the letter." John Hamilton, of Charlestown, Messrs. Stockton & Eakin, of New Castle, and James McClenam, Crooked Billet wharf, Philadelphia, ran packet-boats and stages from this city to Philadelphia in 1784 by the following route : From Richard Lemmon's wharf every Saturday at 2 p.m., stopping one-half hour at William Trimble's wharf. Fell's Point, arriving Sun- day evening at Charlestown, and departing Monday morning in wagon for New Castle, thence in the fol- lowing morning by boat to Philadelphia, returning on alternate days. William Hubin, Basil Noel, and Joseph Middleton in 1786 provided two vessels for the conveyance of passengers between Philadelphia and Baltimore via New Town, Chester, Georgetown, Warwick, Middletown, Ked Lion, Wilmington, and Chester, arriving in Philadelphia the next day by twelve o'clock. William Howell and William Thomas rail stages via Charlestown and New Castle in 1787. In this year the public post-stages between this city and Philadelphia, under the direction of Messrs. Twining, Vanhorn & Co., performed the whole dis- tance in one day. Gabriel Peterson Vanhorn & Co. ran a stage-line Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays from Baltimore, and on alternate days from Philadel- phia, and after April, by means of the Charlestown packet, a daily line, Sundays excepted. John Starck's "Indian Queen," in Baltimore, and James Thompson's "Indian Queen," in Philadelphia, were the points of departure, fare £1 1.5s. to Philadelphia. In 1788, William Clark commenced running a daily line of stages between Baltimore and Annapolis. William Evans & Co. established in 1794 a line of stages for six trips per week between the two cities. In 1796 the route via Frenchtown was opened by William McDonald & Co. D. Fulton & Co. were proprietors in 1809 of the Pilot stages. The New Line Expedi- tion stages in 1811 made the trip daily in fifteen hours from John H. Barney's "Fountain Inn," Balti- more, stopping at French Ringgold's, Havre de Grace; Mathias Tyson, Elkton ; David Brinton, Wil- mington; Joseph Reper, Chester ; and David Barnum, "Shakespeare Hotel," Philadelphia. In this same year the New Pilot stages, through in one day, left Gadsby's Hotel, Hanover Street, and arrived at the " Mansion House," Philadelphia, early in the evening; Richard C. Stockton (Baltimore), William B. Stokes '(Havre de Grace), Joshua Richardson and Alexander Scott (Elkton), William Anderson (Chester), and Wil- liam F.Stockton (Philadelphia), proprietors. In 1818, Stockton & Stokes's new post-chaise line performed the whole journey to Philadelphia " by daylicjkt," fare «8. The Old Stage-road to Philadelphia. — The road by which the stages traveled to Philadelphia in 1802 left this city at "Union Town," and running nearly due east, crossed Back River very high up near " Bird-in-hand," and thence to Smith's Shop, Buck Town, Scales Town, crossed Bird River near the old iron-works, reached the Great Gunpowder, thence across to the Little Gunpowder near Grand Turk, and passing into Harford County, continued by Black Horse, across Winter's Run, and over Gunpowder Neck' to the Bush River, through Abington, about one and a half miles from Joppa, reached Bush Town, also called Harford, thence over the northeast branch of Bush River, near Hall's Mill, by Poplar Hill, on to Havre de Grace, at the mouth of the Susquehanna, across which a ferry carried the stages at the charge of 12 for coach and four horses ; thence in a northeast- erly direction to Charlestown, on Northeast River, where, bending north, the road crossed the river at Northeast Town, passed on to Elkton, in Cecil County, and crossed the State line forty-five miles from Philadelphia, and then over Christiana Creek to the village of Christiana, and nearly due north crossed White Clay Creek to Newport, and thence to Wil- mington, near which place the road crossed Brandy- wine Creek, then Shellpot Creek, Cartwill Creek, ap- proached the banks of the Delaware, and proceeding along the banks, across Naaman's Creek, passed out of Delaware into Pennsylvania near Marcus Hook, and thence over Chester Creek and through Chester, still close to the banks of the river, crossed the Schuylkill at Gray's Ferry, and entered Philadelphia, a total dis- tance of ninety-eight miles. Old Road to Washington. — Leaving the ex- treme western limit of the city, the road crossed Gwynn's Falls, and over hills and through woods, reached the Patapsco by ferry at Elkridge ; then run- ning through Anne Arundel County, parallel to Deep Run, which it crossed near Spurrier's Town, it passed the Patuxent about seventeen miles from Baltimore, thence into Prince George County, through Vanville and Bladensburg, into Washington City. Stage-Lines to Alexandria, Va. — In 1783, Ga- ' So called from a " tradition that the Indians who formerly lived on this tract, when first acquainted with the use of gunpowder, supposed it to be a vegetable seed ; they purchased a quantity, and sowed it on this neck, exl)ecting it to produce a good crop." HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY% MARYLAND. briel P. Vanliorn's line of stages to Alexandria left Baltimore Town on the same daj's and hours as the Philadelphia stages, and arrived in Alexandria the same evening. On Tuesday, Thursday, and Satur- days left Alexandria, fare $3. At Alexandria, in 1789, "the Virginia stages met those of Maryland," and eontinued three trips a week to Fredericksburg and Richmond.' In 1799, James Bryden and .John H. Barney & Co. ran the Diligent line of stages every morning at six o'clock from the Fountain Inn to Alexandria in eleven hours and thirty minutes. A stage-line to the Eastern Shore in 1789 was contem- plated by Gershon Johnson and Robert Hodgson ; the j)roposed route was by Murray's Tavern, on the Sus- quehanna road, thence across the bay between Man- of-War Shoals and Pool's Island, and thence over the "Eastern Shore." Twining & Vanhorn ran in 1783 an " every other day line" to Annapolis, and William Clark in 1788 ran a line of stages from Baltimore and Annapolis every morning. Henry Stouffer in 1789 ran a tri-weekly line, and Greenbury Docheersb, Ja- cob Turner, and Nehemiah Holland in 1811 ran the Exposition line of stages every Sunday, Tuesday, and Friday ; tickets at Barney's stage-otfice, Light Street. From Lancaster, Pa., ma York to Baltimore, in 1797, a stage started every Monday morning from the house of William Ferris, stopping for dinner at Baltzer Spangler's, in York, and arrived in Baltimore Tuesday evening ; and returned from the house of Abraham KaufFman, at the sign of the Black Bear, in Gay Street, every Wednesday, and arrived in York on Thursday, connecting with stages to Philadelphia or Lancaster; fare to York from Lancaster eleven shillings, and from York to Baltimore three and a half shillings, with fifteen pounds of baggage. Edward McCabe and Levi Hulton in 1808 ran a line of stages to Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, leaving the house of Benjamin Williams (formerly David Hostetter's tavern), sign of Red Lion, North Howard Street, Baltimore, every Thursday at 4 a.m., arriving at Hanover the same evening. In 1818, Adam Hoo- ver's line of stages ran from Baltimore, through Reis- terstown, Hampstead, Manchester, Hanover, Abbotts- j town, York Springs, and Petersburg to Carlisle, Pa., t and also a hack from Carlisle for Ramsay's Sulphur Springs. John Ragan in 1797 ran a stage three times a week to Hagerstown ; and to Emmitsburg, via Union and Taneytown, a bi-weekly line was run in 1826, and in this last year a line to Chambersbiirg was running every Thursday and Saturday. A bi-weekly line of stage-coaches ran in 1783 be- tween Baltimore and Frederick Town, William Da- vey and Richard Shoebels proprietors, "stopping for the entertainment of passengers at Mr. Hobbs', Mr. Simpson's, and Mr. Ricketts', where good fare may > In 18IS the line from Washington wa Hooe'a Ferry, and Port Royal. I Piacataway, Port Tobacco, be had for fifteen shillings." In 1819 the stage-route from Baltimore to Pittsburgh and Wheeling was via Frederick Town, Hagerstown, Cumberland, and Brownsville. Starting from Gadsby's Hotel every Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday, it arrived at Ha- gerstown at 8 o'clock P.M. same day ; left Hagerstown Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 3 o'clock -i.M., arriving at Pratt's Tavern same evening at 6 P.M. ; left Pratt's Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Satur- days at 2 A.M., and arrived at Union Town, Pa., at 9 P.M., leaving there at 4 a.m., and arriving at Pittsburgh and West Alexandria the same evening; thence at 4 a.m., arriving in Wheeling at 7 a.m., through in four days. The Good Intent and Pilot lines to Pittsburgh and Wheeling and Cincinnati in 1838 ran daily, with United States mail. In their "day and generation" these were the fast lines of our fathers, but they have passed away for- ever, leaving behind them only their advertisements for travelers to show who were the men of energy and enterprise that preceded the " railway kings" of the present time. Internal Improvements. — No State in the Union has a bolder record upon internal improvements than the State of Maryland, and whether we look at her completed works or at the many which " closed their little being without light and went down to the grave unborn," we shall discover a people who throughout their history have exhibited fiir-reaching views of State improvement and commercial development. As early as 1783 the people began to stir themselves about works of internal improvement which should bring other people and their productsjiearer to Mary- land and her water-ways to the ocean. At that early day water-ways ofl'ered the most practicable and easiest mode of intercommunication. The Susque- hanna River poured its waters into the Chesapeake, and extended far up into the "back country" of Pennsylvania. To reach that fertile country and transport its productions to Baltimore, men like Charles Carroll of Carrollton were "actuated by very laudable motives," and subscribed eighteen thousand five hundred pounds in Maryland currency, and pledged themselves to raise a further sura of fif- teen hundred pounds, and the General Assembly, " being strongly impressed with the general utility of the said undertaking, with the beneficial consequences that will be derived from the accomplishment thereof," incorporated the "Proprietors of the Susquehanna Canal." It was a courageous beginning, and an ex- ample that was followed in 1784 by an effort to ex- tend the navigation of the North Branch of the Potomac River, which " would also serve the com- mon interest," and therefore "the Potomac Company" was incorporated, with a capital stock of $222,222.22. In the same year leave was granted to the citizens of Baltimore to cut a canal from the Basin to the Ferry Branch of the Patapsco. In 1796 a charter was granted to the " Pocomoke Company" for the im- TRANSPORTATION. provement of that river, with a capital of $11,000. In 1799 the " Chesapealie and Delaware Canal Company" was incorporated, with a capital of $500,000. We cannot here undertake to trace the amount of work done under any of these charters, our purpose having been merely to sketch the early history of our people in the matter of internal im- provement. It will be seen from these dates that the spirit of improvement was early abroad in Maryland. The waters of the Chesapeake and Dehaware Bays, notwithstanding the last-mentioned charter, were not connected, and the war of 1812-14 was fought with- out the aid of such a work. In 1812 the Legis- lature of Maryland first indicated a purpose to con- nect the State with the internal improvements, as may be seen in the words of the preamble of the act of that year, which says that during the war of the Revolution such a canal as the Chesapeake and Delaware would have been important, in a military point of view, to the whole people, and to Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, and Delaware would be of great importance in promoting commerce. Therefore it was resolved that if the United States would take seven hundred and fifty shares, and Pennsylvania three hundred and sixty-five shares, and Delaware one hundred shares, Maryland would take one hun- dred and fifty shares. The Patapsco Canal Company, with a capital of $1,000,000, was incorporated in 1817, and in the same year a company was chartered to connect by canal the Severn River and Curtis Creek, and from the Severn River to the eastern branch of the Potomac. The latter was to be the " Washington and Baltimore Canal Company," and its capital stock was $800,000. Neither the United States, nor Pennsylvania nor Delaware having paid any attention to the invitation of Maryland in 1812 to aid, as shown above, in the work of connecting the waters of the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, in 1822 the Legislature of Mary- land came to its aid, saying, " There does not appear to exist a disposition on the part of the United States and the State of Pennsylvania to subscribe their respective quotas ;" and directs its own sub- scription to be made if certain private subscriptions could be had. It was about this time, 1823, that the first definite indications of public sentiment were given for the construction of a water-way from the Chesapeake to the Ohio. The preamble re- cited that " a navigable canal from the tide- water of the river Potomac, in the District of Columbia, to the mouth of Savage Creek, on the North Branch of the said river, and extending thence across the Alle- ghany Mountains to some convenient point on the navigable waters of the river Ohio, will be a work of great profit and advantage, and interweave more closely all the mutual interests and afiectious that are calculated to consolidate and perpetuate the vital principles of union." For these reasons the canal company was incorporated, and the " Potomac Canal Company," incorporated in 1784, was directed " to cease and determine." The capital was fixed at $6,000,000, and provision was made for the reduction jjro rata in the number of shares subscribed for, in case popular interest in the investment led to a larger subscription than this amount. A dividend was to be declared annually or semi-annually, but no dividend to a larger amount than fifteen per cent, per annum was to be declared. So great were the expectations of popular subscriptions that it was not then thought necessary to admit the State to share in the prospective profits. In this year, 1823, the General Assembly also considered the subject of connecting the Susquehanna River with the city of Baltimore, and authority was given to the city to construct the work, which was to be called the " Baltimore Canal." The State reserved the right to purchase the improvement after it was made. In 1824, John J. Jacques, of Dorchester County, was authorized by act of Assembly to make a canal between Fishing Bay and the Nanticoke River, and in 1825, John McKnight obtained like authority for a canal from Hapleford Creek to the main road in Dor- chester County, and "sundry citizens" in Somerset County were also authorized to cut a canal from Quan- tico Creek to the Nanticoke River ; and Baltimore not having availed herself of the privilege of constructing the "Baltimore Canal," the "Susquehanna and Poto- mac Canal Company" was incorporated (1825), with a capital of $2,500,000. The " proprietors of the Susque- hanna Canal Company" of 1783 not having fulfilled their mission, were authorized to subscribe to the new work, and the old company was to be extinct. The " Maryland Canal" was originated in this same year, 1825, to connect the " Chesapeake and Ohio Canal" with Baltimore. In furtherance of this great enterprise public meetings were held in Frederick, Cumberland, Williamsport, and Washington. Surveys were made by Isaac Trimble of the following routes : Miles. Lockage. Cost. Westminster 113 860 Liiiganore 81 827 S8,810,00(] Sciioca 76 7(il 6,3ii4,:i(X] Georgetown U% 262 3,o30,00J In 1836, William Krebs was elected president, and Richard Caton, Daniel Cobb, Samuel Jones, Jr., Charles F. Mayer, Jacob Albert, and James W. Mc- Culloch, directors. In 1826 the Internal Improve- ment Bill became a law, and the Board of Public Works was established, consisting of Thomas Bu- chanan, Richard Potts, Robert W. Bowie, Isaac Mc- Kim, William Howard, Ezekiel F. Chambers, R. H. Goldsborough, Littleton Dennis, and the Governor of the State, ex officio president. In 1828 the Frederick County Canal Company and the Annapolis and Potomac Canal Company were incorporated, the latter to take the place of the Washington and Baltimore Canal Company of 1817, and for the purpose of giving the ancient capital of the State a connection with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ; in 1832 the Lewis and Pocomoke Canal 314 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Company and Transquoekin Canal Company of Dor- chester County ; and in 1835 authority was given to construct a canal from Cumberland, Md., to the mouth of Savage Creek, and also the Tide- Water Canal in the place of the Baltimore Canal Company ; and in 1836 the St. Martin's Canal and Navigation Company was incorporated. In 1826 the railroad fever seems to have supplanted the canal fever, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad inaugurated the new era. In 1827 the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, also the Elkton and Wilming- ton Railroad Company, the New Castle and French- town Turnpike and Railroad Company, were incor- porated. In 1828 the Baltimore and Washington Turnpike Company was authorized to build a railroad to Washington. The Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio in 1830; the Wilmington and Smyrna Railroad Company, the Alleghany Coal- Mine Railroad Company, the Cecil County Railroad Company, Baltimore and Port Deposit Railroad Company, and Sam's Creek Railroad Company were all incorporated in 1831. The Eastern Shore Rail- road was chartered in the legislative year 1885, but in fact upon the 4th of June, 1836. The feverish excitement in relation to internal improvements in the State culminated in the passage of "The Eight Million Loan Bill," under which the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad re- ceived a subscription of three millions of dollars each, and the Eastern Shore Railroad Company, the Mary- land Canal Company of 1825, and the Annapolis and Potomac Canal Company of 1828 were remembered. That to the Eastern Shore Railroad Company was not, like the others, made dependent upon individual subscriptions. This sketch of the era of internal improvements in Maryland will show with what earn- estness the people entered into the work of opening up the county, and may also serve to show, when read by the light of subsequent experience, how futile were the expectations that possessed our fathers when they thought that within a few years the State would " desist from taxation and live upon the income of its public works, and from the surplus applied to new enterprises enlarge the public wealth and elevate the community to honor and fortune." Railroad Connections. — " Remarks on the Inter- course of Baltimore with the Western Country. With a view of the communications proposed between the Atlantic and Western States. Baltimore. Printed and published by Joseph Robinson, 1818." Such is the title of a curious old pamphlet of the times of turnpikes. The map that accompanies the pamphlet shows two turnpikes projected, the one from Phila- delphia to Pittsburgh, the other from Baltimore to Wheeling. The first pas.ses Lancaster and Harris- burg to Pittsburgh, and the second from Baltimore, via Hagerstown and Hancock, to Wheeling. The argu- ments advanced by the author of the pamphlet in favor of the Baltimore to Wheeling turnpike are identical with those which have since demonstrated the greater usefulness and cheapness in transporta- tion of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad over all the great trunk lines that now connect the Mississippi Valley with the Atlantic. The proposed Baltimore and Wheeling turnpike would have been two hun- dred and fifty-two miles and ninety-nine and a half perches ; that between Philadelphia and Wheeling, four hundred and twenty-three miles, or by another route, five hundred and eighteen miles. The esti- mates for working expenses and profits were as follows : First Cost. 2 teams at each stage,— 28 teams, 6 hoTses each, — 168 horses. 168 horses, at S120 ., S20,16U 25 wagons, at $)llO 7,600 Expenses not foreseen 2,340 $50,1)00 Annoai, Expenses. Interest on 8:i0,000 capital at G per cent 81,800 Keep of 168 horses, at 40 cts. per diem 24,628 28 drivers, at S20 per month 6,720 $33,048 Annual Receipts. 60 cwt. taken for S2 for 300 worlting days 936,000 One-third freight back 12,000 $48,000 Leaving a balance of 815,000 after paying interest on capital. This extract measures in one way the rapid advance of our country in sixty-three years, — " 60 cwt." per day, not a rar-load ! Ten years later, 1828, perhaps the writer of this old pamphlet may have witnessed the ceremony of the venerable Charles Carroll of Carrollton laying the " corner-stone" of the first great railroad in the United States, the Baltimore and Ohio. The three hundred and seventy-nine miles to Wheeling, which were completed in 1853, have been extended to three thousand five hundred and fifty-eight miles in 1881. It crosses the States of Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, and forms connection with the trans-Mississippi system, by which it reaches to the Pacific. Its branches extend northward to the Lakes, and southward it has continuous connec- tions to the Gulf, thus centering at Baltimore those facilities of travel and transportation by which almost every State has intimate relations with this city. Nearly every city and important town in the Northwest, the West, and Southwest are by this one line and its connections brought into commercial and social relations with Baltimore. The Northern Central Railway connects Baltimore with the great Pennsylvania system, and its connec- tions extend over almost the same country as that traversed by the Baltimore and Ohio, thus furnishing a competing connection, by which the utmost possible economy in the cost of transportation is secured. The South and Southwest also enjoy the same advantages of competing roads. The Baltimore and Potomac, with the Washington and Alexandria, the Alexandria and Fredericksburg, the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac, stretches onward through Virginia and |f|Jl!rei_i!i}iii!|iii5f,!i|' ,, BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD CENTRAL BUILDING. TRANSPORTATION. North Carolina to Georgia and to the Gulf and the Mississippi. The trans-Potomac connections of the Baltimore and Ohio traverse Virginia, branching at Lynchburg to the southwest, and also to the south via Danville. The Atlantic sea-board, by means of the Bay Line steamers and the Sea-board and Roan- oke Railroad, are brought into the closest commercial relations with Baltimore. When to this magnificent system of continental communications is added the Northern and Eastern system, it may be said of Bal- timore that there is hardly a hamlet in the Union tluit may not feel the impulse of her energy and en- terprise. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. — No adequate sketch of the growth of Baltimore City could be given that did not embody some account of the great rail- road which has probably contributed more to its com- mercial prosperity than all other agencies combined. Happily, the origin and early history of this splendid public improvement are not involved in obscurity. There are men still living whose recollection goes back to the first organization of the company, and who were identified with the movements by which its corporate franchises were secured and its credit estab- lished. All of the original projectors and corporators have passed away, but some of their younger associates still remain. Were there no other sources of infor- mation, an accurate history of the road from the day the " first stone" was laid by Charles Carroll of Car- roUton (July 4, 1828) down to a very recent period might be compiled from the public laws, the reports of committees of the two houses of the General As- sembly, and the decisions of the courts. There was something so striking in the inauguration of this gigantic enterprise that the main incidents were deeply impressed upon the popular mind, and the whole story has since crystallized into local legends which are part of the lore of every Baltimore school- boy. As the first railroad ever projected for general trafiic between widely-separated sections of the country, the history of the Baltimore and Ohio during the first ten years of its progress towards the mountains is singularly interesting. The builders were compelled not only to grapple with the unsolved problems of railroad construction, but to devise all the mechani- cal appliances by which transportation was to be ef- fected. The colossal monument which they have left of their far-reaching commercial sagacity is colored with the romance of invention, and in the experi- ments conducted by the ingenious mechanics whose names are associated with the early history of the company is to be found the germ of almost everything that is now regarded as useful and effective in the moving of railway trains. It is also a remarkable fact that the familiar phrases by which railroad opera- tions are now described were used in the reports, ad- dresses, and resolutions in which the founders of the Baltimore and Ohio first disclosed their contemplated enterprise to the public ; while the original act of in- corporation, as drawn by the late Hon. John V. L. McMahon, one of Maryland's most distinguished lawyers and orators, has served as a model for nearly all the railroad charters that have been granted in the United States. During the first quarter of the present century the trade of the West was as much a matter of concern to the enterprising merchants of Baltimore as it is to-day. The State of New York had laid the foun- dation for the commercial supremacy of her chief city by digging a canal from the lakes to the Hudson River, while Pennsylvania was engaged in an exten- sive scheme of public improvements which were in- tended to unite the Susquehanna and the Delaware Rivers with the Ohio River and the lakes. At that time the only means of bringing the W^est into easy communication with the sea-board that seemed prac- ticable was the linking together of navigable rivers by canals. Notwithstanding the tremendous cost and the extraordinary obstacles to be overcome, Maryland embarked in the colossal undertaking. The Chesa- peake and Ohio Canal was chartered by the Legisla- ture in the year 1825, and a subscription of $500,000 to the capital authorized by the act of incorporation paved the way for further investments and loans until the State had completely prostrated its own credit. The franchises, money, and credit granted to the canal not only exhausted the resources that ought ! to have been expended upon the railway in order to I secure its speedy completion, but placed obstacles in j its path which greatly retarded its progress. At one I time the opposition of the canal company seemed 1 more formidable than the mountains which loomed ! up beyond the point where the right of way was dis- puted. Among the public-spirited citizens of Baltimore who saw that the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal could not be extended across the mountains except at such I a cost as would make the project utterly impractica- ble were Philip E. Thomas and George Brown.' Both were gentlemen of wealth and intelligence, and ! both had devoted much study to the new method of transportation which had been for some time attract- ing attention in England. They were in correspond- ence with friends abroad, who kept them informed of the various experiments that were being tried on the short railways at the New Castle coal-mines and else- where. From the data thus obtained these thoughtful pioneers in the greatest commercial enterprise of the nineteenth century came to the conclusion that rail- ways were entirely practicable for the general pur- poses of transportation and traffic, and that they must eventually supersede the costly canals which were 1 At this time Mr. Thomas was president of the Mechanics' Banl5, but in consequence of the engagements which afterwards devolved npon him as the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, he resigned the presidency of the bank, and George Brown was elected to fill the va- 316 HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. then in the course of construction between the sea- board and the West. Acting upon this conviction, they invited some twenty-five of the leading citizens of Baltimore to meet at the residence of Mr. Brown on the evening of Feb. 12, 1827, for the purpose of procuring an interchange of opinion upon the subject in which they were so profoundly interested.' At this meeting William Patterson was appointed chairman, and David Winchester secretary. Various documents and statements setting forth the advan- tages of railroads over turnpikes and canals having been exhibited and approved, a committee consisting of Philip E. Thomas, Benjamin C. Howard, George Brown, Talbot Jones, Joseph W. Patterson, and Evan Thomas was appointed to make a formal report at a future meeting, embodying the views of those who had faith in the success of the contemplated railway. This report was submitted by Mr. Thomas, the chairman of the committee, at a meeting held on Feb. 19, 1827, and when read at this day, in the light of what has been accomplished, it almost seems as if the author was touched with the spirit of prophecy when he unfolded the possibilities of the great scheme, in the prosecution of which he was destined to play so distinguished a part. In the broad, comprehensive view taken by these sagacious founders of the rail- road system in the United States, nothing but a double track railway would meet the demands of the traffic between Baltimore and the great West, and the resolution on Feb. 19, 1827, proposing the con- struction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, calls for " a double track." In those days New Orleans was looked upon as the most formidable competitor with Baltimore for the trade of the West, and Mr. Thomas, in his report, while admitting the superior advantages enjoyed by New Orleans, expresses the belief that the long distance between the States bor- dering on the Ohio and the " Crescent City," and the deleterious effect of the Southern climate upon grain and provisions, would save to Baltimore a consider- able share of the trade of the Ohio Valley and the Upper Mississippi Valley. Mr. Thomas lived long enough to see the railroad system which he inaugu- rated stretching its arms far across the Mississippi Valley, and downwards to the very city which he supposed would become the metropolis of the West, as well as the South, because the waters of all the great rivers of the West flow by her wharves. Far- reaching as was his vision, and comprehensive as was his intellect, he did not dream that the new force which he and his associates were calling into exist- ence would turn traffic from its natural channels, and rob rivers of their commerce. A large edition of this report was ordered to be printed, and at this day it is impossible to estimate IThe call being **to take into consideration the beet means of re- Btoringto the city of Baltimore that portion of tho WeBtern trade which has lately been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation and by other causes.^' the effect which it produced upon the public mind. It gave an impulse to railroad building which was felt throughout the whole country, and enterprises, which had lain dormant for years, were quickened into life. A plan for the organization of the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad Company was immediately drawn up, and a committee of eminent citizens of Maryland appointed to procure an act of incorpora- tion from the General Assembly then in session ; and also secure the necessary legislation from the other States — Virginia and Pennsylvania — through a por- tion of whose territory the road as projected would pass before reaching the Ohio River.-' The application to the General Assembly was suc- cessful, and the act of incorporation was passed Feb. 27, 1 827, nine days after the scheme was first submitted to the public. The distinguished lawyer who prepared the charter had no precedents to guide him, but its provisions are nevertheless well adapted to promote the objects for which it was granted, and it is, withal, so exact in its language, and has stood the test of prac- tical experience and judicial scrutiny so well, that even now its phraseology is seldom departed from in the drawing of similar instruments. The ('lause exempt- ing the shares of capital stock from taxation gave rise to much controversy in later years, but the Court of Appeals not only affirmed its constitutionality, but decided that, under this provision, all the property of the company of every description was exempt from taxation. The capital stock was fixed at $3,000,000 (30,000 shares, each of the value of $100), which the president and directors were empowered to increase, and the State was authorized to subscribe for 10,000 shares ($1,000,000), and the city of Baltimore 5000 shares ($500,000). Such was the confidence in the ultimate success of the project, and such the enthusi- asm of the people, that during the eleven days on which the stock books were kept open in the city of Baltimore the subscriptions amounted to $4,178,000. The charter fixed the amount at $3,000,000 (half of which was to be reserved for the State of Maryland and the city of Baltimore). There was as yet no board of directors in existence, and Isaac McKim, Thomas EUicott, Jos. W. Patterson, John McKim, Jr., William Stewart, Talbot Jones, Roswell L. Colt, George Brown, and Evan Thomas, the commissioners named in the act, could only accept subscriptions to the amount of $1,500,000. Before the close of the year 1828 subscriptions to the capital stock to the amount of $4,000,000 were accepted by the board of directors. A sufficient amount of stock having been subscribed 2 This committee was composed of the following gentlemen : Charles Carroll of Carrollton, William Patterson. lenac McKim, Robert Oliver, Charles Eidgely, of Hampton, Tliounis Tenant, Alexander Brown, John tIcKim, Jr., Talbot Jones, James Wilson, Thomas Ellicott, George Hoff- man, William Stewart, Philip E. Thomas, William Lorman, George Warner, Benjamin C. Howard, Solenion Etting, W. W. Taylor, Alex- ander Fridge, James L. Hawkins, John B. Morris, Luke Tieruan, Alex- ander McDonald, and Solomon Birckhead. TRANSPORTATION. 317 and all the preliminary conditions prescribed by the act of incorporation having been complied with, the construction of the railroad was commenced.' The board of directors was organized April 23, 1827, and consisted of the following gentlemen : Charles Carroll of Carrollton, William Patterson, Robert Oliver, Alexander Brown, Isaac McKim, William Lorman, George Hoffman, Philip E. Thomas, John B. Morris, Thomas Ellicott, Talbot Jones, and William Stewart. Philip E. Thomas was made president, and George on which the "first stone" was laid. Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last surviving signer of the Decla- ration of Independence, took a conspicuous part in the ceremonies of the day. The military and civic procession was the largest and most imposing that Baltimore had ever seen, and a number of the most distinguished men in the country honored the occa- sion with their presence. The memorial stone, which was presented by the stone-cutters of Baltimore, through a committee composed of James F. Syming- lARLE.S CAKKOLL OF CAKKOLLTOX. Brown treasurer. The 4th of July, 1828, will be for- ever memorable in the annals of Baltimore as the day I The earliest use of the railway principle in America was by the "Qaincy Granite Railway Company," which was chartered by the Legis- lature of Massachusetts, March 4, 1826, for " the conveyance of stone and other property." The incorporators were Thomas H. Perkins, William Sallivan, Amos Lawrence, David Moody, Solomon Willard, Gridley Bryant, "and their associates," with a capital of $100,000. They were not authorized to transport passengers until April, 1846, but never availed themselves of this privilege. Messrs. Philip E. Thomas, Alexan- der Brown, and Thomas Ellicott were appointed a committee by the Bal- timore and Ohio Railroad to examine this roaii, which they did, and made a very elaborate report on the 2lst of June, 1827. 21 ton, Frederick Baughman, H. B. Griffith, and Alex- ander Gadde.ss, was planted in an open field a short distance from the city limits.' In changing the grade 2 The ceremonies of laying the corner-stone were begun by a prayer by the Eev. Dr. Wyatt, followed by the reading of the Declaration of In- dependence by Upton S. Heath, with an eloquent preface. The Carroll- ton March, composed by Mr. Ctifton, being then performed, John B. Morris, one of the directors, delivered an eloquent address. On the con- clusion of the address the corner-stone was laid by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, with grand Masonic ceremonies. The following was the in- scription on the stone: " Tfcis Storw, presented by theStonc-OuWerj of Balti- more in commemoration of the commencement of the BaJlimore and Ohio Railroitdf was here placed on the Fourth of July, 1828, by the Grand 318 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. some years afterwards this stone was covered with earth and has never since been seen. For a long time the precise locality was unknown, but it has since been ascertained and marked. Fortunate as was the company in its selection of offi- cers and in the intelligent mechanics whom it took into its employ, it nevertheless owes much of its early success to the corps of skillful and adventurous engi- neers detailed from the United States army to make a reconnoissance from the Chesapeake Bay to the Ohio, and to report the result of their experimental surveys. During the summer of 1827 these gentlemen entered upon the work assigned them, and early in the following year made their report. All the engineers who have followed in the paths opened up by these pioneers have been greatly indebted to them for tlieir full and accurate description of the topography of the region traversed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Gen. Isaac Trimble, to whom was assigned the district through which the Parkersburg branch of the Balti- more and Ohio now passes, and which he, with a touch of unconscious humor, divides into two sections in his report, " the mountainous and the hilly," is at this writ- ing (October, 1881) still living, and still a practical engineer. There was a general concurrence in the opinion that the line of the first division of the road trom Baltimore Loil.je o/ Man/liml. assisteil l>y CTiarZes OirroU of CarrolUm, the last sur- i,:j, ,/>■:-.■ :'>■ !■ .. '...■..' ]>■,. ■■<,^ //.■''., -/■/-.■'/r^, autl ucder the ilii' ', M ' r. !■■ !■. I ..■ I \'r. I I ■! iiM I I. ui Company.^'* On M"i:i AMi uiii,: I; M I i:.. M. Ii^il nii\..l 1 1 1. -toiiH was deposited a gliu^s cylimlor, lit- iiiieticiilly seiiled, cmitainiiig ;i txipy of the charter of the company, as granted and confirmed by the States of Maryland, Vir- ginia, and Pennsylvania, and the newspapers of the day, together with a scroll containing these words : " This stone is deposited in conimemora. tion of the commencement of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, a work of iUep and vUal interest to the American people. Its accomplishment will confer the most important benefits upon this nation by facilitating its commerce, diffusing and extending its social intercourse, and perpetu- ating the happy union of these confederated States. The first general meeting of the citizens of Baltimore to confer upon the adoption of proper measures for undertaking this magnificent work was on the 12th day of February, 1827. An act of incorporation by the State of Mary- land was granted Feb. 28, 1827, and was confirmed by the State of Vir- ginia March 8, 1S27. Stock was subscribed to provide funds for its ex- ecution April 1, 1827. The first board of directors was elected April 23, 1827. The company was organized April 24, 1827. An examination of the country was commenced under the direction of Lieut.-Col. Stephen H. Long and Capt. William G. McNeill, U. S. Topographical Engineers, and William Howard, D. S. Civil Engineer, assisted by Lieuts. Barney, Trimble, and Dillebunty, of the U. S. artillery, and Mr. Harrison, July 2, 1827. The actual surveys to determine the route were begun by the same officers, with the additional assistance of Lieuts. Cook, Gwynn, Hazzard, Fessenden, and Thompson, and Mr. Guiou, Nov. 20, 1827. Tlie charter of the company was confirmed by the State of Pennsylvania Feb. 22, 1828. The State of Maryland became a stockholder in the com- pany, by subscribing for half a million of dollars of its stock, March 6, 1828. And the construction of the road was commenced July 4, 1828, under the management of the following-named board of directors: Philip Evau Thomas, president ; Charles Carroll of Carrollton, William Patterson, Robert Oliver, Alexander Brown, Isaac McKim, William Lor- mau, George Hoffman, John B. Morris, Talbot Jones, William Stewart, Solomon fitting, Patrick Macauley ; George Brown, treasurer." The com- mittee to arrange the ceremonies of the laying of the corner-stone was composed of George Hoffman, Alexander Brown, John B. Morris, and Patrick Macauley. westward should follow the course of the Patapsco River, cross Parr's Ridge, and run thence, by. as direct a line as possible, to Point of Rocks ; thence along the Maryland shore of the Potomac River, through the gap at Harper's Ferry, to William.sport, which was fixed as the terminus of the first division. This route turned the flank of the Catoctin Mountain, and avoided the necessity of grading or tunneling the South Mountain, by taking advantage of the natural cut made by the waters of the Potomac. Other routes were surveyed, any one of which might have been quite as advantageous for local traffic, but the avoid- ing of the mountain grades was a consideration too weighty to be overcome. One of the experimental surveys led to Mechanicstown, and thence through the South Mountain by the gaps now occupied by the Western Maryland Railroad. All the lines converged at Williamsport, and it was a very great disappoint- ment to the people of Washington County when the litigation with the canal company and the subsequent action of the Virginia Legislature compelled the Bal- timore and Ohio Company to cross the Potomac at Harper's Ferry and locate their line in that State as far west as Cumberland. This was one of the unhappy consequences of the dispute concerning the riglit of way through the passes of the Potomac. In his report of the first reconnoissance. Col. Long, the chief of the corps of engineers, not only gave a topographical sketch of the country through which the experimental lines were run, but also appended " a statement of the principles" which in his opinion should govern the construction of railroads. Consid- ering that he was dealing with a subject upon which there was at that time but little information derived from actual experience, his theories and suggestions were surprisingly near to being correct. He was of the opinion that the space between the rails should be four feet six and a half inches ; that where there are two tracks there should be an intervening space of two feet ; that the embankment for a double track should be eighteen feet wide on the top, and that all side- tracks should be laid so as to allow loaded cars seven feet wide to pass each other. He also took into ac- count the effect of the heat of summer and the cold of winter upon the iron rails, and suggested that the holes for the rivets should be elliptical, so as to allow one-twelfth of an inch on each side of the rivet for contraction and expansion. In common with most of the railroad men of those days, he thought that stone was the proper material for longitudinal sills, and he advised the Board of Directors that wooden sills should never be used, " except in situations where a tempo- rary structure is advisable in order to allow the sub- stratum of the road to settle and consolidate before a work of more permanent character can be advan- tageously substituted." The directors so far con- curred in this view that when the road reached the vicinity of Ellicott's Mills, where granite quarries still abound, a portion of one section of track was laid TRANSPOKTATION. 319 with granite sills. An enthusiastic newspaper re- porter of the period, who passed over the road on a free excursion May 22, 1830, describes the granite I rail section as the " ne plus ultra of railroad making, combining as it does the greatest strength and solidity ' in a material which will endure for ages. It possesses, also, the advantage, from its unyielding nature, of af- fording the full cnjo)Tnent of the moving power which may be applied." The " unyielding nature" so highly commended by the reporter is the quality which un- fits granite for railroad sills, as was soon discovered, and the Baltimore and Ohio Company made no further ' experiments with this material. Having divided the line of the road as located be- tween Baltimore and Ellicott's Mills into twenty-six sections, the contracts for constructing the road-bed were given out early in July, 1828, and work was begun on July 28th, the first grading being done on the sections intervening between the " first stone" and i the city limits. The deep cut some two miles west of the starting*point greatly delayed the work, and the cost, which largely exceeded the estimates, had a some- what depressing effect on the prospects of the com- pany. The burst of enthusisam which had run up the conditional stock subscriptions to $4,000,000 thirty days after the charter was granted had measurably subsided before the first section of the road was graded, and the directors were obliged to advance $200,000 of their own private funds to complete the above-mentioned cut. During the year 1829 the three sections of the road nearest the city were completed, a depot was established at the end of Pratt near Poppleton Street, on ground now inclosed in the Mount Clare yards, and on Jan. 7, 1830, the company began to run excursion-ears out to the CarroUton vi- aduct, about one and a half miles distant. The fare for the round trip was nine cents, or three tickets for twenty-five cents, and the Federal Gazette, in chron- icling the event, exultingly remarked that " within about fifteen months after the actual commencement of its construction our railroad has begun to be pro- ductive." The cars used for the excursions were of a pattern that would excite much ridicule in these days, and were drawn by a single horse provided for the com- pany by Messrs. Stockton & Stokes, the great stage- drivers; but .such was the novelty of " a ride upon the rail" in the winter and spring of 1830 that on fine days the Mount Clare depot was crowded with eager excursionists, and it was impossible for the company with its limited facilities to furnish transportation for all who were anxious to try the new mode of travel. On the 22d of May, 1830, the road was formally opened to Ellicott's Mills, and then the business of transporting passengers and freight began in real earnest. The company put new cars on the track as fast as they could be built, making such improvements from time to time as experience suggested, and man- aged the transportation business so well that the re- ceipts, which averaged something over $1000 a week, largely exceeded the working expenses. The average number of passengers during the month of June ex- ceeded 400 per day. The result of the first three months' operations between Baltimore and Ellicott's Mills practically solved the railway problem. While the company was devoting its energies to the construction of the road, and to the procuring of means to carry on the great undertaking, a half- dozen thoughtful mechanics were inventing and per- fecting the machinery which wa.s destined to become a most important part of the railroad system. The locomotive was not entirely unknown at this period, but it was yet a slow, feeble, and somewhat intract- able machine. It remained for the engineers and me- chanics in the employ of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company to develop its power and speed, to give it beauty of form and action, to adapt it to curves and grades, and, in short, to endow it with most of the splendid qualities which make the " iron horse" the wonder of the age. About the time that the company was chartered, Ross Winans, a New Jersey farmer, who had a remarkable genius for mechanical invention, ; removed to Baltimore, and turned his attention to the building of steam-engines. The experiments in the construction of railroad machinery which the com- pany instituted gave Mr. Winans a wide field for the exercise of his inventive faculties. To him the rail- road world is indebted for a series of improvements in the construction of the locomotive without which it might have long remained a sort of blind giant, incapable of moving except upon a straight track. The Winans journals, friction-wheels, coal-burning j grates, and four-wheel trucks lifted forward the rail- way art at least ten years. His famous camel-back engines were in their day the most powerful motors in the world, and although none have been built since 1861, the Baltimore and Ohio Company still has a large number of them in daily use. The first locomotives and cars used on the Balti- more and Ohio road had wheels with flanges on the outside, and for a while it was supposed that if the flanges were put inside it would be difiicult to keep the car on the track. Jonathan Knight, the chief engineer of the company, was at first of this opinion, but after the track had been laid to Ellicott's Mills with the iron strap on the outer edge of the wooden rails, and this section of the road had been in actual operation for four or five months, he came to a differ- ent conclusion. About this time Mr. Knight demon- strated by an intricate and laborious mathematical calculation that a pair of car-wheels should be equal sections of a cone, with the larger diameters turned inward and facing each other. He proved by scien- tific demonstration that wheels of this form would be less likely to leave the track than if they were par- allel sections of a cylinder. Every time a drayman rolls a flour-barrel down a pair of skids he illustrates the principle which Mr. Knight applied to the con- struction of car-wheels. The two cones are constantly HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. adjusting themselves to tlie curvature of tlie track and keeping the axle approximately at right angles to the rails. In rounding curves one wheel is crowded over against the outer rail, and by revolving on its larger diameter overcomes the increased distance ; while the other wheel, being pulled away from the inside rail, revolves on its smaller diameter, and having a PETER COOPER S LOCOMOTIVE. less distance to travel, both wheels move in lines ap- proximately parallel with the track. Except in turn- ing sharp curves the flange scarcely ever touches the rail, and under ordinary conditions a pair of conical wheels without flanges would keep the track. Mr. Knight was not the original inventor of the cone- shaped car-wheel, for it was in use in England as early as 1829, but he made an improvement in the form of a rim, which was regarded as of great utility. Of late years, as railroad-tracks have improved, the tendency has been to lessen the angle of the cone, in order to bring more of the rim of the wheel in eon- tact with the rail. To Peter Cooper, of New York, whose eighty-fourth birthday was recently celebrated, belongs the honor of placing the first steam-motor on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Mr. Cooper had made a large invest- ment in real estate in Baltimore, and took much in- terest in the great public improvement, whose suc- cess, he had every reason to believe, would largely enhance the value of his property. The distinction which Mr. Cooper has since attained as a philanthro- pist and millionaire has, however, given an importance to this experiment which it scarcely deserves. His engine consisted of a small upright boiler, with enough of the machinery of an ordinary stationary engine to turn the wheels of the low platform-car on which it was mounted. There not being enough of draft to force the fire through the flues, a small fanning ap- paratus was attached, which was kept in motion by means of a band-wheel and strap running to a pulley on one of the axles. The first trip was made to the Relay House on Aug. 25, 1830,' and the motor being considered a success, Mr. Cooper invited the officers of the company and several of his friends, twenty- three persons in all, to make an excursion to Ellicott's Mills on August 28th. Eighteen of the excursionists seated themselves in a small car in front of the en- gine, and five were permitted to ride with the engineer, Mr. Cooper him- self Where the grade was favora- ble a speed of a mile in four minutes was attained, but the average speed did not exceed a mile in five min- utes. Mr. Cooper was highly com- plimented by his friends and guests upon the success of his engine, but it soon passed out of notice, and if any new principle or'mechanical appliance entered into its construc- tion which has been of the least practical utility the fact has been forgotten. Nevertheless the experi- ment of drawing, or rather pushing, a car with a steam-motor had a good moral effect, and no doubt en- couraged the projectors of the road to hope for better results from a more powerful machine.' Before the steam-motor made its appearance on the 1 Upon this occasiou the following certificate was given to Mr. Cooper: "Among the persons who rode on the carriage of the engine, the sub- scribers take this opportunity to express their high gratification at the experiment, and to state their full confidence in the general construc- tion of the engine and the superior advantages of tiiis mode of convey- ance. Leonard Frailey, John S. Sliriver, Frederick S. Littig, Isaac Cooper, A. Horton, Henry Wedford, Wm. Tilyard, Alexander F. Turn- bull, Robert Carey Long." " The power of Mr. Ct>oper's " working model" was "little if any over the power of one horse, and was at the time described as follows: " Diameter of the cylinder, 314 inches, or 8J^ in area ; length of the stroke of the piston, 14 inches ; speed of the piston per minute, 220 feel ; pressure of Btoam per inch area, bQ pounds. The position of Uie cylinder is ver- tical, and tlie motion of the rod is connected with a vertical cog-wheel of 44 cogs, working into a pinion of 23, fixed on the axle of the forward wheels ; the axles of these wheels move in boxes of (jillinghanrs con- struction, the bearings on the extremity outside the nave; the rear wheels are on Ross Winans' patent principle, with friction-wheels, which permit the carriage to adjust its motion to the curves of the road. The carriage- frame and its component parts were made by Richard luilay, and is by its elasticity well adapted to relieve the engine from any occa- sional concussion, which the gearing, as described above, is also, as ex- perience has proved, admirably suited to counteract. The boiler and some of the working jiarts of the engine were made by Charles Reeder; the power, it is believed, is of peculiar construction, and may be termed a ' double boiler,' as it is composed of two parts, each differing materially from the other. Tlie outer boiler is formed of two centric cylinden>, placed two inches apart all around, the space between them closed at top and bottom, and filled as high as the gauge-line with water; within the open circular space a cylinder boiler is placed, of such size as to leave a distance of two inches all around between its circumference and inner case of the outside boiler, to which, however, it is connected by an opening at the bottom of the water, and one at the top for the steam communication. The ends of this inner boiler are closed, but through TRANSPORTATION. railroad-track at Mount Clare several experiments were tried iu the way of rigging cars with sails, to be propelled by the wind. Evan Thomas, brother to the president of the company, who had made a personal inspection of most of the railroads in opera- tion at that time in England and America, con- structed a sail-car, which he named " ^olus," and when the wind was favorable its performances were highly satisfactory. Its first appearance was on Jan. 23, 1830. Baron Krudener, Eussian minister at Wash- ington, was so much impressed with what he heard about the railroad operations at Baltimore that he came over and took a trip on the "^olus," managing the sail himself. Following the sailing-car came the " horse-power" car. A horse was placed in a box-car and made to walk on an endless apron or belt, and to communicate motion to the wheels, as in the horse- power machines of the present day. The " horse- car," like the " sailing-car," had its day, and is re- ferred to now as an illustration of the crudity of the ideas prevailing fifty years ago in reference to rail- roads. There was at that time an apprentice-boy in Mr. Winans' machine-shop, who fifteen years after- wards superintended the construction of the loco- motives for the first railways built in Russia. One of the English engineers in the employ of the Czar wrote to Ross Winans, asking him to make an effec- tive pile-driver to be used on these works. Mr. Winans made the pile-driver, and also a locomotive, to be sent to St. Petersburg, and his son Thomas concluded to go there also and show the Russians how to use the machines. The locomotives proved to be so much superior to those that had been brought from England that the Czar determined to have a the body of it Bfty-three gun-barrel tubes are fixed vertically, through which, and also through the .space between the inner and outer boilera, the flame and heat pass from the furnace, which is immediately beneath the inner boiler. The fire is urged by a fan revolving in a case, and driven by the motion of the carriage. The water-tank is a low, oblong case, placed lengthwise on the carriage-frame. A light pyramidal frame Supports the cylinder and sustains the movenienls. The boiler is vertical, and the whole presents an appeanince of much lightness and simplicity ; the entile weight is not much more than a ton and a half." Mr, Cooper, in an interview published in the New York WorU in June, 1881, gave his recollections of his engine as follows : " During the year 1828 I became the owner of three thousand acres of land in the city of Baltimore, on which I began to build the Canton Iron-Works. At that time the Legislature had granted a charter to a company to build a railroad for carrying passengers and merchandise, and the capital stock was to he $500,000. The route was from Baltimore through the Patapsco Valley to Ellicott's Mills, a distance of thirteen miles. The road was constiucted very simply, and had a number of short turns, which dis- couraged the projectors, who thought that no engine could he built to take these curves. They had almost determined to abandon the road, when I told them tliat if they would only hold on a little while longer I thought I could overcome the diificulty. In my glue-factory at New York, on the ' Old Middle road,' — a road that was situated somewhere between Thirty-first and Thirty-second Streets,— I bad an old stationary engine, with a boiler about the size of a barrel, and a cylinder three and a half inches in diameter. The whole engine could easily be moved on a hand-barrow. I sent for the engine, and when it arrived at Baltimore I took it to a carriage-maker's, mounted it on a truck, and connected it with the wheels by an ordinary crank. The day we made the experi- ment there were thirty-six men on the car and six men on the engine, which carried its own fuel and water. The thirteen miles were made, up a grade of eighteen feet to the mile, in one hour and twelve minutes, and the return trip in fifty-seven minutes. This was the first passenger- engine built in America, and the first passenger-train that was ever drawn by an engine on this continent." large number built upon the same model. Mr. Winans entered into an engagement to superin- tend the construction of locomotives and railway ma- chinery in the government shops, upon terms which brought great profit to himself and his business part- ner, Mr. Harrison, of Philadelphia. The Baltimore mechanic, who went abroad to exhibit a locomotive, came home a millionaire. For a year or longer after the opening of the Balti- more and Ohio road to Ellicott's Mills, the depot re- mained at the west end of Pratt Street, outside the city limits. It was of the utmost importance to the company, as well as to the public, that the track should be extended to Pratt Street wharf, at the head of the Basin, where communication would be estab- lished with the shipping, and especially with the steamer which plied between Baltimore and Phila- delphia ; but such was the opposition on the part of a portion of the citizens of Baltimore to laying a rail- road-track through Pratt Street that the ordinance granting the right of way was not passed by the City Council till April 1, 1831, and the connection with tide-water was not made till Sept. 29, 1831, at which time a depot was established at the intersection of Light and Pratt Streets ; but the passenger-cars started from the Three Tuns Hotel, on the corner of Pratt HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. and Paca Streets, for some months later. A bitter i controversy was waged in the ward meetings and j through the newspapers over tlie occupation of Pratt ! Street by the railroad while the ordinance was pend- ing, and it has broken out at intervals from that time till the present. While the discussion was going on in the city as to whether an actual connection with the shipping- wharves was desirable or otherwise, the road was being rapidly pushed westward. On Nov. 12, 1831, the president and directors, accompanied by the mayor of Baltimore and members of the City Council, made a trip to the inclined plane near Parrsville, and Dec. 1, 1831, the road was formally opened to Frederick with a grand excursion, in which the Governor of the State and other prominent officials took part. Each car was drawn by one horse, and although a snow had fallen during the previous night, "the large caval- cade" (using the language of the reporter of the ex- cursion) made ten miles an hour. Some of the ex- cursionists returned to Baltimore on the same evening, deeply impressed with the belief that they had made the best day's journey on record, one hundred and twenty miles in twelve hours. We now come to the period when the " iron horse" took the track and crowded off all competitors. In his presence the sail-cars, the tread-powers, and even the horse-cars became mere toys, either to be thrown aside as worthless rubbish, or put away and preserved as memorials' of the infancy of railroad transporta- tion. Prior to 1831 a few locomotives had been con- structed both in England and America, but they were of small capacity, and it was a question whether they could be used on roads in which there were curves of a radius of four hundred feet. However, the im- provements made by Mr. Knight, Mr. Imlay, and Mr. Winans in the form of car-wheels and journals, and in the mode of mounting cars on trucks, had practically solved the problem, and all that remained to be done was to apply these inventions to the loco- motive, and its ability to turn curves without leaving the track became an assured fact. An advertisement published by the company Jan. 4, 1831, offering a premium for two locomotives which should come up to the specifications therein set forth, is somewhat remarkable, for the reason that it shows a very thorough knowledge of what a railroad engine ought to be, although the motor which the president describes had not yet taken form and shape. The object of the advertisement was to submit to the in- genious mechanics of the country certain ascertained facts and principles, to the end that they might be applied to the construction of an effective locomotive, Such was the faith of the company in the utility of the inventions of Mr. Knight and Mr. Winans that it was expres-sly stipulated they should be embodied in the competing locomotives. The experience of fifty years has shown that the company did not claim too much for tliese improvements. The sum of four thousand dollars (the premium being included in the price) was to be paid for the locomotive, constructed in accordance with these specifications, which should be deemed the best after thirty days' actual use, and three tliousand five hundred dollars for the second best. Three locomotives were constructed in pur- suance of this advertisement, and the tests to which they were subjected and the exhibitions given of their working capacity constitute a most interesting chapter in the history of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The company extended the time named in the advertisement for testing the engines (June 1, 1831) to June 27th, and in point of fact the trial did not come off till July 12th. Only two competitors put in an appearance at the first trial, the " York," manufactured by Davis & Gartner, at York, Pa., and an engine from New York City, the name of which is not recorded in the local chronicles. Another engine, built at Gettysburg, Pa., by George Welsh, had been entered for the prize, but it was not ready to take the track on the day finally set for the con- test. At this exhibition the " York" won all the honors. On the first 'trip it made a mile in three minutes, drawing a car containing forty persons, and rounded the curves without checking speed. Several trips were made, and the engine ran a mile in two minutes and a half on some portions of the road. After the Davis engine had astonished the assembled multitude with its splendid performance, the New York engine made a short trip, but it fell so far behind its competitor in the essential quality of ^peed that not much notice was taken of its merits, whatever they may have been. The " York" was kept on the road until it was worn out; the builder, Phineas Davis, was made chief constructor of engines for the com- pany, and remained in its service until he was acci- dentally killed while taking his employes on an ex- cursion to Washington, on Sept. 27, 1835.' Four of ^ Plitneas Davis was a self-taught man, and like all eminent men of his class in science and art, he wascapableof achieving the most decisive results, Mr. Davis was a native of New Hampshire, and ear)^ in life migrated to York, Pa., where he arrived poor, friendless, and nnknown. He began the watch-making business in York with an estimable citizen, and soon met with great success. After continuing in business for sev- eral years he turned bis attention to chemistry, hut soon applied himself to steam and the constructiou of steam-engines, in which he took great delight. In connection with his partner, Mr. Garlner, he built several engines for various purposes, and made many improvements to illustrate their power and capacity for work. The firat efficient locomotive engine used upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was constructed by Davis & Gartner, under his direction, at York, and brought to Baltimore upon wagons. From this period up to the time of his death a large number of locomotives were built for this great work under his immediate superin? tendence, and scarcely any one ever succeeded another without evincing some improvement in design or execution. The construction of locomo- tives was particularly suited to his taste and capacity, and the Bhllimore and Ohio Railroad Company very soon discovered his value in that depart- ment and ofTered him such facilities as induced him to leave the concern at York in the care of his jiartner and engage in making engines in Balti- more at the company's shops. He had been so engaged for a couple of years, and by his talents, industry, and perseverance, under the liberal en- couragement of the company, he hat! by successive improvement* brought the locomotive to a high dogroc of perfection. He was on a trial-trip with his latest-improved engine when lie met his doatli. Upon the re- TRANSPORTATION. 323 the engines built by Mr. Davis after the model of the "York" are still in daily use at the Mount Clare depot as " regulators" for making up trains and push- ing cars about from one yard to another. A history of the growth of the locomotive from the diminutive upright engine mounted on a small plat- form-car which won the prize in 1831 to the ponder- ous " camel" invented by Ross Winans cannot be given within the limits of this sketch, although the subject is most attractive. In the specifications for the prize engine of 1831 it was provided that "it must on a level road be capable of drawing day by day fifteen tons, inclusive of the weight of the wagons, fif- teen miles per hour." The powerful " camel" (which is still a familiar object on the Baltimore and Ohio road, although none have been built since 1861) draws a train of thirty coal-cars, about four hundred and fifty tons, including the weight of the cars. The best performance of the " camel," however, is com- pletely eclipsed by the " Consolidation," the name given to the new freight-engines now built at the Mount Clare shops. The usual load for one of these powerful locomotives is a train of fifty-two coal-cars, nearly eight hundred tons. The progress from the quaint-looking little wagons which Richard Imlay, the enterprising manufacturer, then at the corner of Monument and North Streets, used to exhibit in Monument Square before he de- livered them to the company to the palace-coaches which the company now builds for itself is scarcely less striking.' turn of the train from WaBhington he rode on the tender to watch the movements of the engine, and while thus engaged it ran off tlie tracli, which brought the cars in the rear with great force upon the tendpr, in- stantly killing its only occupant. His body was brought to Baltimore and interred in the Friends' burying-ground at the corner of Aisqnitb and Fayette Streets. He left two orphan children, his wife having died a short time before. The Rrat successful locomotive engine after the " York" on the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad was also built by Messrs. Davis & Gartner, and called the " AUantic." The experimental trial of this engine took place on Aug. 6, 1S32, and was highly successful. It was the first engine that completely succeeded in burning anthracite coal. A trip of eighty miles per day was performed with a consumption of one ton of coal. From this time forward steam-power was generally used on the road. The first fatal accident occurred with the horse-cars, which ran over a driver near the city on Sept. 13, 1830. On Dec. 3, 1831, John Lanahan was killed near the Monocacy viaduct. He was the first person killed by " a car in the reg\ilar use of the company." On Nov. 12, 1834, the boiler of a new engine built by Charles Reeder for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, while engaged in drj^wing a train of burden -cars, ex- ploded and killed the engineer and severely wounded the fireman. This was the first locomotive explosion on the road. ^ The first passenger-car was made like an old-fashioned " Conestoga" country-wagon on railroad wheels. Then came cars resembling the old- fashioned stage-coach, with the same springs and leather braces, and car- rying nine passengers each, with a driver's seat perched upon eitherend, as there were no turn-tables at that early day. For a long time the cars were gaudily painted, with a small increase in the size. One of Mr. ' Imlay's cars is thus described on Aug. 4, 1830 : *' The body of the carriage will contain twelve persons, and the outside seats at either end will re- ceive six, including the driver. On the top of the carriage is placed a double sofa, running lengthwise, which will accommodate twelve more. A wire netting rises from two sides of the top of the carriage to a height which renders the top seats perfectly secure. The whole is surmounted by an iron framework, with an awning to protect from the sun or rain. With the advent of the locomotive the Imlay wagons disappeared from the road. In November, 1831, two cars were put into service in which glazed windows with sliding sash were substituted for leather curtains. Mr. Knight, the chief engineer of the company, de- signed a car called the " Dromedary," from some fan- cied resemblance to that animal, which embodied most of the features of the modern street-car. Trains of cars like these were called brigades, and were con- tinued until Ross Winans placed upon the track the first eight-wheel car ever built for passengers and called it " Columbus." This car was a large box, and had a truck of four wheels at each end, like the eight- wheel cars of the present time ; the seats were on the top of the car as well as inside, and were reached by a ladder at one of the coiners. This was followed by several odd-shaped contrivances ; one was named the "Sea Serpent," another was known by the name of the " Frederick," next came the " Winchester," which was followed by the " Washington," each an improvement on its predecessor. Gradually the car- builders divested themselves of the stage-coach idea, and the model of the railroad car as it now exists be- gan to grow into shape, but the development of the passenger-coach was much slower than that of the locomotive. At the close of the year 1831 sixty miles of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad were in operation ; a connection had been made with tide-water ; the prac- ticability of using steam locomotives had been fully demonstrated ; two engines, the " York" and " At- lantic," were each making four trips a day between Baltimore and Ellicott's Mills; and the amount of freight otfered for transportation far exceeded the capacity of the company's rolling stock. On account of the inclined planes at Parr's Ridge, horses were still used to draw the cars between Ellicott's Mills and Frederick. In all its mechanical experiments the company had been singularly successful, and it had now a regularly organized department for de- signing and manufacturing the machinery used in transportation. All this had been accomplished, or rather created, in three years. It now becomes necessary to make a digression in the narrative, and leave the main stem for a time in order to give some account of the Washington branch. The building of a railway between Baltimore and the national capital was no doubt contemplated by the projectors of the Baltimore and Ohio road when they first entered upon the great enterprise, although it was not mentioned in the original charter. One of the reasons given for locating the first division of the road on the line of the Patapsco was the fact that this route would bring it within thirty miles of Wash- ington, and that the most difficult and costly portion The carriage, which is named the ' Ohio,' is very handsomely finished, and will, we have no doubt, be a great favoi-ite with the visitors to the railroad, the number of whom, we are gratified to learn, continues to be as great as it was at the opening of the road." HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of a road between the two cities would be covered by the first nine miles of the main stem. When the project was first presented to the public (May 12, 1829) and conditional subscriptions called for, the idea seemed to be to organize another company, to be called "The Baltimore and Washington Railroad Company," with a capital stock of $300,000 divided into 6000 shares of $50 each. Most of the gentlemen' whose names were appended to the advertisement were di- rectors in the Baltimore and Ohio Company. Nothing was accomplished, however, by this appeal to the public, and the project slumbered until the Baltimore and Ohio Company in its corporate capacity took hold of it and carried it through. At a meeting of the directors, held Dec. 6, 18.30, a resolution presented by William Patterson and seconded by Robert Oliver was adopted directing the chief engineer to make the necessary surveys and report upon the estimated cost of a branch road to Washington. It was also re- solved that application be made to Congress for such legislation as might be deemed necessary to secure the right to build and operate the branch road in the District of Columbia. Congress passed an act grant- ing the franchises and privileges prayed for March 2, 1831. Although the Baltimore and Ohio Company claimed that it had the power to construct the Washington branch under tjie provisions of its original charter, an act was passed by the General Assembly Feb. 22, 1831, expressly granting this authority. It was pro- vided in this act that the State should have the option any time within two years after the completion of the road to subscribe for and receive the stock of the Baltimore and Ohio Company to the amount of the whole or any part of the sum expended in building this branch, the stock of the company to be increased by the amount of stock thus taken by the State. This extraordinary provision was not coupled with any grant of money or credit, and it is not surprising that it defeated the whole purpose of the act and hindered and delayed the enterprise which it was intended to promote. A supplementary act was passed March 9, 1833, repealing this portion of the act of Feb. 22, 1831, and authorizing the treasurer of the Western Shore to subscribe for 5000 shares of the branch road as soon as 10,000 shares were taken by private indi- viduals and corporations. This act further provided that all the money applied to the construction of the Washington branch should be represented by stock separate and distinct from the regular stock of the Baltimore and Ohio Company. As a sort of per- petual premium on the $500,000 stock subscription authorized by this act, it was provided that the com- pany must pay to the State one-fifth of the gross re- ceipts from passengers on the Washington branch, and that settlement must be made and the money > WiUiam Patlerson, John S. Hillon, C. D. Williams, Thomas i Jr., George Brown ,Han80ii Penn, William Lorman, James Wilson, John B. Morris, John C. Herbert, Eilmund I). Duviill. paid over every six months. This proved to be the mo.st profitable financial transaction ever entered into by the State of Maryland. During the forty years that this provision of the act of March 9, 1833, re- mained in force, the State received from the company $1,675,250 in stock dividends on the $500,000 invest- ment, and $3,327,919 from the twenty per cent, tax on passengers.- With the money obtained from the State on these hard conditions, and $1,000,000 advanced by the di- rectors, who took 10,000 shares of the stock for the use of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, the road was built. Of these last-mentioned shares 5000 were sent to Brown, Shipley & Co. in Liverpool, and were the first American railway securities ever deposited in a foreign banking-house. The country traversed by the Washington branch is level, and the grading was soon completed after the contractors got to work. The bridge across the Patapsco at the Relay House was, at the time it was completed, the finest and most costly work of the kind in the United States. Eight stone arches, each of fifty-eight feet span and sixty-six feet high, support the iron superstructure. This beautiful viaduct was designed by the late Ben- jamin H. Latrobe, who had recently been made as- sistant to Mr. Knight, the chief engineer. On the 25th of August, 1835, the branch was opened for travel throughout its entire length, and forthwith be- came one of the most profitable railroads in the world. The returns for the first quarter showed that an average of two hundred passengers per day had been carried over the road, and this number increased with each succeeding year, until there are now thirteen daily passenger-trains running each way between the two cities over this road. Returning to the main stem, we come to an incident in the history of the Baltimore and Ohio Company which in its consequences immediate and remote was most unfortunate. As already stated, the directors, for reasons which at that time seemed to leave no alternative, had determined to outflank the Catoctin Mountain by passing around the Point of Rocks, and to get through the Blue Ridge by way of the Harper's Ferry Gap. In the summer of 1828, while the agents of the company were proceeding to negotiate with the owners of the ground on which the road had been lo- cated between Sandy Hook and Harper's Ferry for the right of way, an injunction was sued out in the Washington County Court, at the instance of the canal company, restraining the railroad company ac- quiring title to the land until its own works had been located through the pass. Another injunction was sued out in Frederick County which stopped the rail- road company from proceeding with the construction of its road beyond the Point of Rocks. The litiga- tion begun by these injunctions lasted until the year 1832, when the Court of Appeals decided that the TRANSPORTATION. 325 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, as the assignee of the Potomac Company, chartered in 1784, had the right of the choice of route along the banks of the Potomac, and that the railroad company could not occupy any place along the river in a way to restrict the canal company in the location of its works. This stopped the further progress of the road until the canal company had decided how much of the narrow strip of ground between the river and the precipitous walls of the mountain it desired to appropriate, and after it had exercised its right of election in this re- gard there was no room left for the railroad. Nothing remained for the railroad company but a " compro- mise" which would permit the joint occupation of the narrow passes between the Point of Rocks and Harper's Ferry, and to this end application was made to the Legislature for an act proposing a plan of agree- ment between the two companies. A committee of the House of Delegates, after inspecting the disputed passes, reported that there was room enough for both the canal and the railroad, and severely reprobated the canal company for stopping the westward exten- sion of the road. No remedy could be applied, how- ever, except to give tlie sanction of the Legislature to a compromise, the terms of which were set forth in the act of December, 1832. The railroad company was authorized to subscribe for 2500 shares of the canal stock, and the canal company was to be per- mitted to grade the road through the disputed passes, and to receive $100,000 for the work. The appoint- ment of two commissioners was provided for in the act, who were empowered to carry its provisions into effect, both companies consenting thereto. After some negotiation, a settlement was effected which closed the whole controversy. The railroad company paid the canal company in lieu of the stock subscription, and in satisfaction of all the conditions of the compro- mise act, the sum of $226,000 ; and further agreed that the railroad should not be pushed beyond Har- per's Ferry until the canal reached Cumberland, pro- vided that it got there at the time fixed in its charter, the year 1840. On the 9th of May, 1833, the con- struction of the railroad from Point of Rocks to Harper's Ferry was resumed, the work having been stopped five years by the controversy with the canal company. At this day it is impossible to calculate the loss inflicted upon the railroad company, and more especially upon the city of Baltimore, by this interruption and by the further delay at Harper's Ferry in pursuance of the compromise with the canal company. The far-seeing men who were the first projectors of a railway from Baltimore to the great West real- ized the importance of reaching the Ohio River in advance of all similar works, and it was provided in the act of incorporation that if the road was not com- pleted in ten years from the day its construction was begun the company should forfeit its corporate fran- chises. All the advantages that Baltimore might have enjoyed by being brought into communication with the West by rail ten years in advance of her sister sea-board cities were sacrificed by the delays occasioned by the persistent assertion of the " para- mount right" of the canal company to occupy the valley of the Potomac. If it had not been for the injunctions sued out in the summer of 1828 tfie rail- road company would have been bringing coal from Cumberland to tide-water before the digging of the canal had been fairly begun, and possibly the State might have been saved from the profitless investment which for a time destroyed its own credit and brought it to the very verge of repudiation. As it was, the road was not opened to Cumberland till Nov. 5, 1842. The company promised to build fifty miles of road every year until the Ohio River was reached, but owing to the difficulty in getting through the Har- per's Ferry Gap, to financial embarrassments occa- sioned by the long delay, and to the new conditions imposed by the Virginia Legislature after the charter in that State had expired by limitation, it was only able to build one hundred and seventy-nine miles of the main stem in fourteen years. As late as 1835 the southern and western counties of Pennsylvania looked to Baltimore as the best market for their products, and to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad as the most suitable route of transit between the East and the West. In an act passed by the Pennsylvania Legis- lature in that year, giving the Susquehanna Canal Company the right to connect its works with the Pennsylvania Canal at Columbia, it was made one of the conditions of the grant that the State of Mary- land should permit a railroad leading from the Cum- berland Valley to connect with the Baltimore and Ohio road at Hagerstown, Williamsport, or some point in that vicinity. Virginia refused to renew the charter of the company, however, except upon the condition that the road should cross the Potomac River at Harper's Ferry and proceed westward with- in the limits of that State to a point six miles east of Cumberland. One of the disastrous consequences of the long delay at Point of Rocks was the loss of a connection with Chambersburg and the Cumberland Valley, which, if it had been made any time prior to 1840, would have been of incalculable advantage to Baltimore. The five years' blockade at the Point of Rocks, however, was not entirely without compensation. During that period the art of transporting passengers and freight by rail was thoroughly studied and mas- tered. The completed division of the main stem be- tween Point of Rocks and Baltimore and the Wash- ington branch were put into successful operation, and the speed and strength of the " iron horse" had been developed to a degree not dreamed of when the controversy with the canal company began. At the trial of locomotives in the summer of 1831 the "York" was regarded as a magnificent motor be- cause it could draw a load of fifteen tons at the rate 326 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of fifteen miles an hour; but in 1834 the "Arabian," also built by Phineas Davis, was making daily trips of eighty miles, oftentimes drawing a load of two hundred and twelve tons. Five other locomotives of equal power were doing the same service on the Washington branch, and when the road was opened betweefl the two cities they made the trip in two hours and ten minutes. At the close of the year 1835 the company had seven locomotives, forty-four passenger-cars, and one thousand and seventy-eight freight-cars in daily* use. The shops at Mount Clare for the construction and repair of cars and locomo- tives had grown to such proportions that the ten-acre lot donated to the company by James Carroll, Esq., was found to be entirely too small for the machinery department, and an adjacent lot of eleven acres was purchased, which was soon covered with shops and railroad-tracks. From 1835 to 1838 nothing was done towards the extension of the road beyond Harper's Ferry except the surveying of routes by the engineer corps. On April 2, 1838, the Virginia Legislature passed the act heretofore referred to, which required the company to locate the next ninety-two miles of its road in that State, and also to make Wheeling the western termi- nus. Work was resumed in the latter part of the year 1838, and during the next four years the company de- voted its energies and resources mainly to the construc- tion of the road from Harper's Ferry to Cumberland, a distance of ninety-seven miles. The approach to the Harper's Ferry bridge on the Virginia side was covered by the reservation on which the United States armory was located, but the Secretary of War gave the company permission to lay its track through these grounds. By taking the southern bank of the Poto- mac the railroad company left the canal company to the full enjoyment of its " paramount right" to the northern bank, while the act of June 4, 1836, so far modified the compromise of 1833 as to allow the two works to proceed in the direction of Cumberland pari passu. The first division of one hundred miles of the main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio road ended at Martinsburg, and here extensive repair-shops were subsequently erected. Marvellous as was the foresight of the men who projected this gigantic enterprise, they were greatly mistaken in their estimate of the probable cost. This is not to be wondered at, however, when we re- member that the railroad of 1828 was an entirely different structure from the railroad of 1838. With increased capacity came increased cost. As locomo- tives grew in size, weight, and power, the rails, bridges, and even the road-bed had to be enlarged, strengthened, and adapted to the changed conditions. In a memorial presented to the two Houses of Con- gress Jan. 28, 1829, the president and directors ex- pressed the opinion that the cost of building the road to the Ohio River would not exceed seven mil- lions of dollars. T"p to Oct. 1, 1838, the comii.iny had expended on the main stem between Baltimore and Harper's Ferry $3,584,970, and in its various op- erations the whole of its original capital ($4,000,000) had been exhausted. Long before the road emerged from the valley of the Patapsco it became evident that more capital would be needed. An act of the General Assembly passed Feb. 25, 1836, authorized the mayor and City Council of Balti- more to make an additional subscription of $3,000,000 to the capital stock of the company, and soon after- wards an ordinance was passed by the City Council to carry the act into effect. The main inducement to the acceptance of the plan of compromise between the canal company and the railroad company, as pre- scribed by the act of 1833, heretofore mentioned, was the expectation that both companies would receive further aid from the State. This hope was realized in the passage of the act of June 4, 1836, under which a subscription of $3,000,000 to the capital stock of each company was made, upon a guarantee being given of a perpetual dividend of six per cent, per annum. This proved a good investment for the State, as far as the railroad company was concerned, but the three millions of dollars given to the canal have never brought any return. By the terms of the act authorizing the subscription, the canal company was exempted from the payment of the six per cent, dividend for three years, and this exemption has been indefinitely prolonged ; in fact, the State subsequently waived its lien upon the canal in favor of other creditors, and has no means of recovering the inter- est in arrears until the preferred bondholders have been satisfied. The act of June 4, 1836, imposed certain restric- tions and limitations upon the railroad company re- lating to the joint construction of the two works from Harper's Ferry westward, most of which were avoided by crossing over to the south side of the Potomac ; but the company, in locating this division of the road in Virginia, violated one of the provisions of the act, which gave great dissatisfaction in Western Maryland and led to another controversy in the Legislature and in the courts. It was enacted that the road should run through Boonsboro' and Hagerstown, and thence to Cumberland ; and in the event of any other route being chosen, the company was to forfeit one million of dollars to the State of Jlaryland for the use of Washington County. When the company decided to take the Virginia route, the county commissioners of Washington County brought suit in the Frederick County Court, claiming one million of dollars. Before the case was tried, however, the Legislature met and repealed this section of the act of June 4, 1836. A pro forma judgment was entered for the defendants I and an appeal taken. The Court of Appeals decided [ that the million of dollars mentioned in the act was j in the nature of a penalty, which the Legislature could remit, and which it had, in fact, remitted by repealing the section of the act which prescribed it. TRANSPORTATION. 327 To the great regret of the directors, the stockholders, and the people of the State at large, Philip E. Thomas ; resigned the presidency of the company June 30, 1836, j having filled the office with distinguished ability for ; a period of nine years. His health had become im- paired by the exhausting labors which he had per- i formed in carrying forward the great enterprise, of which he was the first projector, and after its practi- cability had been fully demonstrated, and the means to complete it (as was then supposed) had been pro- vided, he was anxious to retire. No one can read the reports and memorials which he prepared when the construction of an extended liue of railway was yet an untried experiment without being impressed with his broad comprehension of commercial aflairs and his acute perception of the relations between trade and transportation. His style in writing was clear, forcible, and even elegant, and the words and phrases which he used seem to have been handed down as part of the railroad system which he founded. In his letter of resignation he thus modestly but most accurately stated what had been accomplished by the company from which he was about to retire : "The extension of the main line of the road being elfected as far as Harper's Ferry, on the Potomac River, at which point it is now connected with the Windiester and Potomac Railway, the lateral road to Wash- ington being also opened and in successful operation, I feel mj'self at liberty to withdraw from the presidency of the company. On retiring from a position in which I have received so many proofs of your personal friendship, I cannot forbear the expression of my most grateful acknowl- edgments. When I entered upon the duties of this office little was. known in our country, either as regarded the construction of railways or the application of moving power upon them, and indeed the experi- ence of Europe at that time offered but faint and very uncertain lights in regard to this system. We had therefore, of necessity, everything to learn, and without youi constant and cordial co-operation I am sensible I could not have sustained myself under the many complicated difficul- ties which often pressed upon me. An extensive fund of valuable infor- mation has now been obtained, a universal confidence is now felt in tlie undertaking, and a firm determination is manifested to carry it forward to its completion, as originally intended. Under these circumstances I feel assured that with the excellent organization you have adopted in relation to the several departments into which the concerns of the com- pany are divided, its further management will be rendered much less difficult, and the early completion of the road may be regarded as certain. An opportunity will then be afforded of fully testing the usefulness of this undertaking; and whilst important benefits will be secured to our country, and especially to the city of Baltimore, by the facilities opened through this channel of communication with the West, the stockholders, under a prudent management of their aflairs, will receive a fair remu- neration for their capital invested." Mr. Thomas lived to see the road completed to the Ohio River and the hopeful predictions in his letter of resignation fully realized. After a brief interim, during which the office was temporarily filled by i Joseph W. Patterson, son of William Patterson, j one of the first directors, he was succeeded by the ] Hon. Louis McLane as president of the company, j The difficult duty of negotiating the securities fur- i nished in payment of the subscription authorized j by the act of June 4, 1836, in such a manner as not to injure the credit of the State at a time of great financial depression devolved upon Mr. Mc- Lane. He spent much time abroad, and through his exertions one of the great London banking-houses was induced to make advances from time to time, which carried the company through a most disastrous financial panic without sacrificing its securities or sus- pending work. The construction of the ninety-seven miles of road between Harper's Ferry and Cumberland cost $3,-5o4,403, and the whole of this sum was raised by the sale and hypothecation of bonds and stocks at a time when American securities were greatly depressed in the European money markets, and these operations were conducted without loss to the State or the com- pany. In one emergency Baltimore City stock to the amount of 1515,000 was paid out as currency to contractors and other creditors of the company. The road was opened to Cumberland Nov. 5, 1842, and that city remained its western terminus during the next seven years. The completed portion of the main stem had cost thus far, in round numbers, $7,500,000. Of the State's subscription under the act of June 4, 1836, something over $2,500,000 still re- mained on hand as available capital, and a contingent subscription of $1,058,420 on the part of the State of Virginia and .$500,000 on the part of the city of Wheeling was awaiting the further westward progress of the road on the line indicated in the act of the Virginia Legislature, passed April 2, 1838. Singular as it may seem at this day, but little importance was attached to the transportation of coal at the time the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company establi-shed its western depot at Cumberland. There was much congratulation over the completion of the road to this point, but it was because Baltimore had been brought within thirty hours' ride of Wheeling, and the cur- rent of trade and travel which flowed eastward from the Ohio River had been intercepted at " the gates of the mountains." The possible development of the coal trade was regarded as an incident which might prove of some advantage to the company, but the great controlling object which overshadowed every other consideration was the establishing of commu- nication w-ith the Ohio River. The only mode of bringing coal to Cumberland in those days was by hauling it in wagons over mountain roads. The great mines which have since yielded many millions of tons had not then been opened, and in fact there was but little demand for bitumin- ous coal in the sea-board cities. Pennsylvania, by a system of canals and railroads, had connected her anthracite mines with the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers and with the Chesapeake Bay, and hard coal had almost entirely superseded soft coal in the great work.-hops of the East, and was gradually establishing itself as the best fuel for domestic use. The Balti- more and Ohio Railroad Company was itself a large consumer of anthracite, no other fuel being used in its locomotives and machine-shops. It was the tremendous impulse given to manufactures and to steam navigation on the ocean by the building of the great railways between the East and the West that created a demand for Cumberland coal. 328 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND 'COUNTY, MARYLAND. During the year 1843 the president and directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Company scarcely thought it necessary to make any special preparations for the carrying of coal, and only four thousand nine hun- dred and sixty-four tons were brought to Balti- more during that year. Ross Winans had constructed an engine as early as 1842 which was capable of drawing eleven hundred tons on a level road and one hundred and seventy tons up a grade of eighty- two feet to the mile, so that the motive-power of the company was supposed to be equal to all the demands likely to be made upon it for the transportation of coal until railway communication had been estab- lished with the mines. The development of the Cumberland coal-mines, however, followed close upon the completion of the railroad to that point. In the year 1843 the Maryland and New York Iron and Coal Company began operations, and a railway connecting its extensive mines with the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road was projected. It was represented to the rail- road company that the success of the raining com- pany would depend largely upon the rate at which coal could be transported by rail from Cumberland to Baltimore, and that this would have to be determined in advance. At first the railroad company refused to enter into a permanent contract, because it would involve the expense of building a large number of cars especially designed for carrying coal ; and in the event of a failure in the demand for coal, these cars could not be advantageously used in the trans- portation of ordinary freight. Subsequently, however, upon a guarantee being given that one hundred and seventy-five tons of coal per day would be furnished for three hundred days in the year, the company en- tered into a contract by which it agreed to transport coal from Cumberland to Baltimore for one and one- third cents per ton per mile, with ten cents per ton added for hauling the cars through the streets of Balti- more to the point of delivery, the cost of loading and unloading to be borne by the mining company. This contract was made early in January, 1844, but it was not to take effect until the projected railway to the mines had been completed. In the mean time the canal had " stretched its slow length" along the tortuous banks of the Potomac as far as dam No. 6, forty-five miles east of Cumberland, and in the summer of 1843 was ready to begin the transportation of coal from that point. An arrange- ment was made between the canal company and the railroad company by which the latter agreed to carry coal from Cumberland to dam No. 6 and deliver it to the boatmen for two cents per ton per mile. At the ensuing session of the Legislature the subject of coal transportation was taken up by the House of Delegates, and an order was passed Jan. 25, 1844, calling upon the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company to answer certain interrogatories as to the cost of transporting coal by rail, and as to the facilities of the company for supplying the canal with coal at dam No. 6. The canal company had exhausted all its means, and was unable to prosecute its work any further without additional aid from the State, and the object of this inquiry seemed to be to determine whether it would be better to make dam No. 6 the terminus of the canal and depend upon the railroad for a supply of coal, or to postpone the liens of the State so as to permit the company to pledge its revenues for additional loans to complete the canal to Cumberland. In response to the.se inquiries, Mr. Mc- Lane submitted a statement to show that according to the established rates coal could be delivered at Georgetown at about the same cost for transportation whether the boats should be loaded from the railroad- trains at Cumberland or at dam No. 6. Mr. McLane further expressed the opinion that the demand for Cumberland coal would not exceed 100,000 tons a year for many years to come. In this prediction Mr. McLane was mistaken, al- though the experience of the Baltimore and Ohio Company during the first four years after the opening of the coal trade was far from encouraging. Only 5433 tons were carried in 1844 ; the next year the amount rose to 16,020 tons. The whole transporta- tion of coal for four years wa.s 44,840 tons. From this time forward the coal trade grew so rapidly that the company often found it difiicult to provide trans- portation. Six new freight-engines built by Ross Winans were placed on the road in 1846, and nine more were added during the two succeeding years. In 1849 the coal carried eastward from Cumberland by rail aggregated 142,449 tons, and in 1850 the amount increased to 192,806 tons. The canal having been completed to Cumberland in 1850, began carry- ing coal from that point, and the immediate effect of the competition was largely increased shipments by rail. In 1860 the Baltimore and Ohio brought 493,031 tons of coal to Baltimore, 1,112,938 tons in 1870, and 2,255,146 tons in 1880. The construction of the road westward from Cum- berland was not begun till 1849. This long delay was occasioned mainly by the difficulty in procuring the requisite legislation from the States of Virginia and Pennsylvania. In the original charter ten years was fixed as the time for building the road. When the Virginia Legislature gave permission to locate the road through that State, the same limitation was put into the act. When the term expired the Mary- land Legislature extended it twenty years, and the Virginia Legislature five years. In the Pennsylvania act the limitation was fixed at fifteen years. Thus it happened that at the close of the year 1843 the com- pany had no authority to enter either of the States, through one or the other of which it was obliged to go in order to reach the Ohio River. In the fifteen years that had elapsed since the Baltimore and Ohio Company began it« work the circumstances had ma- terially changed, other railroads from the sea-board to the Ohio River had been projected, and new interests TKANSPORTATION. 329 had arisen more or less antagonistic to the great enter- prise that antedated them all. In the Pennsylvania act of 1828 authorizing the Baltimore and Ohio Com- pany to locate its road through that State it was made one of the conditions that the western terminus should be at Pittsburgh, and if the company should elect otherwise, then a lateral branch should be constructed from the main stem to Pittsburgh. Reference has already been made to the clause in the Pennsylvania act of 1836 providing for a railroad connection with the Baltimore and Ohio at Hagerstown or Williams- port. Such was the feeling in Pennsylvania towards the Baltimore and Ohio Company during the first ten years of its existence. Five years later the people of Western Pennsylvania were still anxious that the road should come to Pittsburgh, but they wanted that city to be the terminus of the main stem. On the other hand, the representatives of the city of Philadelphia and the great commercial interests that centred there were most anxious to keep the road entirely out of the State. After a protracted contest in the Legisla- ture, an act was passed in 1846 authorizing the build- ing of what was long known as the " Connellsville road," now the Pittsburgh branch of the Baltimore and Ohio, which extends from Cumberland to Pitts- burgh by way of Connellsville. At that time a large number of the Baltimore merchants, including heavy stockholders in the Baltimore and Ohio Company, believed that this should be made the western exten- sion of the main stem, and that the company should devote all its resources and energies to its immediate completion. As long as there was any probability that the main stem of the road might be taken to Pittsburgh instead of Wheeling, the Virginia Legislature refused to grant the right of way through that State. In 1845 an act was passed renewing the charter, but it was encumbered with such provisions and restrictions as it was impossible for the company to accept. It was not till 1847 that the authority to enter the State was given, and this was coupled with the imperative con- dition that the main stem must go to Wheeling. Not being able to procure any better terms, the company decided to accept the Virginia act of 1847. After the right of way had been secured, a most formidable task still remained to be accomplished before work could be resumed on the western exten- sion, namely, the restoration of the credit of the company. During the seven years' delay at Cumber- land public confidence had become weakened in the ultimate success of the project; the hostile attitude of the Virginia Legislature had a most depressing influence ; and notwithstanding the expectations founded upon the development of the coal trade, the immediate effect of the increased demand for trans- portation was to impose a large additional expense on the company for new rolling stock, and for the recon- struction of a portion of the road which had not yet been repaired out of the earnings. The credit of the State of Maryland had suffered a severe shock abroad through the temporary failure to pay interest on her bonds, and it was impossible to dispose of the securi- ties in which she had paid her last subscription to the capital stock of the company except at a ruinous sacrifice. From year to year the president of the company was obliged to inform the stockholders that all the net revenue derived from working the road had been absorbed in the payment of interest, in im- proving the track and purchasing additional rolling stock, and that no money dividend could be declared. Under these depressing influences the stock of the company ran down from 1100 per share to $28 per share, and its financial outlook was sufficiently gloomy. At this critical period in the history of the road a new man appeared on the scene who afterwards attained wide distinction as president of the company, as mayor of the city of Baltimore, as Governor of the State of Maryland, and as a representative in Con- gress. In the winter of 1847, Thomas Swann, at the urgent solicitation of the president and directors of the company, went to Richmond to secure from the Virginia Legislature the best terms possible in the act granting the right of way through the State. He subsequently went to Wheeling to confer with the authorities of that city in relation to the exten- sion of the road. Early in 1848 he was elected one of the directors of the company, and very soon his energy, intelligence, and force of character were felt in the administration of its aflairs. Mr. McLane ten- dered his resignation as president of the company Sept. 13, 1848, and Mr. Swann was chosen his suc- cessor Oct. 10, 1848. From that time until he retired from the office Mr. Swann devoted his great abili- ties to the service of the company, to the almost en- tire exclusion of hie own private business interests. Under his administration the road was built from Cumberland to Wheeling. As soon as the iron track touched the banks of the Ohio he felt at liberty to lay down the burdens and responsibilities which he had borne with unfaltering courage and resolute purpose until the splendid consummation had been reached. Mr. Swann found the road resting at Cumberland in a state of semi-paralysis. Although a portion of the capital contributed by the State for its completion still remained, it was not available, because the credit of both the State and the company had been seriously impaired. To the work of re-establishing the credit of the company Mr. Swann first addressed himself, and having restored confidence and demonstrated the grand possibilities that lay within easy reach, he boldly advised the directors to proceed with the work, and accordingly contracts were let for the construction of the whole western division. To provide the means for meeting the enormous outlay which the building of two hundred miles of railway involved was indeed a herculean task. Heretofore the company had built its road mainly with the capital furnished by the State and the city of Baltimore, but the bounty of both the 330 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. State and city had been exhausted, and the company had nothing to rely on now save its own credit and its own resources. The remainder of the sterling bonds were sold, and when tiie money derived from this source bad been expended, Mr. Swann courage- ously faced the situation and advised the sale of the company's coupon bonds, authorized to be issued at the discretion of the president and directors by the act of 1845. Prior to this none of these bonds had been put on the market because the president and di- rectors feared that they would fall below par, and the effect would be to still further impair the credit of the company. But when the alternative was pre- sented to Mr. Swann of submitting to a discount or stopping work on the western division of the road, he had no hesitation in deciding what ougiit to be done. The first lot of bonds offered were taken by a banking-house at eighty cents on the dollar, and then the price rose to eighty-seven cents. The effect upon the credit of the company was precisely the reverse of what had been predicted by those who opposed the selling of the bonds below par. Mr. Swann was severely criticized while this matter was pending, but the result fully vindicated the wisdom of his action. As already stated, the extension of the road west- ward from Cumberland was commenced in 1849. The engineers had not proceeded far before they again came in collision with the old claim of the Chesa- peake and Ohio Canal Company to the "paramount right" to occupy the narrow passes of the Potomac, but the difficulty was settled without litigation, and the company was permitted to build its road across and through the mountains without any further inter- ruption from the "assignee of the Potomac Company, chartered in 1784," and soon got out of the region supposed to be covered by this ancient grant. On the 22d of July, 18.51, the road was opened for travel to Piedmont, twenty-eight miles west of Cumberland, and on the 22d of June, 1852, the first train reached the Monongahela Eiver. The conditional subscription of $500,000 to the capital stock of the company made by the city of Wheeling became available when the road crossed the Monongahela, and that sum was now added to the construction fund. In the fulfillment of a promise or a prophecy made by Mr. Swann two years before, the road was completed to Wheeling Jan. 1, 1853, and was formally opened from the Ches- apeake to the Ohio by an excursion from Baltimore to Wheeling, Jan. 10, 1853. The municipal authori- ties of Wheeling gave^a grand complimentary banquet to the visitors on January 12th, at which George Brown, the first treasurer of the company, and who, in connection with Philip E. Thomas, had first sug- gested the building of a railway from tide-water to the Ohio River, gave a most interesting historical sketch of the early history of the road. No railroad two hundred miles in length was ever before constructed through a region presenting so many natural obstacles in so short a time as the western division of the Baltimore and Ohio. The j contracts were given out in the summer of 1849, and I the road was opened for travel throughout its entire length Jan. 10, 1853. Notwithstanding the vastly improved appliances that have been invented since j 1853 for boring tunnels and building bridges, no such i rapidity of construction has been witnessed on this side of the Rocky Mountains up to the present time. The road traverses a region which the mighty rush of the locomotive for thirty years has not deprived of its native wildness, and all the industrial forces which the railroad has introduced have not tamed the J wild spirit that haunts these mountain-peaks. The j " iron horse" encircles them in his course, but his 1 path is only a dark thread winding around hills and through gorges which nature neglected to make abso- lutely inaccessible. There are twelve tunnels between Cumberland and Wheeling, the aggregate length of which is ten thousand five hundred feet (two miles) ; the longest is the great tunnel at Kingwood, four , thousand one hundred feet, which cost S4G0,000. There are also one hundred and fourteen bridges on this division of the road, some of which are splendid structures. The construction of a railroad two hun- j dred miles in length across a series of parallel moun- tain ranges, tunneling such as could not be out- ! flanked or graded, in the space of three years was a j marvelous achievement. This division of the road i cost, in round numbers, $8,000,000. Up to the time of its completion the whole line between Baltimore and ' Wheeling had cost $17,500,000, in round numbers, and the laying of a second track, the purchase of real estate, and the stocking of the road with loco- motives and cars had brought the whole expenditure up to $22,000,000, this sum being more than three times the amount of the original estimate. The common stock of the company had been issued to the amount of $9,091,500, of which 6855 shares ($685,500) , were held by the State of Maryland, 42,.582 shares i ($4,258,200) by the city of Baltimore, 5000 shares ! ($500,000) by the city of Wheeling, and 46,478 shares I ($4,647,800) by individuals. To this must be added I the 30,000 shares of preferred six per cent, stock issued under the provisions of the act of June 4, 1836, and ' held by the State of Maryland ($3,000,000), making the entire stock debt of the company $13,091,500. Up to this time coupon bonds secured by mortgage j had been issued to the amount of $5,677,012. Mr. Swann resigned the presidency of the company I April 13, 1853, and on the same day William G. Harrison was elected his successor, who filled the I office four years and was succeeded by Chauncey Brooks, who retired at the end of two years. During these six years the company was mainly concerned I in paying off its debts, increasing its revenues, de- veloping the capacity of the road, arching the tunnels on the western division, and establishing communica- tion with the system of railroads beyond the Ohio River. The Northwe-stern Virginia — now the Par- TKANSPORTATION. 331 kersburg branch of the Baltimore and Ohio — was chartered in 1851, and completed in 1857. It extends from Grafton, on the main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio, to Parkersburg, on the Ohio River, a distance of one hundred and four miles, and is the middle division of the " short line" between Baltimore and Cincinnati. Mr. Swann was the first president of the company, and held the office until the road was finished and leased to the Baltimore and Ohio Com- pany. The road was built mainly with funds fur- nished by the Baltimore and Ohio Company, which indorsed its bonds to the amount of $1,500,000, and advanced in cash at various times nearly two n\illions of dollars. The city of Baltimore indorsed its bonds to the amount of $1,500,000, and the Baltimore and Ohio Company afterwards assumed the payment of the interest. This road reached the Ohio River in advance of the Marietta and Cincinnati road, and some years elapsed before the connections necessary to form an unbroken line between Baltimore and Cincinnati were effected, although the interchange of business began in 1857. All the acts relating to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passed by the Virginia Legislature contem- plated Wheeling as the terminus of the main stem. When the road was opened to that city the Central Ohio road was in process of construction, and it was taken for granted that it would come to the opposite shore, and that a connection would be made between the two roads by means of ferry-boats until a bridge could be built. The president and directors of the Central Ohio Company, however, came to the conclu- sion that it would be best to make Bellaire, on the Ohio side of the river, the terminus of the road, and to form a connection with the Baltimore and Ohio road by cro.ssing over to Benwood, on the Virginia side of the river, four miles below Wheeling. Al- though the president and directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Company were in no way responsible for this action of the Central Ohio Company, yet after it had been determined on they could do nothing but accept the situation and make the necessary arrange- ments for an interchange of business between the two roads. After spending many millions of dollars in building a trunk line, they could not refuse a con- nection with the main western branch. Preparations for the construction of extensive wharves on both sides of the river were accordingly made with .a view to running ferry-boats between Benwood and Bellaire. A sudden stop was put to the work, however, on the Virginian side by an injunction sued out at the in- stance of the municipal authorities of Wheeling to restrain the Baltimore and Ohio Company from making a junction with the Central Ohio road at a point which would deprive that city of all the advan- tages it expected to derive from its position as the terminus of the main stem. A motion to dissolve the injunction was overruled, and the case was taken to the Virginia Court of Appeals, where it was held that the act of the Legislature fixing the terminus of the main .stem at Wheeling could not be so construed as to prohibit the Baltimore and Ohio Company from forming connections with other railroads at such points as might be deemed most advantageous. This decision was made in the latter part of the year 1855, and no further legal obstacles were interposed to prevent the junction of the two railroads. While the company was carrying on these great en- terprises west of the mountains, constantly wrestling with the forces of nature, and occasionally with the prohibitory processes of the law, the eastern end of the line was not neglected. After a protracted struggle the City Council passed an ordinance in 1845 giving the company authority to extend its tracks to Locust Point. This ordinance was vetoed by the mayor on account of the popular opposition to a section which permitted locomotives to be run through Pratt and other streets on another part of the line. It was afterwards passed in a modified form and approved. The company then began building the great wharves and piers at Locust Point which are now regarded as the very bulwarks of the commerce of Baltimore. The main depot was removed from Pratt Street, between Charles and Light Streets, to its present site in the summer of 1852, and " Camden Station" became henceforth one of the landmarks of the city.' The fine building which is now the headquarters of the company was completed in 1867. The Mount Clare shops and yards were enlarged until an area of more than forty acres was covered with sheds and railroad- tracks. We now come to a point in the history of the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad which is closely linked to the present, and which is covered by the personal recollec- tion of men who have not yet passed the meridian of life. On the 17th of November, 1858, Chauncey Brooks resigned the presidency of the company, and John W. Garrett, the present incumbent, was elected to fill his place. The period of railroad expansion ' had just set in when Mr. Garrett assumed direc- tion of the affairs of the company, and he found 1 The ordinance authorizing -the introduction of the traclts of the Bal- timore and Ohio Bailroad to the depot of the company on the south side of Pratt west of Light Street, and to the depot at President Street, and upon Paca, Howard, Eutaw, Charles, and Camden Streets, was passed by the City Council in April, 1831. This, privilege was extended by ordi- nance to other streets in 1831, 18:)2, 1833, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1840, 1843, 1847. etc. In June, 1852, the company purchased the property bounded by Camden, Howard, Eutaw, and Lee Streets, for the purpose of erecting a new depot. The property occupying the site, consisting of forty-niue houses, was sold at public auction on September 28th, and the houses were immediately removed, preparatory to the erection of the present Camden Street depot buildings, under the superintendence of Messrs. Niernsee & Neilson, architects. The front range of buildings on Camden Street was begun in 1856, and the directors met in it for the first time on Feb. 11, 1857. Tlie old depots on Pratt Street near Light, and on the east side of Charles Street south of Pratt, were sold at public auction on July 25, 1853, for J65,000, the latter lot subject to a gronnd-rent of nine hundred dollars. The former had a front on Pratt Street of one hundred and twenty-nine feet eight inches, with a depth of two hundred and twenty-seven feet, and tlie latter a front of two hundred s ' feet on Charles Street, with a depth of one hundred and forty feet. cu>-^-^^^L ^ TKANSPORTATION. 333 of the Peabody Institute, and a public fountain cost- ing the same amount, which he has authorized to be purchased and presented to the City of Baltimore. His last visit to Europe greatly improved Mr. Gar- rett's health, and his capacity for thought and work is not less than it was twenty years ago, notwith- standing that he was sixty-one years old on July 31st, and has undergone almost incessant labor from his youth up. He continues as the head of the banking- house of Robert Garrett & Sons, but its affairs are managed by his youngest son, T. Harrison Garrett, who worthily maintains its higli reputation. His eldest son, Eobert Garrett, is also a member of the lirm, but is occupying the very responsible post of first vice-president of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road, and is in the direct line of promotion, which he has earned by the able discharge of his duties. Thoroughly familiar with railroad government in these days of the keenest competition, Robert Gar- rett is the legitimate successor of his honored father, by whose policy he has largely helped to guide the road during that gentleman's absence abroad, when the labor mainly devolved upon him. Although the Baltimore and Ohio was the first rail- road projected to the West, it was not the first to enter and " occupy the land." While the company waited six years at Cumberland for permission to pass through the State of Virginia, Western energy and enterprise, aided by Eastern capital, began the con- struction of a system of railroads which sent its ramifications through the whole Mississippi Valley and formed connections with the trunk lines from the East that first entered the much-coveted territory. Long before the main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio road reached the Ohio River two great rail- roads were draining the Ohio Valley and the whole of the lake region of their products. By a process of " consolidation" which is still in progress the stronger of these Western railroads took possession of the weaker, and these were in turn swallowed up by the lines whose geographical position made them desirable links in the great Northern chain. When Mr. Garrett first viewed the field, in which he has since won so much renown, he saw that all the currents of Western traffic had been turned away from Baltimore, and that the money expended in carrying the road westward from Cumberland to the Ohio River would be practically lost unless a new system of Western railroads was organized and made tributary to the new trunk line. To this colossal un- dertaking Mr. Garrett addressed himself, and in the extraordinary development of the domestic and for- eign trade of Baltimore City during the past fifteen years, as well as in the solid prosperity of the Balti- more and Ohio Company, are seen the substantial results of his labors. The Western branches of the Baltimore and Ohio traverse the most productive sections of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and tap all the great granaries on the Mississippi and on the 22 lakes, while a continuous procession of heavily-laden trains brings wheat and corn to the Baltimore eleva- tors. The aggressive movements of rival lines and the " wrecking" and consolidation of the heavily mortgaged Western roads compelled Mr. Garrett to enter the lists as the champion of his own city and of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; and certainly those who are interested in the commercial prosperity of Baltimore have no reason to regret the inaugura- tion of a struggle which has resulted so advanta- geously to themselves, however disappointing it may have been to the representatives of rival cities and rival interests, who had all the advantage of being first in the field. The experience of the first four or five years after the road reached the banks of the Ohio River was not encouraging. When the main stem was completed to Wheeling no railroad was there to meet it. The Cen- tral Ohio road was approaching from the West, but the Baltimore and Ohio Company was obliged to loan it $400,000 to enable it to reach the western bank of the river, and then a proper connection between the two roads was delayed for more than a year by the litigation heretofore referred to. As the Parkersburg branch approached the Ohio River, its projectors were astounded to see the Marietta and Cincinnati road turned away from the point at which the two roads were to join and its eastern terminus established ten miles farther up the river, thus leaving an ugly gap to be filled either by jjutting a line of steamers on the river or building a branch road some eight or ten miles in length. The mighty tide of travel from the West which was expected to move eastward over the main stem and over the Parkersburg branch did not come. Under the prudent and conservative management of Mr. Garrett's immediate predecessors the revenues of the company had steadily increased, but they were derived mainly from the transportation of coal, from freight brought up the Ohio River in steamboats, and from the local traffic. Prior to 1859 the Western rail- road connections of the Baltimore and Ohio had not yielded results commensurate to the general expecta- tion. In carrying out the aggressive policy through which Baltimore was enabled to win back the trade that had been diverted to other cities, Mr. Garrett encountered much opposition. He regarded it as a matter of the first importance that the road should be kept in a high state of efficiency, and that it should yield a fair re- turn to the stockholders. The city of Baltimore being a stockholder to the amount of $3,500,000, and having loaned the company $5,000,000 besides, suffered heavily whenever there was a falling off in the net earnings of the road. So large a portion of the municipal rev- enue was derived from this source that the passing of a single dividend occasioned much embarrassment. In order to lighten the burden of taxation and to pro- tect the credit of the city, Mr. Garrett saw that the of the road must be enlarged and its earnings 334 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. This could only be done by extending its Western connections, and by carrying "through freiglit" at the schedule rates fixed by the other trunk lines. The Central Ohio road and its tributaries were looked to as the main source of supply, and in order to secure the flour, grain, and other products carried by these lines, the Baltimore and Ohio Com- pany was obliged to make such traffic contracts as would furnish a special inducemeut to Western ship- pers to select the Baltimore market, or at least to send their freight to Philadelphia, New York, and Boston by way of Baltimore. In these days of sharp railroad competition nobody disputes the wisdom or necessity of tratfic contracts be- tween connecting lines by which the profits of trans- portation are divided on an equable basis; but when Mr. Garrett began the organization of the splendid sys- tem of Western railroads which now contributes many millions of dollars annually to the trade of Baltimore the matter was not so well understood, and he was bitterly assailed in the newspapers for the supposed discrimination against local shippers, and especially for carrying Western freight to Philadelphia and New York at rates but little in excess of those charged on freight delivered at Baltimore. He was also charged with discriminating against the river trade, one of the specifications of the bill of complaint, as exhibited in the newspapers, being that the low rates at which return freights were carried on the Central Ohio road prevented the steamboats from loading at Benwood for the downward trip. It was also insinu- ated that persons connected with the management of the Baltimore and Ohio road were speculating in the securities of the Central Ohio Company, and that it was for their benefit these alleged discriminations against Baltimore interests were made. Even as late as 1863, when the president and directors of the Bal- timore and Ohio Company decided to invest $1,223,932 in the securities of the Ohio Central Company, an in- junction was sued out to prevent the resolution of the board from being carried into effect. The "discrimination" controversy was carried on through the newspapers during the summer and au- tumn of 1859, and when the Legislature met the next winter the House of Delegates passed an order call- ing upon Mr. Garrett to answer whether the Baltimore and Ohio Company had not discriminated against Bal- timore City in fixing its rates of freight. In response to this order, Mr. Garrett addressed a communication to the House of Delegates, in which he said, — " Itgives me pleasure to answer the inquiry propounded in that order. This coD)pany does not discriminate against the city of Baltimore in the rates of freight. It has, on the contrary, heen its constant effort to con- tribute to the welfare and prosperity of that community by malting the largest pmcticable differences in its favor. . . . The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company is one of the several great lines of railway which stretch from the sea-board to the West. The others are the Pennsylvania Railroad, the New York and Erie lluilroad, and the New York Central. Not one of these roods reaches by its own line to the valleys of the Mis- sissippi and Missouri and the leading cities in the West and Southwest, from which an iuimonso traffic is drawn. They connect with other Western lines. Upon the character of the arrangement which tltey make with those lines depends the amount of trade which each is able to obtain. i The road which does not compete with them in making such arrange- j ments receives no part of the freight which passes over them to the J Eastern markets. j " The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Baltimore City were long the I victims of the agreements thus made between the Northern and Western I lines. The road has in consequence, as occasion reqnired, retaliated, to j vindicate its real advantages. In executing this policy, and in the very maintenance of a discrimination by this company ih favor of Baltimore, { a conflict occurred with the Northern lines last year. During a bnef portion of that time all the companies engaged in competition for West- i em trailic, and in that battle carried ' through freight' at rates below the I actual cost of transportation. "The Baltimore and Ohio Company, at great temporary sacrifice, re- fused to agree to any arrangement but such as would properly recognize discriminations in favor of the city of Baltimore, to which its geographi- cal advantages entitled it. It succeeded in enforcing its equitable de- mands. It boldly met the emergency when necessary, and at the earliest practicable period arranged for remunerative rates, when its objects had been accomplished. I deem it my duty to say to the House of Delegates that not one pound of freight is carried beyond Baltimore, by reason of any policy of this company, that would under any other policy come to Baltimore as a market. The battle has been to obtain the carriage of freight on its way to and from the West and Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, and thus secute a profit to the State, city, and private stock- holders, who are all interested in the road as proprietors. Moreover, it is the partial profit drawn from these arrangements which enables the com- pany to keep the local freights within this State and Virginia generally below the rates authorized by the charter, and below the average rates of other roads." In this answer to the House of Delegates Mr. Gar- rett forcibly states the general principle on which transportation must be conducted in this epoch of the railway age. "Through freights" will inevitably seek the lines that charge the lowest rates, and it is better to carry them at very small profit than not to carry them at all. The charge of " discrimination" has been made many times since this letter was written, but it has always been regarded as a sufficient answer to everything that can be said against the policy therein enunciated. The substantial fruits of Mr. Garrett's vigorous ad- ministration were just beginning to be plucked when the breaking out of the war interrupted communica- tion with the West, completely cut off all commercial relations with the South, and exposed the company's property to destruction. The road stretched along the line of demarcation between the North and the South, and for four years contending armies fought for its possession, the one side striving to protect it, because it was indispensable to the United States government as a great highway for the transportation of troops and munitions of war, and the other side trying to destroy it for the same reason. Through all this distressing period Mr. Garrett was equal to every emergency, and managed the afl!airs of the company with such discretion and ability as not only to save the stockholders from loss, but to put the government under the highest obligations for the means of prose- cuting its campaigns. The news that the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad had been torn up at any point by the enemy always sent a shudder of apprehension through the entire North, and nothing did so much to allay the fear of invasion from the South a.< the announcement that its trains were again making their regular trips. TRANSPORTATION. In most instances the damage inflicted by raiders was promptly repaired, and the courage, energy, and zeal shown by the railroad men in restoring communica- tion often contrasted strongly with the indecision and cowardice of military commanders. On May 25, 1861, a small party of raiders crossed over from Virginia to the Point of Rocks and de- tached an immense rock from an overhanging ledge, wjiich dropped on the track and stopped all westward bound trains, and three days afterwards more than one hundred miles of the road were seized by the Southern troops. This division of the road was not again opened for travel till March 28, 1862. Simul- taneously with the movement on the middle division of the main stem, raids were made upon the western division and the Parkersburg branch at various points. Several bridges were burned, but the rapid movement of the Union troops from the Ohio River eastward prevented any further destruction during the year 1861. Fourteen locomotives were taken from the track at Martinsburg and hauled with horses over the turnpike to Strasburg, a distance of forty-five miles. All of the most valuable machinery in the company's repair-shops was transported to Strasburg in the same way, and a great deal of railroad material besides. Forty-two locomotives were run on to a long trestle- work, which was then fired, and w'hen the wooden cross-beams were burned the heavy engines fell through and were completely wrecked. Some of these locomotives had steam up when they were seized, and the jar which they sustained when the burning timbers gave way opened the whistle-valves. During the whole of that day of destruction and dis- aster these dismantled machines gave forth screams and groans that filled all who heard them with melan- choly forebodings. When the Union army under Gen. Patterson advanced from Hagerstown towards the Potomac River the Confederates fell back to Win- chester, but before they left the railroad they destroyed all the bridges from Harper's Ferry westward for a distance of nearly eighty miles. While the Southern troops who had occupied Harper's Ferry were on the other side of the Blue Ridge Mountains taking part in the Bull Run campaign the Union troops crossed over into Virginia, and the Baltimore and Ohio Com- pany immediately began to rebuild the Harper's Ferry bridge, but before the trestle-work was 'in place the Confederates returned from Bull Run, and the Union forces fell back into Maryland, where they remained until March, 1862. The repairs on the middle divis- ion of the road were commenced at Cumberland in the winter of 1861-62, and the construction corps came eastward with the advance of Gen. Lander's forces, rebuilding the bridges whenever military pro- tection was afforded. On the 4th of March work was begun at Harper's Ferry, and although the weather was exceedingly unfavorable a bridge was built across the river in fourteen days, and on the night of the 18th the first locomotive crossed over to Harper's Ferry that had been there for nine months. By April 1st the bridges had all been rebuilt, and thirty-six miles of track from which the iron had been removed and taken South relaid. During the next two months there was a succession of extraordinary freshets which washed away a number of bridges, including the trest- ling at Harper's Ferry. The road was opened, how- ever, for through travel between Baltimore and Wheel- ing early in June, and there was no further interrup- tion till Gen. Lee invaded Maryland in September, 1862. The first hostile act was the blowing up of the fine iron bridge across the Monocacy at Frederick Junction ;' the fated Harper's Ferry bridge was again thrown into the river, and the track destroyed be- tween Harper's Ferry and Martinsburg. This divis- ion of the road was again destroyed during Gen. Lee's invasion in 1863, but far heavier damages were inflicted by the Breckenridge raid of 1864. All the bridges from Monocacy Junction westward to Mar- tinsburg and beyond were torn down, and the track was broken within forty miles of Baltimore. A divis- ion of the Union army under Gen. Hunter marched up the Valley of Virginia early in the summer of 1864, and after making an ineffectual demonstration on Lynchburg retreated across the mountains to the Kanawha Valley. Trains were sent to Parkersburg, and the same troops were brought back to the place from which they had set out after having made a cir- cuit of more than six hundred miles. By the time they reached Cumberland, however, the Confederate force which they had encountered in front of Lynch- burg had by a rapid march northward entered Mary- land. The main body under Gen. Breckenridge turned eastward after crossing the Potomac, fought a battle at Monocacy Junction, and then advanced on Washington. In the outskirts of the District of Co- lumbia Gen. Early met the Sixth Corps, which had been hastily brought up from Gen. Grant's army, at that time lying in front of Petersburg. After an in- considerable skirmish the Confederate force retreated up the river and crossed into Virginia at the first available ford. Most of the cavalry that came down the Valley of Virginia with Breckenridge remained in the vicinity of Martinsburg, and from that point made raids up and down the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road, and crossing the Potomac, one detachment went as far north as Chambersburg and burned that town, while another laid Hagerstown under contribution. These raids began June 29, 1864, and continued at intervals till September 13th. Gen. Hunter's troops were brought eastward from Cumberland, literally through the lines of the enemy. Reconnoitering parties in iron-clad cars were sent in front of the military trains to feel the way and protect the bridge- builders, but even after a considerable army had been concentrated at Harper's Ferry the work of destroy- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ing the bridges went on more rapidly than their restoration. i In the mean time Gen. I'hilip Sheridan was sent to take command of the Union forces in this department. He organized an army out of the fragments of the , various corps that had been sent to the Potomac to repel the Breckenridge invasion, and early in Sep- | tember moved up the valley. On the 19th of October the battle of Cedar Creek was fought, and the Con- federate forces were started on a retreat from which they never returned. Sporadic raids on the railroad , were continued by the small detachments of cavalry that were left behind up to the day of the surrender \ at Appomattox. It was frequently necessary to run a train of iron-clad cars in front of the regular trains, and even with these precautions the passengers did not always escape pillage, while the construction corps was kept busy restoring the bridges, water- , tanks, and other appurtenances of the road, which ' were destroyed from day to day. The late William , Prescott Smith was master of transportation during tlie war, and in closing his report for 18(52 he uses this language : "When tlie history of the present war in connection with railroad I affairs is properly written, the wonderful fidelity, courage, and success I •with which the men generally of ouv service have acted their part in [ these eventful times must occupy an honorable place in such a record. The most daring bravery in protecting the property of the company and the lives of its passengers was frequently shown, while the admirable judgment and discretion exhibited, even in many instances by the hum- blest men connected with the trains or other duties, is entitled to the highest favor of the company, and challenges, indeed, the applause of the community. Before the road was itrst closed in June, 1861, by the destruction of track and bridges, prior to the evacuation of Harper's Ferry by the Confederates, the trains were daily literally run through the lines and camps of both armies ; but such whs the singleness of pur- pose with which our men devoted themselves to their duties that few special difficulties arose in working the road, other than such as were directed by supposed military necessities." j Notwithstanding the immense destruction of prop- j erty and the interruption of transportation during a considerable portion of each year, the company made money during all these troublous times. All the troops , and munitions of war sent from the North and West ; to Washington passed over the Washington branch, i and the earnings of the thirty miles of track between the Relay House and Washington exceeded anything , ever known in the history of railroads. In 1863 the company's common stock paid six per cent, dividends, and eight per cent, dividends in 1864. Railroad building was suspended during the war (except in so far as it was necessary to restore the tracks [ and bridges destroyed by the enemy), and from 1861 to 1864 the Baltimore and Ohio Company added no new branches to its lines. The most important finan- cial movement of this period was the purchase of the mortgage held by the city of Baltimore on the Par- kersburg branch as security for the payment of the $1,500,000 indorsed bonds. In consideration of $1,200,000 in cash paid by the Baltimore and Ohio Company, the city surrendered its lien on the Par- kersburg branch, and agreed to pay the interest on the $1,500,000 of bonds and the principal at maturity. This agreement having been consummated in July, 1864, the Baltimore and Ohio Company became vir- tually the owner of the Parkersburg branch, its total investments in the stock, bonds, and other obligations of the Northwestern Virginia Company amounting to $5,680,684. Upon the reorganization of the com- pany preferred stock to this amount was issued to the Baltimore and Ohio Company. ^ With the return of peace Mr. Garrett resumed the work of extending the lines of the Baltimore and Ohio in the West. Preparations were begun for building bridges across the Ohio River at Benwood and at Parkersburg. The Central Ohio road, which extends from Bellaire, opposite Benwood, to Columbus, a dis- tance of one hundred and thirty-seven miles, was leased Dec. 1, 1866, and two years afterwards the Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark road was leased, which brought the Baltimore and Ohio to the shores of Lake Erie, and gave it a point of departure from which it was subsequently carried in a direct line to Chicago. The company was busy with great enter- prises during the year 1867. At the close of the war four large wooden steamships were purchased from the United States government, and a line established between Baltimore and Liverpool ; but it was soon abandoned for a line of iron steamships between Bal- timore and Bremen. The North German Lloyds Con- tributed one-half the capital stock, and the Baltimore and Ohio Company the other half. For a period of thirteen years the magnificent vessels of this line have made their regular trips across the ocean, in storm and sunshine, without an accident. The Balti- more and Ohio Company built the splendid piers at Locust Point at which the vessels receive and deliver their cargoes, and the thousands of emigrants who come over in the steerage step from the wharf into the cars that take them to their destination in the West without an hour's delay. In November, 1867, the Baltimore and Ohio Company leased the Win- chester and Potomac road on terms which amount substantially to a purchase, and to this the Winches- ter and Strasbnrg, the Strasburg and Harrisonburg, and the completed portion of the Valley road have since been added, making a continuous line of one hundred and twenty-six miles, extending southward to Staunton, through the very heart of Virginia. This line will soon reach Lexington, Va., where it will connect with the Richmond and Alleghany Railroad. The Washington County branch, which connects the Baltimore and Ohio with Hagerstown, was completed in September, 1807. The Baltimore and Ohio Company furnished $400,000 of the capital, Washington County $150,000, and private subscriptions were made to the amount of $200,000, mostly by the directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Company. Some reference must now be made to a most import- ant improvement which shortened the distance be- tween the national capital .and all jioint.s in the West TRANSPORTATION. by forty-eight miles. The construction of a branch road from Washington to a point on the main stem was long contemplated, but the route presented so many difficulties that the enterprise was not under- taken until the company bad ample means to carry it through. The necessary legislation was procured in 1865, and the act provided that the road must be com- pleted in five years. The limitation ran out in 1870,' but the Legislature extended it till March 21, 1873. Although only forty-three miles in length, the Metro- politan branch cost $3,583,497. The junction with the main stem is made at Point of Rocks, sixty-nine miles west of Baltimore. From thence the distance to Washington by way of the Relay House is ninety miles, and by the Metropolitan branch forty-three miles. The distance from Point of Rocks to Balti- more by way of Washington is eighty-two miles (thirteen miles further than by the direct route), but notwithstanding the increased distance all the through passenger-trains to and from the West are run by way of Washington, while the freight-trains and the local passenger-trains take the main stem. The branch was opened for through travel on the 25th of May, 1873. The reasons that induced, or rather compelled, the Baltimore and Ohio Company to carry the main stem to Wheeling instead of Pittsburgh have heretofore been stated. But the idea of a connection with Pittsburgh was not abandoned, and the extension of the Con- nellsville road to Cumberland was regarded as a matter of such vital importance to Baltimore that the j City Council, with the approbation of the masses of the people, authorized a loan of $1,000,000 in city stock to the Connellsville Company. This loan was made in 1856, and for nineteen years the city paid $60,000 per annum interest on the stock without re- ceiving any return. In 1876 the Baltimore and Ohio Company assumed the payment of the principal and the interest in arrears, the whole debt amounting to $2,2.35,000 at the time of its liquidation. The whole distance from Cumberland to Pittsburgh by way of Connellsville is one hundred and forty-nine miles, whereas the distance from Cumberland to Wheeling, as measured on the railroad, is two hundred and one miles, although the actual distance by the national turnpike is only ojie hundred and thirty-one miles. This shows the difliculties that had to be overcome in locating the western division of the main stem. The route to Pittsburgh is comparatively direct, and for nearly a hundred miles runs through a thickly-settled and highly-productive section of Pennsylvania. In 1856, Benjamin H. Latrobe, chief engineer of the Baltimore and Ohio road, having completed the sur- veys for the Parkersburg branch, accepted the presi- dency of the Connellsville Company, and devoted his energies and large practical experience to the exten- sion of the road in the direction of Cumberland. For a number of years the road connected with the Penn- sylvania road at Turtle Creek, ten miles east of Pitts- burgh, but during the administration of Mr. Latrobe it was extended directly into the city, and thus be- came independent of the Pennsylvania Company. This was accomplished in 1861, the whole length of the road being at that time fifty-eight and a half miles. A link of ninety-one miles between Connells- ville and Cumberland remained to be constructed, upon which about $200,000 had been expended. The breaking out of the war put an end to all further operations on the Cumberland division ; but with the return of peace work was resumed and prosecuted at intervals, as means could be procured, until it was finally completed, April 11, 1871, when there was a grand excursion from each end of the line, and cour- tesies were interchanged between the municipal authorities of Baltimore and Pittsburgh. The whole distance between the two cities by this line is three hundred and twenty-seven miles ; between Washing- ton and Pittsburgh, three hundred miles. The route of the Connellsville Railroad was first surveyed by Gen. Washington in 1754. He was then looking for an available wagon-road, over which an army could be moved whenever it became neces- sary to dislodge the French from Fort Duquesne, and to take possession of the vast region beyond the Ohio, which they claimed by right of first occupation. The following year he accompanied Braddock's expe- dition over the same route, and participated in the battle in which that brave but arrogant commander lost his life. No sooner had Gen. Washington re- signed his commission as commander-in-chief of the army of independence than he hastened with com- pass and chain to the .scene of his early surveys, and again traced a line from Cumberland to Braddock's battle-field. This time he was looking for a prac- ticable route for the great canal which he had pro- jected from tide-water on the Potomac River to the Ohio River and the Lakes. He was president of the Potomac Company, chartered by Maryland and Vir- ginia in 1784, whose extensive franchises were long afterwards assigned to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, and gave the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company a great deal of trouble, as has heretofore been explained. To keep the leading events of Mr. Garrett's admin- istration in chronological order, it will now be neces- sary to give some account of the extension and im- provement of the lines west of the Ohio River. In 1871 tiie bridge across the Ohio River at Benwood was completed, and the building of the Chicago di- vision of the road was begun. It starts from a point on the Lake Erie division eighty-nine miles north of Newark, Ohio, and extends from thence in a direct line to Chicago, a distance of two hundred and forty- three miles, through a country of unsurpassed fer- tility, abounding in the products of agricultural and mechanical industry, which it has greatly helped to develop. The entire division was completed in 1874, and at the beginning of the year 1875 the Baltimore and Ohio road had passed more than four hundred 338 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. miles beyond the limits contemplated in its corporate title, and might have been appropriately called the Baltimore and Chicago road. The Marietta and Cincinnati Company having carried the terminus of its road some ten miles above the point at which it was supposed a junction with the Parkersburg branch would be made, it became necessary for the Baltimore and Ohio Company, after building a splendid bridge across the river at Parkers- burg, to invest nearly $2,000,000 in a branch, or rather a " link," thirty miles long, to connect the two lines at a favorable point. The distance between Baltimore and Cincinnati was lessened ten miles by building this link. The Marietta and Cincinnati road did not run directly into the city of Cincinnati, but connected with the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton road six miles outside the city limits. It was of the highest importance that the main line should run directly into the city and have proper terminal facilities there ; consequently a sort of " end" link was built and provided with all the appurte- nances that belong to tlie main depot of a grand trunk line. The Baltimore and Ohio Company not only advanced the money for all these improvements, but it also furnished the means for rebuilding the Mari- etta and Cincinnati road throughout its entire length and bringing it up to the requirements of a large traffic. The Marietta and Cincinnati Company gave its notes for these loans and pledged securities which it was never able to redeem, and after an ineffectual struggle with adverse circumstances was obliged to ask for a receiver, and John King, Jr., then the first vice-president of the Baltimore and Ohio Com- pany, was appointed to that position. The road is now the western division of the "short line" be- tween Baltimore and Cincinnati, the length of the whole line being five hundred and seventy-eight miles. The Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, which runs in a direct line from Cincinnati to St. Louis, across the States of Indiana and Illinois, a distance of three hundred and forty miles, had the misfortune to en- cumber itself with a profitless branch which brought it but little revenue and entailed a heavy annual ex- pense. The company being unable to meet the in- terest on its obligations, was forced into bankruptcy by the bondholders, and Mr. King was appointed receiver of this insolvent corporation also. Mr.' King's health has recently necessitated his retirement from the receivership of both the Marietta and Cincinnati and the Ohio and Mississippi roads, and his successor at this date (Oct. 5, 1881) has not been appointed. The road connects with the Marietta and Cincinnati road, and gives the Baltimore and Ohio a continuous line to St. Louis. Each of the three main branches of the trunk line west of the Ohio River is intersected by numerous smaller branches which help to swell the general traific, although some of them are fiir from being profitable to their stockholders. The new Baltimore and Ohio Railroad central building is now nearly completed. The property, which is on the northwest corner of Baltimore and Calvert Streets, fronting one hundred and two feet six inches on Baltimore, and one hundred and four feet two inches on Calvert Street, was purchased for $225,000 cash. Th« building being erected upon this land is seven stories above the sidewalk, and a first-class and durable structure in every par- ticular. The massive walls of brick are laid in cement, the staircases, window-frames, and joists are of iron, while the building will be made fire-proof throughout, and provided with fire and burglar- proof vaults. The fronts are of the finest quality of Baltimore pressed brick, except that of the first floor, which is of fine-cut granite. The trimmings of the pressed brick fronts are of the Cheat River or blue stone. The granite and Cheat River stone were pro- i cured from quarries upon the Baltimore and Ohio I road, and are believed to be equal in color, quality, j and effectiveness to any in the United States. The first floor will be appropriated to offices for the pas- I senger, ticket, freight, telegraph, and express services; the second floor for the president, vice-presidents, and I their assistants, and for the trea.sury department ; the third for the room of the board of directors and the general freight department; the fourth for the audi- tor's department. The remaining floors will be used for other departments, documents, etc. There will be passenger and freight elevators, located to furnish convenient communication with each floor. The 1 building when completed will not only afford much improved facilities and conveniences for the public and the company, but its architecture will add greatly to the attractive appearance of the metropolis. In anticipation of the trade which the western tributaries of the Baltimore and Ohio road would bring to Baltimore, the tide-water improvements at Locust Point were pushed forward as rapidly as the j magnitude of the work would permit. Piers were extended out into deep water, where vessels drawing twenty-seven feet can load ; railroad-tracks multiplied upon the wharves, and three magnificent elevators I loomed up, the most conspicuous monuments to the genius of commerce that had yet been reared on the shores of the Chesapeake. Elevator " A" was com- pleted in 1872, and has a storage capacity of 1,000,000 bushels of grain. Elevator " B," completed in 1874, has a storage capacity of 1,500,000 bushels. Elevator "C," recently completed, has a storage capacity of 1,800,000 bushels. The company now have storage- room for 4,300,000 bushels of grain, which can be poured into vessels of the largest burthen as they lie moored to the piers on which the elevators are built. All along the water-front are trestled piers for dump- ing coal into vessels from the cars that bring it from the mines. These splendid improvements may be said to have restored the foreign commerce of Balti- more. TRANSPORTATION. Notwithstanding the large expenditure upon the improvements in Baltimore and throughout the whole length of its lines, the credit of the company re- mained unimpaired, and dividends were regularly paid out of the net earnings. In January, 1874, a loan of $10,000,000 was negotiated in London upon the most favorable terms, although the distrust occa- sioned by the financial panic of 1873 had greatly de- preciated nearly all the railway securities offered in the foreign market. Part of the money thus obtained was used in building the Chicago extension. Scarcely had the Baltimore and Ohio Company completed its most important western connections before Baltimore took its place as the second of the sea-board cities in the exportation of grain (being outranked only by New York), and the great bulk of the wheat and corn sent abroad passed through the Locust Point elevators. During the fiscal year end- ing Sept. 30, 1878, the Baltimore and Ohio Company brought to the sea-board 20,639,654 bushels of grain and 778,211 barrels of flour ; and the report for the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1880, shows a gain of over five million of bushels on the transportation of 1878. The carrying of live stock is a most important branch of the Western traffic, and in 1880 the aggre- gate weight of the animals brought to Baltimore was 165,454 tons. In the transportation of all other .standard products the increase since 1870 has been most surprising. The gross revenues of the company for 1880 (derived from the operation of its various lines) were $18,317,740, and net earnings $7,986,970. At this writing (June, 1881) the stock-board quotation of the company's common stock (par value $100) is $225. At the regular monthly meeting of the directors of the railroad company, held on July 13, 1881, Presi- dent Garrett submitted the resignations of John King, Jr., first vice-president, and of Wm. Keyser, second vice-president of the company, which had been placed in his hands. The board passed resolutions ac- cepting the resignations and complimentary to the re- signing officials, and there was a general expression of regret upon the severance of the company's relations with two gentlemen who had been so long and so closely identified with the management of the road. Mr. King had been in the service of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company for twenty-seven years. He began his railroad career as a ticket agent at Camden Station, and by gradual steps he became paymaster, auditor, general freight agent, and finally first vice-president, which several positions he filled with remarkable ability. Mr. King is also president of the Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad Company and the Baltimore and Ohio and Chicago Railroad Company, and thus has become one of the conspic- uous railroad managers of the country. Untiring patience, sagacious foresight, broad and liberal views of general policy, a wonderful mastery of every-day detail, singular fecility in dispatch of business, prompt and decisive answers to persons having negotiations with the road, as well as to the daily problems he has been called upon to solve, an unruffled temper in the discharge of his daily duties, a clear and inci- sive style in speech, and in written statement the ap- propriate clothing of the thoughts of a business man- ager who knows precisely what he wants and why he wants it, — these are some of the many valuable characteristics and acquirements which Mr. King brought to the performance of his duties. The con- troversy of eight years' standing between the corpo- ration and the State he settled, after the prolonged and sometimes bitter discussion of years, in a manner most creditable to the company and to the State to which it owes its existence. No railroad oflicer was more respected than he by the officials of rival roads. He was conciliatory when conciliation was right, but at the same time equally ready and vigorous when a railroad war was needful; and in all the controver- sies of railroad strife and war no man has ever im- peached his word or integrity of statement. Mr. Keyser has also been of va.st service to the com- pany. He brought to the performance of his duties as a railroad oBicer a broad mercantile knowledge and thorough acquaintance with the wants of business men in their dealings with railroads. To understand practically and thoroughly the views of bankers, merchants, and business men generally in regard to the relations of great transporting companies to the country's trade is something particularly desirable in a general railroad officer, and Mr. Keyser possessed this important requirement in a marked degree. None knew better than he how to harmonize and reconcile those views with the at times apparently conflicting demands of a railroad company. His genial humor and kindly disposition also made him an object of affection to all the employes of the road. In the strike of 1877 he met the men at the Cross Street Market, and while he told them firmly that the company could not accede to their demands, he yet presented the company 's cause, as well as that of its employes, in such a light that every angry man es- teemed him for his honest, fearless, and manly ways. He moved unarmed and unharmed among the strikers at Martinsburg, Keyser, Piedmont, and Grafton, and everywhere his kindly but firm tone of advice and persuasion was heard with respect by men who but a few hours before were breathing vengeance upon managers whom they thought had done them a griev- ous wrong. Mr. Keyser, during his connection with the road, attended in the main to the company's deal- ings with official bodies and public officers, and was brought in contact with a large number of public men of the various States traversed by the company's lines, and it is not too much to say that no one has done more than he to popularize the company in its dealings with the public. Robert Garrett, the eldest son of President Garrett, who had been practically the president of the road 340 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. during the two years' absence of his father in Europe, was elected to the office of first vice-president as the successor of Mr. King, whose interests had Iain almost exclusively in the West. Samuel Spencer, who had large railroad experience in the service of the com- pany, was appointed third vice-president to fill the vacancy caused by the promotion of "Robert Gai-rett. John M. Hood, the president of the Western Mary- land Railroad, was tendered the position of second vice-president, but he decided not to sever his con- nection with the Western Maryland. In his official connection with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Robert Garrett has exhibited many sterling business traits, as well as popular characteristics, to the advan- tage not only of the railroad corporation, but of the city of Baltimore. He combines with the sagacity and prudence of a veteran the enterprise and courage of a young and vigorous manhood, and he may be trusted to make prompt and profitable use of every opportunity as it arises to promote the interests of the company. Endowed with a remarkable capacity for hard work, a quick intelligence, and a positive genius for railway management, and enjoying, more- over, the advantage of his father's vast experience, he is peculiarly well fitted to assume the grave responsi- bilities which will rest upon him as the executive of the company. Doubtless as long as his health per- mits John W. Garrett will remain at the head of the road ; but it must be a source of satisfaction to him, as well as the general public, to know that a succes- sion at any time would involve no interruption of the company's policy, and jeopardize none of its interests. If any evidence was needed to show the comprehen- sive business intelligence of Robert Garrett, a recital of a few of the prominent features from the fifty- fourth annual report of the company demonstrates beyond question the enormous work the road has ac- complished in the last year of his management. It proves also that Baltimore's trunk-line is the line of the country, — in fact, the most important in the world. The revenues for the fiscal year ending Sep- tember 30th aggregated no less than $18,317,740.10, an increase, as compared with 1879, of $4,123,759.67, and an increase, as compared with 1878, of $4,552,460.11. In other words, the revenues were greater by about 25 per cent. The net earnings were $5,172,980.76, or $831,735.67 more than in 1879. Compared with the great increase in revenues this shows at first sight a disappointingly small gain, large as the figures are ; but he who reads the report carefully will find an explanation much more than satisfactory. Twenty- four engines of the largest class (the "Consolidated" or "Mogul" engines) and two engines for switching purposes have been built at the cost of $211,733.61 ; 334 cars of largely-increased capacity have been built ; 697 iron hopper-cars have been raised from 20,000 to 30,000 pounds capacity per car; 297 house and 727 gon- dola-cars have been increased in capacity from 20,000 to 40,000 pounds ; 50 additional refrigerator-cars have been built; 501 hopper gondolas, 115 stock, and 1012 house-cars, each of 40,000 pounds capacity, have been constructed, besides 5 passenger-coaches and other mis- cellaneous cars. The cost of 1690 cars was $716,881.32. A very large amount was also expended upon steel rails. Seven hundred and fifty miles of track are now laid with steel rails. The whole of this has been charged to repairs. In other words, over a million of dollars of the revenues has been applied to the construction of new rolling stock alone, and instead of the sums being charged against " construction ac- count," they are entered again.5t " repairs." The divi- dend is provided for, a splendid surplus is left, and the stockholders find themselves possessed of a fuller and better equipment by far than ever before in the history of the corporation, and with the roadway in splendid condition. The increase in the tonnage is most remarkable. In 1871 the aggregate of through merchandise east and west was 435,207 tons; in 1876 it had reached 1,093,393 tons ; last year it was 1,425,- 629 tons ; in 1880 the total was 1,980,397 tons. This increase of about 33 per cent, is almost unprece- dented in railroad history. In this aggregate enter the following items : 598,992 barrels of flour, 25,962,696 bushels of grain, and 54,530 tons of lumber brought to Baltimore ; 165,454 tons of live-stock transported, and 4,388,856 tons of coal, an increase for the year of 997,881 tons of coal. But the half is not yet told. The indebtedness of the corporation was decreased in the fiscal year by the sum of $2,830,815.98. And the profit and loss ac- count shows an increase of $2,356,984.44, the surplus fund, which represents invested capital derived from net earnings, and which is not represented by either stock or bonds, now amounting to $40,561,642.37. With all this accomplished, the condition of the tracks, engines, and cars has been brought to a very high standard, and the hotels owned by the company have been placed in superior order. \ As regards the branch lines, the Washington road i reports an increase in net earnings of $22,822.88, the Parkereburg branch an increase of $176,250.49 (1862 tons of steel rails were laid), the Pittsburgh division an increase of $279,545.04, the Central Ohio of I $38,754.21, the Chicago of $72,142.93, the Lake Erie 1 of $19,739.76, and the Straitsville of $42,598.54. The improved result on all the lines worked by the com- pany aggregated $652,849.71. The condition of the 1 Pittsburgh and Connellsville road is very satisfactory, j the net earnings being $1,011,827.09, and the excess 1 of net earnings, after paying $678,858.40 for interest i on mortgage indebtedness, $332,968.69. Attention is j also called to the improvements at Camden Station, the additional tobacco warehouse, the new grain elevator recently built, with a capacity for 1,800,000 bushels, the Locust Point and Canton ferry, the Bal- timore Stock-Yard Company, the central building, i and the dry-dock. The Berlin branch and the Somer- set and Cambria Railroad — the two new feeders and TRANSPORTATION. connections, the latter of great value and import- ance—are referred to descriptively. The importance of deepening the channel to the port to twenty-seven feet at mean tide, and of the construction of the Ches- apeake and Delaware Canal, are strongly urged. From first to last the report is a splendid one, and it is most gratifying to know that there is every pros- pect not only of a continuance of the prosperity of the great corporation, but even of a marked increase in its already enormous business and revenues. The only branches of the Baltimore and Ohio men- tioned in the foregoing sketch are those which are actually worked by the company, (inly excepting the Marietta and Cincinnati and th.' i )liin ami Mississippi, which, although they form ]i:ni of thr Kaltimore and Ohio system, still maintain their own organization. John King, Jr., until recently first vice-president of the Baltimore and Ohio Company, was receiver for both of these roads. No allusion has been made to a number of short roads in Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio which are owned and worked by the Baltimore and Ohio Company. A most important branch is now being built from Som- erset, Pa., to Johnstown, where the great iron-works of the Cambria Company are located. Quite recently a syndicate of capitalists connected with the Balti- more and Ohio Company bought the Delaware West- ern road, with a view to making it an independent line between Baltimore and Philadelphia. About seventy miles of road must be built and the Susque- hanna must be bridged before trains can run between the two cities on this line. At present the northward- bound trains from AVashington and the West cross the harbor on a steam transport, and proceed to their destination by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. The through trains for the South take the Virginia Midland road at Washing- ton, and strike the Atlantic, Ohio and Mississippi road at Lynchburg, and the Piedmont Air-Line at Danville. In common with all other great railroads, the Balti- more and Ohio has had many a tough struggle with adversity, the immediate consequences of which were sufficiently discouraging. On July 24, 1868, an un- precedented flood swept down the valley of the Pa- tapsco, destroying bridges and culverts, lifting the track from the embankment, and inflicting damages wliich compelled a total suspension of the running of trains on this division of the road for fourteen days. Some compensation for the heavy loss was found in the opportunity that the reconstruction of the road afforded for straightening the track and getting away from the serpentine bends of the Patapsco. During the preceding year a tunnel eight liundred feet long was bored through the flinty rocks of the Catoctin Mountain, in order to get rid of the very curve which it took the company, aided by the Legislature and two courts of equity, six years to establish. The "cutting" of rates by competing lines has fre- quently inflicted heavier loss on the company than it ever sustained by storm or flood, and the Western railroad " wars" have proved far more disastrous than the periodic raids that the Southern soldiers used to make upon the bridges and track of the middle di- vision. For eight years the company was engaged in a controversy with the State over the tax imposed on the Washington branch, one-fifth of the gross receipts from passengers between Baltimore and Washington being reserved to the State by the act of 1833. In 1869 the company being advised by eminent counsel that under recent decisions of the United States Su- preme Court this tax was unconstitutional, withheld payment. The matter was taken up by the Legisla- ture, and after a protracted struggle a resolution pa sed the House of Delegates directing the attorney-gen- eral to proceed against the company by writ of scire facias, with a view to forfeiting its charter. This reso- lution was defeated in the Senate, and a substitute was adopted by both houses directing the attorney-gen- eral to bring suit for the money alleged to be due. An action of debt was brought in the Superior Court of Baltimore City, and the case was decided in favor of the company. The Court of Appeals reversed the decision of the Superior Court, and the case was then carried to the Supreme Court of the United States, where it was finally decided in favor of the State. In the mean time various plans of adjustment were dis- cussed at the successive sessions of the Legislature, and in 1878 an act was passed which settled the con- troversy upon terms satisfactory to the State and the company. Under the provisions of this act the com- pany paid $466,540 in liquidation of all arrears, and I the Legislature abolished the one-fifth passenger tax, and in lieu thereof imposed a tax of one-third of one percent, upon the company's gross earnings on all its lines within the State of Maryland. This is the only State tax paid by the company. The foregoing is simply an outline of the history of a great corporation, whose struggles, experiments, and triumphs cover the whole of the railway age. Some I of its most splendid achievements have been merely i alluded to, while others have been entirely omitted. In the lives of the patient, laborious, persevering men ' who inaugurated the great enterprise and put it into actual operation there is abundant material for many j volumes of interesting biography. Some of those who made the road a great commercial success are still con- nected with its management. From the laying of " the first stone" it has had the good fortune to attract to its .service men endowed with a peculiar genius for railway affairs. Mr. Garrett belongs to the modern period, and his administration has not yet come within the domain of historical review ; but the immediate results of his policy of railroad extension are so apparent in the growth and prosperity of Baltimore, in the enlarge- ment of its foreign and domestic trade, and in the commanding position occupied by the Baltimore and 342 HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Ohio in the railroad system of the United States, that it will not be necessary for him to wait for "coming generations" to comprehend and ai)preciate the mag- nitude of his achievements. The principal officers of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad are John W. Garrett, president; Robert Garrett, first vice-president; Samuel Spencer, third vice-president ; Andrew Anderson, assistant to presi- dent; John W. Davis, assistant to vice-presidents; George P. Frick, general manager of telegraphs, etc. ; Wm. M. Clements, master of transportation ; Wm. H. Ijams, treasurer ; W. T. Thelin, auditor ; O. R. John- son, master of road; John C. Davis, master of ma- chinery; L. M. Cole, general ticket agent; M. H. Smith, general freight agent; A. J. Fairbanks, gen- eral agent, Camden Station ; R. F. Beeler, general agent, Locust Point; N. S. Hill, purchasing agent; J. L. Randolph, chief engineer ; Geo. S. Koontz, gen- eral agent at Washington. Ktlaj ElllLOtt ( lt> H llofields lei Jails toi s Torrj l" lllp ^ St It IjoK Mu (iHVllIC McMechen ■■ IlHllt vtr CI arlesl v Cameruii ^e^^t.«n Muldletowii Cedai Crcik Ca|H II It M\ Stations. Miles. Sutions. Gaithersburg German town Boyd's Barnesville Miles. 21.5 26.5 29.6 33.2 Metropolitan Junction.. Terra CotU 1 3.2 4 7 11 TuBcarora 39 Washington Junction Stations. Savage 42.7 Miles. 20.2 stations. Camden Station WiSHINOTO Miles. Eik'nidge.'."!!!.'.'.'"!;;"'.'.'.'. Dorset's ■.'.'.'.'.'.■.';.";.'.".'.■.■.■.■.■.'.■ JeSBUl-'s Bridewell Annapolis Junction Stations. Annapolis Junction Patuxent Odenton !1'.'.'. 111.7 Miles. !'.'.'.'.'.'.' 3.0 G.O 8.5 10.0 Miles. ' ii 24.5 I: '.i- ::: !>» Washington KBIDGE BAILEOAU. Stations. Sorv/Se;:-::;;;::::;:. Iglehait 31.7 34 34.2 39 40 Miles. 11.5 13.5 15.5 Millersville Stations. Annapolis AND EAILEOAD. Stations. (•Ii«,l„ni.sville 20.5 Mile*. .... 109.5 .... 110.5 A. and F. K. R. Crossing i: Springfield ^ Burke's 1 1 Elmingt'on. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.■.'.'.'.'.'.'.■.'.'."' Lovingston TyeKiver"!!.'.";!.'.'.'.".".".".;!; NewGhisgow M?llw'5'. !...■■.■.'.'.'.''.'.!''.'.'.'.'.'.. Burfoi.l-^ Lynclil.urg Luaui,,....": Lawyer's Road Evii.gt.m i.vn.'i,'.'"'' ; ;:'.':";;.'.'.".'.'." Ihtv\-:t'.ZZZZZZ'.".'. Fall Creek .... 121 .... 126.5 .... 131.2 .... 13:) .... 137 .... 140.6 Fairfax .',' ■, Xokesville 342 .... 38 7 .... 1.H.5 . .. l.ii'..5 Warrenton Junction 41 .... liy.S \Va,T»Mtnn 60 .... 170.5 .... 176.5 .... 181.5 .... 187.5 .... 1915 .... 194.6 .... 198.5 .... 205 .... 208.6 .... 214.6 .... 2la.6 .... 225.5 2'95 WS'-.r---- ■ 102.2 Danv.lle .... 236 Northern Central Railway Company. — At a very early jjcriod ett'orts were made to secure to Baltimore the trade of the Susquehanna, and in 1783 the Legis- lature incorporated the Susquehanna Canal Company for the purpose of making a canal from the Maryland line to tide-water. After the expenditure of more than a million of dollars, mainly contributed by the citizens of Baltimore, a canal of about ten miles in length was completed from the Maryland line to Port Deposit. This canal proved to be of little value, and about 1816 it was finally purchased by a few wealthy citizens of Baltimore for a trifling sum. After the failure of the canal the active and intelligent men of Baltimore still directed their attention to the trade of the Susquehanna, and about 1800 they projected the bold experiment of running "arks" (which had never before descended below Columbia) over the dangerous rapids of the river to tide-water. The experiment succeeded, and by successive improve- nuMit!> ill tlie bed of the river its navigation soon TEANSPOKTATION. 343 became comparatively safe. lu the mean time, from 1800 to 1812, large sums of money were also expended by the merchants and traders and insurance officers of Baltimore in improving and facilitating land in- tercourse with the country bordering on the southern shore of the Susquehanna by means of turnpike roads extending in every direction, including the interior of Pennsylvania. Baltimore continued to enjoy the trade of this region for a considerable period, but the idea suggested itself of establishing a return trade with this productive section. To this end the Legislature of Maryland, in 1822, appointed Theo- dorick Bland, George Winchester, and John Patter- son commissioners to lay out and survey a route for a canal from the Conewago Falls to Baltimore. They appointed James Geddess, one of the most distin- guished engineers of the country, to make the sur- vey, and in their very elaborate report recommended the construction of a canal on the right bank of the river from the Conewago Falls to Baltimore. They repudiated the idea of a joint-stock company, and recommended that it should be constructed by the mayor and City Council of Baltimore in their cor- porate capacity. To execute this plan it was nec- essary to obtain the authority of the Legislature, which would have been granted but for the interfer- ence of the parties who had purchased the ten miles of canal. The same parties afterwards attempted to organize a company to make a canal on the left bank of the river, from the Maryland line upwards, but they were in turn defeated. These efforts to gain the trade of the Susquehanna region were continued until August, 1827, when a com- mittee consisting of Messrs. Winchester, Leakin, Kelso, Stouffer, and Jenkins were appointed jointly by the York Haven Company and the several turnpike boards to examine into the practicability of making a railroad from Baltimore to the Susquehanna. Ac- companied by William F. Small, civil engineer of Baltimore, they arrived at York Haven, after making a general reconnoissance along their line, on Aug. 15, 1 827. The committee on their return were unanimously of the opinion that no insuperable obstacles existed to the construction of a railroad from Baltimore to the Susquehanna, and accordingly a company was organ- ized. It was incorporated Feb. 13, 1828, the purpose, as set forth in the charter, being to build a railway from Baltimore to York Haven, where a connection was to be made with the Pennsylvania Canal, on the opposite side of the river.' The first directors of the company were Charles Eidgely, of Hampton, Hugh W. Evans, George Win- chester, Robert Purviance, Thomas Wilson, James 1 York Haven was at that time a place of growing importance, and it was supposed that it would take precedence of aU the towns on the western shore of the Susquehanna. In the quiet wayside station on the line of the Northern Central Eailway, eleven miles above York, past which the express-trains rush without the least recognition of its exist- ence, the traveler of this day would scarcely recognize the embryo metropolis of a half-century ago. Smith, James L. Hawkins, James B. Stansbury, Shep- perd C. Leakin, Thomas Finley, Justus Hoppe, and John Kelso.^ At the organization of the Board of Directors, May 5, 1828, George Winchester was elec- ted president, and George J. Brown secretary. The popular excitement over internal impovements which had been created by the projectors of the Baltimore and Ohio road during the previous year had not yet subsided when the books for stock subscriptions to the Baltimore and Susquehanna road were opened at the old Franklin Bank, and 33,700 shares were sub- scribed for in a few days, although only 20,000 shares of the par value of $50 per share were authorized by the charter, and GOOO of these were reserved for the State of Maryland, the city of Baltimore, and the State of Pennsylvania. It was supposed that the Pennsylvania Legislature would promptly adopt the charter, and that the company would be permitted to build its road to the Susquehanna without hindrance. To the great disappointment of the friends of the enterprise in both States, the Philadelphia influence was sufficiently strong to prevent the Maryland com- pany from acquiring any corporate rights in Pennsyl- vania, and it was only alter a persistent struggle, last- ing through three years, that a Pennsylvania com- pany was incorporated and vested with authority to build a railway from York to the Maryland line. The corporators of this company were George Small, Michael Doudle, Daniel Inginfritz, Jacob Laumaster, James Shall, Charles Weiser, Peter Ahl, Jacob Bailor, Phineas Davis, George Morris, and Jacob Emmitt, of the borough of York ; and Charles A. Barnitz, Henry Snyder, Daniel Raman, Joseph Osborn, John Hel- lings, John Smith, and William Patterson, of York County. Soon after its organization the Baltimore and Sus- quehanna Company dispatched a corps of engineers to make the necessary surveys and select the most practicable route between the points named in the charter. Brig.-Gen. Joseph G. Swift, of the United States Engineers, was chief of this corps, and was assisted by William F. Small, Charles Ward, James Collins, Jr., and Joseph G. Partridge, civil engineers of Baltimore. The centennial anniversary of the founding of the city of Baltimore was fittingly celebrated on the 8th of August, 1829, by laying the "corner-stone" of this railway, which during the next half-century was des- tined to grow into one of the most splendid public improvements of the age. This stone was planted with appropriate ceremonies on the northern bound- ary of the city, some sixty feet from the present site of the North Avenue bridge, where it remained until October 30, 1870, when it was dug up by workmen who were removing earth from this locality to cover " All of these gentlemen were the incorporators of the company ex- cepting Messre. Finley and Kelso. They were substituted by Messrs. Eoswell L. Colt, Jacob I. Cohen, and William Frick. William Frick declined, being a director. 344 HISTOllV OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the arch of the Potomac tuiiiiel. It marked the start- ing-point of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail- road, the second great highway for transportation projected by the merchants of Baltimore. The first j division was located on the line of Jones' Falls, and to this day the picturesque valley through which the road approaches the city remains as fresh and as serenely rural in all its features as when the "iron horse" first intruded upon the privacy of the suburban homes that dot these wooded hills. Cars began to run from Baltimore to the Relay Station {now Lake Roland) July 4, 1S31. The engineers located the road to the northern border of the State, and ran an experimental line to York, but the obstructive action of the Pennsylvania Legislature greatly embarrassed the company in its operations. After the road had , been completed to the Relay Station work on the ' main stem was stopped, and the unexpended portion of the original capital was devoted to the building of a branch in the direction of Westminster, with the ultimate purpose of extending it to " the head-waters of the Monocacy River," as authorized by a supple- ment to the charter, passed Feb. 7, 1830. The branch road was opened to the Green Spring Hotel, some seven or eight miles from the Relay Junction, and fifteen miles from Baltimore, on May 26, 1832. In the mean time the Pennsylvania Legislature had so far receded from its opposition to the building of the main stem in the direction of the Susquehanna as to charter the New York and Maryland Line Company, i The prospect of uniting the two roads at the State line arrested the further extension of the Westminster branch, and its terminus remained at the Green Spring Hotel until the Western Maryland Company took up the abandoned work, twenty-five years after- wards, and carried it to the point originally contem- plated and far beyond. Upon the completed section of the main stem be- tween Baltimore and Relay Station a locomotive im- ported from England was placed on the road on the ; 6th of August, 1832, which, after various alterations and improvements in the wheels, so as to adapt them to the turning of curves, became a very effective motor. It was named the " Herald," after the ship in which it was brought across the ocean, and was built by the celebrated engineer Stephenson. John Lawson, an English engineer, came over with the locomotive, and ran it for some months. The "Her- ■ aid" remained on the road twenty-three years, and was included in the inventory of rolling stock turned over to the Consolidated Company, Jan. 1, 1855. Not long afterwards it was taken to the car-shops in York and broken up. The Baltimore and Susquehanna Company was j obliged to apply to the State and to the City of Bal- timore at various times for aid to carry on its work. ; The cost of building the several sections far exceeded the original estimates, and the road was not opened j for travel to York until Aug. .'W, 1838. One passen- ger-train a day was sufficient to meet the wants of the traveling public for some time. The trip of sixty miles was made in four hours, and the fare was one dollar and seventy-five cents. All the railroads chartered in Pennsylvania at that time were public highways, upon which any person had the right to place cars and have them transported on the payment of the " tolls," as fixed by the company, within the limits prescribed by the Legislature. For many years nearly all the local freight moved over the roads which now form the Northern Central was carried in cars owned by the shippers. While the Baltimore and Susquehanna Company was slowly pushing its road northward in the direc- tion of the State line, an act of the Legislature was passed (March 22, 1836) authorizing it to build a branch road eastward through Baltimore and Har- ford Counties to Peach Bottom, on the Susquehanna, with a view to cro.ssing the river at that point and forming a connection with the Philadelphia and Co- lumbia Railroad in Lancaster County. This lateral branch was never built, although the contemplated route is now partly covered by the Baltimore and Delta Narrow-Gauge. Long before the road touched the western bank of the Susquehanna at York Haven all idea of a connection with the Pennsylvania Canal was abandoned. In due time several connections were made with other roads in Pennsylvania, and in 1854,' by the concurrent action of Maryland and Pennsylvania, four roads, constituting a continuous line between Baltimore and Sunbury, were consoli- dated into one, under the name of the Northern Cen- tral Railroad Company. These acts consolidated in one corporation all the rights and privileges of the charters of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad Company, whose road extended from Baltimore to the Pennsylvania line, chartered by Maryland in 1828; of the York and Maryland Line Railroad Company, whose road extended from the Maryland line to York, chartered by the State of Pennsylvania in 1832 ; of the York and Cumberland Railroad Com- pany, whose road extended from York to Bridgeport, opposite Harrisburg, chartered by the same State in 1846 ; and of the Susquehanna Railroad Company, whose road extended from Bridgeport to the town of Sunbury, under the general railroad law of the State of Pennsylvania, by a charter from that State in 1851. The consolidated line thus formed extends from Baltimore through Baltimore County, in Maryland, and the counties of York, Cumberland, Perry, Dau- phin, and Northumberland, in Pennsylvania, to the town of Sunbury, at the junction of the north and west branches of the Susquehanna River, a total dis- tance of one hundred and thirty-eight miles. 1 On the 4th of July, 1854, one of the most terrible railroail accidents thut over occurred in this country took place on the Susquehanna Itail- road, caused by collision in a curve of the road about midway between the Kelay House ami " Rider's Grove." Thirty-Rve persons were killed and over one hundred were wounded. TRANSPOKTATION. At Union Depot, one and one-tenth miles north of [ Calvert Street Station,' Baltimore, connection is made j with the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, thus af- fording communication with the South. Connection may also be made here with the Western Maryland road, and with trains for Philadelphia and New York via the Philadelphia and Wilmington road. At Kelay, seven miles from Baltimore, a branch diverges from the main line and follows the Green Spring Valley to a connection with the Western Maryland Railroad, at a distance of eight and a half miles. This branch was originally owned by the Susquehanna Railroad Company, and was known as the Westminster or Green Spring branch. Shortly after the Western Maryland Railroad was chartered in 1854 it commenced the construction of a line from the terminus of the Green Spring branch into the counties of Carroll and Washington. At that time a contract was made between the Northern Central and the Western Maryland Railroad Company, transfer- ring this branch to the latter company, with the pro- vision that should the Western Maryland Railroad Company at any time either build a new line to Bal- timore, or reach that city with its traffic by any other line than that of the Northern Central Railroad Com- pany, the latter should have the right to repurchase it at its appraised value. In 1873 the Western Mary- land Railroad Company completed an independent line to Baltimore ; and in July, 1874, upon the pay- ment of $10,000, the Northern Central Railway Com- pany resumed possession of the branch. At Hanover Junction, forty -six miles from Baltimore, the North- ern Central Railroad makes connection with the Hanover Branch Railroad, extending fourteen miles to the town of Hanover, and thence seventeen miles to the town of Gettysburg ; and another line extend- ing southward from Hanover to the Pennsylvania line, where connection is made with the Frederick and Pennsylvania Railroad, which has been leased by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.'- At York, fifty-eight miles from Baltimore, connection is made with the York branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, extending from York to Wrightsville and Columbia, on the Susquehanna River, and connecting at the latter point with the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. At Bridgeport connection is made with the Cumberland Valley Railroad, extending west- ward to West Virginia. Connection is also made at Bridgeport with the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Lebanon Valley branch of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. At Dauphin the Schuylkill and Susquehanna branch of the Philadelphia and Read- 1 The lot of ground bounded by Franklin, North, Centre, and Calvert Streets, upon which the Calvert Street Station is built, was purchased by the Susquehanna Eailroad Company in June, 1848, from the Balti- more Water Company. It was formerly occupied by Sands & Lents' "Amphitheatre," destroyed by flro about 1847, and the "Old City Mills." 2 The Hanover branch to Hanover, Pa., was opened for business Oct. 22, 1852. ing Railroad diverges, passing through the Lorberry and Schuylkill coal regions. At Millersburg the Lyken's Valley Railroad is reached, and at Treaver- tou the Treaverton Railroad is crossed. At Sunbury the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad is reached, con- necting with the Elmira and Williamsport Railroad, seventy-eight miles in length, leased to the Northern Central April 15, 1863. At Elmira connection is made with the line of the Erie Railway Company. At Warren and Corry the Pennsylvania and the Northern Central connects with roads running into the great oil regions of that State. At Emporium it connects with a direct line to Buffalo, and at Drift- wood the Alleghany Valley Railroad unites with its eastern outlet. At Sunbury connection is also made with the Danville, Hazleton and Wilkesbarre Rail- road, and two miles north of Sunbury is located the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. Con- nection is also made at Sunbury with the line of the Shamokin Valley and Pottsville Railroad Company, which was leased to the Northern Central Feb. 27, 18(i3. It extends from Sunbury to Shamokin and Mount Carmel, a distance of twenty-eight miles, with a branch of three miles to the extensive coal lands owned by the company on Coal Run. The president of the Northern Central Railway Company at the time of the consolidation was the late Hon. John P. Kennedy, a gentleman no less dis- tinguished for his enlightened public spirit than for his literary genius and scholarly accomplishments. The directors on the part of the city of Baltimore were Richard C. Mason and William McPhail, and on the part of the stockholders W. H. Keighler, Simon Cameron, Michael Herr, John Herr, Francis White, Eli Lewis, Zenus Barnum, Johns Hopkins, R. M. Magraw, Lloyd N. Rogers, W. E. Mayhew, and W. F. Packer. The secretary of the company was Robert S. Hollins, and the treasurer John S. Leib. The last- mentioned gentleman has filled the office which he now holds ever since the organization of the Northern Central Company. With the extension of the Northern Central road to Sunbury began the active development of the Sus- quehanna coal-fields. In 1880 the company trans- ported 4,196,715 tons of coal over its lines. From Sunbury to Williamsport the company uses the track of the Philadelphia and Erie road. The Elmira division begins at Williamsport, and runs almost due north seventy-eight miles to the city from which it takes its name ; here the Canandaigua division begins, which connects with the New York Central at Ca- nandaigua, three hundred and twenty-five miles from Baltimore. The main stem crosses three States, and virtually connects both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario with the Chesapeake. The whole line runs through a populous and highly cultivated region, teeming with all the industries by which wealth is created. The scenery along the middle and upper divisions has furnished subjects for famous artists of both hemis- 346 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. pheres, and the romantic retreats which the northern extension has opened up to tourists and health-seekers have attained a wide celebrity. Mr. Kennedy, the first president of the Northern Central Company, filled the office two years. Messrs. Zenus Barnum, John S. Gittings, and Gen. A. B. War- ford each held the office one year. Hon. J. Donald Cameron (now United States Senator from Pennsyl- vania) was elected president in 1863, and remained in office until 1875, when, on account of other engage- ments, he declined a re-election, and was succeeded by Col. Thomas A. Scott, who resigned in 1879 and was succeeded by George B. Roberts, president of the Pennsylvania Company. The officers for the year 1881 are as follows: President, George B.Roberts; Vice-President, A. J. Cassatt; Directors, A. J. Cas- satt, Wistar Morris, Samuel C. Huey, John P. Green, Edmund Smith, George Small, B. F. Newcomer, S. M. Shoemaker, J. N. Hutchinson, Dell Noblitt, Harry Walters, Henry Gilbert; Secretary, Stephen W. White ; Treasurer, John S. Leib ; Auditor, John Ciowe; General Manager, Frank Thompson. One of the most active and diligent directors of this railroad company in Baltimore for many years has been George Small. Having been born and raised in Pennsylvania, along the line of the road over which, it has been said, " that at one time fully one-sixth of the freight forwarded over the Northern Central Rail- road to Baltimore was shipped by his father's mer- cantile house in York," it was very natural that he should take a very active part in its management. Mr. Small was born in York, Pa., Dec. 13, 1825, and was the son of Philip A. Small and Sarah Lati- mer. His father was born in York in 1797, and was the eldest son of George Small, a descendant of Law- rence Small, a Reformed Lutheran clergyman who came to this country very early in the eighteenth century with three sons, one of whom settled on the banks of the Hudson River, near Albany, a second in Eastern Pennsylvania, and a third in Western Penn- sylvania. George Small, Sr., married the daughter of Col. Philip Albright, an officer in the Revolu- tionary army, who was an intimate personal friend of Gen. Washington, and at whose house Washington found a home during that gloomy period of the Revo- lution when the Continental Congress was sitting in the old court-house at York. Sarah Latimer, the wife of Philip A. Small, was a descendant of William Latimer, a brother of the Bishop Latimer who, with Ridley, was burned at the stake in Oxford, England, in the year 1555. Philip A. Small, the head of the firm of P. A. & S. Small, of York, died April 3, 1875. He began business in Baltimore in 1815, with the firm of Schultz, Konig & Co. In 1820 he went into busi- ness in York with his father, the firm being George Small & Son, which was changed to George Small & Sons by the accession of his brother, Samuel Small, and at the retirement of the senior partner in 1821 to P. A. & S. Small. The operations of this firm grew I to very extensive proportions, and he gave them his I personal attention to within three weeks of his deatl}. j He was also heavily engaged in the manufacture of iron, and built a furnace in Harford County, Md., I which was successfully operated for many years. j About 1847 the firm, with the Messrs. Patterson, of Baltimore, erected the Ashland Furnaces, near Cock- eysville, Baltimore Co., Md., which are now in full and successful operation, under the presidency of George Small. Extensive farming and stock-raising were also successfully carried on by Philip A. Small, whose whole life was one of activity and energy, and ex- hibited wonderful elasticity. In his counting-room at York by sunrise, he gave his personal supervision to the many divisions of his extensive business. The credit of his house ranked with that of the first I in the whole country, and sustained itself unsullied in all the periods of financial depression and panics. Charitable to a very large extent, whenever worthy ] objects offered; his advice was always sought and heeded by the younger farmers, merchants, and manu- facturers around him. His physical and mental con- stitution was unusually strong, and his faculties were j preserved unimpaired until the last, and his judgment i was as clear at seventy-eight years as at any period of j his life. Four daughters and three sons survive him, I of whom George Small, of Baltimore, is the eldest. The present George Small was educated at the York County Academy, and decided upon a mercantile life before he was eighteen years of age. At the age of twenty-one (Sept. 1, 1846) he came to reside in Balti- more. Displaying the mental and moral traits that are indispensable to the successful merchant, he quickly controlled a large and rapidly extended busi- ness, and aided by the agency of the great milling house of P. A. & S. Small, with the Codorus Mills, near York, he supplied the Brazil market for many years through the port of Baltimore with some ninety thousand barrels of flour annually, and to-day no mercantile house in Baltimore has a reputation su- perior to that of George Small & Co. Since the death of Philip A. Small, he has succeeded to the head of the house of P. A. & S. Small, and both es- tablishments prosper under the vigorous brain and steady hand that guides their affairs. In the midst of all his business engagements he has devoted much time and given great attention to the cultivation and extension of the business connections and relations of Baltimore with that large and fertile section of Pennsylvania through which the Northern Central Railroad passes. He energetically aided in the open- ing of that railroad, and has been for many years one of its directoi-s as well as a director in the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, and in the First National Bank of Baltimore; also president of the Ashland Iron Company, whose works on the Northern Central Railroad are the largest manufactory of the kind in Maryland. With all these enterprises on hand he is one of the busiest men in Baltimore, but his method- TRANSPORTATION. 347 ical habits and comprehensive grasp of affairs render him able to perform an amount of daily work that would swamp men less precise and systematic in their handling of business. His judgment on ob- scure and complicated commercial and railroad prob- lems is regarded by his associates as especially sound, while his executive ability is in harmony with the other features of his character. No fairer example of the meritoriously successful merchant could be set for the imitation of young men. Mr. Small mar- ■ ried, Jan. 13, 1852, Mary Grant Jackson, daughter of ' Col. William A. Jackson, of Fredericksburg, Va., whose ancestors emigrated from England in 1730. They have no children. Mr. Small has an elegant mansion on Mount Vernon Place, and is attached to the Presbyterian Church; and while an enthusiastic Whig, and Unionist and Republican, he has uniformly refused to accept any public position or become a can- didate for office. During the war the Northern Central was a most important link in the main line of communication between the national Capital and the North and West, and during the first two years most of the mili- tary trains from New York took this route. On the 20th of April, 1861, the principal bridges on the Maryland division were burned to prevent the trans- portation of troops from the North to Washington, and operations on the lower end of the line were en- tirely suspended for nearly a month. Alarmed by the measures adopted for the protection of Baltimore, the managers removed the main office of the com- pany to Harrisburg, and the meetings of the board of directors were held there during the remainder of the year 1861. The road resumed operations May 11, 1861, but there was another suspension of the run- ning of trains between Baltimore and Harrisburg while the Gettysburg campaign was in progress. All the bridges on the main stem from Hanover Junction to Goldsboro', fifteen miles above York, were burned at this time, and the Wrightsville branch was com- pletely destroyed. Notwithstanding these heavy losses, the company profited so much by the trans- portation of troops and military supplies that it was able to rebuild the greater portion of its main stem, and to put down a double track out of its surplus revenues. After the war the northern extensions and leases heretofore mentioned were consummated, and the main stem was brought into immediate commu- nication with the three great trunk-lines which it crosses, namely, the Pennsylvania road, the New York and Erie road, and the New York Central. Important improvements were also made at the Balti- more terminus. The piers at Canton were enlarged, and the storage facilities increased by the erection of new elevators and warehouses. The old track by which trains entered and departed from the city was abandoned, and a new route established on the line of the Falls, upon which trains run to Calvert Sta- tion without crossing any street at grade, save at the entrance to the depot. All the other cross streets are carried over the track and over the Falls on iron bridges. It is one of the peculiar features of the Northern Central, and the roads which connect with it in Baltimore, that the running of trains does not in the least interfere with travel and transportation on the streets. The fine building on the corner of Cal- vert and Centre Streets, in which the main offices of the company are located, was erected in 1876. Like all other roads whose history goes back to the beginning of the railway age, the Northern Central (or rather the Baltimore and Susquehanna) was greatly embarrassed during the first twenty years of its exist- ence for want of sufficient money to carry on its opera- tions. The city of Baltimore came to its aid, and loaned it various sums amounting in the aggregate to $850,000, besides investing $200,000 in the capital stock, making in all, with interest, $1,250,000. The Northern Central Company liquidated the entire debt in 1866 by paying $880,000. The State of Maryland loaned the company $1,750,000, on which it pays an annuity of $90,000. The Northern Central is the parent stem of the Union road, by which its trains reach the Canton wharves, and of the Baltimore and Potomac road. A separate sketch is given of each of these splendid im- provements. The large investments made by the company in its leased lines, and in permanent im- provements at its tide-water terminus, have for the most part absorbed its net earnings, but it must in- evitably become one of the most profitable, as it is already oneof the best managed, railways in the world. No estimate can be given of what it has done for Baltimore, save that which is furnished by the growth of the city in population, wealth, and commercial prosperity since the Northern Central first began to bring to its warehouses and shipping-wharves the pro- ducts of the North and West. DISTANCES ON THE NORTHERN CENTRAL RAILWAY. Stations. Miles. ' Stations. Miles. Baltimore 0.0 Bentley 31.7 Moitkton 23,'2 MfW ( iiliuiel White Hall 26.8 i Brideeiiort.. Parktun 28.9 I Harrisburg.. Articles. Coal, tons General merchandise, tons.. Flour, barrels Grain, bushels Live-stock, tons Pig-iron and iron ores, tons. Z3M 412,1 194,674 180,302 104,139 .,438 447,965 336,282 ),056 25,288,390 14,486,900 i,S36 17.082 14,382 1,495 421,748 415,640 i,704 19,218 10,458 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Arti.li.s. 1880. 1879. 1878. „., i,,i 30,16a,.146 32,852,73a 10,620,183 ,1 ; , ,, - 649.274 499,908 280.641 I 2,752 2,505 1,889 18,423 8,742 8,6.36 -,,,,,,., u- 18,423 21,632 20,188 Not tons, ISNl 1,424,.V)3 1S79 l..'>70,,6" ),7S4 9liC,(l The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad.— Tliis railroad company was formed of four coiiipaiiies,— the Baltimore and Port Deposit, the Delaware and Maryland, the Wilmington and Sus- quehanna, and the Phihidelphia and Delaware County Kailroad Companies. The Baltimore and Port Deposit Railroad Company was incorporated by the Legislature of Maryland March 5, 1832, with a capital stock of $1,000,000, divided into ten thousand shares of $100 each, and the necessary authority to construct a railroad fjrom Baltimore to the Susquehanna River. The incorpo- rators were Albert Constable, John W. Thomas, The Philadelphia and Delaware County Railroad j Company was reorganized in 1836, and the title of the company was changed to the Philadelphia, Wil- mington and Baltimore Railroad Company. The road, as limited by the charter, extended only to the Pennsylvania State line, but in 1837 an arrangement was effected with the Susquehanna Company by whic]i the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore j road acquired the right of way from the State line to Wilmington. The road was soon after completed, and opened from Gray's Ferry to Baltimore on Jan. , 15, 1838. ; Although there was now but one line of road, it was the property of three companies, viz., the Phila- delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, from Philadelphia to Wilmington ; the Wilmington and Susquehanna Railroad, from Wilmington to the Sus- quehanna River; and the Baltimore and Port De- posit Railroad, from that river to Baltimore. This unity of property without unity of interests was soon looked upon as likely to be disadvantageous for all parties, and " it became evident that the permanent j and indivisible combination of the three companies as one corporation would prevent the danger and dis- cord of jarring interests and sectional prejudice, and secure that harmony of action in their united efforts for the accommodation of the public so indispensable to their mutual utility, existence, and advantage." These considerations led to a consolidation of the three companies into one, under the name of .the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company, with a capital of $2,250,000, which was finally consummated on the 5th of February, 1838, and on the 20th the new board elected Mathew New- kirk president. He resigned, and on June 1, 1842, M. Brooke Buckley was chosen to succeed him. He was succeeded, Jan. 12, 1846, by Edward C. Dale, who resigned in July, 1848, and on Jan. 9, 1849, Wm. H. Swift was elected to fill the vacancy. Mr. Swift resigned Feb. 28, 1851, and Samuel M. Felton was elected president. In consequence of ill-health Mr. Felton resigned, to take effect on April 15, 1865, and Isaac Hinckley was elected to fill the vacancy. Before 1842 the company had used a portion of the passenger depot of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad now (1881) occupied by James D. Mason & Sons, cracker dealers, but the inconvenience attending such an arrangemeflt induced them to build the present com- modious station at the southeast corner of President Street and Canton Avenue. At the first opening of the road freight was loaded on the cars at Canton, and the passengers were transferred by horse-cars from the old Baltimore and Ohio depot to the same point. On May 26, 1842, the cars of the company were brought for the first time to the new station at President Street by loco- motive power, and from this time to the present both passeugersand freight have been carried from this point. In 1848 the stone blocks along Pratt Street, on which the strap-rails were originally laid, were taken up and oak timbers substituted in their place. The founda- tion of the present depot was laid in May, 1849, and on Feb. 18, 1850, the new station was completed and occupied, and the old depot on Pratt Street left to the use of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and at the same time, with a view to better accommodations in Philadelphia, the site of the present depot at Broad and Prime Streets in that city was purchased. Various efforts were made from time to time, for several years, to procure legislative permission to construct a bridge across the Susquehanna River at Havre de Grace, but strong opposition was offered by the residents of Port Deposit and its vicinity, who deemed such a structure a serious obstruction to navi- gation, and these efforts were without success until the 12th of May, 1853, when, by compromise with its opponents, the company was authorized to construct a bridge, on condition of building a branch railroad from Perryville, on the east bank of the river, to Port Deposit, a distance of four and a half miles. Many ditficulties arose to prevent the completion of the bridge. The piers were commenced in 1861, but were not ready for the superstructure until October, 1865, when the engineer began the erection of the spans. All of these spans, with the exception of the one to the west of the draw, were in place on July 25, 1866, when a terrible tornado blew them off the piers into the river.' Happily the piers were uninjured, and on the 3d of August, the debris having been removed, work was again commenced on the immense superstructure, and in eighty-six days the bridge was finished and an en- gine passed over it. This great structure was formally opened for public use on November 26th, the event being marked by festivities and a meeting of excur- 1 In 1852 the Susquehanna was frozen over with ice of such thickness as to prevent the use of the ferry-boat for several weelis, and the rail- road company determined to lay a traclt upon the ice. This was com- pleted on January 15th, and continued in use until Fehruary 24th, when it was taken up, and in a few days the river was free of ice. During this time one thousand three hundred and seventy-eight cars, loaded with freight and passengers, were transported upon this natural brid,IU 1V.SI9 978 60,8clJ< 1877 :iS,Wi 22,914 444 62,263 1878 46,521 16,955 715 64,191 1879 :!",KiO 16,44(1 4.t5 54,725 18SCI 30,871 8,258 211 45,367 The following table shows the shipments of Mary- land and Ohio tobacco from Baltimore, January 1st to December 81st, for fifteen years : At the present time Baltimore is the great depot for the inspection, sale, and shipment of this import- ant staple to foreign countries. It is contiguous to Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsyl- vania, and other sections of the country remarkable for the production of the best brands of tobacco. The admirable location and abundant capital of our 1860. 16,005 15,198 4,192 6S2 6,320 818 42,215 1867. 22,190 21,137 5467 2.358 9,059 1868. 9,381 5,632 7,910 2,109 1869. 1870. 9,697 8,014 5:893 1,908 4.872 46 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 14,371 18,808 13,888 18.307 1,810 3,578 611 301 12,886 15,476 ■ 2V726 ■ 1,496 1879. 1880. Bremen Kotterdam kn'ulan.l. ...:."'".!'.'''.'.!. KruiK- .\ntwei-p, etc 17,358 7,763 6,992 1,192 9,672 15,984 2:209 8,940 45,161 14,103 10,475 6,042 2:367 8,516 '■"eis 221 12,673 10,616 5,913 1398 17,495 1.279 T252 126 14.910 8,485 19,933 10,889 7,200 14,624 4,191 2,691 4.938 2,921 1,237 1,822 9,994 8,976 11,397 2,337 j ■"e^ijso I "siVm 1 ::;.::::: i "i 9,953 6,762 10,219 ll.OOT l,2;i7 1,829 12,975 18,048 ■'241 :;::::::: Total 61,111 32,467 42,077 42,336 51,652 49,241 33,070 52,714 46,322 58,020 37,260 39,616 The inspections for 1880 from Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky in the various warehouses is as Warehouses. Maryland. Ohio. I Centucl No. 1 . 8,042 No. 2 . 8,142 64 No. 3 . 9.078 No. 4 . 7.060 No. 5 . 4,549 1,175 Locust Point 5,834 69 Canton Total.. S,2S5 Tobacco Manufactured. — That the manufacture of tobacco wa.s a very early industry in Baltimore is abundantly shown in the columns of the old news- papers, in which we find, as early as 1766, that Thomp- i son & Farish had a store for the sale of their tobacco, \ manufactured at Georgetown, in Frederick County, ; and Fau Eiufes, in 1789, at Bowley's wharf, was a com- mission merchant for the sale of leaf and manufac- tured tobacco. In the same year Adrian Valck & Co. manufactured tobacco and snuff", and sold at the following reduced prices : No. 1, Is. 2d. per pound ; No. 2, 9d. per pound ; No. 3, 6rf. per pound ; Kite's Foot, first quality, 2s. 6rf. per pound ; Scotch snuff, in bottles, 2s. 6d. per bottle ; ditto in bladders, 2s. 6d. per pound ; American rappee, equal to Dunkirk, No. 1, 2s. per pound ; Macuba, ditto. No. 2, 15s. 6d. per pound ; chewing tobacco, in rolls from six to ten pounds, 10s. per pound ; ditto in small rolls, 5s., 7s., and 12s. per dozen. Also various smoking tobacco of superior quality at 8s. 4rf., 7s. 6d., 6s., and 4s. Gd. per pound." Jos. Brown, in 1777, manufactured tobacco at 164 Baltimore Street. The following table shows the proportions of the manufacturing interests of Baltimore, a.s ascertained by the census of 1880, as well as their development during the last ten years : No.of No.of Amt.nf Amt. in Value of Value of Est. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. Products. Tobacco, includ- ing cigars, 1870. 186 1978 $916,877 8399,570 51,482,717 52,372.069 Tobacco and snuff 13 346 496,400 82,046 251.911 653,760 Cigars 247 970 390,300 295,439 395,584 1,070,873 tobacco merchants enable them to carry large stocks, and the fine rail and water facilities which the port of Baltimore enjoys confer superior advantages in attracting and holding trade. Indeed, Baltimore may be said to be mistress of the market. There are also several very large factories for the manufacture of smoking, fine-cut, and chewing tobacco, and snuffs, which are equal if not superior to any made in the country, and have attained a wide reputation in Eu- rope.' Among the leading firms engaged in the man- ufacture of tobacco in Baltimore are Messrs. Gail & Ax, Marburg Bros., D. H., Jr., & L. V. Miller, B. F. Parlett & Co., J. D. Kremelberg, and R. Starr & Co. Among the principal dealers in leaf tobacco are the Becker Bros., John Behrens & Co., Werner, Dresel & 1 In April, 1826, the tobacco merchants of Baltimore signed the fol- lowing agreement : " We, the undersigned, shippers and purchasers of Maryland tobacco, pledge oureelves to each other not to purchase a hogshead which may be hereafter inspected in any warehouse in this city, except such an have been selected or which may hereafter be selected by the Executive of the State, in accordance with' the letter and spirit of the law enacted at the last session of the Legislature to regulate the same. And such of us aa are agents for houses in Europe bind ourselves that we will not give any advances on tobacco inspected in this city and shipped unless it has been done conformably to what is stated above. Thomas Tennant. William P. Dunnington. Jacob Wichelhauser. Isaiah Mankin. Jacob Adams. F. W. Heueke. J. J. Hoogeworff. Henry G. Jacobsen. Henry Rodewald. Nathaniel Pearce. Henry Rodewald. Benjamin M. Hodges. J. P. Krafft. William Cooke. R. H. Douglass. John G. Dorsey. Joseph Ferguson. Walter Muschett. Frederick Graf. John C. Delprat. William Dawson & Co. Tliomas Barber. Charles W. Karthaus. I). F. Magruder. Brunei Dannemanu. George W. Waring. Thomas Macilroy. Ralph Smith. Von Kapff & Brune. F. L. Brauns. Hammond & Newman. C. C. Egerton. Henry Payson & Co. Gnstavus Magruder. James Bosley. R. Gilmore Jt Sons. C. U. Heineken. John Laffitte, Jr. H. W. Evans. Thompson & Bathurst." c^ ^p%^c? COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. Co., Decatur H. Miller, John P. Pleasants & Sons, Richards, Leftwich & Co., A. Seemuller & Sons, and Liidolph Wilhelm Gunther. Mr. Gunther is not only a dealer in tobacco, but is also one of our most enter- prising German citizens, and takes a large share in developing our industries, maintaining our manufac- tures, commerce, credit, and civic repute and stand- ing. He is a descendant of the noble German family of Schwartzburg-Sondershausen, which traces its an- cestry back to the dark ages. George John Gunther, his father, served as chief surgeon of the fourth bat- talion of the king's German legion against Napoleon in the early part of the century, and at Waterloo had three horses shot under him and was severely wounded, receiving from King George a special medal of honor, which is now in the possession of the subject of this sketch. The veteran settled in Nienburg after peace was declared, and there married Caroline Mensching, who was a daughter of a leading physician of that town and a noted beauty. Ludolph Wilhelm was born Feb. 6, 1821, and after receiving his educa- tion there he went into a Bremen commercial house to study business and languages at the same time. In 1839 he was invited by a large German importing- house in Baltimore to connect himself with it, and this opening he was glad to avail himself of; but when he landed in this city the promised engage- ment was annulled on account of the then existing business crisis, and the young stranger was thrown upon his own resources. He was an excellent lin- guist, penman, and accountant, and he soon found employment. He was with the Easters for a few years, and subsequently with the now extinct firm of Pendleton, Riley & Co., in whose service he made trips to what was then the far West, traveling be- yond Cumberland in stage-coaches or on horseback. He went among the Indians in their camps, and wit- nessed the expulsion of the Mormons from Nauvoo, 111. Risk and toil were never absent from these | journeys, but they richly repaid the house for which I Mr. Gunther labored, and brought to him much use- ful knowledge and experience. He located in 1848 on the Ohio River, in Kentucky, and prepared ship- timbers and staves for the English and French markets, but the floods of two successive years so in- terfered with him that he abandoned the enterprise and returned to Baltimore to reside, where he has since transacted a large business as a cotton and to- bacco commission merchant, and in the improvement of his extensive real estate. He is a large property- owner, having a superb residence on Eutaw Place and the massive warehouses on South Gay Street known as the Gunther Buildings. He is a director of the Merchants' National Bank and of several insur- ance companies, and has filled other positions of honor and trust, including that of member of the Board of Trustees of the Maryland Hospital for the Insane. In politics he was formerly a Whig, and when that party died out he became a Democrat. He is a member of the Baptist Church. His first wife was Miss Catherine Upsliaw, of King and Queen County, Va., and of this union there were born two sons, both now prosperous merchants, one in Louisville and the other in New Orleans. After the death ot this lady he was married, in January, 1855, to Miss Martha Ann Cecil, of King William County, Va.,ade- scendant of the English Cecils who settled in Mary- land. They have four sons, the eldest of whom is a member of the Baltimore bar, and steadily advancing in his profession. The Milling and Flour Trade.—" We may easily estimate," says Chalmers, " the numbers, wealth, and power of a people who think it necessary by general contribution to erect a water-mill for the use of the colony." This was said in relation to a bill which passed the third Assembly of Maryland in 1638-39, authorizing the Governor and Council to contract for the erection of a water-mill, provided the cost should not " exceed twenty thousand pounds of tobacco," which was to be raised for the purpose by general taxation in two years. A mill is mentioned as having been set up in 1635 " near the town," probably at St. Mary's, the capital. The sparseness of population, for which hand-mills sufliced, may have suffered this to go down. The other, it is 2)robable, was built on the Isle of Kent, as the other county of the province was called. Plantagenet, in his account of New Al- bion, 1648, mentioned a mill and fort on Kent Isle, " lately pulled down, and, on account of war with the Indians near it, not worth the keeping." Maryland passed several judicious laws for the en- couragement of industry and manufactures at an early period. One of these, in 1681, aimed, among other things, to promote tillage and the raising of provis- ions. It was not till 1730 that Baltimore, now one of the largest flour-markets in the world, was founded, and it was late in the provincial period before the jjlace entered upon its career of rapid growth. How early mills began to be erected on the Patapsco, Jones' Falls, and neighboring mill-streams so rich in water- power we are unable to say. About the earliest, however, was one erected in 1711 by Jonathan Han- son, millwright, on a mill-seat purchased of Mr. Car- roll, and of whicli the ruins were visible in 1854 at the intersection of Holliday and Bath Streets. The Maryland Legislature, about the year 1748, made grants of land to those who would erect water- mills in order to encourage the manufacture of flour for exportation. Many of the arts were carried to Maryland by the people of the more northern colo- nies, particularly from Pennsylvania. In 1762, William Moore, a native of Ireland, re- moved from Brandywine Mills, in Delaware, to Balti- more, where he purchased mill property of Edward Fell. The upper mill-seats he sold to Joseph EUicott and John and Hugh Burgess, of Bucks County, Pa., who built a mill " opposite the site of the jail." Ten years after, Ellicott, with two brothers, John and 374 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Andrew, built mills on ^he Patapsco. In 1769, not- withstanding the general attention to tobacco, there were exported from Baltimore 45,868 tons of flour and bread. Two yeare after an act of the Assembly was passed to i)revent the export of flour, staves, and shingles, which were not merchantable, and to regu- late weights and measures, etc. Jonathan Hanson, whose father had erected the third, fourth, and fifth mills on the Falls, was appointed inspector of flour, which continued to be sold by weight until after the Revolution. The salutary effect of such ordinances was made apjiarent in the high reputation of Mary- land flour, which, with that of Pennsylvania, com- manded better prices in the southern provinces and the West India markets than other flour perhaps scarcely inferior. In 1787, Oliver Evans made an application to the Assembly of Maryland for the exclusive right of using his improved mill machinery, and also his steam- carriages, all of which was granted, although the last-named project had been rejected and derided in the Legislature of Pennsylvania early in the same year. The mill improvements of the patentee were not long after introduced into the large establish- ments of the EUicotts on the Patapsco. The savings in the expense of attendance alone thereby effected at these mills, where three hundred and twenty bar- rels of flour were daily made, was estimated at $4875 annually ; and the saving made by the increased manufacture was at least fifty cents a barrel, a gain in that department of $32,500. James Eumsey about the year 1784 also made some important improvements in mill machinery. Adver- tisements of mills for sale and for rent frequently appear in the newspapers of those days. James Carey, in Baltimore, advertises, Jan. 24, 1760, a mill for sale " sixteen miles from the Town on the Fred- erick Road," and Charles Carroll, in 1782, advertised a mill near Baltimore Town for rent ; and in the same year William McLaughlin, commissioner of provisions, gives notice of the following mills where may be deposited grain for payment of taxes, viz. : Benjamin Grifiith, Col. James Gittings, Benjamin Rogers, Capt. Charles Eidgely, Thomas Mathews, Jacob Lemmon, Arthur Chriswith, Samuel Owings, Dr. Wm. Lyons, Solomon Allen, and Henry Brower. The weight of flour per barrel was fixed in 1781 at the present standard of one hundred and ninety-six pounds net. The fathers of Maryland milling were unquestionably Joseph, Andrew, and John Ellicott; for though prior to 1772, the date of their purchase of lauds and mill-sites on the Patapsco River at the point now known as Ellicott's City, there were many other mills around the present site of Baltimore, yet the purchase, building, and improvements introduced by them produced such very great changes in the manufacture of flour that they are justly entitled to the proud distinction of being tlie real progenitors of modern milliriL' in Marvhind. The EUicotts were men of great resolution and energy, and their migration from Bucks County, Pa., with " wagons, carts, wheelbarrows, and hand- barrows, and all their agricultural and mechanical implements, with the household goods for the fami- lies of their workmen, and the draught-horses neces- ' sary for the work of milling and agriculture," shows them to have been men of great enterprise. Embarking with all their multifarious wealth of tools and machinery of labor on board a vessel in the port of Philadelphia, their cargo of men and materials was taken down the Delaware to New Castle, where the wagons loaded, and the land voyage across the peninsula was made to the Head of Elk, where they were again embarked on a vessel and carried down the bay and up the Patapsco to Elkridge Landing, then the head of navigation on that river. At this point the EUicotts discharged their cargo, and reload- ing carts and wagons, hand and wheelbarrows, they passed over the narrow, rough country to within one mile of their destination, when, stopped by precipices and rocks, they unloaded all vehicles, and carried their contents by hand and shoulders to the end of their journey. In "The Hollow," as the point of settlement was called, the work of improvement was immediately commenced, and pressed with so much spirit and energy that by the time of harvest in 1774 a house one hundred feet long and of proportionate breadth and height, with chambers for the storage of grain, was completed ; it also contained all the im- provements and inventions of the EUicotts for the manufacture of that celebrated brand of flour which has made the exportation of Baltimore famous all over the world. The Ellicott brothers, Joseph, Andrew, and John Ellicott, transacted business under the firm-name of " Ellicott & Co." Their lands were a wilderness of the finest timber and the most productive character when cleared of the undergrowth ; the wild turkey and the deer were numerous until driven away by the noise of improvement and the constant intercourse of men. They possessed that fine taste which even in the rush of improvement respects and preserves the beautiful trees that everywhere overspread their lands, and for fifty years after their settlement they pre- served and cherished the wild Maryland forest, and for the distance their lands extended along the river- banks these forest-trees continued to flourish; and down to a late date, when the railroad, which respects and venerates nothing, laid its axe at the root of these old trees, they were to be seen over hill and fields, giving stately beauty to the landscape. The completion of the mills in 1774 opened their manufacture of flour.' ' We append an e Sold to Wm. L.I 1774, Dec. I from the first ledger of Ellicott & Co. : , 100 Barrels of flour. " 17». " losing pnrty i COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 375 The first wheat tliey manufactured into flour was tlie production of their own fields, and for several years their only supply was from their own sowing ; the cultivators of tobacco would not embark in the growth of wheat without some example of success which would hold out at least an encouraging pros- pect of proiit. Wheat was then grown only by the wealthy for their own use, and was ground into flour at a small mill near Elkridge Landing; hand-mills ground the Indian corn, and hominy was beaten by hand. To the old residents the operations of the Ellicotts appeared as extremely unwise, and notwith- standing their ability, integrity, and liberality, they were distrusted by the planters, who remained stead- fast in their determination not to abaqdon the culti- vation of tobacco for that of wheat, nor to unite in the building of bridges or construction of roads. It takes time to work an important change in the habits of men, but the day came in the end, and was fostered and promoted by the steady adherence of the Elli- cotts to their first determination. They continued to oiier fair prices for wheat, to encourage and enforce by example a different mode of agriculture, to make roads and build bridges, and in the end they revo- lutionized the whole farming system of that part of Maryland where the force of their example could reach. They were road-builders also, constructing a road wholly at their own cost from Eliicott's City to Baltimore, and from Eliicott's City to Carroll Manor, on the route to Frederick. They were instructors of youth, building and supporting a school for the chil- dren of their operatives; they were improvers of public taste, by introducing at their store a diflerent and finer class of goods than could before be purchased at any country store in Maryland. By the year 1783 the supply of wheat from the counties of Anne Arundel and Frederick had so much increased that the Ellicotts, anticipating peace with Great Britain, made preparation for the expor- tation of their flour; to this end they built their wharf at the corner of Pratt and Light Streets, from logs cut on Curtis' Creek ; for dredging their dock they introduced the first of those " mud-machines" which, since improved and perfected, are now em- ployed to deepen the harbor and basin. Elias EUicott, a son of Andrew EUicott, took charge of the export business of EUicott & Co., and in 1783 took up his residence in Baltimore, and lived at the corner of Sharp and Lombard Streets. tioDB had a coarse house and place of residence at Elkridge Landing. Other purchases hy Wm. Lux Bowley are recorded in after-years at higher prices; in 1777 the price of flour per barrel is charged at £2 8s. 6d. and charges. Beautiful residences were added to the SDiall town of Elk- ridge Landing immediately after the terniinatiuu of the Revolutionary war, with handsome grounds, flower-gardens, and gravel-walks, but as Baltimore rose to eminence, and was also a more healthful location, Elkridge Landing declined. A household tiook in one of the families of Eliicott's Mills gives the following prices for different sorts of pro- visions in 1774: "Bacon, 2fl. 6d. per pound; turkeys, 4d. per pound; chickens, 4d. per pound; butter, 9rf. per pound; beef and pork, 3(/. per pound ; at the snme time a man's wages per day was 20il." If not the introducers of. plaster of Paris as a fer- tilizer, the Ellicotts were certainly among the earli- est users of this improver of the soil. The improve- ment of fruit culture and the introduction of "graft- ing" is also due very largely to these men. They were Friends, and, with the Pierponts, Haywards, Reads, and others, had their meeting-house near Ilchester. With Robert Goodloe Harper, William Cook, Eli- sha Tyson, John McKim, John Donnell, Robert Gil- mor, and others, the Ellicotts were in 1804 the advo- cates for the introduction of a sufiicient supply of water into Baltimore. The charter was obtained by Andrew EUicott, then a member of the Legislature, and Jonathan EUicott was for a time president of the " Baltimore Water Company." The Ellicotts were and had been millers in Penn- sylvania, and were the inventors of all the important improvements in mill machinery, and used "eleva- tors" and " hopper-boys" at their Pettets Mills as early as 1761, but without taking out patent-rights, and this liberality involved them in an expensive lawsuit with Oliver Evans, who obtained letters patent from the Legislature of Maryland for the use of " elevators" and " hopper-boys." ' The " brake" now used to retard the speed of wag- ons and other vehicles was first made in this country in the workshops at Eliicott's City. It was seen in France and Belgium by James Brooke EUicott, who sent a drawing thereof to John EUicott, from which it was made and introduced in this country, and the chain to the wheel dispensed with. Joseph EUicott, the senior partner, withdrew from the concern in 1774. John EUicott died in 1795, and Andrew EUicott turned over his interest to his three sons, Jonathan, Elias, and George EUicott. In 1808 EUicott & Co. disposed of between eight hundred and nine hundred acres of their property to the Union Manufacturing Company of Maryland. In 1772, Joseph EUicott, with Hugh Burgess, of Pennsyl- vania, purchased on Jones' Falls a mill within the present city limits, but in consequence of receiving a legacy from his grandfather, of Callumpton, England, which rendered it necessary for him to go to Eng- land, he disposed of his property in the mills. His inventive turn of mind had produced a "repeating watch" which was an admirable time-keeper, and which in England was the means of introducing 1 In the Laws of Maryland, ch. 21, 1787, a patent is granted to Oliver Evans (May 2l8t) for the "elevator" and "hopper-boy" and a "steam carriage," for fourteen years, with the exclusive right of making and selling within the State, wiUi a penalty for first violation £100, for the second, £200. Evans had been a frequent visitor at the mills, and had seen the "elevators," and from them it was believed by the Ellicotts that he had obtained the idea which he patented. They charged him with treachery and duplicity, and concluded all intercourse with him. In 1812-13, Evans sued the Ellicotts for using his inventions contrary to law. The lawyers for Evans were William Pinkney and Robert Good- loo Harper, and for the Ellicotts, Richard Ridgely and Lnther Martin. Evans obtained a verdict, under which he became a large capitalist by pursuing with ria:or all ulio used his patents. HISTOKY OF BALTIMOKB CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. him to many eminent men of science'; among them I Dr. Ferguson, the distinguished mathematician and astronomer, wlio introduced him to the Royal Philo- sophical Society. Upon his residence on the Patapsco he constructed a four-faced musical clock, which com- bined the most delicate and accurate movements, with the greatest simplicity.' The Ellicotts of Ellicott's City have found a faith- ful chronicler in their descendant, Martha E. Tyson, from whose " Settlement of Ellicott's Mills" the facts above narrated are mainly derived. In 1801 there were located and in operation a very large number of mills along the course of Jones' Falls, which were owned by Messrs. Stump, Moore, Pennington, Tyson, and others, and in the State in 1810 there were three hundred and ninety-nine wheat-mills. The progress of the milling business of Baltimore has been steady and without important retrogression until within the past few years. In 1800 there were within four miles of Baltimore eighteen large mer- chant flour-mills, and in 1822 the manufacture of flour around Baltin)ore amounted to 300,000 barrels. The following tables will show the extent which the trade has obtained at this port. Western flour finds at Baltimore one of its principal ports of departure for foreign countries, and from the warehouses the South- ern States draw the largest share of their supply. The inspections of flour at Baltimore since 1841 have been as follows : Bbls. 613,006 1842 1843 547,224 1844 480,475 1845 5e:!,n32 1846 8:i4,655 1847 945,787 Half-bbl6. Total in M 31,716 628,974 26,962 658,282 20,415 560,431 26,062 499,601 26,226 576,745 31,322 860,116 27,339 959,456 1 We add the following account of this fine specimen of ingenuity and science from Charles W. Evans, of Buffalo, N. Y., the grandson of Joseph Ellicott : " The case of the clock is of mahogany, in the shape of a four- sided pillar or column, neatly though plainly finished, and on the capi- tol is the clock, with four faces, it being designed to stand in the middle of an apartment, or a sufficient distance from the wall to enable the ob- server to walk around it. On one face is represented tiie sun, moon, and all the planets, moving in their different orbits as they do in the heav- ens. On another face are the hands, which designate the hours, minutes, days, weeks, months, and years, the years representing one century. On the third face are marked twenty-four musical tunes of the times pre- vious to the American Kevolution, as follows : ' Lady's Anthem," ' Capt. Bead's Minuet,' 'Lady Coventry's Minuet,' 'Address to Sleep," The Hounds are All Out," Willinghaw's Frolic," The Lass with a Delicate Air,' 'Humors of Wafliug,' 'Come, Brave Boys,' 'Seamen's Hymn,' 'God Save the King,' 'Bellisle's March,' ' The Hemp Dresser,' 'Harvest Home,' ' The Pilgrim," Ballancea's Strain,' ' King of Prussia's March,' 'Lovely Nancy,' 'The Mason's Health,' 'Nancy Dawson,' 'Lads and Lassies," ' Black Dove,' and two illegible. In the centre of this face is a pointer, which being placed against any named tune, this tune is re- peated every fifteen minutes until the pointer is removed to another. On the fourth face is a plate of glass, through which you see the curious mechanism of the clock. " The clock was constructed in Bucks County, Pa., about the year 1769. Joseph Ellicott, in its construction, was assisted by his son, Andrew Ellicott, a youUi of fifteen years of age, who afterwards fulfilled im- portant trusts under the government of the United States, and died professor of mathematics in the military academy at West Point in 1820. The clock is now in the possession of Catharine Evans, in Albany, N. Y.' Bbls. Half-bble. Total in bbls. 22,933 27.667 736,441 761,519 1849 759.686 1850 882,777 26,630 896,592 32,828 1,288.990 18.53 1,171,208 24.872 1,183,704 1854 829,430 15,5:)0 16,572 15,880 940,314 856,914 1857 847,974 185S. 898,487 16,000 900,487 1859 845,031 18;3U8 8.')4,I85 1S61 890,404 1865 . OM.021 1806 'il;l l:'.4 •■- ll'i 1809 1872 1873 1 1 ■ M '■ 1876 1.'.;. , .iA l^i" i,irj.,.i8 . 1,594,113 1 084 311 1879 1880 . 1,676,660 The export of flour from Baltimore to foreign countries for the last four years has been as follows : DBST.N.X.0». 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 141,105 92,219 273 2 262,533 ■■■3,616 96,406 3,330 100,353 1,118 200 363,796 '58 Holland Brazil 1,904 260,409 '■"i',994 80,109 1,361 53 255,310 "ci'ionies British North Americau West Indies ■■■v:9M 116,070 7,708 7ki?? Total 486,891 448,359 590,160 369,519 The Grain Trade. — The history of the grain trade shows that Baltimore has always taken high rank among the grain-markets of this country. Situated on the most convenient and extensive navigable waters, Baltimore Town attracted to its wharves the wheat and corn of all the Chesapeake Bay and tributary waters, and as soon as roads were constructed the in- terior country found Baltimore its natural market for grain of all kind. The State of Maryland, a large portion of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and North Carolina, have always made Baltimore the chief market for their grain products. The advent of railroads and the immense extent of country through which those centring in Baltimore pass has greatly increased the trade of this port in grain. The flour manufactured in the mills around Baltimore, as well as that from the country mills, was manufactured from wheat which has ranked at all times, and still con- tinues to rank, as the very best produced in this country. The high standard of Baltimore flour early attracted attention, and has since been maintained, until there is no city in any country whose flour bears a higher character than that of Baltimore. The elevators that now aid in the removal of grain from ears to vessels, as well as store the same, have COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. greatly facilitated this trade and increased its magni- tude. From 1850, when the receipts were 2,300,000 busliels, they have increased in 1880 to 36,414,393 bushels of wheat, and from 3,250,000 bushels of corn to 16,590,291 bushels. The magnitude of the grain trade at Baltimore will best be understood by an examination of the following tables. The receipts and exports of wheat and corn at Baltimore for a period of thirty-one years have been as follows : Receipts. EXPOBTS. Wheat, bus. Corn, bus. Wheat, bus. Corn, bus. 2 300 000 S.'oO 000 450 000 3,'46i;i50 2,650,000 3,745,900 1852 287,060 445,900 2.673,085 248.248 113;085 228,306 601,104 4,642,124 978,372 526,768 768,669 1866 4.297,700 5,003,492 1867 3,103,498 4,183,854 178,414 392.424 4.046,745 130,196 451,193 1860 599,288 469,196 1861 :,l'.iii,:)74 795,636 742,272 ■i.,; :l ■ .,JJ(|,1S9 879,711 84,373 101,644 101,544 1866 1 KST r,7{) 2,9(6,246 60,092 830,000 800,000 5,661,763 4177 264 1869 ;;J.|',i,'l96 3,9^3,663 Villi 01 HI .iiuiniio 1870 ...r.:,.?,:,! 3,831,676 1871 i-;.-,iii7 5,735,921 ■ .-r,! 187;i 8,330,449 1874 187S 1S7.; ■ i ■ 1 ■ - 1 1878 1879 oO, I6;.n'iiv.;iii ■J3,~6i''jsl 14',7«7iio8 The destination of this large amount of grain will be seen from the following table of exports for the three years of 1878, 1879, and 1880: Exports of Corn for past Three Tears by Countries. ),733 17,984,448 t,682 948,0o7 1,281 l,i!01,673 238,896 52,068 72,960 "■■90,022 Africa 1,939 17,590 17,437 23,172 21,429 24,90i 6,601 22,027 106 British North American Colonies.. West Indies Mexico 36,083 28,417 18,000 ^rSr::::::::::::::;:;;::;:::::::::::::;;;- 10,300 Norway 9,656 Total 14,686,402 21,327,729 16,953,458 Exports of Wheat for past Three Years i Countries. Destination. Bushels. 1879. Bushels. 1878. Bushels. Great Britain Germany 14,968,004 14,230,394 189,409 "2,'96'6,'7'8'9 1,280,191 88,541 'io,'5r2 25,962 9,183 12,920,413 16,669,508 296,679 4,630 1,716,436 392,756 11,371,612 Belgium .. 980 038 Holland Portugal.'.'.'.'.'...'..'.....'.''.".'.'.'.".'.'!;'.'.'!.'..'.'.. Turkey 145,475 106,816 9,565 211,081 Total 33,768,985 32,152,612 19,610,791 The growth of the trade of Baltimore, both foreign and domestic, will be better understood by comparison with other cities, and taking the five great Atlantic ports for the three years past, it will be seen that Bal- timore has risen to the position of second to New York only in the volume and value of her receipts and exports of grain : , 1878. , Port. Flour. Wheat. Corn. Barrels. Bushels. Bushels. New York 2,811,836 66,170,6*! 27,870,992 Baltimore 590,150 19,610,791 16,963.468 Philadelphia 190,345 8,923,708 19,695,699 Boston 387,771 3,888,608 6,669,138 New Orleans 38,042 838,088 6,02.5,664 Total 4,018,144 88,431,839 77,114,951 , 1879. . Port. Flour. Wheat. Corn. Barrels. Bushels. Bushels. Nfw Y.irk 4,230,242 63,342,862 36,035,628 Kiliii ■ 448,359 32,152,612 21.327,729 r:,:i li 201,818 16,814,572 14,0.39,228 r I . 618,295 5,214,293 7,15,5,963 .s-« iiilr 111. 40,230 2,796,669 3,909,587 Tutiil 5,538,944 120,321,008 82,408,136 . 1 880. , Port. Flour. Wheat. Corn. BnrrcN Bn«l.»lq HiikIihIs. New York ■. 4.^l^^ ■' .,l-,l,j-; n: .,172 Baltimore -I" l 11' ' .lui Philadelphia J^- ■ i : j I JT Boston l,ii!iii,."i ■::■■.■'■ It I'lijlH New Orleans j:;,.-bLi .:-,.m j,.1_ ■.». -.:.;., 153 Total 6,026,457 117,423,971 103.629,370 The percentages of the exports of breadstuffs from the Atlantic seaports for the past ten years are as fol- lows : Years. Baltimore. Boston. New Or- leans. New York. Philadel- phia. Port- land. 4.54 73.30 5.96 6.96 72.50 4.79 1873 . 12.25 2.90 1.94 73.11 6.51 3.29 1874 . 12.89 3.59 2.66 70.80 7.15 3.01 1875 14.63 4.73 0.99 64.88 11.38 3.40 5.68 1.89 48.66 19.48 2.70 1878 . 19.81 6.69 3.80 53.80 14.85 1.16 1879 . 23.53 6.76 2.97 1880 . 20.31 7.47 52.83 12.40 0.71 Beginning in 1871 with 10.24 per cent, of the entire exports of breadstuffs from the six ports, Baltimore steadily gained until 1877, when her percentage was 23.35, but in the following year there was a decline to 19.81 per cent., which was, however, followed by 23.53 378 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. per cent, in the next year, only to drop back to 20.31 per cent, in 1880. While Baltimore has in ten years increased her percentage from 10.24 to 20.81, or nearly double. New York's percentage has almost steadily declined. In 1871 New York's percentage was 73.30, but in 1872 it had fallen to 72.50, while in 1873 there was a slight rally, and the upward turn carried it to 73.11, after which each year, excepting 1877, marked a decline until 1879, when the figures were 52.05, and in 1880 it again moved upward, but only to reach 52.83, against 73.30 for 1871, or a de- cline of about 30 per cent, in ten years. From 1879 to 1880, New Orleans gained more rap- idly than any other port, having more than doubled her percentage in that time. During 1880 the gain at New Orleans was but a small fraction less than the loss at Baltimore and Philadelphia together. Phila- delphia's lowest percentage for the ten years was in 1871, and the highest in 1876, while the percentage in 1880 was less than in either 1878 or 1879. Port- land in 1871 had exactly the same percentage as Philadelphia, but every year since, with one excep- tion, has witnessed a steady decline, and in 1880 the percentage of that port was less than three-fourths of one per cent. The percentages of the total, as given in the above figures, must not be confounded with the rate of in- crease or decrease at each port, which has been as follows : New Orleane New York... Philadelphia Per Cent. Per Cen 316.14 The total increase or decrease in bushels at each port in 1880, as compared with 1871, was as follows: Bushels. 44,746,261 16,(K)4,324 14,3CH),«09 Bushels. Boston p^lS!::":::::::::::: 1,781,797 The gain at Baltimore in the ten years under was 44,746,261 bushels, which was 1,500,000 bushels more than the combined gains at Boston and Phila- delphia, was 28,700,000 more than the increase at Boston, was 30,400,000 bushels more than the gain at New Orleans, and was 17,200,000 bushels more than the gain at Philadelphia. For the year ending Aug. 31, 1876, the exports of wheat from New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Balti- more, and New Orleans amounted to 32,072,705 bushels, of which only 1,147,445 bushels, or 3.57 per cent., went from Baltimore; while New York had 8.70 per cent., Boston 0.47, Philadelphia 8.24, and New Orleans .002. The shipments from Baltimore were then nearly five per cent, less than from Philadelphia. For the 1 From 1873 to 1880. year ending Aug. 31, 1881, the shipments from Balti- more were 27,676,158 bushels, 27.75 per cent. ; while from Philadelphia the shipments were only 12,024,288 bushels, or 12.10 per cent. In six years New York's percentage has decreased from 87.70 to 50.10 each year, showing a steady decline, while during the same time Baltimore has increased from 3.57 to 27.75, and our percentage for the past year would doubtless have been even larger but for the unfortunate lack of suflBcient elevator storage- room. Boston shows a small decrease compared with last year, while New Orleans made a moderate gain. The trade in oats, rye, and barley from 1868 to 1880, as given in the report of the Corn and Flour Ex- change, is as follows : 1 Oats. I Bushels. Bushels. B^t^;. Total corn and wheat rec'd. Bushels. Total, 1880 ■ " i878!;;;.'.'.'."."; 1,172,487 ' i.;;J';.9-T 224,606 sa.HSi llr,,C89 321,195 269,307 350,000 " 1876 " 1876 " 1874 " 1873 " 1872 " 1871 " 1870 " 1809 " 1808 It will be seen that Baltimore exports about 22 per cent, of the aggregate grain exports of the whole country, and that this percentage has steadily grown from year to year, with only those fluctuations which followed necessarily the improved crops in foreign countries. The steady growth of her grain trade will eventually lead to a corresponding increase of her imports, and this result has already taken .place to some extent, though not to that point which the value of her large exports would justify the expecta- tions of her merchants. The railroad receipts of grain of all kinds for the year 1880 were as follows: Bus. Grain. Baltimore and Ohio road 26,796.990 Northern Central road 21,8(19,066 Western Maryland 1,21I,.M0 48,817,686 Balance water-borne :. 5,899,586 Total receipts, 1880 54,717,172 The following shows the receipts of grain at Balti- more per the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Pennsylvania or Northern Central road for the last five years : B. & O. Road. N. C. Road. Years. Bushels. Bushels. 1876 18.87.6,194 4.8-'.6,l,32 1877 1.6,814,016 K,r,07..i79 1878 18,824,229 14,485,900 1879 .32,241,129 2.6,288,390 1880 26,700,900 21,809,066 The importance and value of the grain trade has naturally attracted to it a large amount of capital as well as many men of enterprise and great business tlx^^^a^^y/^. {■ COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. capacity. Prominent among sucli establishments is the house of C. W. Slagle & Co. Charles William Slagle was born in Hanover, York Co., Pa., March 11, 1828. His great-grandfather was one of a band of pioneers who first settled west of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, where he be- came owner of large landed estates in what was first York, but now Adams County, and the homestead is still owned by the family. David Slagle, his father, was born on the old homestead in 1802; became a prominent citizen of Hanover, filling the office of chief burgess, member of the Town Council, and other public trusts; died July 6, 1870. In 1827 he married Hannah, daughter of Peter Winebreuner, an old and esteemed citizen of Hanover. She was born in 1800, and died in June, 1867. She was a member of the church, exemplary for her piety and good works, and universally respected. They had born to them Charles W., David N., Henry P., Jacob W., and Belinda M. Henry died young ; David N. and Jacob W. live in Baltimore, and, with their brother Charles, constitute the firm of C. W. Slagle & Co. Their only sister mar- ried Hon. Henry J. Myers, of Adams County, Pa. ; they have but one child living. After completing his education at New Oxford Col- legiate Institute, Charles W. Slagle was employed in business houses in Hanover, Reading, and York, Pa. ; came to Baltimore Dec. 21, 1851, and Jan. 7, 1852, formed a connection with Edmund Wolf, establishing the wholesale grocery and commission firm of Wolf & Slagle, at 110 West Pratt Street. In January, 1856, he sold his interest to Mr. Wolf, and March 1, 1856, established the present grain, flour, and seed- house of C. W. Slagle & Co. at their present location, No. 118 North Street, being now the oldest grain firm on that street. They command an extensive trade and j their reputation is widely known. Nov. 8, 1860, Mr. Slagle married Rachel A. Mat- | thews, of Baltimore County, born Oct. 7, 18.39, and a 1 daughter of Benjamin Matthews, of a large and highly respectable Quaker family. Her mother is a Method- j ist, the daughter of George Letty, and grandfather of Caleb Bosley, under whose hospitable roof many | a Methodist preacher found a welcome home. He j was a brother of Eliza Bosley, and Col. Nicholas M. | Bosley, of Hayfields, was his nephew. By this mar- | riage six children were born to Mr. Slagle, of whom ! four only live,— Mary H., Charles N., D. Clinton, i and Lillie A.; Katie S. and Ross are deceased. Mr. Slagle was always an active promoter of the welfare of the city, was one of the original members of the Corn and Flour Exchange, was twice elected one of its directors, and for the last six years was vice-president of the Corn and Flour E.xchange Build- ing Company. In 1857 he was one of the promoters of the American Fire Insurance Company, and ever since has been in its board, served as member of its finance committee, chairman of the building co'm- mittee, and for the last six years as its vice-president; has also been a director in the Citizens' National Bank, and since 1870 in the Frederick Turnpike Company, and identified with other financial institu- tions, as well as insurance and railroad enterprises. Was one of the originators and director in the Balti- more and Hanover Railroad, for the construction of which he consumed so much of his time and energy, and was a director of the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad. In 1870 he entered as special partner with J. G. Kroft and P. Forney Wine- brenner, as the firm of J. G. Kroft & Co., for oyster and fruit-packing, and built up one of the largest es- tablishments of the kind in the United States, em- ploying at times over four hundred hands. In the spring of 1879, accompanied by his wife and eldest daughter, he visited Europe, and traveled through England, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Switzerland, and France. At the outbreak of the civil war he was a decided opponent of secession, firm and unswerving in his at- tachment to the Union and his country, and gave the cause material aid. He was one of the founders and liberal supporters of the Nursery and Child's Hos- pital, and associated with various other religious and charitable societies ; has extended aid to many young men commencing business, and in a quiet way assisted a large number of the worthy poor. His financial ability has fitted_ him for important trusts, but he shrinks from notoriety, is retiring in his habits, although his attachments and affections are strong and ardent. He attributes whatever success he has achieved in life to a good mother and a devoted wife, in both of which he has been particularly blessed. He is no politician ; never held public office, being strictly a man of busine.ss, and giving close attention thereto. Terminal Facilities.— It was early perceived by the management of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road that the " handling" of the vast amount of grain which their system of " in bulk" transportation was bringing to Baltimore could not continue either with economy or convenience. The construction, there- fore, of the first great elevator east of the mountains, with a capacity of 500,000 bushels, was another of the triumphs of Baltimore enterprise. A second ele- vator, with a capacity of 1,500,000 bushels, was com- pleted, and now a third is finished, with a capacity of 1,800,000 bushels. These elevators are supplied with every appliance which modern machinists can construct for storing, weighing, cleaning, and de- livering grain into vessels. Double tracks of rail- roads run into each elevator, thus bringing the grain in the cars within reach of the machinery which is to hoist it into the elevator or transmit it into the vessel. Two miles of water-front are occupied by the ter- minal facilities of this road, and throughout its length it is a busy mart of trade. There are the docks of the North German Lloyd's steamers, which ply be- 380 HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. tween Haltiraore, Soutliainpton, and Bremen, and of the Allan Line to Halifax and Liverpool. The ac- commodations at the upper pier for emigrants are equal to those of any city for comfort and conveni- ence, and their dispatch to their destinations is inter- rupted in no way. The piers number thirty-two, and extend to the dry-dock. The Baltimore Elevator Company, at Canton, oper- ate three elevators in connection with the Northern Central Railway, with a combined storage capacity of 1,350,000 bushels, receiving 580 cars and delivering 675,000 bushels daily. In addition to these the float- inj,' elevators aid greatly in facilitating the quick dis- patch of vessels. The " Artisan," of the Maryland Floating Elevator Company, 68 South Street, F. N. Gardner, capacity 2000 bushels per hour ; the " Hat- tie" and the " Domestic," 45 Wood Street, John Wood, agent, the former 3500 bushels, and the latter 2000 bushels per hour; the " Independent," 97 South Street, Samuel Phillips & Co., capacity 3000 bushels per hour; and the "Eureka," No. 5 P. O. Avenue, Eugene Lewis, agent, capacity 3000 bushels per hour; the "Maryland," No. 62 South Gay Street, Wm. Goodwin, proprietor, capacity 6000 bushels per hour. The Live Cattle Trade.— This trade has been greatly increased of late years, so much so that iu addition to the large accommodation at theCalverton Road Stock- Yards, on the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, the organization of the Baltimore Stock- Yard Company was completed during the present year. It is located on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road (Mount Clare branch), and is one of the most extensive and complete establishments of the kind in the country. The receipts of beef cattle at Baltimore for'tbe past eleven years are as follows : Years. 1870 ..... No. Head. , Years. 89,021 ' 1876 No. Head. 109,854 1875 113,370 The receipts of beef cattle at Baltimore for the past three vcars are as follows : 21,320 38,698 32,700 7,488 g;912 3,631 669 696 150.829 4.5,363 25.722 24,956 10,971 4;.501 5.349 ::■■;■■:::::::::::::: c^e lfi.009 842 J^^^, 138,909 117.676 Tiie receipts of live sheep at Baltimore for the last four years are as follows : Year,". Number. Y'ears. 1879 umber. \ ears. Number. 248,047 i 187S 246,282 243,520 1 1877 203,348 The receipts of live hogs at Baltimore for the last eight years are as follows : YearB. Number. Years. Number. 187.3 392,7,34 ' 1877 319,661 1874 367,547 , 1878 360,614 1875 277,496 1879 356,.524 1876 247,462] 1880 336,867 The Sutchers. — Among the trades, business, and employments of the citizens of Baltimore, there is not one that surpasses the butchers in any respect. In- telligent in the management of their affairs, active and enterprising in business, they are public-spirited, and their liberality is well known and appreciated. The " Butchers' Association of Baltimore" in 1839 stopped the operation of forestallers and monopolists by adopting a resolution " that from May 2d they would not charge more than twelve and a half cents per pound for beef, and if they were unable to furnish it at that price they would vacate their stalls." This grew out of the oppressions under which they and the public in general suffered from the extortions of fore- stallers and monopolist cattle-dealers. Among those who signed the resolutions were William Rusk, Henry Pentz, Marcus Wolf, J. W. Pentz, H. M. Turner, J. W. Bankard, J. M. Turner, Andrew H. Wells, Charles Myers, Christian Stingle, Leon Dyer, William Bank- ard, Samuel Kimberly, Jacob Banks, Jr., Lewis Turner, Josiah Keller, H. R. Williar, Daniel Pentz, William Eden, John J. Pentz, George Martin, F. Shelby, Edward Moon, James Elmore, Lewis Chand- ler, Thomas Rodley, John M. Dyer, L. W. Elmore, Richard Gallagher, Hiram Kauffman, F. Hoover, William L. Rusk, Samuel S. Pentz, T. J. Rusk, Jr., William J. Pentz, Robert Rusk, H. Kimberly, John McElroy, Jacob Bankard, Jr., Robert Elliott, George A. Levering, Lewis Winingder, Thomas J. Rusk, ] Edward Vain, John Hardy, John Moore, George H. [ Wilson, Edward Hahn, Peter Wilson, William Far- I nier, Charles A. Pentz, Peter Zell, Thoma.s Mitchell, James Stewart, Martin Solomon, John Hoff, William Carmichael, Peter Crager, .Tohn Xickilson, William Biggs, Jacob Greasley, William Steer, Henry Reafiier, B. Burke. William Rusk, president; Marcus Wolf, sec- retary. And in 1842, when the "shinplaster" nuisance was abroad in the land, a public meeting of the butchers was organized by the appointment of John J. Pentz, chairman, and Marcus Wolf, secretary. The follow- ing resolution, adopted at a former meeting, was re- ported as having received over one hundred signa- tures, procured by a committee appointed for the pur- pose of obtaining them : " liesoli-cd, Th&t we will not receive nor circulate any savings insti- tution, or individual notes purporting to be currencj-, except railroad ortlers, from and after Jan. 17, 1842, unless This resolution was unanimously adopted. Mr. Wolf offered a resolution providing for the payment of purchases of .stock by the butchers, one-half in railroad shares; for this a substitute was offered by J. M. Turner, which was accepted by Mr. Wolf, with ^/^^u^ l^/^/^^^ / COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. ther way than in auch ordere." preceded the reading of | modifications proposed by himself. As modi: read thus : " Resolved, That we will receive B par in market for meats, and make February let next, altogether in no Considerable discussion this resolution, but on being read by the secretary it appeared so satisfactory to the meeting that the ques- tion was immediately taken, and it was adopted with- out a single dissenting vote. These incidents from a former time illustrate the spirit that animated this great association when ques- tions affecting public interest agitated the community. In 1832 the butchers finding that they were the vic- tims of an odious monopoly, organized the " Butch- ers' Hide and Tallow Association." The object of the association was to salt their own hides and render their own tallow, and thus protect the butchers against impositions by giving them control of their own business. Marcus Wolf was made president ; Wil- liam Carmichael, vice-president ; James P. Thomas, treasurer. The directors were Edward Moore, Henry Eiefle, Francis Hoover, Jacob Hoff, Frederick Rice, John H. Toffling, Lewis Turner, and George H. Lov- ering. Lewis Turner early became the chief manager of the association, and its success and efficiency must be largely attributed to his skill and ability. Mr. Turner was born in Baltimore, June 15, 1810, and was one of the five children of William and Elizabeth Turner, of whom he is the only survivor. Mrs. Turner (born Huber) was of German family, and died when her son was eight years of age. He went to live with an aunt at an early age ; they were without support except his scanty earnings at fruit- picking and other labor in the suburbs of the city. What little education he could pick up in the inter- vals of labor was mainly acquired in the neighboring Sunday-schools. At eleven years of age he entered the china and queensware store of George and Wil- liam Keyser, on Howard Street, with whom he re- mained three years. In order to learn a trade he then apprenticed himself to a shoemaker, and in a short time became an expert workman, but his health failed, and before he was eighteen he was compelled to seek another opening in life. He served an apprenticeship of three years and a half with Frederick Neibling, a butcher, and having acquired a thorough knowledge of the business he went to Lancaster, Ohio, in com- pany with a friend, where in 1831 they opened a butchering establishment. They were doing well, but sickness again attacked Mr. Turner, and in 1832 he was forced to return to Baltimore, where he com- menced the same line of business, relinquishing it in 1857 to his second son, Lewis Turner, Jr., whose death in 1879 was a subject of wide-spread regret. Mr. Turner has been very successful in life, and has dealt very largely in real estate. His transactions have substantially aided in the improvement of what are now some of the handsomest localities of West 25 Baltimore. For ten years, dating from 1866, he was president of the Baltimore Butchers' Hide, Tallow, and Cattle Association, a position of heavy pecuniary responsibility and severe labor. Governor Oden Bowie .subsequently appointed him to the position of State weigher of live-stock on account of his practical knowledge of cattle and the cattle trade, and he in- troduced at the stock-yards many improvements, the value of which have stood the test of time. Mr. Turner was the founder and first president of the Butchers' Loan and Annuity Association, and is vice- president of the Baltimore City Loan and Annuity Association. In 1832 he married Margaret, daughter of Capt. Dominick Bader, of the German Yagers in the British service, who was captured by the Ameri- cans at the battle of Bladensburg. They have had nine children, of whom seven are now living. Mr. Turner is a member of Mount Vernon Methodist Episcopal Church. Sterling Thomas was another butcher whose irreproachable conduct and Christian character secured for him the confidence of the com- munity and church. His career presents a fine ex- ample of honesty, integrity, energy, and perseverance struggling with all the adverse circumstances of life and rising into complete triumph. Provisions. — The trade in provisions has of late years been very greatly extended both inwardly and outwardly from Baltimore. The railroad and steamer lines centring at this port have made it the distribu- ting point for the Atlantic seaboard States as well as a large exporting point to foreign countries. The receipts of Western hog product at Baltimore for the last nine years were as follows : Years. Pounds. I Years. Pounds. 880 93,542,400 I 1875 140,000,000 879 133,572,000 ' 1874 124,000,000 878 122,964,000 ; 1873 111,668,000 877 107,632,000 I 1872 100,000,000 876 132,578,840 The shipments of provisions from Baltimore for i880 were as follows : Great Brit Germany ., Holland... British Guiana Br.North American Colonies West Indies Aspinwali 22,602 748 28,870,172 And for the five preceding years the shi been : „ , Lard. Bacon. Pork. Beef. Pounds. Pounds. Barrels. Barrels. 1879 26,950,519 21,915,853 7,414 2,143 1878 21,262,610 14,746,451 8,337 2,943 1877' 12,348,851 8,452,239 7,511 4,741 1S7G 12,268,709 5,482,000 14,874 3,321 1875.!.'."! 8,520,006 1,130,210 17,864 3,127 The above table exhibits the growth of the trade in refined lard, which has developed within the last decade into very large proportions. The Baltimore brands of refined lard have attained the highest repu- 382 HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. tation in Continental European markets, as well as in those of South America and the West Indies. The growth and extent of this immense business is but little understood by our citizens, and the following statistics of exports from the port of Baltimore at each decade from 1850 is very strilcing : EXPOBTS FROM PoRT OF BaLTIMOHB IN POUNDS. Bacon. Lard. 1850 5,259,713 »37,47-i lar,n 788,333 3.285,385 1S7U 253,552 1,701,360 1880 28,870,172 34,797,502 In addition to this export trade, Baltimore has a large demand for provisions from Virginia, North and South Carolina, and other Southern States. The ex- cellent manner in which meat and lard are prepared by our merchants is universally acknowledged, and this has a tendency more than anything else to keep up the demand which otherwise might be diverted, now that the Western merchants have become such strong competitors for our Southern trade. In this competition individual experience, integrity, and en- terprise must count for even more than the mere advantages of location, and Baltimore is singularly fortunate in the pcrsotmd of the merchants who hold the leading places in this important branch of busi- ness. Among the most prominent firms in this city is that of T. Robert Jenkins & Sons, whose integrity and energy have contributed largely to the develop- ment of the provision trade of Baltimore. Mr. Jenkins, the senior member of the firm, was born in Baltimore, April 19, 1822, and is a scion of one of the oldest and most distinguished Catholic families of Maryland. He is a descendant of William Jenkins, the son of Ap Jenkins, of Wales, and Mary Courtney, daughter of Lieut. Thomas Courtney, of England, who left Great Britain about the year 1660 to escape the religious persecutions of which the Catho- lics were the victims, and settled down at White Plains, Md., six miles from old St. Mary's City, and near the head of St. Mary's River. Here they lived peacefully for many years under the beneficent and tolerant gov- ernment of the Lord Proprietary ; but early in the eighteenth century discord arose, the Catholic disa- bility act wiis passed, and some time prior to 1730 the Jenkins family sought out Long Green Land, in Balti- more County, then the frontier of the province and inhabited by Indians, a home where their faith would not subject them to pains and penalties. This prop- erty is still held by the family. The first William Jen- kins was born on the St. Mary's homestead in 1663, and the emigrants to Long Green Land were Michael, Courtney, and Ignatius Jenkins. There another Mi- chael Jenkins was born, Dec. 21, 1736, and he married, on Dec. 21, 1761, Charity Ann Wheeler, daughter of Thomas Wheeler, a wealthy Catholic gentleman of Baltimore County, whose family were also refugees from intolerant laws. Their sons were Thomas Court- ney, William Edward, and Michael Jenkins, who all removed to Baltimore City about the year 1784, enter- ing various lines of business and establishing firms some of which are still in prosperous existence. Wil- liam Jenkins is conspicuous in the history of Balti- more as a leader in business, a useful citizen, and a stern patriot, and these are characteristics that are indeed common to the whole family. He had a large tannery on the York road, and was the father of the leather trade in this city. Early in life he joined what was called "Paul Bertalou's Legion," a body of volunteer cavalry, which in those days often escorted President Washington from Waterloo to Baltimore, on his way from Mount Vernon to Philadelphia, where Congress then held its sessions. In 1812 all four of the brothers went into the field as volunteers, and took part in the defense of Baltimore at the battle of North Point. Thomas Courtney Jenkins was mar- ried in 1806, by Archbishop Carroll, to Elizabeth Gold, a Baltimore lady. Their children were Louis Wil- liam, lawyer and member of the State Legislature and City Council, born 1806, died 1840; Michael Courtney, lawyer, born 1809, died 1877 ; Theodore, physician, born 1809 ; Oliver L., priest, and president of St. Charles College, Howard County, born 1813, died 1868 ; Martha A., who married Hon. Z. Collins Lee, judge of the Superior Court of Baltimore, and Thomas Robert, the subject of this biography. He entered Georgetown College in his early youth, and graduated with honor in 1840. In 1845 he was mar- ried to Rebecca A. Hunter, daughter of John Hunter, of Baltimore County, and granddaughter of John Hil- len, by Archbishop Eccleston. In 1848 he, together with Philip T. George, established the wholesale pro- vision house of George & Jenkins, which had a very successful career of a quarter of a century, and was dissolved in 1873. Mr. Jenkins has since then con- tinued the business, associating with him his sons Francis X. and Alphonsus L., under the style of T. Robert Jenkins &Sons. During his long commercial career Mr. Jenkins' name has always been found upon the subscription lists of new and important enterprises connected with the development of the city. He is a director in the Farmers' and Merchants' National Bank, the Baltimore Fire Insurance Com- pany, and other corporations. His participation in the extension of the provision trade of the city is a matter of public knowledge. This trade has reached proportions that are astonishing when compared with its condition at the time of Mr. Jenkins' entry into the business, and in every stage of its growth the l^rorainence of the firms that counted him as a mem- ber is apparent. He is a loyal and faithful member of the Catholic Church, to which his family has been most devotedly attached in its trials and sufferings, as well as in its days of triumph. Coffee. — The city of Baltimore from "Colonial days" has enjoyed a most prominent position among American ports in the coftee trade, once holding almost a monopoly. She still occupies the second place among American cities as a point of import for COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. South American coffees. The following tables ex- hibit the trade in coflee for the past twenty-eight years : Year. Buss. Yciir. B:igs. 18.H ^11".^'^'' 1-'- .:-.'■■■ 1856 vIt'^i^.i 1-7" 1 ,/ -' 1867 -jn ; ,(,.1 l-TI :j.i\,-<:\ 18G0 1861 .. .. 7; .7 , i-.r, 17 .,7:; 1863 481,18 531,4li 1866 160:487ll880 431,28! The imports of Kio coffee at all the ports in the United States for the past three years have been as follows : 1880. 1879. 1878. Ports. Bags. Bags. Bags. Baltimore 431,289 531,401 481,184 New York 1,277,649 l,7i2,361 1,117,377 New Orleans 199,916 212,668 137,727 Mobile 9,600 30,403 39,322 Savannah 17,844 22,160 20,456 Charleston '.. Galveston 14,500 32,913 30,317 Philadelphia Richmond 7,100 3,500 Boston Total 1,950,.598 2,569,006 1,829,883 During the past year the well-known house of E. Levering & Co. have added to their immense busi- ness of importing that of roasting coffees, which bids fair to become in the near future the great feature of the coffee trade ; the same business of roasting cofiee is largely conducted by Barclay & Hasson, ZoUer & Little, and others. In spite of the persistent efforts which have been made to destroy the coffee and sugar trade of Balti- more, it is still represented by houses as substantial and responsible as any in the United States. Promi- nent among them is that of FISHER, WAGNER & MACKALL. This Commercial House — engaged for seventy years past in the Sugar and Coffee Trade — was founded No- vember 20, 1811, by Richard Henry Douglass, who transacted business under the Firm of Richard H. Douglass until July 1, 1815, when he admitted his brother Wil- liam Douglass to partnership under the Firm of R. H. & Wm. Douglass. William Douglass dying July 8, 1821, the business was continued by the surviving partner, under the Firm of Richard H. Douglass, until January 1, 1828, when, by the admission of James Isom Fisher (who had entered the Counting- House as a youth in 1814), the Firm became R. H. Douglass & Co. R. H. Douglass died October 30, 1829, in the 49th year of his age; but, under the provisions of his Will, the Firm was continued, unchanged, by his surviving partner James I. Fisher and his nepliew B. G. Doug- lass Moxley. On February 21, 1832, Mr. Fisher mar- ried Sophia M. P. Moxley, sister of his partner and niece of R. H. Douglass, deceased. On November 6, 1833, the Firm was dissolved by the retirement of Mr. Moxley, and the business was continued by James I. Fisher, under his own name. In 1850 Mr. Fisher took into his Counting-House, as clerks, his sons Robert Alexander Fisher and Richard Douglass Fisher; and on January 1, 1854, he admitted them to partnership under the Firm of James I. Fisher & Soxs, which remained unchanged until 1862, at the end of which year James I. Fisher and Robert A. Fisher withdrew from active life, the former in view of ad- vancing age and the latter owing to declining health. The succession was retained by Richard D. Fisher, under the Firm of Richard D. Fisher & Co., until December 1, 1864, by which time the health of Robert A. Fisher was partially restored and he was enabled to rejoin his brother under the Firm of Fisher Brothers & Co. On January 1, 1866, Basil Wagner (who had been a Clerk of the House since 18.57) became a partner of this Firm. On July 30, 1877, James I. Fisher (now retired) died, in the 79th year of his age. At the end of the latter year Richard D. Fisher withdrew from active business, and on January 1, 1878, was formed the Firm of Robert A. Fisher & Co., consisting of Robert A. Fisher, Basil Wagner, and Leonard Covington Mackall (the last-named having originally entered the House as clerk in 1860) as Gen- eral Partners, and Richard D. Fisher as Special Part- ner. This Partnership expiring by limitation at the end of three years, the Firm of R. A. & R. D. Fisher & Co. was formed on January 1, 1881, by Robert A. Fisher, Richard D. Fisher, Basil Wagner, and Leonard C. Mackall ; but was dissolved by the death of Robert A. Fisher, in the 49th year of his age, on February 4, 1881. The present Firm of Fisher, Wagner & Mackall was formed on February 5, 1881, and coasists of Richard D. Fisher, Basil Wagner, and Leonard C. Mackall. The rank held by this old and solidly established house is too well known to require explanation after the simple recital of facts given above. Such facts speak for themselves. Founded in 1811, it has grown up with the growth of the city, and become commer- cially bone of its bone, and flesh of its flesh. Of the living members of the firm it would be inappropriate to say more than that they faithfully maintain its ancient reputation, and of those connected with its 384 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. early history we cannot speak better than in the lan- guage of the following extracts from the press of the city in which they lived and labored : Richard Henry Douglass Died October 30, 1829. "To associate with announcements of this kind some allusion to the remarkable characteristics of their particular subjects, is an observance amiable as it is common. But, the friendship which suggests it must often regret the entire inadequacy of a notice, neces- sarily so brief, to do justice to all the qualities which it delights to remember as embellishing and endear- ing the departed. This is experienced to be emi- nently the case in regard to the excellent man whose death it is our melancholy tribute to record. "Mr. Douglass was a native of Charles County, Maryland, but, with the exception of temporary for- eign residences with commercial views, had, from early youth, resided in Baltimore; during which period he enjoyed pre-eminent standing as an enter- prising Merchant and useful Citizen. " To those with whom he mingled in social life (and to this number belongs the mass of our respect- able inhabitants) he was known as one who united the solid attainments of education with intrinsic virtues of a mind highly endued— the refinements of taste with the dignity of reason — the graces of the Gentleman with the piety of the Christian. This last consolatory trait of character was conspicu- ously confirmed during bis protracted illness, which while it imposed a painftil and hardly remitted confinement of one year, could not disturb the cheerful composure of his mind — it was pillowed upon certain anticipation of a blissful futurity. His natural goodness of heart will be remembered by all, and there is a large class who can attest that the same kindly ieeling which made him so amiable an associ- ate, was, to the needy and distressed, an open handed and diffusive charity. "As a husband and father— but here we must pause ; we have no power for aught but silent condo- lence when we would speak of the severe privation of his interesting family." — Baltimore American, Nov. 2, 1829. James Isom Fisher Died July 30, 1877. "The death of this venerable and universally re- spected citizen, which was noted in our obituary column of yesterday, removes another of the few connecting links between the mercantile community of to-day and the generation of well-trained, able and enterprising merchants which preceded it. Of the men of his time, there was no one to whom the common and cordial consent of his brethren would have assigned a higher rank than to Mr. Fisher, for all the qualities which give dignity and usefulness to the mercantile profession. In those days, the element of simple speculation, or — to speak more precisely — of pure chance, entered comparatively little into com- mercial aff;iirs. The telegraph had not placed men upon their present equality of knowledge as to com- mercial facts, and they were necessarily thrown upon their individual intelligence and prevision, their fa- miliarity with the course and laws of trade, their ex- perienced knowledge of the necessities and demands of nations in peace and at war and in seasons of want and plenty. The pursuit of commerce was therefore essentially a profession, requiring special education and long training, like every other intellectual call- ing. It involved large calculations, large views and large experience, and it bestowed its rewards, for the most part, upon those of its followers who were ablest, most prudent and most wise. It had its vicissitudes, of course, but they were, in the main, the vicissitudes of all those who ' go down unto the sea in ships.' They did not belong to the same class of chances as those which have passed, in our day, from the stock board and gold room into every department of trade. " In speaking, therefore, of Mr. Fisher as a leading and successful merchant of his generation, we mean to speak of him as one who earned his position and success by a life-time of well-directed ability, indus- try, and intelligent enterprise. He was eminently sagacious, prudent, and far-seeing — a man of strong will, of resolute and patient perseverance, of thorough system and exact and conscientious punctuality. Above all, he was the very soul of mercantile and personal integrity — even more scrupulous, in the jus- tice of his dealings, when it was to his loss to be so, than when it might be to his gain. Among all the ac- cumulations of his long and prosperous labors, there can be none more permanent, or more valuable as an example and a legacy, than the record of his manly, simple, and absolutely upright life." — Baltimore Even- ing Bulletin, July 31, 1877. Robert Alexander Fisher Died February 4, 1881. " When a citizen of such public spirit, of such staunch business integrity, and of such a lovable per- sonal character as Mr. Robert A. Fisher is stricken down by the cold hand of death, the most sincere expressions of regret are apt to seem but mere com- mon-places. His associates in the activities of the business world will feel his loss much more keenly than can be indicated by formal resolutions or ad- dresses, however eloquent ; for there are some quali- ties in human nature that cannot be defined by speech, and some influences that cannot be measured by passing feelings. It happens, not infrequently, that men of large renown, over whose biers high-sounding eulogies are pronounced, leave behind them no real mourners ; and it sometimes happens that those who go to the grave ' unwept, unhonored, and unsung,' are afterwards found to have been of permanent service to the age in which they lived. It is rare that the usefulness of the citizen and the nobility of the man COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUi'ACTURES. find such universal recognition at the hands of his contemporaries. As President of the Board of Trade, Mr. Fisher's services will be formally commemorated ; but that acknowledgment will be^of small significance compared with the sentiment of profound and sincere regret which the news of his sudden death has called forth among all classes of his fellow-citizens. And there is, indeed, no loss which a city can sustain that is to be compared for a moment with that which it suflTers when a citizen like Mr. Fisher is cut down in his prime."— Baltimore American, Feb. 5, 1881. Petroleum. — At one time Baltimore had reason- able expectations of becoming a first-class port for the shipping of petroleum, but the operation and manipulation of the Standard Oil Company has dis- appointed those hopes, and her trade in Western Refined is gradually being lost. The subjoined tables will exhibit the present prospects as well as the past condition of this trade. The receipts of crude and refined petroleum foi- the year 1880 were as follows : t;n,9o4 " 1873 201,000 The following table will sliow the shipments, in gal- lons, to each port from Baltimore for three years : Destiniition. Amsterdam 1880. 1879. 087,165 2,789.476 1878. 900,885 7,786,293 113,899 415,190 18,040,794 97,687 69,555 114,094 226,287 454,266 736,638 1,246,249 142,989 2,488,962 149,526 111,430 356,229 151,091 Arendal Barcelona Bremen Bergen '.'.' 9,097,731 3:i,n:!6 Copenhagen 136,165 123,330 135.277 1,637.913 93,020 Dunkirk '.'. "521,533 Hamburg .. 1,735,758 Konigsberg ... 887,970 .. 101,365 178,019 Norway 100,906 1,418.161 341,159 63,000 222,200 229,906 .. 365.984 1,482,893 388843 16,500 1,363,283 314,313 145 648 20,000 ^ttin " South America 4,972 .. 119,001 .. 107,810 Trieste West Indies 231,690 226,978 107:034 ]S^:z::::::-::::::::::::r. r 5,000 191,986 266,220 Tuborg 250 .. 14,780,980 Total 23,322,482 37,712,900 Cooperage. — The vast number of barrels required by the commerce and trade of a large city has not failed to create an immense industry in this city. Oil, pork, syrup, beef, whisky, flour, and other arti- cles of commerce are required to be packed in barrels, and these again require constant repairing. The de- mands of such an industry embrace millions of feet of lumber, specially prepared, and adapted by ma- terial and form for the particular uses to which the barrel is to be applied. Hence the trade in shooks and hoops ha.s assumed immense proportions, and the railroads extending to the forests of Virginia, West "Virginia, Pennsylvania, and other States are doing a very large business in the transportation of these articles. The West India Islands take a large amount of the cooperage of Baltimore, and the shipments to these ports from this city are larger than from any other United States port. The statistics of this trade, from the census of 1880, show the following: Number of establishments 38 Number of hands 444 Amount of capital J220,850 wages 8146,282 Cost of material $;i24,764 Value of products $558,068 Naval Stores. — Spirits of turpentine, rosin, and tar find at Baltimore a ready market, and their trade has gradually extended. AVe give annexed receipts for the past ten years, compiled from the Baltimore Journal of Commerce : Spirits T, • Tar and Years. Turpentine. ^,,,'°- Pitch. Bbls. ^''''- Bbls. 1880 19,665 94,158 13,169 1879 20,,569 89,578 15.062 1878 16.379 47,676 19,544 1877 16,139 65,763 20,043 1876 19,557 82,668 23,144 1875 16,749 70,694 18,686 1874 18,867 71,301 21,943 1873 17,979 80,346 19,243 1872 21,667 80,020 13,467 1871 22,862 79,352 13,243 Ice. — When ice first became an article of merchan- dise in Baltimore is not known, but it is possible that the " ice trade," in a small way at least, began even before Baltimore had exchanged the swaddling clothes of the town for the dignity of municipal robes. It was not, however, until 1828 that the trade in North- ern ice was begun, as up to that period the local sup- ply appears to have been sufficient for the needs of the community. The winter of 1827-28 was exceed- ingly mild, and no ice being made in the neighbor- hood of Baltimore, the inhabitants were forced to rely during the ensuing summer upon importations from Maine, from whence many full cargoes were received and sold at considerable profit. It was this experience probably and the superiority of the Northern ice to the home article that led to the establishment of regular agencies for supplying the Baltimore market with imported ice. In 1837 the ice trade had become sufficiently profitable to war- rant more enlarged operations than had hitherto been attempted, and Thomas J. Cochran engaged in the business, and was soon followed by Messrs. Wm. H. Oler, David Siimwalt, Michael Hurley, John Hamil- ton, Jacob Frederick, and others. Most of these firms are still actively engaged in the trade, bringing their ice mainly from the Susquehanna, where a large number of immense ice-houses have been erected, and in mild seasons from the unfailing ice-fields of Maine. In 1835 the entire annual consumption of HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ice in Baltimore was only about one thousand tons, requiring the services of less than a score of em- ploye's in its handling and distribution. The follow- ing figures from the census of 1880 show how greatly this trade has grown. The distribution and con- sumption of ice for the year commencing Oct. 1, 1879, to Oct. 1, 1880, in Baltimore was as follows: .\gfei.t,iiU ,u.,..u,U „1 ua^.., i..ua lu th>; »:u... $102,900 In addition to the above, there was secured from the ponds near the city by the brewers 4498 tons; And meat-packers, 6179 tons. nitchi IS79-80.. 1878-79.. 1877-78.. Maryland TOUB.' Kennebec Kivei'. Me. Tons. 183,240 I'laiko 113,325 128,000 50,100 6,000 102,200 The largest ice-dealers in Baltimore are naturally those who first entered the field, Messrs. Cochran & Co. The senior partner, T. J. Cochran, died in 1867, when his interest was purchased by his brother, James E. Cochran. Woodward Abrahams became a member of the firm in 185.1, and has contributed very materially to its success and jjrosperity. Mr. Abrahams traces the genealogy of his family back to Joseph Abrahams, who emigrated from England to Massachusetts about the year 1660, and transplanted to the new country the sturdy virtues of a good old stock. The first Woodward Abrahams was born in 1727, and was mar- ried in 1751 to Tabitha Smithurst. At his home in Marblehead he was postmaster and collector of cus- toms, besides filling other public positions. His son Woodward was born at Marblehead, July 14, 1762, and the second Woodward had a sou named William, who was one of the defenders of the three-gun bat- tery on the Patapsco River during the war of 1812. Another son, the third Woodward, had a great longing for the sea, and it happened to him to be with his ship at Baltimore in 1802, where he met Miss Hannah Wooley, of Harford County, Md. Courtship and mar- riage followed. Capt. Abrahams determined to make Maryl.and his home, and after he lost his ship, the " Adrianna," on a voyage from London to Baltimore, he quit the sea and settled down on a farm called " Lucky Mistake," in Cecil County, on the Susque- hanna. The present Woodward Abrahams was the fourth son of this union, and was born Oct. 2, 1814, and in 1844 was married to Margaret E. Littig. After the death of the old captain tiie family re- moved to Baltimore, and Mr. Abrahams learned printing. He superintended an establishment in Petersburg, Va., and afterwards w:is one of the pub- lishers of the Koiftern Express and the Kaleidoscope in Baltimore. Mr. Abrahams is wealthy, a liberal patron of the fine arts, and is connected with many charitable institutions. He cherishes a deep affection for Miisonry, and is a "Knight Commander, Court of Honor 33," the highest post attainable in the order. He is also allied with Odd-Fellowship. He is ex- ceedingly popular in business and social circles, and at his beautiful home on Linden Avenue dispenses a refined and generous hospitality. His residence is adorned with choice works of the sculptor's and painter's arts that have been selected with rare taste. Strictly abstemious in his habits, Mr. Abrahams ap- pears much younger than his years, and bids fair to attain or exceed the venerable age of many of his ancestors. Coal Trade.— The first coal used in Baltimore, it is beli(ived, was cannel coal, which was shipped from Rich- mond, Va., to this port for several years prior to 1800, and consumed by those who could afibrd this luxuri- ous fuel. On the 3d of August, 1801, Benjamin Hen- frey, au Englishman, " respectfully informs the citi- zens of Baltimore that he has opened a coal-mine on the lands of Charles Ridgely, Esq., of Hampton, eight and a half miles from this town, and is now ready to deliver good pit coal on the following terms for cash, viz. : ten cents per bushel at the pit or eighteen cents delivered in Baltimore, and to those persons who buy one hundred bushels and upwards, two cents less." This discovery, according to Mr. Henfrey's description, " answered well for grates and stoves," " made a pleas- ant fire," emitting "no offensive smell," burned "with a lively flame like cannel coal," left a deposit of " white ashes with very little cinder," and was what " is known in Europe by the term Bovey coal." Mr. Henfrey expressed great confidence in the value of his " find," but his mine for some reason unknown did not prove a success.' What may have been the cause of his failure is not now ascertainable, but Mr. Henfrey appears to have been a man of considerable scientific attainments, and probably with some previ- ous experience in coal-mining. There were even then rival coal interests in the field, as he requests Intending customers to " send their orders to John Morgan, McElderry's wharf, who keeps coal forsale," and their competition may have possibly prevented the success of his enterprise. In 1816, Messrs. Richard Caton, Benjamin and James EUicott, Levi Hollingsworth, and others ob- tained licenses from several proprietors, and employed John Leadbetter to bore for coal in the neighborhood of Saratoga and North Streets. The undertaking must have been suggested by some previous discover- 1 Mr. Henfrey was more successful soon after in discovering a method of creating light by gas from wood. He exhibited experiments in Baltimore, and actually lighted Richmond, Va., before any similar diflcovery wns known. ^liL (V'V\Q-AaU) ~^ COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 387 ies pointing to the probability of coal deposits in that locality, but at all events it was rewarded by no practical results. In May, 1848, a vein of coal thirty-five feet below the surface was discovered in digging a well at the corner of Ross and Union Streets. A considerable quantity was taken out in passing through the vein, and was said to burn well, though its appearance was not in its favor. All these various discoveries have ended in disap- pointment for the reason that the substance discovered has never been a true coal, and only in a few instances a poor substitute for it. Carbonaceous matter has ac- cumulated at various places in the Jurassic and later clays, and in some of these, as well as in more modern fresh-water bogs and ponds, it has accumulated in ex- tensive deposits. Trees, shrubs, and plants have been drifted down from the hills and banks of these ancient depressions, stranded in the mire, and covered with alluvial sediments. Sealed thus in almost air-tight strata, they have undergone a slow carbonization, which has turned them into the lignites and charcoal masses which have so often been mistaken for true coal. Whole trunks of trees are often found in the clays of the iron ore beds, and when these are exposed to the air for a short time resemble anthracite coal, botli in hardness of texture and in thefinequality of the shining surface. Such deposits have occurred in the clays south and east of Baltimore, in the Clifton tun- nel near the Washington turnpike, and in wells and tunnels within the city. In general it is strongly impregnated with sulphuret of iron, which deadens its flame and disturbs its combustion. No true coal- measures exist within the limits of the county, and hence none of the kinds of coal useful for fuel and manufacturing purposes can ever be met with here. Baltimore's strength as a commercial and manu- facturing centre is supplemented by her proximity to the great coal-fields of Maryland, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The vast supplies of coal which nature has stored away in these regions form not only a commercial staple of the most valuable character, but an important element in the achievement of manu- facturing greatness. Situated within easy distance of the l)ituminous deposits of the Cumberland region, of the gas-coal of West Virginia, and the anthracite coal of Pennsylvania, and connected with them all by direct lines of railroad, Baltimore can furnish coal of every description, in all quantities and for every pur- pose, more cheaply and readily than any city in the country. The figures given below show the propor- tions the trade has already attained ; and when it is remembered that only a few years ago the annual shipments of bituminous coal from the mines scarcely reached 1700 tons, a more striking presentation of its growth could not be made. The coal trade at Balti- more at present gives employment to over five thou- sand vessels, and the coals received at the port are shipped not only to all domestic but many foreign ports. The foreign trade, for the most part, has sprung into existence during the last four or five years, and gives promise of steady growth. The cheap rates at which coal can be put upon the mar- ket in Baltimore offer special inducement to the es- tablishment of ocean and coastwise lines of steamers at this port, and have already attracted the attention of ship-owners and the commercial world. The ocean steamers of New York are supplied with coal carried by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and shipped from Baltimore. The cost of transportation from Baltimore to New York is one dollar and fifty cents per ton, which must be added to the expenses of steam-lines from the latter point. How important this single item is may be estimated from the fact that the Bremen steamers from Baltimore to the home port consume eight hundred tons of coal, making their expenses for coal on each voyage twelve hun- dred dollars less than if they sailed from New York. Such a combination of circumstances favorable to the development of an immense and profitable trade in an article which has become the wings of commerce as well as the muscles of manufactures have not es- caped the keen-eyed vision of capital ; and in addition to the railroad connections already existing with the coal regions, others are projected by the Western Maryland Railroad, and by the Canton Company, which proposes to construct a shorter line to the bituminous coal regions and to Pittsburgh. The following shows the total quantity of Cumber- land coal forwarded per rail and canal from 1842 to 1874, inclusive : Years. Total by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 1,708 Total by Baltimoie and Ohio Uaual. Total by Peniisvlva- nia Rail- road Aggregate. 10.082 ilfi 29,795 62,640 79 571 1847 62;i)40 79 671 142 449 1860 192,806 174 701 4,042 82,978 65,719 157,760 155,845 183,786 204,120 116,574 254,251 297,842 295878 97,599 216^92 343/202 343,178 468,153 482;:i26 652.151 604,137 860,339 816,103 778,802 767,064 8,585,966 196,848 267,679 1852 m%l 334,178 1854 503,836 706,450 l^i^ 682.486 VSg 649,6i6 788,909 isei 1S62 1863 1864 172,075 218,950 531,533 399;364 269,674 317 634 748 345 903,495 1 079,331 JS ■ K+K,l 18 riij;.i:is 1 1-1, sU l,il7,_;47 i^sTel'ieoi 17,648,434 1,330.443 ]**'','] 1,717,075 2,345,153 2;355;471 2,674,101 2,410,895 26,338,681 ISTJ 1874 "22,021 114,689 67,671 204,281 1 Includes 38,100 tons used on line of Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad and its branches, and at Cumberland and Piedmont; also 424,580 tons used by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company in loco- motives, rolling-mills, etc. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. The following table shows tlie receipts of coal at Baltimore for the past seven years: 1879., 1877 ," I ,';•. 1876 IJll ■ ' I 1875 l.l",:i JTi.TM 1874 l,.l(i(i,!w^'^^^ COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. all of his now large fortune lias been built up by his own exertions. He is remarkably self-reliant, and has every detail of his vast business at his fingers' ends. Many years ago, before Locust Point showed any signs of becoming the great maritime depot for the port of Baltimore, he decided for himself what its future must be. He bought water-fronts and erected coal piers, recently rebuilt with iron, with direct rail- road communication, and furnished them with all the best machinery and other facilities for the quick and cheap handling of bituminous coal. This property is now worth a large increase over its cost to Mr. Boyce, and upon it are received from the mines and transferred to vessels thousands of tons of coal annu- ally, which are shipped to our own coast ports and to those of the West Indies, South America, and even to California. Mr. Boyce is very quiet and retiring in his habits and manners, but in business circles his name is synonymous with financial strength and re- sponsibility. His leisure hours are spent at his de- lightful home in Baltimore County. He has been twice married, first in 1844, and secondly in 1850, both ladies being residents of New York City. His first wife died in 1845, leaving an only daughter. The second marriage has been fruitful of four sons and two daughters. JVIr. Boyce's eldest son, James, was a member of the firm of Cox & Boyce, wholesale coal-dealers. New York, now representing his father in the coal business in New York City and vicinity. Baltimore Anthracite Coal-Mine.— On the 20th of July, 1829, Garrick Mallery, John L. Butler, and Chester Butler, administrators of Lord Butler, con- veyed to Thomas Symington, of Baltimore, four hun- dred and ten acres of coal-land in the vicinity of Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pa., for the consideration of fourteen thousand dollars, or about thirty-four dollars an acre. On this land was then opened and partially de- veloped the great vein then known as the Butler, but ever after the " Baltimore vein," and so put down upon the coal maps, whenever it ajipears through the whole valley. This seam of coal will average twenty- six feet in thickness, of the best quality of anthracite coal, and will yield, after allowing the necessary pil- lars for supporting the roof and twenty per cent, in waste in preparation, twenty-six thousand tons to the acre, and worth to-day one dollar per ton in the mine ; exhibiting the fact that one acre of the land is worth over twice as much per acre (because there are other seams under and otter it) as Mr. Symington paid for the four hundred and ten acres in 1829. A million of dollars would not buy the tract to-day, after over forty years' mining. There is no purer or better quality of coal in the great field than is contained in this mine. After the purchase of the mine, Mr. Symington organized a company under the name of the " Balti- more Coal Company." This company immediately commenced mining and shipping coal from tliis mine in arks to Baltimore, hauling it in wagons from the mines to the Susquehanna, a distance of two miles. This business was continued for several years, but was attended with no success. The stock went down to five dollars per share. After the building of railroads and canals, and the coal business became established, these shares passed hands at five hundred dollars a share. The mines are now owned by the " Delaware and Hudson Canal Company," and carried on upon a large scale. Baltimore was the first shipping depot of coal in this trade. Not from this vein, however, for as early as 1810 coal was shipped from Baltimore coastwise to New York. It was sent down the Susquehanna from the Wyoming coal-field in arks by Abijah Smith, who may be justly called the pioneer of the trade, and who devoted his life to the business. He died about 1826. The vein which Mr. Smith operated in is known as the red-ash vein, on the opposite side of the river, which is some twenty-eight feet in thickness. This vein .underlies the Baltimore vein, but on the Balti- more purchase it is not over ten feet in thickness. The coal trade in 1810 in the county of Luzerne may have amounted annually to five hundred tons. The trade in 1874 was probably ten millions within the county limits. In referring to the growth of the coal trade of Balti- more, the prominent connection of the late Robert Howard with its early history and the measures which contributed so greatly to its subsequent development should not be forgotten. Mr. Howard was intimately connected with many of the most useful improve- ments of the city, and his career as a merchant and public-spirited citizen was one which has left its mark. He was among the first who appreciated the value of the coal trade to Baltimore, and used his personal and official influence as president of the Second Branch of the City Council to have the terminus of the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad extended to Locust Point.' He died May 12, 1865. One of the oldest and best-known coal-dealers in Baltimore is Edward Day Onion. Mr. Onion was born in Harford County, Md., on the 27th of September, 1829. He is the son of Lloyd Day Onion, born in 1799 on the Little Gunpowder, Baltimore County. His mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Rouse, was born in Harford County, Md. His paternal grand- father, William Onion, was a member of the Principio Iron Company, which was organized in 1719, and which was the first to erect iron-works in Maryland. Lawrence Washington, of Virginia, father of Gen. George Washington, was a member of the Principio Company. The father of Mr. Onion afterwards estab- lished iron-works on his own account on the Gun- powder River, in Baltimore County. Edward Day Onion was married Dec. 26, 1850, to ' Jackson Square, located near Broadway and Fayette Streets, presented by liinl to the city. 392 HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Elizabeth Ann Buckniiller, daughter of Robert S. Buckmiller, of Baltimore, of German ancestry. His first wife dying, he was married the second time, June 24, 1868, to Julia Ann R.awlings, a daughter of Joshua Rawlings, of Baltimore. Mr. Onion received a limited education at a com- mon school in Harford County, but like most men of active minds and great energy lias known how to re- pair the deficiencies of early training by improving the opportunities of after-years. His parents were Catholics, but his first wife be- coming a member of the Lutheran communion, he attended that church with her, and although not a communicant, he has since continued to be a mem- ber of the congregation. In politics Mr. Onion is a Democrat, and votes with that party on all great public measures. When he was about sixteen years of age he entered, as an apprentice, a cabinet manu- factory in order to learn that trade, but only remained in that business for about twelve months. In 1857 he commenced dealing iu wood and coal, and has been engaged in that business with considerable success until the present time. Mr. Onion and his first wife had eight childjen, five of whom are living, — two sons, Robert S. and James E., and three daughters, Virginia C, Eliz- abeth A., and Ann Olevia. Virginia C. married Wm. G. Wilson, and Elizabeth A. married Louis G. Onion, all residing in Baltimore. Edward Day Onion is one of the best-known busi- ness men of enterprise in Baltimore. Closely atten- tive to his business, and correct in his dealings, he bears a most excellent character in the business com- munity, and is highly esteemed by the public for his many fine traits of character. He has the justly- merited reputation of unimpeachable integrity, and in the social relations of life is highly valued by a large circle of friends. Lumber Trade. — The navigable waters of the Chesapeake Bay, extending from the woodlands of Pennsylvania on the north to the great forests of the Carolinas at the south, the railroad lines that extend from Baltimore to every forest as well as grain region of the country, could not have failed to make this city a very large lumber-market. The numerous in- dustries that are dependent directly and indirectly upon lumber in all its various branches aggregate nearly four hundred establishments in the city of Baltimore. For their consumption over three hun- dred millions of feet of white and yellow pine, j)oplar, ash, walnut, oak, and other woods are annually re- ceived in Baltimore. This is also a great market for lumber used in car manufacturing in all sections of the United States. The building trade of the city, itself very large, aUso manufactures lumber for ship- ping into the interior as well as to foreign ports ; the furniture trade, in its many divisions, consumes im- mense quantities of the lighter kinds; mouldings, ovals, picture-frames, carriages and wagons, wheel- wrights, ship-carpentering, box-manufactures are very extensively conducted in this city, as will be seen by the following tables, from the census of 1880 : T,.i„.tr,-«. v„ No. of Amt. o( Amt. of Val. of Val.of limuBlnes. Ko. ^^^^^ Capital. Wages. Material. Products. Boxes, ci(!ar 48 $10,100 $13,450 $23,327 $47,100 packing 198 463 152,737 ir,2,a9fl 31S,SJ9 !)IJ2,222 Carpentering and building 79 1143 318,800 :; J H'. --iTI 1,122.126 Carriages, wagons . 65 626 297,7-5(1 j" , I i .i,!l,379 Cooperage 38 444 220,860 1 h i ..".s,068 Furniture, etc 56 1072 697,102 :.;,:- , , ji. I,,.:i2,438 Looliing-glass, etc. 29 395 109,3.50 ;)l,l..l ll.,,.;c. .;t,4,402 Lumber, planed and sawed 4 62 61,000 22,699 168,200 204,462 Patterns, models... 3 3 1,450 2,050 1,700 , 8,100 Pumps 3 6 2,700 3,000 3,400 10,600 Koofing material... 15 147 198,425 46,636 81,000 207,654 Sash, doors, blinds. 8 443 344.526 118,115 322,113 663,755 Ship-building 18 540 96,950 110,556 140,009 309,988 " carpentering.. 15 62 21,375 20,686 16,302 67,030 Wheelwrighting ... 3 60 10,150 13,630 20,101 45,630 Wood carving 6 20 2,360 7,780 8,.545 24,700 Woodenware 2 96 86,000 27,500 62,500 114,260 Salt.' — The port of Baltimore possesses, by means of her steamer lines, equal advantages with the most favored ports elsewhere for the importation of salt, and her extended lines of railroad offer superior ad- vantages for distribution to interior points. Ship- ments are made directly from vessel to cars, and the 1 The dependence of the colonies upon Great Britain is well illustrated in the following account of the difiiculties and embarrassments that at- tended, during the Revolution, the obtaining of this prime necessary of life. We append the proceedings of a public meeting and the or- ganization of a society for the reduction of the price of salt. It appeared in the Pemisylvania Packet and General AdcertUer of Nov. 2, 1779 : " Baltimoee, Oct. 26, 1779. " At a meeting of the society for reducing the price of salt, etc., held for the first time at the Coffee House in Baltimore Town on Friday, the 15th of October, 1779, Col. John Dorsey was elected chairman of the so- ciety ; Mr. James Calhoun, treasurer ; and Mr. Robert Buchanan, secre- tary. Messrs. William Neil, David Stewart, and Mark Pringle were ap- pointed to retail salt. One thousand bushels of alum salt, imported, had been purchased by Mr. Neil at £50 per bushel. Mr. Caldwell, desirous of aiding the society, had given £750 towards defraying the expense of re- tailing the salt bought of Mr. Neil. It was resolved ' That the purchase made by Mr. Noil is approved of, and that the salt be retailed at £50 per bushel, the original cost.' The other purchases reported, made on ac- count of the society, aggregated 1100 bushels at £50 per bushel. The following subscriptions for the purchase of salt were then made : ' We, the subscribers, inhabitants of the town and county of Baltimore, view- ing with great concern the exorbitant price to which the article of salt has lately risen, and apprehending the avarice of the aggressors, if not speedily and vigorously opposed, will soon put that necessity of life out of the reach of the industrious poor both in town and county, do hereby associate ourselves together for the purpose of reducing the price of salt and to prevent, as far m is la our power, the evil consequences which must ensue to the community at large from the pernicious arts of specu- lators and engrossers. " • To attain these laudable ends we do, each for himself engage to pay into the hands of a treasurer, to be appointed by the society, the sums of money annexed to our respective names ; this money to be expended in purchasing all salt which may arrive at the port of Baltimore in the course of two months, which shall be sold out in small quantities, at a price barely sufficient to pay the cost and such expenses as may neces- sarily attend the retailing of it. Witness our hands this 14th day of Oc- tober, 1779. '"SigMwl: S. .V It. Pnrviance, £10,000; Wm. Smith, £5000; Wm. Willis, .£41111", Mill. Iiiii_l , 1. Daniel Bowley, £5000; John McCure, I'.'" 1 I "Ill Hammond, £4000; Stephen Stewart, .li HI', I , I'hos. Langton, £1000; Thos. Barling, i;:;iiii' i a i ii lin,^- >,.i ii,, t;iiuO; Hugh Young, £5000; James Cal- houn, .tjuiiii; Jonuthun Hudson, .£3000; Richard Carson, £1000; Mark Alexander, £2000; B. & A. McKim, £2000; Matthew Ridley, SMOi); David Stewart, £6000; Thos. Russell, £5000; Hughes & Williamson, £200(1; Gardner H Yates, £2000; John Sterrett, £1000; Saml. Smith, £2000; Philip Graybill, £1000. Total, £93,000.'" ^.^^2^ COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 393 low freights secured by vessels coming to Baltimore to load with grain have extended the trade in salt to the proportions exhibited in the annexed table of the imports at Baltimore for the past twelve years : Liverpool. Coastwise. Bulk. Sacks. Sacks. Bushels. 1880 33.3,637 2,000 185,000 1879 409,758 173,357 1.S7S 213,628 4,024 183,316 1S77 290,166 12,355 89,301 ISTC. 301,586 6.400 118,S04 187"! 213,007 3,800 1G4,49J 1874 2!;9.893 8,000 201,486 1873 280,146 8,206 142,985 1872 167,527 16,073 248,693 1871 2113,872 7,088 101,413 1870 149,112 1,815 122,667 1860 136,674 16,367 104,763 Fish. — The Chesapeake Bay, teeming with fish suited to every palate, would of itself constitute Baltimore the leading fish-market of the country. Its bay mackerel, Potomac herring, its shad, drum, sheepshead, taylor, rock, white and yellow perch, crabs, and the numerous other varieties offer greater quantities and more decided excellence than are offered by any other waters of this country. Not only the home article but the foreign article from the British prov- inces find their best distributing-point at Baltimore. The annexed table exhibits the imports and receipts offish for 1880, as compared with a number of former years : Fbou r^r =f British Provinces 289 16,654 16,943 12,237 13,515 15,696 21,038 27,485 17,172 17314 15,630 26,202 1086 New England 14,413 15,499 22,0.30 23:366 1878 36,473 14,858 22,444 20,767 24,718 36,755 " 1875 " 1874 18,327 9,769 12,291 12,474 Manufactures. — While commerce was encouraged by the policy of Great Britain, manufactures in the colonies were forbidden and repressed. Hence the former grew and expanded from the earliest period of the city's history, while the latter languished until the Eevolution set free the energy and enterprise of the people. There existed in Baltimore Town as early as 1788 a linen-factory, a bleach-yard, a paper-mill, a slitting- machine, a card-factory, and two nail-factories. The manufactures of the whole country received an im- petus from the action of "seven hundred of the me- chanics and tradesmen of Baltimore," who by peti- tion to Congress, March, 1789, called attention to the decline of manufactures and trade since the Revolu- tion, and prayed that the new government under the ' country, "independent in ftict as well as name," would give early attention to the encouragement and protec- tion of American manufactures, by imposing on " all foreign articles which could be made in America such duties as would give preference to their labor." This was indeed the origin of the American sy.stem of pro- tection to home industry. The first Congress re- sponded to this prayer by a law, the preamble of which declared that it was " necessary for the sup- port of the government, for the discharge of the debt of the United States, and the encouragement and pro- tection of manufactures, that duties be laid on goods, wares, and merchandise imported." The Athenian Society of Baltimore in 1809 was formed for the deposit and sale of domestic manufac- tures, the officers being William Haslett, president; Joseph Townsend, John Hillen, William McDonald, James Wilson, Luke Tieinan, Aaron Levering, and George Decker, directors, with Robert McKim, John D. Craig, Jerrard T. Hopkins, Nathan Levering, Isaac Burneston, Samuel Harden, John Kipp, A. J. Schwartz, James Mosher, Ghriste Slemmer, Isaac N. Toy, and Lewis Brantz, premium committee. The Union Manufacturing Company was formed in 1808, with William Patterson, John McKim, John Gill, Robert McKim, A. J. Schwartze, William Jones, Ludwick Herring, John Trimble, James H. MeCul- loh, William Wilson, Benjamin Ellicott, and Robert Gilmor, directors. The American Society for the Promotion of Domestic Manufactures and National Industry was organized Feb. 12, 1817, with Charles Ridgely, of Hampton, president ; John E. Howard and William Patterson, vice-presidents ; John Gill, William Gwynn, secretaries; Nathaniel Williams and W. Winder, counselors; James A. Buchanan, Alexander McKim, William Lormaii, J. C. White, E. W. Gray, J. A. Schwartze, John McKim, Jr., Al- exander McDonald, Isaac Burneston, Andrew Elli- cott, and Luke Tiernan, corresponding committee. "The Baltimore Economical Association" was organ- ized in conformity to a resolution of the citizens of Baltimore in 1819, with William Patterson, president; Isaac Burneston, treasurer ; L. Mathews, secretary ; James Mosher, N. F. Williams, Alexander McKim, A. J. Schwartze, John Hillen, and Luke Tiernan, di- rectors. At the great Tariff Convention held in New York in 183.5, Baltimore was represented by thirty- seven delegates appointed in public meeting, at which William Stewart, mayor, presided. The names were Luke Tiernan, Thomas Ellicott, Samuel Moore, John P. Kennedy, William McDonald, W. W. Taylor, John McKim, Jr., Christian Keener, Hezekiah Niles, Joseph K. Stapleton, William Meeter, James Wil- liams, James Wilson, Sheppard C. Leakin, James Howard, Columbus O'Donnell, Math. Kelly, James Beacham, Lewin Wethered, John Glenn, J. B. Mor- ris, John Kelso, Jesse Hunt, S. D. Walker, R. H. Jones, George Rogers, Joseph W. Patterson, R. C. Colt, Isaac Tyson, Jr., R. L. Hollins, H. W. Evans, HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Joseph Beatty, John T. Barr, H. Boyle, E. L. Finley, Evan T. EUicott, and James W. McCulloh. In 1842 " the friends of Home Industry" in Baltimore again rallied in an imposing meeting at the Exchange, with James Harwood, president; B. H. Richardson, Peter Leary, Benjamin Deford, J. G. Davis, L. B. Cully, Hucii Birckhead, Thomas Williams, O. C. Tiffany, John Dushane, Thomas Sewell, Robert Howard, Christian Kaborg, John Watchman, and Charles Reeder, vice-presidents ; and B. C. Sanders, Richard Lilly, George Rogers, and John L. Carey, secretaries. Thus, upon every principle of succession, the pres- ent generation of citizens of Baltimore inherit the zeal and spirit of a manufacturing community. With far-reaching lines of railroad to bring the raw ma- terial and to distribute the manufactured articles, with water-power abundant and convenient, with cheap coal for the generation of steam, with cheap labor, an orderly population, and with exemption from burdensome taxation, Baltimore offers to manu- facturers more inducements and encouragements than any other city. Mayor Latrobe, in his message of Jan. 8, 1877, very properly remarks, '" We should re- member that it is not commerce alone, but commerce and manufactures together, that will insure the future prosperity of the community. While, therefore, we are deepening the harbor, and thus making available the natural advantages of our short lines to the West, let us lend a helping hand to those people who, profiting by our cheap coal, healthy climate, plentiful supply of water, low rents, and cheap living, would establish in Baltimore the great manufacturing es- tablishments that have built up Philadelphia and neighboring communities. But we can never have manufactures unless, by a change in our existing laws, we offer similar inducements to capitalists as are ten- dered them elsewhere." The City Council, in response to this message, provided for the appointment of a '■ commission on the establishment of manufactures," whose report, after exhaustively examining the whole subject, recommended : 1. The exemption of " plant" and machinery from city taxation for a period of five years; 2. A drawback from present water-rates of seventy-five percent, of the total consumption of water for which they are charged ; 3. A general reduction of water-rates to the extent of twenty-five per cent. ;' 4. A special tax on insurance agencies ; and suggested the modification of State legislation so as to distribute and equalize taxation throughout the State. Some of these recommendations have now assumed the shape of law, and the plant and machinery of manufacturing establishments have been expressly exempted from taxation. Water-rates have also been reduced, and the new supply of water from the Gunpowder adds largely to the manufacturing facilities and advantages of the city. > The price of water to those using meters has been reduced from fifteen cenu to eight cents per thousand gallons, so that the rate to'man- ufacturers is really nominal. Oysters, Fruit, and Vegetable Packing.— Dis- tinct and separate as these subjects are, yet in trade they are united and complete the work of the year. In fall and winter the oyster is manipulated, and spring and summer fruit and vegetables are canned in the same establishment. This combination has developed a trade and business in Baltimore for which she has no rival and never can have a success- ful competitor. Ample capital, long experience, and abundant labor have contributed to build up this , trade to immense proportions, until in all its many branches of growing, gathering, transporting, pick- ing, preparing, canning, and shipping it is believed that fifty thousand persons are employed. One thou- sand schooners and three thousand five hundred I smaller boats are employed in oystering during the fall and winter, the greater proportion of which in summer and fall are engaged in transporting fruit and vegetables. The oyster trade has two divisions, that of packing the raw oyster for early though not immediate con- sumption, and the partially cooked for transportation and deferred consumption. In both trades they are hermetically sealed in tin cans. This latter article, indispensable to this trade, has also immense de- velopment, reaching to 20,000,000 of cans. Several of the packing-houses are also manufac- turers of their own cans and cases, as well as burners of the shells, and thus manufacturers of lime ; the extent of the last-mentioned branch may be estimated from the fact that one establishment has made 600,000 bushels of pure white lime in a year. The packing of fruit and vegetables, as well as the manufacture of preserves, sauces, catsups, and pickles, all belong to this branch of the trade. In 1868 the capital employed was estimated at §9,000,000, and in 1880 at $30,000,000. The different modes of classifi- cation adopted in the census prevent the combined capital actually employed in this business from being stated with any accuracy. Inquiry among those best I acquainted with the trade has fixed the amount at the 1 figures given above. Among the packers of oysters, fruits, and vege- tables is the house of Piatt & Co., the head of which is Sandy Beach Piatt, who was born in Milford, New Haven Co., Conn., Sept. 6, 1812. He is the son of I Elanson Piatt, born in Milford, Conn., in 1790. His mother was Betsy Ward Beach, born in Milford, Conn., in 1791. His grandfather, Isaac Piatt, resided in Milford, Conn., and was noted for his active interest in town. State, and national affairs. On the maternal side Mr. Piatt's grandfather was a farmer. His great- grandfather, for whom he was named, belonged to the coast-guard during the war of the Revolution, and had a record of many daring exploits, although he was then sixty years of age. He lived to the age of ninety-seven years. Mr. Piatt married Harriet Hem- mingway, who was born in East Haven, Conn. Her ancestors landed in New England with Bradford's '^^. COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 395 colony. Mr. Piatt was educated at the public schools of his native State; and is a Congregationalist in re- ligion, in politics was an Old-Line Whig. He served as quartermaster on the regimental stafi" of the Second Kegiment of the Connecticut militia in 1835, 183(5, and 1837. Mr. Piatt was educated as an architect and builder, in which business he continued until 1848. He then commenced his present business, that of oyster and fruit packing. He first engaged in the business in New York. In 1849 he removed to Chicago, and established himself in business there at the corner of Clark and South Water Streets, receiving his oysters part of the route by stage, the railroads not then connecting, and by sledges to Milwaukee, trips only being made in the winter season. In 1852 he made Buftalo, N. Y., his distributing-point, on account of railroad facilities and lake communications to the West and Southwest. In 1858, the trade having in- creased to such an extent that the supply began to . fail from New Haven waters, he was compelled to seek a better source of supply, and went to Seaford, Del., at the head of navigation of the Nanticoke, then famous for oysters. lu 1864 he moved to Baltimore City to avail himself of the fine oysters of the Chesapeake, and added to the fresh oyster business that of canning fruits and vege- tables, as well as oysters hermetically sealed, which found a ready market in all parts of the world. Mr. Piatt has continued in the business in Baltimore in connection with his two sons, H. S. Piatt, who is now president of the Union Oyster Company, of Baltimore, and William S. Piatt, who manages the business of Piatt & Co., and has succeeded in building up a large trade, his brands being familiar to the entire trade. Mr. Piatt's eldest son, L. B. Piatt, Jr., is a minister in the Congregational Church. Another son, James B. Piatt, who was connected with his father in busi- ness and was well known in Baltimore and other cities, died in 1873. He has two daughters, Harriet M. Piatt and Jennie E. Piatt. Thomas J. Myer, one of the pioneers of the oyster and fruit packing business in Baltimore, was born in this city, Nov. 23, 1820. His father was Thomas Myer, born in this city, March 21, 1788,' and his mother was Anna Ringgold, born in Kent Island, Queen Anne Co., Md. Thomas Myer, the father of the subject of this sketch, was the son of Jacob Myer and Mary Welsh. Jacob Myer was the son of John Jeremiah Mayer and Anne Schley, and was born in Frederick, Md. J.J. Mayer was one of the first settlers of that place, and came from Frankfort-on-the-Main. The original family name was Mayer, and John J. changed it to Myer. Mary Welsh was the daughter of Charles Welsh, of Baltimore, and was born in this city. Anna Ringgold, the mother of the subject of this sketch, was the daughter of Dr. Jacob Ringgold and Rebecca Kirby, of Kent Island, Md. Mrs. Myer is the daughter of William Shriver and Mary M. J. Owens, of Union Mills, Carroll Co., Md. She was born May 3, 1829. Her father was William Shriver, son of Andrew Shriver and Elizabeth Schultz. He was born at Union Mills, Dec. 25, 1796, where he re- sided until his death, June 11, 1879. Her mother was the daughter of James Owens, of Baltimore, and was born in this city, Aug. 29, 1808, and is now living at the homestead at Union Mills. Mr. Myer was educated at the best schools of the day, including the old City College, and commenced his business career at the age of seventeen in a grocery-house on Light Street wharf at a small salary, and after filling another situation without any better pecuniary return, determined to quit Baltimore and try his fortunes in the South. He arrived in Natchez, Miss., January, 1840, without money, but was fortu- nate in obtaining immediately a situation in a cotton commission house. In 1843, having made some savings from his salary, he went to New Orleans, and started on his own account a grain business, in which he accumulated about $4000, with which he returned to Baltimore in 1847, to be with his father, who died in. 1848. He commenced with the brick business in Baltimore, and then tried the hardware, but both being very slow, and requiring close work to keep ahead, he began the oyster and fruit packing, in which he has been eminently successful. In religion he is a Catholic, though his parents were Protestant Episcopalians. In politics he is a Democrat, but has never had any aspirations for oflice of any kind. He was one of the founders of the Metropolitan Savings- Bank. He was married Jan. 21, 1850, and his wife is yet living. They have had nine children, viz. : Anna, married to F. S. Willson, Jan. 21, 1873, and died Dec. 19, 1873 ; William S., married to Mary J., daughter of D. J. Foley, April 26, 1881 ; Thomas R., Albert T., Mary J., Elizabeth, Constance, Robert J., and Anna, all of whom are living. Oysters, Feuits, and Veoetables, Canneh. iKsn Wn No. of Amt. of Amt. ol issu. JNO. g^^jjg Capital. W».ff™. Oysters, fruits, etc 45 14,296 81,980,450 8820,035 ?3,902,200 $5,262,568 Preserves aud sauces 6 48 21,410 10,276 21,011 46,199 The number of boats and vessels licensed by the State for the oyster trade is shown by the following tables, compiled from the books of the comptroller's oflice at Annapolis : Fiscal Year. 1 Number Aggregate Ton- Amount of License of Boats. Paid by Same. 1870-71 ~ ..[ 627 13,862.49 $41,587.46 30,227.73 ]'.<:i-.:. 583 14,118.53 42,355.58 49,837,46 37,408.39 10,391.10 31,173.29 1 '" 6,202.17 18,606.50 Total .. 5722 132,506.81 8391,617.40 396 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. The value of these dredging-boats is set down at $1,050,000, which, with the value of the winders, dredges, etc., added, would amount to 11,120,000. The scraping-boats number 550, and employ 2200 men ; in addition there are 300 unlicensed boats. The pay of the men employed averages eighteen dollars per month for seven and a half months, or $297,000 for the time employed. There are 5148 tong-men, using 1828 canoes, and 200 boats called "runners." Summary of investments : 700 dredgers, at $160(1 $1,050,000 Oiltflt for same 70,000 5S0 ecrapera, at S8(Kl 440,000 200 runners, at $161X1 300,000 1825 canoes, at $100 182,500 $2,042,500 $162,000 3275 The annual wages paid are as follows : 5,600 wages $916,300 2.200 " 297,000 5,148 " 1,158,000 Total 13,748 82,538,1) With four persons dependent upon every oyster- man, there are 54,992 persons dependent upon this trade in Maryland. There are two hundred vessels employed in the shipments of oysters in shell for eight months of the year. The following is the summary of the trade : To For Planting. Bushels. For Immediate Consumption. Bushels. Total. Bushels. 9,(WI 66,000 110,000 75,000 50,000 30,000 80;000 84,000 116,000 140,000 80 000 Fair Haven, Conn Providence and Provi- dence River Boston 488,800 488,800 162,960 200,000 650,000 100,000 162,960 200,000 Seaford, Del., for packing 673,880 597,960 2,021,840 Summary op Peesons and Wages. Men employ. 1 ii v, ii.l; 13,748 wages $2,538,000 Emploves "f ! I I 1 !■ ' - 8,639 " 777,779 Oan-maktr- ,1 i il ikiiien 700 " 256,000 Prepariiit: I I ' i !.|ii.u 1,290 " 248,802 Individual i'.i !■(- 225 34,602 $3,820,621 with 83,.S45 persons depending upon the trade for their annual .support. Confectionery, Candy, and Foreign Fruits. — In the maiuil'acture of confectionery and candies in this city there are thirty-seven establishments, employing one hundred and twenty-one hands, with capital amounting to one million dollars, and giving employ- ment to more than five hundred employes. The trade in foreign fruits is also very large, em- bracing the Mediterranean and West India ports, oranges and lemons from Florida and Sicily, almonds and raisins from Malaga, raisins from Valencia, cur- rants, citron, figs, dates, prunes, sardines, Canton ginger, together with French candies and conserves. The manufactures of these articles in Baltimore en- joy an enviable reputation, and the trade therein is extending throughout the South and West. Pure sugar is used exclusively, and adulteration with terra alba, barytes, and other noxious ingredients, so ex- tensively employed elsewhere, is carefully avoided. To every variety of candy and conserves there has lately been added the manufacture of fruit-butters, jellies, canned fruits, and cigars. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida are the markets for the manufacture of Baltimore sweet goods. Among the largest and most reliable houses in Baltimore engaged in this trade is that of T. A. Bryan & Co., successors to Summers & Bryan. This old firm began business fifty years ago in a small house • at the corner of Baltimore and Liberty Streets, and the present spacious establishment of the successors, on Baltimore Street near Eutaw, is a monument to honest and intelligent enterprise. Cracker Bakeries. — The manufacture of crackers, formerly a slow and arduous business, has, through improved machinery, passed from the hands and feet of manual labor into that of machinery, where clean- liness is possible. In Baltimore all the changes from the old mode of hand-made crackers to that of ma- chinery have taken place, and now the outlay of millions of dollars in plant and machinery and the employment of many hundred persons marks the pro- gress made on this part of the staff of life. In 1820, Richard C. Mason established a small bakery near the Basin, where flour and water were put in a trough and mixed by hand ; a cloth was thrown over the dough of "our daddies," and a number of men with bare feet, and all that they imply, would tread it into a solid mass, after which it was placed upon a plat- form, and a long razor-blade, worked by a man's feet, was used to cut and knead it. It was then flattened and cut into shape by hand, and baked in hand-ovens. This Richard C. Mason was born at Watertown, Mass., in 1783, and removed to Baltimore in 1816. Mr. Ma- son traces his ancestors through five generations to Capt. Hugh Mason, who, with his wife Esther, sailed from Ipswich, England, in the bark " Francis," John Cutting, master, April, 1634, and received his com- mission of captain from Governor Endicott in 1652, at which time he settled at Watertown. Capt. Hugh Mason's son Nehemiah was the father of Hugh Ma- son the second, who left three sons, the youngest of whom was R. C. Mason, the founder of the ship-bread and cracker bakery now conducted by his son, James D. Mason, who, having received a practical education, entered business at a very early age, and soon worked his way into the confidence and respect of all classes of the communitv. Mr. Mason has been twice mar- T. A. BRYAN & CO, 351 BALTIMOEE STREET, BALTIMORE, MD. COMMERCIAL INDUSTEIES AND MANUFACTURES. 397 ried. His first wife was Mary Dent, of this city, and his second wife was Mary Cooke, of Philadelphia. He has three sons, all connected with him in his bakery business, and one daughter. He has long been a member of Washington Lodge of Free and j Accepted Masons, and is now treasurer of the Grand Lodge of Maryland. Fertilizers. — As Baltimore was the first city in the Union to import Peruvian guano, which trade began in 1832, so her manufacturers are, fifty years after- wards, the largest and among the best and most reli- able compounders of artificial or chemical fertilizers. The arrival of the first cargo of Peruvian guano in Baltimore in 1832 may be regarded as the beginning of a new era in agriculture. Experiments to deter- mine the value and uses of this novel manure led to \ discoveries of great importance in other directions. An impulse was given to analyses of soils, and land- holders were taught the characteristics of the proper- ties they owned and the proper methods of utilizing them. Progress was slow for a time and incredulity I great, but the steady success of those engaged in the handling of fertilizers encouraged others, and in 1858 John Kettlewell, then naval ofiicer of the port, asso- [ ciated himself with John S. Keese & Co. in the prep- j aration of artificial manures. A factory equipped I with suitable machinery was erected, and the manu- facture of what was becoming a great commercial staple was begun on an extended scale. The imports of Peruvian guano at Baltimore in 1849 were 2700 tons; in 1850, 6800; in 1851, 25,000; and in 1854, 58,927. From this beginning the indus- try has developed, until at present (1881) there are in Baltimore 27 factories, representing a capital of $5,000,000, giving employment to 2500 persons, dis- bursing annually to employes $1,500,000, expending in the purchase of materials $3,554,945, and producing annually values amounting to $5,419,358. The ag- gregate product of these factories for the year 1880 was 280,000 tons of fertilizers, or more than half the amount annually consumed in the United States. Thus the manufacture of fertilizers ranks only second in im- portance of all the manufactures in this city. Until within a recent period Baltimore fertilizers found their chief market in the South, but many of them are now used in Ohio, and the high-pressure farming in parts of Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa has created a de- mand for them which Baltimore manufacturers find it difficult at times to supply, and which has not in- frequently tasked to their utmost the resources of the transportation companies. Guano as a fertilizer has been greatly superseded by the manufactured article, and it is used now almost entirely as an ingredient in manufacture, rather than applied directly to the land. Chemical analysis has ' taught the wants of plants, and shown how these wants can be best applied in their proper proportions and of their proper ingredients. Hence manipulated ma- nures have come into most extensive use, their manu- facture requiring the highest scientific acquirements. In all these respects the manures of Baltimore houses have been found by long and thorough trial to be superior to those of any other city. Adulteration is so easily practiced, and its discovery so distant and dif- ficult, that the personal character of the manufac- turer is necessarily greatly relied on for a genuine and properly compounded article. In this respect, also, the manufacturers of manures in this city are not behind those of any community." The ingredients used in the manufacture of these manures are exceedingly varied, and are brought from all portions of the globe, — mineral phosphates from Spain, France, England, Canada, South Caro- lina; tankage from the West; fish-scrap, or dried fish, bone-black, ground bone, desiccated bone, brimstone, from Sicily ; Peruvian, Navassa, and Mexican guanos, and kainit and other potash salts from Germany. All of these are made available by solution in acids of proper strength, ammoniac and phosphoric acids being the most valuable to the soil and in the pro- duction of crops. The practical benefits to agriculture resulting from the use of these fertilizers can be scarcely overesti- mated. Millions of acres of waste and abandoned land have been restored to cultivation through their use, and the productive power of millions more has been quadrupled through their agency. The increase in the cotton production of the South is said to be mainly due to the general use of these fertilizers, so that the phrase " no guano, no crop," has almost be- come a proverb with the Southern planter. The increasing importance of this trade has re- cently led to the organization of "The Chemical and Fertilizer Exchange of Baltimore City," the object of which is " to advance the commercial character and promote the general agricultural interests, and es- pecially those of the trade engaged in the manufac- ture, importation, and merchandizing of agricultural chemicals, fertilizing materials, and guanos." The officers of the Exchange for 1881 are as follows : Presi- dent, K. W. L. Rasin; Vice-President, William Orem ; Treasurer, W. S. Powell ; Directors, Winfield S. Du- nan, R. W. L. Rasin, William Morris Orem, William J. Davison, Robert Ober, B. N. Baker, and W. S. Powell; Secretary, A. de Ghequier. The offices of the Exchange are in the Rialto Building, on Second Street. Mr. Rasin, the president of the Exchange, is de- 1 It is believed that the elder Booth, the great tragedian, was the first person in Maryland to use bones as a fertilizer. His house was about three miles northeast of Belair, in Harford County, and in 1826-27 he advertised in the Bond of ViiUm, published in Belair, offering to pay cash for all bones brought to his house. Money being scarce and bones being plenty in those days, he was soon iu receipt of a very large supply. Carts, wagons, baskets, and even aprons on old women were soon seen wending their way to his mansion, and an enormous pile of bones was very soon accumulated. These the great tragedian pounded, burnt, and crushed, as the best mode of extracting that " good oft interred with their bones," of which he had so often appealed to "Friends, Romans, and countrymen." HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. sccnded from a French family, one branch of which was among the pioneers in the settlement of Mary- land, his great-grandfather, William Rasin, having settled on Kent Island in the third decade of the eighteenth century. He represented his county in the General Assembly of 1757, and was a vestryman of Chester Parish. His son was William Blackiston Hasin, who at sixteen years of age enlisted as a jirivate in the Revolutionary army, rose to the rank of captain, and, as an ensign, was one of the gallant Maryland line at the battle of Camden, where he was the only color-bearer who brought his flag off the field. In the third generation following William Rasin was Robert Wilson Rasin, who married Mary Rebecca Ringgold and left two sons, R. W. L. Rasin, the subject of this sketch, and Isaac Freeman Rasin, the present clerk of the Court of Common Pleas for Baltimore City. On the mother's side the de- scent is from Thomas Ringgold, Lord of Hunting- field, who came from England to America, and in 1650 settled on Kent Island with his two sons, James and John. He was a member of the courts as far back as 1651, and in 1652 was commissioned under Oliver Cromwell's protectorate for the decision of all matters in dispute in the English colonies in the Chesapeake Bay; he and sixty-five others pledging themselves to be true to the commonwealth of Eng- land without king or House of Lords. The grandmother of R. W. L. Rasin was Phcebe Wilson Rasin, who was connected on her mother's side with the family of Gouverneur Morris, the friend of George Washington, and the moneyed assistant of the Revolutionary cause. Mr. Rasin was born atCour- sey's Point, Queen Anne's Co., Md., Oct. 27, 1836, and ten years afterwards the family removed to Baltimore. It was his destiny to enter within a few years the busi- ness of the nuuiutacture and sale of fertilizers, which he has never since abandoned. He held positions in the offices of the Philadelphia Guano Company and the Sombrero Guano Company, and later on be- came connected with Capt. Edward K. Cooper, the discoverer and owner of Navassa Island and its vast guano deposits, and went to the island as manager of the work. Subsequently it was sold to the Na- vassa Phosphate Company, of which Mr. Rasin was made the general agent. In 1872 he resigned the position, his own extensive business in fertilizers de- manding his entire time and attention. Besides in- troducing various fertilizers into the United States, he. brought the Navassa and Sombrero guanos to the notice of European agriculturists, and also per- fected a plan for the utilization of the meat and bone refuse from the great slaughter-houses of the West and Texas, whereby the once unvalued materials have been converted into the base of the bone and nitrogenous ingredients that unite to make up the best class of fertilizers. With the firm-title of R. W. L. Rasin & Co., he and Capt. Cooper, his partner, now have a factory that has not a superior in the world. It covers an area of nearly two acres at the corner of Covington and Cross Streets, in South Bal- timore. The crude phosphates are manipulated by machinery which is a marvel of power and economy of labor, and when they are turned into fertilizers a warehouse with a capacity of five thousand ton.s ac- commodates the storage. A third building contains the chemicals, of which an immense amount is used. The present capacity of the factory is about thirty- six thousand tons per annum. The products of the factory are sent all over the country, and there has been such a demand for them in the South that the firm has found it necessary to establish a branch house in Atlanta, Ga. Mr. Rasin has a refined taste for horticulture, and in 1873 he and a few other gen- tlemen of similar inclination resuscitated the Mary- land Horticultural Society, at whose monthly and annual exhibitions can be seen a display of plants and flowers not rivaled by any other city in the United States. The grounds around his summer resi- dence, " Athol," a few miles out of town, are beauti- fully furnished with rare annual and perennial shrubs and flowers. In the conservatory there is the floral wealth of the tropics ; a grape-house contains the finest varieties of vines ; the green-house overflows with indigenous and exogenous plants ; and the fern- ery is a bower of luxuriant beauty. Mr. Rasin has imported from the West Indies a new variety of cen- tury plant, which, in compliment to him, was named by Mr. Smith, the botanist of the United States con- servatories at Washington, Agave Easinii. The "Rocky" fountain at Athol is made up of slag from iron furnaces, and tiie pockets of the rocks are filled with superb specimens of growing native ferns. Mr. Rasin has a luxurious city residence on Hamilton Ter- race, North Eutaw Street, and, with his brother, owns the " Old Field Point" estate in Kent County, on the Sassafras River, which has been held by the family for two centuries. He is treasurer of the Maryland Horticultural Society, and treasurer of the National Chemical Fertilizer Association. He personally su- perintends his extensive business, traveling from Maine to Texas, and has made several visits to Europe. He tendered his services in behalf of the International Cotton Exposition, held at Atlanta in October, 1881, and realizing that with the completion of Southern railroad connections now being built, Baltimore should become a great cotton port, he has strenuously endeavored to cultivate the Baltimore interest in the exhibition, and procured large sub- scriptions to it. In June, 1860, he married Miss Margaret A. Johnson, and their children are Mary Ringgold Rasin, Robert Cooper Rasin, Grace Rasin, Bessie Rasin, and Viola Rasin. Another old and leading firm in this department. is that of R. J. Baker & Co. Richard J. Baker, the head of the house, was born in this city, Jan. 13, 1812, and receiving the ordinary instruction of the academical schools, he completed his studies in As- COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. bury College, in Howard Street. After remaining five years in the store of Wm. Brundage, in the paint and oil business, on Cheapside, he was admitted to the house of Stanley & Co., which became Stanleys & Baker. In 1837 the Stanleys retired, and Mr. Baker continued the business, confining it to drugs and dye-stuffs. This was the period when the subject of improving the soil was uppermost in almost every mind. The rich farming-lands of the West, and the improving and increasing lines of communication therewith, threatened great injury to the agricultural interests of the worn-out and exhausted soils in the Eastern States. Peruvian guano had been discovered and introduced, but soon its expensiveness and vola- tile character, and the fact that it was a stimulant rather than a permanent manure, led to experiments that would fix its volatility and render its effects more durable in the soil. In this work chemistry supplied the information and suggested the material. Mr. Baker was among the first to take hold of this subject. To it he applied all the energy of his mind, and becoming fully satisfied of the usefulness and practicability of combining with guano other sub- stances that would reduce its cost and make more lasting its effects, he began on an extensive and ex- panding scale the manufacture and manipulation of fertilizers. Doing work on a reliable and scientific basis, according to special formula; for the different products of the soil, it was not long before his house was appreciated by farmers and planters and began to furnish them with unmixed chemicals, and com- pounding special formulte, enabled them at greatly reduced cost to provide themselves with a pure and unadulterated article. While Mr. Baker was thus establishing a large manufacturing business in Balti- more, he was likewise enabling the farmer to renew his exhausted land and regain his waning fortunes. From 1837 to 1866, Mr. Baker was alone in business, but in the latter year he associated with himself Eichard J. Hollingsworth, whom he had trained, and who has since been the active business manager, and among the foremost in perfecting forraulre and extending the trade throughout the Middle and Southern States. Mr. Baker's business course was a steady advance. Avoiding speculation, and free from restless, competi- tive enterprise, his house rose to a leading place in the trade, and it has never lost it. Calm in spirit, and unmoved by the fluctuations of markets, his opinions have generally been verified by subsequent events. His unimpeachable honor established him firmly in the confidence and regard of the community, and gave his influence, views, and opinions very great value. At the organization of the Piedmont Guano and Manufacturing Company he was elected president, and his knowledge and ripe experience has made it one of the most successful enterprises in the city. A house like E. J. Baker &Co.'s is, in a sense, pro- ducer, merchant, and manufacturer, and directly aids each class and promotes the prosperity of all. As has already been suggested, there is scarcely any other branch of business in which personal integrity and high character is so important for the develop- ment and retention of trade, and it is fortunate for Baltimore that her manufacturers of fertilizers have established a wide reputation for honesty and fair dealing. Among those who have contributed largely to the maintenance of this high standard of mercan- tile honor may be mentioned the progressive house of Wm. Whitelock & Co. Mr. Whitelock was born in Wilmington, Del., in the first quarter of the present century. He was the son of George and Sarah Whitelock, and is of pure English descent, his ^^^ V^^^ ancestors on the paternal side having emigrated from Leeds. His mother was a descendant of Caleb Pusey, a Friend very prominent in the colonial days of Pennsylvania. He came in the year 1682 from at or near Pusey Hall, Berkshire, England. His father erected a cotton-factory near Wilmington, in 1817, but finding himself bankrupt six years later, he re- moved with his seven children to Baltimore, where he died in 1833. Owing to his father's straightened circumstances, William Whitelock received a very limited common-school education. Impelled by a love of reading, inherited from his mother, he obtained a situation in the book-store of Edmund J. Coale, on North Calvert Street, soon afterwards removing to Norfolk, where he completed his mercantile training in the large shipping-house of Smith J. Fisher. With a little capital saved from his salary he returned to 400 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Baltimore in 1845, and opened a retail grocery-store at the corner of Gay and High Streets, which soon exj^anded into a shipping business extending over the Southern States and the West India Islands. The late Samuel K. George had about that time imported some Peruvian guano, and Mr. Whitelock, apprecia- ting its value, undertook its sale with characteristic energy, and by granting credits to the farmers built up a heavy and lucrative trade in the article. Nor was his business confined to that specialty of fertilizer. He was the fir.st merchant to introduce the phosphatic and other guanos to the notice of the agriculturists of this region. In the year 1857 he erected the fine warehouse on South Street now occupied by him, and during the past twenty years has mainly confined his attention to the manufacture of fertilizers at his factories on Federal Hill. At the solicitation of many leading citizens, Mr. Whitelock, in 1858, established the Old Town Bank, and was its president for a long period. In 1864 he was one of the founders and the first president of the Third National Bank. He is now a director in several of the leading fire and ma- rine insurance companies. His early political asso- ciations were with the W^hig party, and when civil strife began he became an Unconditional Unionist, freely yielding all his influence to the support of the government. In 1863, at the request of Henry Win- ter Davis, he stood as a Republican candidate for State senator from Baltimore County, and in 1875 he was elected from the same county to the House of Delegates on the Reform ticket. Though he has al- ways taken an active interest in political movements, this is the only political office that he has ever held. His business management has always been marked by great prudence combined with enterprise, and his credit has never been in the slightest degree impaired in any of the crises that have shaken the com- mercial community. He has for twenty years resided on his beautiful estate of " Wildwood," near Mount Washington, Baltimore County. He married, in 1853, Jane, the daughter of Stephen Woolston, of Bucks County, Pa., whose ancestors emigrated from England to West Jersey about the year 1680. They have six children, — George, Elizabeth, Anna, Mary, Susan, and William. George Whitelock is a member of the bar of Baltimore. The house of Gustavus Ober & Sons is one of the largest in the city, and no account of this great interest would be complete without at least a brief reference to the founder of this establishment. Gustavus Ober was born on the 10th of February, 1819, in Montgomery County, Md., and died in Baltimore, on the 27th of January, 1881, in the sixty-second year of his age. His parents were Robert Ober and Catharine (Tenney) Ober, both of whom were born in Beverly, Mass. The father, Robert Ober, was a prominent merchant of Georgetown, D. C.,and became especially well known for his patriotism in public afiiiirs during the war of 1812-14. Mr. Ober's grandfather was also an honored merchant of Georgetown. Gustavus Ober was mar- ried to Rebecca Kettlewell on the 27th of July, 1841. His wife was a daughter of Charles Kettlewell, a prominent and esteemed citizen of York County, Pa. Mr. Ober was educated at private schools in Mont- gomery County, and was emphatically a self-made man, having never taken a regular academic course. In his fifteenth year he entered a drug-store in Phila- delphia, and graduated before he was twenty-one at the College of Pharmacy in that city. He remained in Philadelphia in the drug business until 1840, when he settled in Baltimore, and opened on his own ac- count a wholesale drug-store on Charles Street. In this business he had a fair measure of success. In 1856, Mr. Ober became connected with the late John Kettlewell in the manufacture of fertilizers, a business that was at that time in its infancy. It was in this new business that Mr. Ober's enterprise, fore- sight, and nerve became conspicuous. His success was so great that he abandoned the drug business and devoted all his energies to the manufacture of fertilizers and the development of this new branch of trade. In 1861, however, the firm was cut off from their market, the Southern States, by the lines of op- posing armies, and the business was suspended until the close of the war. Mr. Kettlewell died during the war, and Mr. Ober alone, as soon as peace was re- stored, resumed the business on a large scale, and prosecuted it with remarkable skill and success until the day of his death. On the 1st of July, 1869, a new firm was formed under the style of G. Ober & Sons, consisting of Gus- tavus Ober and his two sons, John K. and Robert Ober. The new firm enlarged the sphere of their operations, and were encouraged by such rapid suc- cess that at the time of Mr. Ober's death the firm was just completing large acid chambers to their manufactory at Locust Point to meet the demands of their market throughout the whole South. Mr. Ober, whilst so remarkable for his talents, energy, and judgment as a man of business, was a truly consistent Christian, a firm Presbyterian, a pray- ing and working church-member, and for more than twenty years a revered and useful ruling elder, first in the Westminster, and then in the Franklin Square Presbyterian Church of Baltimore. For years previous to his death he was an active and faithful member of the Boards of Foreign and Domestic Missions, and a liberal supporter of these pious causes. His dispo- sition and habits were retiring and domestic, rather avoiding than seeking public honors ; and only as a matter of duty, when his friends thought it necessary to use his name as a Democratic candidate to reclaim his ward (the Nineteenth), did he consent to become a candidate for the First Branch of the City Council, to which hewas elected by a handsome majority. During his term of office he was eminent for the same ster- ling qualities which marked his business career and his religious life. cM^ COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 401 ^^. C^. J'^rrs/f He leaves three sons and five daughters living. The sons are John K., Robert, and Gustavus Ober, Jr. The daughters are Catharine, married to Jolm A. Hambleton, of Baltimore; Virginia R., married to Charles Watkins, of Richmond, Va. ; Mary E., mar- ried to John J. Hickok, of Augusta, Ga. ; Misses Matilda G. and Ella B. Ober. As a merchant Mr. Ober was extensively known, and possessed the confidence of the mercantile world. It was well known that his representations could always be implicitly trusted, and that no amount of profit could induce him to misrepresent his manu- factures. As a citizen his advice, always given with- out ostentation, had the greatest weight as that of a reading, thoughtful, observant, judicious, and saga- cious man. His remarks upon men and aflfairs were singularly free from all prejudice and invidious per- sonalities. In personal appearance he was large, erect, and of noble countenance and mien. During his life Mr. Ober acquired a very considerable for- tune, but the richest legacy he has left to his children is the unsullied name of a " Christian gentleman." The death of Mr. Ober was sudden in an extreme degree. He had been for a short time previous suf- fering from some obscure malarial disease, but was thought to have recovered and to need but a short time for complete restoration to his usual vigorous health. He passed the last evening of his life at his home in the manner he loved so well, — reading, con- versing with his pastor, his fellow-elders, his wife, and children. He retired without complaining of any discomfort, spoke to his wife about one o'clock in the night in his natural tones and in apparent good health, and at four it was discovered that he had quietly breathed out his life without a pain, or groan, or struggle, in perfect peace with God and man. The formation of the Chemical Exchange, to which we have previously referred, is an outward and visible indication not only of the proportions already attained by the trade, but of the promise which it holds out of further expansion. There can be no doubt that the new organization will exert a most beneficial influence, and that under the systematic and organized effort which it will encourage even more splendid results will be realized than have already crowned individual enterprise and energy. The character of the officers selected indeed affords a guarantee to this effect, which will be fully redeemed in time. A brief account has been given on another page of the business career of the president of the Exchange, and in this connection it may not be inappropriate to refer more particularly to another of the officers, William Sutheron Powell, who is one of the most prominent representatives of the organization, and one of the active, progressive merchants of Baltimore. Mr. Powell, who is the originator and patentee of " Powell's Prepared Agri- cultural Chemicals," was born in Alexandria, Va., 1 May 10, 1853. His father, Edward B. Powell, was a HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. member of the well-known Powell family of Loudon County, Va., and liis mother was of the old Sutheron family of St. Mary's County, Md. Mr. Powell comes from what. may be called a profession-family, as nearly every member on both paternal and maternal sides have been connected with the civil or military jirofessions of the country, and, with one or two ex- I coptions, he is the only merchant in the family. Owing to the disastrous termination for all Southern I men of the late civil war, Mr. Powell, at the age of fifteen, dependent entirely on his own resources, found himself in Baltimore without one dollar in pocket and his trunk in the express-office with freight un- paid. In this dilemma work — and hard work — was plainly his only alternative, and to work he went cheerfully, resolutely, and with determination to win ill the coming struggle. On a salary of twelve dol- lars per month, with the floor for a bed, and preparing his own food over a gas-stove, he fought his fight with poverty, and came oft" victorious after a six months' struggle. As a member of the well-known house of William H. Brown & Co., he can look back upon the past with j the satisfaction of knowing that however hard the struggle it is now over, and without injury either to himself or any other man. The originator of Powell's Prepared Chemicals and the treasurer and manager of the Brown Chemical Company, he has " made two blades of grass grow where only one grew before" in many of the exhausted acres of the Southern States. He is a director in the Merchants' Club, chairman of the committee on hospitality of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association, and superintendent of the Sunday-school of the Memorial Protestant Episcopal Church. A Democrat but not a partisan in politics, he dis- charges the duties of a citizen without the bitterness of a politician. He takes a lively interest in every- thing relating to progress and advancement, and is a member of the Maryland Academy of Sciences. He was married Nov. 22, 1878, to Lily B. Smith, only child of the late J. Bowen Smith, formerly a member of the well-known Baltimore house of Reynolds, Smith & Co. The business career of Mr. Powell is another ex- ample of energy, character, and determination tri- umphing over adverse circumstances. Paints and Chemicals. — The manufacture of chemicals (miscellaneous), according to the census of 1880, in this city is conducted by 13, establishments, employing 191 hands, with an aggregate capital of $495,000, and paying for wages annually $95,000, and for materials $425,7.50, and producing values annually I amounting to $756,840. Those for the manufacture of 1 jiaints are 2 in number, employing 13 hands, with $2200 of capital, and $2770 in annual wages, expend- ing for materials $1700, and producing annually $6600. These statistics give but an imperfect view of the very large business that is done in this city, either in chem- icals or in paints. The demand for chemicals in the twenty-three establishments for the manufacture of manures is filled in several instances by those manu- facturers themselves. Oil of vitriol, muriatic and nitric acid, sulphate of magnesia (Epsom salts), sul- phate of soda (Glauber's salts), and sulphate of iron, (copperas) are largely manufactured in this city. The bichromate of potash is manufactured only in Bal- timore, there not being another establishment in the United States, and the largest factory in the world for the manufiicture of chrome-yellow is in this city. The Maryland White Lead Works are very large cor- roders, while many houses are engaged in grinding in oil, white lead, and zinc. Varnish-factories for the manufacture of furniture and coach varnishes, japan, leather, and Dormer varnishes are also among our most flourishing and successful establishments. Raw and double-boiled linseed oil are manufactured here to a very large extent. The goods of all these establishments find their way throughout the South and West, as well as in exporta- tion to foreign countries. Glass Manufacture. — This industry in Baltimore began at a very early day in the history of the city. The Baltimore Glass- Works on Federal Hill was es- tablished before 1800, and was among the earliest works of the kind in the United States. It has been in continual and successful operation, growing larger and developing with the trade year by year. At' Spring Gardens another factory has for more than twenty years been in successful operation. At these establishments all kinds of glassware and in every variety are manufactured, — bottles, vials, jars, flasks, demijohns, tumblers, chimneys, Cologne and extract bottles, and window-glass. The Baltimore Window-Glass Works, for the man- ufacture of window-glass, coach-glass, and picture- glass, and the Maryland Glass- Works also conduct their business in Baltimore. Together they turn out annually 100,000 boxes of window-glass.' 1 The present government as early as 1789 manifested a purpose to protect the infant industries of the country. In adjusting the first tariff glass-manufacturing was amoug tlie industries thus protected. "On motion of Mr. Carroll, of Maryland, who stated that a manufactory of glass had been successfully commenced in his State, a duty of ten per cent, ad vojorem was laid on window and other glass, with the exception of quart bottles, imported from foreign countries. The Legislature of Maryland had previously encouraged the manufacture of glass by a con- sideraljle loan. The works were established at Tuscarora Creek, four miles above Fredericktown, and were known as the JEtna Glass-Works. Like most of the glass.works heretofore established, it was the property of an ingenious and enterprising German, John Frederick Amelung. (Bishop on Manufactures, vol. ii. p. 243.) In the newspapers of 1785 a notice of this infant enterprise, signed John Frederick Amelung & Co., at the glass-works, refers to Messre. Ludlow & Gould, New York ; Messrs. Cox & Frazier, Philailelphia; Messrs. Crockett & Harris, and Melcher Keener, Baltimore ; and Abram Fau, Fredericktown. A committee of Congi-ess in 1790 recommended a "loan of S8000 to Mr. Amelung, the proprietor of an extensive glass manufactory in Frederick, Maryland." The Federal GaseUe of March 8, 1829, gives the following names of com- missioners of the Baltimore Flint Glass Company: William Patterson, Samuel Moore, George Baily, Nathaniel Whitaker, Julius T. Ducatel, Christian Keener, James K. Stapleton, George H. Keerl, and John COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 403 Pianos and Musical Instruments.— Baltimore claims precedence of all American cities in the estab- lishment of the manufacture of pianos as well as equality of excellence at the present time with any manufacture of these instruments. " In 1810, Adam Stewart, a Scotchman, and piano-maker by profession, established on Charles Street, near Baltimore, the first establishment for the manufacture of pianos in the United States, and there made the first piano that was made in America." This claim to priority of manu- facture, which we find in the newspapers of this city, does not rest upon reliable data, as there is "record" testimony in the Patent Office at Washington that ten years prior to 1810, viz., Feb. 12, 1800, John J. Hawkins, of Philadelphia, patented an "improve- ment in the piano-forte," which he manufactured and sold as the Patent Portable Grand Piano. In 1815, James Stewart, " P. F. M.," at " his old stand in St. Paul's Lane," continued the manufacture of these instruments, and in 1819 the instruments from this establishment were offered for sale at No. 4 South Gay Street by Mr. Clifton. ment of tanneries and shoemaking was adopted as a provincial policy in Maryland as early as 1681, when a duty was imposed upon the exportation of hides and leather. Capt. Lux, of Baltimore, was most probably the first tanner of the city, as in 1743 his tannery is mentioned in the journals of that time as situated on the west side of Green (now Exeter) Street. The tanneries of Baltimore, according to the census of 1880, numbered 2-5 establishments, with a capital of $254,929, expending for wages $70,329, and for material $386,529, and with annual products worth $605,994. The curriers of Baltimore, by the same census, had 10 establishments, with $69,856 of capi- tal, and expending in wages $21,055, and for materials $224,956, with annual productions amounting to 1279,- 350. The statistics of this industry for the last twenty years are as follows : Census. Eetabs. Hands. Capital. $:!35,100 324,785 Wages. Material. Products. «.M.i,165 8471,010 862,50(1 499,967 633,954 91,384 611,585 885,344 Since those early days the manufacture of pianos in Baltimore has gradually grown from uncertain be- ginning to an established business, which now un- (juestionably ranks the instruments made in this city equal to any and superior to a vast number of instru- ments made elsewhere. The late William Knabe, in 1837, laid the foundation of the immense business yet conducted by the establishment under his name, which has continued to expand and enlarge until it is among the largest and most complete in the United States. The manufacture of pianos and musical instruments in Baltimore is conducted by 16 establishments, em- ploying 690 hands, with an aggregate capital of $1,119,196, expending in wages $331,307 annually, and for material $269,233, and producing values amounting annually to $946,488. Leather and its Manufactures.— The encourage- Prominent among the tanners and leather-dealers of Baltimore was Benjamin Deford, a descendant of an old Huguenot family which emigrated to this coun- try after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and settled on West River, where the subject of this sketch was born in 1799, and where he was reared under those influences that have fashioned into the highe-st types of manhood many of the descendants of the Hugue- nots, who, wherever located in exile, have stamped their individuality upon their contemporaries. Left an orphan at an early age, he was under the guardian- ship of his uncle, Richard G. Hutton, until, in his fourteenth year, he was placed under James C. Dod- drell, to learn tanning, currying, and dressing leather. Faithful in work, he acquired a thorough knowledge of all the processes of tanning. With correct habits and by strict economy he accumulated the means of beginning business for himself, and in 1823, without 404 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. capital or influential friends, he began the business of tanning. At that time the large tanneries of Balti- more, though few in number, were owned and worked by men of capital and experience. William Jenkins, Poland, Jenkins & Co., and George Appold were the leading tanners of that day. In a few years Mr. De- ford had laid the foundations of that eminent success which he afterwards attained. His business increasing as the city grew, he built and operated tanneries in Maryland and other States, and became one of the leading manufacturers and dealers in oak-tanned leather in the United States, and contributed very largely to the increase and development of the trade in leather with New England, New York, and Phila- delphia. Uniting with others in the leather trade, a charter was obtained for the Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, under which the line of steamers known as the Boston Steamship Line was organized and operated. In the work of organizing this steamship line Mr. Deford took a most active part, subscribing largely to the stock, and contributing to its successful establishment by the free use of his capital and efforts. In his honor one of the first steam- ships of the line was called the " Benjamin Deford." The value of this line, in a great measure owing its success to Benjamin Deford, cannot be estimated, and the result of this enterprise has been to extend the line to New York, Savannah, Charleston, and other Southern ports. His business sagacity made him one of the earliest and most active friends of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road, and identifying himself with Johns Hopkins, Thomas Swann, Wm. G. Harrison, Chauncey Brooks, and John W. Garrett, he sustained the road through its most perilous periods. He stood by the road when general confidence abandoned it, and when the credit of the State and city was nearly ruined. In the Board of Directors his practical judgment was valued in some respects above all others. His financial and business operations had demonstrated the sagacity of his strong intellect, while his careful scrutiny of surroundings and contingencies proved the soundness of his conclu- sions. The influence and association of Mr. Deford were so highly esteemed by business men that they were sought in every branch of business. He became a director in the Mount Vernon Manufacturing Com- pany, the Mechanics' Bank, the Union Bank of Maryland, the First National Bank of Baltimore (of which he was one of the founders), the Baltimore Sav- iugs-Bank, the Equitable Fire Insurance Company, and several other corporations. In all these boards, various as were their routine of business, his judg- ment and opinion were always sought and followed. With a native genius of his order, and trained by self- culture, his judgment was always calm and clear, with- holding him from the eflfects of over-confidence, and restraining him fro)n those speculative ventures by which so many fortunes have been wrecked. Pursuing the straight road of business enterprise, he builded his fortune by laborious industry, and not by any sud- I den freaks of fortune. Associated with the late George I Brown in themanagement of the House of Refuge, he ; formed for him a very strong attachment, and erected to the memory of Mr. Brown a beautiful testimonial on the grounds at the main entrance. The House of Reformation for Children is another evidence of his j benevolent disposition, as he aided in its establish- ment. Possessing a warm and sympathetic nature, I he was at all times a valuable friend to the poor and suff"ering. His sterling character has left a pleasant memory among all his contemporaries of Baltimore. I He died April 17, 1870, leaving a large fortune, and I bis funeral was attended by a large concourse of ] citizens. He was succeeded in business by his sons Thomas and B. F. Deford, who preserved its relations to the trade, and maintain the high character estab- lished by the father. Another prominent house in the tanning business in Baltimore is that of Henry Klees & Son. • Its I founder, Henry Klees, was born in Holbach, Hesse- I Darmstadt, Germany, on the 13th of April, 1812, i and died in Baltimore on the 23d of December, 1 1879. His father was an oflicer of the court and a member of the bar, and desired to give his son the advantage of a collegiate education. The latter, however, had no inclination for the military service which a life in Germany involved, and determined to avoid its exactions by leaving his native country. Accordingly, in 1832 he emigrated to England, and I obtaining employment in one of the largest fur-dress- ing establishments in London, soon became master of the business and was raised to the position of fore- man. But his enterprising mind saw still greater opportunities of advancement in the New World, and declining the offer of an interest in his employers' house, he embarked for America in October, 1837, with the intention of prosecuting the same business in this country. On his arrival in Baltimore he found that furs were not manufactured in this country, and that with the limited amount of capital at his com- mand it was impracticable to inaugurate that indus- try successfully. He therefore secured employment in the house of James Carrigan, manufacturer of sheepskins and morocco, with whom he remained ten years, accumulating a small capital, and making him- self thoroughly acquainted with the business. At the end of that period he purchased a half-interest in the I firm of Henry Bitzler, and upon the death of Mr. I Bitzler, a year afterwards, continued the business in his own name. He continued the manufacture of morocco and sheepskins until 1864, when his sons John and Henry were admitted to the partnership, and a currier's and tanning department were added to the establishment. The business expanded so rapidly that in 1865 the firm purchased the Linga- nore tannery in Frederick County, which was placed under the charge of John, the eldest son. while Henry (fl M<^^^^<^ c/xJ ^2-^?-«-t^ / ?i^f^.«V 1. il t n», 1 abliiLir FRANK & ADLER, BOOTS AND SHOES, 314 AND 31G BALTIMORE STREET, BALTIMORE, MD. COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 405 remained with his father in Baltimore. Mr. Klees' death was due to injuries received by the running away of his horse at New Windsor, Carroll County. He was originally a member of the Lutheran Church, but became connected with the United Brethren in 1840, after his arrival in this country. He subse- quently united with a few others in founding the East Baltimore German Methodist Episcopal Church, of which Rev. Adam Miller became the pastor. The j church was situated at the corner of Lombard and Bond Streets, and was erected principally through the liberality of Mr. Klees. It was at first simply mis- sionary in its character, but the congregation soon greatly increased, and a new edifice was built on Broadway, between Bank Street and Eastern Avenue, and from this church the other three German Metho- dist Churches have sprung, all of which owe much to the generosity and energetic aid afforded by Mr. Klees. He was a director of the German Central Bank, a member of Mountain Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., of the Independent Order of Red Men, Anacosta Tribe, and of the Shoe and Leather Board of Trade, by which highly complimentary resolutions with regard to him were passed at his death. He married Eliza- beth Fett, of Baltimore, who had emigrated with her father's family from Germany in 1839. She died in July, 1879, a few months previous to his death. Mr. Klees, while of a kindly and generous natnre, insisted in all transactions upon a strict observance of contract and discharge of duty. He took great interest in the growth and commercial prosperity of Baltimore, and his wise counsels and liberal views contributed largely to the development of the busi- ness and industrial interests of the city. As a citizen he enjoyed to an unusual extent the general confidence and esteem, and is remembered with affection by hosts of friends, to whom he had endeared himself by his many amiable qualities. Mr. Klees had a family of ten children, three of whom died in infancy. John, one of the members of the firm, died in 1878. The business is continued by Henry Klees, in accordance with the request of his father, under the former name and style. Boot and Shoe Manufactures.— The improve- ments made in the machinery used in the manufac- ture of boots and shoes have not been surpassed in their aggregate value by those in any other branch of manufactures. In Baltimore these improvements have been availed of to greatly increase her manufactures and to place them upon an equal footing with the best establishments in the country. New England and Philadelphia no longer supply the South and West. This city has extended her trade throughout those regions, and is now their equal in all of those States, and in many of them surpasses any other mar- ket. There are in this city, according to the census of 1880, 33 manufacturers of boots and shoes, with an aggregate capital of $588,600, employing 1896 hands, expending annually in wages $595,249, and in ma- terial $1,237,273, with annual productions valued at $2,207,848. The comparative growth of this manufacture is presented in the following table : Year. 1860 No. of No. of Amt. of Amt. of Value of Value of KstaLs. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. Products. J211,668 S365,737 $871,567 61 1563 444,600 $649,721 881,949 1,937,058 33 1896 688,600 595,249 1,237,273 2,207,848 Boot and Shoe Jobbing Trade.— As a centre for the jobbing trade in boots and shoes, Baltimore is the Boston of the South. The establishment of this branch of industry as a distinct business is so recent as to excite astonishment at its progress. Many of the merchants who were pioneers in the trade are to- day among the most vigorous and active business men in the city, and yet it is the largest single interest in Baltimore, giving employment to thousands, and ag- gregating in sales fully $26,000,000. The conditions of the trade are such that there can be no backward step in production, and the energy and probity of those who direct its development in Baltimore give assurance of healthy expansion in this locality. With the increase of population there must be increased demand for the products of the tanneries, and excel- lence of workmanship and fairness in dealing will always in the end command a proper share of trade. It is gratifying to be able to state that such is already the case in Baltimore. The chief aim of the manu- facturers has been to cheapen production, and at the same time improve the fabric, and the extraordinary increase in sales, taken one year with another, is a most flattering testimony to the excellence of Balti- more workmanship and the estimation in which it is held abroad. The total sales for 1880, as given by the Shoe and Leather Board of Trade, were as follows : sales of wholesale and retail dealers, $10,500,000; manufacturers, $7,150,000 ; rubber boots and shoes, $650,000 ; at auction, $1,100,000 ; oak and hemlock leather, $3,400,000; calf-skin and harness leather, $1,400,000; green and salted hides, calf and kip-skins, $1,100,000; dry hides, $1,120,000. This is an in- crease of ten per cent, over the sales of the previous year, which were far in advance of those made during 1878. There are now engaged in Baltimore an increased number of shoe-factories, producing a larger number of pairs than ever before, and employing between four and five thousand operatives in their production. Of the boots and shoes manufactured, about four- fifths are produced by the aid of machinery. There are also twenty-five wholesale houses, and a multitude of retail dealers. Boots and Shoes, Repaikino. No. of No. of Amt. of Amt. of Value of Value of Estabs. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. Products. 1880 591 1083 $276,787 $349,912 $427,619 $1,204,904 Saddlf.ey and Harness. No. of Amt. of Amt. of Value of Value of Estabs. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. Products. 105 710 $349,975 $268,095 $490,677 $1,051,681 40« HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Among the former merchants of Baltimore who in ' their day and generation held high rank in the busi- i uess world and wielded an influence for good that is still felt in the community was George Bartlett, for j many years connected with the leather trade of this 1 city. Mr. Bartlett was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 24, 1792, and died in Baltimore on the 15th of Feb- ruary, 1874, in the eighty-third year of his age. His father, William Bartlett, was born in Marblehead, Mass., in 1750, and liis mother, Susan Swift, the daughter of Ebenezer Swift, was also a native of New England. Mr. Bartlett was educated in Boston, and entered the boot, shoe, and hat establishment of Elisba Penniman, of that city, where he became familiar with [ the business. Hesubscquentlyremoved to Baltimore in i 1812, and established a house of the same character, but after some years devoted himself exclusively to the | leather trade, in which he continued until the failure of his health compelled the relinquishment of active business life. Mr. Bartlett was a member of the First Unitarian Church of Baltimore, one of the founders of the National Fire Insurance Company and the First National Bank, a director in the Western Bank, and formerly a director in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and other institutions, and an earnest and able advocate of the public school system. He dis- played at all times an active interest in the pros- perity of the city, and aided greatly in its advance- ment by his energetic example and wise counsels. He was the first instigator of the project to erect a conservatory in Druid Hill Park. He was quiet and unobtrusive in his manners, but he was never- theless a man of decided opinions and fixed prin- ciples from which he never reversed. He was of a generous and kindly nature that manifested itself in a thousand charities, the practical expression of sympathies that were as wide and comprehensive as the race itself Mr. Bartlett was the youngest of five children. Susan, his eldest sister, married John R. Penniman, of Boston ; Elizabeth married Henry Nolen, of the same city ; his brother William married Aley Robinson, sister of Vashtie, Mr. Bartlett's wife; and Lucretia married John Osborn, of New York. Mr. Bartlett was married Nov. 3, 1824, to Vashtie Robinson, daughter of Charles Robinson, of Balti- more County, by whom he had four children, — Lu- cretia, born May 3, 1827, who married Charles W. C. McCoy, of Baltimore ; George W., born Sept. 25, 1834, who died in infancy ; Rebecca C, born Jan. 14, 1839, who died in infiincy ;' and George Washington Burnap, born April 14, 1843, who married Amanda Sallie Griffith, daughter of Ulysses Griffith, of Mont- gomery County, Md. The children of Charles W. C. McCoy and his wife Lucretia are George Bartlett, Charles Seward, Lewis Macatee, and Maury McCoy. The children of George W. B. Bartlett are Viishtie Rebecca, Alice Riggs, George Burnap, and Harry Griffith. Cotton.— The cotton trade of Baltimore is of recent growth. Until within a few^ years but little was done in exporting cotton, and even now Baltimore does not occupy that position among cotton-markets to which her situation and facilities entitle her. The incor- poration and organization in 1867 of the Baltimore Warehouse Company, and the erection of a cotton- press, have given very considerable impetus to the trade in this great staple. Its manufacture for years around Baltimore has been very great, but the trade in cotton in the city has been of very recent intro- duction. The Warehouse Company affi3rds every fa- cility for storage, and its certificates, which are ne- gotiable securities, enable the dealers to make those advances which are necessary now in all kinds of trades. The cotton-press prepares the bales for ship- ment, and now only the same energy and enterprise which have so magnificently developed the grain trade of Baltimore arc necessary to make the city take rank among the great cotton -markets of the country. Owing in part to the new press, and in part to the increased steamship facilities, as compared with for- mer years, the exports of cotton from this port from Sept. 1, 1880, to Aug. 20, 1881, have aggregated 153,679 bales, an increase of 128,640 bales over the same time last year. The following table shows the shipments by ports : 1880-81. 1879-80. 1880-81. Bales. Bales. Increase. ■ To Liverpool 122,561 102,896 19,665 " Bremen 31,118 26,744 6,374 Total ;. 153,679 128,640 25,039 To Liverpool the exports reached 122,561 bales, a gain of 19,665 bales, while to Bremen the shipments were 31,118 bales, an increase of 5374 bales. The following tables exhibit the receipts and ex- ports of cotton at and from this city for the past few- years : Eeoeipts. Fkom 1880. 19,890 1 83,773 114,291 32,027 1879. 15,230 45,622 85,440 27,060 1878. 22,904 47,500 69,968 19:516 1877. 17,884 51,17*1 63,588; 9,489j 1670. CharlestoD 10,788 Virginia and North Carolina... Per rail 83,293 11,076 Total 249,981 173,252 142,135 128,932 126,192 EXPOKTS. Bales. Bales. 148,036 For 1874 .46,087 93,755 " 1873 35,826 83,295 " 1872 16,747 37,094 ; " 1871 36,525 27,410 I " 1870 29,027 The above tables show a steady increase in receipts and exports during the last decade. This increase is likely to be continuous and much more rapid in the future. Baltimore has better connections with the centres of production than formerly ; its compressing facilities are now large and very eftective, and in the matter of warehousing, cheap and easy handling, and regular and al)undant steamer-room, we can offer very %.u^!3. ^i, COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 407 attractive advantages. The exports are chiefly to Liverpool, while the receipts, which are not only by railroad but by steamer from the South, show a wide extent of contributing country. It is anticipated that the receipts of the present cotton year will exceed 250,000 bales, worth, at $5-1 per bale, over $13,500,000. This is an important factor in the city's trade, though its proportions do not tower up to the height of the grain trade. The Taylor press now used at our com- press, one of the most powerful in existence, is cap- able of reducing, at a charge of only fifty cents per bale, without any expense for wharfage, fifty or sixty bales per hour to a thickness of only seven inches in the bale. This is accomplished by means of a press- ure of 3800 pounds to the square inch, and enables 5000 bales to be loaded on a vessel which under the former method of hydraulic pressure could only carry 3000 bales. Facilities such as those enumerated, combined with cheapness, safety, and the means of obtaining any advances needed on warehouse receipts, must inevitably bring cotton to this port in increasing quantities. Cotton Manufactures.— The growth of cotton, manufactures has kept pace with the growth of the cotton trade. The mills and fiictories immediately adjacent to Baltimore employ over 8.500 hands, with 125,000 spindles, and a capital of $.5,000,000. The factories at Ellicott City, Alberton, Laurel, Powhatan, Woodberry, Mount Washington, Franklin, and War- ren are among the best established in the country, having splendid water-power conjoined to steam, large and substantial buildings, and new and improved plant and machinery. The goods they turn out are recognized for uniformity and excellence of quality in every market. Our mills, which have perfected the manufacture of cotton duck, supply to the trade eighty per cent, of the entire quantity consumed throughout the world. In addition to this article, in which we have no rivals, our mills produce twines and yarns of a superior quality, seine and netting twines in demand by fishermen everywhere, a well- known article of lamp-wick, and the best quality of Osnaburgs, sheetings, light duck, drills, quilt stuffs, twills, and shirtings. The manufacture of cotton in Baltimore may be considered as starting with the organization of the Baltimore Manufacturing Company. The Maryland Journal of May 15, 1789, contains the following: " Baltimore, May 15. At a meeting held at Mr. Stark's tavern on Saturday, agreeable to a public notice given in the Maryland Journal, etc., of the 8th instant, the following rules for constituting a manu- facturing society were read and approved of: We the subscribers, being desirous to promote the internal manufactures of this country, do associate ourselves under the title of the Baltimore Manufacturing Com- pany, and in order to carry our view into effect have agreed to the following rules or constitution." A carefully drawn constitution here follows. Many advertisements appear, calling for payments upon the I shares.^ June 19th, Isaac Vanbibber, Christopher ! Johnson, Andrew Skinner Ennals, Alexander Mc- Kim, Richard Caton, Thomas Dixon, and Andrew- I Vanbibber were elected directors, with James Calhoun as treasurer. June 16th, an advertisement calls for a "person qualified to act as superintendent in the manufacturing of cotton, flax, and wool, according to the present most approved methods in Europe;" also, " a number of skillful manufacturers of cotton, flax, and wool, to whom, according to their abilities and character, good encouragement will be given" by the Baltimore Manufacturing Company.'^ The Union Manufacturing Company of Maryland was organized in 1808, with a capital of $1,000,000, in which the State was a stockholder. It was located near Ellicott's Mills. Commenced running in 1810 ; was destroyed by fire in 1815.-' Mr. Bishop, in his " History of Manufactures," enumerates among the eighty-seven cotton-mills in 1809-10 in the United States " two near Baltimore," one of which was " The Union," above mentioned, and the other was The Wa.shington Manufacturing Company, on Jones' Falls, five miles above Baltimore. The capital of the company was $100,000. The mill was erected in 1810, and the company incorporated in 1815. "In Baltimore and vicinity," says Bishop,^ " where the marshals reported eleven mills with 9000 spindles in 1810, preparations were making to run 1500 to 2000 more before 1st January. Messrs. Worthington, Jes- sop, Cheston, and others took up water-rights on Gwynn's Falls for the erection of the Calverton Mills, 1"New FuiUNG-Mui,.— Geo. Parker, Fuller and Dyer, hereby in- forms his old customers, and the public in generiil, that his new Fulliug- Mill, at Mr. Josiab Pennington's, about a half a mile on Jones's Falls from Balto, Town, is now going, and that he is ready to receive cloth at the mill to full and dress. And it will be also received, for the same pur- pose, at Mr. John Shultz's in Market St., the 2nd door above South St. Those who shall be pleased to favor him with their cloth, may depend on its being attended to witli punctuality and despatch." — Maryland Journal, Tuesday, Oct. 2T, 1780. - Cotton was grown in Maryland during the Revolution, as mention is made that the people of St. Mary and Talbot Counties raised then enough for their own purposes, and as late as the census of 1840, 5673 pounds were gathered in the State. 3 At an election held April 7, 1808, for directors of the " Union Manu- facturing Company" of Maryland, the following gentlemen were elected : William Patterson, John M. Kird, John Gill, Robert M'Kim, A. J. Schwartz, William Jones, Ludwick Herring, John Trimble, James H. McCulloch, William Wilson, Benjamin Ellicott, Robert Gilmor. " On Jan. 4, 1808, at a meeting of citizens desirous of promoting the establishment of cotton and woolen manufactories, held at the Mer- chants' Coffee-House, William Patterson chairman, a committee was appointed to meet at same place January 6th, at si,\ p.m., for the purpose of receiving such conimunicatiotis as any of the citizens ac- quainted with the theory or practice of either of the above branches may think proper to make to them, and to make report thereof to a gen- eral meeting of the citizens to be held at the Merchants' Coffee-House on Saturday, 9th inst., at six p.m. " On Jan. 4, 1808, Baltimore Cotton Manufactory will go into operation, in all this month, where a number of boys and girls from eight to twelv^ years of age are wanted, etc. '* Applications will be received by Thomas White, at the manufactory, near the Friend's meeting-house, Old-Town, or by Isaac Burneston, 196 Market Street." < Vol. ii. p. 198 408 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. four miles west of the city." The Powhatan Cotton- Works, on Gw)'nn's Falls, six miles from Baltimore, were erected in 1810-11, and the company incorpo- rated in 1815." The Warren Cotton-Factory, at Great Gunpowder Falls, was incorporated in 1816 ; it was destroyed by fire in 1830; rebuilt in 1837; sold in 1864, for $40,000, to Woodward Baldwin & Norris. j The Eockdalc Factory of Messrs. Mason & Johnson, established in 1847 on the site of the old silk-factory, was destroyed by fire in 1855. The Phoenix Factory for Osnaburgs, Thomas Fulton, who died Jan. 12, 1851, proprietor, was established in 1848. Mr. Ful- ton was also proprietor in 1848 of the Washington Factory,- on Jones' Falls, about five miles from the city. The Patuxent Cotton-Factory, at Laurel, was de- stroyed by fire June, 1855, and sold to G. P. Tiffany, treasurer, for $36,000. Rebuilt in 1857, with a ca- pacity of 7000 spindles. ' The Rockland Cotton-Factory, established in 1846, was then the only calico print-works in the State ; destroyed by fire in 1857. The Rockdale Cotton-Factory, on Jones' Falls, was destroyed by fire in 1855. i The Whitehall Factory was destroyed by fire in 1854. The Ashland Factory was burnt in 1864. The Savage Manufacturing Company's mill, in 1860, was purchased by Donaldson & Burgee. The Alberton Mills, at Elysville, Howard Co., are the growth of the enterprise and energy of the late James Sullivan Gary, and those of his son, James Alfred Gary. The father, James Sullivan Gary, was born at Medway, Mass., Nov. 15, 1808. He was de- scended from John Gary, who, with his brother James, emigrated to this country from Lancashire, England, in 1712, John settling in New Hampshire, and James at Marblehead, Mass. He was but five years old when his father died, leaving a large family, and he went to work in the cotton-mill of the Med- way Manufacturing Company, where he remained | constantly employed until 1820, thus acquiring a 1 thorough practical knowledge of the minutest details j of the manufacture, which contributed largely to his ] success in after-life. His educational advantages were necessarily very limited, but were improved to their [ fullest capacity by the aid of an exemplary and kind mother. Quitting the Medway Company to find more profitable employment elsewhere, he engaged succes- sively in a number of manufacturing establishments, thus enlarging his knowledge of the business. In 2 March 16, 1810, "John Hagerty, treasurer," advertises, " The Wash- ington Cotton Manufacturing Company (being the first cotton manufac- tory in Maryland worked by water) are now in operation," with " 288 spindles going, and many more to be in operation. Tliere are a few shares to be disiiused of, Ibe piice of wbifb was S.'i(t, now ^.■jil.wliicli niiiy be had of the treasurer. X... 12 Liglit Street." these various changes he constantly bettered himself, and by the time he wa-s twenty-two years of age he had accumulated a few thousand dollars. Removing to M:iiisliilii, ( 'dim., he became a partner in a cotton- f:Kt(.r\, hilt this first venture in business on his own accDiiiit priivtil very unfortunate for him. The agents of the factory went into bankruptcy, and he lost his entire investment. After this disaster he spent some years in charge of one of the departments of the mills of the Lonsdale Manufacturing Company, in Rhode Island. In 1838 he removed with his family to Maryland, having been engaged to take charge of one of the departments in the mills of the Patuxent Manufacturing Company, at Laurel, Prince George's Co. In 1844 he and three other gentlemen established the Ashland Manufacturing Company of Baltimore County, and he assumed entire supervision of the works. This company operated most successfiilly until 1854, when the buildings and machinery were destroyed by fire. While thus engaged he was invited by the Patuxent Company, who had been greatly im- pressed by his energy and executive ability, to take complete control of their works, which for some time he did, visiting and directing the mills of both com- panies. A year previous to the fire at Ashland, Mr. Gary, in connection with another gentleman, had es- tablished the Alberton Manufacturing Company, at Elysville, Howard Co., which remained in operation until 1857, when it shared the fate of many other business houses in the financial panic which swept over the nation. A new organization was soon after effected, under the name of the Sagouan Manufactur- ing Company, and production was resumed. In 1859, Mr. Gary discovered that his associate, who controlled the financial afl'airs, had involved the company in ' outside operations to a large amount, and with disas- trous results. He at once arranged to assume the sole ownership of the mills, together with the heavy indebtedness. Recognizing the fact that he should not be held responsible for what had been done with- out his knowledge, the creditors were ready to agree to a very liberal compromise, but he declined the offer, promising to discharge every claim in full at a future time. A settlement on this basis was arranged, and Mr. Gary soon showed that his qualifications for mercantile and financial transactions were not inferior to his skill as a manufacturer. His affairs prospered rapidly, and in half the time for which he had asked he was able to pay oft' the debts of the company in full and with interest added. In 1861 his son, James Albert Gary, was taken into partnership, under the firm-name of James S. Gary & Son, and in 1863, for the purpose for securing a wider field of operations in the purchase of cotton and the sale of manufac- tured goods, a branch house was established in St. Louis, with the title of James S. Gary & Co. Great prosperity attended these enlargements of the busi- ness. In 1866 tlie mills, dwellings, and property at Alberton were considerably damaged by a freshet. A ^ WILLIAM DEVRIES & CO., 312 BALTIMOBE STREET, BALTIMOBE, US. COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. much greater calamity occurred in tlie memorable iiood of 1868, when the whole valley of the Patapsco was suddenly swept by a torrent which destroyed many lives and millions of dollars' worth of property. Mr. Gary himself narrowly escaped with his life, and ' his loss amounted to $150,000. But scarcely bad the waters subsided when, with his usual courage and energy, he set to work to repair damages, first relieving the wants of the people of the village, many of whom were his employes. At this task he worked night and ' day, and though the Alberton Mills had suffered so ' heavily, they were the first of those along the line of the freshet to resume operations. Mr. Gary died rather suddenly on March 7, 1870, and is buried at Alberton, where the monuments of his energy and skill are to be seen in the great mills and their pic- turesque surroundings. His manners were' genial, and his disposition amiable, though he was strict in his discipline. He was a sincere and zealous Unionist and Republican. His daughter is married to H. B. Holton, and resides at the mills. His son is a worthy successor of the father at the head of tlieir vast busi- ness. He manages it on the same safe principles, and there has been no break in its prosperity. James A. Gary is now a very prominent citizen of Baltimore. In 1874 he was the candidate of the Republican party for Congress from the Fifth District, and in 1879 can- didate for Governor of Maryland. In the latter year he thoroughly stumped the State and obtained a flat- tering vote. In June, 1881, he sailed from Baltimore with his family for an extended tour of Europe! For several years he has been a director of the Citizens' National Bank. The property at Elysville embraces cotton-facto- ries, a commodious dwelling, a large store, and up- wards of seventy houses for the operatives, all built of stone in the most substantial and convenient man- ner. The factory is 340 by 50 feet, four stories high, with tasteful belfry, containing the bell to strike the hours " to begin" and " to quit" work. The spindles ' number 9000, with 228 looms. The preparatory de- partment, 68 by 32 feet; the dyeing department, 32 by 50 feet; a store-house for 1500 bales, a gas-house, a reservoir 178 feet above the buildings, and containing 70,000 gallons. The estimated value of the property is $600,000. The products are cotton ducking and drillings. In 1877 the Laurel Factory, at Laurel, Prince George's County, suspended operations, and was sold to a new company, the Gary Manufacturing Company, with James A. Gary, president ; W. H. Stewart, W. M. Boone, John Nicholson, and Jos. Friedenwald, directors. Capital, $300,000. Operations were re- sumed in 1877, employing 300 hands. The Mount Vernon Company was organized in 1847 with the present mill. No. 1, 40 by 130 feet, consum- ing 100,000 pounds cotton per month, and employing 150 hands, and producing 80,000 pounds of goods ; spindles 5000. In 1853 mill No. 2 was erected, 204 by 44 feet, 4 stories, employing 150 hands, and 5000 spin- dles. These two mills consume about 3000 bales of cotton annually, with a production of $1,000,000 for the same period. The Washington Mills at Mount Washington, the Clipper Mills, Falls Road, Whitehall Factory, Falls Road, and Woodberry Mills, at Woodberry, Messrs. Wm. E. Hooper «& Sons, proprietors, are the most ex- tensive manufactories of cotton duck in this country. They owe their origin and growth to the labors and energy of Horatio N. Gambrill, now of the " Druid Mills," and Wm. E. Hooper, the present proprie- tor. The Whitehall Factory, formerly the " Old Whitehall Flouring-Mill," ou Jones' Falls, was con- verted and rebuilt in 1839 by Mr. Gambrill, who there commenced with five looms the manufacture of cotton duck for sails. In 1842 the Woodberry property was purchased, and the Woodberry Mills erected for a more extensive manufacture of the same article. In 1845 the capacity of this mill was doubled, and steam in- troduced to assist the failing water-power. In 1847 the Laurel Mill, on Jones' Falls, was purchased from Hugh Jenkins, and soon after the " Mount Vernon Mill, No. 1," was constructed by conversion of the old flouring-mill into a cotton-factory. In 1832, Mr. Gambrill purchased the Washington Factory, and proceeded to rebuild and enlarge the establishment. In 1863 the Whitehall Factory was destroyed by fire, and upon its site was erected the Clipper Mills. The Park Mil!, at Woodberry, for the manufacture of netting for seines by machinery, was built about 1854^55. The machinery was invented and patented by John McMuUen, of Baltimore. In 1865, Mr. Gambrill sold out both branches of manufacture to Wm. E. Hooper. The house of Wm. E. Hooper & Sons now conduct the operations of the above mills. The Druid Mills, at Hampden, were erected in 1866, by their present proprietor, after he had dis- posed of his interest in the manufacture of cotton duck and seine twine, as narrated in the sketch of the mills of Wm. E. Hooper & Sons. The " Druid Mills" began operations in 1866, having cost for es- tablishment and machinery about $470,000. Ante- rior to the establishing of the old Whitehall Factory for the manufacture of cotton duck for sails this country had drawn its supplies from the Passaic and Phoenix Mills, in Paterson, N. J., and from the looms of English and Russian manufacturers. The Balti- more goods proving of such excellent quality, and selling at a greatly reduced price, soon effectually supplanted in the markets of the country the pro- ductions of all competitors. The civil war in 1861- 65, by largely increasing the price of cotton, greatly checked the operations of the Baltimore mills; but upon the return of peace in 1865 the works again sup- plied the markets, and have since continued to outstrip all competitors. Mr. Gambrill has made several valu- able improvements in cotton machinery, particularly that of a self-stripping cotton-card, the right of which 410 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. was sold in England for $66,000, and the royalty upon which in the United States is $4000 annually. The ] operatives of the Druid Mills are well housed in neat cottages belonging to the proprietors of the mills. Woodberry, Hampden, and Sweetair are villages where reside the families of the operatives in the mills along the course of Jones' Falls, and aggregate a population of over 5000 persons. The aggregate investment of money in and around these manufac- turing establishments is over $10,000,000. The Thistle factory of the Thistle Manufacturing Company, near Ilchester, Howard County, manufac- tures sheetings and drills. The Phoenix Mills are situated in Baltimore County, eighteen miles out on the Northern Central Railroad ; E. W. Garrett & Sons and Jos. W. Jenkins, pro- prietors. The Dry-Goods Jobbing Trade.— Tlie jobbing trade in dry-goods and notions is one of the most substantial and promising business interests of Balti- more. No regular statistics are kept of this trade, ] and the figures given by the last census fail to present it in its true proportions, for the reason that it takes no account of the capital or the transactions of the large number of brokers who sell altogether by sample, and whose stock is never open for inspection. In spite, however, of the difficulty surrounding an accurate es- timate, careful inquiry among those engaged in the business renders it certain that there is over twenty millions of dollars employed in the two branches of trade under consideration. This large amount is being annually augmented, not only by the activity with which it is turned over in the course of busi- ness, but by the fresh capital which finds its way into these profitable channels. There is scarcely any other branch of business in Baltimore whose growth during the last few years has been so rapid, or whose future points to more magnificent results. No better evi- dence of this could be afforded than is furnished in the large number of new and splendid business struc- | tures which have been erected by the trade within the last few years. Among them may be mentioned l the fine warehouses of Messrs. Hurst, Purnell & Co., Wm. Devries & Co., Bruff, Faulkner & Co., Johnson, Sutton & Co., Seliger & Newman, Ross, Campbell & Co., Townsend, Whitely & Co., Turnbull, Sweet & ' Co., Robt. Hull, and Daniel Miller & Co. The char- acter of these establishments, and the extent and pro- ] portions of the trade which they represent, may be | gathered from the accompanying views of a few of i the leading houses of Baltimore. The new house of Daniel Miller & Co., at Nos. 32 and 34 South Sharp, , and 23, 24, and 2r> Liberty Street, is, however, deserv- ing of special mention. The building is five stories high, with basement and sub-cellar, with a front on Sharp Street of forty-five feet, and on Liberty Street of seventy feet, with a depth of one hundred and eighty feet. Both fronts are, architecturally, very imposing. On Sharp Street the first story is of iron, with heavy French plate stained-glass front, while for the upper stories the materials employed are the best pressed brick, with trimmings of Richmond granite and terra-cotta of elaborate pattern, and highly-polished granite col- umns and capitals. The Liberty Street front is sim- ilar in general appearance, but the trimmings are of Cheat River stone instead of granite, and owing to a difference of grade, the entrance is on a level with the basement, independent of which, however, a grand staircase leads directly to the door. The plan of the interior is the same on every floor. A double row of iron columns, with ornamental capitals and bases, handsomely decorated in gold and delicate tints, ex- tends the entire depth of the building. On each side is a staircase communicating independently with every floor. An abundance of light is obtained from three sides of the building, and an immense sky-light in the centre pours a flood of light upon every floor. The building is supplied with three elevators, one passenger and two freight, of new and improved pat- tern. The house, in addition to being almost fire- proof, is amply supplied with novel facilities for ex- tinguishing a fire should it occur. Many other business places equally imposing have recently been erected, and the amount of money which is being expended in these improvements is one of the best proofs that could be obtained of the expansion of the dry-goods and notions interests. Their growth, however, is tlie logical result, not only of the trade facilities and advantages enjoyed by Baltimore, but of the great energy and enterprise which have been showu by our merchants in extending their connec- tions in every direction, and building up a trade wherever a customer is to be found. Prior to the civil war the business in Baltimore, as in other cities, was based upon credit and mutual confidence. The relations between buyer and seller were necessarily closer than at present, and the former dealt directly with the latter. The outbreak of the civil war inter- rupted travel and traffic, and in many instances debtor and creditor were separated from each other by walls of steel more impassable than Chinese bar- riers. Capital, warned by these unpleasant lessons, decreed a cash basis for the future, and the relations of the parties were altered. The buyer, freed fi-om the thraldom of credit, became more independent, and the seller was compelled to seek him and to offer the strongest inducements for his custom. The Balti- more merchants soon conformed to the change in business methods, and with excellent judgment se- lected active and intelligent agents to represent them in the South, Southwest, and Northwest, and quickly extended the area of their operations far beyond its original limits. Their own energy and enterprise have been infused into these representatives, and there is no section of the country to which the Bal- timore " drummers" have not carried the commer- cial flag of their city. The stock of these trades will I Ir-- iWWLIfii m i i Jilil llilr'ii m liiii! iiii ill DANIEL MILLER & CO, 32 AND 34 SHARP, AND 21, 23, AND 25 LIBERTY STS., BALTIMORE, MD. COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. compare favorably with that of similar establishments in New York and Philadelphia, and embraces the best selections of home and foreign manufacture. Foreign goods are imported directly from abroad, and are purchased often by our merchants in person, who make regular trips to Great Britain and the continent of Europe for the purpose. In addition to the advantages arising from their greater proximity to the South and West, importers at Baltimore are favored by lighter port charges and ^ cheaper ship supplies than obtained at any rival cities, and can therefore sell more cheaply and on better terms. This in part accounts for the fact that com- peting cities have found it impossible to seduce her | customers, or to divert the constantly increasing stream of traffic which is flowing into the lap of Bal- timore. Among the oldest dry-goods houses in Baltimore is that of Daniel Miller & Co., established in 1846. It was founded by the enterprise and energy of the distin- guished merchant whose name it still bears, and com- menced business at No. .304 West Baltimore Street, in partnership with the late John Dallam. Nine years later Mr. Dallam was killed in a disaster on the Cam- den and Amboy Eailroad, and the surviving partner continued the business, which, commencing with annual sales of eighty thousand dollars in 1847, in- creased to one and a quarter millions in 1870, the year of Mr. Miller's death, and now amounts to nearly two millions of dollars. Mr. Miller was a native of Loudon County, Ya., and was born July 7, 1812. His father was a German, who had emigrated from the Fatherland prior to the Revolution and made his home in Loudon County as a teacher, in which profession he greatly excelled. With other patriotic citizens of the neighborhood, he as.sisted in the defense of Baltimore in 1814, and after the war became much embarrassed on account of in- dorsing for a friend whose means were swept away in a financial panic. At this time Daniel Miller, then but fourteen years of age, resolved to be no longer a burden to his family but to start out in search of his own fortune. He trudged off to Harper's Ferry, which was then a business and social centre, and found a situation in a country store at a meagre salary. Thus early in life he, in compliance with the wishes of his mother, made the stern resolution never to touch spirits or tobacco, and notwithstanding the temptations which beset him in his youthful days, he was a total abstainer and remained such to the end of his life. It was his custom to attribute much of his success in business to his observance of this principle, which he commended to all young men as a safe guiding star no matter what their pursuits might be. He labored with so much diligence for his employers that before attaining his majority he w\is offered an interest in a mercantile house at Lovettsville, Ya., which he accepted, and in a few years he bought out his partners and conducted the business on his own account. By the year 1842 he had become the lead- ing merchant and citizen of the vicinity, and ran for the Yirginia Legislature on the Whig ticket. He met the opposition on the hustings and was elected by a large majority, although he refused to buy votes or descend to any species of political bribery. He made a useful member of the Legislature, and was con- cerned in the enactment of several measures of im- portance to business interests. A rural district, how- ever, was too contracted a sphere for the exercise of Mr. Miller's ambitions, and in 1846, as has already been said, he removed to this city. The outbreak of the civil war plunged Mr. Miller into terrible business difficulties. He was accumu- lating wealth, but his business connections were so extensive and ramified that his capital and credit were most seriously involved. Great amounts of money were owing to him in the seceded States, and were of course uncollectable. In this critical moment his integrity and fortitude were the salvation of his house. Casting to the winds all suggestions of com- promise, he dissolved the partnership, notified his creditors that they should eventually be paid every dollar, and set himself to work to keep his promise. By close economy and untiring labor he made good his word, taking up as he could his maturing indebt- edness and renewing what he was not able to pay. Within five years he made himself a free man by paying four hundred and ninety-six thousand dollars, thus canceling the principal and interest of all his obligations. It was the happiest day of his life, as he himself said, when he announced to his creditors his full resumption. Mr. Miller was generous in his aid to the wounded men and prisoners of war during the civil conflict, and when it was terminated he was alert to devise ways and means to revive commerce and industry. He was one of the mo.st efficient pro- moters of the plan to make advances of money to the farmers of the valley of Yirginia to seed and restock their farms, and as treasurer of the Agricultural Aid Society he collected and disbursed over seventy thou- sand dollars. He also aided in the establishment of banks at Winchester, Harrisonburg, Staunton, and Charlottesville, and although there were debts amounting to nearly half a million dollars due him from this section of the countrj', he forgave his debtors, and gave new credit, as far as was prudent, to his old customers. He associated his two sons, Henry Clay and Theodore K., with him in business, and the firm steadily rose in commercial eminence. Daniel Miller ^vas married while at Lovettsville to Miss Klein, and the fruits of the union were five sous and one daughter. He died suddenly at midnight of Sunday, July 24, 1870. He had been an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and teacher and superintendent in the Sunday school. He was the first president of the National Exchange Bank, a director in the Eutaw Savings-Bank, and a member of the Board of Trade. His death threw a gloom over the whole community. 412 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. His sons conducted tlie house on the great principles whicli he liad bequeathed to them, but in 1880 it was deprived of the invaluable labors of its head, Mr. Henry Clay Miller, who, at the age of thirty-nine years, followed his father to the grave, and was mourned in no less degree. The firm now consists of Theodore K., Daniel, and William E. Miller, and R. C. Davidson and J. Frank Supplee. They are all young men, and in full sympathy with the progressive spirit which has always marked the management of the house. Henry Clay Miller, whoSfe death occurred on Aug. 1, 1880, in the thirty-ninth year of his age, inherited all the business talent of his father, and in the compara- tively brief period of business life which was allotted to him advanced in a marked degree the prosperity and fortunes of the house with which he was associ- ated. He was born in Lovettsville, Loudon Co., Va., and came to Baltimore with his father in 1846. He was educated in the public schools of this city, and graduated in the Central High School, now the Bal- timore City College, when only sixteen years of age. He was one of the best students in the class, and re- ceived the second of the Peabody prizes. After his graduation he entered his father's store, and dis- charged his duties with so much judgment, talent, and fidelity that on the 1st of January, 1865, when only twenty-three years of age, he was made a member of the firm. In his new position the business qualities which he had already exhibited were tested by cares and responsibilities of no common order, but be soon demonstrated by his calm judgment, unshrinking courage, and prudent action that he was fully equal to the most arduous and complicated business de- mands, and was entirely worthy of the confidence which had been placed in him. His striking aptitude for the career upon which he had entered was so ap- parent that it was not long before he assumed largely the management of the business, assisted by others, but always in the lead. The sudden death of his father called for the every effort of his will and every resource of his intellect to carry on the work in ac- cordance with the designs and views of its founder, and he acquitted himself in a manner that surprised even those who best understood his qualifications and abilities. Enterprising, constantly developing, clear- headed, far-sighted, his operations were exceptionally successful, and his investments safe and remunerative. He was a born merchant, and possessed a reserved force and mercantile genius which were exhibited with wonderful force and effect in the many emer- gencies and sudden demands of a great business ca- reer. The new structure in which the business is now conducted was projected by him, and though still un- finished at his death, has been completed in accord- ance with the plans arranged by him. In early man- hood he became a member of the Presbyterian Church, of which his father was a ruling elder, and by his large and ready charities proved the depth and sin- cerity of his religious faith. He married Elizabeth L. Whelen, daughter of Henry Whelen, of Bryn Mawr, Pa., and left two children, a boy and a girl. The firm of Woodward, Baldwin & Norris is one of the most prominent jobbing houses in Baltimore. It was established in March, 1828, on Baltimore Street, between Liberty and Howard Streets, for the sale of domestic dry-goods, under the name of Jones & Woodward, and was then composed of William Woodward and Talbot Dixon Jones. Upon the death of the latter, his younger brother, Andrew D. Jones, succeeded him in the business, and subse- quently Ellis B. Long became interested in the firm, the name of which was changed to Jones, Woodward & Co. In 1844, further changes having occurred in the personnel of the house, it assumed the name of William Woodward & Co., with William Woodward, Andrew D. Jones, and Wm. H. Baldwin, Jr., as its members. Mr. Jones died in 1846, and during the same year the place of business was removed to its present location on Hanover Street, and Francis A. Fisher was admitted to the partnership. In 1852, Mr. Fisher retired, and C. C. Baldwin became a member of the firm, the name of which was changed to Woodward, Baldwin & Co. The house continued business under this name until 1873, when Summer- field Baldwin, Edward T. Norris, and Andrew D. Jones, Jr., the son of a former partner, became mem- bers of the firm, which has since been known as Woodward, Baldwin & Norris, although Mr. Wood- ward's active interest ceased at that date. The house has been in continuous operation for more than fifty- three years, and its business prosperity has been steadily progressive through all that period, until at the present time it ranks among the most substantial establishments in the country. Its trade extends to the West and Northwest, and to the South and South- west, especially to the latter points. It has for some years controlled a number of cotton-mills, among which may be mentioned the Savage, in Howard County, two in Baltimore County, and the Arlington, located in Wilmington, Del. These mills consume annually from 10,000 to 13,000 bales of cotton, and employ about 1000 operatives, sustaining from 4000 to 5000 people. During the war between the two sections, in consequence of the interruption of travel on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and the inter- ference with the Western trade, of which the house had a large share, a branch was established in New York at 43 and 45 Worth Street, under the super- vision of C. C. Baldwin, R. F. Woodward, and S. P. Smith. This establishment is still maintained, and does a large business with all parts of the South, as well as an extensive export trade in sheetings, shirt- ings, etc. The firm, while conservative in character, keeps fully abreast of the times, and always exhibits a praiseworthy interest in the welfare and advance- ment of tlie city in which their success has been achieved. i*» WOODWARD, BALDWIN & NORRIS, 9 AND 11 HANOVZB, COBNEB 6EBHAN STBEET, BALTIMOBE, MD. COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 413 The dry-goods trade has also contributed many other distinguished merchants to the long array of | business men whose talents, integrity, and enterprise j have done so much to give Baltimore a leading posi- tion among the chief cities of the country. After all, it is these personal qualities which count for _^ most in the tremendous competition of the present day. Superior geographical position, splendid ter- minal facilities, and great natural advantages go for nothing unless the individual merchant and citizen has caught the progressive spirit of tlu' age and appreciates the changes which time has wrought in business methods and practices, other- wise the story of the tortoise and the hare will be again illustrated, and even the most favored lo- cality will find itself distanced in the race by some rival upon which nature has bestowed less, but which has been carried forward by an indomitable spirit of energy and determination. The true wealth of a city consists, like Cornelia's jewels, in the character of her sons, and the community whose business and mercantile representatives are worthy of the responsibilities of their position pos- sess the essential factors of commercial greatness. Fortunately for Baltimore, her natural advantages are supplemented by a class of business men whose enterprise is only second to their integrity. Ex- amples are so abundant that selection is difficult, but the life and business achievements of the late John W. Bruflf furnish an excellent illustration of the value and importance of a high individual standard. Mr. Bruflf was born in April, 1818, in Talbot County, Md., six miles from St. Michael's, and died March 3, 1868. He was the second son of Joseph and Eleanor Morsell Bruff, both of whom were born in the same county. John's father was the youngest son of Thomas Bruff, who emigrated from England and settled in Talbot County in 1765. One of Joseph's brothers afterwards removed to New York City, and a portion of the family still reside there. The mother of Joseph was Eleanor Morsell Hopkins, whose parents were old settlers in this country, of French extraction. Joseph W. Bruff married Sallie J. Floyd, of Northampton County, Va., Feb. 22, 1842, who was the daughter of Elijah and Rachel Floyd, who were old settlers of Vir- ginia and of English origin. John W. had five chil- dren, two sons and three daughters, all of whom are living except one daughter, who died in early woman- hood. The eldest son, Joseph E. Brufl', is the senior partner at the head of the firm of Rrufl', Faulkner & Co., wholesale dry-goods and notions house, corner of Eutaw and Baltimore and Eutaw and German Streets, in the magnificent Abell Building. The father of the subject of this sketch, Joseph Bruflf, although a farmer, was thoroughly and widely known as a man of great ability and integrity, and was quite active in county and State politics. He served in the Legislature of Virginia for five successive terms. 27 John W. Bruflf was educated at private schools in his native county, aided by the tuition of his father, who was highly educated. At the age of sixteen years he en- tered a dry -goods store in St. Michael's, Talbot County, as a clerk, but being very energetic and ambitious, he soon found the field too limited, and at the end of a year's service in this capacity he obtained a situation with James A. Sangston & Co., of Baltimore, who were at that time conducting a very large and influ- ential wholesale dry-goods house. He remained with this firm almost four years, when he embarked in trade for himself, forming a partnership with Thomas Cam- per, who was then already engaged in the retail dry- goods trade in Baltimore Street near Light Street. Mr. Bruflf, at the early age of twenty-two years, exhibited a most remarkable talent for business, and in the first year of the partnership he doubled the transactions of the firm. The business of the house continued to increase from year to year, until at the end of the fourth year Edwin Berkley, of Richmond, Va., be- came a member of the firm, which then engaged ex- tensively in the wholesale trade, and at the end of two years the two other partners purchased the interest of Mr. Camper. The success of the firm continued until 1856, when Edwin Berkley retired, and John W. Bruff continued, admitting four clerks, who had been faith- ful workers, into the firm, under the name and style of John W. Bruff' & Co. The firm continued as thus constituted until 1864. Although they were doing a HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. large business South at and before the commencement of the war, and suflered heavy losses thereby, they still continued to do a successful business, with credit unimpaired, and paid in full, without even asking an extension. In 1804 two of the junior members of the firm withdrew, forming a house of their own. In 1867, James W. Bruft', a brother and partner, died, when Joseph E. Brutf and Alfred B. Faulkner were admitted as partners. The new partnership had only continued about a year, however, when the death of Jolin W. Bruff occurred. He was a man of marked ability and of the strictest integrity, a true and generous friend, an earnest and devoted Christian, a kind hus- band, a loving father, and was beloved by all who knew him. His business career was one of financial success. He was for many years a director in the Franklin Bank, and in the American Fire Insurance Company, and in every position evinced such sound judgment and sagacity that his counsel was eagerly sought by many of his business friends. The present firm of Bruft', Faulkner & Co. is composed of .Toseph E. Brufl", William Adams, Alfred B. Faulkner, and William R. Hallett, who are now conducting a very large and suc- cessful business in the Abell Building, Nos. 321 and 323 West Baltimore Street. John W. Bruff was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was known as one of its most zealous workers, contributing largely towards build- ing the handsomest churches in Baltimore, as well as considerable amounts for similar objects at other places. He was unostentatious in his charities, and was never known to turn away the deserving poor. He died deeply lamented by his family and friends and highly esteemed by the public. The house of Wm. Devries & Co. is another of the leading dry-goods establishments of the city, and oc- cupies the extensive warehouse at No. 312 West Baltimore Street. The founder of the house, Wm. Devries, was born in Baltimore (now Carroll) County, near Sykesville, Md. His father, Christian Devries, had emigrated from Amsterdam, Holland, and in his new home united agriculture with the manufacture I of paper. William Devries came to Baltimore when I only fourteen years of age, and obtained a position in the establishment of L. W. Boswell, by whom at I the end of three years he was taken into partnership. I When the firm was dissolved in 1846, in connection [ with Upton Slinglufl", he established the house of Slingluff; Devries & Co., which continued its opera- tions for eight years, when Mr. Slingluff retired, and I the firm of Devries, Stephens & Thomas was formed. In 1861 this association was dissolved, and the name was changed to Wm. Devries & Co., consisting of Wra. Devries, his nephew, Christian Devries, his son, Wm. R. Devries, and Solomon Kimmell. Mr. Devries died Nov. 27, 1877. The firm now consists of Christian, Wm. E., and Harry Devries. Hurst, Purnell & Co. are among the principal im- porters and wholesale dry-goods and notion dealers in Baltimore. The house was founded in 1831 by Den- nis H. Battee and John Hurst, but in 1832 the firm- name was changed to Barry & Hurst, and the place of business removed to old Congress Hall, at the south- west corner of Baltimore and Sharp Streets. In 1841 the firm became Hurst & Berry, in 18.57 Hurst & Co., and in 1869 Hurst, Purnell & Co. The iron ware- house Nos. 233 and 235 West Baltimore Street, now occupied by the firm, was completed in 1877, and is a most elegant structure. The millinery trade of Baltimore, which has always been large, has shown wonderful development within the past few years, and is steadily extending through the South, Southwest, West, and Middle States. In I addition to the large quantities of domestic goods [ manufactured in this city, the choicest products of ' the European markets are imported directly, thus in- suring not only variety and quality, but the lowest ' prices and the most reasonable terms of sale. I One of the oldest and most prominent firms en- I gaged in this branch of business is the house of j Armstrong, Cator & Co., founded in 1806 by Thomas Armstrong. Mr. Armstrong was only sixteen years of age when he laid the foundations of the establish- ment which has now attained such immense propor- tions, but he possessed energy and intelligence beyond his years, and soon attained a leading position among the merchants of the city. After a prosperous ca- reer of thirty-six years, the results of his labors were scattered by a series of commercial disiisters against which no intelligence could guard, and which no ac- . U. Evftna, TubUsber. ARMSTRONG, CATOR & CO., 237 AND 239 BALTIMOEE STBEET, BALTIMORE, MD. COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 415 tivity could have prevented. Nothing daunted, how- ever, he addressed himself at once with renewed en- ergy and brave spirit to the task of repairing his shattered fortunes, and was rewarded by a success which soon enabled him to discharge every item of his indebtedness. In 1847 he entered into a part- ^ nership with R. W. Cator, which was enlarged in i 1852 by the admission of B. F. Cator, the firm- name then becoming Armstrong, Cator & Co. Mr. Armstrong subsequently at various times disposed of his entire interest in the business to Messrs. J. F. Bealmear, W. J. H. Watters, and W. H. Pagon, and died Nov. 14, 1868, in the seventy-ninth year of his age, leaving a handsome fortune and a legacy of $35,000 for charitable purposes. The name of the firm ha§ remained unchanged, in accordance with the English custom, which retains the title under which a house has won fortune and reputation, even when its original founders have passed away. After the admission of B. F. Cator the prosperity ! of the house continued to increase, and in 1861 it j had scarcely a rival in its special branch of trade. ' The civil war cut oft' a large area of valuable territory, ! but the business was energetically extended in other directions, and when hostilities came to a close the ] firm was not long in renewing its commercial relations with its former customers in the Southern States. The practical sympathy manifested by B. F. Cator for Southern prisoners during the war, and the lib- erality of the firm after its termination in extend- ing facilities to reduced merchants in that section, merited the grateful recollection which they have inspired, and have been largely instrumental in giving the house its strong hold upon Southern trade. There is probably no other establishment of the same charac- ter in the United States which does a business of such immense extent and proportions. The annual value of its operations exceeds two millions of dollars, and the rapid development which it is still undergoing 1 promises even more remarkable results in the near future. The employes in their sales' ofiice and ship- ping departments alone number more than one hun- | dred persons, and several hundred operatives are ; employed in the manufacturing branches of the es- tablishment. A peculiar feature of the business, and one which this firm was the first to introduce in Baltimore, is the direct importation of pattern bon- nets and hats from France. At the beginning of each season they import one or two hundred samples of the leading styles, made up and trimmed by the first | artists in that department in Paris, and costing from twenty-five dollars to seventy-five dollars apiece. As soon as they are received they are displayed for general ! inspection, and then sold to the trade as patterns at less than half the cost of importation, thus enabling milli- ners to obtain in their own market and at greatly reduced prices what they would otherwise have to order abroad at very heavy expense. These patterns are only used as designs, the cost being sixty per cent. greater than the American manufactured article. While domestic dealers are thus assisted, the house is enabled to keep in Baltimore a valuable trade which would otherwise be drawn oft" by Northern importers. The place of business is 237 and 239 West Baltimore Street, in a splendid structure five stories high, forty feet in width, two hundred and four feet in depth, and furnished with all the modern improvements and facilities for handling, selling, and shipping their large stock of merchandise. Benjamin F. Cator died on the 4th of January, 1872, and the firm, as at present constituted, consists of Robinson W. Cator, William J. H. Watters, William H. Pagon, J. McKenney White, James H. Cator, Franklin T. Cator, and George Cator. With the exception of Mr. White, they are all sons or nephews of R. W. Cator. The latter is the head of the house, and is noted not only for the masterly manner in which he directs a business whose proper manage- ment requires the possession of the highest intelli- gence and enterprise, but for the genial and kindly personal qualities which have endeared him to hosts of friends. The trade which only seeks to benefit the individual trader and the commerce whose only object is selfish gain are not separated in spirit from the methods of the miser, and carry with them the seeds of dangers to the community in which they thrive. How far the all-absorbing desire to grow wealthy at any and every cost may be responsible for many of the politi- cal and social evils of the day need not here be dis- cussed, but certainly the fact that a merchant rarely discharges the political duties of a citizen and holds himself aloof from the current of afl'airs is not ground for any special boasting, and fifty years ago would have been considered anything but an honorable dis- tinction. At all events, merchants and business men might more fully realize the pecuniary importance to themselves of exercising their due influence upon current events, and of so far giving their attention to what is going on around them as to protect their own interests. Public-spirited, patriotic merchants who can rise above the altitude of their counters, and whose aspirations are not bounded by the narrow channels of their trade, are happily to be found in Baltimore, and wherever found never fail to leave upon the times the impress of their character and talents. Such men as Adam Barclay Kyle, William S. Young, William J. Hooper, Samuel Shoemaker, D. L. Bartlett, R. W. Cator, H. C. Smith, W. H. Powell, Charles J. Baker, Charles D. Hinks, Henry M. War- field, and Decatur H. Miller have set examples which might be imitated with advantage, and have shown that it is possible to be a good citizen without being a poor merchant. Perhaps no better instance of this wise and generous spirit could be adduced than is presented in the life of one of the most distinguished of Baltimore's living merchants, James Hodges. The story of such a career carries with it a moral that is 416 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. especially needed at the present time, and requires no excuse for its recital. Mr. Hodges was born Aug. 11, 1822, at Liberty Hall, Kent Co., Md., and is lineally descended from six of the earliest settlers of that part of the State, whose names and dates are as follows : William Hodges, 1665; Thomas Ringgold, 1650; Andrew Hanson, 16.53; Simon Wilmer, 1688; Thomas Hynson, 1650; and Marmaduke Tylden, grandson of Sir William Tylden, 1658, all of whom were members of the An- glican Cliurch and prominent in the annals of the county. In England and in America the men of this blood have been distinguished in military and civil life. The first James Hodges was a gallant soldier, who commanded a company of troops in the Revolu- tionary war. His grandson was the Hon. James Hodges, who married Mary Hanson Ringgold, an amiable lady, whose family has been known in Mary- land for over two hundred years. They had five children, the eldest of whom is the subject of this writing. He was designed for the legal profession, but his father died while he was yet a boy, leaving a widow with children of tender age and an impaired estate. She came to Baltimore with them, and James Hodges, manfully concealing the disappointment which he could not but keenly feel at being taken from bis studies, obtained a position in a commercial house. It was far from being the sort of life which he had pictured for himself in his honorably ambi- tious dreams of the future, but if his duties had been of the most agreeable nature he could not have dis- charged them with greater fidelity and energy. He evinced remarkable capacity and aptitude for busi- ness, and was promoted to the position of confidential clerk. As his knowledge of commercial transactions and familiarity with trade increased, he resolved to launch his own bark upon the current of a,ffairs, and in 1846 he and his brother, William Ringgold Hodges, established the house of Hodges Brothers. It seemed like a hopelessly bold undertaking, for the brothers were but twenty-three and twenty-one years of age, they were not overloaded with capital, and they had to face the competition of long- established rivals. But they triumphed ; their connections grew from year to year, until now the firm ranks among the principal importing notion houses in the United States, occupying a spacious and architecturally ele- gant warehouse and store at No. 23 Hanover Street. In more recent years Robert Hodges and William Penn Lewis, the European buyer for the house, have been added to the firm. James Hodges lias ever been on the alert in the observation of new fields and the opening of new paths of trade. Twenty-eight years ago he discov- ered that Baltimore was losing its position as a dis- tributing market because of the superior enterprise and capital of the Northern cities, where our whole- sale merchants were obliged to purchase their stock. To overcome this disadvantage he went to Europe and brought his firm into immediate connection with the great British and Continental manufacturers, and ever since then one of the partners has made semi- annual trips for the purchase of goods. By this ar- rangement they have competed successfully with the New York importers, and by doing away with middle- men have saved the extra commission to customers, and by direct importations have considerably in- creased the customs receipts at Baltimore. Mr. Hodges has taken pains to educate himself in the practical study of political economy and the science of finance, to understand the relations of the social, civil, and commercial spheres of life, and to observe the workings of the constituent elements of human society. He has thus become prominent in public affairs during the past quarter of a century, his advice has frequently been sought in the decision of mo- mentous questions, and as speaker and writer he has exerted a healthful influence in the correction of abuses, the frustration of contemplated wrong, and the execution of numerous projects which have been largely productive of the welfare of the city. In 1856 he presented in the columns of the Baltimore American cogent arguments for the uniforming and reorganizing of the municipal police. In 1859, when the good citizens of Baltimore were engaged in the desperate struggle to redeem the city from the reign of anarchy and violence that prevailed under the rule of the Know-Nothing party, Mr. Hodges deliv- ered an effective speech at a meeting in Monument Square in favor of reform, and at the ensuing elec- tion he commanded one of the squads organized to protect legal voters against the ruffianism of the armed mob. That was a bloody day in the local chronicles ; several citizens were killed by the roughs, and it was discovered that they had calculated on numbering Mr. Hodges among their victims. But the cause of right was victorious, and the city was restored to tranquillity and the predominance of law and order. In an earnest speech at the Maryland Institute, Ln 1860, Mr. Hodges exposed and lielped to defeat the iniquitous legislative bill designed to permit some Philadelphia speculators to build street railways in Baltimore at an expense of .S700,000, and issue stock and bonds to the amount of three million dollars. In 1861, in a series of communications to the Baltimore American, he demonstrated the wisdom, expediency, and propriety of running the street cars on Sunday ; and though the ultra-Sabbatarians postponed the ex- tension of this convenience to the public for six years, the cars did commence running on Sunday in 1867. Being a member of the Board of Trade at the time, he was appointed a delegate by that t)ody to represent it in the convention held at Phihuleli)hia in 1868 to organize a National Board of Trade, and was the author of the proposition submitted by its executive committee to Congress to " establish a new department of the government, to be known as the Department of Commerce." In 1872-73 he devoted COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. much thought and research to the currency question, and at the annual dinner of the Shoe and Leather Board of Trade, in January of the latter year, he re- viewed our national banking system, pointed out its advantages and defects, and contended that the future prosperity of the nation was indissolubly connected with the resumption of specie payments. In 1873, Mr. Hodges consented to be a candidate for the Demo- cratic nomination for the mayoralty, and his decision was applauded by the best class of citizens, but he found that the requirements of a successful canvass were incompatible with his tastes and sense of inde- pendence, and he withdrew from the contest. He has been foreman of the Grand Jury of the Criminal Court of Baltimore, and of the Grand Jury of the United States District Court, and for several years president of the Mercantile Library Association. On May 4, 1877, he was unanimously elected by the City Council one of the finance commissioners of Baltimore, his associates on the board being Mayor Latrobe, president ex officio, and Enoch Pratt. The fir.st question of importance that came before the board after the election of Mr. Hodges was the sub- stitution of the five million five per cent, loan for the six per cent, water loan of lilce amount which fell due July, 1875. The ordinance as originally passed was found to be defective, and the former commis- sioners had failed to negotiate the loan. In 1877 the matter was revived, and at Mr. Hodges' suggestion certain amendments were made which validated the law, and in a month the entire loan was taken at a premium, though its failure for a second time had been confidently predicted. This measure saves the tax-payers $50,000 annually, or $1,950,000 during the thirty-nine years which the loan has to run. If this yearly saving were invested at six per cent., payable semi-annually, it would grow in that time to nearly $8,000,000. Mr. Hodges resigned from the board in consequence of his inability to agree with Mayor La- trobe's policy of the diversion of the increment of the sinking fund to the current expenses of government. Among his other public services, he was commissioned by President Hayes, upon the nomination of Governor Carroll, to represent Maryland as honorary commis- sioner at the Paris Exhibition of 1878, with Dr. Thomas H. Buckler as his colleague ; and was while there made by the Baltimore Board of Trade a dele- gate to the Franco- American Commercial Treaty Con- ference. He was one of the committee that reported a basis for a treaty of commerce between France and the United States. He made a number of addresses in France upon political and commercial topics that were highly commended by the press and public, and on his return home he was invited by the Board of Trade to discuss before them the proposed treaty. This he did in an address delivered at Rialto Hall, Nov. 30, 1878, which was a lucid and convincing ex- position of the mutual advantages to the two coun- tries of such a compact. During the civil war he desired the preservation of the Union, but he could not sustain the methods of the government, and he extended all the relief in his power to the Confeder- ate prisoners and the sutfering people of the border States. In 1865 he availed himself of an opportunity at a banquet given to the Odd-Fellow.s' convention to publicly advocate the reconstruction of the Union upon the basis of the equality of all citizens before the law, and the equal rights of all the States under the Constitution. Mr. Hodges is a director of the Na- tional LTnion Bank, and a large stockholder in other business and financial institutions. The hours saved from commercial and public engagements are ab- sorbed by art and literature, which he has cultivated with congenial taste and admiration, and his library is well stocked with a collection of choice books. While the percentage of foreign population is not as great in Baltimore as in some other American cities, it is a large and substantial element, and has proved an influential factor in its progress and devel- opment. Many of the most prominent names in local history belong to this class, and it embraces at the present time some of the most enterprising and ster- ling citizens of Baltimore. Among those who have thus won honor and fortune may be mentioned John Stellman, a leading merchant of the city. Mr. Stellman was born in the city of Bremen, Germany, the 16th of October, 1816, and at the age of fifteen years was apprenticed to a commer- cial house in that city. After serving his time of five years he remained in the house another year as a clerk or agent. In 1838, Mr. Stellman emigrated to the United States and became a partner in the old and respectable house of Charles Fisher & Co., im- porters, in which connection he remained until 1842, when he entered into the commission business on his own account at No. 4 Hanover Street. He soon afterwards removed to a larger store, No. 264 West Baltimore Street, and continued to import German goods, with agencies for American manufacturers. In 1848, Mr. Christly Henricks, who had been book- keeper for Mr. Stellman, was admitted into partner- ship under the firm-style of Stellman & Henricks, in which they were exceedingly successful. In 1854, Mr. Henry J. Farber was admitted into the firm, which became Stellman, Henricks & Co., and re- moved to Hanover Street. Subsequently the firm moved to No. 23 Sharp Street, where Mr. Stellman had erected a large warehouse, which was occupied for twelve years. Mr. Henrieks, who entered the firm July 1, 1848, retired from it July 1, 1873, closing a most satisfactory connection of twenty-five years. The business was continued by H. J. Farber and Mr. Stellman's eldest son, with himself as senior part- ner, until the 31st of December, 1879, when the new firm of John Stellman & Sons was established, com- posed of John Stellman, J. W. and Francis G. Stell- man, sons of Mr. Stellman. John Stellman, the sub- ject of this sketch, retired in December, 1880, and his HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. two sons, with William IJoyd, continue the busi- ness. In 184)1, Mr. Stelliniui was married to Miss Sarah Ann Cappeau, daughter of Joseph Cappeau, of Bal- timore, and had eight children, all of whom are living. Mr. Stellmaii was one of the directors of the German Orphan Asylum for seven years, and president of the Maryland Fire I'nsurance Company, a position which he reluctantly accepted, and which he resigned in 1871. Mr. Stellman is a director of the National Union Bank. He resides at No. 442 Eutaw Place. Mr. Stellman's career is only one out of hundreds which might be cited to show how largely the German element has contributed to the solid bone and muscle of our prosperity. TheGermanshave well been called | the " conquering race," and the place they have won in Baltimore proves that they know how to achieve the victories of peace no less than the triumphs of war. Building' Materials. — In every article that enters intii Uiiildin;;. in any of its branches, this city has an abundant supply. Marble and granite for public structures, and sandstone and brick for private resi- dences, are equally convenient, cheap, and abundant. The Baltimore press brick' is almost as well known as the Chesapeake oyster, and as an article of export was antecedent to the bivalve. In 1827 the Balti- more Brick Manufacturing and Exporting Company was organized " at the tavern of George Beltzhoover," with a capital of §100,000, and Joseph Jamison as president, and Joshua Dryden secretary.- From that early day the clay of the surrounding country has been manufactured into bricks, and shipped as early as 1840 to New Orleans and other distant cities. Even in 1838 we find in the public prints bricks re- garded as a Baltimore "staple," for in 1832 there were made " within the limits of the city 32,000,000 of bricks." At this time the annual production of bricks is over 100,000,000. Extensive yards surround the city on every side, employing over $1,000,000 of capital, paying wages to 2000 men, consuming 25,000 tons of coal and 2000 cords of wood. Furniture. — The manufacture of furniture is a very important and extensive branch of the industries of 1 "Baltimore, wliich of late 3'eai-s has produced superior bricks in large quantities, appears not to have made them in sufficient number for its own use for some years after its settlement. Charles Carroll, an original pro- prietor of land now covereil by the city, in 1754 erected " at the Mount dure" buildings of bricks imported for the purpose. Two years after it had but four brick houses, and only twenty-five in all, the others very primitive in style. A pottery was erected in the town ten years after by John Brown, from New Jersey, who had learned the business in Wilmington, Del. The town at that date contained about fifty houses. Thirty-two years after it contained one thousand nine hundred, and ■was the fourth in the Union, having more than half the number of New York. This unparalleled increase in building, the elegance of the buildings at Annapolis and of Frederick, which was chiefly built of brick and stone, must have made brick-making a considerable manufacture." (Bish. Manuf., vol. i. p. 229.) One of the first ordinances passed by the City Council on Feb. 28, 1798, was one "to regulate the size and dimensions of bricks made within the city of Baltimore." : Bishop's History of Manufactures, vol. ii. p. 34U, says, "Mr. Berry and others, of Baltimore, were so successful about this time (1828) in the manufacture of fine brick as to stop tlie importation." this city. The facilities for this manufacture are greater here than in any Eastern city. The prox- imity by rail of the city to the great lumber districts of the country, and the cheap and convenient trans- portation by water to the Eastern and Southern sup- ply, places Baltimore at a great advantage in obtaining the supply of raw material required in this industry, while her cheap houses, low taxes, and healthy cli- mate all contribute to cheapen the cost of manufac- ture. Her establishments in this trade have promptly availed themselves of all the patents issued that have proved of any benefit in cheapening the cost of manu- facture, while a high degree of taste has rendeied the work of the chief manufacture of Baltimore equal in every respect of style and beauty to those of any establishments. The establishments for the manu- facture of fiirniture, including refrigerators, accord- ing to the census of 1880, were 55 in number, em- ploying 1072 hands, with an aggregate capital of $697,102, paying for wages annually §375,328, ex- pending annually for material $797,195, and produc- ing yearly balances equal to $1,532,438. Sugar Refining. — The earliest mention of the art of sugar rctining in Baltimore is contained in the Maryland Journal of March 14, 1784, in which it is stated that Charles Gartz & Co. had erected a sugar refinery near the county wharf, foot of Calvert Street, for making double and single-refined sugars, and lump sugar, for which they had imported workmen from London. This old firm in 1789 had become " Gartz, Leypold & Co., sugar refiners and distillers." In 1803, Samuel Frye and George Foer were refining sugar at Eutaw and Saratoga Streets. The records are deficient and incomplete for the history of the development of this trade in Baltimore. The operation of the tariff, or, more properly speaking, the peculiar administration of the revenue laws in their application to the importation of sugar at Baltimore, has almost destroyed the importation as well as the refining of sugar. These results will be better comprehended by looking as well at what Baltimore has done in this trade, as at what she is doing at present. In 1854, Dougherty & Woods erected the Baltimore Steam Sugar Refinery, on Lombard Street. In 1866, the Merchants' Sugar Refinery, on Buchanan's wharf, was opened by Messrs. Fink, Sheetz, McSkeny & Co. In 1853, John C. Brune erected the sugar refinery on O'Donnell's wharf. The house of Sterling, Ahrens & Co. suc- ceeded the Merchants', the Maryland, and the Cal- vert Sugar Refineries. The business of this large house was interwoven with the trade and commerce of Baltimore to a greater extent than that of any other house prior to that time ; they were the owners of thirty vessels trading from this port, importing sugar, molasses, and coffee, and exporting the pro- ducts of this country. A large cooperage establish- ment was also conducted by them, and with other vari- ous industries they emjiloy regularly over 10(10 men. <^ COMMEKCIAL INDUSTKIES AND MANUFACTURES. 419 HEXRY KIEMA: The house suspended in 1875. The Calvert Sugar Eefinery reopened in 1877, but suspended in 1878, and was sold to a New York firm. The census of 1880 shows that all this vast trade has from some cause almost departed from Baltimore, leaving now in operation but 3 establishments, em- ploying 115 hands, with an aggregate capital of $260,000, paying $31,000 in annual wages, with $756,703 in value of materials, and producing annu- ally $840,986. The retrogression of the importing of sugar at this port will be understood by the following table for 1879. The year 1880 has no figures in the trade report. Imports of sugar at Baltimore for 1879 as com- pared with previous years : Hhds. ^-'-'. Bags. The following table appeared in the annual report of the Board of Trade, January, 1881, in the Baltimore Journal of Commerce : Imports for the year just closed were as follows : Demerara 1,567 2V309 3.876 115 1,110 25 Barbadoes 124 Total 11.051 149 SitGAii AND Molasses. No. of No. of Amt. of Amt. of Value of Estabs. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. 3 115 $260,U1J0 J31,000 $756,703 Cuba 6,445 44 44 2,818 4,497 127 6,046 6,046 33,519 83,308 New Orleans Total 1879 " 1878 " 1877 13,449 30,135 50,233 127 441 2,720 Molasses. — The trade in molasses at Baltimore has followeil the downward tendency of that of sugar, and necessarily from like causes. The Board of Trade report for 1879 contains the following table. The imports of molasses at Baltimore for the past three years, reduced to hogsheads, have been as follows : From 1879. 1878. 1877. Cuba Hhds. 17,483 Hhds. 22.272 580 1,078 26,237 Hhds. English Islands French Islands 272 1,889 Total 19,419 19,681 Among those connected with the early development of the business of sugar refining in this city was I Henry Kieman. He was the son of Daniel Rieman, a native of Germany, and Catharine Peters, of Vir- ginia, and was born in Baltimore, Dec. 14, 1786, and I died in this city on the 27th of April, 1865. His father was among the first, if not the very first, to commence the refining of sugar in Baltimore ; the old building in which he began the business is still stand- ing on Paca Street near Franklin. Henry Kieman soon made himself thoroughly acquainted with the art of refining, and while still under age took his father's place in the business, conducting it success- fully with partners, first on Paca Street and then on Park Lane, now Raborg Street, until the war of 1812, when he retired with his family to the farm on which the Pimlico race-course is now located. After the war he reopened the refinery on Park Lane, but left the management of it largely to his younger brother, Samuel, and entered into the grocery trade, connect- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ing with it tlie packing of provisions, then in its in- fancy. He continued the business of sugar refining until the new steam process was introduced, when he was forced to abandon the old method. Leaving Paca Street, he removed first to Eutaw Street, then to the corner of Howard and Fayette Streets, at which lat- ter point he engaged solely in the provision packing business, under the firm-name of Henry Rieman & Sons, with branch houses at Cincinnati and Terre Haute, Ind. He had eight children who reached the nge of" maturity, three sons — Wm. Jones, Alex- ander, and Joseph H. — and five daughters ; the sons are all still living, but two of the daughters are dead. His eldest son, Wm. J., has retired from business, but Alexander and Joseph H. continue the firm-name of Henry Rieman & Sons, though not engaged in active business operations. Henry Rieman, the subject of this sketch, was brought up in the German Reformed faith, but subse- quently became a member of the Presbyterian Church on Fayette Street, under the pastoral charge of Rev. J. M. Duncan. After the death of Dr. Duncan he attached himself to the Central Presbyterian Church, under the charge of Rev. Dr. J. T. Smith, in which communion he died. Mr. Rieman was a Democrat until the nomination of Martin Van Buren, when he voted the Whig ticket, but returned to the Democratic ranks upon the organization of the Know-Nothing party. While taking a proper interest in the admin- istration of local and federal government, he always steadfastly declined political office. He was for many years director in one of the city banks, the Equitable Insurance Company, and the Eutaw Sav- ings-Bank. Independent in his opinions, lofty in tone and character, retiring in disposition, and averse to ostentation and display, Mr. Rieman was esteemed and respected by all who knew him, and left a name and record that will long be held in honorable re- membrance. Bell-Founding.— The bell-foundries of Baltimore, though limited to two establishments, yet are well known and highly appreciated throughout the whole country. In the art of bell-making Baltimore has attained v('ry high rank, and her establishments have turned out work equal in every respect to that from Northern and European workshops. The first bell made from blistered bar steel, or cast steel melted, was manufactured in 1827, under the superintendence of a gentleman from Baltimore who was said to have a patent. The cast was made at the New York Steel Manufacturing Company's works in New York City. It was equal in sound to compooition bells, and could be made as light as they at a cost of twenty to twenty- five cents per pound. In 18.56 the brass-works of Henry McShane & Co. in Baltimore were established, and have since been very largely extended and en- larged, until they have become one of the largest and best-appointed workshops in this art in the country. They are upon North Street, and occupy a building two hundred and fifteen by one hundred and fifty feet; the establishment also works the Phoenix Iron-Works, on Holliday Street, for castings for plumbers' and machinists' use. Electro-plating both in silver and gold forms a very important feature in this firm's work. The manufactory of Joshua Register & Sons, on Holliday Street, is also a very extensive and well-es- tablished workshop in bell-founding. Brass-Founding and Finishing.— The extensive use of brass in the jilumber's work has been greatly extended by the use of gas and water in cities and large towns. The eighty-nine plumbing establish- ments of Baltimore have created an enormous demand for the fixtures employed in their work, and led to the expansion of the resources and capacity of the brass- founding and finishing establishments of this city which enables them to compete with any works of the kind in the country. In these establishments all kinds of plumbers' brass-work, water, gas, and steam fixtures and apparatus, and bells of all descriptions are yearly turned out in immense quantities, so that this city possesses every facility for supplying the trade at the lowe-st prices, which are being availed of by the cities of tue South and West in an increasing degree every year. BniSS-FoUNDINO . PUJMB 1880. No. of No. of Amt. of Amt. of Val. of Val. of Eetabe. Hands. Capital. Wage8. Material. Products. Brass-founding 2 4 S.3.800 $1,474 82,900 SG.300 Plumbing 80 279 199,060 84,000 181,491 426,923 Bell foundries (no figures in 1880). Soap and Candles.— The manufacture of soap and candles is conducted to a very large extent in this city. Its facilities for shipment to the West Indies and to the Southern States enable the manufacturers of candles to hold their own against the various oils that are so largely consumed in illumination. There are in this city 8 establishments, employing 88 hands, vfith a capital of $261,182, paying in wages $50,495, and for material $238,006, with annual productions amounting to $365,340. Fire-bricks and Potteries. — The note from Bishop, on another page, mentions the success of Mr. Berry, of Baltimore, in the manufacture of fire-bricks. This was John Berry, who as early as 1812 established a manufacture of fire-bricks on the corner of How- ard and Lee Streets, and succeeded in producing an article equal to any before imported. The manu- facture is still continued, in connection with that of retorts, sewer-pipes, tiles, etc., which are shipped in large quantities all over the country. There are in Baltimore, by the census of 1880, for the manufacture of fire-brick and tiles 6 establishments, giving em- ployment to 627 hands, with an aggregate capital of $215,000, paying annually in wages $121,248, and ex- pending for material $52,271, with an aunual pro- duction valued at $218,528. Shot. — The manufacture of shot in Baltimore be- gan in 1822, bv a comi)anv of which Col. .loseph :^^:^^^^^^^. ^ ^:y^ COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 421 Jamison was president. The tower was on Nortli Gay Street, and was IGO feet higli. This tower was pulled down in 1845.' The imposing tower of the Merchants' Shot-Tower Company, which arrests the eye of every visitor to this city, was erected in 1828. The corner-stone was laid by Charles Carroll of CarroUton, and bears upon it the inscription : " June 2, 1828, this stone was laid by Charles Carroll of CarroUton, the only survivor of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence of the United States." The diameter of the tower is 50 feet at the foundation and 25 at the top ; the height is 250 feet, being by one foot the highest shot-tower in the world. The shot from sizes B to 3T, inclusive, are dropped to the foundation, the smaller sizes from the middle floor. The capacity of this tower is over 100,000 bags in a season, or nearly 500,000 bags yearly. On Howard and Montgomery Streets the shot-tower of the Baltimore Lead-Works was erected in 1877. It is 110 feet high, 24 feet square at the bottom, and 12 feet square at the top. By the introduction of a current of cold air, the extraordinary height of the drop is obviated and dispensed with. These towers manufacture the most perfect shot that is offered to the public, and command a preference readily in every market to which they are sliipped. Marble and Marble Guarrying.— The inexhaust- ible marble-beds of Baltimore County have furnished the material for some of the largest and most im- posing buildings in the country. The monolithic columns- of the capitol at Washington, the City Hall, Peabody Institute, and Rialto Building in this city, as well as the famous Washington Monument and general post-office in Washington City, were constructed of material from these quarries. The pioneers in these marble-quarries were John Baker, of this city, and M. Dougherty, of Baltimore County ; but not being successful, these quarries, in the year 1835, passed into the hands of Messrs. John B. and John F. Connolly, of Baltimore County, who in- creased the operations of the works and developed the superior character of the marble. The quarries arc now worked by the Beaver Dam Marble Com- pany, of which Hugh Sissou is president. Mr. Sisson was born in Baltimore on the 3d of May, 1820, and resides at No. 283 St. Paul Street, Baltimore. He was the son of Martin Sisson, who was born near Richmond, Va. His mother's maiden name was Mary Beard. She was born in Ireland, and 1 Tlierewas also an old sliot-tower on South Eutaw Street, which was denjulished in 1851. - Mr. John F. Connolly, of this city, was the contractor who supplied these columns. The extension of the capitol at Washington in 1866 hail practically been suspended for want of immense monolithic columns, wliiiii the law required to be of native material. These columns, when finished, were to be twenty-five and one-quarter feet long, three feet eight inches diameter at the base, and three feet at the top. The weight of each column was twenty-three tons, and their number was one hundred. Baltimore County supplied the columns, and was the only locality where such immense blocks of white marble could be obtained. came to this country with her father's family when a child. Hugh Sisson was married in 1848 to Sarah A. Lip- pincott, the daughter of Samuel Lippincott, of West- moreland County, Pa. They had eleven children, six of whom are living. There being no public schools in Mr. Sisson's youth, he received an ordi- nary English education at the private schools in Baltimore, with an additional training in the rudi- ments of Latin at a higher school. He has always been a close reader of history and of the current affairs of the day. Mr. Sisson is a Democrat, but conserva- tive and liberal in his political principles and feelings. Mr. Sisson is a public-spirited citizen, and has given active aid to all public improvements, and from the character of his business has been largely connected with nearly every public enterprise of the city of Baltimore and State of Maryland. At sixteen years of age he was apprenticed in order to learn the trade of marble-cutting, and served in that capacity for five years. About two years after he had become skilled in marble-cutting and the master of his own time, at the age of twenty-three years, he commenced the business of marble-cutting on his own account at the corner of Lombard and Paca Streets, Baltimore. He soon enlarged his business, and re- moved to the corner of Calvert and Mercer Streets, and subsequently settled his place of business perma- nently at the corner of North and Monument Streets, where he erected a steam marble-mill, for the purpose of manufacturing monuments, tombstones, mantels, and all character of marble- work. He is now the most extensive manufacturer of marble-wor'k in Bal- timore, importing marble direct from Italy in large quantities, five and six cargoes a year. Mr. Sisson has connected with him in business his two sons, Hugh and John B. Sisson, who became members of the firm three years since. The firm is now running the Baltimore County quarries, and furnish the marble for the completion of Washington's monu- ment at the national capital. Mr. Sisson was the first importer of Italian marble to Baltimore. His largest contract was for the marble-work on the new State-House at Columbia, S. C, which was suddenly terminated by the commencement of hostilities in 1861. Mr. Sisson did the interior marble-work of the new City Hall, the Peabody Institute, of all the banks, insurance companies' buildings, post-office, I and custom-house of Baltimore. ! Mr. Sisson is well known for the skill and finish displayed by his work, and in business circles stands high. In his social relations he is genial, kind, and ! agreeable, with a large circle of friends sincerely at- ; tached to him on account of his solid worth as a man j and a citizen. I The marble and stone-cutting of this city is carried on by 41 establishments, wjth an aggregate capital I of .f462,701, giving employment to 1017 workmen, ' and expending annually in wages .'?335,532, and in 42'J HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. material $448,414, with a production of $965,533 in value. Tin, Sheet-iron, Copper.— The census of 1880 shows the extensive manufactures of these metals in Baltimore to be carried on by 144 establishments, employing 1913 hands, with an aggregate capital of $985,510, expending in annual wages $529,410, in the purchase of material $2,146,000 annually, and pro- ducing values amounting to $3,180,611. In addition to these there are 18 coppersmith establishments, em- ploying 297 hands, with $365,900 of capital, and $112,- 670 of annual wages, expending in material $1,656,- 441, and producing $1,952,051 of annual values. In 1810 a valuable copper-mine was said to have been discovered on the farm of Benjamin Bowen, about five miles from the city, on the Falls turnpike. The Baltimore and Cuba Copper-Smelting Company was organized in 1846, and located its works at Whet- stone Point. The Gunpowder Copper- Works are located on the Gunpowder, about ten miles from the city. Spices. — The manufacture of spices is very exten- sively carried on in this city ; the home consumption in so large a city must be very great, and the large territory into which Baltimore enterprise has ex- tended its many articles has largely increased the number of establishments as well as the volume of business. Pejiper, ginger, mace, nutmegs, cassia, and other spices are ground in very large quan- tities. Importing direct and manufacturing with great care has rendered this city independent of all others in this trade. The home manufactures supply the jobbing trade entirely. Several of the establish- ments include the grinding of coffee, which in the cen- sus tables is consolidated with those for the grinding of spices. These tables show 12 establishments, em- ploying 64 hands, with $120,750 capital, paying, in wages $23,003, and for material $220,608, and pro- ducing annual values amounting to $296,874. Hair-Work and Curled Hair.— In 1836, William Wilkins e.stalilislicil liis manufactory of hair, bristles, etc., in Baltimore. This trade has grown very rapidly, and is to-day not only an important manufacturing interest, employing large capital and several hundred operatives, but has become also an important article of exportation. The many uses to which hair and bristles are applied has increased the demand for the products of this establishment very largely in this city. According to the census returns, which are far below the real figures, there are 11 establishments for the manufacture of hair-work, employing 154 hands, and with a capital of $161,750, expending annually in wages $62,504, and for material $131,275, and pro- ducing yearly values amounting to $243,098. In ad- dition to these there are 10 brush manufactories, em- l)loying 163 hands; capital, $44,500 ; annual wages, $38,535 ; materials, $80,15p ; annual products, $154,845. In the manufacture of hair mattresses there are 5 es- tablisbmonts, employing 13 hands, with a capital of $4325; wages, $4702; materials, $25,413 ; and annual products, $37,325. These figures relate to Baltimore City, and do not include the hair-factories of Balti- more County. Mr. Wilkins, who was the founder of curled-hair manufacturing in Baltimore and in the United States, was born in Osterlinde, near Lesse, Dukedom of Brunswick, Germany, Oct. 13, 1817, and died in Baltimore. His father, Christian Wilkins, was a farmer for many years, but subsequently entered the dry-goods business in Lesse, to which place he removed soon after William's birth. The family afterwards removed to Hildesheim, where William received his education. After the termination of his school-life he commenced his business career in a dry-goods store, where he remained for several years. He felt, however, that the New World offered opportu- nities not to be found in the Old, and full of the ad- I venturous spirit of enterprise which distinguished him in after-years, he determined to come to America. To carry out his determination he was forced to walk to Bremen, a distance of one hundred miles. He left his home in Lesse June 23, 1836, and taking passage at Bremen, arrived in New York Sept. 17, 1836. He did not remain in New York, but went immediately to Philadelphia, where he embarked in business on a capital that might well be termed limited, amounting, as it did, to only eighteen cents. In 1837 his services were engaged in the silk-weaving factory of William Horstmann, with whom he re- mained for about twelve months, when he commenced a general trading business on his own account. In 1839 he made a journey by water to New Orleans, where, in conjunction with a Mr. Steckheim, he en- gaged for a short time in the furniture business. He soon abandoned this, and going to Texas, traded between that State and New Orleans for a few months, but the venture not proving profitable, in 1841 he turned his face northward and made his way back to Philadelphia by leisurely stages, not neglecting his business on the route. He remained about eighteen months in Philadelphia, where he married his first wife, and having already began to reap the rewards of his persevering industry, made a trip to Germany to visit his father. During his first residence in Phil- adelphia he boarded with H. Gerker, a small manu- facturer of curled hair, and this acquaintance sug- gested a new field to his enterprising genius. Ac- ^cordingly, on his return to America he determined to embark in this branch of business, and casting about for a favorable locality, fixed upon Baltimore, in which there was no hair-factory, and which seemed to offer a promising market for goods of this character. He was not a man to hesitate after his judgment had approved a course of action, and he therefore promptly rented a part of Colson's glue-factory, near Ross Street, and in 1843 commenced the curled hair and glue busi- ness in Baltimore. His previous trading operations in the raw material now proved of advantage to him, and he turned bis cxporionce to account by adding WM. I^IJLIIIWS.. C"^^ \C^^^-^ COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. the bristle industry to his other business. His enter- prise was so successful that he was forced to seek larger accommodations, and accordingly leased a lot and built a factory on the Frederick road. He added to his grounds and buildings from time to time, until the immense establishment now covers fifteen acres, with an adjacent territory of one hundred and fifty acres, occupied by the dwellings of the employes, and neatly laid out and improved. About seven hun- dred persons are constantly employed, and all the equipments and improvements are of the most ap- proved character. Several millions of dollars are in- vested in the business, and the factory turns out over 40,000 pounds of manufactured goods per week. A branch railroad-track runs to the factory for the ship- ment of the products to all parts of the country, and a telephone, the first introduced in Baltimore, connects these buildings with the warehouse on Pratt Street near Howard. Branch houses in New York, Chicago, and St. Louis attest the magnitude of the industry here car- ried on, and render valuable service in the collection of the raw material. Mr. Wilkins was an extensive trav- eler. In 1856 he made a trip to England and Russia, in 1865 he visited Egypt and Palestine, and in the fol- lowing year visited Spain. Mr. Wilkins was a mem- ber of the Odd-Fellow and Masonic fraternities, and when a child was confirmed in the Lutheran Church, of which his parents were members. He was three times married,- — in 1843 to Sophia Heyer, of Philadel- phia, by whom he had one daughter and two sons; in 1857 to Helen Schluter, by whom he had one daugh- ter ; and in 1872 to Catharine Lorbacher, of Bremen, by whom he had one son and two daughters. In 1853, Mr. Wilkins associated with him Herman H. Graue, who, in connection with the sons of Mr. Wilkins, now conducts this immense business. Mr. Graue is a gentleman of the finest business quali- fications, and the development of the great industry with which he is connected has been largely due to his zeal and energy. During Mr. Wilkins' life he had entire control of the books and financial department of the establishment, and since his death has been the guiding spirit in its management. Mr. Wilkins fully appreciated his personal worth and business qualities, and time has shown that his estimate was thoroughly correct. Like Mr. Wilkins himself, Mr. Graue is the type of the best and most valuable class of our German citizens, and his enterprise, public spirit, and rare qualities of heart and mind have given him a leading and enviable position in the community. Breweries. — Brewing was a very early industry in Maryland. As early as 1756, Peter Creagh advertises for sale " a large brick brew-house on the Severn River," and Peters & Co., from 1784 to 1796, are con- stant advertisers of ale, strong table and small beer, at their brewery on Jones' Falls. In 1796, Kendall & Kerr were in the " brewing business on Hanover Street, in the house formerly occupied by John Ham- ! mond & Co." The "brew-house and utensels" of j Peter Littig were sold Oct. 20, 1789, by William Mat- thews and George Levely, trustees. The manufacture of lager beer is conducted by large establishments and upon the most extensive scale around this city. Among these large breweries are those of John H. Vanderhorst, of whom we speak elsewhere, and John Jacob Seeger. Mr. Seeger was born in Beutlingen, in the kingdom of Wurtemberg, now a portion of the German Empire, on the 26th of October, 1809. His father, John Jacob Seeger, was a silver-plater of some importance in the district, and his son, after thorough drilling in the public schools and classical academies of the town, pursued the same avocation. In 1831, Mr. Seeger left Germany and came to the city of Baltimore. He had no capital beyond a stout heart and a thorough knowledge of his trade, but he hired himself as an apprentice, and made enough money to secure the comforts of life. After three years of servitude he established himself as a silver-plater, and began to amass money. In 1835 he married Barbara Beck, a young lady from his native town who had migrated to Baltimore, and by her he j had two daughters, who are living respectively in j New York and Toledo. The business of silver-plat- j ing proved profitable, and in 1854, attracted by the fortunes made in brewing, he purchased a property on the Frederick road and entered into the business, still retaining his interest in the silver-plating estab- lishment on German Street. Mr. Seeger directed his attention to the production of a good article of beer, and was eminently successful. His beer became pop- ular, and in 1866 he sold out his interest in the silver- plating business, and devoted himself exclusively to the manufacture of beer, out of which industry he has amassed a large fortune and has given to the trade an enviable reputation. In 1845 his wife died, and in 1850, while on a visit to his native town, he met with Bena Steckinfinger and married her. Paul August Seeger was the fruit of this union, a young man who, by his close attention to business and general man- agement, has proven himself to be a worthy suc- cessor of his father. Since 1876, Mr. Seeger has been to some extent an invalid, and has been confined to his home at 311 West Fayette Street, but he has not relinquished his interest in the business which he has built up, and exercises a general supervision over it. Soon after he came to America he connected him- self with St. John's Lutheran Church on Gay Street, of which he has been a consistent member. Iron. — Attention was called to the superficial de- posit of iron ore in Baltimore County as early as 1648 by Plantagenet, who estimated the saving to the iron manufacturer at £3 per ton ; " another £5 would be saved in fuel by using driftwood and timber floated down the rivers, and thus the labor of each man would yield him 5s. \0d. per diem, iron being valued at £12 per ton." In 1681 the Legislature, to prevent the exportation of old iron and to encourage the HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. smiths, imposed a duty on such exportations. The manufacture of iron appears to liave begun about this time. Samples of Maryland iron, most probably from Baltimore County, were received in England in 1718. The act of the Maryland General Assembly for the encouragement of iron manufactures was passed in 1719; its preamble recites "that there are very great conveniences of carrying on iron-works within this province, which have not hitherto been embraced for want of proper encouragement to some first under- takers." Whether the Principio Company antedated the Baltimore Company is not now to be ascertained with certainty ; they probably started within a very few years of each other. " About the year 171.5" is claimed for the former, and the year 1723 is conceded to be the date of the latter. Admitting this chro- nology, the Principio Company will be first examined. This was an association, not incorporated, of British iron-masters, — merchants and capitalists engaged in manufacturing pig and bar iron from furnaces in both Maryland and Virginia. The prominent shareholders were Sir Nicholas Hachett Carew, Bart., of Bedding- ton, Surrey; Thomas Russell, of Birmingham, and his sons, Thomas and William Russell ; Stephen Onion, John England, Joshua, Samuel, and Osgood Gee, William Chetwynd, Esq., all of England, and Augustine and Lawrence Washington, of Virginia, the father and brother of George Washington. The Principio Company in 1751 outranked all other iron manufacturers in America, being the sole proprietors of four furnaces and two forges, viz. : Principio Fur- nace, in Cecil County, Md., built about 1715; Prin- cipio Forge, at the same place; North East Forge, in the same county, built 1720-30 ; Accokeek Furnace, Virginia, built 1725; Kingsbury Furnace, Baltimore County, built 1744 ; Lancashire Furnace, Baltimore County, 1751. In 1780, Maryland passed an act to seize and confis- cate all British property within the State. The Wash- ingtons having sold out their interest in the company, and taken the Accokeek Furnace for their interest, the Principio property belonged to Englishmen, and was confiscated and sold under the law of Maryland. The following returns of sales made by the intendent of the revenue will serve to fix the value of property in Baltimore County at that time : 1781. Aug. 15. Lots on Whetstciiie Point, 75 acres £2,788 Sept. 12. Lancashire Furnace, IG85 acres 9,12.'i " " " " 60 negroes 7,276 " " " *' cattle and horses 35-t •' 25. Lots on Whetstone Point, 120 acres 4,891 Dec. ,'">. TrattculloJ " Harbour," 900 acres..... 1,710 8. 10 negroen and other property (Kingsbury) 2,328 " lli. Tractor land, 231 acres 1,062 April 22. Nortli East Forge to Thomas Russell 6,,560 .Inly 30. Tract of land, 40 acres 3,111 Aug. 20. 25 negroes 878 Oct. 7. 11,633 acres of land 44,650 1786. Aug. 23. 11.13 acres of land 6,320 Total £90,050 Thomas Russell had become a citizen of Maryland, and his purcliasc was paid for in shares of the com- pany : the forge and other property at North East sold as follows : The forge and other property called Vulcan's Delight, 150 acres, on which the buildings stand £1500 The tract called Geeofarison, containing 574:5 acres, in general rerif poor 2153 ■500 acres of leased land 250 32 negroes, teams, and farming implements 1356 Making in the aggregate £6350 Thomas Russell died in 1786, leaving a son Thomas ; the widow married Daniel Sheredine, who, with Thomas Russell, revived the iron business at North East in 1802. At the death of Thomas Russell, Jr., in 1806, the property, being heavily embarrassed, was abandoned as an iron-furnace and the land divided among the heirs. In 1829 the North East Forge was leased by James and George P. Whitaker from Mrs. Frances Sewall, one of the Russell heirs, and after many other changes and transfers eventually became the property of " The McCullough Iron Company." The Principio Furnace was purchased at the confisca- tion sale in 1786 by Samuel Hughes, Edwin Cole, Richard Potts, and others, who erected there a blast- furnace and boring-mill, a grist-mill and tenement- houses. It was engaged in making cannon, cannon- balls, and hollow-ware. Guns as large as 32-pounders were cast there and forwarded to the government at different points, and some were drawn by horses to Pittsburgh. This fact, during the war of 1812, brought barges from Cockburn's fleet up to Principio, where the cannon were either burst or spiked, and many rendered unfit for service, and the property burned. The property was partially repaired by Col. Hughes after the war, but being almost financially wrecked, he carried it on only two or three years and then abandoned it. Messrs. Smith & Gilmor, of Bal- timore, held a heavy mortgage upon the property, under which it was sold in 1836 to George P. Whit- taker, Thomas Garrett, Joseph Whittaker, and others, who erected a blast-furnace in 1837, which has been in constant operation ever since. At the mouth of Gwynn's Falls, in or about 1723, "The Baltimore Company," Messrs. Carroll, Tasker & Co. proprietors, erected a forge on the land belong- ing to John Moale, an English merchant and a mem- ber of the Provincial Assembly, who carried on an extensive business at Fell's Point. One-fifth share in these works belonged to the estate of Col. B. Tasker, and was sold March 13, 1765, for £5200. Col. Sheredine erected a furnace on the Kingsbury lands, at the head of Black River, in 1734. The Patapsco Iron-Works^ on the south side of the Basin, were adverti-sed for gale July 5, 1745. The Lancashire Furnace, in Baltimore County, was owned in 1764 by Mr. Hicks, and in 1781 by the Principio Company. In 1766, Dorsey's Furnace, on the main falls of Patapsco, was owned by Caleb Dorsey. In 1768, Hoxley Forge, at the head of Patapsco, was owned bv Robert Croxall. In 1760 the Onion Iron-Works, COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND "MANUFACTURES. on the Gunpowder, consisting of two forges, a furnace, and grist-mill, were owned by Zaccheus Onion. The death of Hepton Onion, an owner, is announced Aug. 20, 1754. In 1770 the Nottingham Iron-Furnace, Baltimore County, was owned by John Ridgely ; this is probably the same as Hampton Furnace. Cannon were cast here in 1780, and the furnace is said to have run " seventy years upon a single deposit of brown ore in the neighborhood." There was also another furnace, belonging to Charles Ridgely, on the falls of the Great Gunpowder, in the same county, which produced superior iron from the same kind of ore. Small cannon and swivels were ordered at this fur- nace in July, 1776. The Bush River Iron-Works were sold June 10, 1773. On Aug. 23, 1773, Samuel Dorsey, Jr., Charles Ridgely, Michael Poe, William Goodwin, and William Buchanan sold the iron-works at Curtis' Creek; they were in existence as the Curtis Creek Iron- Works in 1781. In 1773 the Lancaster Furnace, near Baltimore Town, was owned by George Mathews. In 1774 the Hockley Furnace, at Elk- ridge Landing, William Hammond manager, was conducted by the Baltimore Company. In 1779 the Principio and Kingsbury Iron- Works are mentioned. In 1780, Andrew Ellicott had a steel-furnace at Upper Ellicott's Mills ; in this same year Henry Howard & ■Co. manufactured cannon and shot at the Northamp- ton Furnace, in Baltimore County. James Buchanan, in 1782, conducted the Mount Royal Forge, near Bal- timore Town. In 1789, Stuart's Nail-Factory was on Church Hill, and Adrian Valck imported steel. In 1793 the Bush Creek Forge and Mill was in opera- tion near Frederick Town. Henry Brim had a nail- factory near the court-house in 1787. John Dorsey conducted in 1790 the Oakley Nail and Anchor Manufactory, about one mile from Baltimore Town. The Avalon Iron-Works were erected about 1800 by the Dorseys. Among the houses engaged in the iron trade of Baltimore at present is that of William G. and Wil- liam G. Wetherall, Jr. William G. Wetherall, Sr., was born in Baltimore County on the 23d of Febru- ary, 1800. His ancestors on the paternal side were of pure English stock, while on the maternal side he is of Irish descent. His mother's maiden name was May Bedel Presbury. Both his paternal and mater- nal ancestors settled in Harford County in the seven- teenth century, where they became large landholders. His father, William Wetherall, was an officer in the Union Bank of Maryland for thirty-seven years, and his own business career began at an early age, when he entered the counting-room of Hollins & McBlair, who were large importers of East India goods. In 1821, Mr. Wetherall went to Mexico in one of Thomas Tennant's clipper schooners as a clerk in the house of D'Arbel & Co., of Tampico, D'Arcy and Didier being the principal partners in the firm, and in a few years he was admitted into the partnership. After closing up the business of the firm in 1830, he returned to Baltimore, the other partners having pre- ceded him. He again visited Mexico in 1835-36, but returned home in impaired health and fortune. In 1846 he commenced the business of importer and 7^^dJ7ri^a/c dealer in iron and steel, in connection with his son, William G. Wetherall, Jr., in Baltimore, in which business he is still engaged. His character for ster- ling worth and business enterprise has won the rich success which it has so amply merited. A census bulletin for 1880 shows the following sta- tistics of blast-furnaces, rolling-mills, steel-works, and forges in Maryland : Number of estabUshnients 23 Capital invested iu 1880 $4,962,125 Males empluyed above 19 years 2656 Hales euiployed below 16 years Iu7 Total hands employed 3763 Value of material used iu 1880 S-,884,574 Value of products made in 1880 84,470,050 Total amount paid in wages $905,090 Weight of all products made in 1880 110,934 " 1S70 95_424 Iron Bridge Building.— This important industry has developed since railroads began to use so exten- sively iron rather than stone or wooden bridges. In Baltimore the Patapsco Bridge and Iron-Works, the Clarke Bridge Company, H. A. Ramsay & Co., and the Baltimore Bridge Company are engaged in this industry and others connected therewith. In the extensive and well-appointed workshop of Messrs. Pool & Hunt, at Woodberry, there are unsur- passed facilities for the manufacture of machinery and castings of the largest and heaviest character, 426 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ami their work lias ever been found of the best qual- ity as regards material and workmanship. Estab- | lislied in 1831, they have for more than thirty years manufactured portable and stationary steam-engines, Babcock & Wilcox patent tubular steam-boilers, tur- 1 bine water-wheels, circular saws, gang saw-mills, etc. Among the iron establishments of Baltimore are ; the Stickney Iron Company, Canton, manufacturers of charcoal pig iron ; Troxell, Handy & Greer, agents for antliracite, charcoal, and coke pig iron, cham- bered hammered blooms, etc. ; Keyser Bros. & Co., i anthracite, charcoal, and coke pig iron, Scotch pig iron, bar, sheet, and boiler-plate iron, cast and spring steel, nails, and horse-shoes ; Baltimore Steam-Boiler Works manufacture steam-boilers of every descrip- tion, tanks, stills, and all kinds of plate-iron work. Rivets and Spikes. — In 1865 the establishment now owned and conducted by William Gilmor, of William, for the manufacture of rivets and .spikes, was founded, but not on the present footing. To-day it has a capacity equal to any in the country for the manufacture of all the smaller articles used in the construction of boilers and engines, such as rivets, spikes, bolts, nuts, washers, wood screws, etc. Its trade has assumed very large proportions, and its products are shipped all over the country. Messrs. E. Pratt & Brother are also dealers in iron, cut nails, spikes, horse and mule-shoes, Taunton yellow metal, and Cumberland coal. Architectural Iron. — The foundry e.stablished in 1844 by Hayward, Bartlett & Co. is among the most prominent of the manufacturing establishments of this city. Originally stove-works, they have been extended from time to time until now they are one of the most extensive manufacturers of architectural iron gas-works, and heating by hot water and steam, in the United States. The public and many of the private buildings of Baltimore, the treasury building at Washington, the custom-houses at Portland, Me., in Buflalo, and in New York City are heated by the apparatus constructed at these works. In 1863 the "Winans Locomotive-Works" passed into the hands of this establishment, under the name of the "Bal- timore Locomotive- Works," which were continued as such to the close of the late civil war. David L. Bartlett, the senior of the firm, was born in Hadley, Mass., in December, 1816. His father was Daniel Bartlett, and his mother's maiden name was Louisa Stockbridge, both of Hadley, Mass. His ancestors, both paternal and maternal, were New England people for many generations, intimately connected with the history of that section. Mr. Bartlett's rudiniental education was obtained at the very excellent common schools of New Eng- land, and comjjleted at one of the academies of that section, so noted for their thorough course and train- ing in all the branches necessary for the pursuits of business. Mr. Bartlett commenced the business of a manu- facturer of iron when a young man in Hartford, Conn., where he had a fair mea.sure of success. In 1844 he removed to Baltimore and established a foun- dry on President Street, but removed in a slmrt time to Leadenhall Street, and in 1850 established liis foundry permanently on the corner of Scott and Pratt Streets, where the present firm, Bartlett, Hayward it Co., have gradually enlarged the business and have been very successful. The firm employs an average of five hundred skilled workmen, and fills a vast number of orders and contracts. Mr. Bartlett has been intrusted with many import- ant mea.sures involving the interests of the public. He was a member of the committee appointed by the mayor of Baltimore to report on the proper means of encouraging manufactures ; is one of the trustees of the McDonogh School Fund ; has been one of the managers of the Maryland Institute ; and is one of the directors of the Farmers' and Planters' Bank. Mr. Bartlett's general reputation may be well con- ceived by the character of the public trusts with which he has been connected. To a mature judgment and ripe experience he has brought to every under- taking, both public and private, a faithfid, consci- entious discharge of duty that has secured him the entire confidence of the community in which he cast his fortunes more than forty years ago. He is at present in the full enjoyment of an iron constitution, preserved and strengthened by systematic habits, and promises yet, according to all human judgment, many years of usefulness to his family and to the public. Mr. Bartlett is commanding in presence, urbane in manners, social and genial in all his relations with men, and exceedingly popular with all classes ; and in all connections, religious, political, and in busi- ness, he has been active, consistent, and faithful, se- curing thereby the ajjprobation and esteem of all good men with whom he has come in contact during an active life. He is a communicant in the Episcopal Church, and has had no taste or inclination for polit- ical office, but during the existence of the Whig party he affiliated with it. Upon its dissolution he became a member of the Republican party, with which he has since acted and voted. He has been married twice. By his first wife, Sarah Abby, to whom he was married in January, 1845, he had two children, who are still living. He was married the second time in April, 1867, to Julia E. Pettibone, of Simsbury, Conn. Charles KniUi's Marine-Engine Works are among the old-esial.li^li.Ml institutions of Baltimore. The father of thf present proprietor removed to Baltimore in 1813, and built the first steamboat-engine in the city. Distinguished for mechanical skill and fidelity of workmanship, he won a wide-spread and enviable reputation. Charles Reeder & Sons succeeded to the business in 1837, and aided in the construction of sev- eral government vessels, among them the " Natchez," - ^J^^^-^^l^^ COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. of eight hundred tons, to run between New York and Natchez, Miss. The " Isabel," a steamer of twelve '< hundred tons, constructed to run between Charleston and Havana, attracted great attention because of many important improvements introduced by the builders that rendered her eminently successful. The " Tennessee" and " Louisiana" and many other steam-vessels were furnished with machinery at th&se works, all of which have received high commendation for the excellence of their performance and the su- ' perior quality of their machinery. The works are now conducted by C. Reeder & Co., 51 Hughes Street. Charles Reeder, the head of the firm, was born in Baltimore, Oct. 31, 1817, of parents who had re- moved from Pennsylvania to this city three years previou.sly. His father constructed the first steam- boat-engine that was built in Baltimore, and rebuilt and improved, so as to cause it to work much faster, , the old " Grasshopper" locomotive, which was one of the first introduced on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road. This veteran engine was continued in use for many years, and is now kept in the company's shops at Mount Clare as a bit of railroad bric-a-brac that money could not purchase. It was shown at the sesqui-centennial celebration of 1880, in the inaug- ural parade. In 1832, Charles Reeder entered his father's shop, and while learning the machinist's trade employed his leisure hours in the study of mechanical philosophy and mathematics, having for his tutor J. J. Reekers, an accomplished mathe- matician. By const.ant attendance upon lectures at the University of Maryland, and by steady read- ing, he added to the stock of his knowledge of chem- istry and the laws of physics relative to the steam- engine. Much more ship-building was done then than now in Baltimore, and in the three years suc- ceeding 1835, Mr. Reeder, who had been admitted into the firm of C. Reeder & Sons, and made foreman of the machine department, assisted in the construc- tion of several steamers which in their day reflected much credit upon Baltimore ship-yards. In 1838 the works were destroyed by fire, and in attempting to rebuild them the company fell into a financial swamp, from which it did not free itself for several years. In partnership with his elder brother, Mr. Reeder re- stored the credit which the establishment had for- merly possessed, and after the time when, in 1848, the brother withdrew to take the management of a steamship line in which he was interested, Charles Reeder conducted the business individually. The same year he furnished the machinery for the steam- ship " Isabel," to run between Charleston and Ha- vana, and introduced into it so many valuable im- provements of his own design that other builders copied them, and vessels already afloat were altered to conform to them. They became a general feature of side-wheel steamers in the ocean trade. The Reeder shops have sent out hundreds of engines for ocean, bay, and river steamers, and sustain a very high reputation. The firm is now Charles Reeder & Sons, the other partners being Oliver and Charles M. Reeder. Besides these sons, Mr. Reeder's children are Andrew J., Frances, Teresa, Alice, and Leonard. He was married in October, 1838, to Frances Ann Sher- lock, daughter of Peter and Frances Sherlock. By his devotion of more than thirty years to business he has acquired a handsome competence, but has never relinquished the active superintendency of his works. The Abbott Iron Company. — The venerable Peter Cooper, now of New York, owned and operated in 1828-29 what was then known as the " Cooper" or " Canton" Forges. In 1836, Horace Abbott, having removed from Massachusetts to Baltimore, purchased these works, which were afterwards known as the Abbott Iron- Works, for the manufacture of wrought-iron shafts, cranks, axles, for steamboats and railroad purposes. These works have the credit of having made the first very large steamboat shaft ever forged in this country. It was made for the Rus- sian frigate " Kamtchatka," and was exhibited at the New York Exchange, where it attracted very great attention. In these mills was also made the armor for the original " Monitor," which stood so well the hammerings of the " Merrimac" in Hampton Roads. The "Roanoke," the " Agamenticus," and "Monad- nock" were clothed by these works in their iron plates, as well as many other government vessels. In 1863 these works completed 250,000 pounds of rolled iron in forty-eight hours. In 1865, Mr. Abbott dis- posed of his works to an association of capitalists, and under the name of " The Abbott Iron Company" they are now doing a large and profitable business. Coleman & Taylor, boiler-makers, manufacture all kinds of bath and steam-boilers, water-tanks, oil- stills, smoke-stacks, etc. Thomas C. Bassher & Co. manufacture boilers, engines, and pumps. The manufacture of stoves and hollow-ware is a large branch of the iron industry of Baltimore. Among the prominent representatives of this department are the Leibrandt & McDowell Stove Company, A. Weis- kittel & Son, and Isaac A. Sheppard & Co. In 1860, Mr. Sheppard, in connection with J. C. Horn, William B. Walton, J. S. Biddle, and John Sheeler, estab- lished the Excelsior Stove- Works of Philadelphia, under the firm-name of Isaac A. Sheppard & Co., and has pursued the business successfully ; and in 1866 the firm purchased the property or plot of ground bounded by Eastern Avenue and Chester Street, and Canton Avenue and Castle Street, in the city of Baltimore, and erected thereon the Excelsior Stove- Works of Baltimore. From that time he has had financial con- trol and general management of the business in both establishments, spending about one-third of his time in Baltimore during the first five or six years, and giving about two-thirds of his time to the Philadel- phia establishment. Mr. Sheeler died in 1878, and in accordance with the articles of agreement the co- 428 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. partnership expired on Feb. 1, 1879. On that day a new partnership was formed by the surviving part- ners and Franklin L. Sheppard, son of the senior [ partner, under the same firm-name, Isaac A. Shep- pard & Co., the general management of both estab- lishments being, as before, in the hands of Isaac A. Sheppard. The firm gives employment to about two hundred hands in Philadelphia, and about one hun- dred and fifty in Baltimore. At this time the works are running full time, and melting about forty tons of iron dailv. 1 sisting his mother in keeping the family together. At the age of sixteen years he apprenticed himself to learn the business of iron-founding, and commenced stove-moulding in January, 1844. During his ap- prenticeship two evenings in each week were allowed for the .study of writing and arithmetic, and two even- ings were given to reading and general improvement. Having completed the specified term of apprentice- ship, he continued as a journeyman in the same e.s- tablishment for thirteen years. Mr. Sheppard and the members of his immediate .sTO^ cvio A\ENUE A> Mr. Sheppard was born in Cumberland County, N. J., July 11, 1827, and resides in the city of Phila- delphia. His father and mother were Ephraim and Mary Sheppard. His father was the third son of Isaac Sheppard, and was also born in Cumberland County, N. J., Aug. 5, 1801. His mother was the third daughter of John Westcott, and was born March 14, 1798. Both his parents and grandparents were born in New Jersey, and the parents of the latter were among the first white settlers on the Cohansey River, which divides in part Salem and Cumberland Counties, N. J. He was married Feb. 5, 1850, to Caro- line M. Holmes, a native of Philadelphia. Her an- eestors were from Devonshire, England. Mr. Shep- pard attended the district school, which was held but three months in each year, from the age of five until l)ast eleven years old, when his parents removed to Philadelphia, where he entered a grammar school, but remained one term only, being then obliged to assist in the support of the family on account of the continued illness of his father. He was first em- ployed as an errand-boy in a store, afterwards in a l)akery , and made other changes as opportunity offered and increased compensation could be obtained, as- family are members of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and he has served as a church-warden and delegate to the Diocesan Convention of Pennsylvania for many years. In politics Mr. Sheppard is a Republican. He was a member of the House of Representatives of Penn- sylvania in 1859, 1860, and 1861. During the ses- sion of 1861 he was chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, and was also unanimously elected Speaker of the House, and served in that capacity more than one-third of the time of that session. In 1867 he was elected by the Councils of Philadelphia to represent the interests of the city in the Northern Liberties Gas Company, and he still holds that trust. In 1879 he was appointed by the Board of Judges of the Court of Common Pleas a member of the Board of Public Education of Philadelphia for a term of three years. In 1874 he was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd- Fellows of Pennsylvania, and in 1877 was elected a representative of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania to the Sovereign Grand Lodge of the order, and was re-elected in 1879 and again in 1881. He is also one of the trustees of the Widows and Orphans' Fund of ■^ COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 429 the I. O. O. F. of Pennsylvania. He is a Past Master in the Masonic order, and ex-councilor in the Order of United American Mechanics. He is also presi- dent of the Sixteenth Ward Association of the Phila- delphia Society of Organized Charity. In 1870 he assisted in organizing the National Security Bank of Philadelphia, and was elected a director therein, and in 1872 he was elected vice-president, and has been re-elected to that position every year since that time. Since 1875 he has been a director of the Warwick Iron Company, and in 1881 he was elected a director of the Northern Safe Deposit and Trust Company of Philadelphia. Mr. Sheppard's only speeches are those that appear on the records of the Legislature of Penn- sylvania and an address to the committee of the Leg- islature of Maryland on the subject of " Convict La- bor in the State Prison of Maryland," and a few re- ported speeches delivered at conventions called to con- sider matters of trade and commfirce. Mr. Sheppard's career affords a conspicuous illus- tration of the splendid possibilities which lie within the grasp of untiring energy and enterprise, and may well serve as a shining example to the struggling and ambitious youth of the present generation. Few business men occupy a higher place in the com- mercial world than Charles Williams Bentley, one of the most substantial iron manufacturers of Baltimore. The son of George Washington and Anna Bentley, he was born in North Stonington, New London Co., Conn., July 2, 1815, and was reared in that severe New England school which considers labor as the first duty of man, and which has wrung so many triumphs from the sterile soil and bleak hills of that inhospitable region. His father was a true descendant of the stern soldiers who overturned the British throne, and persevering and indomitable in his own purposes, imbued his son with the same determined spirit. His early years were devoted to agricultural labors on his father's farm, and at the age of sixteen, inspired by the New England love of adventure, he left home and went to sea. On his return from his firSt voyage, however, he yielded to his parents' wishes, and was bound apprentice to a house-building firm at Norwich, where he commenced the study of machinery and laid the foundations of much of the practical knowl- edge which was subsequently displayed in wider j spheres. After the completion of his apprenticeship he worked for some time on his own account, and af- terwards re-entered the service of his old employers, who had taken large contracts from the Canton Com- pany of Baltimore. It was in connection with this employment that he first came to Baltimore in 1837, where he was soon placed in the entire charge of the work at Canton. When the contract had been com- pleted he formed a partnership with the agent of the Canton Company, and commenced business by erect- ing the first fully-equipped sash and door factory in the State. The enterprise did not prove successful, owing to the prejudice against machine-made work, 28 and in 1840 Mr. Bentley turned his attention to the invention of a fuel-saving steam-boiler for cooking and agricultural purposes. The result of his efforts was the upright tubular boiler, upon which Mr. Bent- ley obtained a patent, and which is still widely known and employed. The invention gave an impetus to his business, and in 1848 his establishment comprised a foundry, machine-shop, and a boiler-shop, employ- ing from eighty to one hundred hands, and manu- facturing every description of boilers, steam-engines, and machinery. His work was noted for its excel- lence, and in 18-50 he received for one of his steam- engines the first gold medal ever awarded by the Maryland Institute. In 1855 disease contracted in Georgia and Florida while engaged in the erection of mills in those States compelled Mr. Bentley to retire from active business, and to relinquish the manu- facture of engines and machinery. He, however, es- tablished the Baltimore Steam-Boiler Works, which is the oldest and largest private boiler-shop in the country. In 1858 he purchased the property on the Northern Central Railroad, now known as Bentley Springs, and erected the station, several houses, and the Glenn House, which was a favorite summer resort until its destruction in 1868. Mr. Bentley has always manifested a strong interest in the intellectual as well as the material advancement of the community, and was one of the most active of the founders of the Maryland Institute for the Pro- motion of the Mechanic Arts. He has been a mem- ber of its Board of Managers for thirty successive years, a member of the committee on exhibitions, superintendent and chairman of several of the expo- sitions, and vice-president and president of the insti- tution. No one in the community has been more thoroughly identified with the Maryland Institute in its progress and development, and to no one is more honor due for the gratifying results that have been accomplished by it. Mr. Bentley is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His wife was Miss Ann Owens Laty, daughter of the late John J. Laty, of Baltimore, by whom he has had nine children, — four sons and five daughters. Iron Census Statistics, 1880. No. of No. of Industries. Estabs. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. Products. Blacksmithing, 1880. 132 350 $143,765 $122,721 $113,830 $376,510 Bridge-building, 1880 3 803 302,000 448,972 329,000 893,000 Cutlery 11 66 37,900 20,706 13,010 46,726 Forging chains 2 9 2,600 1,200 3,550 7,550 Gunsmiths 6 17 10,700 8,675 5,125 19,270 Hardware 3 IS 7.100 3,460 6,200 12,500 Instruments 12 71 S3,S(M 30,174 11,670 65,950 Iron-foundries 64 2,186 1,688,716 798,375 1,422,593 2,665,683 Stoves 9 480 429,712 158,368 251,376 613,712 Tinware, copper, and sheet-iron 144 1,913 985,510 629,410 2,146,600 3,180,611 Wire-worl£ 4 52 33,600 24,000 26,000 77,000 Whiskies. — The rye whiskies of Baltimore have for years been appreciated all over the country, and many of her brands are so well known as to be pre- ferred beyond all others. Her trade in high wines is HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. also very great, and her distilleries rank among the largest and best in the country. Over 100,000 barrels are annually sold by the trade, the aggregate capital of which is over $3,000,000. The following shows the yearly production of high wines in this collection district for a number of past years : Pkgs. Proofgalls. Total 1880 43,201 1,836,890 •• 1879 26,637 1,129,639 " 1878 16,154 710,616 " 1877 18,677 839,397 " 1876 19,516 884,847 " 1875 22,830 1,027,308 " 1874 26,991 1,169,500 " 1873 27,073 1,219,366 " 1872 21,790 980,643 The internal revenue collected in Baltimore district for 1880, as compared with 1879, is as follows : Taxes. 1880. 1879. On spirits J709,248.94 §700,201.68 " tobacco l,28i,979.48 1,102,333.62 " beer 265,126.69 2^8,817.04 " banks 50,698.61 52,280.45 other colleetions 36,695.35 7,362.81 Penalties l,Gb2.48 482.41 Total $2,346,331.45 82,091,477.91 Increase for 1880, f254,853.64. Plated Ware. — The manufacture of plated ware promises in time to become a very profitable industry. Although the establishments are neither so large nor so numerous as exist in some other cities, the skill engaged in the business is equal to that to be found anywhere, and the quality of the workmanship and the elegance and honesty of the work are fast giving the productions of the Baltimore manufacturers in this line a reputation of the most enviable character. Among the most successful firms in the city is that of Charles W. Hamill & Co. Mr. Hamill was born in Baltimore, March 2, 1845. His father, Robert Hamill, was born in Baltimore County in 1821, and his mother, Catharine Conant Hamill, was born in Boston, Mass., in 1823, both of whom are now living. His father's parents came to this country from Ireland. His grandfather, Robert, participated as a soldier in the battle of North Point in defense of Baltimore. His mother's parents came to Baltimore from Boston. She was the daughter of Samuel W. Conant, who died a few years since at the venerable age of eighty-one years. His grandmother, Sallie Winslow Conant, is still living, aged eighty- six years. She has a brother, John Winslow, and a sister living in Boston, aged respectively seventy-nine and seventy-six years. They are descendants of the Winslow family, celebrated in the history of New England. Charles W. Hamill has been remarkable from his youth for tenacity of purpose and,great reso- lution of character in every enterprise he ever under- took. He secured a primary education in the public schools of Baltimore, but when he became thirteen years of age he thought it his duty to :i>>ist liis father, and with that purpose, althougli lii- |i:iiriil- insisted on his continuing at school, he cntni'd a ^iim-slorc as an errand-boy. Here he continued faithfully to dis- charge his duties for three years, and in 1861, carried away by the common enthusiasm in behalf of the South shared by the young men of Baltimore, he started South to join the Confederate army, but was captured, brought back, and paroled. He then found employment in an serated bakery, and in accordance with his general rule, he soon made himself familiar with all the details of the business, and became fore- man of the establishment in two years after he en- tered it. The business, however, did not succeed, and the firm failing in 1863, he entered and remained in a book-store for two years. At the expiration of this time, his brother having returned from the army, he gave up the place to him and addressed himselt earnestly to the study of the business of silver- plating. His quick conceptions at once convinced him that this was the business of his life, and al- though he accepted the position for three months without pay, he applied his life-rule and learned all the details. He went to another establishment, where he continued his study of the business, and devoted eleven years to its mastery. He had been very care- ful of his earnings, and having accumulated sufficient funds to buy a house, which he mortgaged for $3000, he commenced the business for himself in a small way at No. 28 North Holliday Street in 1876. He there commenced the manufacture of steel-plated ware with ten hands, but steadily increased this num- ber in two years to forty hands, and added the ad- joining building. No. 28, to his manufactory. At this time, disagreeing with his partner, and being unable to make a settlement, he filed a bill in court asking for the appointment of receivers to wind up the busi- ness, and at the receivers' sale he purchased all the tools and machinery of the late firm, and having sur- rendered all his money and property to the receivers, he borrowed $3500, giving a bill of sale on the ma- chinery to secure the payment, and on Jan. 1, 1879, having associated with him James H. F. Hiser, he commenced business again under the same firm-name, on the southwest corner of South and German Streets, employing fifteen hands. In January, 1881, the firm removed to the corner of Calvert and German Streets, occupying five floors, and employing twenty-five hands. It is the most complete factory of the kind south of the New England States. The firm make their own designs, metals, moulds, dies, etc. The business receives the personal attention of Mr. Hamill, whose pluck and energy must make it a great success. Mr. Hamill was married April 2, 1873, to Elizabeth T. Wellener, daughter of Basil S. Wellener, a well- known ship-builder of Baltimore. They have six children,— Grace Wellener, Harry Winslow, Frank Wesley, George Wade, Carl Webb, and Hattie Wins- low. He has never taken an active part in politics, but having been educated in the Democratic party he votes that ticket. Mr. Hamill joined Harmony Lodge, No. 6, I. 0. O. F., in Mav, 1867; he has received all the honors of ^^^ COMMEKCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. the lodge, and a medal for services as a Degree Master for two years. He is now and has been continu- ously elected recording secretary of the lodge for six- teen terms, a period of eight years. He also joined the St. John's Lodge, No. 34, A. F. and A. M., in 1870. Straw Goods. — The manufacture of straw goods in Baltimore is a comparatively new industrj^, but it is a thriving interest and is rapidly growing. Its most prominent, as well as its earliest, representative in Baltimore is the firm of Wilson & Perry, which com- menced business in this city in 1866. In the earlier period of his life Granville Oscar Wilson was a manufacturer of boots and shoes, and subsequently became proprietor of a hotel in Foxboro', Mass. The failure of his health necessitated the relinquish- ment of this business, and in 1866 he came to Balti- more, and in conjunction with W. C. Perry, of Reho- both, Mass., began on a small scale the manufacture of straw goods at 71 Lexington Street. The firm commenced with only three hands, but their opera- tions were so successful that in less than six weeks they were forced to Massachusetts for twenty-five more. In 1874 No. 101 Lexington Street was pur- chased, in 1880 No. 46 Liberty Street, and in 1881 No. 50 Liberty Street, and Nos. 4 and 6 Clay Street, which are all occupied for the purposes of the busi- ness. The establishment has four fronts, contains an acre and a half of flooring, and employs some three hundred hands. Mr. Perry's connection with the house continued until July, 1879, when his inter- est was purchased by Mr. Wilson, who has since con- ducted the business alone. Mr. Wilson was born in Easton, Bristol Co., Mass., of parents who were both natives of that place. He is of English descent on the paternal and of Scotch descent on the maternal side, and has inherited the sterling qualities of both races. The earliest representatives of the paternal side of his family in this county were three brothers who emigrated from England, one of them settling in Massachusetts, one in New York, and one in Penn- sylvania. His wife's mother was a member of the noted family of Talbotts, so well known in the his- tory of the county. Mr. Wilson was married on the 5th of September, 1852, to Miss Ruth Tisdale, daugh- ter of Col. Israel Tisdale, of Sharon, Mass., and has three children, one son and two daughters. Fair in all his dealings, reliable in representation, and prompt in the discharge of all his obligations, Mr. Wilson ranks high in the mercantile world. To these qualities and to the indomitable pluck and en- ergy so characteristic of New England blood, his great and deserved success is attributable. Immigration. — The steamship lines to Baltimore, the port arrangements for the reception of immigrants, and the facilities offered by the railroads for quick, pleasant, and expeditious passage to interior points have contributed to make this port very attractive to immigrants from Europe. These advantages have increased the annual arrivals from 9149 in 1870 to 15,074 in 1880. The extreme poverty of the great mass of people from whom the ranks of immigration are recruited prevents many from bettering their condition by re- moving to this country. A remedy to some extent for this is found in remittances from America, and for this purpose the steamship lines have effected most excellent arrangements. Parties wishing "to prepay a passage to this country are furnished a certificate (which they send by registered letter to their friend abroad) and a receipt for the passage-money. The passenger in the old country, on receiving his certifi- . cate, notifies the agent at Liverpool or Queenstown or in Europe of the fact, and is advised at once when and where he is to embark, and all other necessary directions are given him. On arrival in Baltimore the immigrant lands at the piers of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, where his friends meet him. To this pier none are admitted except on tickets of admission, and thus the ignorant immigrants are protected from the arts and deceptions that at other ports have so often robbed and plundered them. Attention to the wants and requirements of immigrant passengers which the steamship lines to this port have shown has given them a very high rank among the lines from Europe to America, and has been the means of attracting to this port a large number of such passen- gers, which number is annually increasing, as shown by the returns. Miscellaneous Business Notes.— From the adver- tising columns of old newspapers and the leaves of old pamphlets many facts of interest relating to the past are to be gathered ; these miscellaneous notes are not to be found in history nor biography, and yet they make up the picture of the past more completely than whole j pages of description. James Rumsey in 1784 was I engaged in the application of steam to the propulsion of boats " against wind and tide," and to navigate and build boats " calculated to work with greater ease and rapidity against rapid rivers." Rumsey made his experiment on the Potomac, near Sir John's Run. With Fitch he maintained a controversy as to the priority of the right, and was sustained by the Legis- latures of New York, Maryland, and Virginia, while Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey sustained Fitch. Oliver Evans, then an inhabitant of Balti- more, made application in 1787 to the Legislature of Maryland for the exclusive right of using his im- proved mill machinery. James Carey was a ware- houseman in Baltimore in 1759, and Daniel Carroll in 1760 advertised for sober men to settle in Upper Marlborough. Andrew Buchanan in 1762 retired from the business of barber and peruke-maker in favor of James Reid. In the same year Charles Wilson Peale was engaged in saddlery and harness-making. Jonathan Plowman and William Lux were variety store-keepers in 1764, while John Boyd & Co. were druggists, and Robert Mullen and Thomas Martin, at HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the sign of the "Teapot," were gold and silversmiths. Robert Pinkney was a fashionable tailor in Baltimore in 1765, and advertised his " art as the experience of eight years in London." In the same year John Steven- son was dealing in European and East Indian goods, while David McCulloh was deputy postmaster at Joppa, and James Chalmers a goldsmith in Baltimore. John Ashburner was a " prominent" merchant of Balti- more in 1766, and John Bond was in the lumber trade at Fell's Point. Basil Frances and William Whit- croft were watch-makers in Baltimore, and Gerrard Hopkins, son of Samuel, from Philadelphia, was a cabinet and chair-maker in 1767. Thomas Hewitt made perukes in 1762, and Buchanan & Hughes im- ported European and East Indian goods in the packet "Maryland," Capt. Ramsay, from London, and the " Betsy," Capt. Anderson, from Bristol. At the sign of the "Blue Stocking" Mark Howard was a "hosier" in 1768, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton did a gen- eral grocery and country produce business in Annap- olis in 1769. The schooner "Virginia," Capt. Thomas Gerrald, master, sailed from Baltimore for the Missis- sippi River, with a number of French neutrals, on May 1, 1767. Hudson & Thompson dissolved part- nership in 1770, and Ashburner & Place were mer- chants ; James Ormsby, a French watch-maker ; Ga- briel Lewyn was also making watches ; and the first rope-walk erected in Baltimore was by Lux & Smith, near Bond Street, in 1771. Mordecai Gist was an East India and European merchant on Market Street, and Thomas Morgan was a clock-maker, in 1772. Robert Pinkney, tailor, was killed by a fall from his horse, Nov. 13, 1773, at Annapolis ; and Alexander Donaldson & Co. were East India and European mer- chants on Gay Street, Baltimore, Christopher Johnson retailed dry-goods, Daniel McHenry, Thomas Usher, wholesale dry-goods, John Flanagan, wines. Grant & Garretson, tailors, Christopher Hughes & Co., jewel- ers, Francis Sanderson, copper-smith, and Richard Berland, tailor and habit-maker, in 1773. In this year a young gentleman designed for holy orders is mentioned in the Maryland Journal of October 9th as "betting on the races." William Stenson was a " rider" between Philadelphia and Baltimore in 1774; John Graham was a nail-maker; and Andrew Davidson, Daniel McJilton, Rowland McQuillon, William McCartie, John Cannon, Edward Allen, Elias Barnaby, and Philip Grace advertised in the Maryland Journal of Jan. 17, 1776, for a number of journeymen shoemakers, some for men's and others for women's shoes, and promise " the greatest encourage- ment to those who apply to either of us." Elijah Stans- bury was a merchant tailor, Charles Williams a silk- dyer at "Lux &Bowley's old store," in 1779; R. Caton & Co. were dry-goods merchants on Water Street in 1785; and Andrew Van Bibber was in the grocery trade in the same year. In 1787, Alexander Forsyth carried on business in Congress Hall ; A. W. Davey was a broker and Amos Loney a dealer in coal at Tripolet's Wharf in 1788 ; John Fisher was a brush-maker on Gay Street near Market; May & Payson manufactured duck, Russia duck, flax, cotton, and New England rum ; William Patterson & Bro. dissolved ; Rice & Co. sold books, etc., on Market Street near Calvert; Abraham Sitler, on Calvert Street, opposite the " Sign of the Sun," dealt in paints, oils, etc. ; James Dryden was a hair-dresser on Market Street above South ; Thomas McElderry, at the sign of the " Golden Umbrella," corner of Market and Gay, sold Irish linen, sheeting, and dowlas ; Whiteside & Cator, dissolved ; William Buckler imported from London in the brig " Ceres," Capt. Chase, cloths, cassimeres, jeans, fustians, royal rib and satinets, stuff's and camlets. A meeting of tradesmen and manufacturers at Nathan Griffith's passed resolutions petitioning Congress in favor of American manufactures ; Isaac Van Bibber, Alexan- der McKim, Thomas Dickson, and Christopher John- son were directors, and James Calhoun treasurer of the Baltimore Cotton Manufactory ; Jane Maggs was a pastry-cook ; Knox, Usher & McCulloh dissolved; Tyson & Anderson were dissolved by the death of Joseph Anderson ; Richard Lawson & Co., Bowley's Wharf, was in general merchandise ; Robert and Alexander McKim, on Tenth Street, were in the European merchandise business ; Leonard Harbaugh erected a threshing-machine in Hanover Market- house, and invited all to examine the same ; John Chamberlain, in Old Town, near Moore's bridge, was a stocking-maker; Manchester, Birmingham, and Sheffield goods were for sale by Abraham Usher & Co. at the " Sign of the Spinning-Wheel," opposite William Wilson's boot and shoe-factory, on north side of Market Street, a few doors below the corner of Calvert ; John Evans and Jacob Deiter were bakers in South Street; Samuel Stringer Coal announced the dissolution of the firm of Weisenthal & Coal by the death of Dr. Charles Frederick Weisenthal, the accounts to be settled by Dr. Frederick Dalcho; Joseph Kennedy was a stucco workman, " regularly bred to the trade in Ireland," and whose work could be seen at Mount Clare, near town, and at Mr. Collins', on Howard's Hill ; John and Joseph Swan sold grind- stones, rum, rice, and indigo; Samuel and John Smith sold Muscabado sugar ; Yates & Ligget were auction- eers ; Henry Halbate was a dyer, and " wanted an ap- prentice immediately ;" Jasper and James de Carnaps dealt in German linens on Market Street next door to the " Indian King" ; Eliza Burke was a mantua- maker and milliner on East Street opposite Dr. Boyd ; Jacob Hoffman was a tin and coppersmith on Cal- vert Street opposite "The Golden Sun"; Henry Keerl, at the " Sign of the Golden Swan," on Market Street, near Congress Hall, received by ship. " Sam- son" from Amsterdam medicines, aqua; fortis, duplex, oil of vitriol, and many other medicines; the glass- house offered glassware of all kinds for sale; Hodg- son & Nicholson were iron-mongers, jewelers, and cutlers on Market Street; Ireland & Potts, on Bowley's COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. Wharf, sold spades, shovels, etc. ; Adrian Valck dealt in Congo tea and Lisbon wine, per the " Candi- das," Capt. A. P. de Haas, from Lisbon; Walter Roe, at the " Golden Bee-Hive," New Market-house, was in the dry-goods trade ; Nicholas Coleman & Co. were bakers; George and John Tillinghast were deal- ers in cotton, green coffee, etc. ; Stewart & Plunket, on Rowley's Wharf, dealt in salt ; Seth Barton was a dry-goods importer ; Robert Gilmor imported green coffee by the brig "Fame"; Carey & Tilghman were importers of coffee ; Jos. Jaffrey dealt in tar, rice, and deer-skins ; John Fribourg was a tailor and habit-maker ; David Vance was a hair-sieve maker on Calvert Street ; Robert and Alexander Riddell were dry -goods merchants; Alexander Coulter, a saddler; Heathcote & Doll, in merchandise ; Thos. Hepburn, in wine and spirits ; Christopher and Robert John- son, dealers in teas ; Ratien & Koneche, in linens ; Richard Sydner, in calicoes and chintzes, on Cheap- side ; Oliver & Thompson, in salt, on Gay Street ; James Buchanan and William Robb, in liquors, on Commerce Street; John Proctoi?, a coach-maker, at the "Sign of St. Luke," on Market Street; Waters & Zacharie, grocers (dissolved partnership) ; L. Master, in dry-goods, on Gay Street ; Hugh McCurdy, at the sign of the " Golden Fan," Calvert Street, dealt in dry-goods in the year 1789; William Loomis, at Bowley's Wharf, dealt in Jamaica and Antigua spirits in 1791 ; Thomas Sein was an apothecary at Market and Patrick Streets, and Thos. Poultney was in hard- ware and cutlery on Market Street in 1792. At the yearly meeting for 1796 of the Carpenters' Associa- tion, Frederick Haefligh, John Dalrymple, Richard Bond, Jr., George Wall, and John Machenheimer were chosen measurers; the first issue of the Baltimore and Fell's Point Directory, by Thompson & Walker, ap- peared in 1796, and Walker offered to keep up boards with the name of the streets painted thereon at one dollar per board, and he solicited subscriptions for that purpose. This was among the first indications of the approach of the period when Baltimore Town was taking on the real habits of a city. Street numbers also appear in the year 1796. Yates & Edmonson, at 106 Market Street, sold dry-goods ; G. & C. Linden- berger were opposite the "Indian Queen"; Robert Mickle, in dry-goods, at 168 Market Street ; Buchanan & Young, at 135 Market Street, were in dry-goods ; Anthony Groverman, in dry-goods, on Smith's Wharf; Raborg & Doudle, grocers, at 176 Market Street; Alexander, Browne & Co., grocers, at No. 2 Bowley's Wharf, — they were Henry Alexander, Charles Browne, and Alexander Lawson ; George Lettig made hats on the Causeway, and also at 141 Market Street ; L. Tier- nan, dry-goods, at 1.55 Market Steet ; Wm. Robb, at 7 South Street ; Mr. Frances, of the new theatre, kept a dancing-school, and gave a ball on Oct. 25, 1796, at the Assembly Rooms, Bryden's Tavern ; Yates & Canifk- bell, Barney & Hollins were auctioneers ; David Stewart & Sons were general merchants; John H. 199 Market Street, was in general mer- chandise; Davies & Fulton were at 139 Market Street ; Frederick and Henry Koenig were in general merchandise ; William Travers Peachey, an iron- monger, cutler, and jeweler, was at 138 Market Street ; Robert Leslie & Co. were watch-makers, 119 (and afterwards at 93) Market Street, between Calvert and South Streets, in 1797. The duties bonded for the State of Maryland for the year 1794 were $1,226,139, and the net duties paid to the treasurer were $795,700. In the year 1794 the relative statements of the trade of the large towns were : For New York, $2,140,453 ; for Philadelphia, $2,000,091; Baltimore, $1,198,232; Boston, $1,003,164; Charleston, $716,922; Norfolk, $270,000. The Fed- eral Gazette gives the following statement of ex- ports for 1792 : Philadelphia, $8,000,000; New York, $5,500,000; Baltimore, $2,500,000. For 1798, New York, $13,000,000 ; Philadelphia, $10,000,000 ; Balti- more, $10,000,000. 1799, Baltimore, $16,610,000. Dr. Andrew Weisenthal succeeded Dr. Edward Johnson in the practice of midwifery in 1797. John McKim, Jr., & Co. were at 36 Market Street; Henry Payson at 75 Bowley's Wharf; Brune, Foulke & Co. at 182 Market Street ; Gerrard & Hopkins were next door to Samuel Hollingsworth ; James Law at 159 Market Street ; Joseph Hoskins at 62 South Street ; Jacob Mayer at 55 Market, glassware and china ; John F. Legros, watch-maker, 137 Market; B. J. Von Kapflf succeeded Von Kapff" & Anspach, general merchants ; Neale, McKim & Co., 124 Market Street, glassware; John and JamesjHughes, Market and Howard ; Charles Ghe- quire, dry-goods; John Healy and Mathew Hulse, dry-goods, 179 Market, were in the different trades in 1797. Daniel Larrabee, 60 Market, shoes ; Fred. Schaf- fer, ship-broker, 35 South Street; William Finn offered a place for warm and cold baths in the city in 1799. A company was formed in 1790 to erect an exten- sive gunpowder-factory in the city, and in the next year it was built on Gwynn's Falls, and was in opera- tion until September, 1812, when it blew up and was never rebuilt. George Chandler, of Baltimore, re- ceived a patent in 1796 for a machine combining the cutting and heading of nails by machinery. Thomas Paine, author of the "Age of Reason," arrived in Baltimore by the ship " London" from Havre de Grace, Oct. 30, 1802. Albert Seekamp, George Repold, advertise, Aug. 25, 1803, "on board the j ship ' Mercury,' Littleton Waters master, just ar- rived from Bremen, a large number of young, healthy men, women, and children ; for terms apply to the captain on board." William B. Dyer, of Baltimore, Feb. 27, 1808, received a patent for a cordage spin- ning-wheel. The Baltimore bleach-fields were in 1801 in Saratoga Street, near Gray's Gardens, on the I land of L. Tiernan, with James Andrews head- bleacher. The British cartel-sloop "The Jane and Martha" brought to New York, Dec. 13, 1814, Messrs. 434 HTSTOKY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Buchanan, Dorsey, and Gittings, citizens of Baltimore, captured during the attacl< on the city. Ebenezer Ford, of Baltimore, was granted a patent April 14, 1814, for a torpedo. George Ellicott, Baltimore, re- ceived a patent Sept. 20, 1816, for rolling bar iron edgeways. Peter L. Lannay, Baltimore, received a patent Dec. 4, 181G, for elastic water-proof leather. Francis Guy, Baltimore, awarded, Feb. 23, 1819, a patent for paper carpet, which was really the first step in the making of oil-cloth. Thomas J. Bond, Baltimore, awarded a patent for iron boats Dec. 21. 1820. At the exhibition of domestic manufactures held in Washington City in February, 1825, Catharine Gattie, of Baltimore, exhibited coach-bindings ; Mr. Hamlin's improved hats, made of Eussia cotton duck and varnished, which were much approved by the Kavy Department ; stair-carpets by Mr. Wilson, shovels and spades by Mr. Harvie, and machine-cards by Mr. McCoy, and axe-heads by Mr. Kinsey. Mr. Gideon B. Smith, of Baltimore, made known in 1829 the qualities of Morus mullicmdis, or mulberry of the Philippine Islands. Isaac Tyson, Baltimore, received a patent Feb. 15, 1827, for making copperas. The first American patent for a locomotive was taken out by William Howard, of Baltimore, Dec. 10, 1828. Handsome silk ribbons in great variety were man- ufactured in Baltimore in 1829 from American silk. Patents for making soap by steam were issued to B. Toll and J. Doyle, Baltimore, July 19th, and to John Kennedy, Oct. 1, 1830. James Simpson, Baltimore, received a patent Aug. 23, 1831, for wheels for rail- road carriages. Jesse Marden, Baltimore, patent, Sept. 9, 1835, for balance platform-scale for weighing, a useful invention still in demand. A convention of silk-growers was held in Baltimore Dec. 11, 1838, at which about two hundred delegates assembled, who elected Judge Comstock, of Connecticut, president. Resolutions were adopted to form a National Silk Society (which was organized the next day), and to issue an address to the people of the United States on the culture of silk. About this time an establishment employing twenty Jacquard looms in making silk and worsted vestings, velvets, dress and other silks was set up in Baltimore. J. H. B. Latrobe patented a stove for heating rooms in 1846, and B. H. Latrobe patented in 1848 a compound break-joint railroad rail. Beatty's powder-mill exploded March 1, 1849, being the third time in a few years. 'The brig " Wind- ward," Capt. Charles Brown, loaded with flour at Lo- cust Point, February, 1853, was the first vessel that loaded tlicn' with such freight. Manufacturing Industries of Baltimore.— The following table from the Census Bureau of the in- dustrial statistics of Baltimore may be regarded as complete, the only actual figures not yet returned being those of breweries, cotton goods, coke, distil- leries, the fisheries, gas, glass, iron and steel manufiie- tures, mixed textile fabrics, oyster-canning and pack- ing, petroleum, mining and refining, print-works, rail- road repairing, salt, ship-building, silk goods, woolen goods, and the mining industries, these branches having been assigned to special experts, without re- gard to locality, whose reports will be hereafter pub- lished in detail. There are means, however, in accord- ance with well-known census laws, of approximating these lacking returns very accurately and combining them with the other figures, so as to get a very good general average. In the tables received the aggre- gates for 1880 show the number of industrial establish- ments to be 3547 ; the capital employed, §32,449,772; the number of hands employed, 62,983 ; the aggre- gate annual wages, $13,576,493 ; the cost of material, $44,054,383; and the value of products, $71,744,770. These figures are eminently satisfactory. They reveal a rapid industrial development in our city in spite of the period of extreme depression between 1873 and 1879. By comparison of the variations and constants of one or two of the special reports of experts which have come in, with data already given, according to well-known census laws, we find that the returns yet to be made will increase those already given above in the sum of at least 18 per cent. ; so that the indus- tries of Baltimore in 1880, as compared with those of Baltimore City and Baltimore County in 1870, will stand thus : City in 1880. City and County in 1870. EstaWishments 4,185 2,759 Capital $37,290,732 826,049,040 Hands 74,340 33,182 Wages $16,919,861 $10,352,078 Materials $51,984,171 $.)6,144,425 Products $84,668,828 $59,219,933 For Baltimore City alone in 1870 the hands num- bered 28,178, and the annual products were valued at $51,006,278. The women employed then in both city and county were only 7107. The increase in the number of hands is most remarkable. In 1870 Balti- more employed in manufacturing industries only 1 in 8.1 of its population, while Philadelphia employed 1 in 5.04. Its manufacturing capital was $97 per head, while that of Philadelphia was $252 ; its product per capita was $219, that of Philadelphia being $464. Baltimore now employs one in 5.3 of its population, having nearly caught up with Philadelphia. Its cap- ital has grown in proportion to population, but not in proportion to the increase of labor, and its products have increased slightly in value per capita. The wage fund has not grown as rapidly as the labor ; but when we take the average of hands employed, count- ing the number of children also, the result will not be pauper wages by any means, the yearly average being $444, a daily wage of $1.46 for each man, woman, and child. The increase in the number of hands is 124 per cent., and of women employed 150 per cent. The increase in the products is nearly 40 per cent. Ill 1^70, ai;aiii, for the whole State of Maryland the estiilili-liiiii iiN wire 5812; the number of hands em- jiloycil w:i> 1 l.-^iii' ; the capital, .$36,438,729; the wages, $12,6S2,S17; the materials, $46,897,032, and the pro- COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. ducts, «!76,.593,613. It will thus be seen that in point of industrial growth the Baltimore of the sesqui-cen- tennial year does not need to confine itself to com- parison with the Baltimore City and County of 1870. It flings down its gauntlet to the State, and the whole i State cannot afford to take it up. There are 1627 fewer establishments in the city in 1880 than there j were in the State in 1870; but, en revanche, the estab- lishments of the city in 1880 exceed those of the city and county in 1870 by 1426. The city's capital in ] manufactures in 1880 exceeds that of city and county j in 1870 more than $11,000,000, and that of the State in 1870 nearly $1,000,000. But the labor and wages account is still more remarkable. In spite, as we have said, of the universal collapse of industries and trade from 1873 to 1879, the increase in the number of hands employed in Baltimore industries in 1880 was 41,178, or 124 per cent, over those employed in both city and county in 1870, and the excess in. 1880 of hands employed in the city above those employed in j 1870 in the State, inclusive of the city, was 29,480, or : 65 per cent. The wages paid in the city in 1880 show an increase over those paid in 1870 in city and county | both of a little over 50 per cent., and $894,676 above j those paid in the entire State in 1870. It must be re- | membered that in 1870 both prices and wages were inflated to the extent of at least 40 per cent, in con- sequence of a spurious, make-believe, irredeemable currency. We are now, after a great commercial | panic and industrial depression, operating upon an exclusively hard-money basis. Yet, in the face of all j these figures, all this growth and expansion, some of j the little statesmen of the hour have been heard to say that Baltimore is not a manufacturing city.' As j they turned their backs to the sesqui-centennial cele- bration, so they will shut their eyes to the census. However, a city which grows so rapidly is in a fair , way to outgrow them too. The greatest and most noticeable increase in the manufactures of Baltimore has been in the line of ' those special industries for which our city has the most unquestioned facilities. The boot and shoe manufacturers employ about 3031 hands, and their products are valued at $3,453,011. Our production of canned fruits and vegetables has increased from $1,587,230 for the whole State in 1870 to $5,262,568 for the city only in 1880. In 1870 the product of the State in tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware was $1,634,000 ; in 1880 the product of the city alone in these wares was $3,260,331. In 1870, in the tables for manufactures, is given a table of " selected manufac- tures" for Baltimore County (including the city), in which those industries which seem to be most favored by both nature and art in this locality are indicated and dwelt upon. This table, after having been further reduced so as to include only those industries the an- nual product of which in 1870 exceeded $1,000,000, yielded a total of $35,400,000 in round numbers. From this table, in making a comparison with 1880, it is necessary further to exclude the sugar refining business, yielding $7,000,000 in 1870, but only $840,000 in 1880, and the iron manufacture, which in 1880 in none of its classifications came up to a million, while in 1870 its product was $4,000,000. We must also ex- clude the copper manufacture, destroyed that very census year by act of Congress. In spite of all this, the aggregates for 1880 of these specialized industries rose in 1880 to $46,000,000, and this does not include the oyster trade, worth to the city nearly $8,000,000. The boot and shoe trade has increased 50 per cent. ; the clothing trade 60 per cent. ; the business of can- ning fruits and vegetables from $1,400,000 to $5,200,- 000, and so on. But it is needless to pursue these special industries further. We simply wish to illustrate that subject in which all of our fellow-citizens are more deeply in- terested, — the growth of Baltimore. The fact of the rapidity of growth, in a period for the most part of complete commercial stagnation and industrial dis- tress, is established by the figures. Awnings and tent, 1880.. 1870.. Bakeries, 1S80 Bask 1. 1 Black ^ Boukl. Boxes, paper, 1880 1870 Boxes, wooden (packing), In BruslieB, 1880.. Capital. Hands Annual Employed. Wages. Materials Employed. Products. $5,601 50 $9,295 $10,300 $47,600 749,372 745 213,265 1,266,971 1,873,991 1,118.361 31,000 12,636 6,160 18 4,868 143,765 350 122,721 113,850 376,610 63,056 588,600 1,896 595,249 1,237,273 2,207,848 444,600 649,721 881,949 1,937,058 276,787 i:083 345,912 427,619 1,204.904 13,450 34,020 226 32;617 82,883 140,625 10,600 52,300 137 52,576 4 1,474 2,900 6,300 58,000 136 61,659 85,676 256,435 121,248 926,550 1,712 501,814 302,000 448,972 329,000 37,616 35,673 75,832 136.766 70,200 215 35,336 184,704 276,538 44,500 11,500 31 8,300 15,543 318,000 1,143 332,496 869,743 1,422,126 21,373 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Carpets (rag) Carriages and wagons, 1880 Clothing (men), 1880 Clothing (women), 1880 CofTeo and Bpiccs (ground), 1880 Chemicals (miscellaneous), 1880 Cutlery and edge-tools, 1880 Coffins, 1880 Confectionery, 1880 Cooperage Coppersmitliing, 1880 Corsets, 1880 Dentistry (mechanical), 1880.. Dyeing and scouring, 1880 Engraving, ISSO liturc, iucluiling refrigerators, 1880.. , dressed, 1880 Gunsmiths, 1880 Hiiir-work, 1880 Hardware, 1880 Hats and caps, 1880 Instruments, surgical, 1880.. Irou-foundries, 1880 Leather curried, 1880 Leather tanned, 1880... Marble and stoue-cutting, tombstones, 1870.. Mattresses, etc., 1880 Millinery, 1880 Musical 1 sign, 1880.. Painting, house a Paints, 1880 Paints not specified, 1870 Paints, lead, and zinc, 1880 Paper-hanging, 1880 Patterns anil models, 1880 Photographing, 1880 Plaster-grinding, 1880 Plumbing and gas-fitting, 1880.. Preserves and sauces, 1880 Pumps, 1880 1870 Roofing material, 1880 1870 Saddlery and harness, 1880 1870 Sails, 1880.. Saws, 1880 Scales and balances Sewing-machines, 1880 Sewing-machines (repaired), 1880... Soap and caudles Ship-building and repairing, 1880... Shirts, 1880 Show-cases, 1880 Silverware, 1880 Capital. Hands Annual Employed. Wages. Materials Employed. Products. $32,62.5 112 820,428 845,078 893,500 10;050 30 4,900 16,330 28,467 178,860 475.103 l,00i,851 9,074 1,337,208 ,166,510 7,o:i3 1,068,508 3,646,651 5,574,342 40;7UO 116 86,025 121.640 120,760 64 23,003 220,608 290,874 13'J,f«0 29 16,123 360,.535 191 95,000 425,760 766,840 6G 20,706 13,010 46,720 85,876 84 31,484 60,103 176.923 8,000 27 6,626 10,090 143,770 121 36,70S 334,789 474,750 246 C«,0:i8 457,293 695,374 146,282 324,764 264,142 004 244,520 263,019 765,101 305,000 297 112,670 1,656,441 1,952,051 20,701 18,000 6,640 28,000 12,100 13 6,323 42,786 61 21,031 11,310 64,862 19,000 22 10,175 3:360 22,000 2,600 9 697,102 1,072 375,328 604,489 30,000 8,105 68,600 36 8,470 65,500 57,000 98 35,748 6,500 30 5,600 20,000 34,20(1 3,200 10,700 17 8:675 5,125 19,270 5,150 18 7,216 2,000 101,760 154 62,504 131,275 243,098 3,222 13,086 24,392 3,450 6,200 9,636 48,OIK) 80 21,495 43,000 89,600 12,282 18, allotted to the merchants was eighty-three feet by fifty-three. Without the colonnades were halls leading to four flights of stairs. Over each col- onnade is a gallery, above which rises a semicircular arch, the whole surmounted by a magnificent dome, the internal height of which from the floor of the hall is one hundred and fifteen feet. The basement story of the building was laid out in twenty oflices lor brokers, attorneys, and counting-houses. On each side of the north and south entrances were rooms twenty-four by eighteen feet, and on the Gay Street front four rooms, two of them eighteen by thirty and two thirty feet square, — in all nine spacious rooms, each of them furnished with fire-proof closets, and adapted to the purposes of insurance offices, for which they were subsequently used. A part of the building on Gay Street was also occupied at one time by the officers of the municipal government. The Exchange Building was constructed after a de- sign of the eminent architect, BenjaminH.Latrobe,Sr., the architect of the cathedral, and at one time one of the chief architects of the capitol at Washington. Col. Jacob Small, of Baltimore, superintended its construction. The building when first erected was entirely fire-proof, and originally cost about two hun- dred and seventy thousand dollars. Both the interior and exterior, however, have undergone many changes since the erection of the building. The old-fashioned winding stairs in the corners which led to the second story of the rotunda and other features of former days have disappeared, and to the regret of many persons the architectural features of the rotunda itself have been changed in the last eight years. The accommodations of the custom-house, which in course of time came to be located in the Exchange Building, were at first of a very limited character, be- ginning at the door on Lombard Street, and embrac- ing only a space of about seventy-two by forty-five feet. All the various clerks were ranged around this small hall in little pens, like so many domesti- cated animals. During the coUectorship of George P. Kane extensive changes were made ; the Gay Street entrance was blocked up, and the custom-house extended north into the rooms formerly occupied by the merchants as an exchange and commercial meeting- place. It was handsomely fitted up, and thus re- mained until 1871, when, the growth of the port re- quiring more space, the rotunda was made a part of the custom-hou.sc, llais rrinliiiiiL; it at that time prob- ably one of the nio^i (■..niiiMiilioii-, in ilic 1 niii'i] States. These various cliaii'jr- of a ~iili-tanlial an. I .Irciinitive character cost not less than one luHidrcd and fifty thousand dollars. The post-office became totally separated from the rotunda by the present corridor, while new additions north and south were reared on the site of the old Exchange Hotel. The beautiful east and west recessed arches of the rotunda were filled in at this period, and the whole of the u|iper fioors, as well as the lower ones, were subjected to the most extensive and costly changes. The lodging- rooms of the old Exchange Hotel, which occupied the west wing of the Exchange, extended entirely around the rotunda above the first floor, and included all the space above the custom-house and the rooms on the Gay and Lombard Street sides in the second and third floors, now used for the various offices of the cus- toms. After continuing for very many years as a hotel it ceased to be profitable, and was given up in that capacity. The old west wing was for some years turned into offices, but it was finally pulled down al- together. On June 1, 1820, the Exchange was opened for the first time for the transaction of business, and " mer- chants, traders, and tradesmen of every description mingled in congratulation upon the establishment of an institution which promises so many facilities to every variety of negotiation." "Notwithstanding the pre.sent languid state of commerce, purchases and sales to a considerable amount were negotiated" on the opening day, and " for the convenience and dis- patch of business" the principal merchants of the city entered into an agreement to meet on 'change every day between twelve and one o'clock, and some of the most extensive traders bound themselves " to make no engagements for the purchase and sale of produce except at this general place of resort." Among those who entered into this agreement were Eobert Gilmor& Sons, Wm. Patterson & Sons, Robert & John Oliver, Wm. Wilson & Sons, John Donnell, Isaac McKim, John McKim, Luke Tiernan & Sons, Alex. Brown & Sons, Wm. Lorman & Son, Thomas Tenant, Campbell, Ritchie & Co., R. H. & W. Douglass, Hez. Clagett &Son, Archibald Kerr, H. & R. H. Os- good, Thompson Bathurst, Henry Thompson, Charles Wirgman, Isaac Tyson, Jesse Tyson & Sons, Fred. C. Graff", John Hollins, Macdonald & Ridgely, Justus Hoppe, C. W. Karthaus & Co., John Strieker, Henry Schroder & Son, Samuel Hollingsworth & Sons, Sol- omon Etting, Baptist Mezick, Elias Ellicott, Henry Brice, Isaac Phillips, Thomas Sheppard, Hammond & Newman, Joseph King, Jr., Wm. Bosley, George & Wm. Read, Robinson & Clap, C. Deshon, Von Kapflf & Brune, Elisha Tyson, Jr., Wm. Dawson & Co., James Corner, J. W. & E. Patterson, David Kizer & Co., Isaiah Mankin, Sanuiol Kttin^-, Roswell L. Colt, F. & L. Hauxthall. U-Im it Lrniinmi ^t Co., Van Wyck& Morgan, Harrison ^ Si>r.tt. l>aac (i. Roberts, Ridgely & Edgar, M. P. Mitchell, Thomas Little, W. L. Schmidt, C. C. Jamison & Co., George Douglass, S. & J. E. Carey, Charles Gwinn, Keller & Forman, W. P. Lcmnum, Hall ^^c Marcan, Joel Vickcrs, Wm. TRADE ORGANIZATIONS. Child, Brundige, Vose & Co., Wm. McDonald & Son, N. F. Williams, John Diffenderffer, Perkins & Saltonstall, Mayer & Brantz, John Mackay, J. & J. Stoufter, Wm. Baartscheer, Bradford & Cooch, L. & J. Barney, Thomas Wilson, John Nicholson, S. & H. White, Creighton & Woodville, Wm. Howell & Son, John Travers, Jr., J. J. Hoogerwerfl', Isaac Edmond- son, H. D. Wichelhausen & Co., R. A. Denny, D'Arcy & Didier, Ely Balderston, Wm. Cole, M. McBlair, Levi Hollingsworth, A. & J. E. Lewis, Benjamin M. Hodges, Samuel Harden, Kelso & Ferguson, Jacob Tyson & Son, J. P. Pleasants & Son, Hayne & Crox- all, Josiah Turner & Co., Wilmer & Palmer, McHenry & Shaw, James Barroll, Fridge & Morris, Barthe & Lafitte, Wilson, Mullikin & Co., W. R. Swift, O. H. Neilson, P. A. Guestier, Mayhew & Hobby, J. P. Kraft't, H. W. Evans, J. H. Heidelbach, Wm. Murdoch & Co., Wm. Norris, George F. Warfield, Charles Mal- loy, Wm. Wierman, John C. Delpratt, Sweeting &Ster- ett, M. & P. Tiernan & Co., Henry Payson & Co., C. S. Koenig, George & John Hoflman, Leonard Kimball, J. C. White & Sons, Lyde Goodwin, T. C. Proebsting, Jacob Adams, James Ramsay, Samuel Byrnes, Thos. G. Reyburn, John N. Snow & Co., J. I. Cohen, Jr., John McClure, McFaden & Harris, Wm. Baker & Son, Thomas J. Bond, Brune & Dannemann, John Bolte, Wm. Stewart .^- Co., J. J. Reekers, Hollings- worth & Worthington, John Oyston, N. Pearce, and F. Lucas, Jr. On the 13th of September, 1820, a meeting of the merchants of the city was held at the Exchange for the purpose of organizing a Chamber of Commerce. A committee was appointed to draft a constitution, and at an adjourned meeting held at the same place, on September 23d, at which Robert Gilmor was chair- man, and Christian Mayer, secretary, the plan of a con- stitution was submitted and adopted in an amended form. A copy was ordered to be deposited in the reading-room of the Exchange, for the signatures of those who were entitled to become members accord- ing to the first article of the constitution, which was as follows : " No person can become a iiifuiber of tlii citizen of the United States and a trading merchant of the city of Bal- timore, either aa a shipowner, importer, or exporter, a president of an insurance office, or a marine insurance broker; and every such person desirous of becoming a member shall sign this constitution before the Ist of November next, or nnist thereafter be nominated by a member, at a stated meeting of the society, at least one month before he can be chosen; he shall then be balloted for, and three negatives shall exclude any applicant; nor can such person be again proposed before twelve months after such rejection." The constitution having been signed by all the prominent merchants of the city, the Chamber of Commerce was organized by the election of Robert Gilmor, president ; William Patterson and William Lorman, vice-presidents ; Christian Mayer, treasurer ; and William Cooke, secretary. The same ofiicers were re-elected on Jan. 8, 1822, with the exception of William Patterson, who was succeeded by Thomas Tenant as vice-president. Robert Gilmor died Jan. 14, 1822, and Mr. Patterson was elected May 6th in his place, but he declined to serve, and William Lor- man was elected. He served until 1830, when the Chamber of Commerce suspended operations. In the mean time the Exchange company became em- barrassed, and at a general meeting on the 1st of No- vember, 1825, "unanimously adopted a resolution authorizing the president and directors to dispose of all the company's property at private sale, . . . reserv- ing only the use of the hall and reading-room for commercial purposes, agreeable to the original inten- tions of the company, the hall to be subject to no charge, the rent arising from the reading-room to be received by the purchaser." The president, David Winchester, and William Patterson, Henry Payson, John Donnell, F. W. Brune, Alexander Brown, Henry Thomjjson, Solomon Etting, William Lorman, and Stewart Brown, the directors, in pursuance of the authority vested in them by the stockholders, first offered the property on Jan. 7, 1826, to the city for municipal purposes for the sum of ninety thousand dollars, being one-third of its original cost, payable in city stock bearing interest at five per cent. The matter was held under consideration by the City Council for several years, until finally, in May, 1851, a small company of gentlemen, including the late George P. Kane, J. Hall Pleasants, and several others, bought the entire property excepting the Merchants' National Bank building and the custom- house, on very advantageous terms ($90,000), it having turned out commercially a very disastrous enterprise. On the 25th of February, 1836, a meeting was held at the Exchange reading-room to organize a Board of Trade. Henry Thompson was called to the chair, and William S. Harrison and James C. Sellman were appointed secretaries. On motion of B. I. Cohen, a* committee of .five, consisting of Messrs. Isaac Tyson, O. C. Tiffany, George W. Peterkin, Hugh Jenkins, and C. C. Jamison, were appointed to nominate offi- cers of the a.ssociation. They made the following nom- inations, which were unanimously adopted : Pr&sident, Henry Thompson; Vice-Presidents, James Wilson, Jacob Albert, Samuel Hoffman, James Howard ; Treasurer, Benjamin I. Cohen; Directors, Joseph Todhunter,Hugh Birckhead, W.G. Harrison, Thomas Finley, Nathan Tyson, Jacob G. Davies, G. H. New- man, Chris. Keener, James George, James I. Corner, S. Jones, Jr., Thomas W. Hall, George Brown, John Gibson, Thomas Wilson, C. W. Karthaus, Daniel Cobb, J. P. Erskine, R. A. Taylor, John B. Howell, Joseph Gushing, William Cooke, John H. Hodges, W. C. Shaw, William Crawford, Jr., John H. Orn- dorff. The president lived but little more than one year after his election, and was succeeded by James Wil- son, who served until 1843, when the board again disbanded. For a portion of this time the board had no rooms of its own, and met at the office of its pres- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ident, Mr. Wilson. On tlie 5th of October, 1849, a meeting of merchants was held in the E.xchange, pur- suant to a previous adjournment, for the purpose of reorganizing the Board of Trade. William McKim presided, and Wilmot Johnson acted as secretary. The committee appointed at a i)revious meeting to draft resolutions, etc., reported through their chair- man, E. B. Dallam, and their report, with an unim- portant amendment, Wius adopted. On motion of E. P. Cohen, it was resolved to hold another meeting on the 10th for the purpose of electing officers, which was accordingly done, and the following gentlemen were elected: President, John C. Brune ; Vice-Presi- dents, William McKim, Herman H. Perry, Henry Tiffany, Nathan Rogers ; Treasurer, E. B. Dallam ; Secretary, George U. Porter;' Directors, T. C. Jen- kins, William P. Lemmon, Joseph C. Wilson, Pat- rick H. Sullivan, James George, Enoch Pratt, Daniel Warfield, Gustav W. Lorman, William G. Harrison, William E. Travers, Albert Schumacker, Alexander Reiman, David S. Wilson, Josiah Lee, Thomas Wil- son, William Bose, Benjamin C. Buck, Henry S. Gar- rett, Thomas W. Levering, George B. Hoffman, John J. Abrahams, Hugh Jenkins, Enoch S. Courtney, and George K. Walter. It would seem that even at this early date much interest was taken in the choice of officers, and that an " opposition" and a " regular" ticket gave spice to this first election. "Considerable interest," we are told, " was manifested in the result, and the occasion was marked by the excitement of a jealous but ami- cable contest." On the 10th of May, 1852, the Board of Trade was incorporated by the Legislature.- In January, 1856, the United States government pur- chased the remainder of the E.xchange Building for two hundred and sixty-seven thousand dollars, one liundred and ten thousand dollars having previously been paid for the wing occupied by the custom-house. This sale necessitated the erection of a new Exchange Building, and accordingly, on the 9th of March, 1858, an act was passed by the Legislature incorporating the " Baltimore Exchange Building Company." The following gentlemen were appointed by the act com- missioners to receive subscriptions to the capital stock of the company : Hugh Jenkins, Wm. Crichton, John C. Brune, Israel M. Parr, Horatio L. Whitridge, James Hooper, Jr., George P. Kane, John S. Williams, Henry M. Warfield, Wm. Chestnut, George H. Kyle, Thomas W. Levering, James I. Fisher, Gustav W. Lorman, Frank Sullivan, Addison K. Ford, Samuel Harris, Jr., E. G. Perine, Benj. F. Harrison, Wm. W. Woodward, James H. Shone, John W. Garrett, Johns Hopkins, Robert Leslie, J. J. Skinner, Robert A. 1 The present most efllcient secretary of the Baltimore Board of Trade, C.eorge U. Porter, has held that position ever since the organization of tlio board in 1849. • The incorporators were the officers of the board, with the exception of Henry S. Garrett, who declined. Chauucey Brooks was substituted ' Dobbin, James E. Tyson, W. S. Walters, Allan A. Chapman, Benj. F. Newcomer, James George, Gallo- way Cheston, Wm. E. Mahew, and Archibald Stirling. By its terms the act was to continue in force until Jan. 1, 1890, and until the end of the next session of the General Assembly thereafter. The site selected for the new Exchange was the lot adjoining the post- office, with a front of sixty feet, and a depth of one hundred and ninety feet, running through from Sec- I ond Street to Exchange Place. On this location the present Exchange Building was erected, being com- pleted in August, 1859. By the act of 1878, ch. 383, the Board of Trade was authorized ) "to create and organize within itself a Court of Arbitration fur the ad- judication and settlement, according to the principles, of law, equity, and commercial usage, or of either applicable thereto, of any and all controversies concerning or growing out of contracts of sale, manufac- turing, or letting in rent; of the making or negotiating or transfer of bills of exchange, promissory notes, bills of lading, railroad, warehouse, or other similar receipts, and other such commercial paper ; of guaran- j tees, of agency, of bailment, of partnership, of insurance, of affreight- I ment, or of any other transactions of whatever specific class, pertaining to trade, commerce, navigation, manufactures, or mechanic arts, or buai- I ness connected with any of them ; or contracts for personal work, labor, I and service done or rendered, or to be done or rendered in and about the pursuit and transactions of trade, commerce, navigation, manufactures, or mechanic arts, where one or more of the parties to which controversies j is or are members of the said corporation, in all cases wherein said con- troversy is, by the consent of all the parties thereto signified by a sub- mission in writing, referred for adjudication and settlement to said court." In pursuance of this authority, the court was or- ganized on the 22d of June, 1878, with Hon. John j A. Inglis as judge, and George U. Porter as clerk. • Upon the death of Judge Inglis, Isaac D. Jones was 1 selected to succeed him. The rooms of the board are (at present) in the Ex- change Building, immediately west of the post-office and fronting on Exchange Place, but it will occupy rooms in the new Chamber of Commerce Building, on the northwest corner of Post-office Avenue and Second Street, when it is completed. The presidents of the Board of Trade since its organization to the j present time have been Robert Gilmor, 1821-22; Wil- • liam Lorman, 1822-30 ; from 1830 to 1835 the board j was in a state of suspension ; Henry Thompson, 1836- 37 ; James Wilson, 1837-43 ; from 18i3 to 1849 in a ! state of suspension ; John C. Brune, 1849-62 ; Thomas I C. Jenkins, 1862-65; Albert Schumacker, 1865-71; : Horatio L. Whitridge, 1871-73; J. Hall Pleasants, 1873-77; Decatur H. Miller, 1877-79; Robert A. Fisher, 1879-81. Upon the death of Mr. Fisher, Israel M. Parr was elected to succeed him, and was I re-elected for 1881-82. The objects and purposes of the Board of Trade are, briefly, to secure and utilize the advantages which the position of the city offers to commerce and manufacturers; "to consider all subjects of inter- nal improvement agitated in the community which may be brought under their notice by members of the j same, and take such effectual mea-sures in relation thereto as the importance of the subject shall call for; to settle and adjust all matters relating to the TKADE ORGANIZATIONS. trade of the city ; to establish its customs and ordi- nances, and to maintain unity of action for public good." The Board of Trade has a membership of upwards of five hundred firms of the city, and by its influence and vigilance in all matters pertaining to trade and commerce has largely contributed to the prosperity and growth of Baltimore. It was through the persistent efforts of the board that the river chan- nel was deepened from eighteen to twenty-five feet, without which there could have been no enlargement of the commerce of the port. Thirty years ago ves- sels of about eighteen hundred tons were the largest that could conveniently enter our harbor; now steamers of four thousand five hundred tons are seen daily in our port. The present oflicers of the board are Israel M. Parr, president ; W. W. Spence, Henry C. Smith, George P. Frick, S. P. Thompson, vice- presidents ; John R. SeemuUer, treasurer; George U. Porter, secretary ; Directors, Samuel P. Thompson, James Carey Coale, Joseph H. Rieman, David L. Bartlett, Robinson W. Cator, Eugene Levering, G. A. Von Lingen, Thomas Poultney, Jr., W. Graham Bowdoin, Stephen Bonsai, Samuel E. Hoogewerff, John E. Hurst, Samuel Eccles, Jr., W. Hy. Bald- win, Jr., J. Wilcox Brown, German H. Hunt, George J. Appold, James A. Gary, J. P. Elliott, D. T. Buzby, T. J. Myer, W. A. Symington, F. X. Jenkins, Wm. H. Perot, E. D. Bigelow. The Corn and Flour Exchange. — The Corn and Flour Exchange was organized in 1851. The mem- bership was at first limited, and the operations of the association conducted in a somewhat informal man- ner, but in 1853 the organization had attained to such proportions that it was found necessary to inaugurate more regular methods, and to provide more commo- dious accommodations. A warehouse. No. 76 Bow- ley's Wharf, was accordingly rented and fitted up for its use under the supervision of a committee consisting of Messrs. Crichton, Fenly, and Parr, where on Wed- nesday, May 11, 1853, the Exchange commenced the transaction of business. The membership continued to increase so rapidly that in 1855 additional room was needed, and the house adjoining was leased and a part of it brought into requisition. During the same year application was made to the Legislature for an act of incorporation, but the application was unsuccessful, " owing to erroneous reports circulated among the farmers of the State regarding the purpose of the institution." The association was thus forced to obtain its charter under the general incorporation act of 1852, which it did on the 22d of May, 1855, shortly after the refusal of the General Assembly to allow it the privileges of an incorporated body. After the purchase of the old Exchange property, on Gay and Second Streets, by the Federal government, it was suggested that the Board of Trade, Corn and Flour Exchange, and the various commercial organi- zations of the city should combine in the erection of a building suitable to their several wants. A lot next to the post-oflice and running from Exchange Place to Second Street was offered by Col. George P. Kane, on behalf of the Exchange Company, and on the'^th of March, 1858, the Corn and Flour Exchange decided to accept it; but on the 10th of March, 1859, the Ex- change authorized the purchase of a lot on South and Wood Streets, owned by Messrs. Pratt, Schaeffer, and McDonald, and during the same year commenced the erection of the building now occupying that site,' which was completed in the early part of 1860, and formally opened on the 1st of May in that year. The desks in the Exchange were sold on the 5th of the same month at premiums ranging from fifteen to seventy dollars each, the latter sum being the bid of Messrs. Patterson & Wolford. In January, 1862, the Union members retired from the Exchange and formed a new organization, which was chartered on the 30th of that month as the Maryland Corn and Flour Ex- change, with William Chestnut, Peter Sauerwein, George F. Needham, Samuel Hazlehurst, James A. Hooper, William E. Woodyear, B. B. Perkins, Rob- ert Tyson, Samuel Duer, Matthias Roberts, Robert Fowler, Michael Dorsey, James B. Kawfielt, James D. Mason, and James R. Clark as incorporators. Rooms were fitted up in the Hooper Building, south- east corner of Pratt and South Streets, for the new Exchange, which continued its separate organization only a few months, when its members reunited with the old association. On the 23d of March, 1865, the Exchange was rein- corporated, with William Chestnut, Thomas Whit- ridge, Joseph 0. Ford, Francis White, Robert Tyson, George Small, James A. Hooper, B. F. Phillips, Lu- ther J. Cox, Jr., P. H. Magill, Samuel Duer, J. B. Clark, M. Roberts, John G. Hewes, and C. W. Slagle as incorporators. In March, 1870, the act of 1865 was repealed by the Legislature and the Exchange provided with a new charter, with William S. Young, James R. Herbert, Thomas R. Matthews, Jr., S. Sprigg Belt, H. F. Turner, Thomas D. Loney, John B. Wil- liams, Joseph H. Meixsel, W. W. Frush, R. M. Wylie, William R. Howard, George T. Kenly, William T. Pitt, Harry McCoy, and John H. Fowler as incorpo- rators. By this act, which forms the present charter of the Baltimore Corn and Flour Exchange, it is pro- vided that the property, affairs, business, and concerns of the corporation shall be managed by a Board of Directors, consisting of fifteen members of the asso- ciation, to be elected annually, the board to elect a president, two vice-presidents, and a treasurer from their own body, and to appoint a secretary. The pur- 1 The building waa erected by the Corn Exchange Buildings Company, which was originally chartered under the general incorporation laws of the State as the Exchange Buildings Company. Doubt having been ex- pressed as to the legality of the organization under the general laws, the company was incorporated on the 8th of February, 1860, as the Corn Exchange Buildings Company, with Horatio S. Whitridge, William , Crichton, Charles D. Hinks, George P. Kane, Samuel S. Levering, Henry M. Warfleld, Thomas K. Matthews, Jr., Beujamin G. Harris, and Frank- lin F. Pope as incorporators. HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. poses of the corporation, as defined by its charter, are " to provide and regulate a suitable room or rooms for a produce exchange in the city of Baltimore; to in- culcate just and equitable principles in trade ; to establish and maintain uniformity in commercial usage; to acquire, preserve, and disseminate valu- able business information ; and to adjust contro- versies and misunderstandings between its members and themselves, or between them and other persons thereto consenting, which may arise in the course of business." To this end the board of directors are required to elect annually by ballot iive members of the association who are not members of the board as a committee, to be known as the Arbitration Com- mittee of the Baltimore Corn and Flour Exchange. "The duty of said Aibitration Commiltee shall le to hear anil decide any controvereies which may arise in business between the membera of said organization, or said members and other persons, as may be volnn- tarily submitted to said Committee of Arbitration ; and such members and persons may, by an instrument in writing signed by them and at- tested by a subscribing witness, agree to submit to the decision of said committee any such controversy so arising as might be the subject of an action at law or in equity, except claims of title to real estate." Rule second of the by-laws of the Exchange pro- vides that " any person twenty-one yeare of age or over, approved by the Board of Directors, may become a member of this association until the 1st day of May, 1881, upon the payment of an initiation fee of two hundred and fifty dollare, after which the initiation fee shall be five hundred dollars ; or on the presentation of an unimpaired or unforfeited certificate of membership, duly transferred, and by signing an agreement to be gov- erned by the rules, resolutions, and by-laws, and by all the amendments and additions that may be made thereio; provided that no person shall ■ be approved by the directors as a member of the association who is not a resident of the State of Maryland, or permanently doing business in the city of Baltimore. All applications for merabersbip shall be accom- panied by the cash for the amount of the initiation fee in force at the time and the current annual assessment for the year, or an unimpaired certificate of membership duly indorsed." The Corn and Flour Exchange now numbers seven hundred and fifty members. It still occupies the structure at the corner of South and Wood Streets, but upon the completion of the new Chamber of Commerce Building, now in course of erection, will occupy the elegant and commodious quarters therein specially prepared and arranged for its accommoda- tion. While the Chamber of Commerce Company is a distinct corporation, the Corn and Flour Exchange is largely represented in its membership and manage- | inent, and holds one hundred thousand dollars of its | stock, and fifty thousand dollars of its bonds. The Corn and Flour Exchange have leased for twenty years the third floor of the Chamber of Commerce Building, at a rental of $12,000 per year. The suc- cessive presidents of the Corn and Flour Exchange have been Nathan Tyson, Wm. Crichton, John S. Williams, Henry M. Warfield, Wm. Chestnut, Israel M. Parr, P. P. Pendleton, Wm. S. Young, S. Sprigg Belt, Charles D. Fisher, W. B. McAtee, J. T. Middle- ton, and William S. Young. The ofliccrs for 1881 are : President, William S. Young ; First Vice-President, William G. Atldnsnn ; Second Vice-I'residont, U. A. Parr; Treasurer, George T. lienly; Sec retary, William F. Wheatley; Assistant Secretary, Henry A. Wroth. Executive Committee, William P. Barndollar, chairman; Loui» Mullcr, William M. Cooper. Finance Committee, George T. Kenly, William G. Atkinson, Charles D. Fislier. Membersbi|j Committee, William P. Barndollar, chairman ; Louis Mnil. r. w ill,,,rjj \l Cooper, F. T.Smith, E. Thomas Rinchart. B..H1.1 1 |ii...t .1 , \lilliam S. Young, William G. Atkinson, H. A. Parr, C...!. T K,,,l,, William P. Barndollar, Louis Muller, William M. i.~i,.i, 11 ,1. I(,„wn, Charles Rous, E. B. Owens, William J. Doyle, Jas. Kii.ix, cliurlos D. Fisher, John G. Harryman, B. C. Hays. Standing Committees: Ar- bitration, J. I. Middleton, P. H. Macgill, F. T. Smith, II. F. Zollick- ofTer, E. D. Bigelow; Harbor and River Improvement, E. D. Bige- low, John S. Dickinson, N. S. Hill, A. L. Huggins, C. W. Slagle; Wheat, D. M. Tate, chairman, Herman Williams, R. F. Etzler, Chas. D. Fisher, Geo. T. Gambrill, J. B. Hall, John C. Legg, E. M. Schryver, J. K. B. Emory, Wm. E. Woodyear; Flour, R. M. Wylie, chairman, Jiis. J. Corner, E. Thos. Rinehart, J. Olney Norris, James Pearson, John Gill, E. J. Snow; Corn, Chas. W. Baer, chairman, S. R. Col W. Fohter, Knox.l.r,, II M.,i,,,,,l 1; ll,,,,|,.,,„ 1, w Tn.il, H.D.Williar; Southern '■ ! I I II , .I..I1U B. Phillips, L. J. Cux.' • I I , ,1 II. Forney, N. J. Appl,:;;;,iii,, I:..,-, mil i. < i . ., 1. , , , I . w - I,, ^1,-, Jas. E. Tyson ; Barley, IS. BI;iUi-, .Kilin IJuy.l, G. Fr.ii.k Gil.ney; .Special Committee on the Propiised Canal to Connect the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, J. I. Middleton, P. H. Macgill, Robert Tyson, D. M. Tate, S. P. Thompson ; Grain Inspection Department (office. .'J7 South Street), Edward Roelkey, chief inspector. William S. Young, the president of the Corn and Flour Exchange, was first elected to that position in 1870, and served through that and the two succeeding years, when he declined the nomination for the fourth term. During his administration the want of greater powers and privileges for the Exchange was felt to be a serious drawback to its progress. It was hampered by the restrictions of its charter, which was prepared when the immense grain trade of Baltimore was in its infancy, and hence was not adapted to the conduct of the vast and growing business of the Exchange. Mr. Young, from his stand-point as president, resolved that the proper remedy should be applied, and under his direction a new act of incorporation was drawn up, and its passage by the General Assembly of Maryland was procured. After securing this act of incorpora- tion it became necessary to adopt a code of by-laws, rules, regulations, etc., which he diligently set him- self to work to devise and collate, and which soon caused everything to work smoothly and harmo- niously under the new life which was given to the Exchange. Under this new charter, of which Mr. Young may be said to have been the parent, the Exchange had the amplest room to expand, and its provisions have been found to be such as to stimulate and protect the business interests of the community. In 1881 there was such a demand upon him to again become the president of the Exchange that his consent was reluc- tantly given to become a candidate for the [)re-sideiicy once more, and he is now discharging the duties of the post with a sagacity and energy that guarantees the continued welfare of the institution. In the in- terim he was for a number of years chairman of the Arbitration Committee, a position secondary only to that of the presidency. This committee frequently decides niisuuderstandings and controversies between TRADE ORGANIZATIONS. 443 merchants involving thousands of dollars, and they have the same legal force as a judgment obtained in a court of law. There is no position that has a closer connection with the commercial progress of Baltimore, and it can only be properly filled by a merchant of broad views, liberal tendencies, devotion to local in- terests, and fullest comprehension of the great battle- field of business rivalry. Such a man is Mr. Young. When he first entered on the presidency in 1870 the Exchange was in debt, but one result of his adminis- tration and the workings of the new charter was the speedy accumulation of a large surplus fund, which has since been maintained. The Exchange has re- cently found itself able to buy fifty thousand dollars worth of the bonds of the new Chamber of Commerce Building Company, after subscribing and paying for one hundred thousand dollars of its stock, payment for which was made out of the initiation fees of new mem- bers. Its financial aflFairs were never before in so grat- ifying a condition, and it may confidently be antici- pated that they will ever continue to improve while Mr. Young's sound policy and executive force lead the management or his system is followed. He has had a long business career, that has been crowned with the rewards of integrity and earnest labor. He was born in Hanover, York Co., Pa., Dec. 25, 1825, coming of an old and honorable family among the solid burghers of that busy and wealthy town. His father was George Young, and his mother Susan Sholl, both born in Han- over, one in 1797 and the other in 1803. His pater- nal grandfather was William Young, and his mater- nal grandfather John Sholl, both leading capitalists and citizens of Hanover, and active in all the public enterprises of their day. His father brought up all his sons to habits of industry and to know their value. He was largely engaged in farming and the manufac- ture of tobacco, and the boys were all furnished with employment during their school vacations, and even between the morning and afternoon sessions of school. , William S. Young was one of the first pupils under the public school system after its introduction into Hanover, and was afterwards entered at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., where he graduated in July, ] 843, before reaching the age of eighteen years. John P. Durbin, Robert Emory, John McClintock, and Wil- liam H. Allen were then the principal instructors at Dickinson. After finishing his education Mr. Young went West with an uncle residing in Middletown, Butler Co., Ohio, and taught in the public schools there for two years and a half. He then engaged in the hardware and iron and grain business, and pursued it until 1858. Finding that the extension of the railroad system in the vicinity of Hanover had opened a new field for busi- ness enterprise, he came to Baltimore in that year and established himself in the grain trade on North Street, subsequently purchasing two large warehouses, one of which is still occupied by his firm. Their transactions aggregate annually a very large sum. Mr. Young has been a member of an extensive grain- purchasing firm in Hanover for twenty-three years, and for ten years has had an interest in the manufacture of dye-woods, bark, liquors, and extracts, in his native county. In politics he is a Republican of decided convictions, but never obtrudes them. Although very averse to accepting public oflice, he was elected on the Reform ticket in 1875 to the First Branch of the City Council of Baltimore as representative of the Twentieth Ward. His strongest motive in be- coming a councilman was to help in abolishing the City Yard, a municipal institution that had been con- verted into an engine of political fraud and public extravagance. He led the movement to wipe out this costly and objectionable attachment to the city government, and the effort was completely successful. He considered it his duty to labor for the interests of the people rather than to provide places for office- seekers, and his official record was in consonance with his sound business principles. While in Ohio he was married to Mary A. Hilt, of Middletown, who died in 1864. In June, 1870, he was married to Amelia Forney, daughter of Jacob Forney, of Han- over. Her father was one of the most prominent citi- zens of Hanover. He was foremost in urging the construction of the railroads centering there, and is even now still pressing forward a further extension of the system. Her father was the founder and for a long time president of the First National Bank of Hanover, and is now, in his eighty-fifth year, com- fortably retired from active business. The ancestors of Jacob Forney were the original white settlers of the tract of land north of Mason and Dixon's line so long in dispute between Maryland and Pennsylvania, which was at one time outside of all legal jurisdic- tion and the reftige of criminals from both provinces. He now owns and occupies property the deed for which was obtained from Wm. Penn, and the prop- erty has never had an owner outside of the family. Mr. Young, as a public speaker, is frequently called upon to respond to after-dinner toasts, and has very frequently declined delivering addresses before so- cieties and associations; and in the canvass of 1875 he delivered a number of forcible political addresses. He is a fluent speaker, and his speeches are charac- terized by a full presentation of cognate facts and by incisive logic. He possesses the esteem and confi- dence of his fellow-citizens, and his mercantile record has never been tarnished. Seven children have been born to him, those living being George, Elizabeth Forney, and Jacob Forney. Chamber of Commerce.— The Chamber of Com- merce Building Company was incorporated at the January session of the General Assembly in 1880 for the purpose of constructing the Chamber of Commerce Building now in course of erection.' 1 The company was originally incorporated as the Corn E.\change Build- g Company, but its title was changed to the present designation by the t of 18S0. 444 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. By this act Charles D. Fisher, Walter B. McAtee, George Small, Israel M. Parr, William E. Woodyear, David M. Tate, Robert Tyson, George H. Baer, and J. Olney Norris were appointed commissioners to re- ceive subscriptions to the capital stock of the cor- poration. The authorized stock of the company was fixed at $200,000, in shares of $100 each, and it was fu rther empowered to borrow money to such an amount as might be necessary, not exceeding three hundred thousand dollars, and to issue its bonds for the same. The Baltimore Corn and Flour Exchange were also empowered to subscribe to the stock, and the commis- sioners were authorized to accept such subscription to the extent of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. As soon as the two hundred thousand dol- lars of stock should be subscribed, the subscribers, the act provided, should immediately become a body corporate by the name of the " Chamber of Commerce Building Company." The object of the company, as defined by the act of incorporation, is to erect and maintain a proper edifice suitable for the use of the Corn and Flour Exchange, the transaction of its busi- ness, and the accommodation of its members for so long as it may desire, and also to provide and let suit- able and convenient offices and places of business in said building for the use of members of both the said corporations. The act further directed that the com- pany should be governed by nine directors, of whom four should be named by the Corn and Flour Ex- change, and the remaining five to be elected by the stockholders. Directors were elected on the 2.5th of March, 1880, and the company was formally organized on the 29th of the same month by the election of Walter B. Mc- Atee president, and J. Olney Norris secretary. A lot of ground bounded by Holliday, Second Street, and Post-office Avenue, eighty-four feet front by one hundred and eighty-six deep, was purchased from William W. McClellan for two hundred and twenty- five thousand dollars, and work on the new building was commenced on the 1st of July, 1880, and the cor- ner-stone was laid on the 15th of October following. The committee gathered in the basement at the northeast corner of the new building, and proceeded each to lay a brick which would afterwards be capped by the corner-stone. The bricks had inscribed on them the names of the board, the maker of the bricks to be used in the construction, the architect and builder, and the names of the daily and weekly newspapers of the city. The bricks were laid in the following order, John E. Marshall, superintend- ent of the building, spreading the mortar: First, "Chamber of Commerce, W. B. McAtee, President," laid by Mr. McAtee; second, "Erected by Chamber of Commerce Building Company, a.d. 1880," laid by Mr. iMcAtee; third, "Corn and Flour Exchange," laid by Mr. McAtee ; fourth, " Walter B. McAtee, President;" fifth, "B. F. Newcomer;" sixth, "J.I. Middleton;" seventh, "I. M. Parr," laid by Mr. McAtee; eighth, "Charles D. Fisher ;" ninth, "J. Olney Norris, Treasurer;" tenth, "Robert Tyson;" eleventh, "D. M. Tate," laid by Mr. McAtee; twelfth, "W.W. McClellan;" thirteenth, "The Sun Shines for All," with a blazing sun in the centre, laid by Messrs. ' Edwin F. and George W. Abell ; fourteenth, "Amer- ican;" fifteenth, "Gazette;" sixteenth, "Journal of Commerce;" seventeenth, German Correspondent;" eighteenth, " Evening News ;" nineteenth, " BaUi- j morean;" twentieth, "Telegram;" laid by Mr. Mc- I Atee ; twenty-first, "A. H. Russell, Bricks," laid by Mr. McAtee ; twenty-second, " John E. Niernsee, I Architect;" twenty-third, "John E. Marshall, Su- perintendent ;" twenty-fourth, " William S. Osborn, Secretary." ' The building is designed in the free classic style, and will be four stories high, with a height of ninety i feet from the pavement to the top of the cornice. The base and first story of the building is faced entirely with the beautiful granite of the Westham Granite Company of Richmond, Va., Col. R. Snowden An- drews, contractor. Theupperstoriesareof fine pressed brick, with granite facings around the windows, band courses, lintels, caps, and cornices. The main entrance, at the southern front, on Second Street, is embellished by a massive granite portico, three stories in height, composed of ornate base, dado, and piers, on which rest the four polished granite columns, with granite capi- tals emblematic of the corn and wheat growths, sup- I porting the three-story central window arch, with the inscription "Chamber of Commerce" in polished let- ters on the granite arch-stones. The entire building is to be fire-proof, with rolled iron beams and lines of teil arches for the floors, iron-framed roof, and iron I staircases, of which latter there are to be two in the 1 building. The grand main stairway, leading up to the Exchange Hall, situated in a stair-hall of twenty ! feet in width at the northern end of the central cor- ridor, will be a double flight for each story, leading up by a central flight of eight feet in width, and re- turning by a double flight, each five feet in width. For the use of the office-rooms in the three stories below the Exchange there will be a central iron stairway of six feet in width, besides a hydraulic elevator located in the well-hole of the stairway. The general plan ' of the building consists of a central corridor of four- teen feet in width running from the entrance portico, on Second Street, through the entire depth of the building from south to north, and a cross corridor of thirteen feet in width running across the width of the building. At the rear of this cross corridor, and to the right and left of the central corridor, are situated seventeen large, well-lighted office-rooms of the aver- age size of sixteen by thirty feet, among them the two corner offices on the south, each thirty feet square, with fire-proof vaults. In all there will be fifty-eight offices, inclusive of those connected di- rectly with the Exchange Hall. Adjacent to the main stairs to the hall there will be two large by- P o 5 g TRADE ORGANIZATIONS. draulic elevators of the most approved " Hall" pat- ent, each capable of holding twenty-five persons, and ascending alternately at one minute's time to the level of the Exchange floor. The great Exchange Hall, on the fourth floor of the building, will be seventy-six and a half feet in width, and one hundred and forty-six and a half feet long, containing eleven thousand one hundred and eight square feet, and forty feet in height. In the rear of this hall, and connected therewith, will be situated the reading, secretary, and clerks' rooms, writing and waiting-room, wardrobe, lavatory, etc. The tele- graph oflices are situated within the hall itself, which is to be provided with a corn and wheat pit, and a rostrum for the president and clerks at the southern end, and a gallery, accessible from the stairway at the northern end, for spectators or visitors. All the apartments within the building will be heated by low- pressure steam-heaters, situated below the window- sills of the rooms, and all the oflice-rooms, as well as the Exchange Hall, will be effectually ventilated through flues from each room, connected with the two large aspirating shafts, each four by nine feet in size, and one hundred and twenty-five feet in height, located near the northern end of the building. These shafts will be supplied with steam coils, which, with the heat from the iron .smoke-pipes of the boiler, will supply the necessary ventilating power within those shafts. In the cellars of the building will be located two large horizontal steam-boilers for the heating and winter ventilation of the building, besides a vertical steam-boiler for the working of the pumps to supply the elevator tanks and summer ventilation of the rooms. The remainder of the cellar will contain extensive coal-vaults, the hydraulic machinery for the elevators, engines, and janitor's rooms, etc. The es- timated cost of the building is two hundred and twenty thousand dollars. The architect is John R. Niernsee. John E. Marshall, who has charge of the entire work, and is constructing it in the most skillful and work- manlike manner, also constructed the Safe Deposit Building, and is at present the general superintendent of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The building com- mittee consists of William B. McAtee, chairman ; Charles D. Fisher, and W. W. McClellan. The board of directors of the Chamber of Commerce Company is composed of W. B. McAtee, president; B. F. Newcomer, Charles D. Fisher, John T. Middle- ton, D. M. Tate, J. Olney Norris, Robert Tyson, William S. Young, and W. W, McClellan. Grain Shippers' Association.— The grain shippers of Baltimore in this year (1881) have formed a " Grain Shippers' Association," with John Gill, of Gill & Fisher, president, and Randolph Mordecai, secretary. The association is for the mutual protection of grain shippers against foreign trade bodies and the fre- quently occurring amendments in foreign contracts without consultation as to American interests, and more especially against the arbitrary amendments to 29 the destination clause of American grain contracts made by the London Corn Trade Association. Here- tofore American shippers could use any vessel that would fit the contract at the shipper's risk ; and if the vessel did not suit, the shipper had the privilege of substituting another to suit without consultation with buyers in London. Now the buyers dictate that be- fore the shipper loads any vessel he must let them know the name, and if they do not want it they have three days to decide, and may, perhaps, run it be- yond the limit of the contract, and throw it up. Produce and Fish Exchange.— A new feature in the trade and trafiic of this city is the organization of the " Produce and Fish Exchange Company," with a capital stock of $250,000, for the purpose of establish- ing a central depot for the reception and sale of the vast quantities of oysters, fish, game, dairy and gar- den produce, orchard produce, and foreign fruits that find in Baltimore their first distribution. The trade in these various articles employs millions of dol- lars, furnishes employment to many thousand peo- ple, and forms one of the largest and most important interests of the trade and commerce of this city. Growing yearly in volume and value, these different trades need a central point of concentration in order to better effect their profitable distribution. They need a depot where they can be received, stored, handled, and shipped with all the facilities and econo- mies of modern trade and commerce, and where deal- ers can find at. small expense those aids to business now denied them in the dispersed and scattered con- dition of the trade in these various articles. The loss of time and money involved in the distribution of produce, fish, oysters, and other perishable com- modities from isolated warehouses, the long water frontage of the city, and the termini of five railroads, requires and demands some means of greater economy. The antiquated and improvident system of the past it is the design of this Exchange to revolutionize and modernize, to substitute savings for wastefulness, to handle produce rapidly and economically, and to bring growers, fishermen, and merchants together under more favorable circumstances for negotiations. For these purposes. Hooper's Wharf, Wolfe Street, Fell's Point, has been purchased ; the old buildings are being torn down, and the work of construction is well under way. The site is excellent, and the loca- tion all that can be desired, offering both water and rail communication and ample space. The Exchange will afford to all merchants engaged in these traffics a convenient place of resort, with tracks connecting with all railroads entering the city, and extending to long and substantial piers, by the side of which the ocean steamers, the fishing, oystering, and truck- boats of the Chesapeake will find excellent wharfage. The Exchange will be supplied with refrigerating rooms, as well as with warm-air rooms, where neither decay in summer nor freezing in winter will injure commodities. To this end the latest principles of HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. modern science will be employed to secure perfect ventilation and to prevent injury from change of tem- perature. A new feature of ripening tropical fruits by artificial means will be introduced, whereby the unripe oranges, bananas, and pines may be brought to the perfection of their native climes, and which is unknown to the American consumer of green-picked fruits, ripened in the hold of sailing-vessels through tropical waters. The perishable products, like butter, eggs, cheese, potatoes, and fruits, will be stored under conditions not attainable by individual enterprise, and where the disasters incident to weather, exposure, and ignor- ant handling cannot occur to them. Fresh fish preserved alive in tanks will also be a feature in the Exchange. The incorporators of the Exchange were William Edward Hooper, William John Hooper, Theodore Hooper, Alcarus Hooper, Van Vert Klinefelter, Henry Mactier Warfield, Millard Scott Black, James Edward Hooper, and Edward Lewis Feigner, who are also the board of directors, with Henry M. Warfield, presi- dent, and William J. Hooper, secretary and treas- urer. The Baltimore Crockery and Glassware Asso- ciation is designed for the protection and consolida- tion of the trade in glass and queensware by mutual agreement " to sell only such trade as deal exclu- sively in glass and queensware," and that the mem- bers of the association will " buy only from such manufacturers as will confine themselves to selling to those exclusively engaged in the glass and queens- ware business." The sale to tea, grocery, tin, wood, and willow-ware stores and country merchants and auction houses by some manufacturers of glass and queensware was doing injury to the trade, and to prevent this the association was organized. Those represented were Newbold & Sons, Chandlee, Quarles & Co., D. E. Haynes & Co., Leopold & Co., John A. Dobson & Co., J. Wilson Brown, R. P. Bayley & Co., Finley Pawley, Meaniey & Gray, L. Kaufmann, Joseph Scherer, John Bowers, Peter J. Burkard, John Hoos, Louis Eeese, John F. Batzler, Joseph P. Mar- tin, C. Shapperle, and Schlutter & Bro. Baltimore Stock-Yard Company.— The Baltimore Stock-Yard Company of Baltimore County was organ- ized April 5, 1880, under the general incorporation laws of the State, with the following incorporators : William Keyser, Robert Garrett, Jacob EUinger, William J. Kirk, Abraham Lehman, James Clark, and John K. Cowen, and with a capital stock of $800,000, in 8000 shares of $100 each. William Keyser, Robert Garrett, Josiah L. Keck, Briggs S. Cunningham, John King, Jr., Jacob EUinger, and James Clark were chosen as directors for one year. The Clareniount estate, on the Mount Clare branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, in the suburbs of the city, and comprising about sixty acres, was purchased by the company and fitted up as stock- yards, with all the modern improvements and facili- ties for the transaction of the cattle business. At an election of officers May 26, 1880, Josiah L. Keck, of Cincinnati, was chosen president; Jacob EUinger, treasurer; John K. Cowen, counsel and secretary; and the board of directors given above was retained. ' The stock-yards of this company were opened for business Sept. 15, 1881. As completed they have forty pens, each capable of holding a car-load of cattle, a wooden structure with capacity for six thou- sand hogs, and a sheep-house which will hold ten thousand sheep, besides other accessories for feeding and storing stock which are not surpassed in the United States. Calverton Stock- Yards.— The Calverton Stock- Yards, under the management of the Calverton Stock- Yard Company, were thoroughly renovated and enlarged, and opened for business April 18, 1881. The property consists of twenty-eight acres of land, lying on both sides of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, east of the Calverton road, and, with the improvements recently made, has a capacity for five thousand head of cattle, ten thousand sheep, and five thousand hogs. Joseph J. Martin, of Philadelphia, is president, and Thomas B. Shriver, of the same city, is treasurer of the company. The capital stock is $200,000, held mostly in Philadelphia and Chicago. With such ex- cellent facilities as are extended by the stock-yards of Baltimore, there can be no reason why the city should not become the great central distributing-point for stock along the Atlantic sea-board. The Industrial Exposition and Musical Festival Association <>( iJaUiniore City, ilfsij,'iii'il ti. cstalilish permanently in this city an institution that will em- brace within its scope everything appertaining to art, music, and industrial pursuits, has been chartered in this year with the following incorporators : Mayor F. C. Latrobe, A. S. Abell, Robert Garrett, Henry C. Smith, Robert T. Baldwin, Germon H.Hunt, Wm. J. Hooper, David L. Bartlett, R. W. L. Rasin, John W. McCoy, Samuel W. Regester, and Otto Sutro. It is proposed to erect a handsome building upon a suitable site, with a hall capable of holding a great number of persons, and to be arranged for industrial displays, musical festivals, and large public gather- ings of a kindred nature. The ofiicers elected June 13, 1881, are : President, Ferdinand C. Latrobe ; Vice-President, Henry Clay Smith ; Treasurer, Robert T. Baldwin ; Secretary, Walter S. Wilkinson; with the following committees, in accordance with the provisions of the by-laws : On Finance, Robert T. Baldwin, A. S. Abell, and Robert Garrett; on Building, D. L. Bartlett, R. W. L. Rasin, and William J. Hooper ; on Site, Henry C. Smith, John W. McCoy, and Samuel W. Regester ; on Exhi- bitions, Samuel W. Regester, William J. Hooper, and Germou H. Hunt; on Musical Festivals, Otto Sutro, Robert Garrett, and D. L. Bartlett ; Executive Com- TRADE ORGANIZATIONS. mittee, Hon. F. C. Latrobe, Robert T. Baldwin, D. L. Bartlett, S. W. Regester, and Otto Sutro. The Shoe and Leather Board of Trade.— A num- ber of merchants engaged in the jobbing trade of boots and shoes met together March 11, 1870, and organized an association, which has since been known as the Shoe and Leather Board of Trade. The following gentle- , men were selected as officers for the first year: Presi- i dent, Henry C.Smith ; Vice-President, James Carey ; Secretary, John H. Bash ; Treasurer, Wm. T. Dixon ; j Board of Directors, T. J. Magruder, J. P. Neer, Isaac S. George, John W. Jenkins, C. S. Shriver, John C. Balderston, and R. H. Manko. The rapid growth of the trade in Baltimore, and the numberless questions arising out of its expansion and the development of freight-lines, suggested united action for their intelligent disposition. The wisdom of these merchants was soon manifest, and after some months the hide and leather men were joined with them. From the date of organization the body has been a stirring and healthy force in the community, and many other branches of industry have felt the efiects of its earnest work. Matters likely to influ- ence injuriously the trade have been, as far as pos- sible, eliminated, while improvements which were merely suggestions prior to 1870 have budded into realities. The minutes of the first meeting state the objects to be the " future development and permanent success," both of which have thus far been accom- plished as far as it was in human power to achieve them. Henry C. Smith, the first president, has been elected annually since 1870, and to his activity and intelli- gence is due in no small degree the success of the board. At the last annual meeting for the election of officers for 1881, the following were chosen: President, Henry C. Smith ; Vice-Presidents, James Carey, T. J. Magruder, Thomas Deford, Henry Clark ; Corresponding Secretary, H. W. Marston ; Recording Secretary, E. S. Alnutt ; Treasurer, John Q. Adams ; Directors, Thomas N. Patterson, Thomas K. Carey, Wm. T. Dixon, Robert Evitt, Charles Adler, L. Berney, George Jenkins, Charles Heiser. The rooms of the board are at 284 West Baltimore Street. Merchants and Manufacturers' Association. — A meetipg of merchants and manufacturers was held in Baltimore Sept. 12, 1880, for purposes of mutual protection and advancement, and on the 8th of the following month an organization was effected by the adoption of a constitution and election of officers and committees under the title of " The Merchants and Manufacturers' Association of Baltimore." This was without doubt the most important move yet made for the promotion of the commercial interests of the city. It had been rendered absolutely necessary by the formation of associations of a similar character in other cities, and the consequent unfavorable discrimi- nations against the trade of Baltimore, which their united efforts had secured. It was found that the trade of many parts of the South was being steadily diverted from Baltimore, its natural outlet, to points farther north, through the instrumentality of special rates, and individual action was powerless to effect a change. The community was ripe for the undertaking, and in a few weeks a large majority of the leading com- mercial and manufacturing industries were repre- sented in the association. The eflbrts of the new organization were at once directed to a reformation of the unjust passenger and freight rates which had been establi.shed on many of the lines of travel, and the operations of a few months demonstrated the wonderful power and influence which results from combination. Already have the natural advantages of Baltimore in location and proximity been made to assume their proper relations towards other commu- nities. Highly favorable terms have been secured in many instances over the railroads, and in others in- justice has been reduced to a minimum. But the aims of this association are as broad as its name implies. All vexatious problems likely to be encoun- tered in the various branches of trade are subject to its cognizance, and its committees are actively engaged in considering and suggesting methods for the ad- vancement of the general commerce of the city. The Merchants and Manufacturers' Association has given special attention to the project of a ship-canal con- necting the waters of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, an undertaking now generally conceded to be of the first importance to the trade of Baltimore. Through their efforts mainly a charter for the pro- posed improvement has been secured from the State of Delaware, and the granting of a similar franchise will be urged upon the Legislature of Jlaryland at its approaching session. The officers and committees of the association are also engaged in disseminating information in respect to the commercial and manufacturing facilities of Baltimore, and in bringing local sentiment to bear on the subject. It is not alone enough that the city possesses exceptional advantages in its inexhaustible supplies of iron, in the superior quality of its bitu- minous coal, and the moderate prices for which it can be procured, and in the unexampled water facilities which can be obtained here ; these must be made known to the outside world, to the people who are willing and anxious to make use of them, and it is this publicity which the association is endeavoring to extend by all legitimate means. The main-stay of a city is its manufactures, to which commerce is supplementary. The union of these assures the largest prosperity to a community. The aim of the Merchants and Manufacturers' Asso- ciation is to combine these important interests in a mutual struggle for the advancement of the city. The rooms of the association are in the White Build- ing, southwest corner of Baltimore and Howard Streets. 448 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. The following is a list of the officers elected for the first year: President, Henry C. Smith; Vice-Presi- dents, John E. Hurst, D. J. Foley, P. T. George, Germon H. Hunt ; Treasurer, William T. Dixon ; Directors, R. W. Cator, D. L. Bartlett, G. W. Gail, Thomas W. Johnson, Philip Darby, Thomas Def'ord, T. J. Magruder, Eugene Levering, Christian Devries, R. R. Smith, W. H. Baldwin, Solomon Frank, W. H. Crawford, Henry Sonneborn, J. L. Sickel, J. Frank Supplee, Oliver F. Zell, N. G. Penniman, P. H. Ma- gill, Charles Goldsborough, Wesley A. Tucker, Fran- cis Burns, David Anibach, J. P. Meanley, D. D. Mallory ; Secretary, John R. Bland. The leading spirit in the organization of this asso- ciation, and to whose efforts and energy its usefulness may be largely attributed, was Henry Clay Smith. Mr. Smith was born on the 2d of February, 1827, at Georgetown, D. C, and he accompanied his parents upon their removal to Baltimore in 1835, and has since resided in this city. Mr. Smith received the best common-school educa- tion obtainable at that day, which he has since utilized in a practical and successful manner in building up his own fortunes, as well as aiding in many public en- terprises looking to the enlargement and development of the commercial, industrial, and other material in- terests of the city of Baltimore. He has also been closely identified with many benevolent and philan- thropic associations, in which he has taken a leading part, and through them accomplished much good in the amelioration of the condition of the needy and destitute of our city. He was one of the projectors of the beautiful Mount Vernon Place ]\Iethodist Episcopal Church, which has added so much to the adornment of the locality in which it is located, and also to the church archi- tecture of the city; he was also a member of the building committee, and, together with the late John Hurst and Edward Roberts, the three largest financial contributors to its erection. In politics Mr. Smith was a stanch Whig, and an earnest admirer of him who was the embodiment of that party and after whom he was named, the illustri- ous statesman, patriot, and orator, Henry Clay, of Kentucky. After the dissolution of the Whig party he became a Democrat, and has since acted with that liarty. During the late war his sympathies were with the South, but upon the termination of hostilities by the surrender of Gen. Lee he promptly accepted the situation, and busied himself as far as was in his power to bring about reconciliation and good-will among | tliose with whom he had influence and who had be- come estranged by the bitter feelings growing out of the war. Mr. Smith has been for many years identified with and has taken much interest in the successful devel- opment of Baltimore's great public work, the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad, both as a stockholder and a director; he is also a director of the Merchants and Miners' Transportation Company, who are operating at this time eleven steamers, covering the ports of Baltimore, New York, Boston, Providence, Savannah, Norfolk, and West Point; he is also a director in the following-named business and philanthropic corpora- tions: Merchants' Mutual Marine Insurance Com- pany, National Exchange Bank of Baltimore, Central Savings-Bank of Baltimore, Baltimore General Dis- pensary, Baltimore Female House of Reftige, and a vice-president of the Board of Trade. Mr. Smith was elected and served as president of the Mercantile Library Association for the years 1876 and 1877. In 1870 the Shoe and Leather Board of Trade was organized ; it was composed of all the wholesale dealers in the sale and manufacture of boots, shoes, and leather, and Henry C. Smith was elected its first president, and has been unanimously re-elected to the same position every succeeding year. Mr. Smith has shown marked ability and force in developing this great interest until it has reached large results, and through its instrumentality Balti- more is now known as the largest shoe and leather distributing-market south of Boston, — in fact, it has become the Boston of the South. The Merchants and Manufacturers' Association was formed in the fall of 1880, and Mr. Smith wa3 unanimously elected its president. The formation of this association had become a public necessity to the trade of this city; unjust discriminations had been employed against the trade, both in passenger and, freight rates, and to such an extent by the transporta- tion companies, acting in the interests of rival cities, that the merchants and manufacturers of Baltimore found that these abuses were so gigantic that they could be corrected only by combined action. They therefore met together and formed an association for the purpose of co-operating in all matters looking to the interests of the trade and industries of the city. Nearly all the merchants and manufacturers re- sponded to the call, and have heartily joined in making the association the most cflective and useful ever organized in our midst. To Mr. Smith much credit is due for the earnest and faithful devotion to the prosperity of the mercan- tile and manufacturing interests of Baltimore as man- ifested by him in promoting the usefulness of this ■effective organization, and also in his successful eflbrfs to have exempted from taxation the plant of the manufacturer, thereby largely increasing the number of manufactories in Baltimore, this result having been attained through the efforts of a commission appointed by the mayor and City Councils of Baltimore for the purpose of considering the question of taxation on manufactures, and which resulted in producing an elaborate and exhaustive report, and finally by the State Legislature and the Councils of Baltimore enacting the required legislation. Mr. Smith was a member of this commission. ^ ^^- BANKS AND BANKEKS. Mr. Smith was a leading member of the executive committee of the Sesqui-Centennial Celebration, and to his energy and taste much of that great success was due. He was also president of the Baltimore Oriole Celebration, which was likewise a grand suc- cess. As a public speaker at business meetings and festive occasions he is forcible, logical, and instructing. Fully informed upon all matters relating to business, trade, and commerce, his utterances command atten- tion and bis statements are always reliable. A suc- cessful merchant, he is also a useful citizen, enjoying the respect and confidence of the community in the highest degree. The Merchants' Club.— The Merchants' Club of Baltimore City was incorporated June 7, 1881, by the following gentlemen : Charles D. Fisher, John I. Middleton, Patrick H. MacGill, Richard D. Fisher, Richard M. Venable, Edward G. McDowell, J. Wil- cox Brown, William Winchester, Edward Fitzgerald, J. Olney Norris, James Hodges, William J. H. Wal- ters, Alfred B. Faulkner, John B. Dixon, Littleton B. Purnell, William S. Powell, of whom the first twelve were chosen a board of directors. The objects of the club are social and the maintenance of confi- dential relations between those engaged in similar or parallel pur.suits, and also the promotion of those traits of hospitality and culture for which Baltimore has been so justly famous in the past. The club lias purchased a lot fronting fifty feet on German Street near South, with a depth of eighty-six feet, upon which it intends to erect a magnificent club-house. John R. Nirnsee is the architect. The Drug Exchange, organized in 1881 for the pur- pose of protecting those engaged in buying, selling, and manufacturing drugs, has for officers: President, C. V. Emich; Vice-President, M. R. Culbreth; Secre- tary, George Healy ; Treasurer, George L. Horn, with a board of seven directors. The Grocers' Exchange, for the improvement and advancement of its members, and to obtain and dis- seminate information about the business of buying and selling groceries, and for the general advantage of those engaged in that occupation, has been char- tered in this year with the following incorporators : Jordan Stabler, Thomas M. Green, Edwin Blackburn, Richard T. H. Lawson, Wm. Crook, George K. Mc- Gaw, and David F. Orr. Messrs. Lawson and McGaw are of Baltimore County. The directors are John G. Medinger, Samuel R. King, Thomas L. Reese, John G. Cowman, George K. McGaw, Wm. Crook, Alfred Ijams, Thomas A. Agnew, Patrick T. Tully, and Henry Hamilton. The Lumber Exchange was established in 1875, for the promotion of the lumber trade of the city. Since its estalilishment, having grown in the confi- dence and esteem of those engaged in the lumber business, it has become a leading and most influential commercial organization. The Exchange holds its meetings in their beautiful building, at the corner of Eastern and East Falls Avenues. The officers are Martin Hawley, president ; Vice-President, Wm. D. Gill ; Treasurer, Thomas J. Shryock ; Secretary, F. E. Waters. CHAPTER XXVIII. BANKS AND BANKERS. Early Bankers — "Shinplasters" — The Stamp Act Suspensions — Bank Statements — Alexander Brown & Co. — Bank of Maryland — United States Bank— Savings-Banks— Stock Board— Sale Deposit Company. Banking in Baltimore may be said to have taken as its initial point that effijrt of her " patriotic and virtuous citizens" who in 1783 "subscribed and pledged their property and credit for the establish- ment of a bank, for the express and sole purpose of procuring provisions and other necessary supplies for the army." The State pledged " faith and honor to the subscribers to the bank to pay them any sum of money by them subscribed and advanced, in specie, with interest, and to pay the charges attending the transacting the business of the bank, and the pur- chase of provisions and other necessaries for the army." Destitute of all proper circulatory medium, and in want of the means for carrying on the war of the Revolution, this effort at a bank without capital and a fiscal agent based upon promise and pledge was a patriotic effort that did not have financial suc- cess ; nor was the issue of two hundred thousand pounds in bills of credit, redeemable within four years, payable out of confiscated British property, any greater success, notwithstanding there was a general association of the people, at which men pledged their sacred honor to receive them as specie. They fluc- tuated at two for one, and three for two, but finally in 1783 were at a value but 10 per cent, below specie. The establishment of the Bank of Maryland in 1784, and of the United States Bank at Philadelphia in 1791, with its Baltimore Branch in 1792, more par- ticularly fix the date of the rise of the financial in- stitutions of the city. Before that time the money-changers of the peo- ple were not many ; we find mention in 1781 that " Thomas Brereton, Esq., original and ancient broker, etc., was married to Miss Sally Marshall, daughter of Thomas John Marshall, late of Northampton County, Va.," and that Zachariah Allen continued the notarial business in 1784 in the wing of Col. Nicholas Rogers' house in Market Street. Adrian Valck in 1789 sold bills of exchange on London, Amsterdam, and Paris, as well as bought all kinds of public securities. In 1813, when the subject of re- newing the charters of the banks was under discus- sion, the following list of banks and their capital and their losses, in consequence of taxes for roads and schools, was published : 450 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. T*nion Bank of Maryland. Hank of BalUmore Mechanics' Bank Commercial and Farmers' Bank City Bank .-.. Franklin Hank Marino Bank Fanners' and Mechanics'.. Bank of Maryland.....'..... Hagers Town Bank Farmers' Bank of Mary- land Elkton Bank Farmers' of Worcester and Somerset Cumberland Bank fl $37,037.04 353,310.66 $00,353.70 H,S14.42 24,32R.66 30,141.48 l._i,l.r. i:"-' 17,772.22 30,117.00 60<),UUii 500,0()il 300,000, 72 K4 .7.J.22 30,117.90 I ',ii.,,!.:B 18,070.73 I..,i,ij3.;i3 18,070.73 s,8S6.11 15,058.95 3,70:).70 3,703.70 3,085.12, 4,433.05 7,529.47 21,326.66 21,326.66 ■ 5,031.66, 5,331.66 I 3,554.44 3,564.44 I 3,654.44 3,554.44 $11,360,000 $116,666.66 $196,383.00 $313,019.66 The war with Great Britain having caused the re- moval of the specie of the bank.s into the interior, the want of change in the ordinary transactions of daily intercourse, caused a meeting on Sept. 1, 1814, of the presidents and cashiers of the respective banks in the city of Baltimore, at which it was resolved that : " WlteretiH^ Tile banks of this city have deemed it prudent at the present juucture to remove their specie into the interior, from which circum- stance some inconveniences have been experienced; and it is believed that small notes might at this period be advantageously substituted for specie ; and whereas the Bank of Maryland only is authorized by its charter to issue notes of a smaller denomination than five dollars; " 27iere/ore it is resolved. That the Bank of Maryland issue notes of one, two, and three dollars, payable at the respective banks of this city, and that each bank at which the same shall be made payable doth hereby pledge itself to redeem the said notes when tranquility shall be restored to the city. " Wm. Cooke, rri:iideiU of t/ie Bank of Maryland. " Wm. Wilson, Presidenl of the Bank of BalUmore. " Heshy Fayson, President of the Union Bank of Maryland. "James Mosher, President of the Mecltanies^ Bank. " Joseph H. Nicholson, President of the Cmnmereiul ami Farmers^ Bank. " Wm. Grahame, Fremdenl of the farmers and Mer- chants' Bank. " Hez. H. Waters, President of the Marine Bank. " Philip Moore, President of the franklin Bank. "John Donneh, President of the City Banlc." These small notes continued to be issued and re- issued until 1820, when, on September 7th, the banks resolved that they will not " either issue or reissue any notes le.ss than five dollars, and will not receive in pay- ment or on deposit such notes other than their own." To avoid in some measure the pressure upon com- merce and trade caused by the suspension of specie payments by the banks in 1837, the commissioners appointed by the mayor and City Council under the ordinance of the 16th May, 1837, issued the following small corporation notes : Of 5 cent notes, 7,440 $372,00 " 10 " " l,9.i(] 195.00 " 25 " " 4:V"3 10,848.26 " 60 " " 43,453 21,726,.50 " $1 notes, 17,985 17,085.00 " S2 " 6,930 13,878.00 " $1 new omission, 11,064 11,064.00 " $2 " " 11,664 23,328.00 Total amount of issue 599,990.75 These small notes, amounting to nearly one hun- dred thousand dollars, were paid out by the authori- ties for labor supplies and other purchases and pay- ments. That these notes were in their "day and generation" of very great convenience no one can doubt, and redeemed as they were without discount or drawback, their issue was productive of no evil whatever. This was the era and heyday of "shin- plasters," and had these small notes been confined to responsible bodies like the city, the evil of their issue would have been greatly decreased. The suspension of specie payments dragged its slow length along, in- flicting its evils and prolonging the distresses of the people for several years. The efforts of the State to protect her credit are well known, but when, in 1844, the State passed the "Stamp Act," by which a tax was imposed upon bonds, notes, bills of exchange, and other evidences of indebtedness, the strongest opposition developed in several parts of the State, and in the City Council of Baltimore opposition went so far as to threaten to make the collection of the State taxes dependent upon the repeal of the " Stamp Act." There has been so much special as well as general legislation in relation to the banks in Maryland, filling the statute-books with a multitude of acts, original and supplementary, that it is almost im- passible to obtain a full and complete understanding of the varied chartered powers, legal responsibilities, and actual condition at one time of the different banks in Baltimore prior to the passage of the na- tional banking act. Prior to 1840 their suspensions of specie payments had been so frequent and many that the " Report of the Committee on Currency," embodied in the letter of the Secretary of the Treas- ury, the Hon. Levi Woodbury, to Congress, there is mentioned the Merchants' Bank, the Western Bank, the Farmers and Planters' Bank, Chesapeake Bank, and Hamilton Bank, all of Baltimore, as having for- feited their charters for failing to pay specie for their notes. And these suspensions were always followed by the is.sue of " shinplasters." In 1842 the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad issued its " promises to pay" as currency, and circulated them by payment to its employes and for its purchases. These small notes entered into circulation to such an extent that it soon became necessary for the dry -goods merchants, grocers, etc., to make arrangements for their reception only at current value, but they very soon (Jfarch, 1842) would not pass at any discount. At this time city sixes had gone down to fifty cents. The banks re- sumed specie payments May, 1842. The following is a list of the Baltimore banks which applied for a renewal of their charters under the act of 1853, and their condition at that time: The Bank of Baltimore. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1858, under act of 1834, ch. 274 ; authorized capital stock, $2,000,000; capital jiaid in Jan. 1, 1855, 11,200,000. BANKS AND BANKERS. Union Bank of Maryland. Charter expired Dec. April 1, 1860, and end of next General Assembly .31, 1859, under act of 1834, ch. 274; authorized cap- thereafter (March 10, 1861), under act of 1844, ch. ital stock, 12,000,000; capital paid in, $1,103,475. Mechanics' Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1857, under act of 1844, ch. 294 ; authorized capital stock, $1,000,000; capital paid in, $600,000. Marine Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1856, un- 12 ; authorized capital stock, $1,000,000 ; capital paid 1, $105,937. The panic of 1857, which had been gradually gathering from many points, and for which many causes of both Legislature and business are justly der act of 1844, ch. 289 ; authorized capital stock, responsible, broke upon the city of Baltimore on the $1,000,000 ; capital paid in, .$336,340. 26th of September, 1857. The banks of Philadelphia Farmers and Merchants' Bank. Charter expired | also suspended that day, and one after another, like Dec. 31, 1856, under act of 1854, ch. 274; authorized capital stock, $1,000,000 ; capital paid in, $393,560. Chesapeake Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1856, and end of next General Assembly thereafter, which is March 10, 1858, under act of 1835, ch. 313 ; au- thorized capital stock, $1,000,000; capital paid in, $364,163. Citizens' Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1856, and end of next General Assembly thereafter (March 10, 1858), under act of 1835, ch. 314; authorized capital stock, $1,000,000 ; capital paid in, $341,860. Commercial and Farmers' Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1858, and end of next General Assembly thereafter (March 10, 1860), under act of 1845, ch. 260; authorized capital stock, $1,000,000; capital paid in, $512,560. Farmers and Planters' Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1856, and end of next General Assembly there- after (March 10, 1858), under act of 1835, ch. 315 ; authorized capital stock, $1,000,000 ; capital paid in, $776,262. Merchants' Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1855, and end of next General Assembly thereafter (March 10, 1856), under act of 1834, ch. 210 ; authorized capi- tal stock, $2,000,000 ; capital paid in, $1,500,000. Western Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 18.56, and end of next General Assembly thereafter (March 10, 18.58), under act of 1835, ch. 287; authorized capi- bricks in a row, the banks began to shut up their specie-drawers. At an early hour of the 26th of Sep- tember the principal officers of the banks assembled in consultation, and after adjournment published the following report : " Baltimore, Sept. 26, 1857. " At a meeting of the presidents of all the banks of the city of Balti- more held this day, on motion of Mr. Johns Hopkins, the following re - olution was adopted : '" Resolved, That as the banks of Philadelphia have suspended specie payments, it is necessary for the protection of the interests of the city of Baltimore and of our State that our banks suspend also.*" As Philadelphia banks led Baltimore banks into suspension of specie payment, so on Feb. 6, 1858, she set the example of resumption, which Baltimore banks immediately followed. On Nov. 23, 1860, all the banks in Baltimore sus- pended specie payments, an action deemed advisable on account of the disturbances of the times and the threatening aspect of public affairs. The condition of political affairs in 1860 was uncertain enough to shake the confidence of the public in all financial concerns ; the storm that was then rising was not of a character to blow over very soon. The passage of the national banking act put a termination to the destructive features of city or State banking systems, and brought all to the same measure of stature and solvency. The official statements of the banks of Baltimore on July 1, 1881, as compared with the statements re- tal stock, $1,000,000 ; capital paid in, $586,840. Fell's Point Savings Institution. Charter expired ! ported July 1, 1880, were as follows : JULY 1, 1880. Name. Surplus and Capital. Undivided Deposits. Profits. 8451,000 fl,3£ JULY 1, 1881. Surplus and Undivided Deposits. Profits. National Bank of Baltinio Citizens' National Bank... Commercial and i^;n ( - Farmers and Met- !, ,i National Farnior^ u : National Mecbiuii. - I;. Merchants' Natinii:il l;iii First National Bank Second National Bank Third National Bank National Exchange Bank. Traders' National BiuiU... Western NatioUiil i;,n,'. Druvei-sand Mwiiii.i \ National Marin.- Km Chesapeake Bank - Bank of Commerce Franklin Bank German-American Bank... Peoples' Bank 81,210,700 600,000 612,560 1,000,000 1,500,0(X) 1,110,000 800,000 1100,000 500,000 155,298 377,070 300,000 111,7*0 200,000 150,000 120,000 163,000 387,000 89,000 640,000 291,000 , 279,000 ' 142,000 235,000 8,000 28,000 Bl 21,000 40,000 46,000 27,000 20,000 1,980,000 2,200,000 1,300,000 1,300,000 260,000 400,000 302,000 119,000 378,000 291,000 3484,000 368,000 121,000 173,000 378,000 131,000 659,000 344,000 316,000 60.000 123,000 22,000 141,000 63,000 61,000 21,000 30,000 17,000 2,400,000 1,100,000 1,500,000 989,000 469,000 812,000 387,000 926,000 1,500,000 1 The capital of the Drovers and Mechanics' National Bank has been increased from $155,298 in 1880 to $220,000 in 1881. ° The Chesapeake Bank on July 14th distributed twenty-five dollars per share to the stockholders. It is thought that the stock will eventually pay fifty dollars per share. Par value, twenty-five dollars. 452 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Bank of Maryland.— The establisliment of a bank in Baltimore appears to have been contemplated as early as 1784, and during the early part of that year a meeting with this object in view was called tor the 26th of February at the New Assembly Rooms. This meeting was followed by the announcement in tlie MarylMiid Jnnniu/ af March 2d, from the "presi- dent, dircriui-, :iih1 .-..iiipany of the Bank of Mary- land," that •• >ul.s,Tipti.in,s would be taken by William Smith, Daniel Bowley, Isaac Vanbibber, Samuel Smith, John Sterctt, William Patterson, Richard Ridgely, Thomas Yates, Jesse Hollingsworth, Engel- hard Yeiser, George Styer, James Calhoun, Abraham Vanbibber, and Thomas Usher." Nothing definite, however, would seem to have resulted from this an- nouncement, for on the 8th of November following "such of the inhabitants as are desirous of promoting the establishment of a bank in the town of Baltimore were requested to meet in the room over the market- house on Wednesday, 10th of November, 1784, at six o'clock," and the public was informed that the " rea- sons would be given why it was not established last winter." Shortly after this second meeting it was an- nounced that "the number of necessary shares to en- title the subscribers thereof to proceed to the election of twelve directors for the proposed bank having been completed, an election for the purpose aforesaid would be held at the rooms over the market-house on Satur- day evening, the 4th of December, 1784, at five o'clock, at which time and place all concerned were requested to appear, either in person or by proxy. Those who in the mean time incline to become subscribers" were informed that " they would find the subscription- papers with Tench Tilghraan, Samuel Smith, Wil- liam Patterson, Robert Gilmor, and Daniel Bowley." At the November session of the Legislature in 1790 the bank was formally incorporated, and Messrs. Samuel Smith, William Patterson, Jeremiah Yellott, Englehard Yeiser, Robert Gilmor, Thorogood Smith, Charles Gartz, Thomas Hollingsworth, James Ed- wards, James Carey, Otho H. Williams, and Nicholas Sluby were authorized to receive subscriptions. In fourteen days two hundred thousand dollars were .subscribed in shares of one hundred dollai-s each, being two-thirds of the capital, which was paid in during the ensuing year, and the institution went into operation upon a portion of the capital, William Patterson being elected president, and Ebenezer Mackie cashier. The entire capital of three hundred thousand dollars was afterwards paid in. The State j granted peculiar privileges to the institution, which was to be perpetual, and reserved no part of the .stock ' or direction. On the 7th of March, 1791, Jeremiah Yellott, James j Clarke, Richard Caton, Henry Nichols, Robert Oliver, 1 Nicholas Sluby, and Archibald ( 'a.ii|.l.rll were rlfcted directors, and on the 1st (jf .Inly l.illnwin- nuiircwas given by the cashier, EbeiHzcr Maikir, lliat llir liank ; would oi]en that day at " nine o'clock and shut at one. and would open again at three in the afternoon and shut at five." The directors for 1792 were James Carey, Archibald Moncrieff, Samuel Smith, Jeremiah Yellott, Robert Oliver, Robert Gilmor, Charles Gartz, Alex. McKim, Richard Caton, John Hollins, John O'Donnell, and James Clarke. In 1808, William Cooke was president of the bank, and Robert Wilson cashier, and in 1817, Mr. Cooke was succeeded by James Carey. On tlie 24th of March, 1834, the di- rectors of the bank announced its formal suspension. A meeting of the oificcrs of the several banks of the city was held at the Union Bank to take into consideration the state of affairs arising from the sus- pension of the Bank of Maryland, at which William Lorman was called to the chair, and Nicholas Brice, of the Farmers and Merchants' Bank, acted as secre- tary. The president of the Union Bank informed the meeting that the Bank of Maryland had made a deed of trust, which they were prepared to deliver, convey- ing all the property to him in trust for the general and equal benefit of creditors. It was unanimously re- solved that it was advisable that Mr. EUicott should accept the trust. On the 28th of March a large meet- ing of creditors was held at the Exchange, over which the venerable William Patterson presided, with Nich- olas Brice as secretary. The following committee of fifteen was appointed to advance the interests of cred- itors and to bring the affairs of the bank to a just and speedy settlement : Alex. Fridge, Jacob Rogers, Wil- liam Stuart, George McCubbin, Thomas Kelso, R. W. Gill, William A. Tucker, Charles C. Harper, Philip Dawson, Charles Nichols, Alex. Brown, Levin Gale, Jonathan Meredith, Jeremiah Nicols. Messrs. George McCubbin and Jeremiah Nicols having declined to serve on the committee, the committee filled up the vacancies by the appointment of Messrs. John John- son (of Annapolis) and George W. Thomas (of Kent). As is shown elsewhere, the efforts to clear up the affairs of the bank and to effect a just and speedy settlement were unsuccessftil, and were followed in the succeeding year by the Bank of Maryland mob, of which a full account is given under the head of " Mobs and Riots." The bank building was situated in South Street, between Walnut Street and Lovely Lane (now German Street). Bank of the United States.— At a meeting of the president and directors of the Bank of the United States at Philadelphia on the 8th of November, 1791, it was resolved to establish offices of discount and deposit in the several cities of Charleston and New York, and towns of Baltimore and Boston. On the 6th of February, 1792, they proceeded to the estab- lishment of the office at Baltimore by the election of David Harris as cashier, and a board of thirteen directors, consisting of James West, James Carey, Nicholas Sluby, Thorogood Smith, Stephen Wilson, Adrian Valck, David Stewart, Archibald Campbell, George Gale, James Dall, John Swan, John Holmes, and Christopher Johnston. The salary of the cashier BANKS AND BANKERS. 453 was fixed at fourteen hundred dollars per annum, "with the use of the house," and a resolution was adopted "that out of the present specie capital there be appointed to the Office of Discount and Deposit at Baltimore one hundred thousand dollars." At a meeting of the directors of the Bank of the United States in Philadelphia on the 1st of June, 1792, it was resolved that the cashier be authorized to trans- mit the capital of the Office of Discount and Deposit in Baltimore with all convenient dispatch, and that the president and directors of the office be authorized to organize it and begin their discounts when they shall deem it expedient. At a meeting on the 8th of June the directors of the Bank of the United States resolved that one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, in department notes, should be transmitted to the office at Baltimore, and on the 3d of July they re- solved that out of the third specie payment there should be apportioned to the Baltimore office fifty thousand dollars.' On the 2d of April, 1792, the directors of the office of Discount and Deposit of Baltimore met and elected George Gale president. On motion it was resolved that on Wednesday, the 11th, the board would pro- ceed to appoint one teller, one book-keeper, one dis- count clerk, one runner, and one porter, and that they should be allowed the following annual salaries : the teller $900, the book-keeper $800, the discount clerk $600, the runner $400, and the porter $150. It was further resolved that the above officers, clerks, and porter should each be required to give bond with two sureties conditioned for good behavior in the fol- lowing sums : teller .$5000, the book-keeper $4000, the discount clerk and runner $3000, and the porter $500. The persons elected to these positions were Alex. Mc- Donald, teller ; John Weatherburn, book-keeper ; Owen Dempsey, discount clerk ; Alex. Donaldson, run- ner; and John Williams, porter. On the 19th of May, 1792, a special meeting of the directors was held, at which the following report was made by the commit- tee appointed to frame by-laws for the government of the office : First, that the president, cashier, and other officers now appointed, or who may hereafter be ap- pointed to any department in the institution, shall, previous to their entering upon their respective duties, take the following oath, to wit : " I, A. B., do swear that I will truly and faithfully discharge the duty of in the Office of Discount and Deposit at Bal- timore." Second, that the duty of the president shall be to attend at all appointed meetings of the directors, and may call a meeting whenever he thinks it neces- sary, and shall, when required by any two of the di- rectors or by the cashier, call a special meeting of the 1 It may be interesting to note the terms of the bank for bills upon Amsterdam. The price was forty cents seven mills per guilder; credit, half sixty days, and half one hundred and twenty days, interest to be paid from day of sale ; security notes with two unexceptionable names or firms, or one firm or name, with a deposit of funded debt as a col- lateral security; quantity not more than 810,000 to any two names or board. Third, that in the absence of the president the cashier, at the request of any three of the direc- tors, shall call a meeting of the board, and when so convened a number not less than a majority of the whole be competent to proceed to transact business. Fourth,, that the cashier shall weekly lay before the directors at their stated meetings a distinct abstract of the state of the funds, and shalllikewise trans- mit a similar abstract once in every week to the di- rectors of the Bank of the United States. Fifth, that the hours of business in said bank shall be from nine o'clock A.M. until one o'clock p.m., and from three o'clock p.m. until five o'clock in the afternoon. That the directors meet every Monday precisely at noon to transact the business of discount, etc., and that previous to entering upon that business the state of the funds shall be examined into, and a determination made of the sum to be discontinued at that meeting. Sixth, that on all notes and bills offered for discount there shall be at least two responsible names, resi- dents of the town of Baltimore, and that no paper offered for discount be received after eleven o'clock on the day of discount. Seventh, that no person shall appear as a debtor upon the books of the bank for a sum exceeding twelve thousand dollars at any one time. It is considered by the board that the objection of one member to any paper offered for discount shall not be sufficient to reject it unless the objector's motion is seconded ; but it is ex- pected that in the event of one member only mak- ing the objection, relying upon the honor and se- crecy of the board, if he has any reasons not gen- erally known, will communicate them." At this meeting Thorogood Smith administered the oath of office to the president and cashier. On the 8th of June the cashier was ordered to pro- ceed to Philadelphia for the capital of the office ; and on the 21st of June it was resolved that the office should be opened on the following day for deposit, and on the 25th for discount for a term not exceeding thirty days for the present, and that three days of grace should be allowed on bills or notes payable to the bank, and that the discount should be taken for the same. It was further resolved that Messrs. Arch. Campbell, Adrian Valck, and Nicolas Sluby should confer with the directors of the Bank of Maryland to agree upon the mode of conducting the business between the two books. On the 2.Mi of June the following report of the committee appointed to revise the by-laws was adopted : " That this office of dis- count and deposit shall be opened on every day (Sun- day, Christmas Day, the 4th of July, and all day of public festivity and thanksgiving excepted), at nine o'clock A.M., until one o'clock p.m., and from three to five o'clock in the afternoon. That the resolution re- quiring two responsible names, residents of the town of Baltimore, on all notes and bills offered for dis- count be rescinded, and that to entitle a note or bill to be discounted, the drawer, acceptor, or at least one 454 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. % responsible iiidorser must reside in Baltimore Town. That all payments shall be made at the office, and on failure of payment before the shutting of the office on the last day of grace, the note or bill shall be forth- with protested. That notes or bills deposited for collection at any time before the commencement of the days of grace, shall as to notice, demand, and pro- test be proceeded with as notes or bills discounted, unless the person depositing the same shall direct otherwise in writing. That payment shall be re- ceived, if offered at the office, on notes and bills dejjosited at a later period, but the office shall not in such cases be expected to give notice, make demand, nor cause protest to be made ; but the note or bill, or tlic money received for it, as the case may be, shall remain subject to the order of the depositor. That payments made at the office shall be examined at the time, and no error suggested afterwards corrected. That the office shall receive and pay all specie coins according to the rates and value that have been or shall hereafter be established by Congress. That in fiiture notes or bills offered for discount will be re- ceived during the hours of business on Saturdays, and on Mondays until half-past nine o'clock." At a meeting of the board on the 16th of July, 1792, it was resolved that " it be recommended to all those who intend any negotiations with this office to have their bills and notes drawn in dollars and cents in- stead of pounds, shillings, and pence." It was further resolved that the president or cashier, as they deem i it expedient, may either refuse or receive the notes of the Bank of the United States. On the 25th of May, 1795, Archibald Campbell was elected president of the office in place of George Gale, resigned, and on the 1st of June, Nicholas j Ridgley having resigned his place as second book- keeper, Abraham Thomas was promoted to that po- sition, and Ralph Higginbotham to that of discount clerk. On the 6th of April in the same year the board ordered a book to be prepared " to be called an Accommodation Barometer, to show the sum each person gets weekly on discount;" and on the 13th of July the cashier was directed to " class the different depositors into four classes, and to enable him to do it agreeably to the wishes of the hoard, he be gov- erned in classing them according to the rates of their deposits." On the 17th of January, 1797, after read- ing the letter and resolutions of the stockholders and directors of the Bank of the United States, directing the purchase of Mr. Carter's house in Gay Street for the accommodation of the office, the board instructed the cashier to complete the bargain for the house, and to pay Mr. Carter the sum of twenty thousand dollars, being the amount of the purchase-money. Archibald Campbell, Wm. Van Wyck, and David Harris were appointed a committee " to contract for the building of a kitchen and house-keeper's room, and for furnishing the present house and fitting it for the uses of a bank and tlie residence of the ciwhier." On the 9th of December in the same year, in conse- quence of notice from the president and directors of the Bank of Maryland to the Office of Discount and Deposit, and to the Bank of Baltimore, a meeting of representatives of these institutions was held at Bry- den's Inn for the' purpose of framing regulations for the convenience and protection of the several banks of the city. Archibald Campbell and John Swan represented the Office of Discount and Deposit, George Salmon and David Stewart the Bank of Baltimore, and Rob- ert Gilmor and Wm. Patterson the Bank of Maryland, and agreed upon the following regulations as useful and necessary in the future business of the banks : First, that no accommodation notes shall be dis- counted at any of the banks after the last day of the present year, and that all discounts will be paid to the last indorser only. Second, that after the present year no checks will be received at any one bank on either of the other banks. Third, that the circulation of all notes of the banks under five dollars be discouraged as much as possible. Fourth, that each bank appoint a confidential com- mittee of three persons by ballot from their respective boards, for the purpose of communicating with each other on all matters relating to the interest of their different institutions. On the 3d of March, 1800, John Swan was chosen to succeed Mr. Campbell as president. At a meeting of the president and directors on the 8th of Sep- tember following it was resolved that Messrs. Mark Pringle, Samuel Hollingsworth, James Dall, and David Harris " be a committee to meet similar ones from the banks of Maryland and Baltimore, to take into view the situation of the city, owing to a malig- nant fever which at present it is in some degree afflicted with, and in case of its making further pro- gress, they are hereby authorized to remove this office into the country, or enter into any other regulation they may deem proper and beneficial." On the 29th of the same month it was further resolved that John Swan, George Grundy, and Christopher Johnston " be a committee to meet similar committees from the other banks of this city, with full power and authority to purchase a piece of ground and erect suitable build- ings thereon for the accommodation of the three banks in the vicinity of the city, in case of any future affliction of an infectious nature happening to our present unfortunate city." On the 7th of January, 1811, in consequence of the apprehension that the charter would not be renewed, a meeting of the presi- dent and directors of the Bank of the United States was held, at which it was resolved that the different branches of the bank should be directed not to dis- count bills or notes, nor to make loans of any kind after the 3d day of March following, and on the 7th of March, John Swan, Hugh Thompson, Mark Pringle, John E. Howard, Samuel Hollingsworth, John Oliver, BANKS AND BANKERS. James Hindman, Henry Nichols, Solomon Betts, George Grundy, Christopher Johnston, James Car- roll, G. Richard, and H. Heath were appointed agents for the management and liquidation of the affairs of the Baltimore department of the late Bank of the United States. A majority of the agents were de- clared to be sufficient to constitute a board for the transaction of business, and they were authorized to elect one of their number president, and to appoint " their respective tellers, clerks, and servants." They were further invested with authority " to pay the debts due by the late Bank of the United States which were made payable at their particular department, and to demand and receive payment of all debts due at the same department." At a meeting of the trus- tees of the late Bank of the United States on the 5th of November, 1811, the cashier was directed to draw from the office at Baltimore the sum of one hundred thousand dollars in gold, " to be conveyed by the land stages in the charge of two confidential persons." On the 7th of October, 1812, the trustees of the Bank of the United States directed that on or after the 1st of January, 1813, the office at Baltimore should not pay any note of the late Bank of the United States which was made payable at that office, or otherwise, nor any sums remaining on that day to the credit of individuals upon the books of the said office. But all persons who, on or after that, present such notes for payment, or demand any sum which may remain to their credit, should be referred to the main office. On the 18th of January, 1813, the agents of the office at Batimore recommended the sale of the banking-house and premises and all the bank prop- erty in this city to the commissioners of the City Bank of Baltimore for the sum of twenty-five thousand dol- lars, with the reservation of .sufficient accommodations for the liquidation of the affairs of the office. When the Bank of the United States was rechartered in 1816 the stock was taken in such a way "that a Bal- timore clique, taking advantage of the rule about voting, got votes enough to control the organization. By subscribing as attorneys they got 22,187 votes out of 80,000, and they subscribed only $4,000,000 out of $28,000,000." The National Bank of Baltimore.— This bank is at the present time the (ildcst in Baltimore, and was originally tluirtered for twenty years, under the name ; of the Bank of Baltimore, on the 24th of December, 1795, with an authorized capital stock of $1,200,000. The charter provided that the subscriptions towards con.stituting the said stock should be opened on the first Monday of the following June, at Baltimore Town, for twelve hundred and forty shares, under the superintendence of Messrs. David Stewart, Wil- liam Winchester, Thorogood Smith, William Wilson, Archibald Stewart, George Salmon, James West, Thomas Usher, Jr., Henry Payson, Thomas Hol- lingsworth, Nicholas Eogers, Elias Ellicott, Joseph Swann, Andrew Buchanan, Solomon Ettinar, Charles Ghequiere, Hugh McCurdy, and Christopher John- ston. Subscriptions for stock were also received in other parts of the State. On the 25th of June, 1796, it was announced that " the subscriptions lately taken for the Bank of Baltimore having exceeded the num- ber of shares allotted to Baltimore Town and County, it became necessary to reduce them in the manner prescribed by act of Assembly, and the following twelve hundred and forty persons (and no others) are entitled to one share each in the bank aforesaid." On the 14th of October, 1796, the following gentlemen were chosen directors of the bank : David Stewart, William Wilson, William Winchester, George Sal- mon, James West, William Lorman, Elias Ellicott, John Stump, John Strieker, Charles Ghequiere, Christopher Johnston, Solomon Etting, Lewis Pas- cault, Charles Ridgely, and Thorogood Smith. The following gentlemen were directed to receive pro- posals for a house, or a lot whereon to erect a build- ing for the purposes of the bank : George Salmon, Thorogood Smith, Thomas Hollingsworth, William Winchester, and Solomon Etting. The directors in 1803 were George Salmon, William Wilson, Elias Ellicott, John Strieker, William Winchester, Alex- ander McDonald, Henry Payson, John Carruthere, Joseph Sterett, James West, Luke Tiernan, Ebenezer Finley, Peter Frick, William Lorman, William Mathews. Those for 1804 were George Salmon, Wil- liam Lorman, Elias Ellicott, William Wilson, Wil- liam Winchester, William Mathews, Joseph Sterett, Alexander McDonald, John Strieker, James West, Benjamin Williams, Emanuel Kent, Henry Alex- ander, Thomas Tennant, and Thomas Poultuey. By the acts of 1813, ch. 122, and 1815, ch. 167, the charter of the bank was continued and extended to the 1st of January, 1835, and by the act of 1834, ch. 274, it was extended until 1858. Under the act of 1853, ch. 441, the bank applied for an extension of its charter, which was accordingly extended to Jan. 1, 1880. Its first president was George Salmon, elected in 1796 ; he was followed by William Wilson in 1807, and he was succeeded by Gen. John Strieker in 1824. Gen. Strieker died June 23, 1825, and William Lorman was elected in his place. Mr. Lorman was succeeded by Joseph H. McCulloh in 1841, who was followed in December, 1853, by C. C. Jamison, who died Sept. 9, 1863. Oct. 1, 1863, Gen. Henry A. Thompson was elected president, and served until his death, March 12, 1880. He was succeeded by Christian Devries, the present president. The bank has had but four cashiers, — James Cox, who served from 1796 to 1841 ; C. C. Jamison, from 1841 to 1853 ; Patrick Gibson, from 18.53 to 1868 ; and J. Thomas Smith, from 1868 to the present time. The bank has had but one lo- cation from its organization until the present time, but the jjresent building was not erected until 1856, being completed in July, 1857. The institution was organized as the National Bank of Baltimore in July, 1865. It has continued 456 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. in successful operation eighty-five years, and has never missed the payment of a single dividend, uor made any reduction in its capital. On the 9th of November, 1864, the bank, in company with several others in the city, suffered from the operations of a gang of forgers, and in December of the same year a defalcation by one of its clerks of about $23,000 was discovered, but it sustained no loss, as the amount was made good. Tuesday afternoon, Sept. 17, 1878, $27,850 in bonds and $35,000 in cash were stolen from the vault of the bank in broad daylight. The capital stock of the bank, Dec. 31, 1880, was $1,210,700, and its surplus fund $365,000. The present officers are Christian Devries, presi- dent; J.Thomas Smith, cashier; Directors, George P. Thomas, D. S. Wilson, O. A. Parker, C. M. Stew- art, Christian Devries, Richard Cromwell, James B. Dixon. National Union Bank of Maryland. — This bank was organized en tin- ICtli (if April, 1.S{|4, by the elec- tion of the followini,- directors: Ebenezer Finley, An- drew EUicott, Jr., David Winchester, Henry Payson, Walter Dorsey, Solomon Etting, Luke Tiernan, James A. Buchanan, Charles Ridgely, of H., Hezekiah Clag- gett, Thomas McElderry, John Hollins, Solomon Birckhead, Isaac Tyson, Henry Schroeder, and Stew- art Brown. The election was held in Bryden's long room (Fountain Inn), commencing at eight a.m. and closing at six p.m., and upwards of eighteen thousand votes were cast. On April 17th the directors met and chose William Winchester president, and Ralph Hig- ginbotham cashier. Jan. 12, 1805, the bank was incorporated with an authorized capital stock of $3,000,000, divided into shares of $100 each. By the supplemental act of 1821 the shares were reduced to the value of $75, and the capital stock to $2,250,000. The first location of the bank was on the south side of Baltimore Street, between Charles and Light. In 1807 it was moved to the southeast corner of Charles and Fayette Streets. The building was two stories in height, forming nearly a square of about sixty- eight feet each way, reached by a short flight of steps leading to a portico ornamented with four Ionic col- umns. At a later ])eriod an iron railing was placed in front of the building, with a watchman's box on the north corner. In 1868 the property was sold and the bank removed to Baltimore Street, and from thence, in 1869, to the new building on Fayette Street, east of Charles, at present occupied by it. Feb. 14, 1845, a forged check for $1755.55, in the name of Mr. Doyle, lottery-dealer and exchange broker, was successfully passed upon the bank; in the latter part of March in the same year a loss of about $8000 was sustained through the defalcation of one of its officers; in December, 1855, a forged check for $2500, in the name of William Gilmor Hoffman, was presented and paid at the bank; and in No- vember, 1864, the bank was victimized to the extent of $4400 by a " gentlemanly stranger," who also suc- ceeded in obtaining $1300 from the Western, $2400 from the Chesapeake Bank, and $1000 from the Me- chanics' Bank, all of which was accomplished in the course of a single morning. Under the act of Con- gress the bank was incorporated July 26, 1805, as the National Union Bank of Maryland at Baltimore. Its present capital stock is $900,000. Its presidents liave been Wm. Winchester; Henry Payson, July 2, 1815; Thomas Ellicott, July 6, 1825 ; Hugh W. Evans, July 7, 1835; John M. Gordon, July 8, 1845; and Wm. W. Taylor, who has held the office from the 6th of July, 1865, to the present time. The charter of the bank was twice extended, — in 1834 and in 1853. Ralph Higginbotham was succeeded as cashier by Thomas Ellicott, elected June 28, 1819, and he was followed by Jonathan Pinkney, Jr., elected Nov. 11, 1819. Robert Mickle was elected Oct. 7, 1830, and Wm. H. Wells was elected assistant cashier May, 1878. The present officers are Wm. W. Taylor, president; R. Mickle, cashier; W. H.Wells, assistant; Directors, Wm. Woodward, James E. Tate, James Carey, James Hodges, S. H. Adams, Lewis N. Hopkins, John Stillman, Wm. A. Williar, and Wm. L. Elliott. National Mechanics' Bank. — The Mechanics' Bank, southeast corner of Calvert and Fayette Streets, was organized in June, 1806, and William Jessop, William Price, Christopher Raborg, George Warner, Adam Welsh, James Mosher, Adam Fonerden, Wil- liam Krebs, Robert Carey Long, Jacob Hoffman, Robert Stewart, William Gwynn, Owen Dorsey, and George Decker were appointed commissioners to re- ceive subscriptions to the stock. Books for this pur- pose were opened on the 23d of June, and 22,500 shares were subscribed on the first day. The first board of directors consisted of James Mosher, George Warner, William McDonald, Thomas Sheppard, Wil- liam Jackson, Robert Stewart, Jacob Hoffman, Wil- liam Je,ssop, William Gwynn, Christian Mayer, Rob- ert Carey Long, Adam Welsh, Adam Fonerden, Owen Dorsey, and Peter Little. On the 16th of July they met at Bryden's inn, and after taking and subscribing the oath of office, elected John Weatherburn presi- dent, at a salary of fifteen hundred dollars for the first year, and at a meeting on the 18th, Dennis A. Smith cashier, at a salary of two thousand dollars per annum. At a subsequent meeting James Dawes was elected teller ; John Baxley, book-keeper ; Owen Allen, as- sistant book-keeper; Nathan Shaw, discount clerk; Thomas Woodyear, runner; and Thoniiis Foxhall, porter. On the 25th of July a committee, consisting of John Weatherburn, James Mosher, Robert C. Long, George Warner, Adam Welsh, and Robert Stewart, was appointed to select a suitable building for a bank- ing-house, and finally reported in favor of renting, at one thousand dollars per annum, the house of Zebu- Ion Hollingsworth, on Calvert Street. The report was adopted, and a committee was directed " to con- tract with Mr. Hollingsworth on the terms proposed, and to put in order the .said house for the purposes of BANKS AND BANKERS. 457 the bank with all possible dispatch." The institution was chartered on the 31st of December, 1806, as the Mechanics' Bank of Baltimore, with an authorized capital of 11,000,000, and the officers and directors as incorporators. The second article of the constitution required that nine of the directors should be practical mechanics or manufacturers, and this requirement was embodied in the seventh section of the act of in- corporation. In order to insure something more than theoretical compliance with this provision, the by- laws directed that "no person- should be considered as coming within the description of a practical mechanic or manufacturer unless he hath learned and actually wrought at some mechanical or manufacturing trade for the term of three years at least, and for twelve months next preceding his election hath been carry- ing on some mechanical or manufacturing branch of business, either in his own person, or by workmen, or by apprentices by him hired and employed." The members of the first board of directors, elected in compliance with this requirement, were James Mosher, George Warner, Thomas Sheppard, William Jackson, Jacob Hoffman, Robert Carey Long, Adam Welsh, Adam Fonerden, and Peter Little. It was provided in the by-laws that " no discounts shall be made upon personal security, unless with at least ■two responsible names (the firm and all the partners in a house being considered as one name only), aud for a time not exceeding sixty days, -exclusive of tliree days of grace, which shall be allowed on all bills and notes payable at the bauk, and discount taken for the same ; but similar paper given for real ti-ansactions may be discounted for a time not ex- -ceeding one hundred and twenty days, whether a running account is kept by the person offering the same or not-" It' further provided that '"to entitle a bill or note to be discounted at this bank the acceptor or payer thereof must usually reside in the city of Baltimore or precincts ; -if the payer resides at a distance, two responsible names will be required [of persons] who reside in the city of Baltimore or in the precincts thereof. That on failure of payment of any note or bill discounted at this bank be- fore the shutting of the bauk on the last day of grace, the note or bill shall be forthwith protested, and it shall be the duty of the notary to give proper notice thereof on tlie same day, or at farthest the next morn- ing, to the indorser or indorsers. The books and accounts of the bank shall be kept in dollars and cents, and shall be regularly balanced twice ■in every year, viz., when the half-yearly dividend shall be declared." On the 19th of May, 1807, the board declared a ■dividend of six per cent., payable on the 2d day of the following June. On the 1st of June, 1807, the old board of directors was re-elected, with the excep- tion of Peter Little, who was succeeded by William Greetham. The same directors were elected in 1808, with two exceptions, and Thomas Boyle and P. E. Thomas were chosen in the places of the retiring members. John Weatherburn was annually re-elected to the presidency until his death, on the 21st of April, 1811, when James Mosher was chosen to succeed him. The board of directors elected on the 3d of June in the same year consisted of Robert Carey Long, Alex- ander Brown, Thomas Sheppard, Philip Littig, Wil- liam Jackson, William Jessop, James Mosher, Wil- liam Gwynn, William McDonald, Christian Mayer, P. E. Thomas, William Stewart, and George Warner. On the 17th of May, 1811, the board resolved to pur- chase a lot for the purpose of erecting a bank, and authorized the cashier to pay to Philip Rogers and John Fisher the sum of ten thousand five hundred dollars for their lot, situated at the corner of Calvert and East (Fayette) Streets. At a meeting on the 17th of the following Septem- ber it was reported that " the old building on the lot purchased for a banking-house, was much out of re- pair." William Jessop, Tobias E. Stansbury, and Alexander Brown were appointed a committee to ex- amine the old building, and to report whether it would be most advisable to repair it or prepare materials and erect a new banking-house. The committee re- ported that they had " viewed and examined the sev- eral old houses, etc., on said lot, and in their opinion, from the shattered and decayed state of the wood (which they are chiefly composed of), that it would in repairing those several old buildings be attended with a heavy expense, and which could not be remu- nerated in any reasonable time which we could ex- pect to let them stand, provided that the preparation on (of) a banking-house is contemplated, to be in readiness when the time of the present house expires. And whereas if a reasonable time is taken to collect materials and have them well prepared the building will be much more lasting, therefore, if it should not be deemed deviating from the duty of your committee, we would strongly recommend to the board of direc- tors to let the present buildings on said lot remain as they are, without further repair, until such materials can be collected and prepared, and commence build- ing as soon as possible." The report of the committee was approved, the plan of a house submitted by them adopted, and William Jessop, Alexander Brown, D. E. Stansbury, and D. A. Smith appointed a building committee to superintend the erection of the bank. Various delays, however, ensued, and the banking- house on the southeast corner of Fayette and Calvert Streets was not completed until 18.35. When Mr. Mosher was elected president, it was stipulated by the board, with his approbation, that half of his salary of twelve hundred dollars should be paid for the term of I five years to the orphan daughters of the late John Weatherburn, the former president, in consideration I of his important services in the organization of the bank. On the 7th of June, 1814, the attention of the board was called to the subject, and it was resolved that Mr. Mosher's salary should be increased to six- teen hundred dollars per annum, commencing from I the date of his election in 1811. On the 26th of April, 1817, the cashier, Dennis A. Smith, tendered his resig- j nation, and on the 14th of May following John Brice was appointed his suc^ssor. The board of directors in 1820 con.sisted of William McDonald, Christian ! Mayer, Philip E. Thomas, George Brown, James I Carnighan, James Ellicott, William Gwynn, of John, i William Jessop, William Jackson, Felix Jenkins, Philip Littig, Robert C. Long, and Jonathan Mere- 458 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. dith. In 1821, Col. James Mosher, who had been president of the bank since 1811, resigned, and P. E. Thomas was cliosen to succeed him, and entered upon his duties on the 6th of June. He declined a re-elec- tion in 1822, and was followed by Richard Carroll, who resigned in September, 1823, " in consequence of a long and protracted illness," which incapacitated him from duty. During his sickness William D. McKim had acted as temporary president, and after the resignation of Mr. Carroll, Philip E. Thomas was chosen in his place. On the 25th of March, 1823, John Brice, the cashier, resigned, and on the 2d of April Stephen Honeywell was elected to the vacant position by the board, llr. Honeywell resigned on account of ill health Nov. 29, 1826, and was succeeded by William H. Murray. In September of the follow- ing year Mr. Thomas, who had been annually re- elected president since 1823, resigned, and George Brown was elected to the office, which he held until April, 1834, when, upon the death of his father, he tendered his resignation, and was succeeded by John B. Morris, who was elected on the 21st of April. Mr. Murray was succeeded by James W. Alnutt as cashier, and Mr. Morris by Michael Warner as presi- dent, in 1858. In 1865 the institution was converted into a national bank, under the name of the National Mechanics' Bank of Baltimore. In March, 1867, Mr. Warner resigned the presidency, and George S. Brown was elected to fill the vacancy. On the 13th of November in the same year Mr. Brown, who had only accepted the position temporarily, tendered his resignation, and Robert Turner Baldwin was elected president, and has been annually re-elected since. The present officers of the bank are Robert Turner Baldwin, president; C. R. Coleman, cashier; Di- rectors, R. T. Baldwin, T. C. Jenkins, Alexander Brown, W. F. Lucas, G. W. Ward, S. H. Caughy, Thomas Deford, Robert Lehr, and Robert Garrett. The capital is $1,000,000. Mr. Coleman has been cashier of the bank since 1855. Mr. Baldwin, the president of the bank, is a native of Campbell County, Va., where he was born, June 14, 1819, and is the son of Philemon P. and Elizabeth Jane Baldwin. His mother was a Miss Turner, and it was at the sugges- tion and through the influence of his cousin, Zeph- aniah Turner, of Rappahannock County, Va., that he came to Baltimore in September, 1835. His business career began in the counting-house of Hough, Tur- ner & Co., composed of Messrs. Samuel and Robert Hough and Zephaniah Turner, Jr., and it was here that he laid the foundation of a business knowledge and experience which have widened and grown with every succeeding year. From that period until the present Mr. Baldwin has been constantly engaged in active business pursuits, for a part of the time as a partner in the firm of Baldwin & Myer, and since the dissolution of that house in 1866 as president of the National Mechanics' Bank, and in a variety of capaci- ties requiring the possession of special ability and high integrity. In 1869 he was elected one of the commis- sioners of finance for the city of Baltimore, and, with the exception of a brief period of voluntary retirement, has been a member of that responsible commission ever since, and still continues to act in that capacity. His services as commissioner of finance have been ac- corded many marks of public approbation, and the City Council has three times expressed its sense of their value by formal resolutions of a highly com- plimentary character, the following, adopted on the 25th of April, 1877, when his resignation had been laid before that body, indicating the estimation in which they are held : " n'/ierea«. It has been autlioritatively announced tliat the perHnnal con- eideratiuns which led to the resignation by Mr. Baldwin of the i)<)sitiou of finance commiBsioner are so seriously entertained by him as to render the general expression of a desire that he might be induced to with- draw that resignation entirely unavailing, " Anil wkemit, It is eminently due to the long, faithful, and disinter- ested services which that able and distinguished citizen has rendered the municipal government of Baltimore that a proper memorial of them should be placed among the oiticial records of the city, therefore " Be it resoU-etl, By both branches of the City Council of Baltimore, that in the dittcliargeof the duties of finance commissioner Mr. Robert T. Baldwin has di&played signal ability, integrity, and decision of char- acter, the combination of wliich Justly entitles him to be ranked among the leading financial and biisiuess men of our county. *' A7td he it furlher renotved, That in the careful guardianship of the public credit and constant apprehension of the real interest of Baltimore, Mr. Baldwin has during the past seven years of his olBcial life done as much to command the respect and entitle him to the lasting gratitude of his fellow-citizens as any man among them, and that it is the subject of deep and universal regret that his connection with the city government is now about to be severed. " Besoh-ed, Tliat these resolutions be placed upon the journal of each Branch, and that the clerk of this Branch (Second) be directed to have a copy neatly engrossed and present the same to Mr. Baldwin." Mr. Baldwin was also prominently connected with the recent reorganization of the Virginia Midland Railroad, being associated with Messrs. J. Wilcox Brown and Robert Garrett in the purchase of that road for the creditors, and, with those gentlemen, was " cordially tendered the thanks of the stock- holders" for " the exceedingly able and efficient man- ner" in which he had discharged " the onerous duties which devolved" upon him. As director, trustee, and executor, Mr. Baldwin has been called to various po- sitions of trust and responsibility, and has held con- fidential relations towards important corporations and interests, which he has served with unvarying ability and integrity. His life has been one of con- stant business activity and unceasing labor, but its record is higher than that of mere business drudgery, and is filled with practical results as useful to the community a-s they are honorable to himself. Farmers and Merchants' National Bank,— This bank was organized in March, 1810, in wliich month books for subscriptions were opened at the Globe Inn by the following commissioners: Conrad Reinicker, Jesse Tyson, Samuel Stump, Job Smith, George F. Warfield, Peter Levering, Moses Sheppard, Jonathan Manro, Henry Messonnier, Nicholas Brice, Samuel McKim, and George Repold. At a meeting of tlie stockholders on the 9th of April the above gentlemen 3 BANKS AND BANKERS. 459 were elected directors for the ensuing year, and on the 10th the directors elected William Grahame president, and John Duer cashier. On the 24th of December, 1810, the president and directors were in- corporated as the Farmers and Merchants' Bank of Baltimore, with an authorized capital stock of five hundred thousand dollars. Judge Nicholas Brice succeeded Mr. Grahame as president in 1819 ; he was succeeded by Dr. J. Hanson Thomas in 1841, and Dr. Thomas by James Sloan, Jr., in 1879. The { banking-house was first located on the corner of Bank Lane and Calvert Streets, but in 1849 the European House, northwest corner South and Lombard Streets, was purchased, and some time afterwards the present bank building erected. In 1865 it was converted into the Farmers and Merchants' National Bank. The amount of capital stock paid in Dec. 31, 1880, was six hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The present otfi- cers are James Sloan, Jr., president; E. S. Beall, cashier; Directors, James Sloan, Jr., J. Hanson Thomas, Otho H. Williams, T. Robert Jenkins, Jos. B. Brinkley, John J. Thompson, Edward Higgins. Franklin Bank, No. 15 South Street, was organized in March, 1810. David Burke, C. Dugan, Joseph Jamieson, Lemuel Taylor, M. McLoughlin, Wm. Flanagan, Wm. Price, Ludwick Herring, Hezekiah Price, Jacob Miller, Adam Fonerden, Daniel Conn, E. H. Jones, John Trimble, Wm. Camp, and George Dobbin were appointed commissioners to receive sub- scriptions. Books were opened on the 2d of April, 1810, and five hundred and seventy-three, then the requisite number of shares, were subscribed on the first day. On the Itlth of April following an election was held for directors, and Wm. Flanagan, Hezekiah Price, Jacob Miller, Geo. Dobbin, Ludwig Herring, Wni. Camp, Joseph Jamieson, John Trimble, Rich- ard H. Jones, Wm. Price, Daniel Conn, David Burke, Matthew McLoughlin, Adam Fornerden, Cumber- land Dugan, and John Okely were chosen directors. A meeting of the directors was held on the following day, when, after taking the usual oath of office, they proceeded to fix the salary of the president, and adopted a resolution establishing it at one thousand dollars per annum. On the 19th the directors met at the house of Wm. Flanagan and elected Thomas Dickson president, and James Dawes cashier. The salary of the latter was fixed at fifteen hundred dol- lars "and a house to dwell in." On the 7th of May the building committee reported the purchase from John Cunningham of a house and lot situated on Baltimore Street and North Lane for $15,500, and the purchase was approved by the board. On the 23d of May the board met at the banking-house and resolved that it would meet for the purpose of dis- counting such paper as might be offered every Monday evening at four o'clock. Monday, the 18th of June, was fixed as the day for the beginning of the discount business, and operations in this line were accordingly begun on that date. On the 8th of July Thomas Dickson, the president, died, and on the 10th Philip Moore was elected as his successor. On the 23d of December, 1810, the bank was incorporated, with a capital of $600,000, and on the 7th of January, 1811, the charter was accepted by the president and directors. On the 22d of March, 1859, the bank was removed to the building on the west side of South Street which had previously been occupied by the Baltimore Life Insurance Company. Mr. Moore was followed by John J. Donaldson as president, and served until his death in 1866, when he was succeeded on the 20th of September by Chas. J. Baker, who has held the po- sition from that time until the present. Mr. Dawes, the first cashier, was succeeded by James L. Haw- kins, who was elected on the 20th of March, 1815. George Grafflin held the position for a time, and was followed by John Buck, who resigned on the 7th of April, 1863, to take effect on the 1st of August. He was succeeded by Charles Goodwin, who was elected on the 6th of July, 1863, and served until his death in August, 1874. S. Sprigg Belt was elected cashier in September, 1874, and served until June, 1877, and was succeeded by Geo. Sanders, who was elected act- ing cashier, and still retains the position. The bank was one of the institutions of Baltimore which, on the 22d of April, 1861, loaned five hundred thousand dol- lars to the municipal authorities for the defense of the city. The present splendid banking-house was erected in 1868. In 1840 a series of defalcations, ex- tending over a period of ten years, and amounting to about one hundred thousand dollars, was discovered. By the act of 1880, the bank was authorized to change its name to the "Corn Exchange Bank of Baltimore." The capital of the bank is $600,000, and par value of stock $12.50. The present officers are Charles J. Baker, president; Geo. Sanders, acting cashier; Directors, Geo. Sanders, C. Webb, Hugh Sisson, Benj. Whitely, Charles E. Baker, and Henry McShane. Charles J. Baker, the president of the Franklin Bank, is descended from an old and distinguished Welsh family. His grandfather, Richard, son of Thomas and Ann Jones, of Wales, was born in Caer- narvon, North Wales, Jan. 3, 1750. They were of the same family as the celebrated Welsh architect, Inigo Jones, who lived during the reign of Charles I. Richard Jones married the daughter of Peter and Ann Thompson, who was born in Milthorp, West- moreland County, England, Nov. 9, 1749. Richard Jones left Liverpool on the ship " Good Hope" on Nov. 27, 1783, bound for Baltimore, where he arrived on the 24th of March, 1784. Jane Jones, the mother of Charles J. Baker, was born in Liverpool, England, June 19, 1784, and left Liverpool, with her mother and brother Thomas, on the 26th of August, 1784, in the ship " Olive Branch," bound for Baltimore, where they arrived October 30th of the same year. Her parents were Palatines from the Rhine. The paternal grandfather of Charles J. Baker was IILSTOIIY OF 13ALTIM011E CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. born near the Blue llidge, where the present town of Reading, Pa., is situated, and when about six years of age was, with a sister, the only persons known to have been saved from a massacre by the Indians, and was taken to Philadelphia, from whence he came to Bal- timore when about twelve years of' age. Mrs. Dodson, the great-great-grandmother of Chas. J. Baker, was born in Pennsylvania, Jan. 24, 1699. ITer daughter Ann was married to Joseph Barneston, of Frederick County, Md., and their daughter Anna was born Oct. 28, 1757, aud married William Baker, the grandfather of Charles J. Baker. Charles Joseph Baker, the subject of this sketch, was born at " Friendsbury," Baltimore City, May 28, 1821, and resides at present at his beautiful country- jjlace, " Athol," in Baltimore County. He was the sou of William and Jane Baker (nee Jones). Wil- liam Baker was liorn in Baltimore, and Jane, his wife, in Liverpool, England. Mr. Baker was married to Elizabeth Bosseman, of Carlisle, Pa., Jan. 4, 1842. Their children are William, Jr., Charles E., Mary H., Bet., Richard J., Jr., Frank M., and Ashly Lee. Mr. Baker's preparatory education was obtained at the Franklin Academy, Riesterstown, Baltimore Co., under the tuition of Prof N. C. Brooks. In 1835 he entered the grammar school of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., and graduated in the class of 1841, I when the Rev. John P. Durbin, D.D., was president. Mr. Baker improved every hour of his college life, [ laying the basis of the broad plans of business and liis many practical schemes in regard to the welfare of the church to which he has been so energetically devoted. He became united with the Methodist Epis- copal Church in 1836, while at Dickinson College, and has ever since been an active member. After his graduation he entered the counting-room of his father's window-glass factory, at the foot of Federal Hill, Baltimore, Md. In connection with his brother, Henry J. Baker, in 1842, he entered into the paint, oil, and glass trade at No. 2 North Liberty .■Street. The activity and intelligent enterprise of the ■firm soon assured success, and they became the proprie- tors of the " Baltimore Window-glass, Bottle, and Vial Works," operated previously by Shaum & Reitz. The business increased so rapidly that they enlarged their premises by removing to No. 42 South Charles Street, ! under the firm-style of Baker & Bro. Their two warehouses at this locality was destroyed by fire in 1850 with all their contents and seventy-five thousand dollars worth of stock. They immediately built their present commodious warehouses, and in the same year established the 'house of H. J. Baker & Bro. in New York. It became one of the most important firms in that city, doing a very large trade in paints, French plate glass, and chemicals. The late Henry J. Baker, who principally conducted the business in New York, rose to a high position in the great com- mercial centre afforded by that city, and was held in high esteem as an exemplary Christian geiitleman. ' In 1851, Joseph Rogers, Jr., was admitted as a member of the Baltimore firm, and the style was changed to Baker Bros. & Co., and continued thus until 1865, when Charles J. Baker purchased the entire interest of the other partners, and admitted his sons, William and Charles E., and -subsequently George B., into the firm. Mr. Baker was elected a director in the Franklin Bank in 1859, and in 1866 he was elected president of that bank, which position he has held ever since and continues to hold, giving great aid to the bank by his fine financial ability ob- tained in broad commercial transactions. In 1860 he was made a director in the Canton Company, and in 1870 was elected its president, which position he re- signed in 1877. Mr. Baker is also largely interested in the Maryland White Lead Company, the Mary- land Fertilizing and Manufacturing Company, the Baltimore Car- Wheel Company, the Chemical Com- pany of Canton, of which he is president, and his son, B. N. Baker, secretary. Mr. Baker's influence, in con- nection with William G. Harrison and others, largely aided in the construction of the Union Railroad aud Tunnel, giving two roads — the Northern Central and Western Maryland — a tide- water terminus at Canton, increasing immensely the manufacturing and mercan- tile interests of Baltimore. Mr. Baker has always manifested an interest in the development of every branch of trade in the city of Baltimore, and has un- selfishly aided and contributed to the development and extension of public enterprises, often of a nature calculated to rival his private interest, which he has never permitted to stand in the way of his public spirit. Not content with individual effort to advance the general interest of the city of Baltimore, Mr. Baker at one time purchased a controlling interest in the Gazette, a Baltimore daily paper, hoping through the public press to enlarge the sphere of his useful- ness; but being so fully engaged otherwise, he could not give it his personal attention, and subsequently sold his interest in the paper to Mr. Welsh. Mr. Baker's mercantile life has been far above the resort to misrepresentation or attempts to impose " shoddy" on the markets. By the character of the material he manufactures he has stamped his goods in every market with the imprint of the true metal, and while thus establishing his own reputation he has published far and near the genuineness of Baltimore articles of manufacture, and extended the commercial prosperity of that city. Mr. Baker's personal character is above reproach. Fixing in his youth upon a high standard of excel- lence, surrounded at home in his boyhood by the best and purest influences and models, with a sen- sitive appreciation of duty in all the relations of life, he ha-s never permitted passion or prejudice to warp his judgment or swerve him from a straight and honest course in life ; to this is added and combined great force of character, determination of will, and a quick, comprehensive intellect. BANKS AND BANKERS. 461 Mr. Baker, as a practical Cliristiau, has never been ; circumscribed by the equivocating interrogatory, ] "Am I my brother's keeper?" but rather decidedly j governed in life by the broader spirit of his responsi- bility for his brothers' religious enlightenment, until it may be truly said, as far as it can be said of men, ! he is a living epistle of the beauty of holiness. Mr. Baker's religion is not confined to Sunday apparel and the church, but has been carried by him to the office, factory, work-shop, bank, exchange, — in fact, wherever duty calls or whatever occupation demands his atten- tion, he infuses into the place and those around in- fluences and principles bearing the stamp of the Master. His character may be said to have been formed on Christian principles, fortified and strength- ened by the application of religious truth as revealed in the Word of God. Mr. Baker had an early connection with associated religious work, as a trustee and member of the " Balti- more City Station of the Methodist Episcopal Church," in rebuilding and extending Eutaw Street Methodist church, and in the building of Madison Avenue Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Baker was the prin- cipal organizer and contributor to Chatsworth Inde- pendent Methodist Church, and Bethany Independent Methodist Church at Franklin Square. Charles J. Baker has contributed largely, both in money and individual effort, especially to building up and ex- tending the influence and usefulness of the Methodist Church, and to the dissemination of religious truth to the masses of the people of this city by any and all agencies that he considered available for these purposes. Mr. Baker is still hale and hearty, with all his powers of mind and body in full maturity and unimpaired, the result of a systematic and temperate life, and promises yet many years of eftbrt in behalf of all those enterprises incumbent on the wealthy cit- izen and incident to the man of high character in the community to which his energies are devoted. His charities are large and general, and while his re- ligious opinions are very decided, they are unclouded by bigotry and uncircurascribed by sect or denomina- tion, embracing in philanthropy the whole brother- hood of man. The Commercial and Farmers' National Bank of Baltimore was organized in Jlarch, 1810, and books for subscriptions opened March 26th, by the following commissioners : Isaac Burneston, Henry Stoufter, William W. Taylor, A. T. Schwartze, Charles Bohn, George Decker, Isaac Purnell, Edward Harris, Ben- jamin Eicaud, Jacob Adams, Andrew Clapper, Talbot Jones, William Boss, and James Hutton. At an elec- tion held on the 5th of April, 1810, the above gentle- men, together with N. F. Williams, were elected di- rectors, and on the 6th of April the directors elected Hon. Joseph H. Nicholson president, with George T. Dunbar cashier. On the 23d of December, 1810, the bank was incorporated as the Commercial Far- mers' Bank, with an authorized capital stock of $1,000,000. In June, 1865, the institution became the Commercial and Farmers' National Bank of Baltimore, with Jesse Slingluff as president, and Joseph H. Rieman as vice-president. Its presidents have been Joseph H. Nicholson, Isaac Burneston, William W. Taylor, Charles Bohn, Jacob Albert, Eli Claggett, Thomas Meredith, and Jesse Slingluff, who has been president since 1854. Its capital stock is $512,560, and its surplus $115,043. The banking- house, at the southwest corner of Howard and Ger- man Streets, was built after a design of Maximilian Godefroy. The City Bank of Baltimore was incorporated on the 31st of December, 1812, with an authorized capital of $1,500,000, divided into 60,000 shares of $25 each. The commissioners appointed to receive subscriptions in Baltimore were Robert Patterson, Charles Gwynn, John Hoff'man, Henry Didier, Jr., Samuel Hollingsworth, William Pinkney, George J. Brown, Samuel G. Griffith, Levin Wethered, Robert Barry, William H. Dorsey, James Barroll, Richard Frisby, John McKim, Jr., Thomas Ellicott, Govert Haskins, John Donnell, James Sterett, Peter A. Karthaus, and Samuel Chase. Books for subscriptions for 34,400 shares were opened in Baltimore on the 1st of March, 1813, and the amount was subscribed in one hour and a half. On the 7th of June, the same year, John Donnell was elected president, J. Sterett cashier, and the following gentlemen directors : Charles Gwinn, Henry Didier, Jr., Samuel G. Grif- fith, George S. Brown, Richard Frisby, John McKim, Jr., John Donnell, Samuel Chase, John Hoffman, Levin Wethered, James Barroll, Thomas Ellicott, P. A. Karthaus, Robert Patterson, Govert Haskins, and Robert Barry. In 1819 the bank was obliged to sus- pend specie payments, and after struggling on for some time longer it was finally forced to suspend alto- gether. The National Marine Bank was organized in March, 1810, and books for subscriptions were opened on the 26th of that month. The bank was chartered on the 23d of December in the same year, with Heze- kiah Waters, Joseph Biays, Frederick Schaeff'er, Job Smith, Archibald Kerr, John Lee, Patrick Bennett, John Coulter, William Mondel, Luke Keersted, Thorn- dick Chase, Joel Vicker.s, Baptist Mezick, and Nicho- las Stansbury as incorporators. It was provided that the bank should be established within that part of the city commonly called "Fell's Point," and that its capital should be $600,000. The bank accordingly commenced business on Broadway, but removed in 1822 to its present location, northeast corner of Gay and Second Streets. The first president of the bank was He«ekiah Waters, and the first cashier James Law. Mr. Waters served until 1835, and was suc- ceeded by Jacob Bier, upon whose death in March, 1859, B. A. Vickers was elected. It was converted into a national bank in February, 1880. The capital is $377,000, and par value of stock $.30. The oflScers 462 HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MAKYLAND. are B. A. Vickers, president; J. M. Littig, cashier; Directors, George E. Bowdoin, James Bates, Samuel j Kirby, A. H. Jenkins, B. A. Vickers, Alexander Rieman, V. J. Brown, J. T. Middleton, and W. A. Dunningtou. Citizens' National Bank.— This institution was incorporated on tlie 2d of April, 1836, with an au- thorized capital of $500,000, to be divided into 50,000 shares of SlOeach. Joshua Dryden, David M. Brown, William Reynolds, Samuel Kirk, Wesley Cowles, George R. Mosher, Allen GriiBth, James Harvey, Thomas Sappington, John G. Proud, Charles Chase, Mark Grafton, and Isaac Munroe were appointed commissioners to receive subscriptions to the stock. Books for this purpose were opened on the 24th of ' May in the same year, and more than one-fifth of the stock subscribed on the first day. In 1844 the bank wound up its affairs, but in April, 1850, it resumed operations under the presidency of John Clark, who retained the office until his death, June 1.3, 1867. On the 15th of July, 1865, the institution became a national bank, under the name of the "' Citizens' Na- tional Bank of Baltimore." The present elegant I banking-house, northeast corner of Hanover and Pratt Streets, was built in 1869, and occupied in Sep- I tember of that year. The officers of the bank are Henry James, president ; J. Wesley Guest, cashier. The present capital is $500,000, and the par value of stock is $10. Henry James, president of the Citizens' National Bank, was born July 1, 1821, in the town of Truxtun, Cortland Co., N. Y., of English descent. His parents were Nathaniel and Elizabeth IngersoU James, natives of Vermont, who were distinguished for their prudent and pious lives. His education in the common schools and the academy was supplemented by the counsel and example of these wise and loving parents, and as he grew up to manhood he had reason to bless the home-training which he had received. Much of his youth was passed upon a farm, taking part in all its labors, thus strengthening his physical constitution and making industry a habit which has never forsaken him. In 1840, Mr. James left his home, desiring to try his fortune in the world. He had no capital but his own strong will, his readiness to grapple with work, and his confidence in these as his best resources. He found employment in New York City, at which he assiduously labored for three years, manWing to maintain himself and profiting by his Ijusiii^s ex- perience and increased knowledge bftlieVorld. In 1843 he landed in Baltimore. He was an entree stranger to the city and its people, but he had looked to Baltimore as a place where he might succeed in his ambition for enterprise and its reward*, and he has found that his intuitions wore correct. The lum- ber business proved to be the especial field open to his cultivation ; from modest beginnings in it he an- nually extended his operations, his name became known in all the avenues of commerce and trade, and in a few years his adopted city was happy to count him among her solid men. The wholesale lumber firm of Henry James & Co. is now composed of him- self and N. W. James. Among the partners have been William E. Dodge and James Stokes, of New York, and Daniel James, of Liverpool. It has vast tracts of timber-land in Pennsylvania and mills in that State and Harford County, Md., and is one of the largest establishments of the kind in the United States. On the death of the late John Clark, Mr. James was elected president of the Citizens' National Bank, and has been re-elected year after year up to the present time. This bank has been connected with the de- velopment of the industry and commerce of Balti- more for a long period, and under Mr. James' presi- dency its affairs have flourished. Mr. James was one of the first projectors of the Baltimore Warehouse Company, and is one of its directors. He was mar- ried in 1851 to the daughter of Ammon Cate, of this city, and has a large family. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and regular in the performance of his religious obligations. The present large business of the Citizens' National Bank is chiefly due to the intelligent labor and strict attention to all the details of its business by Mr. James. The strong points of his character are visi- ble in his daily business, — energetic, positive, firm, yet spirited and liberal. He has doubled the capital of the bank since he became its president, and the splendid marble banking-house in which the bank is conducted was built under his auspices. His whole business career has been one of honorable success, attained by diligent attention to detail rather than by speculation, and he -stands to-day among the solid men of the city without a stain on a long business life. He is honored in Baltimore, and deserves the esteem in which he is held. The Western National Bank, on the west side of Eutaw Street, near the Eutaw House, originated in the Mechanics' Savings Fund Society of Baltimore, which was incorporated on the 6th of March, 1882, with William Harden, Isaac C. Lee, William Wood- ward, Lot Ensey, George Carson, Abraham S. Cole, Archibald George, Jr., William Swan, Resin B. Simp- son, John Weaver, John Brannon, Christian D. Fahnestock, David Martin, Joel Wright, Charles M. Keyser, Charles D. Slingluff", William Pennington, Thomas E. Hambleton, Timothy Kelly, Henry R. Curley, David Bixler, William Bridges, Henry Brice, John Berry, and Edward Spedden as incorporators. On the 28th of March, 1836, an act was passed incor- porating the Western Bank of Baltimore, and pro- viding for the merging of the Mechanics' Savings Fund Society into this new corporation, which was authorized to employ a capital of not less than $500,- 000, and not more than $1,000,000. In July, 1865, the institution was converted into a national bank. The .present capital is $500,000, and par value of stock $20. Tlie oflScers are Joshua G. ( BANKS AND BANKERS. Harvey, president ; William H. Norris, cashier ; and Walter B. Brooks, Charles F. Mayer, Matthew B. Clark, J. G. Harvey, William S. Young, William M. Burns, D. Fahnestock, T. H. Garrett, Francis Burns, Jr., George F. Sloan, and John Black, directors. The old banking-house has been removed, and a new building on the site of the old is now (1881) in course of construction. The Chesapeake Bank of Baltimore.— This insti- tution was organized at a meeting held March 15, 1832, at which Joshua Turner was chairman, and Samuel Barnes secretary, as the " Baltimore Eastern Savings Institution." On the 8th of May, 1832, books were opened for subscriptions at Mr. Worthington's house, on Gay Street, and at Peter Fenby's store, on Market Street, Fell's Point, by the following commissioners: Wm. Reany, Samuel Barnes, Joshua Mott, John S. Gittings, Wm. Loney, Wm. H. Hansouj Samuel Wil- liams, Peter Fenby, J. Fitch, Wm. Kusk, Ezekiel Dorsey, Robert Wilson, and B. J. Sanders. On the 29lh of January, 1833, the institution was incorpo- rated by the Legislature as the " Baltimore Eastern Savings Company," with the following persons as incorporators : John S. Gittings, Samuel Williams, William Reany, Joshua Turner, Richard W. Adams, Townsend Scott, Samuel Rankin, Alexander Kirk- land, Wm. Loney, Kensey Johns, Thomas Wilson, William G. Harrison, B. J. Sanders, John Amos, Jonathan Fitch, David Stewart, Samuel Barnes, Wm. H. Hanson, Wm. Rusk, Peter Feuby, Robert Howard, and Wm. Hickley. The office of the company was at first at No. 27 North Gay Street, but in April, 1833, it was removed to the southwest corner of Gay and Fayette Streets. On the 29th of March, 1836, an act was passed authorizing the conversion of the Balti- more Eastern Savings Company into the Chesapeake Bank, with a capital stock of not less than $500,000, nor more than $1,000,000. On the 5th of May, 1836, books were opened for subscriptions in Baltimore, Frederick, Philadelphia, and New York, by the fol- lowing commissioners : John S. Gittings, Robert How- ard, Joshua Turner, John Kettlewell, John Amos, Robert Purviance, Jr., James C. Gittings, George G. Belt, Henry Rieman, J. I. Donaldson, A. Constable, James Elmore, Peter Fenby, Alexander Kirkland, Townsend Scott, Wm. Ridgeway, John H. Ehlen, Archibald McRoberts, D. J. Ruddach, Samuel Scrib- ner, Jacob Heald, and Garret Brown. In 1835, John S. Gittings was elected president of the bank, and held that position until his death, Dec. 8, 1879. In 1836, Mr. Gittings was appointed commissioner of loans for the State of Maryland, which office he filled until removed through a change in the State's administra- tion. He was reinstated under Democratic rule, but again removed under Republican administration. When the State of Maryland stopped payment of interest, the Chesapeake Bank made such large ad- vances to sustain the State's credit that it was forced to suspend temporarily. Its charter expired in April, 1880, and was not renewed. The banking building is on the southeast corner of North and Fayette Streets. On the 30th of January, 1864, the bank was the victim of an adroit swindle by which it lost $3700, and on Tuesday, June 26, 1866, two packages of notes amounting to $11,000 were stolen in open day from the desk of the receiving teller. Second National Bank. — This institution was in- corporated on the 0th of March, 1833, as the Fell's Point Savings Institution of Baltimore. The incor- porators were James Corner, William H. Conklin, James Curtice, R. D. Millholland, Matthew Kelly, Walter Price, George V. Sprecklsen, William David- son, William Hubbard, Patrick Cooney, John Glass, Ezekiel Dorsey, Joseph Gilbert, William Inloes, James Biays, Alexander Cummins, William H. Clen- dinen, William Wickersham, Thomas Curtean, John Stansbury, Robert Dutton, David R. Wilson, Peter Leary, and William Gardner. On the 28th of March, 1836, an act was passed providing conditionally for the conversion of the Fell's Point Savings Institution into the Eastern Bank of Baltimore, with a capital of not less than $260,000, nor more than $500,000. By the supplementary acts of 1836 and 1837 the time originally allowed for complying with the conditions was extended, but the institution failed to avail itself of the authority to change its corporate name and character. By authority of an act of Assembly passed March 8, 1864, and under the provisions of the na- tional banking law, the institution, on the 5th of May, 1864, commenced business as a national bank, with a capital of $350,000, and with John J. Abrahams, E. U. Robinson, Jacob W. Hugg, Samuel Butler, John S, Oilman, R. K. Hawley, and J. H. Hugg as di- rectors. Mr. Abrahams was the first president of the institution after it became a national bank, and John W. Randolph cashier. The location of the bank was formerly at 173 South Broadway, but on the 11th of October, 1865, it was removed to its present location, 147 South Broadway, corner of Eastern Avenue. Its present capital is $500,000, and par value of stock $100. The officers are John S. Gilman, president ; J. H. Bawden, cashier ; Directors, Edward W. Robin- son, John S. Gilman, Horace Abbott, Alexander Jones, E. K. Hawley, C. C. Homer, and J. J. Robin- The Merchants' National Bank was incorporated on the 11th of March, 1835, with an authorized capi- tal of $2,000,000, in shares of $100 each. Samuel Hoff- man, John B. Howell, Thomas Harrison, Wm. Craw- ford, Jr., Thomas W. Hall, Osmand C. Tiffany, Jo- seph Todhunter, Samuel Jones, Jr., Alexander Mur- dock, Evan P. Thomas, James Barroll, and John Gibson were appointed commissioners to receive sub- scriptions, and books were opened for this purpose on the 4th of May of the same year in Baltimore and in the counties throughout the State. During the ten days on which the books were open the subscrip- tions amounted to more than thirty-six millions of HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. dollars in Baltimore alone, the charter limiting the (.■:i])ital to two millions. In July following George Brown was ck'ctcd president, and J. B. Howell, Joscpli Todliuntcr, Osmond C. Tiffany, Samuel .Jones, Jr., Thomas W. Hall, James Barroll, Evan I'. Thomas, Win. Crawford, Jr., Thomas Harrison, Samuel Hoffman, John Gibson, and Alexander Mur- (lock were elected directors. Mr. Brown was suc- ceeded by John McKim, Jr., and Mr. McKim by James Swann, in June, 1837. In June, 1865, the in- stitution became a national bank, under the name of the Merchants' National Bank. Daniel Sprigg was cashier of the bank from its establishment until his death, on the 21st of January, 1871. The present capital of the bank is $1,500,000, and par value of stock $100. The surplus capital is $455,000. The banking-house is situated at the southwest corner of Gay and Second Streets. The officers are Alexander H. Stump, president ; Douglass H. Stump, cashier ; Alex- ander H. Stump, Wm. H. Graham, Joseph P. Elliott, George P. Frick, Richard D. Fisher, Wm. H. Bald- win, Jr., L. W. Gunther, and Robinson W. Cator. The National Farmers and Planters' Bank of Baltimore was iiic<,ri"iruted April 4, 1836, with an authorized capital of 82,000,000, the following gentle- men being appointed commissioners to receive sub- scriptions: Joseph W. Patterson, Hugh Boyle, James Hooper, William Cooke, Luther J. Cox, John Brad- ford, Robert D. Burns, Thomas R. Mathews, David { Keener, William Thompson, Galloway Cheston, Wil- liam E. Mayhew, William Hughlett, John C. Henry, Charles S. W. Dorsey, and William Ferguson. On the 6th of April notice was given by the commission- ers that books for subscriptions to the capital stock would be opened at the Baltimore House on the 9th of May, and at a meeting of the Board of Directors at the same place on the 10th of June, James Ches- ton was unanimously elected president. The bank commenced business Oct. 4, 1836. Mr. Cheston died May 31, 1843, and was succeeded July 5th by Wil- liam E. Mayhew, who died April 10, 1860, and on the same date was succeeded by Enoch Pratt, who still holds that position. The bank has had but two cashiers,— Thomas B. Rutter, elected June 27, 1836, died Nov. 4, 1867, and the present cashier, Richard Cornelius, elected Nov. 7, 1867. The bank com- menced business at No. 17 South Street. On September 28, 1867, it was moved to its present location, corner of South and German Streets. On May 15, 1865, it was organized as a national bank. The amount of capi- tal stock paid in Dec. 31, 1880, was $800,000. The l)resent officers are Enoch Pratt, president ; Richard Cornelius, cashier; Directors, Enoch Pratt, Thomas Whitridge, William Hopkins, Lawrence Thomson, David L. Bartlett, Francis White, J. Alexander Shri- vcr, Philip T. George, Charles T. Boehm, and Henry Walters. Enoch Pratt, president of the National Farmers and Planters' Bank, was born in North Middle- borough, Plymouth Co., Mass., Sept. 10, 1808, and is the son of Isaac Pratt and Naomi Keith. His an- cestor, Phineas Pratt, who arrived at Plymouth, Mass., in the ship " Ann" in 1623, and died at Charleston April 9, 1680, at the age of eighty-seven years, was cotemporary with the Pilgrim fathers, and was one of those who fled from persecution in the Old World to enjoy political and religious liberty in the new laud. On the maternal side he is descended from Rev. James Keith, who came to Massachusetts from Scotland in the year 1662 and settled at Bridge- water. Enoch Pratt left school at the age of fifteen, and served an apprenticeship of six years as a clerk in a Boston store, where his business faculties were early developed, and he exhibited those qualities of clear judgment and tireless application that have since made him a leading financier and capitalist in his adopted city. In 1831, Mr. Pratt removed to Baltimore and engaged in business as a commission merchant. He founded the very successful whole- sale iron house of E. Pratt & Bro., which now con- sists of himself and Henry Janes, and has given much of his time and ability to important financial and industrial enterprises. He is president of the Farmers and Planters' National Bank, vice-presi- dent of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company, and a director of the Savings- Bank of Baltimore. In the early days of the Phila- delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, Mr. Pratt had no hesitation in taking a large block of its stock, by which action he identified himself with a line of railway which in its accommodations to the public is not surpassed anywhere, and in whose admin- istration he has ever since exercised an influence as valuable as powerful. He has filled many offices in connection with reformatory and charitable institu- tions, and is now president of the House of Reforma- tion and Instruction for Colored Children, at Chelten- ham, Prince George's Co., Md., and a member of the Board of Managers of the Maryland House of Correc- tion. The Cheltenham institution would hardly have been established but for Mr. Pratt's liberality and perseverance. He saw with grief that there was actually no refuge for the homeless and friendless multitude of colored children swarming in the streets of Baltimore and left to grow up in idleness and vice, and he projected, with the aid of a few kindred spirits, the House of Reformation, where these waifs are now- kindly cared for and taught to become good and in- dustrious men, freely donating his own farm property for its site. The Priihoily Institute has for many years been benefited 1>\ ilir iiilluriice of Mr. Pratt in its administration, and as its treasurer his experience in financial affiiirs has been given to the management of the millions bequeathed to Baltimore by the late eminent banker. He has also taken much interest in the Nursery and Child's Hospital, one of the noblest of local charities, and in the Maryland Insti- tute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts. The BANKS AND BANKERS. 465 costly clock in the tower of the Institute Building is his gift. In 1877 he was unanimously elected by the City Council one of the finance commissioners of Bal- timore, a post of honor and great responsibility. This was all the more a compliment to him personally for the reason that he was politically opposed to the dominant party, and was the only Republican ever invited by a Democratic City Council to accept the position. As a commissioner his ripe wisdom and thorough knowledge were invaluable in shaping the financial policy of the municipality, but the pressure of private business compelled his withdrawal from the board. In 1880, Mr. Pratt was solicited to become the Republican candidate for Congress from the Fourth District of Maryland, but he was unable to sacrifice his business interests to the call of party, and was compelled to decline the nomination that had been tendered him by the convention. For a j short time he was president of the Baltimore City I Passenger Railway Company, and until recently was a very heavy stockholder in that corporation. He is in the fall possession of mental and physical vigor, and enjoying the rewards of an unspotted career embracing more than half a century of active business life. Un- assuming in manner and never courting public no- toriety, Mr. Pratt is still an exceedingly acute ob- server of men and events, and takes a most intelligent interest in politics and legislation when they afiect I the general welfare, and his influence has frequently been felt in the City Councils and the legislative halls at Annapolis in procuring action upon import- ant measures. He quickly sees through a mask that is intended to hide a mischievous project, and has exposed many whose success would have been a public calamity. On Aug. 1, 1839, Mr. ,Pratt was married to Maria Louisa Hydz, whose paternal ancestors ! were among the earliest settlers of Massachusetts, j while on the mother's side she is descended from a German family who located in Baltimore more than a hundred and fifty years ago. They are childless. The Howard Bank, northwest corner of Howard and Fayette Streets, was incorporated on the 5th of February, 1848, as the Howard Street Savings-Bank, with Joseph Simms, Elias Shaw, George C. Addison, Anthony Bonm, George R. Cinnamond, Benjamin C. Barroll, Nathan C. Brooks, Samuel Guest, Moses G. Hinds, William Robinson, Daniel C. H. Emory, John G. Hewes, James L. Collins, William H. Emory, S. M. Cochrane, William Gunnison, Charles S. Willit, David Whitson, John Showacre, George R. Quail, William Gibson, Jr., John Higham, William E. Whetson, John B. Emory, William Reese, Amos B. Shaw, John Ahern, James M. Lester, George M. Smith, William S. Browning, John A. Thompson, John C. Smith, Lawson P. Keach, Charles W. Keach, Wells Chase, Allen T. Lewis, Solomon' H. Phillips, James Matthews, and James Macpherson as incorpo- rators. By the act of March 9, 1850, the bank was empowered to issue notes of the nature and in the usual form of bank-notes, and by the act of March 10, 1854, the name of the institution was changed to the Howard Bank, and its powers further enlarged. Its capital is $200,000, and par value of stock $10. Samuel Edwards is president, Thomas G. Ridgeway cashier; Directors, James S. Wilson, R. Lawson, Caleb Kelly, John R. Cox, Henry Wirt, David Har- lan, D. C. Weaver, Samuel Edmonds, G. N. Hollo- way, Jr., John Ferry, Joseph Fink, John G. Me- Cullough. The People's Bank. — This bank was incorporated on the 18th of May, 185.3, as the Fremont Savings Institution, with Joseph Harvey, William G. Thomas, Jesse Hay, William Wilkins, Thomas J. Townsend, James W. Bowers, Joseph H. Curley, William M. Woods, Peter Deible, Isaac Mules, Joshua H. Hynes, Jr., E. Morrison, James C. Kirkle, Philip J. Thomas, H. C. Forman, J. H. Hynes, Simon S. Bowis, and James Mitchell as incorporators. By the act of March 6, 1856, the bank was empowered, with the consent of the depositors, to convert the deposits into capital stock to the extent of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. It was further authorized to re- ceive additional subscriptions to the stock created as above, and it was provided that as soon as seventy-five thousand dollars should be paid as part of the capital stock the corporation might assume and adopt the name of the "People's Bank of Baltimore," and under that name should be entitled to all the rights of other banking institutions of the State, together with its former privilege of receiving money on de- posit as a saving institution. The first banking-house was situated on the south side of West Baltimore Street, between Schroeder and Oregon Streets ; at present it is at the northwest corner of Baltimore and Paca Streets. The first president of the People's Bank was Miles White. He was succeeded by David Carson, who served in that position for twelve years. At his death he was succeeded by Jacob J. Taylor, who was followed by E. A. Clabaugh. On the night of the 15th of August, 1868, about ten thousand dol- lars was stolen from the bank by burglars, who ef- fected an entrance through the west wall of an ad- joining warehouse. The capital is $111,740, and par value of stock $20. The present officers are E. A. Clabaugh, president ; Theodore G. Austin, cashier ; and H. H. Chase, E. A. Clabaugh, W. H. Brown, William H. Abrahams, and J. H. Judick, board of directors. The Bank of Commerce, No. 26 South Street, was chartered on the 10th of March, 1854, with Moore N. Falls, Frederick Schumaker, Lewis Au- doun, John Wilson, and Charles R. Taylor as incor- porators, with an authorized capital of $.300,000. In 1855 it was found necessary to reorganize the manage- ment, and Jas. W. Alnutt was elected president, and Geo. C. Miller cashier. Its present capital is $202,- 500. Its 'officers are Eugene Levering, president; James R. Edmunds, cashier ; Directors, Eugene Lev- 466 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ering, Geo. O. Manning, Charles Reeder, Thomas H. Hanson, James S. Forbes, James R. Clark, and John C. King. The Old Town Bank, southeast corner of Gay and E.\eter Streets, was incorporated on the 2d of March, 1858, as tlie Old Town Savings Institution of Balti- more. It provided in the charter that the institution should always be located east of Jones' Falls and north of Baltimore Street. The incorporators were Wni. Whitelock, H. F. Stickney, Caleb W. Burgess, James Musgrove, Charles B. Green, James "Webb, Samuel McCubbin, Joseph C. Boyd, James McNiel, Jr., George J. Kennard, Charles H. Mercer, James Lucas, James D. Mason, William J. King, Edmund Wolf, Thomas J. Welby, James R. Flemming, Wm. P. Leightner, Wm. Rogers, and Winston Barnes. The first officers were Wm. Whitelock, jiresident; C. W. Burgess, treasurer ; Joseph C. Boyd, H. F. Stick- ney, James Musgrove, Thomas J. Welby, James Webb, James D. Mason, Richard Fonder, Charles W. Ely, George J. Kennard, and Anion Green, directors. James Webb succeeded Mr. Whitelock as president on the 9th of April, 1861, and E. G. Hipsley succeeded Mr. Webb on the 5th of January, 1875. By the act of 1872, ch. 6, the name of the institution was changed to the " Old Town Bank of Baltimore," and the origi- nal charter amended in various particulars. By this act it was provided that the capital of the bank should be $500,000, divided into shares of the par value of $10 each, and that as soon as one hundred thousand dollars should be paid up the corporation should be entitled to all the rights, powers, and privileges of other State banking institutions. The present capital is $150,000. The officers are E. G. Hipsley, president; Theodore F. Wilcox, cashier; Directors, Wm. H. B. Fusselbaugh, James Musgrove, Lewis Seldner, Chas. W. Hatter, Beruhard Clark, Daniel Donnelly, Chas. Tyler, and N. Rufus Gill. The First National Bank was incorporated under the national currency act of February, 1863, and was organized November 16th of the same year. Dec. 2, 1863, a meeting of the stockholders was held in the president and directors' room of the Citizens' Bank, corner of Pratt and Hanover Streets, and on motion of Johns Hopkins, Gen. Columbus O'Don- nell took the chair, and J. W. Guest, cashier of the Citizens' Bank, was appointed secretary of the meet- ing. The articles of association were read and signed, and it was shown that one million ten thou- sand dollars had already been subscribed. On mo- tion of Thomas Wilson, Messrs. Wm. Kennedy, Wm. Fisher, and Archibald Sterling, Sr., were appointed a committee to nominate nine directors, and reported the names of the following gentlemen, who were elected : Thomas Swann, Columbus O'Donnell, John Clark, Benjamin Deford, Wm. J. Albert, Horace Abbott, Thomas Kelso, Wm. E. Hooper, and Johns Hopkins. Immediately after their election, the di- rectors elcctc,96.'>.04 Amount paid, expenses 30,894.50 Amouut paid, taxes 20,730.88 2,2,37,691.02 Leaving amount of funds, 31st December, 1880 $14,696,567.85 The ofiicers are Archibald Stirling, president, who succeeded Joseph Gushing, Sr., in 1849 ; David Bald- win, treasurer ; S. McLee Richardson, assistant treas- urer ; Directors, A. Stirling, Edward Kurtz, Thomas C. Jenkins, N. Popplein, Samuel Kirby, George S. Brown, Thomas Whitridge, Solomon Corner, Austin ^r(r(/% ^^l^7~l'lW4 BANKS AND BANKERS. trade, in which she was employed for five or six years, and then sold in Boston, Mass. In 1853 he built the " Isabella C. Jones" for the tobacco trade to Europe. In 1858 he built the fine vessel " Gen. Strieker," and in 1859, at the solicitation of his family, he withdrew ! from tlie quarter-deck to a more retired life at home. I He continued to build and run vessels, but not to j sail and command them. In 1862 he built the " Su- I sie M. Jones," which he afterwards sold in Bremen. The " Isabella C. Jones" was lost at sea with all her officers and men, except Capt. Wm. Caleb Jones, the son of Capt. Alex. Jones. He owned the " Crest of the Waves," lost off Hog Island in 1870, and in which disaster his son, Capt. Wm. Caleb Jones, perished. In addition to the vessels above named, Capt. Jones built the " Gamaliel," the " Ellen Stewart," the " Isa- bella," the " Alexander Jones," the " Kate Jones," as well as several boats of very great power and beauty of form and construction, especially the "Mary Shaw" and the " Anna Bell." In 1862, profiting by his per- sonal experience of the benefits which savings-banks confer, he established the Broadway Savings-Bank, of which he has been continuously president, and serving without pay or emolument. The bank, like its founder, has always been safe, reliable, useftil to the community, and content to grow slow while it grows safe. The first thousand dollars which Capt. Jones ever collected together was the deposit in the savings-bank, and the accumulation was so quick and without any inconvenience to himself that the experience gained of the benefit to be derived from savings determined him to devote his time and ex- perience to building up such an institution. Capt. Jones more than fifty years ago connected himself with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and has always worshiped in the Broadway Church of that denomination. The Seamen's Bethel Union, of which he has been a director for many years, has al- ways benefited by his knowledge of the habits, cus- toms, idiosyncrasies, and prejudices of sailors ; of the Charitable Marine Society he has also been a man- ager for many years. In 1833 he married Ann Shaw. The children of this marriage were Elizabeth Ellen, married to Capt. Benjamin Franklin Henderson, of New Jersey; Susannah, who married John H. Hugg, of Baltimore; William Caleb, lost at sea. After the death of his wife Capt. Jones married her sister, Isa- bella C. Shaw, on the 7th of March, 1850. The children of this marriage were Mary Ann, deceased ; Alex- ander Franklin; Thomas Bennett, deceased; Isabella C, married to William S. Ireland, of New Jersey ; Benetta Eugenia, deceased ; and Emma Virginia, now about fourteen years of age. In person Capt. Jones is of medium height, heavily and muscularly built, with a full and friendly coun- tenance. His life has been that of a Christian gentle- man, earnest and philanthropic, unostentatious and unobtrusive, quiet, positive, and faithful towards God and man. In politics a firm Democrat, avoiding office, except such as those whose duties came within the line of his professional life as a member of the Har- bor Board. Such a man is an ornament to his church and the community in which he lives. Maryland Savings-Bank of Baltimore.— This institution was incorporated March 25, 1881, and began business with the following board of directors: William H. Baldwin, Jr., Calvin S. Shriver, Thomas Deford, Patrick H. McGill, Jacob G. Stoneburner, Edgar G. Miller, Aubry Pearson, J. Franklin Dix, John H. Bash, George O. Manning, Thomas C. Bass- hor, and Hazeltine G. Vickery. Miscellaneous Savings Institutions.— Among former banking institutions of Baltimore which passed away after an ephemeral existence were the " Com- mercial Savings Institution," incorporated in 1832; the " Mechanics' Savings In.stitution," which sus- pended in May, 1842; the "Minors' Savings Associa- tion of East Baltimore," which closed in 1862; the " Commercial Bank of Baltimore," which was char- tered in 1835; the "Patapsco Savings Fund," which, to use the language of that day, " exploded" in Sep- tember, 1840; the "American Bank," which was in- corporated in 1856, and closed June 19, 1858 ; and the " Maryland Savings Institution," which, after an ex- istence of about seven years, suspended May 6, 1834. In 1840 the following banking institutions sus- pended operations; "Real Estate Savings Institu- tion," " Foreign and Domestic E.xchange Institution," "Patapsco," "Savings," "Mechanics'," "Baltimore Savings," " Central Savings," and " City Trust." "Orders" of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Com- pany were also issued for large amounts, and coming into the hands of speculators at a very low rate, were redeemed by the city at their face value for city stock, which was then selling for about forty-five cents on the dollar. TAX ASSESSMENTS (FKOM THE OFFICE OF STATE TAX COMMISSIONER) FOR Savings-banks in Baltimore Citv. Accounts under Amount lit T„,a, Deposits. ^-"''"fnl -le ,„ Tax Broadway Savings-Bank of Baltimore $236,2.S5.69 Central Savings-Banli of Baltimore 1,367,502.00 Eutaw Savings-Bank of Baltimore 6,225,190.37 Eastern Mechanics' Savings Institution of Baltimore... 10,372.00 German Savings-Bank of Baltimore 324,553.83 Metropolitan Savings-Bank of Baltimore 555,754.90 Peabody Savings Institution of Baltimore City 12,676.71 Savings-Bank of Baltimore 14,035,136.00 823,628.66 $9,482.13 203,625.00 171,482.00 461,200.110 2,606,542.37 10,372.00 50,117.00 8,460.00 !!!"!!!!"!!! i'fi'e.i'i 730,320.00 3,481,386.00 Value of Real Prop- $12,960.00 72,145.00 67,738.00 94,683.00 239,865!oO $19,525.00 164,760.00 692,ii90.00 474 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Alexander Brown & Sons.— In addition to the incorporated banks of tliis city, tliere are numerous strong and substantial individual and partnership bankers, through whom large amounts of the floating capital of wealthy citizens find investment. The oldest of these private banking-liouses is that of Alexander Brown & Sons, established in 1811. The parent-house of Brown Brothers & Co., in New York, John A. Brown & Co., in Philadelphia, and though one year younger than that of Brown, Shipley & Co., in Liverpool and London, was yet always re- garded as the head of the great banking-houses of the Browns. Alexander Brown died in 1834, leaving a memory fragrant with deeds of substantial business kindness and charities. His remark on the occasion of a financial panic that " no merchant in Baltimore should be allowed to fail who can show he is solvent" illustrates both the kindness of heart and the wisdom of head that made him the greatest of American bankers. His son George continued the firm-name of Alexander Brown & Sons, and he too was one of the most valuable citizens Baltimore ever had. Fore- most in all great and good enterprises, comprehensive in his views of business, and expansive in enterprise, he was one of the moving spirits that inaugurated the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He died in 18.^9. The firm after his death consisted of George S. Brown, W. H. Graham, and W. G. Bowdoin, and still maintains the high standing imparted to it by Alex- ander Brown, the father, and George Brown, his son. In 1853, B. IJ. Campbell, a well-known and highly- esteemed citizen, cashier of the Patapsco Bank of Ellicott City, became connected with the house, and the same year Wm. Graham, then of Gittings, Don- aldson & Graham, became connected also with the firm. Col. Campbell died in 1855. The banking- house of Alexander Brown & Sons was formed by the late Alexander Brown, who was born in the north of Ireland in 1764, and came of that robust and vigorous stock which has sent great and grand men all over the world, and has notably promoted the prosperity of the American republic. Mr. Brown was married at Ballymena, Ireland, where all his children were born, and where he was engaged in business. In the year 1800, leaving his younger children — George, John A., and James — to be educated in England, he came with his wife and his eldest son, William, to Baltimore. He was induced to take this step by his brother, Stewart Brown, who had previously estab- lished himself in business in Baltimore, and by his friend and brother-in-law. Dr. George Brown, who had married a sister of his wife, and who, without being related to him by blood, bore the same surname, and had settled in Baltimore in the year 1783. Al- exander Brown brought with him sufiicient capital to permit him to undertake the importation and sale of Irish linens. Previous to the days of cotton manu- facturing on a large scale, these linens were an im- portant article of commerce, and I ;h his de ings in them Mr. Brown was gradually drawn into a gen- eral shipping business, and then into acting as a banker for firms and individuals in foreign trade, and for persons coming from abroad to this country. In 1810, William Brown went to Liverpool, where he and his brother James established the house of William & James Brown & Co., which subsequently became Brown, Shipley & Co., with a branch in Lon- don. William Brown for many years represented the county of Lancashire in the British Parliament, and in 1862 was created a baronet by Queen Victoria in consideration of his eminent commercial position, and his gift to the city of Liverpool of a munificent endowment of a free public library, and the erection of a noble building for its accommodation. He died in 1864, leaving an immense fortune. In 1811 the firm of Alexander Brown & Sons was formed in Bal- timore; and in 1818, John A. Brown established a branch of the house in Philadelphia; and in 1825, James Brown settled in New York and established the firm of Brown Brothers & Co. John A. Brown retired in 1839, and the title of the New York and Philadelphia houses is now the same. Alexander Brown and his son George remained in Baltimore, and conducted the aft'airs of the parent-house in America. So long as the former lived Baltimore was the headquarters of all the houses, and several times each year, and on all occasions of importance, the brothers met here to consult with their father and with each other. Thus the widely-ramified business was like the parts of agreatmachine working smoothly in unison. While all the family were conspicuously sagacious financiers, Alexander Brown's was the guiding and controlling mind that decided all ques- tions of doubt or difficulty. He had had but little education in schools and books, but his genius for business was of the very first order, and his unassail- able integrity made the name of his house respected in all the financial centres of Christendom. The commercial bills of the Browns have been for years as well known and as highly appreciated in the marts of the world as those of the Rothschilds. Alexander and his son George predicated the future of railroads. They saw the vast benefits which would result from the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and in its inception they aided it lib- erally with their means, besides devoting much per- sonal care and attention to its business, and the ex- periments in what was then the novel science of railroading. The first meeting of the pioneers in this enterprise was held in the parlor of George Brown. Alexander Brown died in 1834 of pneumonia, which he contracted while presiding over a meeting of mer- chants at the Exchange on a very cold winter's day. The meeting had been called on the occasion of a financial panic resulting from the failure of the Bank of Maryland, and Mr. Brown then declared most em- phatically that no merchant who could show that he was solvent should be permitted to foil. After his AaJSS^Sa-TDHIHJ. BANKS AND BANKERS. death, George Brown, who was born at Ballymena, Ireland, in 1787, became the head of the Baltimore house. With perhaps less enterprise than his father, he was equally prudent and prescient, and was equally indefatigable in his application to business. When in 1827 the Mechanics' Bank was carried to the verge of insolvency by bad management, he consented to be- come its president, and in a short time placed it in a more prosperous condition than it had ever known before. Curiously enough, years afterwards his son, George Stewart Brown, successfully presided over the same institution, having been called to the rescue of it after it had sustained a serious disaster. George Brown was the founder and for some time the pre- sident of the Merchants' Bank, and the first presi- dent of the Society for the Improvement of the Con- dition of the Poor. The House of Refuge was an object of his special care. He was one of the origi- nal trustees of the Peabody Institute. At the age of forty-nine, when he was a merchant and banker of the highest standing, he faithfully served in a volunteer cavalry company which was raised by the citizens after the sanguinary riot of 1835 to pre- serve the peace. He died in 1859, possessed of the largest fortune ever held up to that time by a citizen of Maryland. His wife, Mrs. Isabella Brown, is still living at an advanced age. Although her husband made no provision for charity in his will, she has car- ried out what were known to be his wishes, and many thousands of dollars have been expended by her in pursuance of them. She built the beautiful Brown Memorial Church on Park Avenue. The banking- firm now consists of her son, George Stewart Brown, William H. Graham, and W. G. Bowdoin. Mr. Brown is paymaster-general of the State of Mary- land, and has held many positions of trust and honor in commercial, benevolent, and religious enterprises. He was president of the Baltimore and Havana Steam- ship Company, and is a director in the National Mechanics' Bank, and a member of the Board of Park Commissioners. He has been a manager of the House of Refuge since 1859, and for several years of the Asylum for the Blind, and also of the Maryland Bible Society. He is one of the trustees of the Pea- body Institute, and has been connected with the Canton Company for twenty-three years, either as vice-president or director. He is identified with the Young Men's Christian Association, and is the most liberal contributor to its support. He has twice served the city as a member of the Board of Harbor Commissioners and the Commission on Manufactures. Mr. Brown is very retiring in his disposition, but he is nevertheless a thoroughly public-spirited citi- zen, considering that no question relative to the po- litical or commercial affairs of the city is unworthy the attention of men who have its best interests at heart. Without making any display, he accomplishes a great deal of good work, and his house is one of the financial bulwarks of the city. He inherits the busi- ness acumen of his father and grandfather, and sus- tains the reputation of the firm which they established. He married, in 1857, Miss Harriet Eaton, of New York City. They have one son, Alexander, named after his great-grandfather. Nicholson & Sons.— In 1828 the four sons of Chris- topher Nicholson — viz., John J., Isaac L., Gustavus, and Columbus — established on the corner of Howard and Baltimore Streets, and also on Harrison Street, the banking-houses of J. J. Nicholson & Sons, and of Isaac L. Nicholson & Co. These firms, like that of Alexander Brown & Sons, have never changed their names, never encountered financial disaster, and from father to son the name and character has descended unimpaired, and to-day enjoy solid stand- ing and confidence in the community. The elder Nicholson never left the legitimate sphere of his busi- ness to engage in speculations, never indorsed a note, and never had a lawsuit. In 1843, John S. Nichol- son was assaulted on the corner of Baltimore and Paca Streets, when going home, and robbed of $12,000, which, in a tin box, he was carrying home. The gang of robbers consisted of five loafers who belonged to a volunteer fire company in the neighborhood. The robbers were afterwards apprehended on the testimony of one of their confederates, and convicted and sent to the penitentiary for long terms ; two of them died in prison, and the others were pardoned upon the in- tercession of Mr. Nicholson. John S. Nicholson died Aug. 18, 1879, at the age of seventy-five years. Robert Garrett & Sons.— The house of Robert Garrett & Sous was founded by Robert Garrett, the father of John W. Garrett, president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The senior member of this great banking-house was born in the north of Ireland, and died from an attack of paralysis on Feb. 4, 1857. His parents emigrated to this country when he was about eight years of age and settled in Cumberland County, Pa., where he resided with them until 1804, when he came to Baltimore. He commenced his commercial career in this city as a clerk in the store of Patrick Dinsmore, in which capacity he remained some four years, when he- became a partner in the firm known as Wallace & Garrett, which continued up to the year 1812, when the partnership was dissolved. Mr. Gar- rett then removed to Middletown, Washington Co., Pa., and entered into business there, but returned to Baltimore about 1820, and became actively engaged in commercial pursuits. About the year 1836 the firm so extensively and favorably known as Robert Gar- rett & Sons was formed, and has continued to this time, being justly regarded as one of the most opu- lent and enterprising financial and exchange houses in our midst, having been of late years engaged in large and important operations and negotiations for corporate companies and individuals. The original location was at the warehouse No. 34 North Howard Street, and for its own convenience the banking oper- ations were connected with the business of the house 476 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. which in the course of time became the active corre- spondents and representatives of George Peabody & Co., of London, and of other well-known European firms, as well as of many prominent mercantile firms in the Westerti States, and held a leading position in the commerce of the city. Kobert Garrett, the founder of the house, thoroughly appreciated the unlimited re- sources and growing importance of the West, as well as the geographical advantages of Baltimore, and spared no pains in developing commercial relations with that section. Robert Garrett was by nature affa- ble and courteous in his intercourse with all, either as a man of business or socially ; his life, which was one of usefulness, was so passed as to command the good will of all who knew him. As a benevolent citizen, there were few of our charitable institutions at the time of his death but were the recipients of his bounty. At the time of his death he was a director of the West- ern Bank, the Eutaw Savings-Bank, and the Baltimore Gas Company. His sons, Henry S. Garrett, the eldest, and John W. Garrett, were no less alive to the importance of Balti- more's trade connections with the Western States, and when they became members of the firm threw them- selves with great spirit into their father's plans, and by their energy and enterprise soon greatly advanced the commercial interests of the city, while at the same time enlarging the scope of thhir own business. The mem- bers of the firm were among the earliest and most zealous supporters of all practical measures looking to the opening of communications by canal and rail- way with all sections of the country, and were among the first to grasp the true significance and scope of the great railway project which was to link Baltimore with the West. The house was subsequently removed to its present location on South Street, and became exclusively a banking establishment, operating not only in stocks, but doing a large foreign business as well, the great house of Morgan & Co., of London, being among its correspondents. The firm is at pres- ent composed of John W. Garrett and his two sons, Robert and T. Harrison Garrett. Henry S. Garrett, brother of John W. Garrett, for many years a member of the firm, died on Oct. 10, 1867, aged fifty years, deeply lamented both in business and social circles. He was a gentleman of fine business ability, of great practical benevolence, and a zealous and liberal sup- ])<)rter not only of his particular church, but of relig- ious work in all its branches. The management of the house is chiefly in the hands of T. Harrison Gar- rett, who is a member of the Baltimore Stock Board, and who is noted not only for his knowledge and ability in all matters of business and finance, but for his public spirit and cultivated tastes. His library is the largest private collection in the State, embracing works of the rarest and most unique character, and the mo.st complete bibliography of the Baltimore and (Jhio Railroad Company to be found in the country. His collection^of autograph letters is one of the lar- gest and most interesting in the United States, con- taining letters of nearly all the prominent historical personages of America from the time of Wa-shington to the present. Mr. Garret also possesses one of the best numismatic collections in the State, and is con- stantly adding to his acquisitions in this line. Wilson, Colston & Co. — The banking-house of Wilson, Colston & Co., 1.34 West Baltimore Street, was established in 1867, and is composed of James G. Wilson, Frederick M. Colston, and William B. Wilson. The members of the firm are both bankers and brokers, but the house pays especial attention to inveitment securities as distinguished from speculation. It does a large business in Southern securities, espe- cially in those of the State of Virginia, and is one of the leading firms in this branch of business. It has also had large experience in handling and introduc- ing city and other similar securities of high grade, and has won an enviable reputation for the care with which all its dealings are conducted. The house is thoroughly conservative, carefully avoiding specula- tion, and, as a consequence, has a large number of depositors and patrons. McKim & Co. — The banking-house of McKim & Co. was established in 185-5 by William McKim. Mr. McKim was the eldest son of William D. Mc- Kim. The name of McKim has long been identified with Baltimore business. John McKim, the progen- itor of the Maryland family, was born in Ireland in 1670. His son Thomas, the father of John, Alexander, and Robert, was born in Londonderry in 1710, and came to this country in 1734, and settled in Philadel- phia. His eldest son, John, was born in 1742, and came to Baltimore a very young man, and established a mercantile business on Baltimore Street near Gay. He married Margaret Duncan, of Philadelphia. He had two sons, Isaac and William D., the former of whom became a partner with the father in 1796, under the firm-name of John McKim & Co. In 1807 the father retired from business with an ample fortune, and died in 1819, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. Isaac McKim was born July 21, 1775. He took great pride in the clipper-ships, of which the " Ann McKim" was one of the fastest and most celebrated. He was in the war of 1812 aide to Gen. Samuel Smith, and advanced fifty thousand dollars to the city to aid in its defense. He was a promoter of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and one of its first Board of Directors. He was a State senator, and twice elected to Congress. He was a prominent and influential Democrat. He died in 1838, at the age of sixty-three. William D. McKim, the son of John McKim, was born in 1779 in Philadelphia, and came to Baltimore with his father in 1785. In 1806 he married Miss Has- lett, of Caroline County. He was one of the origi- nators of the Baltimore Gas Company. He died at the age of thirty-five in 1834. William McKim, his eldest son, and the founder of the house of McKim & Co., was born Dec. 21, 1808. He was educated in the ^/?//. /^^y 5=>x BANKS AND BANKERS. 477 schools of the city and St. Mary's College, and studied law with Judge Purviance, and was admitted to the bar in 1830. In 1831 he was taken into partnership with his father, who retired in the autumn of that j year, and Hastell, the brother, was taken into the house, and established the Philadelphia branch. On .Tan. 1, 1855, he established the house of McKim & Co., in which he was engaged at the time of his death. He served as a director of the Franklin Bank and the Bank of Baltimore, president of the Baltimore Marine Insurance Company and of the Northwestern Virginia Railroad Company. He was always deeply interested in politics, though steadfastly refusing all nominations or appointments. He was a member of the Whig party during the whole of its existence. He was a Unionist during the civil war, but at all times endeavored to secure mild measures for the Southern people. He died Sept. 11, 1879. John A. Hambleton & Co.— The founder of this banking-house, Thomas E. Hambleton, was born at Abingdon, Harford Co., Md., May 15, 1798, and died Aug. 18, 1876. He married, Dec. 2, 1824, Sarah A. Slinglufl', daughter of Jesse Slingluff, and sister of Jesse Slingluff, president of the Commercial and Farmers' National Bank. He was one of the origi- nators of the new Board of Water Commissioners of Baltimore in 1858, and a member of it until 1861. He organized and was the first president of the Mary- laud Fire Insurance Company, an institution whose financial foundation is as solid as a rock, and one that commands the confidence of the community. Its administrations have numbered some of the strong- est and soundest business men in the city, and its stability has never been shaken. Mr. Hambleton was an Old-Line Whig up to the commencement of the civil war, when his sympathies turned in the direc- tion of the Democratic party. He took an active part in the establishment of the cotton-factories at Elys- ville, Md., and was largely interested in other cotton- manufacturing enterprises in the city and its vicinity. He established in Baltimore a dry-goods jobbing- house, and was widely known as an honorable and successful merchant. He was a member of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church, and a director in the West- ern Bank. The ancestry of the Hambletons came from the " Hambleton Hills," England, and were farmers. In 1659 they were granted a patent for a tract of land called Martingham and Williton, in Talbot County, Md., which is still held in the family. William Hambleton received a commission April 9, 1778, as captain, and served in the Revolutionary army. Samuel Hambleton and John N. Hambleton were pursers in the navy, 'the former having been commissioned by President Jefferson in 1806. Thomas E. Hambleton had seven children, — Jesse S., John A., T. Edward, William Sherwood, Francis H., James Douglass, and Clara. Jesse Slingluff Hambleton went with Walker to Nicaragua and died there, and William Sherwood Hambleton died while on his way to Japan with Commodore Perry. John A. Hamble- ton acquired a good education, and went into the dry- goods business with his father, the firm becoming Hambleton & Son. T. Edward Hambleton graduated at St. Mary's College in 1849, and after engaging temporarily in manufacturing and in the provision trade, he too was admitted into the dry-goods firm as a partner. These two brothers were born at New Windsor, Carroll Co., Md., John A. on March 28, 1827, and T. Edward on May 17, 1829. The dry-goods business was successfully prosecuted until the open- ing of the war, when the latter's adventurous spirit and sympathy for the South carried him to Rich- mond. He made several trips to Europe through the line of Federal blockaders, and built the steamer " Dare," of which he took command. On Jan. 8, 1862, he was hotly pursued by five men-of-war, who forced him to beach his ship on the coast near Debe- due, S. C. He set her on fire and made prisoners of the boarding-party sent to take her. In 1864 he and John A. formed the banking-house of John A. Ham- bleton & Co., and for seventeen years it has stood as one of the great financial establishments of the city. It is noted for its large transactions, and for the energy with which it takes hold of important enterprises and presents them to the attention of investors. The brothers are thoroughly versed in all matters relating to commercial and financial interests, and their judg- ment upon the condition of the money-markets of the world, the actual and prospective value of securi- ties, and the opportunities for good investments of capital is invariably a safe guide. The reputation of their firm is of the very highest nature, and its enter- prise reaches out into distant fields and makes them tributary to it. They have valuable interests in In- dianapolis, Ind., in Colorado, and elsewhere through- out the West. Their weekly financial circular is a careful and reliable review of operations in the mar- kets, and an expression of sound opinion as to the future. It is indispensable to financiers, capitalists, bankers and brokers, and investors, and has become a standard necessity in this community. They have negotiated a number of large loans, and confine them- selves to a strictly legitimate business. John E. Hambleton, in 1855, married Mary E. Woolen, of Baltimore, who died in 1872, leaving three children, Grace, Bessie, and Bell. In 1874 he married Kate, daughter of Gustavus Oljer, of Baltimore. In 1852 T. Edward Hambleton married Arabella, daughter of Maj. Dixon Stansbury, of the United States army, who was taken prisoner in Canada in the war of 1812, and wounded in the Indian wars in Florida. They have had three children, Sallie S., Frank S., and Thomas S., of whom only Frank S. is living. Francis H. Hamilton is a native of Baltimore City, and is a constructing and consulting engineer. He was apprenticed in early life in the locomotive-works of Ross Winans, and was engaged with the Messrs. Winans in the building of their cigar steamships in 478 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. this country and in Europe, and in tlieir railroad work in Russia. In 1870 he returned to the United States, and hsis acted in the construction of many works whicli have required the highest degree of en- gineering skill. He has been elected an associate member of the London Institute of Civil Engineers, and a member of the American Institute of Civil Engineers. He is in the front rank of his profession, and is engineer of the Consolidated Gas Company of Baltimore. J. Douglass Hambleton, who died a few years ago, was a lawyer and orator who enjoyed a very large practice, and was one of the brightest lights of the Maryland bar. In court he was a powerful advocate ; his eloquence was pure and free, and he was ever ready to champion a righteous cause. It falls to the lot of few men in private station to be so sincerely and widely mourned as he was. . The Safe Deposit and Trust Company of Bal- timore was chartered M.arch 10, 18tj4, with Thomas Kflso, Jacob Bramdt, J. Alexander Shriver, and Ro- bert Lehr as incorporators. It was organized .July .5, 1867, by the election of Enoch Pratt as its first pres- ident. Its first location was in the basement of the National Farmers and Planters' Bank, northwest corner of German and South Streets. In April, 1874, the site of the present building, No. 9 South Street, was purchased, and on the 30th of November, 187fi, it was occupied for the first time. This company was incorporated only two years after the first company in New York of the same character. The original name under which it was incorporated was the "Safe De- posit Company of Baltimore," but by the supplemen- tal act of 1876 the name of the corporation was changed to the " Safe Deposit and Trust Company of Baltimore," and its powers considerably enlarged. Its original capital was $200,000; the present cash capital of the company, paid up in full, is $500,000. Its first president was Enoch Pratt, who served from July 5, 1867, to July 10, 1868. He was succeeded by Benjamin F. Newcomer, who is still the president of the company. By its charter the company has power to receive and hold in deposit and in trust, and as security, estate real, personal, and mixed, including notes, bonds, and obligations of States, companies, corporations, and individuals, and the same to foreclose, collect, adjust, settle, sell, and dispose of, and upon such terms as may be agreed upon between them and the parties contracting with them. The company is also author- ized to accept and execute trusts of any kind which may be committed to it, to act as receiver, trustee, administrator, executor, assignee, guardian, or com- mittee, and to perform all the functions of a /rust as well as of a deposit company. The Safe Deposit building is the most complete structure of its character in the country, and is un- surpassed by any similar building anywhere either in security or finish. It fronts forty-seven feet on South Street, with a depth of one hundred and one feet, to an alley ten feet wide in the rear. The south side is also bounded by an alley ten feet wide, and a space of three feet in width has been left open down to the foundation between it and the property on the north, thus completely isolating it from all neighboring buildings. It is strictly fire-proof, not a particle of wood entering into its construction. The foundations are of cement concrete four feet thick, laid below water level, thus effectually preventing any attack by undermining, and -the whole basement floor is formed of concrete eighteen inches thick, finished with a ce- ment pavement two inches thick. The side walls are two and a half feet thick, and the front wall five feet thick at ground level. The main floor is constructed with heavy rolled-iron beams filled in with brick arches, and overlaid with marble tiles two by three and a half feet, and two inches in thickness ; the roof is constructed of elliptical wrought-iron trusses, with wrought-iron rafters, filled in between the spaces with fire-proof hollow blocks, over which is a coating of French cement, forming a bed for the outer covering of slate, which is secured with copper nails. Heavy iron bars extend between the upper part of the build- ing and the Franklin Bank building, which is a few feet higher, to prevent the walls of the latter from falling towards the former should fire occur in the bank. The great burglar and fire-proof vault is the main and striking feature of the building, and is a master- piece of strength and beauty. It occupies the whole width of the room (allowing a passage on each side and in the rear), and has a depth of about thirty-six feet. The front is of iron, painted in almost perfect imitation of bronze. The massive doors are elab- orately ornamented with plated and polished bolt- work, are three in number, and five feet wide. The outer doors are fire-proof, being one foot thick, filled in with fine cement concrete, and the two inner doors are burglar-proof, consisting of eight layers of welded and hardened steel and iron measuring four inches thick, secured with two-inch steel bolts on all sides. The vault consists of inner walls of steel and iron three inches thick on all sides, top and bottom, bolted and riveted together with conical twisted steel and iron bolts, with square ends riveted flush on the inside, and all thoroughly drill-proof. This is en- i cased by a solid brick wall two feet thick on all I sides, top and bottom, with a space between of one foot, filled in with fire-proof concrete made of pure cement. The present ofliccrs of the company are B. F. New- comer, president; Francis T. King, vice-president; W. A. Wisong, secretary and treasurer; B. F. New- comer, Francis T. King, William F. Burns, W. F. j Walter, Henry S. Shyrock, S. M. Shoemaker, and I Hollins McKim, directors; Counsel, Edward Otis Hinkley. Benjamin Franklin Newcomer, president of the ^^c^< BANKS AND BANKERS. Safe Deposit and Trust Company, was born in Wash- ington County, Md., April 28, 1827, and is the son of John and Catharine Newcomer, his fatlier having descended from a Swiss family that came to Phila- delphia in the first quarter of the last century. Some of the Newcomers settled in Lancaster County, Pa., and from there Christian, Peter, and Henry New- comer removed to the vicinity of Hagerstowu, Wash- ington Co., Md., where they became the owners of large estates. Benjamin F., who is a great-grandson of Henry, was born on the old homestead, which is still in the possession of the family, and is the resi- dence of his mother, who was a Newcomer before her marriage. His strongly mathematical turn of mind indicated civil engineering as his future profession, and for that calling he was educated at the Hagers- towu Academy ; but in 1842 his father, in conjunction with Samuel Stonebraker, established in Baltimore the wholesale flour and grain house of Newcomer & Stonebreaker, and sent his son, then but sixteen years of age, to take charge of his interest in the business. The young man speedily won his spurs as an acute and driving merchant, and the house prospered so rapidly that for many years its sales aggregated one- tenth of all the flour sold in Baltimore. Feeling that his early entry into commercial pursuits had pre- vented him from obtaining the quality and quantity of education which his bright mind craved, he joined the Mercantile Library, and became one of its di- rectors, spending his evenings in reading, study, and attending lectures, including several courses in chem- istry, astronomy, and philosophy. When eighteen years of age he purchased his father's interest in the house, in which he had at that time sole charge of its financial and corresponding department. In 1862 the firm of Newcomer & Co. succeeded to that of Newcomer & Stonebraker. With B. F. Newcomer at its head it continues to the present day, preserving all its old-time prestige, doing a very extensive business, and holding fast its honorable reputation. His con- siderable surplus capital above and beyond the re- quirements of the house has been diverted into rail- road and banking enterprises. In 1854 he was elected a director in the Union Bank of Maryland, now the National Union Bank, and during his whole connec- tion with it he was the youngest member of the board. When the Corn and Flour Exchange was organized, in the year 1853, he earnestly exerted himself to es- tablish it on an enduring basis. In 1861 he was chosen a director in the Northern Central Railway Company, and was soon afterwards made chairman of the finance committee, holding that position until his resignation in 1875. His services were so' highly appreciated that at the annual meet- ing of the stockholders in February, 1878, he was requested to again become a member of the board. Yielding to this imperative solicitation, he was again elected chairman of the finance committee, and was also made a member of everv committee of which the board is composed. From 1867 to 1869 he was one of the finance commissioners of the city of Baltimore, and in that capacity his business knowledge and experience inured to the good of the community. Since 1868 he has been president of the'Safe Deposit and Trust Company. Mr. Newcomer's qualifica- tions as a financier, and his intimate acquaintance with testamentary and other laws governing busi- ness transactions, render him peculiarly fit for this important position. He has been a director in the National Exchange Bank, and is now a director in the Third National Bank, and the Savings-Bank of Baltimore. After the close of the war he acquired large interests in various railroads in North and South Carolina, and assisted with capital and energy in the establishment of the railway system which has opened up a new era of prosperity in the South. He is vice-president of the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, and a director in the various roads consti- tuting the Coa.st Line, the control of which is held by himself and his associates. Nearly thirty years ago his warmest sympathies were enlisted in behalf of the blind, and in 1852 he became one of the corporators of the Maryland Institution for Instruction of the Blind, the others being Judge John Glenn, Jacob I. Cohen, William George Baker, J. Smith Hollins, J. N. McJil- ton, and David Langherty. At that time philanthropic and scientific effort were busily devising improved methods for the education of the sightless unfortu- nates, and there was no really good principle or practice suggested that was not availed of at the Maryland Institution. Its system is now unsurpassed any- where, and it has brought happiness, knowledge, and ability to work to hundreds of the helpless blind. Mr. Newcomer is now its president, and no similar institution is more successful in caring for and training those deprived of the gift of vision. He was married in 1848 to Amelia, a daughter of John H. Ehlen, one of the earliest stockholders and di- rectors of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and con- nected with banks and insurance companies. In 1870 ' he and Mrs. Newcomer and their eldest daughter, who was being educated in Paris, made the tour of Great Britain and Southern Europe. In 1877, with their three daughters, they made a much more exten- sive journey through England and Scotland, and on the Continent. Mr. Newcomer is a member of the Christian Church. He has no aspirations for political life, and is liberal in his opinions. His taste in art is excellent, and he owns a choice collection of fine paintings. Baltimore Stock Board.— Several attempts appear to have been made to establish a stock board in Bal- timore before the organization of the present board. Such an effort seems to have been made in November, 1830, for on the 26th of that month the Federal Gazette published " a new stock-list, furnished by the board of stock brokers," and announced that " the list heretofore furnished by Messrs. Cohen & Brothers 480 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. will, at their request, give place to that which will be corrected by the board weekly. The formation of a Stock Board in this city," the Gazelle continues, "will supply a heretofore wanted medium to our capitalists of investing superabundant funds. Both the buyer and seller will find advantage in the facility afforded by a well-regulated market." This first board, how- ever, would seem to have come into the financial world on call, and to have been called for at a very early period of its existence, for this is the first and only reference to it to be found. In 1838 an effort was made to re-establish the Stock Board, and on the 26th of February of that year a meeting was held for the purpose at the office of William Woodville, at which the following gentlemen were present : C. C. Jamison, John Barnes, Benjamin I. Cohen, Townsend Scott, Jesse T. Peters, Richard Emory, and William Woodville. The board was organized by the adoption of a system of rules and regulations, and by the elec- tion of C. C. Jamison, president ; John Barney, vice- president; and William Woodville, secretary and treasurer. The record of sales was opened on the 8th of March, 1838, and appears to have been stopped on the 17th of December of the same year. In the list of stocks, among others, we find " Frenchtown and New Castle Railroad stock," " Maryland, Baltinaore, Neptune, and American Marine Insurance stocks," "American Life and Trust Company," "Merchants' Fire Insurance," "Screw-Dock Company," "Balti- more and Phrenix Shot-Tower Companies," " Water Stock," "Maryland and Virginia Steam Navigation Company," " Baltimore and Potomac Navigation Company," " Alexandria and Georgetown Navigation Company," " Rappahannock Navigation Company," "Steamboat ' Maryland,' " " Treasury Notes." There appears to be no further record of the pro- ceedings of this board, which for want of members, or from the small business then doing, languished and soon ceased to exist.' On Monday evening, Jan. 29, 1844, a meeting was held at the office of Jesse T. Pe- ters, " for the purpose of establishing a Stock Board in Baltimore." There were present at this meeting Sam- \ uel Winchester, Townsend Scott, David I. Cohen, Is- j rael Cohen, Thomas C. Harris, William Woodville, ' and Jesse T. Peters. Mr. Scott presided, and a system of rules and regulations was submitted by Messrs. Woodville and Harris, which was referred to a com- mittee, consisting of Messrs. Woodville, D. I. Cohen, and Peters, to be revised, and presented at an adjourned j meeting to be held at the same place on February 5th. j The second meeting was held at the appointed time, i with Mr. Scott in the chair, and Messrs. Samuel Winchester, William Woodville, D. I. Cohen, Israel Cohen, Thomas C. Harris, Josiah Lee, P. H. Coakley, | and Jesse T. Peters present. The rules and regula- : tions were adopted and signed, and entrance fee for new members fixed at twenty dollars. The first offi- cers of the board, elected at this meeting, were Wil- liam Woodville, president, and Townsend Scott, vice- president, who were chosen to serve for a term of three months, and to be ineligible for re-election for the suc- ceeding term, and Jesse T. Peters, secretary and treas- urer for the period of twelve months. On the 29th of February the first standing committee of the board was elected; it consisted of Samuel Winchester and Thomas C. Harris, and the president as chairman ex officio, and its members were chosen for twelve months from the 5th of February, 1844. At this meeting Thomas C. Harris proposed John S. Gittings as a member of the board, and on March 1st he was duly elected. The admission fee appears at this date to have been increased to fifty dollars. On the 23d of October of the same year the board rented and oc- cupied rooms in the Patapsco Building, on the south- west corner of North and Fayette Streets. On the 12th of August, 1845, the entrance fee was raised to one hundred dollars for individual members, and to one hundred and fifty dollars for firms of two or more persons; and on the 11th of September rooms for the use of the board were taken in the Franklin Building for two years, at a rent of one hundred and fifty dol- lars per annum. On the 8th of January, 1846, the admission fee was raised to three hundred dollars for a firm of two or more members, and two hundred dol- lars for every individual member. The economical principles on which the board was conducted in those days is illustrated by the follow- ing incident. On the 16th of February, 1848, Mr. Woodville moved that five dollars should be appro- priated for the purchase of a new clock in place of the old one, which was worn out. Samuel Win- chester opposed the appropriation as an unnecessary expense, and said that it would be a very easy matter for the secretary to set the clock every day at eleven, for he was satisfied that it would keep time until five minutes past eleven o'clock, when the roll was called. Mr. Woodville's motion was lost without a count. The board was, however, fully as "playful" as at present, as is indicated by the fact that on March 25, 1848, it was resolved " that any member rolling a spittoon across the room should be fined fifty cents ;" and on the nth of January, 1849, it was ordered that a fine of fifty cents should be imposed on any member throwing any article across the room. On the 9th of August, 1849, elections for president and vice-presi- dent were abolished, and members required to serve in alphabetical order. Messrs. Coakley and Cohen were the first president and vice-president under this system. On the 14th of February, 1850, the entrance fee for new members was fixed at five hundred dol- lars for an individual, six hundred dollars for a firm of two, and one hundred dollars for each additional member, and on December 23d of the same year the board determined to hold two daily sessions. By the act of 1841 , ch. 282, it was provided that "if any pereon BANKS AND BANKEKS. 481 or persons whosoever shall make or enter into any contract or agreement, written or oral, for the j)ur- chase, receipt, sale, delivery, or transfer of any public loan or stock, or the stock of any corporation or in- stitution, or other security in the nature thereof, or any bill, notes, or other obligations of any corpora- tion, institution, or company created or authorized, or that may hereafter be created or authorized as aforesaid, in which contract and agreement it may be stipulated or understood between the parties there- unto, his, her, or their agent or agents, that the same may be executed or performed at any future pe- riod exceeding five judicial days next ensuing the date of such contract or agreement, then and in every such case such contract or agreement shall be null and void," and the person or persons so offending " shall upon conviction thereof forfeit and pay not less than three hundred nor more than one thousand dollars." It was not until this restriction was re- pealed by the act of 1853, ch. 353, that the operations of the Stock Board assumed any extent or importance. On the 18th of May, 1853, a room in the Merchants' Exchange (over the post-offlce) was leased for the use of the board for five years, at three hundred dollars per annum, and on the 13th of February, 1854, the new quarters were occupied. June 2d of the same year it was determined to appoint a perma- nent president, and on the 20th of February, 1855, the admission fee was raised to one thousand dollars. On the 29th of July, 1856, the board voted unani- mously to elect on the 1st of August a permanent president, at a salary of one thousand dollars, and accordingly on that date Samuel Harris, Jr., known to the members of the Stock Board as " Judge" Harris, was chosen for that position. The following were the members of the board June 8, 1857 : Israel Cohen, James H. Carter, William Fisher & Sons, John S. Gittings & Co., E. M. Greenway, Jr., Thomas W. Hall, B. F. Harrison, W. Gilmor Hoflman, John Wells Hanson, Samuel Harris & Sons, Samuel Harris, Jr., William Key Howard, George C. Irwin & Co., Johnston Bros. & Co., Lawrason & Smith, Josiah Lee & Co., McKim & Co., McGuan & Bouldin, Edward Pittman & Son, Purvis & Co., J. & H. Pen- nington, P. H. Sullivan, Joseph A. Sprigg, T. Scott & Son, Stokes & Lowndes, J. Marshall Winchester, William Woodville & Son, Joseph Wilkins, William Woodville, Jr., J. W. Zimmerman, and E. Glenn Fer- ine. Under the act of 1842, ch. 257, stock brokers paid an annual license of seventy-five dollars, exchange brokers one hundred dollars, bill brokers fifty dollars, and brokers whose operations required it paid all three licenses. The room occupied by the board in the Merchants' Exchange was large, with a lofty ceiling, and was handsomely fitted up. The desks occupied by the members were arranged in two curved rows on each side of the raised seats for the president and secretary. On the 7th of July, 1857, a committee, consisting of Messrs. Cohen, Scott, and Wilkins, was appointed to select a suitable building or site for the use of the board, and on May 27, 1858, the committee was authorized to rent the rooms formerly occupied by the Baltimore Club, on the north side of Fayette Street, between Calvert and North, for one year, with the privilege of five. On the 1st of February, 1860, the board numbered thirty-one members. On July 2, 1861, the president, Mr. Harris, who had been an- nually re-elected since August, 1856, gave notice that he would resign at the expiration of his term, and on the 12th of July the standing committee recommended " that the office of permanent president be suspended for the present, and that the members serve alter- nately each week," and on the 24th this recommenda- tion was unanimously adopted. On the 14th of April, 1862, Messrs. William Fisher, Hoff"man, and Johns- ton, appointed to visit Annapolis to make arrange- ments for the more speedy transfer of State stocks, offered the following report : " The committee beg leave to report that, in compliance with the reso- lution of the board, they proceeded to Annapolis on Saturday, sacrificing themselres to starting at the early hour of seven in the morning, and arriving at their destination after a pleasant sail of two and a half hours. They proceeded at once to the well-reputed house of Mrs. Green, where, having ordered dinner at three, and two ' Sillery Mosseau Heidsicks' to be put in cool, they proceeded to the office of the comptroller, where, after an interview of some two hours, during which sundry laws, etc., were overhauled, they obtained the necessary forms with the assurance that every facility would be afforded, etc. Your committee were well satisfied by their interview with that officer that he was all right. The treasurer was absent from the capital, which your committee learned was frequently the case, but the treasurer's clerk was there, and with his assistance, together with that of the Governor of the State and the three brokers present, the preliminary arrangements for the transfer of a. smaifamount of stock were made. Your committee were not much impressed^with the way of doing things at the treasury department; the fault, we think, rests with the treasurer. Your committee having thus by the meridian hour executed the arduous duties confided to them by your body, and finding time to hang heavily in the* Ancient City,' de- vised sundry measures for killing the remaining three anti-prandial hours ; finally the elder member went off with the fogies, the younger ones taking a boat and visiting the English corvette ' Racer,' lying in the Roads. Of the distinguished reception and hospitable treatment there received your committee will not go into detail; suffice it to say it was jolhj, as also was the remaining time up to :iJ4 p.m., when, on returning to the hospitable liouse of Mrs. Green, we found our elder brother anx- iously on the watch for us and eager for the dinner fray. Your commit- tee did eat too much dinner, and did drink the two bottles of * Heidsick,' and did sleep in the cars on the way home, and did arrive safe, and did take a carriage, and did drive to their respective houses, considering it not safe to perambulate so great a distance after so great a dinner. At- tached your committee submit a statement of the cost of the expedition, which amounted to $13. Your committee diffidently would hint an ex- pectation of being comfUmented upon the very moderate expendUnre, and would beg its comparison with that of a similar committee sent down by the City Council, whose expenses, it has been said, amounted to $120." The report was unanimously adopted, and the treasurer ordered to pay expenses. On the 14th of November, 1863, telegraph wire was introduced into the board-room and the following message sent to the president of the New York Stock Board : " We greet thee, Wall Street, through the wire's flash, .\nd trust good tidings it will e'er convey : WTiether our business be for time or cash. Through your assistance let us hope 'twill pay." March 31, 1864, the entrance fee was raised to two thousand dollars for full membership, and one thou- 482 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. sand dollars for an alternate. On May 23d of the same year the standing committee reported that the prop- erty occupied by the board (45 Fayette Street) could be bought, and the purchase was directed to be made. On the 1st of August the committee reported that they had purcliased tlie building, and on the 24th the board determined to establish a sinking fund for the redemption of the ground-rent and improvement of the property. Jan. 11, 1865, the standing committee | recommended the appointment of a permanent presi- dent at a salary of one thousand dollars, which was adopted, and Jos. A. Sprigg was unanimously elected to serve until February 6th, when he was re-elected for the ensuing year. On the 1st of March, 1865, the building committee submitted a plan for a new room , for the use of the board, and on June 22d the board assembled in its new quarters, in the rear of No. 45 West Fayette Street, and celebrated the occasion with a dinner given by the building committee to the mem- bers. At that date the names of but three of those who united in the organization of the board appeared upon its roll. From the location on Fayette Street the board removed to rooms over the Farmers and Planters' Bank, South and German Streets, where it i remained until the completion of the present Stock 1 Exchange, on German Street, between South and i Calvert Streets, which was formally occupied June 25, ! 1881, when the old Baltimore Stock Board became the Baltimore Stock Exchange. The building was tem- | porarily occupied by the Stock Board on June 18th, for i the purpose of testing the acoustic properties of the main hall, and dealings were made to quite a large extent. Previous to the occupation of the new build- ! ing a new constitution was adopted, and on the 6th of June, 1881, the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Hollins McKim; Treas- urer and Secretary, Wm. B. Oliver ; Chairman, Geoi-ge Gildersleve; Governing Committee, First Class, Jos. A. Sprigg, J. Harmanus Fisher, John A. Whitridge; Second Class, J. A. Hambleton, Wm. B. Wilson, J. Wilcox Brown; Third Class, D. Fahnestock, Alex- ander Frank, J. Henry Ferguson, Jr. The president and treasurer and secretary are also members of the governing committee, which elects a vice-president and clerk. The chairman is a salaried officer, and not interested in any stock transactions; his duty is to call the stocks at the board. The new building was erected by the Stock Exchange Improvement Com- pany, and was leased to the Stock Exchange, with the privilege of investing its surplus in the stock of the Improvement Company. ( ' II A V T !•: 11 MARINE, KIRK, AND I XXIX. IFE IN.SURANCE. The business of insurance of property and life in Maryland is conducted both by home and foreign companies. Until the act passed by the General As- sembly of Maryland, in 1787, authorizing the incor- poration of " a company for the insurance of dwel- ling-houses and other buildings from loss of damage by fire," to be known as the Baltimore Insurance Company, marine and fire insurance was effected in Baltimore tlirough insurance agents, who were in- dorsed by the merchants of the place as underwriters. The following advertisement in the Maryland Gazette will convey an idea of the manner in which the busi- ness was transacted at that time : " Insurance Office, July 29, 1771. *' I take thiB method to acquaint alt gentlemen merchautfi, masters of aliips or vessels, traders, and others, that I have lately opened an office for insuring ships, vessels, and cargoes, on any fair risque at the cus- tomary premium, aud supported by a number of gentlemen of probity and property as underwriters. Any orders accompanied with the pre- mium or credit shall be punctually executed "By their very humble servant, "Thomas Brereton." Similar insurances were effected in policies prepared by Hercules Courtney, Capt. Keeports, Thomas Bur- bing, and William Knox. Alexander Dorsey also advertises in 1782 that he will " keep accurate marine lists of arrivals, captures, etc., at his insurance office on Market Street, for the benefit of the public;" he therefore " requests the assistance of merchants, cap- tains, and others, to furnish him with articles, well authenticated, of marine intelligence." In 1787 the following advertisement appeared in the Maryland Gazette: " The Baltimore Ensurance Company have obtained from the General Assembly of this State a charter by virtue of which they will ensure dwelling-houses and other buildings from losses by fire, on certain con- ditions. Business commenced on 1st day of September, 1787. " Nathan Levy, Itegutey" This was the first regular fire insurance company chartered by the Legislature of Maryland. On August 20th of the following year, Mr. Levy, the register of the company, gave notice of a reduction of the rates of insurance as follows: "The first class on risques at the low rate of 12 shillings 6 pence per annum ; the second class on risque {o) 17s. 6d. per annum." In this year the office of the company was removed to the front room of Thomas Hollingsworth's house, in Calvert Street, on the site of the present National Mechanics' Bank. In 1789 persons desiring to insure were requested by advertisement to apply to the act- ing directors, James Calhoun, Samuel Owens, and Nicholas Rogers. On the 8th of February, 1796, tlie first payment due on the shares of the Baltimore In- surance Company was completed, amounting to $100,- 000, notes at six and twelve months being given for the remaining $200,000. Shares were extremely high, ten to fifteen per cent, advance being offered for any number that could be procured. The officers of the company in 1796 were James Carey, president ; .Archi- bald MOncreif, secretary. The directors were Adrian Valk, James Barry, James Carey, William Wilson, Stephen Casenorc, William JlcCreery, John Carrere, John P. Plciusants, Richard Ciirea, Jr., Aquila Brown, Alexander McKim, David Thoniburg. and Nicholas MAKINE, FIKE, AND LIFE INSURANCE. Slubey. The trustee? were James Barry, Richard Carson, Jr., William Wilson, John P. Pleasants, A. Brown, Jr., William McCreery, and Stephen Case- nore. A supplement to the original act was passed by the Legislature in 1796, by which the company was authorized to insure freights on ships or vessels, and goods or merchandise on board of ships or vessels, in addition to the articles allowed to be insured by [ the original act. In the mean time another insurance company had been chartered, called The Baltimore Equitable Society, incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed the 26th of December, 1794. Its charter, which was a very peculiar one, embodied the constitution or deed of settlement of the society, which authorized it to be managed by twelve directors of the subscribers to the deed. The seventeenth article of the constitution de- clared "that the directors for the time being shall, with all convenient speed, on all alarms of fire, repair to, and if possible convene together at, some conve- nient place near where the fire shall be, to consult and determine upon such methods of proceeding as may in such case most conduce to the safety of the society and the public." At a general meeting of this society for organization, Feb. 17, 1794, the following persons were elected directors for the ensuing year : Thomas Lsher, Jr., Joseph Thornburg, Jesse Hollins- worth, AVilliam Wilson, Thomas McElderry, Thomas Poultney, Philip Rogers, George Prestman, Alexan- der McKim, Nicholas Slubey, John Brown, Samuel Hollingsworth : Treasurer, Joseph Townsend. In 1796 the following officers were elected : Treasurer and Sec- retary, Joseph Townsend ; Directors, Michael Diffen- derffer, Solomon Etting, John Steele, John Brown, Richard Lawson, Thomas McElderry, John Hillen, William Cole, John McFadon, Joseph Biays, Jesse Tyson, and Peter Hofi'man. The oflBce of the company was first situated at the house of Joseph Townsend, No. 18 West Baltimore Street, near the Centre Market. In 1842 it was removed to No. 19 North Street, to a building erected by the company. The present office is at No. 19 South Street. The first policy of the Equitable Society was issued April 10, 1794, on a house on the south side of Balti- more Street, west of South Street, the property of Humphrey Pierce. It is entered in a small book made by Joseph Townsend, the first treasurer of the society, in the following words : To Humphrey Pierce upon his three-story brick present dwelling-house, fronting on Baltimore Street, between South and CaWert Streets, twenty-seven feet, and nin- ning back eighty feet, including the brick kitchen ad- joining." Joseph Townsend, the first treasurer, also acted as secretary. William R. Jones was the next secretary, and served until his death in 1857. He entered the ofiice in 1811, and the only time during his life that he was absent from the ofiice and failed to discharge his duties in it, from any and all causes, was during the bombardment of Fort McHenry, when he acted as signal-master on Commodore Barney's flotilla. When he died, Hugh B. Jones, his son, was elected secretary in 'his stead. He had been employed in a minor capacity from May, 1839, and is still secretary of the society. When the first treasurer, Mr. Townsend, was blown up and killed on the steamer "Medora," Andrew F. Henderson was elected. After his death Joseph King, Jr., became treasurer, and he was succeeded by Frances J. Dallam, who was followed by the present treasurer, Francis A. Crook, in 18.')6. John H. Hill has been the clerk in this ofiice for fourteen years. The Baltimore Fire Insurance Company was organized and chartered in 1807, and went into opera- tion in 1808. The first president was David William- son, and the first secretary Theophilus F. Dougherty, both elected in 1808. In the same year Mr. William- son resigned, and Charles Ghequire was elected presi- dent. David Williamson was re-elected in 1817, and was succeeded by William A. Tucker in 1831. Henry W. Webster became secretary in 1827, and was suc- ceeded in 1832 by Augustus L. Jenkins. In 1839, O. P. Wirgman was made secretary, and in 1841, Fred- erick Woodworth. In 1850, Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., was elected president, and in 1869 he was succeeded by Dr. Joshua I. Cohen. In 1870, William G. Harrison became and is still president of the company, and in 1877, Marion K. Burch was elected secretary. The company commenced business in an ofiice on South, between Water and Baltimore Streets, from which they removed to their own building on the southwest corner of South and Water Streets. The building was completed in 1850, and cost about forty-eight thousand dollars. The first board of directors, in 1808, were Henry Payson, Andrew Ellicott, Isaac Tyson, William Lor- man, Peter Hoffman, Jr., James Armstrong, William Jenkins, Henry Schroeder, David Williamson, Levy Hollingsworth, Robert Carey Long, and William Norris. The present board are David S. Wilson, Francis T. King, William H. Brune, Herman Von Kapfl', T. Robert Jenkins, C. Morton Stewart, B. F. Newcomer, Orville Horwitz, William W. Taylor, George L. Har- rison, William C. Pennington, B. Albert Vickers, Mendez Cohen, Samuel K. George, Jr., Samuel S. Carroll. The Firemen's Insurance Company was origi- nally an organization of active and honorary members of the Volunteer Fire Department. The stock could j only be held by the fire companies forming the insur- ance company or the individual members of these companies. The company was chartered at the De- cember session of the Legislature, 1825, with the following incorporators: William Jessop and Isaac Hayward, of the Liberty ; George Baxley and George Pouder, of the New Market ; William E. George and 484 HISTOllY OP BALTIMOKB CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Samuel T. Matlack, of the First Baltimore; Thomas Tenant and Elisha Tyson, of the Union ; Erasmus Uhler and F. Scylcr, of the United ; Jesse Hunt and David U. Brown, of the Washington ; Thomas S. Shep- pard and Hezekiah Niles, of the Mechanical ; J. I. Cohen, Jr., and Peter Neff, of the Patapsco ; Samuel McKim and Richard Reynell, of the Friendship ; Rossiter Scott and James Clark, of the Independent; William Stuart and William McDonald, of the Vigi- lant; James B. Stansbury and Isaac Atkinson, of the Columbian ; John Wilson and David R. Wilson, of the Deptford ; and James Biays, of the Franklin Fire Companies. The'company was organized and went into business the same year that it was chartered. Its first presi- dent was John Hewes ; second, John Reese ; third, Henry P. Duhurst; fourth and present president, Gen. James M. Anderson, who was elected in 1877. Its first secretary was M. N. Forney ; second, Thomas G. Rutter; third, Henry P. Duhurst; fourth, Francis J. McGinniss; fifth, Marshall Winchester; sixth and present secretary, R. Emory Warfleld, who was elected in 1879. Its first office was on the north side of Sec- ond Street, adjoining the savings-bank. From thence it was removed in 1832 to the northeast corner of South and Second Streets, where it is at present located. The ground upon which the building of this company stands is a part of lot No. 58 of the original plat of Baltimore Town, and was purchased originally from Nicholas Jones for £5. The company issued its first policy, for $20,000, to Jacob Albert on the 2d of Au- gust, 1826, on a stock of hardware, and the policy is still in force, covering personal property of the grand- son of the first holder. The first loss sustained by it was on the 31st of March, 1827, by the destruction of a lumber-yard of Cook & Randall's, on the block bounded by Saratoga, Mulberry, Eutaw, and Paca Streets. Its present officers are James M. Anderson, presi- dent; Board of Directors, T. W. Levering, Caleb Parks, John G. Reaney, J. M. Anderson, Frederick Achey, J. Alex. Shriver, Jos. Jas. Taylor, George Franck, James Myer, Thos. J. Wilson, Wm. H. Brown, Gustavus Nicholson, Gustavus A. Dorgan, D. E. Woodburn, James Bates, Hugh W. Bolton, Wm. H. Vickery, Edwin F. Abell, Wm. H. Ford, Wm. Whitelock, A. Jos. Myers, Edwin L. Jones, Fr. E. S. Wolfe, Wm. A. Boyd, George A. Blake, James R. Clark, James Shuter, Thomas P. Stran, George R. Berry ; R. Emory Warfield, secretary. The Merchants' Mutual Insurance Company- was organized and incorporated Feb. 14, 1846, with the following incorporators : Wm. E. Mayhew, Johns Hopkins, John Dushane, Wm. H. Beatty, George W. Richardson, Solomon Corner, Thos. P. Williams, Na- than Rogers, and Marcus Denison, the charter to run for thirty years. The charter was several times amended, and in 187r) it was reissued. The first pres- ident was Capt. Wm. D. Graham, who served to April, 1863. The second president, Richard Fisher, was elected in 1863, and served one year. The third pres- ident, Allen A. Chapman, was elected in 1864, who was succeeded by George B. Cole, April, 1870, wlio had been the secretary of the company from its ori- gin, and is still the president. The handsome pressed- brick and Ohio stone building, No. 42 Second Street, Baltimore, was erected by the company at a cost of fifty thousand dollars. It was finished and occupied by the company April 1, 1876. The assets of the company are estimated at $340,- 000. Its business is confined to coastwise risks and marine insurance. The present board of directors is composed of George J. Appold, C. L. Gill, S. M. Hoogewerff, John T. Brown, George B. Coale, Daniel J. Foley, P. T. George, Joseph W. Jenkins, P. H. Macgill, D. H. Miller, John W. McCoy, John W. Num.sen, Faris C. Pitt, Wm. H. Perot, Joseph Rogers, Jr., J. Henry Stickney, C. Morton Stewart, Samuel M. Shoemaker, Henry C. Smith, James W. Tyson, George A. Von Lin- gen, Thos. Whitridge, Hiram , Woods, Wm. Wood- ward, Wm. Whitelock. George B. Coale, president ; Wm. E. Morris, secretary. The Associated Firemen's Insurance Company was chartered by the Legislature in March, 1847, and went into operation in October of the same year. The officers first elected were: President, John R. Moore; Secretary, John Dukehart ; and William A. Hack, Robert Starr, George Harman, Daniel Super, Wil- liam H. Stran, Allen Payne, John B. Seidenstricker, Richard Mason, James Wheden, .lohn Q. Hewlett, James Young, George C. Addison, G. W. Flack, John Bingham, H. E. Barton, and John A. Diffen- derffer, directors. In January, 1865, William E. Hiick was elected president. He was succeeded by Thomas J. Flack, who in turn was followed by the present president, John Cushing, in 1872. John C. Boyd, the present secretary, succeeded Mr. Dukehart in 1872. The company's first place of business was at No. 12 South Street. It subsequently erected the handsome building No. 4 South Street, to which it removed in 1854, and which it still occupies. The present board of directors are Jacob Trust, A. Rie- man, John Cushing, Edward Connolly, S. H. Caughy, James Whiting, Capt. Alexander Jones, William H. Perot, G. H. Williams, Joseph Grinsfelder, Wil- liam Baker, Jr., Clinton P. Paine. I. S. George, E. K. Shaeffer, James W. Flack, Benjamin F. Ben- nett, Frank Frick, William J. Hooper, Michael Jen- kins, L. W. Gunther. This company's stock was originally held only by active and honorary members of the Volunteer Fire Department, but since the es- tablishment of a Paid Fire Department this restric- tion hiis been removed. The National Fire Insurance Company was or- ganized in 1849, and chartered by an act of the Leg- islature passed Feb. 13, 1850, with the following in- corporators : John Pickell, Nicholas L. Wood, James MARINE, FIRE, AND LIFE INSURANCE. 485 Frazier, Joseph J. Speed, Job Smith, Z. Collins Lee, George E. Sangston, Samuel K. George, Henry A. Thompson, John W. Ross, Coleman Yellott, G. A. B. Spreckelson, and William H. Conkling. The first president was Col. John P. Pickell ; William Schroe- der, secretary. In 18.53, John B. Seidenstricker was elected president, and Henry C. Landis secretary in 1859, with William C. Jennep clerk. The first direc- tors of the company were William H. Conkling, Al- len A. Chapman, Adam Denmead, Samuel Fenby, Samuel K. George, Zed. Collins Lee, John W. Ross, George E. Sangston, George A. B. Spreckelson, Jo- seph J. Speed, Job Smith, and Nicholas L. Wood. The first building occupied by the company was on South Street, where the Safe Deposit Building now stands, from which it removed to South opposite Second Street. In 1869 the ofiice was removed to its present location on the northwest corner of Holliday and Second Streets, where the company had erected a handsome building at a cost, for ground and build- ing, of sixty thousand dollars. The company com- menced business with a cash capital of $70,000, which was increased by dividends and profits to $100,000, and -subsequently $100,000 was added by subscription, making its present assets $310,395. The dividends when the cash capital was $100,000 were twenty per cent, per annum, and when .f 200,000 ten per cent, per annum. The total amount paid in losses by fire since the organization of the company has been 11,023,065.68. The dividends declared amount to $381,352.65, and the premiums received to $1,822,872.- 60. The present officers are John B. Seidenstricker, president ; Board of Directors, Henry M. Bash, Wil- liam Woodward, R. J. Church, George Small, Hugh Sisson, Robert Lawson, Oliver A. Parker, Robert Lelir, George C. Jenkins, George Sanders, John H. Heald, Frank P. Clark ; H. C. Landis, secretary. The president of the company, John Barnhart Seidenstricker, was born in Baltimore on the 12th of December, 1809. His father, Daniel F. Seidenstricker, emigrated to this country in 1765 from the Palatinate of the Rhine, and was married Jan. 14, 1795, to Eliz- abeth Barnhart, whose mother, Anna (Delterer) Barn- hart, was born Dec. 21, 1756, and died in 1836, aged eighty years. Jlr. Seideinstricker's great-grandfather on the ma- ternal side, George Philip Delterer, died Aug. 23, 1770. Daniel F. Seidenstricker, the father of John Barnhart, died in 1810, while the latter was an infant, leaving a widow with five children, — Frederick, Mary, Ann, Sophia, and John B. Seiden.stricker. Mr. Sei- denstricker's grandmother escaped from Wyoming at the time of the slaughter of its inhabitants by the Indians, for whom she entertained great hostility during her life. At his father's death Mr. Seidenstricker was left to the care of his uncle, John Barnhart, who discharged the trust in such a manner as to excite the lasting gratitude of the object. John B. Seidenstricker has been married twice, first to Miss Sarah Reisinger, at Carlisle, Pa., in 1831, who died in 1850, aged forty-one years, leaving four chil dren, — Albert B., who is married and resides in Bal timore ; Emily, who married W. A. Leitch, also re siding in Baltimore ; Henry, who is married and re sides in Buffalo, N. Y. ; and Charles, still single, Mr. Seidenstricker married the second time, in 1851. Miss Mary H. Cragg, by whom he has had four chil- dren, — Lizzie, married to Edward Hartman ; Annie L., married to the Rev. M. F. B. Rice, of the Metho- dist Church; and Mary H. and John B. Seiden- stricker, Jr. John Barnhart educated John B. Sei- denstricker at private schools in Baltimore, and when about thirteen years of age took his ward under his special care and taught him his own craft, that of painting, ornamental, sign, etc. He remained with his uncle until he was nineteen years of age, when the teacher installed the pupil in his business and re- tired. John Barnhart was a fine artist, and after turning over his' business to his nephew and ward, he amused and occupied the remainder of his life in various mechanical pursuits, among which was the manufacture of church and parlor organs. j Mr. Seidenstricker pursued the vocation of a painter I until shortly after his marriage, when he purchased a stock of drugs and conducted a drug and paint-store, which he continued until 1841, when he was appointed collector of taxes for the city of Baltimore and the State of Maryland. He held this position until 1844, when he commenced the hardware business, and con- tinued in that occupation until 1853. In that year he was elected president of the National Fire Insurance Company of Baltimore, which position he still holds. In his youth Mr. Seidenstricker's habits were stu- dious. His leisure was employed in reading history, and he claims to have derived great advantage from a debating society to which he was attached, fitting him for the many public positions he has since held. In 1828 he was a decided supporter of Gen. Jackson, although not old enough to vote, and organized a company of youths of his own age, uniformed in white, known as the "Jackson Association," all of whom marched in a body in the great mechanical procession to lay the corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Of that association but eight are now living. The banner of this association, a very handsome one, was sent to France to Gen. La- fayette. His first vote was cast for Gen. Jackson for the Presidency of the United States in the second race, and he sustained him with all his ability in every public act of his administration. Mr. Seiden- stricker voted for every Democratic candidate for the Presidency thereafter, including John C. Brecken- i ridge, up to the time of the civil war. He says, " I always admired and held closely to the domination I of the people, and hence the motto then printed at the head of one of the party papers met my cordial approbation, — 486 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. and hence when I found the Confederates of the South were intent on dissolving the Union, that their success involved the utter destruction of life-long opinions, I adhered to the men who would hazard everything to maintain the Union sentiment, and who finally succeeded in saving our Constitution from be- ing destroyed. I am a Democrat of the Jackson school, and so I wish it distinctly understood, and exerted every power and influence I possessed to save our country." Mr. Seidenstrieker was a member of the First Branch of the City Council in the years 1835, 1836, 1837, and 1838. During his service the bank riots occurred. Jesse Hunt, the mayor of the city, convened a number of the councilmen and influential citizens, among them Mr. Seidenstrieker, to consult as to the best plan to subdue the mob. Mr. Seidenstrieker, in speaking of this event, says, " I remember well the general alarm which pervaded the entire community. At this convention William George Eeid, Esq., urged that the convention should proceed, each with a mace, and upon its exhibition to the rioters they would so respect it as to quietly disperse. Other suggestions were also made, among them by Dr. Thomas Bond, sustained by J. P. Heath, Esq., that to meet the mob with muskets would more likely subdue it. The mace- party idea wa-s adopted. The rioters and their sym- pathizers, of which there were many, simply laughed at the idea of being put down with ' rolling-pins.' Mr. Hunt, fearing the mob, resigned the ofiice of mayor, wlien Gen. Samuel Smith, at the Exchange Rotunda, called upon the people to ' follow me,' and immediately the mob vanished." In the First Branch of the Council, Mr. Seidenstrieker was chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means, Committee of Inter- nal Improvements, and many other committees, and finally president of the Branch. He oft'ered the cel- ebrated ordinance authorizing the subscription by the city of Baltimore of three million dollars to the capital stock of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He was appointed by the mayor and City Council, together with F. Lucas, Jr., Col. Samuel Moore, David Stewart, A. G. Cole, and R. J. Cross, to issue three hundred thousand dollars in small currency to supply the people with change during the suspen- sion of the banks, and prevent the circulation of spu- rious individual notes. This currency, of the denom- ination of six and one-quarter, twelve and one-half, twenty-five, fifty, seventy-five cents, and one and two dollars, was a great relief to tirade at the time. It was receivable for taxes, and for awhile the banks received and circulated it. It has all been redeemed, except such as is held as mementoes. Mr. Seidenstrieker was also the author of the reso- lution which resulted in the establishment of the High School. He always took groat interest in every public iini)rovement, and niilcd inatcrially in obtain- ing a loan of six hundred thousand dollars for the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad Company. In 1853 and 1854, and again in 1857 and 1858, he wa.s elected to lln- Sec. hi. 1 r,raiicli ..f tin- f'ity Council, and during th..-.' -, — i..ii~ »a~ Ih. pr.-i-lmt tlierccf. In tli..>,- >.ar, !„■ ,,n-|.a,v.l au.l |.n sriiled the ordi- nance authorizing the loan by the city of five million dollars to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, less ten per cent, reserved as a sinking fund, in lieu of an ordinance that had previously been pas.sed which provided for the indorsement by the city of the bonds of the company, which for certain reasons the com- pany did not accept. The Paid Fire Department of Baltimore was the result of a resolution prepared by Mr. Seidenstrieker, but presented to the Council by a fellow-member, it being his habit to originate and prepare ordinances and have them presented by a member, as he was generally the president of the branch. He was elected a member of the General Assembly of Maryland in the fall of 1839 and 1840, and served two years in that capacity. During the time Mr. Seidenstrieker was collector of State taxes, in 1841, 1842, and 1843, there was a dis- position in several counties to repudiate the State debt, especially in Harford and Carroll Counties. When the State tax bills were ready for distribution a gentleman with whom he was well acquainted came to the office and paid his city bills, and then remarked that he would not pay his State tax bill- because it was unconstitutional for the State to levy and collect a tax to pay for internal improvements. Mr. Seiden- strieker asked him if he had the means to pay the State tax with him. He replied, " Yes, but I will not do it for the reasons I have stated." Mr. Seiden- strieker immediately in his presence ordered a bailifl" to go to his residence and levy on his furniture for the bill and remove the goods. The gentleman looked surprised, and said, "Are you in earnest?" Mr. Seidenstriker replied, "As you are a personal friend, I will levy on you first, and before you get home this officer will be there." " Oh, well," said I the gentleman, " I guess I will pay it rather than have any trouble." " And this," Mr. Seidenstrieker adds, in narrating the incident, " was the end of re- pudiation in Baltimore." Mr. Seidenstrieker has served as a judge of the Appeal Tax Court, assessor of property several times, and visitor to the jail of Baltimore City and County. He was one of the first subscribers and directors to the House of Refuge for Boys and Girls. He is a director in the Central Savings-Bank, and has been since its commencement. He was one of the first commissioners of the city of Baltimore to execute the draft for the Federal army during the late war. He acted by appointment of Governor Swann as pension agent for Baltimore of the widows of the soldiers of 1812, and performed this service gratuitously. MAKINE, FIRE, AND LIFE INSURANCE. 487 Mr. Seidenstricker has been for many years a mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and is at- tached to the Madison Square Church of that denomi- nation. He has devoted much of his time and at- tention to the Sunday-schools, in which he has been for years a teacher. Since his election to the presi- dency of the National Fire InsuranceCompany of Bal- timore, he has devoted his energies solely to the welfare of that company. He has lived through a long and eventful period in the history of Baltimore, and has figured conspicuously in the most important epochs of that history, always trusted on account of his sound judgment and disinterested action. He has been all his life a close reader of history, literature, and the current topics and news of the day. With a pleasing address, a thorough command of chaste Eng- lish, large experience, and genial manners, he is one of the most agreeable conversationalists in the State. Thoroughly versed in men and affairs, of liberal, comprehensive sentiments and opinions, it is not a matter of wonder that his fellow-citizens have so often pushed him to the front in matters of moment. Deeply attached to his friends, his church, city. State, and government, in easy circumstances, at peace with man and God, he can look back on a useful life, and is spending a green and hearty old age with a happiness allotted to a very few. He is still in the full powers of mind and body, and attends to all his duties with the regularity that has characterized him through life. The Howard Fire Insurance Company was char- tered in February, 1856, and organized under the charter in June of the same year. The following gentlemen composed the incorporators: Andrew Eeese, Benjamin Price, William W. Foss, James M. Ponder, George Sauerwein, C. Howard Rogers, Henry C. Spilman, J. F. Dix, Henry J. Werdebaugh, Charles W. George, Stephen Tracy, William Shaeffer, Philip B. Rau, John Lawton, John L. Reese, Jr., George T. Hadtler. Andrew Reese was the first, and has been the only, president of the company. The original directors were Mathias Benzinger, Aaron Fenton, William Ort- wine, Charles W. George, James M. Pouder, Samuel R. Smith, Augustus Schriver, Henry J. Werdebaugh, George P. Thomas, C. Howard Rogers, Otho W. Eich- elberger, and Charles Hoffman. Its first place of business was at the corner of Howard and Clay Streets. The company moved from there to its own building at the northwest corner of South and Water Streets in 1859. In 1856, G. Harlan Williams was elected secretary, at a salary of five hundred dollars per an- num, and the same year the salary of the president was fixed at one thousand dollars. The present board of directors are Andrew Reese, president; James M. Pouder, H. J. Werdebaugh, Dr. E. H. Perkins, Samuel Appold, Samuel T. Hatch, William Ortwine, Dr. C. O'Donovan, John L. Lawton, John S. Morris, John Ferry, Walter B. Brooks, Henrv Smith, and J. H. Katzenberger, secretary. The company com- menced business with a cash capital of $13,500, which was increased in 1864 to $100,000, and in 1866 to $200,000. The company has passed but one dividend, that of 1861. With this exception, it has declared a dividend of twelve per cent, every year since its for- mation. The American Fire Insurance Company was or- ganized and chartered in February, 1858, with the following gentlemen as incorporators: James S. Arm- strong, William Welsh, David Ball, Augustus P. Webb, William J. Hiss, Robert C. Armstrong, Nich- olas L. Wood, William H. Welsh, Eli Ross Horner, Richard D. Shields, Edward C. Thomas, John E. Hobson, Otho W. Eichelberger, John W. Welsh, and John T. Ford. The first president, elected in 1858, was James L. Armstrong, with Victor Clunet secretary. In 1880, A. R. Cathcartwas elected president, and the present secretary, D. C. Chapman, in 1879. The first office was on Second Street, and the second No. 6 South Street. The company is at present temporarily occu- pying an office at No. 19 South Street, but is erecting a building at No. 6 South Street, which it will occupy when completed. The present board of directors are A. Roszel Cathcart, president ; J. J. Turner, Wil- liam J. Rieman, William Buckler, Charles W. Slagle, Edmond Wolf, Ernest Knabe, Frank Burns, Jr., Jo- seph Edmondson, William S. Young, William Schloss, E. Levering, W. H. Baldwin, Jr., L. Sinsheimer, Jo- seph Fink, Bernhard Clark, James A. Gary, George W. Hildebrand, Christian Devries, John Q. A. Hol- loway, E. D. Bigelovv, John J. Rogers, John D. Kelley, Jr., W. Abrahams, D. D. Mallory. The Maryland Fire Insurance Company was formed in 1859, and chartered by the Legislature the same year, with James S. Gill, Charles L. Oudisluys, Frederick Fickey, Jr., J. J. Turner, Howard Heald, Samuel S. Addison, J. J. Abraham, Jehel Fisher, George F. Sloan, Otis Spear, James Lownds, and Joseph Matthews as incorporators. The first presi- dent was Thomas E. Hambleton, who was succeeded in 1871 by John Stellmau, who was followed in the same year by Joseph K. Milnor. William R. Barry was elected president in 1879, and still holds that office. The first secretary was Otis Spear; the second, Joseph K. Milnor, elected in 1864 ; third, George R. Musselman, elected in 1871 ; fourth, John M. Beck, present secretary, who was elected in 1874. The first directors were Enoch Pratt, John J. Abrahams, Ross Campbell, William Hopkins, John A. Hambleton, Frederick Fickey, Jr., George L. Sloan, James Hooper, Jr., John Stellman, Jeremiah Fisher, F. W. Bennett, E. W. Robinson. The first office was on the northwest corner of Second Street and Tripolett's Alley, from whence it was removed to its present location at the northeast corner of Second Street and Post-Office Avenue. The present ofiicers are William R. Barry, president ; Board of Directors, Richard J. Baker, 488 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Enoch Pratt, Solomon King, William H. Milliken, E. W. Robinson, Washington Booth, C. H. Koons, William M. Buscy, J. B. Brinkley, Samuel Snowden, Henry Wilocix, .I;uncs K. Tyson. The Peabody Fire Insurance Company was or- ganized in 1802, and chartered at the January session of the Legislature in the same year, with the following incorporators: Galloway Clieston, Enoch Pratt, Henry D. Harvey, John H. B. Latrobe, Thomas Whitridge, William Kennedy, Austin Dall, James Carey, Jesse Tyson, and Peter Mowell. Its first president was George Carey ; secretary, James McEvoy ; second president, Galloway Che^ton ; third, Thomas J. Carey ; second and present secretary, Richard B. Post. The office of the company is situated at No. 55 Second Street. Its present board of directors are Enoch Pratt, Thomas Whitridge, Jesse Tyson, James Carey, John H. B. Latrobe, Henry D. Harvey, Francis T. King, Francis Wliite, Richard Cromwell, and James Bates. The Potomac Fire Insurance Company was chartered by the Legislature on the 20th of March, 1867, and organized in May following with the fol- lowing incorporators: Samuel Townshend, Thomas Whelan, Jr., John Ahern, Thomas Ellis, Samuel Black, Benjamin F. Swayne, Samuel H. Gover, James Whiteford, Michael Roche, Isaac W. Jewett, Benjamin G. Tubman, William Turner, Edward Feinour, John B. N. Berry, Charles Goldsborough, John Jewett, Jr., William McCann, Joseph W. Dun- can, and James A. Doyle. The officers elected in 1867 were: President, Isaac W. Jewett ; Vice-President, James Whiteford ; Secre- tary, R. Lewis Whiteford. Mr. Jewett is still presi- dent, with James M. Girvin vice-president, and Ed- ward A. Schobban secretary. The company first occupied an office on South Gay Street, but subse- quently moved to its own building, No. 15 Post-Office Avenue, where it is still located. The present board of directors are E. G. Hipsley, John Moore, Thomas Whelan, Luke Tiernan, Joseph C. Townshend, Isaac Albertson, H. Page Dyer, John Jewett, C. Lewis Dunlap, John Boyd, and Henry Page. The Home Fire Insurance Company was organ- ized in January, 1807, and chartered by the Legisla- ture March 1st of the same year, with the following incorporators : Hiram Woods, Jr., Hamilton Easter, A. Fenton, Geo. P. Thomas, R. R. Kirkland, John Cugle, James Boyce, O. DiifenderfTer, and G. H. Williams. Its first president was G. Harlan Wil- liams, who still retains that position ; first secretary, James Owens, deceased, who was succeeded by the present secretary, Wm. R. Fluharty. The first board of directors was composed of Hiram Woods, Jr., Ham- ilton Easter, R. R. Kirkland, James Boyce, O. Difien- derffer, Geo. P. Thomas, John Cugle, G. Harlan Wil- liams, W. H. Perkins, M. Wcisenfeld, John Cas- sard, Lewis Turner, James Webb, Ferdinand Meyer, and James L. Barbour. The present board of direc- tors is cMiipo-iil of the same gentlemen, with the ex- i(|'ii"ii of Ilaiiiilton Easter, R. R. Kirkland, John C'uijlr, .M. W risenfeld, and James Webb, who have retired, and have been succeeded by John Cassard, Jackson C. Gott, Chas. Markel, Geo. H. Pagels, Thos. Shields, and Joseph Friedenwald. The office of the Home Company is located at No. 10 South Street. The German-American Fire Insurance Com- pany was organized on the 10th of June, 188(1, under the general incorporation laws of the State, by Ernest Hoen, John Rose, John F. Nelker, Peter F. Peters, Andrew F. Schroeder, Clemens Ostendorf, Philip Sinsz, and Geo. N. Flack. The present officers of the company are : President, Ernest Hoen ; Vice-Presi- dent, Martin Kesmodel ; Secretary, Henry Vees. The company occupies an office in the handsome building on the southeast corner of Baltimore Street and Post- Office Avenue. The Mutual Fire Insurance Company, in Balti- more County, was organized and chartered in 1850. James L. Ridgely w;is the first president. Dr. Walter T. Allender the second ; when again James L. Ridgely was made president, and still serves in that capacity. George W. Niss was the first secretary, who was suc- ceeded by Francis Shriver, the present secretary, treasurer, and agent. The office of the company is located in the Knaff Building, No. 29 Holliday Street, Baltimore. Policies in force March 1, 1881 4100 Itisks in force Maicll I, 1881 $10,766,138.00 Piemium notes in force March 1, 1881 624,189.54 Disbursements during the year 11,345.45 Losses by Are 15,161.75 To cash balance on hand March 1, 1881 2,019.08 820,426.28 Casli and invested funds of the company $38,493.77 Deduct for liabilities of the company 4,100.00 Net a^sests $34,393.77 Add premium nolo capital $624,189.54 Whole amount applicable to meet losses by fire $658,583.31 Directors for 1881, James L. Ridgely, Pleasant Hun- ter, John L. Turner, Thomas A. Matthews, Edward S. W. Choate, John E. Bull, Henry L. Fringer, Dr. Isaac N. Dickson, F. H. Orndorfl', Joshua Yingling, John H. Chew, Dr. Thomas J. Franklin, Joshua Biggs. Executive Committee for 1881 : Thomas H. Matthews, Joshua Biggs, Edward S. W. Choate, Joshua Yingling. Washington Fire Insurance Company of Balti- more was organized and chartered in 1865, with the following incorporators : Thomas Y. Canby, James Carey Coale, William Whitelock, Oliver A. Parker, William A. Crawford, Philip S. Chappell, Gerard H. Reese, James D. Mason, Jacob Tome, Evans Rogers, John T. Beacham, Benjamin F. Cator, Isaac Coale, Jr., Benjamin F. Dix, William Davison, Saml. Town- send, Columbus S. Crook, Gerard T. Hopkins, John Leary, Geo. I. Kennard, Samuel S. Woolston, Allen A. Perry, Jeremiah Wheelright, Henry C. Smith, Dudlev T. Morton, and Charles Humrichouse. t/^A,£^-ec_ MARINE, FIEE, AND LIFE INSURANCE. The first president was Thos. Y. Canby ; the second was Isaac Hartman, who is still serving. The first secretary was Henry A. Didier ; the second, Francis J. McGinnis ; the third and present secretary, B. M. Greene. The first board of directors were Wm. White- lock, 0. A. Parker, Wm. C. Crawford, Philip S. Chap- pell, G. H. Reese, John S. Beacham, J. Franklin Dix, J. Leary, A. A. Perry, Henry C. Smith, Robt. M. Spiller, Edward Kiniberly, Isaac Hartman, Samuel P. Townsend, B. F. Parlett, James S. Forbes, Wm. T. Dixon, Jacob Tome, Thos. Y. Canby, Chas. W. Hum- richouse. The present board of directors is composed of Isaac Hartman, Wm. Whitelock, Wm. H. Crawford, Fred- erick Henkelman, J. Franklin Dix, Saml. T. Beacham, Samuel P. Townsend, Benjamin F. Parlett, Wm. T. Dixon, Wm. E. Woodyear, Wm. H. Jones, G. A. Ban- semer, J. Potts Neer, Goldsborough S. Griflith, Ger- man H. Hunt, John W. Numsen, Daniel Donnelly, David T. Buzby, James D. Mason, and B. F. Smith. The company was organized as a fire insurance com- pany, but in 1870 retired from the fire insurance busi- ness and reinsured its outstanding risks in the Queen's Insurance Company of England, since which time it has been doing an exclusively loan business on mort- gages on real estate. The capital issued in stock is $273,800. The company is buying up all the stock now offered in order to reduce the capital. The total assets amount to $284,082.01. There are no liabilities outside of the capital stock. Its office was first located over the Third National Bank, on South Street. At present the office is at the northwest corner of HoUi- day and Second Streets. The National Protective Union, a co-operative life insurance company, was organized and incor- porated in 1880, with the following officers : Isaac Hartman, president ; George McKendre Teal, vice- president; George W. Burton, secretary and general manager ; Andrew Jamison, treasurer ; Dr. E. W. Free, medical director ; and the following directors : Isaac Hartman, J. Wesley Guest, David H. Carroll, Andrew Jamison, George McKendre Teal, Dr. E. W. Free, George W. Burton ; Executive Committee, Isaac Hartman, Andrew Jamison, and George McK. Teal. The board of directors were increased in March, 1881, and in September of that year the following officers were elected: George McKendre Teal, president; An- drew Jamison, vice-president; William H. Hoffman, treasurer ; George W. Burton, secretary ; Dr. E. W. Free, medical director ; and John F. Williams, David H. Carroll, and E. E. Wenk, all of whom comprise the present board of directors. The office of the company is located on the first floor of the Johnson Building, opposite the Battle Monument. The German Fire Insurance Company was or- ganized on the 17th of March, 1865, and chartered by the Legislature of Maryland the same year. The building in which it is now operating was purchased by the company in 1869, and is located on the north- east corner of Baltimore and Holliday Streets. Its first and only president is Charles Weber ; Frederick Wehr, vice-president; and Charles Weber, Jr., sec- retary. The statement of the company, Jan. 1, 1880, shows : Cash capital 8500,000.00 Keservo for reinsuraoce 110,265.39 Reserve for losses under adjustment '. 19,400.00 Unpaid dividends 41.50 Net surplus 222,935.05 $8.52,641.94 The Maryland Life Insurance Company was or- ganized in July, 1865, under a charter granted in 1864. George P. Thomas was its first president, and still holds that position, having been annually re-elected for sixteen successive years. The company has assets amounting in value to $1,100,000 and a surplus of a quarter of a million, and has never disputed a single death loss. Its office is at No. 10 South Street. The present board of directors of the Maryland Life Insurance Company are Hamilton Easter, George P. Thomas, Hugh Sisson, George H. Miller, Douglas H. Thomas, Thomas Cassard, Christian Devries, Wil- liam H. Perkins, and C. Morton Stewart. The fifteenth annual statement, issued Jan. 1, 1881, shows the entire assets of the company, in bonds, stock, cash, etc., to be the sum of... $1,133,594.49 Liabilities 820,767,29 Surplus, as regards policy-holders $312,827.20 Paid up guarautee capital pledged to secure the policy-holders 100,000.00 Net surplus over capital, according to the legal standard of valuation $212,827.20 William H. Blackford is the manager of agencies, A. K. Foard secretary, and Clayton C. Hall actuary. Foreign Insurance Companies. — Besides the home insurance companies, I5altimore has the benefit of the leading fire, marine, and life insurance companies of the world. Most of these have agents in Baltimore, and do a very large and profitable business. The most prominent of the life companies is the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, which is rep- resented in Baltimore by Oscar F. Bresee. That com- pany was organized in New York in 1843, and has attained the foremost rank of life insurance compa- nies. Its accumulations amount to about $90,000,000, with a surplus fund, New York standard, of more than $12,000,000. The average amount of new insur- ance for five years exceeds $35,000,000, and the total sum Sissured under its one hundred thousand policies is over $300,000,000. When Mr. Bresee undertook the agency in Baltimore its business in Maryland was quite limited. From a renewal-list of only a few thousand dollars a year he has in the brief period which has intervened swelled the amount of premium- lists to over a million dollars annually, and has made his general agency, in point of new business, one of the most profitable general agencies of the Mutual Life. The extent of the general business may be appreciated by the figures given. Mr. Bresee is not a believer in luck or blind chance. He thinks there is but one way to success in the insurance or anv other business, and HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. that is by hard, constant, uninterrupted work, which he argues will always be crowned with success. His success is attributable to three prominent things : his natural adaptation to the business, tireless energy, and the judicious selection of agents and colaborers. His administrative ability is manifested not only in the successful direction of the energies of his subordi- nates in a large territory, but in the smallest detail of the business. Mr. Bresce was born March 26, 1825, in the District . of Montreal, Canada. His parents, John and Ase- I neth Bresee, were both of French Huguenot descent. His mother's maiden name was Barber. He was edu- cated at his native place iu the ordinary English branches. He is, however, a self-educated man, catching more from association in the active business of life and in the social circle than many men ever learn from books. The death of his father threw him on his own resources, which rapidly developed. He at once removed from Canada to Hartford, Conn., and quite naturally entered into its main business, as it is almost as well known for its insurance charters as it is for its Charter Oak. He commenced soliciting for a mutual insurance company which took only country risks. In this business he canvassed closely the State of Rhode Island ; but not content with that "pent-up Utica," and desiring to expand his terri- tory, he went to Harrisburg, Pa., to act as the general agent of the State Mutual Fire Insurance Company. This company profited by his association, and soon floated on the full tide of prosperity. Mr. Bresee's reputation as a successful insurance agent meanwhile expanded, and he was invited to Richmond, Va., where he a*umed the general agency of the Insurance Com- pany of the Valley of Virginia of Winchester. He soon gave new life to this institution, and enlarged the field of its operations — marine as well as fire — until the business extended from New York to New Orleans, and the premiums, all of which passed through his hands, amounted to half a million dollars annually. Mr. Bresee discharged these laborious and responsible duties until 1858. His remarkable knowledge of men and keen judgment of character is attested by the agents that he selected and trained during this period. Hundreds of them now stand high in insurance circles all over the country, while among the departed whose memories are cherished were such men as William D. Sherrerd, of Philadelphia, and Thomas Jones, the founder of the Imurance Monitnr. Mr. Bresee organ- ized the Insurance Company of the State of Virginia, for which he acted as secretary and treasurer. His tact, judgment, and energy were rewarded with suc- cess, and he accumulated a large fortune, which de- parted like so many others during the late unfortunate civil war, and he had to take a new start after its con- clusion. He resumed the general agency of the Mutual Life in Richmond and that of the Security Fire, of New York, which ])ositions he held until he : removed to Baltimore in IXiUi. In Baltimore he has ' devoted his entire time, energies, and large experi- ence to the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. In the course of his insurance career he has been surpassed by none and equaled by only a few in the country. He takes natural pride in asserting that not a policy-holder in any company for which he has been agent has suffered loss by the failure of the company while the policy was in force, nor has he ever represented a company for which he did not make money. Mr. Bresee has been a trustee of the Brown Memo- rial Presbyterian Church since its organization, and was its first treasurer. He has been a Mason for more than twenty years. He is fond of agricultural pur- suits and country life, and purchased some years ago the " Rose Hill" stock-farm, upon the Rapidan River, in Orange County, Va. It contains a tliousand acres of gently undulating, rich land, finely set in blue grass, and in a neighborhood rarely equaled for re- finement. In this delightful retreat Mr. Bresee passes his summer vacation with his family. Mr. Bresee married Miss Louisa Kleckner, of New Berlin, Pa., daughter of Joseph Kleckner, a merchant miller of that town. They have six children, — Alfred A., Edward L., May, Winston, Oscar F., Jr., and Stuart. The two eldest sons are associated with their father iu business, and have already given evidence of ability. Alfred married Miss Mary E. Passano, daughter of Louis Passano, and Edward married Miss Emma Patterson, daughter of S. N. Patterson, both of Baltimore. Insurance Department. — For the better protection of the people of Maryland there was organized in 1871 an Insurance Department for the examination and supervision of all companies doing the business of in- surance in the State. The Hon. Charles A. Wailes, who as chief clerk had charge of the taxation of insurance companies in the comptroller's department of the State government, was appointed insurance commissioner. The duties of the office are to preserve in a perma- nent form a full record of his proceedings and a con- cise statement of the condition of each company or agency visited or examined, and report annually to the Governor his oflicial acts, the fees received and expenses of his department for the year then to end, the condition of all companies doing business in this State, and such other information as will exhibit the afl'airs of his department. The law establishes a standard of solvency for each department of the in- surance business, and authorizes oflicial examination of companies doing business in Maryland. The standard fixed by the law in Maryland for regulating the reserve of life insurance companies is the same as that of New York and many other States. While not so high as that of Massachusetts, it corresponds with that of a much larger number of States. That stand- ard requires the computation of interest on the reserve of life companies to be made at an arbitrary statutory rate of four and a half per cent. j)er annum. POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 491 The working of the insurance department of Mary- land has always been most satisfactory, and never attended with any of those charges and insinuations that have been made against similar departments in other States. Mr. Wailes' health failing, in 1875 he visited the West Indies, and died there in 1876. The Hon. John M. Miller was appointed in 1876, and was succeeded in 1878 by the present commissioner, the Hon. Jesse K. Hines. Under his energetic and efficient admin- istration the character of the department has reached a most enviable standard, and the practical results have been of a highly satisfactory nature, both to the public and to all sound and honest insurance organ- izations. The duties of the office contemplate the protection of the public from speculative and fraudu- lent insurance companies, and the defense of the companies against improper attempts on the part of interested parties to break them down. In both re- spects Mr. Hines has ably and faithfully carried out the intention of the law, and with judicial impartial- ity has interposed against the violation of its spirit in any manner or from any quarter. The following extract from the annual statement of the Fire and Marine Insurance Companies of Mary- land, furnished by the Insurance Department of the State, Jesse K. Hines, commissioner, January, 1881, indicates their condition at that date : Baltimore Companies. Howard Maryland Merchants' Mutual.., National Peabody Potomac 200,000 127,500 100,125 824,344.4:! 2.J2,725.1:i 177,391.16 303,387.07 132,497.30 329,933.86 296,965.37 376,059.72 142,010.94 116,801.02 227,187.50 271,799.48 156,508.92 108,515.25 58,827.84 79,573.36 16,696 28 102,746.36 34,359.48 216,560.80 36,064.63 105,694.94 71,770.64 211,827.68 244,193.87 9,921.46 29,958.52 48,571.42 26,317.81 64,217.80 a25,109.58' 52,287.01 20,775.07 1,468.71 9,648.08 1,911.12 6,691.84 6,768.70 16,834.03 Total8,Jan.l,1881. 82,692,380 $5,973,629.09 $3,852,892.76 $2,155,978.11 $1,086,164.41 $1,025,658.96 $434,740, Totals, Jan. 1,1880. $2,710,255 $5,699,90S,.38 $.1,746,477.06 $1,992,779.00 $988,666.62 $9 23,616,030.00 8,204,958.00 18,991,268.00 23,804,176.00 1,231,860.33 8,016,873.00 7,516,041 00 3,134,019.00 4J.79,127!o6 8,049,928.00 2,523,656.00 1,61 $117,180,137.33 $435,786.35 $165,940.79 TAX ASSESSMENTS (FEOM THE OFFICE OF STATE TAX COMMISSIONER OF MARYLAND) FOR 1881. Insurance Comp Associuteii Firemen's Insurance Conjiany df Baltimore City Baltine'ii, I , Gerniaii I i i ■ ,: , Maryl;u.,l I , , li,- ' h • ■ •' ' I:, ■, ■ '■ i:- . . " Marylar, 11,-, I ■■.: ■ , i ■ , i ■ i , i ,:v Mercllajn, ^l•,:,,„! !.,■ . i: :,., ; ,.■ . ll^ . . Mutunl l.il' li,-i"..n,, I ,„Mi,,, V , t \U< .,,„.■„_, ; National Fire Insurance Comiiany of Baltimore City Potomac Fire Insurance Company of Baltimore City Peabody Fire Insurance Company of Baltimore City ■ * "■ ' ? Company of Baltimore City... No. of Par Val. of Assessed Val. Aggregate Val. Shares of each Share of each Share of Shares Stock. of Stock, of Stock. of Stock. . 40,11011 $5.00 $6.60 $264,000.00 ',J-I 5.00 5.00 181,405.00 10.00 23.00 460,000.00 ' 18.00 26.00 546,000.00 German-American Fire '. 20,025 5,100 8,214 20.00 5.00 60.00 io.oi) 30.00 65J)0 iiiso 260,000.00 15,933.00 230,000.00 80,100.00 163,200.00 Assessed Val. of Real Property. 830,037.00 40,188.00 41,501.00 61,876.00 76,662.00 16,(168.00 14,419.00 Amount of Credits al- lowed for In- vestments PayingTaxes. $55,986.24 22,357.48 194,194.50 200,722.13 '61,70aOU 24,875.00 56,(»0.00 2,706.00 95,123.00 M.Voaoo CHAPTEK XXX. POST-OFFICE, CU.STOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. The first protection to public and private letters in Maryland was given by an act of Assembly passed ! at the session of 1707, by which the opening of letters by unauthorized persons was made a penal offense. Letters at that time were generally, in the absence . of post-roads and post-offices, deposited in public- houses, to be sent by the first conveyance of which the landlord could avail. There was very little cor- respondence at the time between the towns along the coast, as most of the trade was direct with England from each port. Letters on business, sometimes con- taining bills of exchange on Liverpool and London merchants, were left at the public-houses, and for- warded by the hands of the captains of vessels sailing from the particular port to England, but were accessi- ble, as well as the answers, to any designing person about the inn. In this way protests to bills of ex- change were frequently intercepted, and it became necessary to protect such communications by law. This act was repealed and re enacted at the session of the Assembly in 1713 ; the protecting clauses and 492 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. penalties for breaking open letters by unauthorized persons were re-enacteil, and additional clauses en- acted making it the duty of the sheriff of each county to convey all public letters to their destination within his county, but if beyond, to the sheriff of the next county on the route. The slieriff of each county was allowed for this service so many pounds of tobacco annually, the sheriff of Baltimore County to be com- pensated with six hundred pounds of tobacco. The first regular post-office established in the colo- nies was by an act of the Parliament of England passed in 1710. By its provisions a general post- office was established in North America and the West Indies, and in 1717 a settled post was established from Virginia to Maryland. It was not until 1753 that the practice of delivering letters by the penny-post or letter-carrier and of ad- vertising letters on hand commenced. Newspapers were carried by mail free of charge until 1758, when, by reason of their great increase, they were charged with postage at the rate of ninepence each year for fifty. miles, and one shilling and sixpence for one hundred miles. At this time the postal routes were few and far between, and did not afford sufficient facilities for the convenience of the public. Gentlemen of a town or a neighborhood were in the habit of making up a purse to supply a regular mail-rider, generally going to the single post-office of the province, as in Mary- land to Annapolis, and depositing all letters they ■were intrusted with, and on their return bringing letters and papers to remote correspondents and sub- scribers. Stage-shallops were sometimes used between important places to carry passengers. The stage- shallop resembled a dug-out rigged upon wheels, at that time a very essential combination, as it often became necessary on these routes to cross streams that were not fordable and without a ferry. In 1789 a line of mail stage-coaches was established in Maryland, to connect with the Virginia stages at Oeorgetown. Three trips a week were run each way by this line, from Baltimore to Georgetown, thence connecting' with the Virginia stage line, by way of Dumfries and Bowling Green, to Richmond. In 1799 this became a daily mail and passenger coach line, leaving Baltimore every day, Sunday excepted, from the 1st of April to the 1st of November, at 4 o'clock A.M., and arriving at Alexandria the same day at 6 1>.M. ; returning leaving Alexandria daily at the same hour, arriving in Baltimore at 6 p.m. From November 1st to April 1st the stages left at both ends of the route at 4 a.m., but did not arrive at their destination until 8 A.M. the next morning. Coaches also left Baltimore daily, except Sunday, at 4 A.M. for Philadeli)hia, and arrived there at 10 A.M. the next day, making the same time from Philadelphia to Baltimore. At this time, in addition to the regular line, a semi-weekly line ran from Baltimore to Alex- andria. In 1800, and for some years afterwards, the Eastern mail closed every day, Saturday excepted, at 6 P.M., the mail arriving every day, Monday excepted, at 3 P.M. ; the Southern mail closed every day, except Monday, at G.30 p.m., and arrived every day, Monday excepted, at 4 p.m. In 1811 the United States mail-coaches were ad- vertised to leave the Fountain Inn daily at 3 p.m., for the Shakespeare Hotel, Philadelphia, arriving there at 1 p.m. the following day. In 1814 the mail- coaches left Gadsby's Inn, in Baltimore, for York, Columbia, Lancaster, and Philadelphia daily at 3 A.M., the passengers lodging that night at Lancaster, and arriving at Philadelphia at 2 p.m. the next day. Branch lines ran generally tri-weekly from points along the main or national route. A stage left York three times a week for Harrisburg, thence out to Mif- flin, Lewistown, Sunbury, and Wilkesbarre; another tri-weekly for Pittsburgh via Chambersburg, and from Lancaster once a week to New York. Gadsby was the Baltimore agent of this line. In 1819 an attempt to rob the mail was made between the office in Baltimore and Elkridge; the postmaster, Mr. Skinner, offered a reward of five hundred dollars for the apprehension of the person or persons concerned in the attempt, to be paid on conviction in any court of law. In 1820 an express was run between this city and Washington by Messrs. Stockton & Stokes, and the express-rider for that firm in November brought copies of the President's mes- sage from Washington for all the Baltimore papers in two hours and forty-five minutes. In 1826, Gen. Barnard made a survey of the three different mail- routes from Baltimore to Philadelphia. In 1835 the old stage-coaches gave place to the locomotive in carrying the mails between Baltimore and Washing- ton, but for many years afterwards the stage-coach was familiar to interior towns not connected by rail with the great routes. The removal of Franklin in 1774 from the office of deputy postmaster-general, and the transfer of the postal department to English agents, was regarded as an act of oppression, and created great dissatisfaction in the colonies. In this condition of affairs Wm. Goddard, proprie- tor of the Maryland Journal, who shared the general sentiment and had experienced the extortions of the postal system under English management, proposed the establishment of an American or constitutional post-office, in contradistinction to an unconstitutional or British ministerial post-office. The suggestion was generally adopted, and Mr. Goddard appointed per- sons to serve and deliver letters at thirty different points, two in Maryland, — one in Baltimore, at Mr. Goddard's office, and one at Annapolis. Mr. God- dard, when his routes were superseded by the Conti- nental Congress, was made surveyor of post-roads, but Congress in the ensuing year restored his office to Dr. Franklin. Mr. Goddard was disappointed and went into retirement, makini; his sister the ostensible POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 493 editor of his paper. The paper was printed at the southeast corner of Baltimore and South Streets, where the post-office, tlie first in Baltimore, was lo- cated. The post-otfice was continued at the same place after the Post-office Department was established in 1775, with Miss Mary K. Goddard as postmistress, which position she held for fifteen years, until the adoption of the Constitution in 1789. Miss Goddard was succeeded by John White, who was appointed under protest of the citizens, and re- tained the office only a short time. He was succeeded by Alexander Furnwal. He in turn was succeeded by Charles Burrell, who had for many years been en- gaged as a clerk in the general Post-office Department. He was appointed by Gen. Washington. Mr. Bur- rell was a fine-looking gentleman of the old school, and, as was the custom in those days, wore his hair powdered. He was an active Federalist, and after the mobbing of the Federal Gazette office, became very unpoi^ular. Mr. Burrell was removed by Mr. Madison, and John S. Skinner was appointed in his place. Mr. Skinner took an active part in the war of 1812, and was on board the British ship as a prisoner with Mr. Key when he wrote the " Star Spangled Ban"ner." He also during his term of office originated the American Farmer and the " American Turf Register." Mr. Skinner remained in oflice until 1839, when the Hon. Joshua Vansant was appointed. Mr. Vansant was removed by President Harrison, and Thomas Finley succeeded him. Mr. Finley was a merchant, and previous to his appointment had been marshal of the district of Maryland. President Polk superseded Mr. Finleyby the appointment of James M. Buchanan in 1845. Mr. Buchanan was a leading member of the Baltimore bar, and an active politician. He was af- terwards judge of the Baltimore County Court, and minister to Denmark. On the 1st of July, 1849, Gen. Talyor appointed Charles T. Maddox to succeed Mr. Buchanan. Mr. Maddox had been acting as princi- pal assistant in the office for fifteen years, and was strongly recommended for the position by the press, merchants, and citizens. He was removed by Gen. Peirce, and Col. Jacob G. Davies, a prominent mer- chant and citizen, who had been twice mayor of Bal- timore, was appointed in his stead. In 1857, Dr. John G. Morris received the appointment of postmaster, and succeeded Col. Davies. During his term of office the riot of the 19th of April, 1861, occurred, which ne- cessitated the transportation of mails by wagons for nearly three weeks. This was done under the man- agement of Charles H. Mercer, who was for many years connected with the Post-office Department. Dr. Morris was succeeded in 1861 by Col. Wm. H. Purnell. Col. Purnell was followed in 1868 by Gen. Edward Shriver, who in turn gave place to Gen. Andrew Denison, who was appointed by Gen. Grant, and had filled the office nearly eight years at the time of his death. President Hayes appointed as his successor Gen. E. B. Tyler, who retained the position until 1881, 32 when he resigned, and was succeeded by Col. Harri- son Adreon, the present incumbent. Mr. Burrell performed the duties of the ofiice with one assistant. It is stated that when the office was threatened in 1812 he was in the custom of carrying a brace of pistols for the protection of the mails. The post-office under Miss Goddard, as has already been stated, was in the office of the Maryland Jour- nal, which occupied the present site of the Sun iron building. Afterwards, under Postmaster White, it was moved to the north side of Baltimore Street, five doors west of Gay. Under Mr. Burrell it was situated on Baltimore Street near Light, and under Mr. Skin- ner the office was removed to the corner of Lexington and St. Paul Streets, from whence it was removed, about 1830, to rooms in Barnum's Hotel. A few years later a building on the northeast corner of North and Fayette Streets was fitted up for the purpose, and here the oflBce remained until 1851, when the large increase in the business of the department de- manded better accommodations, and the buildings now occupied were rented from the Exchange Com- pany. In 1850, Messrs. Stinger & Morton established in Baltimore a penny-post system, through which letters were delivered to their patrons in any part of the city They also had boxes at convenient stations, where letters were deposited, and from which they were col- lected during the day and mailed. This penny- postal arrangement was superseded by what was denominated a sub-postal system in 1851. This arrangement simply consisted in the adoption of the system inaugurated by Messrs. Stinger & Morton, with a charge of two cents instead of one for the de- livery of letters. The city was divided into fourteen districts, with a carrier for each, and stations — gener- ally drug-stores — where letters were deposited and collected. Local letters were delivered for one cent, and for this purpose carrier-stamps were used. On the 30th of May, 1857, the government pur- chased the Exchange Building for a post-ofl[ice, and on the 15th of May, 1858, the letter department was removed to the adjoining building to make room for the necessary alteration and repairs, where it remained until January, 1854. The city-desjiatch system, which was organized by Dr. Morris, went into effect simul- taneously with the occupancy of the new office. The post-office was kept open at night until nine o'clock P.M. for the first time March 13, 1862. j In August, 1865, the general government, at the instance of Col. Purnell, postmaster of Baltimore, provided one hundred letter-post boxes, which were I located at convenient points throughout the difierent wards and precincts of the city for the reception of letters to be forwarded by the United States mail. The necessity for more ample accommodations for the rapidly-increasing business of the Baltimore post- office forced itself upon the attention of the postmas- ter and the citizens of Baltimore. 494 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. At the session of the United States Congress of 1874-75, the Hon. Thomas Swann introduced a bill providing for the purchase of a site and the erection upon it of a new post-office building in the city of Baltimore. The only action taken upon the subject at this time was the appointment of a commission, consisting of Postmaster-General Jewell, Secretary Bristow, and Supervising Architect Potter, to visit Baltimore, inspect the old post-office building, and in- vestigate the necessity for new accommodations, and also to examine the different sites offered, and report the result of their visit of investigation to Congress. In accordance with this resolution, Messrs. Jewell, Bristow, and Potter visited Baltimore on the 19th of May, 1875, had an interview with the mayor, the presi- dents of the two branches of the City Councils, and a number of business men of Baltimore at the City Hall, and obtained the general views on the subject. Eight different sites were offered the commissioners: No. 1. Bounded by Fayette, Calvert, and Lexington Streets and the United States court-house; estimated value, $402,978. No. 2. Bounded by Fayette, Holli- day, and Gay Streets and Orange Alley ; estimated value, 1302,807.88. No. 3. Bounded by Fayette, Hol- liday, Baltimore, and North Streets ; estimated value, $329,000. No. 4. Situated at the corner of Monument Square and Fayette Streets ; price, $500,000. No. 6. Bounded by Baltimore, HoUiday, and Second Streets and Post-Office Avenue; estimated value, $750,000. No. 7. Bounded by Charles, Lexington, and St. Paul Streets and an alley ; price, $495,000. No. 8. Balti- more Female College ; price, $45,000. Supervising Architect Potter was directed to visit Baltimore and examine all the sites offered, which he did on the 11th of August. After careful examina- tion he reported in favor of site No. 1, bounded by Calvert, Fayette, and Lexington Streets and the United States court-house. Earnest efforts were at once made by the mayor and City Councils, by the Board of Trade and prominent citizens, to obtain from Congress an immediate appro- priation for the purchase of a site and the erection of the post-office building. At the meeting of the Board of Trade on the 19th of October, 1875, a committee consisting of Joseph H. Rieman, Henry C. Smith, Israel M. Parr, D. H. Miller, and Christian Ax were appointed to consider the subject of a proper site for the new post-office. At a subsequent meeting on the 2d of November, a resolution was adopted by which the board declined to interfere in the selection of the site. The board at this meeting also appointed a com- mittee, consisting of J. H. Pleasants, president of the board ; Henry C. Smith, president of the Shoe and Leather Exchange ; Charles D. Fisher, president of the Corn and Flour Exchange ; Hon. W. C. Albert, Enoch Pratt, Joseph H. Rieman, D. H. Miller, Israel M. Parr, and the Hon. J. A. J. Cresswell, to collect statistics and present before the commissioners a statement of facts showing the necessity for improved postal facilities in Baltimore worthy of the govern- ment and in harmony with the dignity of a great commercial city. The City Council of Baltimore, on the 15th of No- vember, 1875, adopted resolutions favoring as the site for the new post-office the block bounded by Balti- more, Fayette, Holliday, and North Streets. A com- mittee was also appointed, consisting of Messrs. Hogg, Donovan, and Hooper, of the First Branch, and Messrs. Bond, Higgins, and Sellman, of the Second Branch, with Mayor F. C. Latrobe as chairman, to visit Washington and urge the subject on the attention of the commissioners. On the 15th of December, 1875, Hon. Thomas Swann offered a resolution in the House of Repre- sentatives, which was adopted without a division, call- ing on the Secretary of the Treasury, the Post- master-General, and the Supervising Architect, the commissioners on the Baltimore post-office, to report on the public improvements required by the com- mercial position and growing trade of the city of Bal- timore. The commissioners made an unfavorable report, but this did not seem to dampen the zeal of the friends of the measure, who kept it before the government by frequent memorials and committees. On the 10th of December, 1877, a conference of various committees was held at the City Hall to de- vise the best means of united action. The commit- tees represented at this meeting were the City Council Committee, Mayor Kane, Thom, Ramsburg, Lewis, Logan, Robertson, Stevens, Schroeder, Bullock, Young, and Hogg ; the Citizens' Committee, consisting of Samuel H. Taggert, F. C. Latrobe, Collector John L. Thomas, Postmaster E. B. Tyler, Enoch Pratt, George Appold, Henry James, H. Clay Dallam, Wil- liam Keyser, and Samuel M. Shoemaker; Board of Trade, Decatur H. Miller, Stephen Bonsai, I. M. , Parr, W. W. Spence, and S. P. Thompson ; Corn and Flour Exchange, R. B. Bayard, D. M. Tate, William S. Young, and Robert Tyson ; Merchants' Exchange, I Jame^ Carey Coale, Charles Morton Stewart, Charles D. Fisher, and Gilmor Meredith. A sub-committee was appointed, consisting of R. B. Bayard, represent- ! ing the Board of Trade, Merchants' Exchange, and j Corn and Flour Exchange ; Prof Tonry, represent- I ing the Committee of Citizens, and Dr. Charles W. Chancellor, representing the mayor and City Coun- cil, assisted by Collector John L. Thomas and Gen. E. B. Tyler, postmaster. The sub-committee met the congressional committees and presented the facts, ' but received no particular encouragement that any \ action would be taken on the subject at that session. i The committees again met Feb. 22, 1878, and ap- i pointed a sub-committee of five, consisting of John S. Bullock, on the part of the City Council ; S. P. Thompson, of the Board of Trade; Chas. D. Fisher, j of the Corn and Flour Exchange; Gen. F. C. La- trobe, of the Citizens' Committee ; James Carey Coale, tMa^tM^6s^ u d^^^^^o POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. of the Merchants' Exchange ; and, by special invita- j tion, John L. Thomas, collector of the port, and Gen. E. B. Tyler, postmaster, to visit Washington. The committee repaired to the capital and p-esented sta- j tistics in regard to the mail matter received at the Baltimore post-office, the commercial importance of the city, as illustrated by her foreign and internal | trade, and such other facts as it was hoped would in- I fluence speedy action. The revenue of the Baltimore post-office in 1776 . was 1415.161 ; in 1841 it was .185,296.92 ; in 1878 the j total income of the office was $344,044.68. In 1868, j 49 clerks and 53 carriers were employed at the post- office, and in 1881, 77 clerks and 85 carriers. In 1868 the whole number of letters dispatched was 5,810,090, and in 1879, 12,828,828. The number of letters re- ceived in 1868 was 5,408,229, and in 1879, 10,149,600. The number of registered letters received in 1868 was 17,676, and in 1878, 60,576 ; the number dispatched in 1868 was 10,169, and in 1878, 28,202. The money order system was adopted in 1864. In 1865, $13,600 was transmitted through this channel; in 1868, 1161,- 978.59, and in 1878, $401,371.20. Amount of money orders paid during 1878, $1,409,558.47. The total number of letters dispatched to foreign countries in 1877 was 182,755 ; and in 1878, 241,053. At the next session of Congress (1878-8i)) the sub- ject was kept before the Committee of Congress on Public Buildings and Grounds by frequent interviews of Baltimore committees representing the municipal- ity, the various trade boards, the merchants and citi- zens, and by frequent intercession and appeals from private citizens. The committees, of course, by the election to the Council in some instances of other rep- resentatives, were frequently changed. In February, 1879, the committee in charge of the matter, which had frequent interviews with the congressional com- mittee, was composed of F. C. Latrobe, mayor and chairman ; Otis Keilholtz, president of the First Branch of the City Council, with members of that Branch,— Messrs. A. H. Greenfield, G. Harlan AVil- liams, James H. Ives, and James Logan, Jr. ; Dr. C. W. Chancellor, president of the Second Branch, with members of that Branch, — F. P. Stevens, Wm. P. Tonry, M. W. Donovan, and Andrew F. Schroeder, to- gether with Postmaster Tyler, Collector Thomas, J. I. Middleton, president of the Corn and Flour Exchange, and James Cary Coale, president of the Merchants' Exchange, and Decatur H. Miller, president of the Board of Trade. Messrs. John T. Ford and Henry McShane were added to the committee. The ques- tion of a site still continued to be discussed, until, at a meeting of this committee, it was considered ex- pedient, and a resolution was passed to that effect, that the question of site was to be considered as closed by the recommendations of Secretary Sherman. In June, 1880, Congress made an appropriation of five hundred thousand dollars for the purchase of the site bounded by Fayette and Lexington Streets and Monument Square and the United States court-house. This sum not being sufficient for the purpose, an ad- ditional sum of fifty thousand dollars was appropri- ated to enable the government to occupy three lots fronting on North Street at the corner of Lexington. The owners of the property were J. Howard Mc- Henry, Robert Rennert, John C. White, August Hoen, Ernest Hoen, Simon J. Martinet, estate of Christopher Kreutzer, Henry Taylor, and the city of Baltimore. The buildings occupying the site have nearly all been removed, and Supervising Architect Hill is now engaged in building a magnificent struc- ture which will be a great ornament to the city. It is estimated to cost one million five hundred thousand dollars. Officers for 1881 : Postmaster, Col. Harrison Adreon ; Assistant Postmaster, Gen. W. E. W. Ross; Chief Clerk, R. E. Boyd ; Cashier, John P. Haas ; Superin- tendent Money Order Department, J. J. C. Dougherty; Superintendent Registry Division, Geo. B. Jean ; Su- perintendent City Delivery, W. H. H. Sultzer ; Super- intendent of Carriers, M. S. Showacre. Col. Harrison Adreon, the postmaster of Baltimore, was born in this city, Jan. 12, 1841. He is the son of the late William Adreon, of Baltimore, and the grandson of Capt. Christian Adreon, who com- manded the Union Volunteers, a company in the Fifth Maryland Infantry, during the war of 1812-14. The memorable charge of that regiment upon the British troops at the battle of North Point is pre- served in a bas-relief on the " Battle Monument." Col. Adreon is a fair exponent of the excellence of the public school system in Baltimore. His early mental training was received at these schools, and his educa- tion was completed with a course of instruction in the City College. At the close of his school-days the atmosphere was filled with the discordant sounds of civil strife, the sections were rapidly arraying them- selves for a suicidal struggle, and his impetuous nature forbade that he should remain silent "amid war's rude alarms." The heroism of his ancestor must have been ever present to him, as also the cause in which it was displayed, and his feelings were nat- urally enlisted on the side which bore in its ranks the standard of the Union. He had entered himself as a student of law, " but amidst arms laws are silent," and probably nothing could have been more repug- nant to his feelings than the precise polished periods of Blackstone when the drums were beating up recruits in the highways and the paving-stones echoed the tread of plumed battalions. Mr. Adreon entered the Fourth Maryland Infantry as a lieutenant in Com- pany A, and with his regiment was at once brigaded in the Second Division of the Fifth Army Corps, the left wing of the Army of the Potomac. The history of this corps is a succession of desperate encounters and fiercely-contested battles. Such names as the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Bethesda Church, Poplar Spring Grove, Cold Harbor, North Anna, Petersburg, 496 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Weldon Kailroad, Hatcher's Run, White Oak Road, Five Forks, and the deadly charge at the " Angle" are inscribed on its battle-flags. Adreon, no longer a lieutenant, but familiarly known to his comrades as "the fighting major," was present in every engage- ment, and this portion of his life fairly written would epitomize the history of the Army of the Potomac from the Rapidan to the close of the war. For his gallantry at Hatcher's Run he was bre vetted. But Col. Adreon must have possessed other qualities be- sides gallantry to have become so general a favorite with his associates. Pleasant in manner and unselfish in nature, he won the hearts of the men with whom he bivouacked, and by his cheerfulness under diffi- culties cemented ties which have since then borne abundant fruit. He was not only a brave man, but an intelligent soldier, as is evidenced by the fact that he was summoned during the summer of 1881 before the court of inquiry over which Gen. Hancock pre- sided, to testify in reference to the engagement at Five Forks, the last great battle of the war. At the end of the war Col. Adreon returned to bis native city and completed his legal studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1866, and evinced a lively interest in the political struggle inaugurated during that year for the control of the State. In 1867, when the new constitution went into effect, the Republican party chose him as their candidate for clerk of the City Court. He w^as secretary of the Republican State Central Committee during the campaign in which Gen. Grant was elected President, and upon the accession of the latter to office, Col. Adreon was appointed United States pension agent for Maryland. This position he held during the two administrations of Gen. Grant and the earlier part of the administra- tion of President Hayes, until June 30, 1877, when it was consolidated with the agencies of New Jersey and Delaware, and the office established at Washing- ton. Col. Adreon's discharge of the arduous duties ; of the pension-ofiice deserves all praise. The com- ! plicated accounts and incessant attempts at fraud I require for their solution the utmost exercise of cool- i ness, judgment, and good temper, and Col. Adreon ] displayed these in an eminent degree during his in- cumbency of the office, and when he rendered bis | final account to the department he was highly com- plimented for his efliciency, a fact which doubtless contributed not a little to his subsequent appointment i as postmaster of this city. In 1879, Col. Adreon was again called upon by bis | party to lead them in the contest for State officers, and though the Republicans were greatly in the mi- j nority, the flattering vote he received for the clerkship of the Superior Court disclosed the high esteem enter- | tained for him by his fellow-citizens. ; Col. Adreon has always exhibited a deep interest in j his fellow-soldiers, and was one of the founders of the j Grand Army of the Republic in Maryland. In 1869 ' he was made inspector-general of the order in the United States, under the command of Gen. John A. Logan. He took a leading part in the recent Presidential campaign, having been called by acclamation to the command of the " Boys in Blue" of Maryland, and was one of the chief organizers of the great mass- meeting held at Concordia Opera-House, Oct. 7, 1880, the most successful political gathering in behalf of Garfield and Arthur that took place in Maryland during the campaign. One of the first acts of the late President Garfield after his inauguration was the appointment of Col. Adreon to the postmastersbip of this city. He could scarcely have made a better selection, or one more suitable to the wishes and business interests of the citizens of Baltimore. Since he took charge of the j post-office he has introduced numerous desirable im- provements in the workings of the department, and has brought it to a degree of perfection never before attained. He is a man of thorough business habits, free from unworthy prejudices, keenly alive to the interests of his native city, and possessed of personal traits which cause him to be esteemed by all who know him. Tie Baltimore Custom-House.— In another chap- ter of this history it has been stated that the earliest knowledge of the old Baltimore Town upon the Bush River is derived from the fact that in the year 1682 it was made a port of entry by act of the General Assembly, and it seems that duties upon imports were collected there and at Joppa, and also at Baltimore Town when the latter arrived at the dignity of being a depot and entrepot of foreign commerce. It is known that previous to the Revolutionary war there existed in Baltimore a small office for the collection of reve- nue, but the custom-house proper of those days was at Annapolis, which was then a much more important town. Among the archives of the Baltimore custom- house the earliest book of record is dated in the year 1769, and relates to the storage of flour. The next in point of date is that of 1780, which records the en- trance and clearance of vessels for that year at the port of Baltimore. Some two hundred and fifty ves- sels of all kinds, engaged in the foreign and coastwise trade, were then entered and cleared. The aggregate tonnage was only thirteen thousand tons, and the ex- ports to foreign ports consisted almost entirely of to- bacco. After the declaration of peace and the adop- tion of the Federal Constitution the commerce of the port of Baltimore increased so greatly that it was found necessary to establish a regular custom-house for the collection of commercial revenue. This was done by act of Congress in the year 1786, which cre- ated the office of collector of customs, and prescribed the duties of the incumbent. Prior to the Revolution the imposts were collected by the naval officer, an of- ficial appointed by the crown, who visited on board of a war-ship the ports of the province on stated oc- casions, and gathered the revenues according to legal POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 497 . OTHO H. WILLIAS formula. The official title survives to this day, as designating one of the chiefs of departments in the cus- tom-house, but its old- time significance has of course departed. The first collector of customs after the adoption of the Federal Constitution was Gen. Otho H. Williams, the valiant soldier of the Eevolution, who was appointed to this office by President Washing- ton. The custom-house of those days was in an edifice which stood on the site of the present Commercial Buildings, at the northeast corner of Gay and Lombard Streets, and it was continued there until the Merchants' Exchange was built, which, with some additions, is now the custom-house and post- office. The Merchants' Exchange Company was es- tablished in 1815, and after it had erected its build- ings the United States government rented the first floor of the wing on the Gay Street side, and located the custom-house therein. It remains there to the present time, and will occupy all the buildings after the removal of the post-office to the new edifice now being erected on Monument Square. Gen. Williams served as collector of customs from 1786 until 1794, when ill health forced him to resign the office, and he died the next year. His successor was Robert Purviance, who came of a family that were among the first citizens of Baltimore Town, and had taken a very active part in the war of indepen- dence. Mr. Purviance continued as collector until 1806, when he gave way to Gabriel Christie, who was followed by James H. McCulloch in 1808. Mr. Mc- CuUoch held the office for twenty-eight years, and was preceded in 1836 by William Frick, subsequently judge of the Superior Court. Mr. Prick's immediate successors were Nathaniel H. Williams and Gen. AVilliam H. Marriott, each of whom held the office for four year.s. In 1841, Col. George P. Kane was appointed, and he was followed in 1853 by Philip Frank Thomas, who is the oldest of the ex-collectors now living. In 1857, John Thompson Mason suc- ceeded Mr. Thomas, and after him came Henry W. Hoffinan, who was appointed by President Lincoln in 1861. He remained four years, and in 1865 Ed- win H. Webster took his place. John L. Thomas, Jr., was appointed by President Grant in 1869, and was succeeded by Washington Booth in 1873. Mr. Booth was a merchant in the South American trade, and had amassed a large fortune. Ill health com- pelled his resignation before the expiration of his term of office, when Col. Edward Wilkens was ap- pointed. The latter was removed in November, 1877, by President Hayes, who reappointed Mr. Thomas. During Mr. Thomas' administration of the custom- house he organized the official system which has been described by a special agent of the Treasury Depart- ment as a model for all the other custom-houses of the country. A comparative statement shows that whereas there were employed in the Baltimore cus- tom-house on July 1, 1877, two hundred and twelve officials, the number on March 1, 1881, was one hun- dred and ninety -eight, and this reduction of the force had been efiected without impairing the efficiency of the service. With the exception of three incumbents, the clerical force of the custom-house remains to this day precisely as it was constituted by Mr. Thomas in 1869. Subsequent to the Eevolution, and previous to 1799, there were surveyors and naval officers at th-e port of Baltimore, but the act of Congress of March 2, 1799, established their departments, and their duties were further defined by the acts of March 1, 1823, and June 26, 1848. It appears, however, that as far back as 1794 there was an assistant to the collector, who was known as the naval officer. In that year Nathaniel Ramsay was the incumbent, and he was succeeded by William H. Barney in 1817. A blank occurs between the latter date and 1841, and when the authorities at the Treasury Department in Washington were ap- plied to for the names, they responded that they could not complete the list, as some of the early records had been destroyed by fire. In 1841, Dabney S. Carr, who had been minister to Constantinople, was appointed. His tenure of office was very short, and he was fol- lowed by Joshua Vansant, afterwards a member of Congress, mayor of Baltimore, and city comptroller. After Mr. Vansant came Samuel J. K. Handy in 1844, James Polk in 1845, Thomas King Carroll in 1849, John Kettlewell in 1853, Levi K. Brown in 1857, Francis S. Corkran in 1861, William S. Reese in 1866, John Lee Chapman in 1869, Adam E. King in 1873, and William Corkran in 1877. Mr. Chapman had been mayor of the city during the civil war, and was one of the most prominent Union men in Maryland. He died in March, 1881. Gen. Adam E. King was an officer of high rank in the Union army, and had been so badly wounded at the battle of Monocacy, on July 9, 1864, that for a long while his life was de- spaired of. William Corkran had been deputy naval officer for fifteen years previous to his appointment as chief of the department. The first surveyor was Daniel Delozier, who was appointed in 1793. He was followed by William Lowry, in 1813, and between the latter date and 1844 the officials were James Mozier, William Pinkney, and probably others, of whose incumbency there is no record preserved. In 1844, Thomas Lloyd was ap- pointed, and after him came William II. Cole, Jr., 1845 ; Elias T. Griffin, 1849 ; John 0. Wharton, 1853 ; Washington Finley, 1857 ; John N. McJilton, 1861 ; Edington Fulton, 1865; William Wailes, 1866; Robert Cathcart, deputy and acting surveyor, 1866 ; Augustus HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. W. Bradford, 1867 ; Edington Fulton, 1869 ; Charles Gilpin, 1873 ; and George W. F. Vernon, 1878. Mr. McJilton was proprietor and editor of the Baltimore Patriot. Mr. Fulton was managing editor of the Bal- timore American, and among the memoranda made by President Lincoln on the day preceding the even- ing of his assa.ssination was a card on which he had noted down that Mr. Fulton should be appointed to the position. The actual appointment, however, was made by President .Johnson, who removed Mr. Fulton in 18G6 because of his refusal to indorse the policy of the administration. The nominations of Mr. Wales and Mr. Cathcart were rejected by the Senate, but that of Governor Bradford was confirmed. Col. Gil- pin commanded a home-guard regiment during the war, and Col. Vernon, the present incumbent, was a cavalry-officer, rising to much distinction and being severely wounded. The office of local appraisers of merchandise was created by the act of Congress of March 1, 1823, which provided that there should be two such officials at the port of Baltimore. The first appointees were Wil- liam Haslett and William Dickinson, whose commis- sions bore the dale of 1828. Mr. Dickinson was re- appointed in 1832, and his colleague was Lyde Good- win. They held their offices until 1851, when thej were supplanted by William M. McBlair and Hugh W. Evans. The line of succession afterwards was Lemuel W. Gosnell and Philip Poultney, 1853; Beale H. Richardson and David C. Springer, 1858 ; William I. Nichols and James F. Wagner, 1861; Hooper C. Hicks and E. F. Anderson, in 1865. Col. Anderson had been so terribly wounded in the war that his recovery is still considered by the surgeons a marvel. Besides having three bullets in his body, he carried two in his legs, and the fingers of his left hand were broken by a sabre-cut. He was displaced in 1869, and was succeeded by Adam E. King, who served until 1873, when Col. Anderson was reap- pointed. The present appraisers are John Lewis Lin- thicum and Henry Holliday Goldsborough. Capt. Linthicum was appointed on Dec. 31, 1874, and Judge Goldsborough on Jan. 19, 1875. An act of Congress in the year 1855 created the office of general appraiser of merchandise. The dis- trict over which the general appraiser presides is sub- ject to change, and it now extends as far south as Charleston, S. C, and as far west as San Francisco. The first general appraiser was William P. Ponder. He was .succeeded by Lewis Sutton in 1859, by John W. Baughman in 1861, and by John F. Meredith a few months later. Mr. Meredith is still the general appraiser, and it is acknowledged that he is one of the leading experts of the United States in the calcula- tion of dutiable values upon goods. In 1780 the receipts at this port were a few cases of foreign goods. The business for 1880, the first full recorded centennial of the custom-house, was as follows : Duties collected $3,101,855.53 MiscellaDeous ctlBtomti receipts 212.872.52 Total $3,314,728 05 The number of entries of vessels engaged in foreign trade was 1620, with an aggregate tonnage of 1,418,519 tons. The clearances were 1631 ve.ssels, with an ag- gregate tonnage of 1,429,415 tons. Coastwise entries comprised 1416 vessels and 1,627,842 tons, and coast- wise clearances 2189 ves-sels and 1,555,644 tons. The total for 1880 was 6856 vessels, and a tonnage of 5,431,420 tons. The following list of collectors, naval officers, and surveyors of customs for the district of Baltimore since the formation of the United States government was furnished by H. A. Lockwood, act- ing commissioner of customs, who says, " The list of naval officers and surveyors is imperfect, but the best I can furnish, owing to the destruction of some of the early records of the department by fire. They are as follow.s, with date of commission : " Collectors, Otlio HoUaud Williams, ; Robert Purviance, Aug. 15, 1794; Gabriel Christie, Oct. 25, 1806 ; James H.McCullocli, April 15,1808; William Frick, Nov. 24, 1836; Nathaniel H. Williams, March 25,1841; William H. Marriott, Not. 21, 1844 ; George P. Kane, May 12, 1849; P. r. Thomas, April 4, 1853; J. T. Mason, March 28, 1857; H. W. HofTman, April 15, 1861; E. H. Webster, July 18, 1865; John L. Thomas, Jr., Feb. 19, 1860; Washington Booth, March 24, 1873; Edward Wilkilis, Aug. 11, 1876; John \j. Thomas, Jr., July 2, 1877. Surveyors, Daniel Delojier, July, 1793; William Lowry, Nov. 8, 1813; James Mosher, Mar»;h 24, 1829; William Pinkney, March 16, 1841; Thomas Lloyd, July 2, 1844- Wil- liam H. Cole, Jr., March 22, 1845 ; Elias T. Griffln, May 12, 1849 ; John 0. Wharton, April 5, 1863 ; Washington Finley, March 28, 1857 ; John S. McJilton, May 3, 1861 ; Edington Fulton, July 18, 1865 ; William Wales, Oct. 29, 1866; R. Cathcart, deputy and acting; Aug. W. Bradford, April 16,1867; Edington Fulton, April 13,1869; Charles Gilpin, April 9, 1873; George W. F. Vernon, Feb. 13, 1S78. Naval Olficere, Nathaniel Bamsay, September, 1704; William B. Barney, Dec. 1, 1817; Dabncy S. Carr, Jan. 1, 1841 ; Joshua Vansant, . ; Samuel J. K. Handy, July 1, 1844 ; James Polk, April 8, 1845 ; Thomas K. Carroll, May 12, 1-49; John Kettlewell, April 5, 1853 ; Levi K. Bowen, March 28, 1867 ; Francis S. Corkran, April 16,1861; William Smith Reese, July 20, 1866 ; John L. Chapman, April 13, 1869; Adam E. King, March 24, 1873; William Corkran, .lune 22, 1877." Hon. John L. Thomas, Jr., the present collector of the port of Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, May 20, 1835, and when he was quite young his parents re- moved to Cumberland, Md., where his boyhood days were spent. His father was a native of Lebanon, Pa., and on that side the family is of German extrac- tion ; on his mother's side it is French. Her maiden name was Matilda L. Seeley ; she was a native of Ver- gennes, Vt., and a granddaughter of Col. John Wol- throp, of the Revolutionary army. Mr. Thomas was educated in an academy at Cumberland, and studied law in the office of Gen. Thomas I. McKaig, a leader at the Western Maryland bar. After his admission in 1856 to practice he was chosen counselor of the town, but removed in a few months to Baltimore and crossed the threshold of professional success. Embarking in politics as a sturdy friend of the Whig cause, he took the stump for the late lion. Thomas Holliday Hicks in the gubernatorial campaign of 1856, and was brought into intimate relations with Henry Winter Davis, Anthony Kennedy, John P. Kennedy, and other leading Native Americans and Whigs of that POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 499 period. At the bar his forensic ability and legal acu- men were noticed and commended by such high au- tliorities as John V. L. McMahon, T. Yates Walsh, Coleman Yellot, and John Nelson, all of whom have since passed away. He quickly obtained a large criminal practice and won his laurels by assisting in the prosecution of Joseph Claggett for the killing of Jerome White, when the accused was convicted of murder in the second degree, notwithstanding that he was defended by Severn Teackle Wallis and Henry Winter Davis. Mr. Thomas was subsequently coun- sel for the defense in the Federal Hill riots of 1858, and in the murder case of William G. Ford, when he was associated with John Nelson. In 1859 he man- aged for Henry Winter Davis the contest of that gen- tleman against William G. Harrison for a seat in Con- gress, and the House of Representatives voted the sesit to Mr. Davis. He was an unflinching Unionist from the first indication of the civil troubles; and on the night of April 18, 18G1, he, at the peril of his life, spoke for the Union from the front of the old Foun- tain Hotel to the angry throng that filled the street, and was preparing for the next day's assault upon the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. Intense bitterness of feeling prevailed among the Southern party, particu- larly against Governor Hicks, who was at the hotel in conference with other leading Unionists, and it was believed that the mob had gathered with the in- tention of doing kim personal injury. While Mr. Thomas was engaging the attention of the multitude the Governor was conveyed away to a place of safety, and when the incensed crowd discovered that they had been thus cleverly checkmated they turned upon Mr. Tliomas, but he was protected from their fury by Capt. Boyd at the head of a detail of police. On the next day he saw the fighting on Pratt Street, and helped to carry to an adjacent drug-store the mortally-wounded body of Needham, one of the Mas- sachusetts soldiers. Before Gen. Butler's entry, he was several times warned by the Volunteer Association, an organization of secessionists, to leave town, but he stood firm and defied their threats. The City Council passed an act forbidding the raising of an American flag within the municipal limits, and a number of young men who had hoisted the national colors on Federal Hill were arrested for a violation of the law. Mr. Thomas volunteered as their counsel, procured their release under writs of habeas corpus, and that same night delivered, at a meeting at the corner of Broadway and Bank Streets, the first Union speech heard in Baltimore succeeding the eventful 19th of April. In June, 1861, Mayor Chapman appointed him city counselor, and in 1863 he was elected State's attorney by a highly complimentary majority. In both positions he had to defend the public interests in many important cases, contending before courts and juries with such intellectual giants as Reverdy John- son, William Schley, and J. H. B. Latrobe. In 1864, while State's attorney, he was elected to the Free State Constitutional Convention, and framed the ju- diciary system that was embodied in the new consti- tution. He was a radical advocate of the immediate emancipation of the slaves and no compensation to slaveholders, and also of liberal principles in general. He had the satisfaction of witnessing the adoption of his theories. In 1865 he was elected by the Union Republican party to Congress from the Second District of Maryland, embracing Harford County, part of Baltimore County, and the seven lower wards of the city. In the House of Representatives, which was dealing with the momentous problem of reuniting a nation torn asunder in the throes of civil war, Mr. Thomas made a record fit to compare with that of any of the great statesmen of that stormy epoch. The reconstruction and reconciliation policy of the Re- publican party had no more loyal supporter, and his votes will be found recorded in favor of the Civil Rights Bill, the Freedmen's Bureau Bill, and a score of other measures bearing upon the rehabilitation of the Union. As a member of the Committee on Com- merce, he secured the passage of a large appropria- tion for the improvement of the ship channel of Baltimore. He was nominated for Congress in 1867, but the Democratic party had by that time gained the ascend- ancy in Maryland, and he was not re-elected. In the same year Mayor Chapman reappointed him city counselor, but upon the election of Mayor Banks he resigned the office. In 1864 he wa-s appointed by Governor Bradford to enroll the militia in the first four wards of Baltimore. In 1866 he was chairman of the Maryland delegation to the Southern Loyalist Convention, which met at Philadelphia. In 1868 he was a delegate to the National Republican Conven- tion at Chicago, and supported Gen. Grant for the Presidential and Benj. F. Wade for the Vice-Presi- dential nomination. When President Grant was in- augurated, the appointment of Mr. Thomas as collec- I tor of the port of Baltimore was suggested to him by j powerful political and mercantile influence, em- bracing a long list of Republican chieftains who had I served with him in the Thirty-ninth Congress. Mr. I Hayes, afterwards President, wrote to President Grant, under date of Feb. 3, 1869, in favor of the 1 appointment of Mr. Thoma.s, saying that as a mem- ber he " was throughout a firm and able supporter of I the Republican measures of that Congress in oppo- sition to the policy of Andrew Johnson." For four years Mr. Thomas filled the coUectorship with ac- ceptability to the public and honor- to himself, and falling seriously ill towards the end of his term, the President failed to recommission him. In 1876, Mr. Thomas was chairman of the Maryland delegation to the Republican National Convention at Cincinnati, and in the long succession of ballots held the six- teen votes of the State for Mr. Blaine for the Presi- dential nomination. In the campaign of that year he officiated as chairman of the Republican State Cen- 500 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. tral Committee, and organized a vigorous canvass. President Hayes was of the opinion that great injus- tice had been done Mr. Thomas in his removal by President Grant, and, in accordance witli tliis convic- tion, reinstated him as collector in November, 1877. He is now an applicant for continuance in office, and the esteem in which he is held by his fellow-citizens received a signal illu.stration very recently when a memorial asking his retention, and signed by a ma- jority of the great merchants, bankers, and manufac- turers of the city, was presented to the late President Garfield by a delegation of these gentlemen. They represented many millions of dollars and all the largest commercial interests, and they gave the col- lector the warmest possible indorsement, although most of them were his political opponents. Indeed, in his first term of office Mr. Thomas remodeled the discipline of the custom-house, bringing it up to such a standard of efficiency, and selecting subordinates from such excellent material, that no considerable changes were made by his successors. The late Special Agent Lobdell spoke of it in an official re- port as " the model custom-house of the country." The credit of procuring the establishment of a United States sub-treasury at Baltimore, thus placing the city on the same footing as New York, to the vast accommodation of our merchants, is wholly due to Mr. Thomas' exertions through his influence at the Treasury Department and with members of Con- gress. He has always understood and fostered the welfare of his native city, and claims legions of sincere friends among all classes of her people. He is a forci- ble orator, and is gifted with a vein of humor that enlivens his public speeches and brightens his social circle. Mr. Thomas married Miss Azalia Hussey, an accomplished and lovely lady, granddaughter of John Strobel, one of the defenders of Baltimore in 1814. They have three children living. The Gas-light Company of Baltimore.— The subject of lighting the streets of Baltimore Town was agitated as early as 1773, when a correspondent of the Maryland Journal suggested the i)ropriety of lighting the streets by lamps to be erected by the householders, a lamp to be placed in front of every sixth house. The cost to each householder was esti- mated at tenpence per month. The first public lamp that was ever placed in position in Baltimore was suspended in the centre of the street at the intersec- tion of Baltimore and Howard Streets. It could be seen from four directions, and was meant to guide early market-men to the market-house. Shortly after this, however, the suggestions of the correspondent referred to were adopted, and until 1817 the streets were lighted by oil-lamps. In the mean time several efforts were made by scientific men to introduce an improved light. In 1802 much attention was attracted to what was termed " a philosophical exhibition" by Benjamin Henfrey, who proposed to the mayor and Citv Council of Baltimore "to substitute for the street-lamps one or more Light Houses, to be lighted by means of a certain inflammable gas, with reflectors for increasing and extending the rays of light," but the practicability of the scheme was not demonstrated satisfactorily, and it failed to receive the encourage- ment and support of the municipal authorities. Mr. Henfrey then attempted to secure its adoption by private citizens, and gave exhibitions of its capacity both for lighting and warming rooms, and proposed for the modest sum of five dollars to give the right to any person to use his discovery for lighting and warming rooms for seven years, but failed in this effort also. In 1802, Mr. Henfrey succeeded in light- ing Richmond, Va., with gas, before it had ever been successfully used elsewhere.' In 1816, Rembrandt Peale, the proprietor of the Baltimore Museum (old City Hall), gave exhibitions in his saloon of paintings, of the manner of lighting houses by means of " carburetted hydrogen gas," as discovered by Dr. Benjamin Kugler, of Philadelphia. Mr. Peale charged a small sum for admission to see the new light, and it suggested to him and others the availability of gas for general use, and especially as a substitute for oil in the street-lamps. The use and combination of gases had been understood by science during the seventeenth century, but, with the single exception of Richmond, Va., gas had never been availed of as a light for cities, except to a lim- ited extent in London. A company was accordingly formed, entitled " The Gas-light Company of Balti- more," composed of Rembrandt Peale, Wm. Lorman, James Mosher, Robert Carey Long, Wm. Gwynn, and others, by whom a proposition was made to the mayor and City Council to light the streets of Balti- more with gas. This proposition was submitted June 13, 1816, at an extra session called by the mayor for the purpose. A committee of three members from each Branch was appointed to examine the appar- atus erected by Mr. Peale for the manufacture of the gas, and to make all necessary inquiries as to the manner in which it was intended to light the streets. The joint committee reported favorably, and on the 17th of June an ordinance was passed authorizing "The Gas-light Company of Baltimore" to lay or cause to be laid along and under the streets, squares, lanes, and alleys of the city, paved or unpaved, such and so many pipes as may be necessary to convey the gas from their manufactory or manufactories, which they were also by the ordinance authorized to estab- lish and carry on within the city. " The Gas-light Company of Baltimore" was char- tered by the Legislature of the State by an act passed Feb. 5, 1817, with the original members of the com- 1 The followiug advertisement appeared in the Federal Oaxelie July 1, 1817: " Tlie sulwcriberB inform the public that they have made a machine for making gas from stove coal, and make it pure of the very disagree- able smell said to arise from the coal. "John Bowie, "Macok W. Joii.>-8ox." POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. pany as incorporators. The act of incorporation, de- claring tlie manner in wliicli the capital stock of the company should be distributed, set apart one hundred shares to be assigned to Rembrandt Peale over and above his proportion as a member of the company, as a compensation in full for transferring to the Gas-light Company of Baltimore the patent right assigned to him by Dr. Benjamin Kugler, of Philadelphia. The contract was made with the city, and the gas-works were located at the corner of North and Saratoga Streets. The company got fairly under way in 1820, its first president being William Lorman. The first public building lighted by gas was the old "Mud" or Belvidere Theatre, at the northwest corner of North and Saratoga Streets. The first private building in Baltimore lighted by gas was that of the late Jacob | I. Cohen, on North Charles Street; the second that of the late Hugh Birckhead, on the same street. To the city of Baltimore belongs the honor of first adopt- ing gas for street and general use, and the Baltimore company was the first anywhere organized for its manufacture. The first gas-lamp erected and lighted on the streets of Baltimore was on the corner of Market and Lemon Streets. This lamp wiis lighted for the first time Feb. 7, 1817, and it is stated by the newspapers of those days " that the effect produced was highly gratifying to those who had an opportunity of witnessing it, among whom were several members of the Legislature of the State." Feb. 16, 1818, only twenty-eight lamps were lighted with gas. From that time the consumption of gas steadily increased, until, instead of three original takers in 1820, there were, in 1870, 15,301 consumers of gas in Baltimore. When Gen. Columbus O'Donnell was elected presi- dent and took charge of its afiiurs in 1831, the whole amount of capital paid in amounted to $250,000, and there was a floating debt of $195,000. Two years later .$300,000 were added to the capital, making the entire amount paid in $550,000. The original capital was nearly all exhausted in experiments and by tlie use of unsuitable pipes, etc. It became necessary to pro- cure additional funds to sustain and carry on the I work, and to canvass the city for new subscribers, ' many of the old stockholders refusing to subscribe for additional stock. The directors were also forced to resort to loans based on their individual credit. The scale of charges was originally regulated by the num- ber of burners used, but in 1830 the present system of measuring the gas was introduced. In 1846 the company had only four gasometers, capable of holding one hundred and forty thousand cubic feet of gas, and in that year they erected a new one at the corner of Franklin and Little Davis Street. It was not until 1847 that gas was employed in the city markets. In that year gas-fixtures were put into the new Belair Market-house, and then in Centre or Marsh Market, and soon afterwards in nearly all [ the other markets of the city, except the Lexington 1 Market, where gas was not introduced until 1851. In 1865 the Baltimore Gas-light Company pur- chased from the Canton Company the large tract of land between the old Kendall race-course and the harbor, north of the old candle-factory, with a front of over four hundred feet, and nearly as much in depth, for the sum of thirty-five thousand dollars, and erected upon it a large gasometer, for the purpose of supplying the eastern section of the city. On the 31st of November, 1870, the franchise-s and property of the Baltimore Gas-light Company were sold to capitalists of Brooklyn, N. Y., for three million dollars. The real estate acquired by the purchase on the part of the Brooklyn capitalists con- sisted of between sixty-five and seventy acres of land in South Baltimore, near Spring Gardens, valued, with the improvements thereon, at seven hundred thousand dollars. The improvements consisted of all the necessary apparatus for the manufacture of gas, a number of small dwellings occupied by the em- ployes of the company, the building occupied for office purposes, fronting twenty-four feet on South Street, with a depth of two hundred feet to Holliday Street, valued at seventy thousand dollars, about five acres of land at Canton, with a water-front of four hundred feet, twelve brick dwellings, and a large gas- ometer, and the extensive property on North Holli- day Street. The works at Spring Gardens, South Bal- timore, are said to be the most complete in the United States. The formal transfer and the last payment were made on the 26th of January, 1871. Gen. Columbus O'Donnell served as the president of the company for nearly forty years. After the sale and transfer of the franchises and property of the company to the Brooklyn capitalists the company was reorgan- ized, with S. L. Husted as president, and C. Oliver O'Donnell as vice-president. "The Gas-light Company of Baltimore," "The People's," and "The Consumers' Mutual Gas-light Company" on July 1, 1880, consolidated. The capi- tal stock was made six millions of dollars, divided into sixty thousand shares of the par value of one hundred dollars each. Provision was made for the execution to trustees of a mortgage to secure the payment of three million six hundred thousand dol- lars of the bonds of the company or such parts thereof in excess of two million six hundred thousand dol- lars as it may be deemed advisable to issue. The first board of directors of the new company was as follows : William Sinclair, Lyman L. Husted, Arthur W. Ben- son, Austin Jenkins, William F. Burns, William H. Graham, Walter B. Brooks, William W. Spence, John W. Hall, .lames A. Gary, Henry James, and Bernard Carter. The presidents at this time were William Sinclair, of the Gas-light Company; William F. Burns, of the People's ; and John W. Hall, of the Consumers' Company. The new company, under the name of the " Consolidated Gas Company of Balti- more City," began business on the same day at the office of the old company on South Street. 502 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. The Equitable Gas Company began to lay down pipes in tlie streets of Hiiltiniore in 1881, and expect to furnish gas to tlie publie by the 1st of November of this year. It lias secured an office in the magnifi- cent Hoen Building, on the nortliwcst corner of Lex- ington and Holliday Streets. The City Gas Company of Baltimore was incor- porated under the general incorporation laws of the State on May 2, 1881, wilh the following incorpora- tors: George P. Frick, William (i. Atkinson, J. Izard Middleton, John Gill, and Henry J. Davidson. The Brush Electric Light Company of Balti- more was incorporated under the general incorpora- tion laws of the State on April 16, 1881, with the fol- lowing incorporators: Summerfield Baldwin, Edgar G. Miller, Oliver C. Zell, Isaac Brooks, Jr., William T. Levering, Edmund D. Bigelow, Dr. William Whit- ridge, Jacob B. Waidner, George H. Baer, and Charles D. Fisher. The capital stock is two hundred thousand dollars, divided into two thousand shares of one hun- dred dollars each par value. The directors are twelve in number, and comprise the incorporators named, with William S. Rayner and Henry C. Rinehart. The company organized by the election of Summerfield Baldwin, president; R. W. L. Rasin, vice-president; Isaac Brooks, Jr., secretary ; Oliver C. Zell, treasurer ; and J. Frank Morrison, general manager. CHAPTER XXXI. THE TELEGRAPH. Tbo First Experimente— Morse Line— First Alphabet i District Companies— Telephoue. The first electro-magnetic recording telegraph line in the United Slates was established by the govern- ment between Washington and Baltimore in 1844. In 1837, Prof. Samuel F. B. Morse petitioned Con- gress for assistance to enable him to demonstrate the value of his invention by constructing a telegraph line between the two cities, hut our incredulous legislators ridiculed his invention as a mere chimera, and the bill was never called up. At the session of 1842, Prof. Morse renewed his application with success. Mainly through the efforts of Hon. John P. Ken- nedy, of Baltimore, chairman of the House committee to which the bill had been referred, Congress on the 3d of March, on the last day of the session, passed an act appropriating thirty thousand dollars " to test the practicability of establishing a system of electro- magnetic telegraph in the United States." The money was placed under the direction of the Secre- tary of the Treasury; and Prof. Morse, anxious to prosecute the work, about the 10th of March recom- mended to the Secretary the following gentlemen as his assistants, who were appointed : Profs. Leonard D. Gale and Jas. C. Fisher,' at a salary of fifteen hundred dollars each per annum, and Alfred Vail at a salary of one thousand dollars. It was the original intention of Prof. Morse to lay the wires along the sleepers of the Washington branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, encased in leaden pipes and under ground. This mode was adopted in consequence of its economy, but, as will be seen hereafter, it proved a failure, and an impediment in the tran.smission of j electricity. I On the 30th of March, 1843, Prof. Morse advertised 1 in the Baltimore Sun for sealed proposals for furnish- j ing 141,500 pounds of lead pipe and 26,500 pounds of I Nos. 15, 16, and 18 copper wire. The contract was awarded to parties in New York, where the material I was made under the direction of Prof L. D. Gale, and i shipped to Baltimore about October, 1843. The pipe j was about an inch in diameter, with an internal diam- eter of half an inch. The wire used as the conductor was covered spirally by machinery with cotton- thread-like bonnet wire; was saturated with a solu- tion of shellac, and then drawn through a hot com- position of asphaltum, beeswax, rosin, and linseed oil, for the purpose of insulating it, and to keep it j from coming in contact with the lead tubing through which it had to be drawn preparatory to laying it under ground. At that time gutta-percha insulation was unknown. Permission having been obtained from the presi- dent and directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road to lay the wires alongside its track, a "signal- office" was established at Mount Clare Depot, in Me- Henry near Poppleton Street, and in November the work of laying the wires was begun from this point. The lead pipe, with four insulated copper wires in- closed, was buried some ten or twelve inches under ground for a distance of about ten miles along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, between ! Baltimore and the Relay House, when the work of ! testing the insulation commenced. The tests proved that not a single mile of the wire was sufficiently insulated, and the underground mode of construc- I tion had to be abandoned after the expenditure of I over fifteen thousand dollars of the appropriation. This was a great disappointment to Prof. Morse, and j his failure was kept as quiet as possible for fear that 1 the public would consider his invention unsuccessful, and that the Secretary would withhold the remainder of the appropriation, which was sufficient to continue the experiments. The work was immediately stopped, and Prof. Morse, on December 28th, announced in a card that "the lateness of the season embarrasses fur- ther operations until spring." In the mean time con- sultations were held, the apparatus and materials were taken to Washington, and by permission of Hon. H. L. Ellsworth, then commissioner of patents, stored in the basement of the Patent Office. Soon afler- appuinted mechanical assistant at a salaiy of one thonsand dollars per year. Siibsequeiitly V. C, Avery was placed in charge of the laboratory, ' and U. W. Cleveland as line-repairer. THE TELEGRAPH. 503 wards a portion of one hundred and sixty miles of insulated wire remaining on hand was applied to tlie construction of a line on poles between Baltimore and Washington, under the supervision of Ezra Cornell as inspector. The poles, which were of chestnut, were not barked, and each had a cross-arm, about four feet long, bolted or nailed near the top, and notched so as to sustain four wires ; only two, however, were put up, and were known as the east and west wires. They were laid on a piece of prepared canvas satu- rated with a composition, a wooden wedge similarly saturated was driven in the notch horizontally to se- cure the wire, the canvas was then drawn over the wedge, so as to form an insulation at the cross-arm, and a strip of inch board properly prepared was nailed over the top of the cross-arm as a finish. This mode 01 insulating the wire was very defective, and in fact the whole line was indifferently built, as Prof. Morse and his assistants had neither experience nor precedent to follow in their experiments. To establish the elec- tric current, a wire connecting with the pole of the battery was soldered in Baltimore to a sheet of copper five feet long and two and a half feet wide, and placed in the dock at the corner of Light and Pratt Streets ; in Washington the copper sheet was buried under the pavement in the dry dust of the cellar of the capitol. This was the arrangement of the circuit until the ad- journment of Congress in 1844, wlien the plan was changed. The construction of the new line was begun from the Washington end, and when six miles of it had been completed. Prof. Morse made the first experi- ment, with the following result, as stated in the Na- tional Intelligencer of the 10th of April, 1844 : " The line of conductors is constructed as far on from Washington as to a point on the line of the railroad opposite to the residence of Charles B. Calvert, Esq. (six miles), and the work is making progress at about the rate of a mile a day. A trial of it was made yes- terday (April 9th) as the cars passed Mr. Calvert's by communicating the fact of their passage to this point, at which the line begins, in Washington, and an answer acknowledging the receipt of the intelligence was received back in two or three seconds." On the 10th of April, 1844, Prof. Morse, in a letter to Henry J. Rogers, afterwards his assistant superintendent, gives the following account of this first experiment: " This morning's Intelligencer and this evening's Madiaonian have each a notice of the experiment made six miles upon the telegraph, which has proved successful. ... I consider the experiment already tried demonstrates the practicability of the plan." The work was pushed forward rapidly in April and May, and on the 19th of April it was tested as far as Beltsville, twelve miles from Washington. On the 7th of May the Baltimore Sun informed its readers that " Prof. Morse's electro-magnetic telegraph, in course of construction between Washington and Bal- timore, is now in full operation a distance of twenty- two miles. When the cars from this city on their way to Washington on Wednesday were within twenty miles of the latter city, information of the Whig's nominations for President and Vice-Presi- dent' was communicated by means of the telegraph. The fluid traversed the whole twenty-two miles and back again, making forty-four miles, in no perceptible part of a second of time." On Friday, May 24, 1844, the line was completed, and magnets and recording instruments were attached to the ends of the wires at the depot of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, in Pratt Street near Light, Baltimore, and at the Su- preme Court chamber in the capitol at Washington. Everything being ready for communication, Prof. Morse sent a messenger to Miss Annie Ellsworth, the daughter of the commissioner of patents, to inform her that the telegraph awaited her message. He had promised her that she should send the first formal message the telegraph conveyed, as a reward for having given him the earliest intelligence of the un- expected passage of the bill by Congress appropri- ating thirty thousand dollars to test his experiment. In response to his announcement she sent for trans- mission the following message, which was the first formal dispatch ever sent by telegraph : " What HATH God WRotTGHT!" The practicability and utility of the invention were now clearly and finally established, and on Saturday, May 25th, messages were exchanged between Washington and Baltimore. The first " press message" was sent to the Baltimore Patriot at one p.m. of the same day, and was pub- lished as follows : " One o'clock. — There has just been made a motion in the House to go into com- mittee of the whole on the Oregon question. Re- jected,— ayes 79, nays 86." The use of the telegraph gradually grew into pub- lic favor, and, as will be seen in the sketch of the Stcn, the first President's message ever transmitted over the wires was exclusively sent to that paper on May 11, 1846, and published in its next issue on the 12th. The Democratic National Convention and the Ty- ler National Convention met in Baltimore on the 27th of May, 1844, and during their sessions the proceed- ings were regularly telegraphed to Washington. The National Intelligencer of the 29th, in referring to the operations of the telegraph on the day before, said, " During the whole day a crowd of persons, including a number of members of Congress, were in attendance at the capitol to .receive the reports by the telegraph of the news from Baltimore, which were made at suc- cessive intervals with striking dispatch and accuracy, and were received by the auditors, as the responses of the ancient oracle may be supposed to have been, with emotions corresponding to the various and op- posite sentiments of those composing the assembly. Whatever variety of impression the news made upon the auditory, however, there was but one sentiment HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COLTNTY, MARYLAND. concerning the telegraph itself, which was that of mingled delight and wonder." The Washington Standard stated that the north front of the capitol was crowded by an anxious multitude, to whom the proceedings of the convention were announced from the telegraph-office at short intervals during the day. After the announcement of the nominations, which were communicated in less than ten minutes after they occurred, tlie persons present were organized into a meeting, and the following resolution adopted : " Bwolred, That the thanks of this meeting be and they are hereby tendered to Prof. Morse, for the promptitude with wliich he has reported, via his electro-magnetic tclcgrapli, the proceedings of tlie several Bal- timore convenlions, and that we consider his invention as worthy of countenance and support of the government." ^ In June, 1844, Prof Morse submitted to the Secre- tary of the Treasury a detailed report of his opera- tions in bringing his experiment to a successful issue, and stated that although it was estimated that the cost of the conducting wire in pipes would be five hundred and eighty-three dollars per mile, and on posts three hundred and fifty dollars, the actual cost was considerably less, and that of the thirty thousand dollars appropriated by Congress three thousand five hundred dollars remained unexpended, and would probably suffice for current expenses until Congress saw fit to extend the experiment. About July 10th Prof. Morse, with the concurrence of the Secretary of the Treasury, appointed Henry J. Rogers, of Balti- more, "the inventor of the American telegraph," and one of his practical advisers, " assistant superintend- ent of the line of electro-magnetic telegraph between Washington and Baltimore," and he took charge of the office in the latter city. Mr. Rogers made many im- provements in the telegraphic system, and was the in- ventor and owner of Rogers' commercial code of signals, which has been adopted by the United States and British governments. He was the inventor of several telegraphic instruments and improvements, and was the first superintendent of the Bain line of telegraph from Boston to Baltimore; also superin- tendent of the North America, now Western Union line, and the Bankers and Brokers' line, which was subsequently consolidated with the latter company. 1 Uon. Hendrick B. Wriglit, of Pennsylvania, president of the Demo- cratic National Convention which nominated James K. Polk for Presi- dent, in a letter to the author on this subject, says, "In connection with this fact I wish to state to you an anecdote concerning the telegraph. At this date, May 29, 1844, the only telegraph iu the United States was be- tween Baltinioi-e and Washington. I was the president of the convention. We nominated Silas Wright for Vice-President of the United States, and the convention directed me to notify him of his nomination and learn if he would accept it. I sent a dispatch, and he answered immediately that he declined the nomination, Tiie convention, however, refusetl to consider the information as authentic. They could not be made to un- derstand this way of communication, aud.adjourned the convention over to the next day to enable a committee to go to Washington by rail, where Mr. Wright was, and get at the truth of the fact. So we aiyourned over, and on the next day the committee came back with the same an- «wer we had received by the wire. And so incredulous were the great mojority of the body that after the final adjournment most of us went to the telegraphH^fllce to see the wonderful invention, and oven when the wires were put in motion at our suggestion many of the delegates shook their heads and could not but think the whole tbiiig a deception." His last connection was with the Southern and At- lantic line, as general superintendent. He died in Baltimore, Aug. 20, 1879. During October, 1844, the line of telegraph was thrown open to the public free of charge for the transmission of the election returns, and the following order was issued by Prof. Morse on October 11th to his assistants, Mr. Vail, in Washing- ton, and Mr. Rogers, in Baltimore, in relation to the subject : " As there is great interest taken hy the citizens generally of both political parties in the results of the various elections occurring at this season, you will be wpecui//^ careful not to give a parlimn cAarocter to any informatiou you may transmit. If you give a result, note the source from which you obtain it. If sent by any one, let it be vouched by a respectable name, and preserve a record of the name. Send no mere rumors, and as far as practicable give only official results, or such as both parties agree in. Let no one announce from the rooms any intelligence dnction of tlie telegraph in Canada. At Baltimore, Louis M. Chateau, John H. Witman, J. Hollius BowIt, John Heald, and James Lindser entered the office as pupils, and were the earliest ol«ratore. All of these gentlemen snteeqnentlv filled im- portant posjiions in the telegraphic service. J. D. Reid and C. T. Smith ■were also among the earliest operators, and upon the completion of the line hnilt by the Magnetic Telegraph Company betveen Sew York and Washington, the former was appointed snperiutendent of that company. 1 The first congressional report of any length was transmitted by telegraph on Dec. 17, l&tL The first death reported by telegraph was that of Benj. Fowler, who lived at Annapolis, bnt died at Washington, Jan. 2, IS4o. The first mnnier reported by telegraph was on Jan. 11, ISlo, being that of Paul Kons, who was murdered by Henry McCurij in Baltimore. An original poem, " On the Changes of the World," which was delivered by B. B. French, clerk of the House of Bepresentatives, at the C Street church, in Washington, on Jan. 23, 1S45, was the first poem sent over the wires. The first robbery telegraphed was tiiat of Arnold A Co.s dry-goods store, on Pennsylvania Aveune, 'Washington, in Febraaiy, 18«. The first duel reported by telegraph was that be- tween Jno- H. Pleasants and Thomas Ritchie, Jr.. of Richmoud, Va. The first game of draughts played by telegraph was between John Wills, of Baltimore, and Alfred Vail, the assistant telegraph superintendent in Washington, on Nov. 16, IS44. Mr. Wills was the victor. Washington having challenged Baltimore to the first game of chess played by tele- graph, the game was commenced on :Nov. 23, and finished Nov. 25, 1&44, between Mr. Greene, of the • Western Express,' on the part of Baltimore, and Dr. Jones, of Washington. Baltimore was again victorious. As great anxiety was expressed on the part of the public to witness the operations of the telegraph, the office in the building of the Baltimore Prof. Morse was exceedingly anxious that the in- augural proceedings should be reported in the pres- ence of President Polk from the portico of the capitol at the time of the ceremonies, and to enable him to do this an abbreviated alphabet was sent to Baltimore the day previous, and he simply used the key on the portico, while his receiving magnet remained in one of the committee rooms, under the charge of Mr. Vail, at least fifty yards off. This enterprising feat was entirely successful. The President's message, how- ever, was sent by mail to Baltimore and distributed at the post-office, but the composition of the new cabinet was telegraphed. In consequence of the ex- haustion of the appropriation, it was anonunced on Jan. 30, 1S45, that the operations of the line would be discontinued on February 1st, but fortunately ar- rangements weri- iiiaile for its continuance.- During the session of Cnugre.-v« an appropriation of eight thousand dollars was made to continue the operations of the line under the direction of the Postmaster- General, and this was thefirst postal telegraph service. The officers appointed by him were Priii :illc jjirii; that it was now too late to obtaiua patent. .Mr. Siiiiiis.iii persevered from 1858 to 1866, filing re- peated applications with all the different Commission- ers of Patents who were in office during that time. In 1862 he presented an application to Congress for relief, and received a most favorable report upon the originality and novelty of his invention. Finally, in 1867, after twenty years' litigation in the Patent Office, his efforts were crowned with success, and a patent was issued to him as the originator of the first practical method of constructing an ocean telegraph. Simpson, however, died within a few months after the grant of the patent, being then a paymaster in the United States army. His death was caused by yellow fever, in New Orleans, in October, 1867. The patent passed into the hands of Clinton G. Colgate, the a.ssignee of the late Arthur M. Eastman, who began suit against the Western Union Telegraph Company in 1872, pray- ing for an account of profits and damages. Prof Morse, the founder of telegraph lines in Amer- ica, died in New York on April 2, 1872, and, agree- ably to the call of the Morse Memorial Committee of Washington, memorial meetings were held on April 16th in all the principal cities of the United States. In Baltimore the meeting was held in the " Morse Building," on Fayette Street near North, which had been loaned for the purpose by the owner, A. S. Abell, the friend and early associate of Prof. Morse. The telegraph lines were run into the building, and the meeting placed in communication with all the prin- cipal cities of the world. It was presided over by Mayor J. Vansant, with the following vice-presidents : Hon. Reverdy Johnson, C. J. M. Gwinn, A. S. Abell, C. C. Fulton, William H. Carpenter, F. Raine, E. M. Yerger, William Schnautfer, John Wills, William R. Cole, J. E. Anderson, C. J. Fox, Kennedy Duff", Jr., Roger B. Pearson, and A. AVilson, Jr. ; Messrs. R. J. Kerr and Archibald W^ilson were appointed secretaries. An appropriate message was submitted by John T. Crow, and ordered by tlie lucetiiig to be transmitted to Washington to the M..i-( Mi iiiorial Association. A series of resolutiou^ i.llnc.l hy Keverdy Johnson were adopted, and messages were sent and received from sev- eral imi)ortant cities. The American Union Telegraph Company was incorporated under the general incorporation laws of the State in Baltimore July 11, 1879, with the following incorporators : Robert T. Baldwin, Fer- dinand C. Latrobe, William F. Frick, Charles A. Tinker, Upshur Johnson, Robert Garrett, and John Gill. It was begun as an auxiliary to the Baltimore an i mi ,i i Baltimore Kkvotor Conipanv Baltimore K.|uil,iM- Sn, iety. A- i~ Baltimon^ Kill, l..!;;-! M tin;; ('.„,. |.;.iiy 2,500 2,000 1,327 100.00 "siio 60.00 lOO.OO Border state Perpetual BuiWir Balimore and Liberty Turnpik Baltimore Savings, Loan, and Baltimorn I'.MiiuuR'iit ISuil.lin. BallimiH'. .mt ''>-!' '' '" '• '•' Ballinvnr !■■■ ! ' ' Baltinj.ii. 11 i . Baltini.M. I Border M.ii. I > ■ : '■■ Bochemi. w ■ i i Baltim.Mv -, ,, , i . Bttltini.ii.. !■. , , II I . ■ ' Belviden 1,1 Ballinioi' ■" ■ >■ i Baltinini. . II ' I Baltimni. 1 I I- Bee-Hiv. i ButcbiT»' I Baltimi.i- I' i' ' " ' > Baltim.'ir I Baltim.M. - 1 I II 100.00 "i'oo.'ob S61,647.( "';i3,94'7.C 4,500.00 49,426.00 7,:>44.0O 75,217.00 155,155.00 194,291.00 188,986.00 56,694.00 303,099.60 2,050.00 37,779.00 157,491.26 18,438.00 "46,206.06 '."'."."".v.... "iLSM.oo "'.".""■.■.'.'.'.'. Citizens' 1: CariiaK'' " ' Carrolltn,, >,.>m.. Corner Hill and ; Central Union 1'. Caroline Street I' Chester Biver Steamboat CoTiiii. II, Commercial Mutual Building Ai-i i.ni- n Clark Combination Lock Conipitnj City of Baltimore Building Assocwtion, No. 2 Corn Exchange Buildings Company Citizens' Security and Land Company Columbia Building Association, No. .i Consolidated Real Estate and Fire Insurance Company Chew Street Bocliemic Building Association, No. 1 Centennial Building Association, No. 1 Citizens' Permanent Building, Savings, and Loan Company.. Central Mutual Building Association Canton Ciiii|ii.iiy ..f r.i.Uimnre Cedar Ui'll 1 ..n.i.i- ■,„„,, any Cotton-1' - I iii|,ih.» Druid Hill Building Association, No. 3.. David Reus Permanent Loan and Savings Company.. Druid Hill Avnimo Pernimienl niiildinu AbsoluiIiou. Druid Hill \>,iinr' Vnti,,n:il V.niMin-- \---."-lHtlo„ ... 1,000.00 20.00 100.00 100.00 i',o66!66 2,738 00 1,657,408.00 81,016.00 6,433.41 "'mw.oo 'l3,766!66 17,334.00 10,800.00 15,974.76 8,643 20 ■18,842.66 Eager Strtet Building Aasu Exchange Mutual Perman< Kxcliango Permanent Savii Eagle Loui, and HuiIdi,,K.s Fire-Pii. Fountain Fourth German Anieiican J-iii! ■' n FIftli Geiniail American Hiiililiii: \., iinn Fort Avenue Permanent Biiildiu,. -V....... i.uiuo Federal Hill Perpetual Building AK»m;iHtion Friinklln Square Building and Loan Associatioli. 14,389,00 19,600.00 S4 06.S.45 40,679.06 1,175.50 1,176.60 THE TELEGRAPH. Name of Cobpobatiox. FuUoD Street Permauent Building Association Firet Monumental Co-operative Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Co.. Fayette Association of Baltimore City George's Creek Coal and Iron Company , GuniwwderCi'pper Wuiks , George Scliwerin Building Association, No. 2 German Building and Savings Association, No. i Greenmount Mutual Building Association George Washington Buildiifg Association, E German Homestead Ass<.>ciatioD Gerniania Savings Association, No. 2 Gemiania Good Will Building Association German Building and Savings Association, No. 5.. Gray MHUufacturiug Company Grant Building Association..." German Central Building Association. No. 2 Great Eastern Building Association, No. 6 , Granite Roofing Company Germania Building Association, No. 15 No. 16 No. 17 - Gough Street Building Association, No. 6 Gustar Adolpfa Building and Loan Association Germania Club-House Association Harlem Stage Company Harmony Perpetual Loan and Savings Company.. Hanover Loan and Savings Company Hampshire and Baltimore Coal Company Howard Land Company of the City of Baltimore Howard Relief Building Association, No. 3 Harlem Permanent Building As Home Building Association, No. No.i Harrison Permanent Building Harrison Building Association, No. 9 Hampstead Building Association, No. 11 No. 12 Harmony Building Association, No. 14 No. 15 Hollins Land, Homestead, and Loan Company Homestead Association Hyde Turbine Soap Company., Imperial Land and LoauC'.iii[ i . Independent Building AssvH. I r: ■ \ Industrial Permanent BuJl'imu ^i-- ■ lo [,, \ . :; Jennings Filter Manufacturiug * ._.u.i..iii> Kenrick Building Associatiuu, No. -1 '. Light Street Building Association.".....V..."""".V.V.V.V."V Liberal Building Association Lexington Monumental Building Association Lloyd Street 3Iutual Building Association Log Cabin Permanent Building Association. No. 2. Loyola Perpetual Building Association Loyola Permanent Building Association. No. 5 Monumental Fire Insurance Company Maryland White Lead Company Merchants' Shot-Tuwer Comp-tiiy Merchants" and Miners' TransptiVtation Company Maryland Floating Elevator Company Marviand Steamboat Company Maryland Fertilizing and Manufacturing Company Maryland Telephone Company Merchants* and Mechanics* Permanent Buildingand Loan Company. Maryland Permanent Land and Building Society Mount Clare Permanent Loan and Building Association Mechanics* Lexington Permanent Building and Loan Aeso'n, No. 6.. Maryland Mutual Permanent Building and Loan Company Monumental Perpetual Building and Savings Society, No. 5 Maryland Beneficial Association Maryland Institute Building Association, No. 3 Sladison Square Building Association, No. 1 Mount Vernon Building Association, No. 3 Mechanics' Hall Perpetual Loan and Savings Society Madison Avenue Land and Building Association Mount Vernon Company of Baltimore Maryland Academy of Music Monumental Gasoline Street Lamp Manufacturing Company Mount Carroll Land C..w[m.y Marvla,,: 1 ^ : New Vnrl, , 1., • :: n LineCoDlpanT Natatoiiuu. ...... 1 ,,>,.. ... , ...i^,^ A,»iMatiou Ninth M est Ci>liinil'iii Building .\K30Ciation Newington Laud and Loan Company New Michaels Building Association North Howard Building Association, No. 3 .............!!!!.. North Bond Street ; lilding Association, I No. of Par Val. As-d Val. of Agg. Val. of AsM Val. of Mortgages, Shares. of Each. Each Share. Shares. Keal Prop. 812,331.00 ?l,621.00 eiO,710.0(» 600 S12.00 "si'i.'ix) 7,200.00 240 100.00 76.82M 18,438.00 "■i8,43«;«i ...."..!!!...: 10,972 lOO.IKI 95.00 1,042,340.00 684,078.00 1,900 20.00 17.00 32,300.00 e50 i&ioo 128.07 Jl 83,2i0.00 ""s'lSooiwi !"!!!!!"!!!! 301 50.25 15,125.25 6,979.7& 25,704.00 26,704.00' 70,028.00 5,478.00 eiisscoa 7,671.00 29,292.55 ""6,4.V6:m ^imss 20,794.35 3,891.00 16,90:5.35 17,539.80 4,610.00 12,929.80 3,210.00 3,210.00 28,600.00 28,600.00 8,327.25 8,327.25 8,59200 8,592.00 "iVsw UJO.OO tii.oo 84,500.00 25,700.00 7i,'266166 "25^66:66 8,680.00 8,680.00 7,571.75 ""soo 5.00 5.00 4,000.00 10,285.00 10,388.00 2,953.00 12;611.25 6,376.85 ::::•::;:::::: zEE 29,420.00 "29,426!66 ........'.....'. 500 ""40.06 ""45.06 22,500.00 10,929.00 13,894.75 13,894!75 :;;;;:;■• ::;:;::;:;: :;:;;;;;; 27,31505 48,60i.00 1,744'.66 48 6W.00 25,571.05 93.611.00 931611,00 ......... !!..!!!!!.! 24,373.00 24;J73.00 !!!!!!!!!!!! 26,017.00 v"m>.M 60 100.00 60.62 3,637.50 1,437 92.50 132,922.50 4695.00 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; i32,922'i6 'iVeVi ""75.M 125,:i25.00 i25','325.66 29,400.00 !.!...!! 29,400.00 15,049.73 1,044.00 14,005.73 25,472.90 25,472.90 14,283.00 14,283.00 16,664 00 ."'.. 51,287.50 "siiSfso 12,500.00 12,500.00 ""iao ■■io6:s 100.00 15,000.00. 4,100.00 10,900.00 7,200.00 7,200.00 3,000 00 ............... 38.176.00 10,539.00 "22',577.6i "•■:: ":;;-;;;; ■;;;;""" 10,800.00 2,840.00 10,800.00 "sso "loo'.oo l(j6 580.00 61,037.00 !!....!!!!!!.." _ 26,003.2.0 3,56:105 "'3,563'.(B 43,100.00 31,049(10 31,049.00 10,420.75 26,47388 10,187.(X) "l6,286ji8 9,004 30 9,004.30 628 :;;;;;;;;;; ""16.56 10,362.00 14,602.00 :;z::::::::. 10,112.00 i,'287 "moo ■"96:66 115,830.00 "■44,885.'S "56,'659'ii 299^ 1,000.00 600.00 179,700.00 74,437.00 1,697 25.00 35.00 59;i95.00 28,342.00 6,000 100 00 65.00 390,000.00 .............. 50 100.00 50.00 2.50O.OO 1.697 100.00 50.00 84,850.00 "i',ooo.h6 1.050 100.00 116.00 120.750.00 20,173.00 .............. 2,000 loo.uo 17.00 34,t00.00 885 250.00 210.00 185,850.00 90,977.00 "19,427:66 90,977.00 108','ll5.13 :::::::: ::::::::::. :;::::::::: ll^9.S 330.13 ::;;::::::;: "h'sssm 18,769.60 330.13 14,900.00 14,900.00 360.00 ........ ........... ........... 3,172.50 ............... "iVssHJ'.w 293 72.50 21,242.50 10,65750 ::;;;;;;;;: 5,871.00 27,854.94 3,444.25 ....... ........... 76,483.011 "'76|483!66 .............. 'l,99'6 50.00 23000 459.080.00 291.024.00 134,500.00 134,500.00 is moo 3,690.00 36.000.00 ........ .........." 3,000.00 ................ .......".... 6,578.00 ........ ...'. 35,658.00 ".".'.'. .............. 00,000 LOO 3,000.00 14,625 20.00 15.00 219,375.00 49,563.00 300 100.00 114.97V4 34,492 00 34,492.00 33,o8(f.56 20,243.00 "l3^7.56 35,600.00 10,442.00 7,410.00 .........'. "!!!!!!!!! 5,000.00 1,766;66 .............. ""353 "ino.oo 61.00 2i.5a3.OO 442 100.00 22.75 10,055.50 17,483.45 ""2,466.'66 "i5;6a:45 HISTORY OF BALTIMOBJ; CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Name Of Cobporation. North Bond Street Building Associatiou, No. 8 Nortl, ll,u;,.hv„y BuiMinK A>«..c.alion No.4......... \Miil. I'lMn li ■^^:rMl' f vm A^iocltttion, No.i.. i^-' ,,l li/r, ,,, .,, r,--, I, I l;;iiUvay Company ,,'i' ': ' I , > ' '■•'^ Company I'alHiw,.. FoloJlliU: Patapsci) feabody 7,760 "2,000 Par Val. As'd Val. of Agg. Val. of of Eath. Each Share. Shares. $9,315.00 "" 11,350.00 5,6il2.00 122.00 3.00 39.00 4.00 "iso.oo 12,200.00 450,000.00 10,257.00 388,070.00 33,000.00 56,000.00 72,000.00 1,302.25 85,238.00 84,077.00 3,600.00 248^73.00 "ufiiiiM 1,302.25 8,745.67 16,302.69 18,066.00 6,640.00 Railroad' Permanent Building Association Ridgely Buildi'ng Association.... .............. Koli^rt Emmett Perpetual Building Asaocmti" Relief Building Association Safe Depcisit an.l Trust Company^ Sycamnn Sixth Gp South Sli ■i 7118 119 3,847.76 2,226.00 4,974.00 6(26 00 '2:"o3:w 2oO3 0O 12,280.00 38,875.00 2 5j1 ij 'Imom li;.54s.0ll 19 7(1111111 ■■ 184 000 9,18.5.110 90,720.00 100.00 100.00 500,000.00 239,250.00 1 00.00 100.00 12.50 5,000,00 10.00 10.00 110,000.00 ■■■51,805.06 40.00 8.00 100.00 2,0110.00 14,418.0(1 100.00 2.00 24..i.-7.0il 24,587.00 lll-i,ll!>.00 12,410.00 89 70O00 8,1.-A7.5 .5,317.75 1,496.00 92;8'mG8 9' 884 68 ;;; 79,U79 04 ' No. 5 ""• Thistle Manufacturing Company • Third fienimii Anieii.aii Building Association -^- Tv:,nMi-Kn:..VMir:'"v . -... ::z:::::z oiimo- ' ''' " 1'-'";' '■■'■'-<'' ■"!'■"' 107 ' ■ ' ■ ' J;"^ *^ ^ ' 2,103 William Tull Uuildiiii; As^ii. iiilioii Washington Fire Insurance ajiniiaiiy - ■•■ ■ Winana I'erniaiient Land and Loan Company ■■;■■ West End.Savings Association 1 Amount of credits allowed for investnients paying taxes, S400. 3 Ibid., $36,000. 100.00 75.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 110.00 3,874.(10 6',747!oo !!!!!!;"" 100,00000 71,350.00 129,878.57 6,214.00 123,664.57 137,500.00 30,385.00 .".... 9,000.00 12,525.00 5,763.00 210,300.00 06,000.00 •■■•■•■■■•" 10(K)00 ijOOO.W 4',aoo;(io •'•S29-29 288380.66 . 123,646.00 164,734.65 64,197.86 1,918.00 52,279.86 3,916.00 ! Ibid., S550. INNS, TAVERNS, AND HOTELS. CHAPTER XXXII. INNS, TAVERNS, AND HOTELS. B.\LTIM0RE iuns and taverns, old and new, have always been famous. Their cuisine has, as a rule, never been excelled, and some exceptional qualities in it have made the hotels always talked about very widely. The old-fashioned vast blue, white-canvased Conestoga wagons, their grand Pennsylvania horses, the stage-coaches, and the taverns or inns, with their conspicuous, swinging signs, their substantial fare, wide yards, and liberal stables, and the frocked wag- oners and teamsters who drove or tended their stalwart beasts for burthen or for market, are fast passing away. These taverns and their signs were frequent reminders to Englishmen of the country inns found in every Bri- tish town and hamlet. These were the times of horse- back and saddle-bag traveling. Most of our citizens who have not passed far beyond middle life will still remember the " Golden Horse" which swung so gaudily at the northwestern corner of Franklin and Howard Streets, and the " White Swan," which still floats, like a dim ghost of its former self, on the sign a square beyond, at the southeastern corner of Frank- lin and Eutaw Streets; while the "Golden Lamb" reclined in its rich yellow fleece until a few years ago at the northwestern corner of Paca and Franklin Streets, until it was supplanted by a confectionery ; or the " Black Bear" and some other couotry inns beyond the turn of Franklin Street into Pennsylvania Avenue. Then there was the "Hand Tavern" and yard, still surviving, on Paca near Lexington Street, giving refuge to the market-people and their wagons and cattle ; and the chained " Black Bear" Inn, designed for the same purpose, next to the corner of Howard, on Saratoga Street, where the Bevans now cut and carve their marble mantels and tombs. The more aristocratic " General Wayne Inn," Gugle & Frost's stylish hostelry, for Western travelers, horse-dealers, and cattle-drovers, was at the corner of Paca aind Baltimore Streets, where the Revolutionary hero still faintly survives on the weather-beaten sign which was raised to its present place near fifty years ago. The " May-Pole" was still farther south of this, on Paca and German Streets, and the " Three Tuns Tavern" yet beyond, at the corner of Paca and Pratt Streets. These were the main houses of entertain- ment, cattle-yards, and stables for horse-dealers, wagoners, and cattle-men west of the Falls, while Old Town had its famous " Bull's Head," on Front Street, the " Rising Sun," on High Street, and the well-known " Habbersett's," whose hospitable doors anjj excellent stables are always open to dealers and farmers of Harford County especially. The old " Fountain Inn," with its limpid, gushing sign, was always the pet of the Eastern Shoremen (so accessible as they came up Light Street from the Basin), long after it ceased to be the pet of the Presi- dents, after Jefferson's day, and the rise of the " In- dian Queen" under Gadsby's auspices, and long sub- sequently to " Barnum's," in Monument Square, and to the " Eutaw House," which were the two first I that wholly discarded the old-fashioned index of a sign. There was also the " Globe Inn," on Balti- { more and Howard Streets. At most of these, in the days of turnpikes, the daily, tri-weekly, or weekly stilge-cpach called regularly, with sounding horn, to take up the passengers "booked" at the oflice. The western taverns were filled with stanch, rough team- sters and drovers, and the tavern-yards generally oc- cupied by fat cattle for the shambles, and splendid horses for sale, trade, or swap ; while westwardly from Howard Street, along Franklin to its junction with Pennsylvania Avenue, and out the avenue to George Street, and often beyond it, in the busy season one- half of this great highway was nightly blocked up by the ponderous Conestoga wagons, and their superb teams feeding or munching in a trough fastened to the wagon-poles. Next day they delivered their flour, whisky, and provisions along Howard and other streets, and quickly reloaded with groceries, dry and fancy goods for the West, and speedily set forth with their four or six-in-hand teams, each animal tinkling his jolly crest of a dozen bells along the narrow de- files of the Alleghanies, the drivers cracking their huge, savage whips, giving notice of each other's ap- i proach in the many passes of tlie mountains or valleys. The early directories of Baltimore throw a great deal of light upon these early inns and taverns of the town. In the first directory of Baltimore, published I in 1796, which contains only 3240 names, there are, including two coff'ee-houses and one cook-shop, the names and sites of ninety-eight taverns and inns. These taverns were mostly small ones, what would now be called sailors' boarding-houses and country taverns. Of the entire number fifty-nine were in ! Old Town and Fell's Point, eight in Thames Street, and twelve in Bond Street, or more than half as many I in these two streets as in the whole of the city west I of the Falls. The number and locality of these tav- erns show what sort of travel chiefly came to Balti- ! more at that time. It was a sea-faring population, ! clustering about deep water, come after produce, and the drivers and attendants of country teams, frequent- ing the wagon taverns on the great public roads, come to bring flour, hides, bark, provisions, tobacco, ashes, etc., for barter and shipment. Thebigup-town hotels got their patronage from transient travel, from West- ern Shore planters and Eastern Shore farmers, but it was the taverns about the wharves and on the roads which did the largest business. These taverns on the wharves, however, were nearly all of them small, and probably Gadsby's (Evans' it was then) "Indian Queen" or Beltzhoover's (Bryden's it was then) " Fountain Inn" contained each of them a larger number of rooms and beds than all the taverns on Bond Street put together. 5U HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Our Baltimore tavern-keepers began to get their training early. There are already two inns set down in John Moale's rude sketch of the town in 1752, one Rogers', northeast corner of Calvert and Baltimore Streets; the other Payne's, corner of Calvert and Mercer Streets {which latter street was known as Bank Street in 1796 and 1804). In 1757, Jacob Myers, from Pennsylvania, estab- lished an inn on the southeast corner of Baltimore and Gay Streets, one having been built on the south- west corner in 1753 by Valentine Larsh. In 1761 two inns were built, one by Amos Fogg on the corner of Market (now Baltimore) and Hanover Streets {out of which grew the "Indian Queen"); the other, called the " White Horse," corner of Front and Low Streets. In 1773 we note the existence of a coffee-house on Fell's Point, and in 1778, Stenson, who had kept a sort of restaurant before on the corner of East {Fay- ette) and HoUiday Streets, opened a modern coffee- house on the southwest corner of South and Baltimore Streets. Fogg's tavern was probably called " Indian Queen" very soon after he took it. The directory of 1796 shows us that in that year the " Golden Horse," kept by W. Forsyth, was in existence, and also the "Wheatfield Inn," kept by Nathaniel Hussey. At this time Nowland kept the tavern southwest corner of Baltimore and Liberty Streets, opposite Congress Hall, which was originally founded by George Rein- icker. The "Indian ftueen" Hotel.— The old "Indian Queen" Hotel was situated at the southeast corner of Hanover and Baltimore Streets. The date of its erec- tion is uncertain, but it was probably among the very earliest public-houses in Baltimore Town. In 1782 it was kept by Daniel Grant, who in December of that year removed " to his large, new, and elegant house in Light Lane, between Market Street and Ellicott's Wharf, where the ' Fountain Inn' is opened." Grant's immediate successor at the " Indian Queen" is not known, but in 1794 the hotel was kept by Jacob Starck, who died on the 3d of April, 1803. In 1796 it passed into the possession of William Evans, to whom Balti- more was "indebted for her first regular line of com- munication with her sister-cities North and South. Evans died on the 28th of June, 1807, and in October, 1808, John Gadsby, the founder of " Gadsby's Hotel," in Washington, took charge of the " Indian Queen." In 1819, David Barnum, who subsequently built "Barnum's City Hotel," was landlord of the famous old hostelry, and was followed by King, and in 1826 by William Beltzhoover, who introduced many changes in the management. In 1832, Mr. Beltzhoover, who had removed to the "Fountain Inn," was succeeded by Capt. Reuben Newcombe, who was the lessee at the time it was closed preparatory to its demolition. The title to the property came into the possession of James Piper after the death of William Evans, and is still retained in his family. The premises extended from Baltimore to German Street, and the building itself was a place of great celebrity in its day, and many of the mo.st distinguished men of the past were entertained within its walls. The "Fountain Inn."— The "Fountain Inn," on the northeast corner of Light Street and Lovely Lane (now German Street), was for many years one of the historic landmarks of the city. It was probably erected during the Revolutiuu, as the first mention made of it is in September, 1781, when Gen. Wa.sh- ington, accompanied by Adjt.-Gen. Hand and other officers of distinction, arrived in Baltimore on their way to Virginia, and found accommodations at its refreshing and friendly sign. In December, 1782, Daniel Grant removed from the " Indian Queen" tavern into " his large, new, and elegant house in Light Lane, between Market Street and Ellicott's Wharf, where the 'Fountain Inn' is opened for the reception and entertainment of such gentlemen and ladies, travelers or others, as shall be pleased to honor his house with their company." James Bryden suc- ceeded Grant in the management, and from his ad- vertisements in the journals of the day we learn that the inn " cost ten thousand dollars, and had attached to it a ball-room, hair-dresser's room, stables for eighty horses, and various outhouses." In the great fire of Dec. 4, 1796, the inn, which stood opposite the Methodist meeting-house, was with difiiculty saved from the flames, and owed its preservation to the exertions of a traveler, Mr. Francis Charlton, of Yorktown, Va. In 1808, John H. Barney succeeded Bryden at the " Fountain Inn," and continued to be its manager for a number of years. In 1832 the old building was thoroughly renovated and repaired, and made equal to the demands of the times. It passed into the hands of a succession of landlords, and was closed for. a time previous to 1843, but on the 24th of June in that year was reopened by Messrs. Dix and Fogg. At length, after nearly a century of faith- ful service, the old building was forced to give way INNS, TAVERNS, AND HOTELS. before the rivalry of the hotels of to-day, and the site upon which it once stood is now occupied by a mag- nificent successor in the " Carrollton Hotel." The historic associations connected with the locality, how- ever, still survive, and in spite of the many changes which modern progress have wrought, recall them- selves to the minds of those familiar with the history of the city. It was the favorite stopping-place of Gen. Washington, and was honored with the presence of Lafayette during his visit to Baltimore in 1824, as well as on several previous occasions. In 1871 a number of enterprising citizens deter- mined to form a stock company for the purpose of building a new hotel upon the site of the " Fountain Inn." The old hotel was torn down, and the present magnificent " Carrollton Hotel" was erected on its site in 1872. It is six stories high, with a Mansard roof and tower, fronting on Light, Baltimore, and German Streets. It was named after the distinguished Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The building contains three hundred and fifty spacious and elegant apartments, fitted up as family rooms, special guest and bridal chambers, with all the modern conve- niences. Each floor is provided with bath-rooms, water-closets, hose, fire-extinguishers, fire-escapes, electric call-bells, and a large elevator constantly runs from office-floor to the top of the building. Telegraphs and telephones connect the hotel with the outside world. The hotel-office is the finest in the city. Col. R. B. Coleman was selected as the first manager of the " Carrollton," and was succeeded in 1879 by his sou, Maj. F. W. Coleman, who has had considerable experience with his father in hotel management, his father having formerly kept the "Eutaw House" of Baltimore, the " Astor" and "St. Nicholas" of New York, and the " International" of Niagara Falls. S. H. & J. F. Adams were the builders of the Carrollton Hotel. The "General Wayne Inn." — The "General Wayne Inn," at the corner of Baltimore and Paca Streets, was built shortly after the close of the Revo- lutionary war by Col. John Eager Howard, and is the only one of the old inns left standing, the weather- beaten sign still swinging before the house with a painting of Gen. Wayne standing near his charger and apparently surveying a field of battle. This inn in the olden time was kept by Mr. Cugle, and during the first quarter of the century was the popular resort of the citizens of Maryland visiting Baltimore, and especially the place where politicians were wont to meet and arrange the political slates. In 1789 it was kept by Peter Mitchell. On the 17th of October, 1863, the heirs of John E. Howard sold at private sale to Messrs. Thomas G. Scharf, Edward Wheat, and George Scott the "General Wayne Inn" and stables for thirty thousand dollars cash. In 1864, Mr. Scharf purchased the interest of the other gen- tlemen at an advance of three thousand dollars. The "Howard House." — The " Howard House," which was originally known as the " Wheatfield Inn," was built in 1784 by Melchior Keener. In 1841 it was rebuilt by Samuel Jones, and on May 3, 1842, it was opened to the public by John Cockey. On Tues- day, April 2, 18.50, the " Howard House" was sold by Messrs. Gibson & Co., auctioneers, and was purchased by Robert Garrett & Sons for twenty-five thousand dollars. On March 11, 1863, after being closed for two years, the house was opened by Col. A. C. Reamer & Co. Mr. Reamer had been for several years previ- ously at the "Railway Dining Hotel," at Martinsburg, Va. In 186.5, John Mcintosh, who had conducted the hotel for fifteen years, and had retired in 1862, returned to the management, succeeding Mr. Reamer, who retired at that time from the business. In the latter part of 1866 or the beginning of 1867, Messrs. Bull & Sewell, proprietors of the " Grant House," on North Calvert Street, became the lessees. On Jan. 22, 1878, Messrs. C. P. Barnard and Solon Fisher, late of the " Belmont," Philadelphia, took charge of the place, and in 1881 Solon Fisher became sole pro- prietor. The "Globe Inn."— The " Globe Inn" was a large three-story brick building, situated on the corner of Baltimore and Howard Streets, fronting on Baltimore Street fifty-four feet and three inches, and extending back to German Street one hundred and seventy-one feet. In 1826 it was kept by J. R. Thomas, who was succeeded in the proprietorship in 1832 by J. W. Owings. In 1843 it was thoroughly repaired and re- furnished, and kept by Jacob Bohn. In 18.51 it passed into the hands of B. J. Bartholomew, and in 1856 G. A. Newman became proprietor. In 1854 this prop- erty was sold at auction to John White for thirty- three thousand dollars. It had been a famous tavern in the day of stage, carriage, and horseback travel, and was only succeeded in its pretensions by the finer buildings made necessary by railroads. The " Exchange Hotel."— The " Exchange Hotel," extending from Exchange Place through to Second Street, and near Gay Street, the property of the Com- mercial Exchange Company, was for many years one of the most popular hotels in Baltimore. It occupied a part of the present custom-house building. In 1835 Mr. Page was the landlord, but in 1843 Erastus Cole- man, the former proprietor of the " Pavilion Hotel" in Boston, leased the hotel building. Shortly after- wards Henry F. Jackson, from the " Astor House," New York, became a partner of Mr. Coleman. In December, 1844, the hotel passed into the hands of John West, formerly of " Barnum's Hotel." The " Exchange" ranked for many years as one of the leading hotels of the country. "Barnum's City Hotel."— The foundation of " Barnum's City Hotel," on the southwest corner of Fayette and Calvert Streets, was laid in 1825 by Messrs. D. Barnum, W. Shipley, and J. Philips, Jr. In the Federal Gazette for Sept. 11, 1826, it is an- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. nouuced "that Mr. Barnum will accommodate the Philadelphia volunteer company of Washington Blues at his hotel, .although it is not quite finished." On the 27th of September, 1826, Mr. Barnum was in complete possession, and was enabled to render his guests so comfortable that several were induced to extend their stay in the city for days and weeks in- stead of passing rapidly through it. The basement is of granite from the Susquehanna, near Port De- posit, and the front appointments of this story were originally used as a post-office. On Friday, May 10, 1844, David Barnum died, in the seventy-fourth year of his age ; the funeral took place from the hotel on the Monday following. In the spring of 1848 an im- portant addition was made, extending from the orig- inal termination of the hotel on Fayette Street one hundred and thirty-five feet westwardly. In 1855, by the withdrawal of Zenus Barnum from the firm, Andrew McLaughlin became sole proprietor, and so remained until his death, on the 29th of January, 1863. Mr. Zenus Barnum then for a short time re- sumed control of the house as administrator, but in 1865 was succeeded in the management by Daniel and Joseph Dorsey. On the 15th of December, 1870, the property was sold at auction by Messrs. F. A. Bennett & Co., for three hundred thousand dollars, to Robert E. Fowler and others. It had at that time been for about ten years the subject of litigation, and conse- quently somewhat neglected, though apparently with- out any injury to its reputation as a house of enter- tainment. The present proprietors are Barnum & Co. The "Eutaw House."— The "Eutaw House," situated at the northwest corner of Baltimore and Eutaw Streets, was opened for the reception of guests by the proprietor, William Hussey, in July, 1835. It is built of brick, and covers an area of more than nineteen thousand square feet. It has a front on Eutaw Street of one hundred and twenty-five feet, and on Baltimore Street of one hundred and ten feet. It was begun in 1832, and completed in 1835, Samuel Harris, Esq., being the architect, and Messrs. John and Valentine Dushane the builders, the brick-work being done by Jacob Wolff. Mr. Hussey, to whom Baltimore is indebted for the establishment of this hotel, retired from the proprietorship of the house Feb. 28, 1846. Mr. Jackson, of New York, succeeded him in the management. On Thursday, Oct. 16, 1845, the " Eutaw House" was sold at auction for fifty-eight thousand five hundred dollars, exclusive of the furniture, to Messrs. Robert Garrett & Sons. On Thursday, Dec. 1, 1859, R. B. Coleman, of the firm of Coleman & Stetson, of the " Astor House" of New York, succeeded the Messrs. Carroll in the manage- ment. Mr. Coleman having managed the house dur- ing the war period, was succeeded by James D. Gil- mour & Sons, who on the 20th of February, 1874, relinquished possession to assume control of a house in Cincinnati. On June 1, 1874, William W. Leland, of New York, leased tlie house for ten years from Robert Garrett & Sons. On May 1, 1876, Messrs. A. J. Ford & Sons, proprietors of " Ford's Hotel," Rich- mond, Va., took charge of the house, with the option to purchase at a price not exceeding three hundred and forty thousand dollars, Maj. Leland, the previous manager, going to the " Belmont" of Philadelphia. In 1878, Capt. William J. Walsh, who had been asso- ciated with Messrs. Ford, purchased their interest in the hotel, which since its foundation in 18.35 by Asha- bel Hussey, formerly proprietor of the " Hussey House," near the same spot, has-been one of the most popular houses in the United States. It was one of the first hotels to discard the sign with which custom had adorned the old inns. In 1880, C. S. Wood assumed the management for Messrs. Robert Garrett & Sons. "Guy's Hotel."— The "Gilmor House," known afterwards as the " St. Clair," and now known as " Guy's," on the west side of Monument Square, was opened to the public by J. M. Smith, formerly of the " American Hotel," Richmond, Va., who had leased it from the owner. Judge Gilmor, about the last of Sep- tember, 1855. The building is six stories high, in ad- dition to the story below the main floor, and contains about one hundred and fifty rooms. The front is an imitation of brownstone, with a cast-iron portico ex- tending as high as the third story, and containing three separate floors capable of accommodating two or three hundred persons. In 1865, the house having been closed for some time, was leased to the Messrs. Kirkland & Co. and reopened. In 1870 it was leased to Mr. Samuel Shoe- maker, to be used as an office for the Adams Express Company. In 1871 the hotel was leased to the Messrs. Gilmour & Sons, and reopened as the "St. Clair Hotel." For several years previous to 1881 the " St. Clair Hotel" remained untenanted. In that year " Guy's Hotel," on the northeast corner of Fayette Street and Monu- ment Square, having been torn down to make room for the new post-office, Thomas Boylan, the pro- prietor, leased the "St. Clair Hotel," had it thor- oughly repaired and refurnished, and opened it as " Guy's Monument House." The "Maltby House."— The "Maltby House," on Pratt near Light Street, was established in 1854 by a consolidation of Smith's " American House" and Guy's " United States Hotel," which houses in that year were purchased by C. S. Maltby. The " Maltby House" was first conducted by Henry M. Smith. On the first day it wa-s opened to the public, Sept. 30, 1854, seventy guests were registered. In 1865, Mr. A. R. Miller was the proprietor. It was afterwards corKhutcd by C. R. Stewart and J. H. Jones. The " Mount Vernon Hotel."— Tlie " Mount Ver- non Hotel" is situated on the south side of Monu- ment west of Cathedral Street. The building was formerly the mansion of Wm. J. Albert. It is of RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. bV, brownstone, sixty feet front and four stories high, and in 1867, when it was converted into a hotel, sev- eral large additions were made, rendering it capable of accommodating seventy-five guests. In addition to the elegant furniture, splendid oil paintings, bronze statuettes, and articles of vertii adorn the lower hall and many of the chambers. The massive stairways, oiled wood paneling, velvet carpeting, and wall tap- estries present a rich and luxurious appearance. The design of the undertaking was to blend the best fea- tures of the French caf6 with the comforts and con- veniences of the leading hotels of this country. The " Continental Hotel," onHolliday Street next door to the Holliday Street Theatre, was completed in 1801 for Wni. EUinger, and was originally called the " Continental Hotel." It fronted forty-eight feet, with a depth of one hundred and seventeen feet, and was four stories high. Its general arrangements dif- fered from other hotels in Baltimore, and were modeled after hotels in German cities. The first floor had in front the saloon, two parlors, and a broad hall, with a concert-room in the rear capable of seating four hun- dred persons. Ill the centre of the audience-room a fountain played, which was lighted at night by a curi- ously wrought, large chandelier. On the east end of the room the walls were painted with scenery repre- senting national subjects. Near the proscenium were two private boxes, and on the south side of the room was a confectionery department. The rooms in the stories above were furnished as lodging-rooms. Its name was afterwards changed to the " St. Nicholas Hotel." The building was seriously injured by the fire which destroyed the Holliday Street Theatre in September, 1873. The "American Hotel" is located on the north- west corner of Franklin and Calvert Streets, opposite the depot of the Northern Central Railroad Company. It is four stories high, with a considerable front on Franklin Street. It was leased by N. P. Sewell, and opened for the reception of guests about the 1st of November, 1865, as the " Grant House." In 1871, Mrs. Fairchilds became the proprietress, refitted and fur- nished it, and changed the name to that of the "Americari Hotel." The "Rennert House," formerly situated on Fay- ette Street, adjoining the United States court-house on the west, was built by Robert Rennert in 1871, and kept on the European style. The first floor contained a side hall on the right front. There was another entrance immediately from the street into the bar and eating-counter room, which extended about one-third the length of the building back. In the rear of this the clerk's ofiice and clerks' desks were located, behind which were suites of dining-rooms. A wide stairway running up from the hall just in the rear of the clerk's office communicated with the first floor, upon which in front were the handsome parlors of the hotel, with bed-rooms in the rear. The upper stories were also used for the accommodation of guests. The kitchens were in the rear basement. This was one of the most popular eating-houses in Baltimore. In 1880, Mr. Rennert sold the property, among others on the block, to the United States, and iii 1881 the build- iilg was torn down to make room for the new post- office site. • " Mount Clare Hotel.'"— In 1842 the " Mount Clare Hotel" was situated a short distance from Mount Clare Depot, now the Western Scheutzen Park, and was one of the most pleasant resorts about Balti- more. From it a full view could be obtained of the city, the surrounding country, the Patapsco River, and a portion of the Chesapeake Bay. It had around it a spacious flower-garden and orchard, and a con- servatory in which the proprietor of the hotel, Mr. McPherson, cultivated oranges and lemons. "Mann's Hotel," originally erected by John R. Giles, on Baltimore near North Street, was kept for some years by J. F. Reeside, son of Commodore Ree- side, and before the days of railroads was known as one of the largest stage-owners in the United States. In 1864 the hotel passed into the hands of James D. Gilmour. The " Calverton Hotel" was situated on the Cal- verton road, near its junction with Lexington Street. It had a commodious front, was four .stories in height, and extended back about one hundred and ten feet. The building, which was not entirely completed, caught fire on the 4th of May, 1853, and was entirely consumed, leaving the walls so much damaged that they had to be taken down. It was afterwards re- built. CHAPTER XXXIII. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. St. Paul's Parish. — This parish originally ex- tended from the Patapsco River and Falls on the south to the Pennsylvania line on the north, and from the Patapsco Falls and the then county line on the west to the Chesapeake Bay on the east, and to Middle River, the Big Gunpowder Falls, the Western Run, Piney Run, etc., on the northeast, by which it was divided from St. John's parish. Under the act of 1692, the several parishes having been determined or defined, the freeholders of each parish were di- rected to meet by the appointment of the county justices and make choice of six vestrymen. Such an appointment having been made, the freeholders of Patapsco Hundred, as it was then called, after- wards known as St. Paul's parish, accordingly met and elected a vestry, but of that meeting we have no record. That they, however, did so meet and elect vestrymen is shown by the following extract from the 518 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. records of tlie Baltimore County Court for 1693 : " We, the vestrymen for Patapsco Hundred, met together at the house of Maj. John Thomas," where it was de- termined " that at Pettetes' old field was the most convenient place to erect a church, and also appointed John Gay to be clerk of the vestry, Mr. Walkings being absent. And at another meeting at Master Demondidies', did confirm the above-mentioned pro- ceedings, Mr. Watkings also absent. George Ashman, Nicholas Corban, John Terry, Richard Sampson, Francis Watkings, Richard Cromwell." St. Paul's parish, according to the returns for 1694 to the County Court, contained two hundred and thirty-one taxable Inhabitants, paying for church rates 8240 pounds of tobacco, equal to about $226, less than one dollar church tax to each inhabitant. In 1702, St. Paul's was made a missionary parish, mainly under the ministry of Rev. William Tibbs, who does not appear to have been a faithful rector. He was from Westmoreland, England, and was pre- sented to this parish, where he remained until his death in 1732. During 1721-24 he was also rector of Copley or St. John's parish. He was a single man, and was accused of intemperance. Where the first church was situated is unknown, but it was probably only a temporary structure of logs, built after the rude fashion of the times. After several unsuccessful at- tempts to build a permanent church edifice, one was finally erected in 1702, and according to the testi- mony of Gen. Tobias Stansbury, stood about thirty or forty rods west of where the SoUers' Point road leaves the North Point road, on the left side as you go east. It was built of brick, but in 1765 was in ruins, and the bones of the dead buried there were removed to Baltimore Town. On the 2d of January, 1728, Thomas Sheredine and Richard Gist, who had been appointed a committee by the vestry to purchase a site for a new church, bought two acres of land of Moses Edwards, on the Old York road, near what was afterwards known as Walsh's tan-yard. The vestry subsequently, on the 8th of July, 1729, decided to build "at Edward Fell's," who, as we have seen, lived east of Jones' Falls. On the 16th of June, 1730,' an act was passed by the General Assembly " for the building a church in Baltimore County, and in a town called Baltimore Town, in St. Paul's parish." Bacon says, — "The act of 1727 having empowered the vestrymen and church-war- dons to purchase one or more acres of land, and thereon to build a parish church, in pursuance whereof land was purchased, hut not built on, and the same being inconvenient, the present act empowers the vestry- men and church-wardens to purchase a lot in Baltimore Town, and to cause a church to be built thereon, which shall be the parish church of the said parish, and be called St. Paul's Church, and directs that the to- bacco to be raised by the aforerecited act lie apidied to the building a church in the town as aforesaid." Under the provisions of this act, on the 1st of July, 1730, the vestry having abandoned the site near Mr. Fell's, as they had previously done that on the old York road, purchased lot No. 19 on the town plat. This lot was the most elevated point on the plat, and it is on the northwest corner of that lot that the present St. Paul's now stands. The original lot ex- tended south below Lexington Street, and eastward to St. Paul Street. On the 28th of July, 1730, the vestry again met, and agreed with Thomas Hart- well to build the walls of the new church, which were to be fifty feet by twenty-three feet in the clear, and eighteen feet high from the floor to the ceiling, for £40 ; the vestry to haul the bricks, lime, and sand. They also agreed with Charles Wells to make one hundred thousand bricks, to be delivered at or upon the last days of October and May following, for £90 currency. On the 3d of November the vestry agreed with John Moale and William Hammond to procure the rafters, six window-frames, two for each side and one for each end, and two door-frames, one for the southeast side and the other for the end, for £59.5«. currency, or tobacco at 105 per hundred at the same amount. On the 2d of February, 1731, the vestry agreed with William Hammond to build a vestry- house in Baltimore Town sixteen feet by twelve feet and seven and a half feet in height, for which they were to pay £6. They also agreed with Charles Ridgely to draw the brick for £10, and Jonas Robin- son to furnish fifteen hundred bushels of lime at the place where the church was to be built for 6rf. cur- rency per bushel. On the 9th of April Hartwell failed in his contract, and the vestry agreed with John Babcock to build the walls of the church for £50 cur- rency. On the 11th of October, 1732, Rev. William Tibbs, the pastor, died, and was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Hooper. Owing to the failures in fulfilling contracts and other delays, the church was not completed until 1739, or eight years after it was commenced. Mr. Hooper died July 12, 1739, and was buried in the church. He was succeeded by the Rev. Benedict Bourdillon, July 29, 1739. In May, 1741, Mr. Bourdillon proposed to the vestry of St. Paul's the building, by free subscription, of a chapel of ease for the accommodation of the forest inhabitants, and the proposition was adopted.' The rector and vestry accordingly drew up a memorial to the Governor and General Assembly, stating that the parish church then in Baltimore Town was found to be very inconvenient to a great part of the par- ishioners, especially the forest inhabitants, and ask- ing that an act might be passed for their assistance. The reason of this application is found in the fact that in the charter by which the territory and gov- I then called, aa 1 The forest inhabitants were the residents of what v it ever since has been, the Garrlnon Forfnt. It was so called because of a fort and garrison of soldiers, under the charge of Capt. John Risteau, sheriff of the county, sUitioued there for the defense of these frontier inhabitants against the Indians. The garrison was not far north of the site formerly occupied by the United States areenal at Pikesville, and was on Capt. Risteau's plantation. This forest was afterwards errone- ously called Garrctson's through ignorance of the circumstance from wliiih it hud derived its iiiime. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 519 ernment of the province of Maryland were given to Lord Baltimore in 1632, " the license and places of worship, in suitable and convenient places within the province," was granted to the proprietary. The memorial of the rector and vestry of St. Paul's hav- ing been duly presented in October, 1742, an act was passed by the General Assembly, by which Wil- liam Hamilton, Christopher Gist, Samuel Ovvings, Christopher Kandall, and Nicholas Haile were em- powered to receive voluntary subscriptions for the purchase of two acres of land where most convenient, and to build a chapel thereon as desired. And in case such contributions should not prove sufficient, an as- sessment on the parish was granted, not to exceed £133 6s. Sd., or about $354.70, in any one year, or be continued for more than three years. The private and voluntary subscribers to the chapel of ease were Benedict Bourdillon, Joseph Cromwell, Edward Fot- terall, Christopher Randall, Charles Ridgely, Thomas Harrison, John Hamilton, Francis Dorsey, John Bailey, Stephen Wilkinson, William Murphy, Dorsey Petticoart, William Petticoart, William Hammond, Peter Gosnell, Thomas Gist, Samuel Owings, Na- thaniel Gist, Mayherry Helm, Thomas Wells, George Ashman, Darby Lux, John Baker, John Risteau, George Ogg, Joshua Sewall, Richard Treadway, Ed- ward Choate, John Thomas, A nthony Bradford, Henry Seater, Peter Maigers, Hector Truley, John Stiuch- comb, William Lewis, Peter Bond, John Shippard, Stephen Hart Owings, William Brown, John Der- ample, Nathaniel Stinchcomb, Benjamin Bond, Joseph Murray, Jr., John Hawkins, Joshua Owings, John Bowen, Christopher Sewall, Thomas Bond, Joseph Cornelius, Edward Howard, Jonathan Tipton, Wil- liam Newell, George Bailey Gar, Stephen Gill, Wil- liam Tipton, John Bell, John Frasher, Robert Chap- man, Sr., Nicholas Haile, Penelope Deye, Neale Haile, Thomas Coale, Jr., John Wood, Jonathan Plowman, William Cockey, Richard Wilmott, and Capt. Samuel Gray. The subscriptions amounted to £64 10s. currency and 4400 pounds of tobacco. These subscriptions, it should be remembered, were over and above what the members of the parish were required by the act of Assembly to pay annually for three suc- cessive years. The amount subscribed by the rector was double that of any other subscriber. In the act which provided for the building of the chapel it was enacted that at the death of the Rev. Mr. Bourdillon, Soldiers' Delight and Back River Upper Hundreds (being all of St. Paul's parish north of the old court road leading from the Patapsco Falls to Joppa), were to be forever separated from St. Paul's parish and erected into a new parish to be called St. Thomas'. The chapel was then to be the parish church of the new parish thus created. Mr. Bourdillon's death oc- curring on Jan. 5, 1745, the contingency was satisfied, and the territory embraced within the limits described was erected into the parish of St. Thomas. On the nth of February, 1745, Rev. Thomas Chase was appointed rector of St. Paul's parish by Governor Bladen. At a meeting of the vestry on the 30th of June, 1753, they ordered that the middle portion of the front gallery should be taken down to make room for the first organ of the church (and perhaps the first in the county), which had been purchased from Adam Lynn. At this period the church also had a bell. On the 1st of June the vestry ordered a brick wall to be built around the church. After an eventful and useful ministry of thirty-four years. Rev. Thomas Chase, father of Samuel Chase, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, died on the 4th of April, 1779, and was succeeded by Rev. William West, D.D., who became rector June 7, 1779. On the 1st of November, 1779, the vestry resolved to build a new church, and on the 25th of April, 1780, the corner-stone was laid with religious services by the rector. This church was erected with the assist- ance of money raised by a lottery, which realized $33,443 currency. It was originally intended to raise 1160,000 by this lottery; there were 12,000 tickets at $40 each ; the first prize was $20,000, and the man- agers were the vestry of St. Paul's parish, — Messrs. Hercules Courtney, William Russell, Daniel Hughes, William Buchanan, Lloyd Goodwin, Walter Roe, Thomas Hollingsworth, Nicholas Buxton Moore, Brittingham Dickinson, and Capt. John Winning. The new church was finished May 10, 1784, the pews, eighty-three in number, being distributed " by ballot," and was opened May 30th, at Whitsuntide, Mr. West preaching from the text : " I was glad when they said unto me, Let us go into the house of the Lord." This new edifice stood a little to the south of the centre of the square, and just in front of the old one. In appearance it closely resembled old St. Peters', which formerly stood on the southeast corner of Sharp and German Streets, except that it was not quite so large. At the east end there was an immense window of common glass, which during the morning service would have poured an intolerable light into the church but for the protection of a green baize curtain. It had three large doors, more imposing than any belonging to the structure to which it has been compared. One was at the west end, and was seldom entirely opened, access to the church from that quar- ter being afforded by a sort of wicket cut in one side. The other two doors were on the south side; one of them was closed and plastered on the inside, but on the outside it appeared as a door. This was the east- ern one of the two; the western was the principal entrance. The church stood on very high ground, surrounded on three sides by the graveyard. On the south side was a terrace, paved with brick and shaded by sycamore -trees. The terrace was reached by flights of rough stone steps, three or four steps each, and the ground descended to New Church Street (now Lexington) by three or four of what gardeners call falls. At Lexington Street was a fence, with a gate about the centre of the street. The interior ap- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. pearance of tlie church was very heavy. The gal- leries were solid wainscoting, supported by large, solid pillars, and were reached by two very massive flights of stairs. The pews were the old-fashioned square boxes, very high. In the original plan of the church there were five aisles. There was no vestry- room; the minister put on his robe behind a .stiff red curtain suspended from an iron rod. The bell re- mained in the tower built in the time of the former church. The organ was placed in the west gallery, in front of which was a deslc, from which the cleric made the responses. There was no choir, and the organ was generally so much out of repair as to be useless. In April, 1785, as appears by the records of this date, the communion furniture consisted of one silver plate, two napkins, one table-cloth, one pewter basin, and one green cloth cover for the communion-table. In the same year the old church was used for a school- house by the Rev. Wm. Nixon. In November, 1786, the old church, excepting the bell-tower, was ordered to be torn down, and the brick to be used in a wall to be placed around the church lot. On April 19, 1788, it was announced by advertisement that a lot- tery would be held for the purpose of building a par- sonage for the minister of the Protestant Episcopal congregation in Baltimore Town. Three thousand tickets were to be distributed at $2 each, and prizes to the value of $4000 to be awarded, leaving $2000 for the parsonage. The managers of the lottery were John Moale, John Merryman, Andrew T. Ennals, John E. Howard, John Weatherburn, John Ham- mond, Geo. Grundy, Dr. Moses Darling, Jas. Cal- houn, Englehard Yeiser, George P. Keeports, Wm. Gibson, Wm. McCreery, Thomas Hollingsworth, and Andrew Buchanan.' In 1791 the parsonage was finished on ground donated by John Eager Howard at the head of Lib- erty Street, on Saratoga, where the rectory is now situated. The house, which had been formerly occu- pied as a parsonage, and in which Dr. West resided, was on the northwest corner of Charles and Lexing- ton Streets, nearly opposite the church. It was a one-story frame building with a " hip-roof," painted red, and had a yard in front ornamented with trees and shrubbery. Tliere were no houses then between the point occupied by the parsonage and the south side of Baltimore Street. On the 22d of June, 1783, the first convention of the diocese met and adopted a new constitution in consonance with the new state of affairs resulting from the independence of the United States and the separation of church and State. Dr. West died March 30, 1791, and on June 17th Rev. Jo- 1 Another St. Paul's parish lottery was advertised in April, 1805, for the purpose of erecting a parsonage.house. There were 18,000 tickets at $5 cacli, and prizes to tlio value of 875,000, leaving $15,000 as the sum to be raised. Tlie managers wore John Merryman, Mark Priiiglo, Jas. Carroll, Wm. Lorman, Geo. Gruudy, Join HolTman, and Govert Gaskins. seph J. G. Bend, D.D., was elected rector. This min- istry was signalized by a violent controversy with a Rev. Mr. Ralph. Rev. John Ireland was made asso- ciate rector Dec. 8, 1796, and removed Oct. 17, 1801. On the 10th of June, 1797, the church was conse- crated by Bishop Claggett. On the 8th of April, 1802, Rev. Elijah Rattoone was elected associate. He was succeeded by Rev. James Whitehead, March 24, 1806, who died Aug. 24, 1808, and he by the Rev. Frederick Beasley, D.D., Aug. 7, 1807. Upon the death of Rev. Dr. Bend, Nov. 25. 1812, Rev. Dr. James Kemp was elected rector, a man of high lit- erary and scientific culture, and an author of much repute. He died suddenly from injuries received by the upsetting of a stage-coach, Oct. 28, 1827. Revi William Wyatt was elected May 3, 1814, associate ifl|lU!iL|t rector, and afterwards, November, 1828, rector ; and after a most useful and distinguished ministry of fifty years, died universally lamented, June 24, 1864. In 1814 it was determined to erect a new church, and on the 4th of May in that year the corner-stone of the edifice was laid with appropriate ceremonies. Rev. Dr. Kemp delivering the address. This church was situated where the present one now stands. It was a spacious and noble edifice of the Grecian Doric order, one hundred and twenty-six feet in length by eighty-four feet in breadth. Tire portico was sup^ ported by four fluted marble columns, and the steeple was considered the handsomest in the United States. Tlic church was finished in 1817, R. C. Long, archi- RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. tect, and cost $126,140.' On Saturday morning, April 29, 1854, shortly after one o'clock, the stately edifice was discovered to be in flames. The rain was falling heavily, but upon forcing the doors it was perceived tliat the flames had gained great headway in a room in the back part of the building, immediately over the altar, and in a place most certain to insure the complete destruction of the building. At this stage of the fire. Dr. Colburn, the secretary of the Episco- pal Convention, residing directly opposite, assisted by others, succeeded, after great exertions and no little danger, in removing from the church the iron safe containing the records and other valuable papers of the Diocese of Maryland. The firemen labored hard to arrest the progress of the flames, but this was impossible in consequence of the elevated position of the building and the scarcity of water. The rebuilding of St. Paul's was entered upon with- out the indecision of an hour on the part of the vestry or the congregation, and was completed in about two years, when the new edifice was dedicated, on the ioth of January, 1856, by Bishop Whittingham, as- sisted by the Eev. Drs. Wyatt, Johns, and Balch, and Rev. Messrs. Crane, Rankin, Leakin, Stringfel- low, Thomas J. Wyatt, C. C. Adams, McFarland, Piggot, Read, Rich, Schroeder, Bausman, Cox, Swope, Spoon, Tuttle, Harrison, and Allen. The building is Norman Gothic, and was designed by Mr. Upjohn, of New York. The walls of the previous structure were not destroyed, and were used in the construction of the present church. Dr. Wyatt was succeeded in the rectorship of St. Paul's by the Rev. Dr. Milo Mahan, distinguished for his learning and varied attainnients, who died Sept. 4, 1870. He was succeeded by the Rev. J. S. B. Hodges, S.T.D., the present very learned and eloquent rector. Among the vestrymen of St. Paul's parish in the «arly history of Baltimore appear the names of many who took a brave and honorable part in the stirring events of their times. Among these we find Richard Gist, 1726; William Hammond, 1730; and George Buchanan, 1731, each of whom was one of the com- mis.sioners to lay out Baltimore Town; Robert North, 1735; John Moale, ZachariahMaccubbin, and Andrew Buchanan, who were on the Committee of Observa- tion about 1774 ; Robert Alexander, delegate to the Congress in 1776 ; Charles Carroll, one of the framers of the State Constitution in 1776, and the first State senator ; John Dorsey, one of the committee to wel- come Washington to Baltimore Town in 1781; Rich- ard Ridgely, delegate to the first Diocesan Conven- tion in 1784, in Congress, 1785, and in 1786 State senator, and one of the Presidential electors ; Jere- I On Thursday evening, June 20, 1820, an oratorio of sacred music was performed in St. Paul's church by the choir, assisted by several mu- sical professors and a number of ladies and gentlemen. The church was for the firet time brilliantly illuminated, and "this splendid edifice was nearly filled with a most respectable assemblage of beauty and fashion. 3 for the benefit of the Female Charity School, under of the Benevolent Society." miah Yellott, commander of the "Antelope," and navy agent in 1794; Nicholas Rodgers, one of the committee to prepare the defense of the town against Arnold in 1781 ; John Eager Howard, who received from Congress a silver medal for bravery, member of Congress in 1787, Governor of Maryland, 1788, 1789, and 1790, United States senator in 1791, and again in 1797, the donor of the parsonage-ground to the parish, and to the city of ground on which the Wash- ington Monument now stands ; and Samuel Chase, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, a son of the Rev. Thomas Chase, rector of the parish. Among the many honored names on the roll of the parish stand those of Moale, Luther Martin, Rogers, Merryman, Claggett, Ridgely, Grundy, Buchanan, Gibson, Lindenberger, Howard, Hollingsworth, Hoff"- man, McKim, Donnell, Lorman, Morris, Cooke, Hugh Davey Evans, Glenn, Alexander, Donaldson, Brice, Pennington, and Reverdy Johnson. The first Bishop of Blaryland was the Right Rev. Thomas J. Claggett, D.D., some time rector of St. Paul's Church, Prince George's Co., Md., consecrated bishop in 1792, in Trinity church. New York ; died in 1816. The second Bishop of Maryland was the Right Rev. James Kemp, D.D., rector of St. Paul's parish, Baltimore, consecrated (suffragan) in 1814; died in 1827. The third was the Right Rev. Murray Stone, D.D., some time rector of Stepney parish, Somerset Co., Md., consecrated in 1830, and died in 1838. The fourth was the Right Rev. Wm. RoUin- son Whittingham, D.D., some time Professor of Eccle- siastical History in the General Theological Seminary, consecrated in 1840; died Oct. 17, 1879. He was succeeded by William Pinkney, D.D., assistant bishop of the diocese. Christ (P. E.) Church.— The original site of Christ church was at the northwest corner of Baltimore and Front Streets, and the building in which its congre- gation worshiped for many years was purchased in 1796 from the First German Reformed congregation by St. Paul's parish, of which Christ Church formed a part until 1829. On the 28th of February, 1829, an act was passed by which " the congregation of Christ Church, in the city of Baltimore, now forming a part of St. Paul's parish of Baltimore County," was in- corporated as a separate congregation of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church of the United States, by the name and style of the vestry of Christ Church, in the city of Baltimore." The first minister of the new congregation was the Rev. John Johns, afterwards Bishop of Virginia, who was elected rector in 1828, and resigned his charge in 1842, on his election to the episcopate. In the year 1805 the steeple was added to the church, and the famous chime of six bells were placed in it. As indicating the taste of that day, it may be mentioned that in 1831 or 1832 the church was " painted a bright red, and the steeple a bright yellow." In December, 1834, preparations were be- gun for the erection of a new church at the corner of 522 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Gay and Fayette Streets, wliich was completed and occupied not long afterwards.' Here the congregation worshiped until the erec- tion of the present church on the corner of St. Paul and Cha.se Streets. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid Tuesday, May 24, 1870. The old church was purchased through the efforts of the General Church Guild of Baltimore, and is now known as the Church of the Messiah. Rev. Wilbur F. Watkins was succeeded in the rectorship in May, 1881, by Rev. Walter W. Williams. The (P. E.) Church of the Messiah, comer of Fayette and Gay Streets, is the edifice formerly oc- cupied by the congregation of Christ Church. After the removal of the latter congregation it was pur- chased by the Church Guild of Baltimore City, and has since been known as the Church of the Messiah. Its rector is Rev. Peregrine Wroth. St. Peter's (P. E.) Church parish was created by the act of 1802, ch. 10.5, by which Jeremiah Yellott, John Scott, William Jolly, Hezekiah Waters, Josias Pennington, Simon Wilmer, of Edward, and James Corrie, of the city of Baltimore, were authorized and empowered " to solicit and receive subscriptions and donations, not exceeding twenty-five thousand dollars, for the purpose of purchasing a lot of land in the city of Baltimore, not exceeding one acre, for the building thereon a Protestant Episcopal church, to be called St. Peter's Church, and a lot of land, either within or without the said city, not exceeding two acres, for a burial-ground to the said church." These same persons were further authorized to receive a convey- ance of the lot or lots, to purchase materials, and contract for the building of a church, and they were directed, after the organization of the church, to con- vey the land and improvements to the vestry and their successors. Jeremiah Yellott was authorized on the 19th of July, 1803, to receive proposals for the building of the church, which was accordingly at once commenced, and completed in the early part of March, 1804. It was consecrated on the 27th of May by Bishop Claggett. It was erected on the southeast corner of Sharp and German Streets, and was occupied by the congregation of St. Peter's until 1868. The first rector of the church was the Rev. George Dashiell, elected on the 15th of March, 1804, and the second was Rev. John P. K. Henshaw, elected on the 21st of April, 1817 ; the third rector was Rev. Thomas At- kinson, D.D., elected June 6, 1843 ; the fourth was Rev. James H. Morrison, elected in May, 1853; the fifth. Rev. George D. Cummins, D.D., elected in June, 1858 ; and the sixth and present rector is the Rev. Julius E. Grammer, elected in 1864, Rev. Samuel McD. Richardson, assistant. The westward growth of the city necessitating the abandonment of the original site, the property was sold, and the last ser- 1 In 1840 the old church wafl t highest bidder. 1 down SDd the materials sold to the vices were held in the old church on the 28th of June, 1868. A temporary place of worship was pro- vided at the New Assembly Rooms (at the corner of Hanover and Lombard Streets), and ground was broken for the new church, corner of Druid Hill Avenue and Lanvale Street, Tuesday, Sept. 15, 1868. The corner-stone of the new church was laid April 29, 1869, and in October, 1870, the opening services were held in the completed edifice. The general style of the church is that of the Norman period of English Gothic, and the building fronts ninety-three and a half feet on Druid Hill Avenue, with a depth of one hundred and twenty-two feet. St. Peter's has given to the church four bishops and more than sixty clergymen, and forty-five thousand children have re- ceived instruction in its schools. The founders of St. Peter's had been members of St. Paul's, and their attachment to Rev. George Dashiell and the church principles represented by him led to the establish- ment of St. Peter's. Upon the election of Bishop Kemp as suftragan Bishop of Maryland, Mr. Dashiell, with seven or eight other clergymen, resolved to secede from the church and establish an " Evangelical Epis- copal Church." He afterwards renounced the church and was deposed by the bishop, but his vestry con- tinuing to support him, the courts were appealed to, but unsuccessfully. He left St. Peter's shortly after- wards, however, and harmony was restored. The (P.E.) Churchofthe Ascension.— The corner- stone of the old Church of the Ascension, on Lexing- ton Street near Pine, was laid on Monday evening, June 15, 1840; the corner-stone of the new church, Lafayette and Arlington Avenues, was laid Thurs- day afternoon, July 18, 1867, and the opening services were held Jan. 12, 1869. May 12, 1873, the new church was almost totally destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt, and reopened for public service Jan. 4, 1874. The old church on Lexington Street was sold, and is now used as a Hebrew synagogue. The present rector of Ascension is Rev. Campbell Fair. Trinity (P. E.) Church had its origin in a Sunday- school established by Rev. Geo. A. Leakin in Octo- ber, 1843, in Monkur's Institute. Mr. Leakin was assisted in his work by Wm. Newman, Thomas Ma- gee, Miss Alice Dashiell, Miss Ann Hubbard, Miss Ellen Busk, Miss Elizabeth Searly, and Miss Virginia Fish. The school numbered about twenty scholars. In August, 1845, the bishop laid the corner-stone of the first Trinity (now St. Matthew's), on Bank Street, west of Broadway, which was opened for service on the fifth Sunday in Lent, 1846. There was then no Epis- copal church east of Jones' Falls except St. Andrew's. This cliurcli wns nicupied for nine years, when it was sold to l'>i-lio|. Wliiitiiigham. The corner-stone of the prescnl cililicc, llroadway and Pratt, was laid Thanksgiving Day, 1854, and the first services were held on the sixteenth Sunday after Trinity, 1855. Rev. Geo. Armistejid Leakin has been the pastor of the chui-ch from its organization until the present RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 523 time. The first Trinity (Episcopal) church in Balti- more was situated between High and Exeter Streets, near Wilkes, and was consecrated on the 20th of October, 1811. St. Stephen's (P. E.) Church was organized on the 5th of July, 1843. The corner-stone of the original church edifice, which was on the south side of Lee Street, between Hanover and Sharp Streets, was laid on the 26th of July, 1843, and the building was dedi- cated on the 25th of December following. It was consecrated on the 14th of May, 1846. The present church is on the east side of Hanover Street, corner of Welcome Alley. The rectors of St. Stephen's have been Rev. J. N. McJilton, from 28th of May, 1843, to the 1st of January, 1853 ; Rev. Enoch Reed, from 1854 to 1857 ; Rev. Dr. James D. McCabe, from May, 1857, to June, 1861 ; Rev. Nicholas H. Pridham, from October, 1861, to October, 1863; Rev. J. Pres- ton Fugitt, from October, 1863, to October, 1864; Rev. Dr. L. Van Bockelin, from November, 1864, to Decem- ber, 1865; and Rev. Dr. E. A. Dalrymple, from De- cember, 1865, to the present time. When the Hanover Street church was built the old Lee Street edifice was sold to the Baptists. St. Mark's (P. E.) Church was organized on the 11th of March, 1847, at the residence of Rev. Mal- colm MacFarland, with a vestry composed of Dr. Richard Se.xton, Richard Kemp, Daniel Brunner, Joseph H. Bean, Charles Goodwin, E. M. Bartholow, Dr. J. R. U. Dunbar, and Isaac Krocsen. Prior to this, however, a chapel had been built, which was opened for service on the 14th of February, 1847. On the 2d of August, 1850, the corner-stone of the present church, Lombard and Parkin Streets, was laid, and on the 17th of July, 1851, the church was consecrated by Bishop Whittingham, the first services being held in it on the 27th of the same month. Rev. Malcolm MacFarland was the first rector, and served from March 12, 1847, to Dec. 15, 1861, on which day he was seized with a fatal illness while closing the services, and died in a few hours. To his liberality and zeal the existence of St. Mark's is largely due. The cost of its construction was borne by him, and he paid nearly all the expenses while he lived, receiving no salary for his services. Mr. MacFarland was succeeded on the first of June, 1862, by Rev. E. H. Harlow, who resigned Jan. 25, 1864. He was followed by Rev. Horatio H. Hewitt, who assumed pastoral charge in May, 1865, and resigned Oct. 6, 1869. His successor was Rev. Flemming James, who entered upon his duties Jan. 1, 1870, and resigned May 19, 1875, to accept the assistant rectorship of Calvary Church, Louisville, Ky. Rev. George H. Kinsolving took charge of the church June 13, 1875, and resigned Nov. 25, 1878, to take eflect Jan. 1, 1879. He now has charge of St. John's Church, Cincinnati. The present rector. Rev. E. L. Kemp, was called on the 9th of December, 1878, and assumed pastoral charge March 1, 1879. Mount Calvary (P. E.) Church.— The corner- stone of Mount Calvary Protestant Episcopal church, on the northwest corner of Madison and Eutaw Streets, was laid on Sept. 10, 1844 ; the church was dedicated Thursday morning, Feb. 19, 1846, and was consecrated Dec. 15, 1853. Rev. Alfred A. Miller was the first rector of the church. The present rector is Rev. Robert H. Paine, with Revs. Galbraith Perry, Evelyn Bartow, and Herbert B. Smythe, assist- ants. The guild attached to this church was organized May 17, 1880, and has thirty-five members. The members of the guild perform various services in the church, such as visiting the sick, showing persons to seats, organizing social entertainments during the winter, etc. The members are all men over twenty- one years of age. The officers are : Rev. R. H. Paine, warden ; John H. White, guild-master ; Lewis S. Chenet, clerk ; and A. G. Snyder, bursar. Grace (P. E.) Church was originally organized on the loth of February, 1850, and incorporated on the 30th of May of the same year under an amended charter, Messrs. William Stevenson and John Duer, Jr., being church-wardens, and Messrs. G. R. Gaither, J. S. Gittings, J. H. Thomas M.D., W. Woodward, A. Aldridge, A. B. Gordon, W. W. Taylor, and J. M. Campbell the original vestry. On Saturday, the 20th of July, 1850, the corner-stone of the church, northeast corner of Monument and Park Streets, was laid by Rev. Dr. Atkinson, rector of St. Peter's Church, under whose auspices the work had been undertaken. The church was first opened for divine service on Sunday, the 12th of December, 1852. It was consecrated on the 30th of October, 1856, by Rt. Rev. Bishop Whittingham, assisted by Bishop Atkinson, of North Carolina, and the Bishop of Mississippi. The church is built in the decorated style of pointed architecture, of brown free-stone from the quarries of Portland, Conn. Rev. Dr. Thomas Atkinson was the first rector of the church, and entered upon his duties on the 12th of December, 1852. On the 17th of October, 1853, Dr. Atkinson was consecrated to the episcopate of North Carolina, and was succeeded by Rev. A. Cleveland Coxe, who entered upon his duties on the 2d of February, 1854. Rev. George Leeds, D.D., is the present pastor, with Rev. W. R. Pickman assistant. St. Luke's (P. E.) Church.— The comer-stone of St. Luke's (P. E.) church, on the east side of Carey Street, between Saratoga and Lexington, was laid on the 1st of November, 1851, and, though not com- pleted, the edifice was opened for public service July 10, 1853, the present rector, Rev. Charles W. Rankin, ofiiciating. Rev. Francis Asbury Baker, the first rector of the parish, resigned in April, 1853, and connected himself with the Catholic Church. Rev. Frederick Gibson is Mr. Rankin's assistant. Emmanuel i P. E. ) Church.— In 1851 a large portion of the congregation of Christ Church residing in the 524 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. northwestern section of the city, finding it inconve- nient to attend the church on Gay Street, determined , to build a new edifice on the corner of Reed and j Cathedral Streets. The congregation was accordingly incorporated, and the erection of the church begun in ' the early part of 1853. The opening services were { held in it Sunday, Oct. 15, 1854, Bishop Mcllvaine preaching the dedicatory sermon. On Thursday, March 8, 1855, the church was consecrated. Rev. John Johns, Bishop of Virginia, preaching the sermon. The first rector. Rev. H. V. D. Johns, died April 22, 1859, and was succeeded by the assistant rector, Rev. Charles Ridgely Howard, who was followed by Rev. Dr. Noah Hunt Schenck, Jan. 8, 1860. Dr. Schenck was succeeded by Rev. A. M. Randolph, present rector. Holy Innocents (P. E.) Church was organized in Marion Hall, over the old Independent (now No. 6) Ehgine-House, at the corner of Gay and Ensor Streets, by the Rev. James Stephenson. After a ser- vice of five months he resigned, and was succeeded by Rev. James P. Fugett on the 7th of February, 1854, who leased the lot on the corner of Eden and Chase Streets, and pledged himself personally for the construction of the first church, which was opened Dec. 28, 1855. The church was paid for in about nine months, and in a few montlis more the lot was purchased in fee. The church wa." incorporated June 16, 1857. Mr. Fugett was succeeded by Rev. N. C. Pridham on the 9th of March, 1864, who was followed in September, 1865, by Rev. W. Phillips. Rev. George F. Morrison followed Mr. Phillips, July 7, 1869, and was succeeded by Rev. W. H. Harrison, Dec. 2, 1870. On the 28th of January, 1874, the con- gregation placed themselves under the care of Christ Church, and deeded the property in trust to the vestry of Christ Church to secure the payment of a mort- gage of seven thousand dollars. On the same date. Rev. P. N. Meade, assistant minister of Christ Church, was put in charge of the Church of the Holy Inno- cents, and was succeeded on the 1st of July, 1877, by Rev. Charles J. Holt, the present assistant minister of Christ Church. The present edifice, on the site of the original chapel, was commenced in 1874, and the corner-stone was laid on the 24th of September in that year. When the erection of the church was be- gun the frame chapel was removed to a lot at the cor- ner of Chase Street and Collington Avenue, where it was re-erected and used during the construction of the new edifice. It was then sold, together with the lot on which it stood, and is now used as the mission chapel of the Atonement. St. John the Baptist (P. E.) Church.— The corner- stone of the Church of St. John the Baptist, Barre near Eutaw Streets, wa.s laid Sept. 30, 1858. Its pres- ent rector is Rev. James Chipchasc. Memorial (P. E.) Church.— The corner-stone of Memorial P. E. church, Bolton and Town.send Streets, was laid Tuesday afternoon, July 3, 18()0, and the first public services were held in the church on June 5, 1864. Memorial church was erected by the ladies of Emmanuel, in memory of the Rev. H. V. D. Johns. Rev. Charles Ridgely Howard w;w its first pastor. The present rector is Rev. William M. Dame. Holy Comforter (P. E.) Church.— This church, corner Pratt and Chester Streets, was commenced by the congregation of Epiphany, and the corner-stone was laid by them May 26, 1873, but afterwards the property was transferred by the vestry of Epiphany to Grace Church, in trust for Miss Hannah B. Gaither, who, in memory of her father, erected on the founda- tions already laid the Church of the Holy Comforter, which was consecrated by that name Dec. 19, 1876. The rector of the parish while under the name of Epiphany was Rev. Hugh Roy Scott. The first rec- tor of the Holy Comforter was Rev. T. Lewis Barris- ter; the present pastor is Rev. F. S. Hipkins. The congregation wor-^hiped in St. Matthew's chapel, on Bank Street, until the completion of the Church of the Holy Comforter. St. Matthew's is now used as a col- ored mission. St. Michael's and All Angels' iP.'E.) Church.— The corner-stone of the Church of St. Michael's and All Angels', St. Paul and Denmead Streets, was laid Sept. 29, 1877. The ground upon which it stands was donated by the late Talbott Denmead. It is a fine stone structure, and when entirely finished will cost between eighty and one hundred thousand dollars. The edifice has been occupied for some time. Pre- vious to its erection the congregation worshiped in a small frame chapel in the rear of the lot on which the church now stands. The chapel was originally a mission of St. John's Church, Waverly, Baltimore Co. The rector of St. Michael's is Rev. William Kirkus, D.D., LL.B. The (P. E.) Church of the Holy Trinity is sit- uated on the corner of Gilmor and Tennant Streets. It was built under the auspices of Memorial Church, and was dedicated on the 13th of February, 1876. Its first pastor was Rev. Otis E. Glazebrook. Its present pastor is Rev. Dr. J. J. Sams. The (P. E.) Church of Our Saviour.— The corner- stone of the Church of Our Saviour, Broadway and McElderry Streets, was laid on Thursday afternoon, Nov. 18, 1869; the first story of the church was dedi- cated Sunday, June 5, 1870, and the church itself opened for divine service Oct. 15, 1871. Its present rector is Rev. J. S. Stringfellow. All Saints' (P. E.) Church, at the corner of Balti- more and Gilmor Streets, is a mission of the Church of the Ascension, and was originally known as Zion Church. The corner-stone of the edifice was laid on the 22d of June, 1859, and the first services were held on December 4th of the same year. In 1878 it be- came a mission of the Church of the Ascension, under the name of All Saints', and is under the pastoral care of Rev. Frederick F. Reese. Among the pre- vious pastors of the cliuroh were Rov. M. L. Forbes, KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Eev. Dr. McJilton, Rev. George Howell, and Rev. B. F. Browne. St. Barnabas' (P. E.) Church.— The corner-stone of St. Barnabas' church, northeast corner of Biddle Street and Argyle Avenue, was laid in October, 1859. Previous to the erection of the church the congrega- tion had worshiped in a chapel which was destroyed by fire on the 26th of November, 1859. The church is a fine edifice of pressed brick with freestone trim- ' mings, and has a handsome parsonage adjoining it. The present pastor is Eev. Augustus P. Strylvcr. St. Andrew's (P. E.) Church, South High near Lombard Street, was organized Jan. 2, 1837, by Rev. H. V. D. Johns, and the present edifice was conse- crated Nov. 17, 1839. Its present rector is Eev. J. S. Miller. Epiphany Mission, Leadenhall Street near Sharp, is a branch of the Churcli of St. Mary the Virgin. It was organized in 1877, and is under the charge of Eev. Galbraitli Perry. The (P. E.) Church of the Holy Evangelist.— The Church of the Holy Evangelist is situated at the corner of Potomac and Dillon Streets, Canton. The corner-stone was laid on the 17th of May, 1874. It is a mission station, and is in charge of a lay reader. St. Matthew's (P. E.) Mission Chapel is situated on Bank Street, west of Broadway. It was formerly known as the Church of the Epiphany. On the 10th of March, 1879, it was formally opened as a colored mission church. The pastor is Rev. A. A. Roberts. Cummins' Memorial tP- E. Reformed) Church was organized on tlie 19th of December, 1875, at the hall of the Young Men's Christian Association, on Schroeder Street. Its original name was Church of the Rock of Ages, which was changed for the present title after the death of Bishop Cummins. The con- gregation was incorporated on the 26th of September, 1877, and the corner-stone of the church, corner of Carollton Avenue and I^anvale Street, was laid May 2, 1878. The church was formally opened on the 10th of the same year. It was built mainly through the munificence of Mrs. Thomas H. Powers, of Phila- delphia, who also purchased the ground upon which it stands. The pastors were Eev. H. H. Washburn, and Eight Eev. James A. Latane. Emmanuel (P. E. Reformed) Church was organ- ized on the 20th of February, 1876, at Cunningham Hall, northwest corner of Forest and Monument Streets. At the close of the year 1876 the vestry leased a lot of ground at the northwest corner of Hoff- man and Eden Streets, and began the erection of a chapel, which was completed and ready for occupancy in April, 1877. The first sermon was preached on the 8th of April, 1877, by Bishop Wm. E. Nicholson, of Philadelphia. Eev. F. H. Eeynolds is the pastor of the church. Church of the Redeemer (P. E. Reformed).— The corner-stone of the Church of the Redeemer, Bolton Street, between Lauvale and Townsend Streets, was 34 laid on the 21st of October, 1875, by Bishop Cum- mins, and the edifice was dedicated on the 12th of March, 1876, by the same bishop. The pastor is Rev. Wm. M. Postlethwaite. The Church of the Re- deemer was the firs,t Reformed Episcopal church built in Baltimore. The Sunday-school chapel in the rear of the church wa.s dedicated June 20, 1881. The building committee were Rev. Wm. M. Postle- thwaite, Wm. A. Tottle, and J. S. Johnson. The Fourth (P. E. Reformed i Church is situated at the coiner of HiiiioviT and ( ':iiii■■< 1 1'-" '^l"-ii.^ to ptiblic view grounds 111,; ., ■ ■ 1-1 I I .-,i...f proceeding therewiiMi ;• >,, .m , -. ; . i- ,,! .lia not prevent fromcb.'n-liinu ■•iiL I" .1 I.- In,, ^, Mil i„,,n.,.iiMi; by frequent Professor of He entered clergyn , full of nd forbearance proper to defer this official favor, but the Archbishop of Baltimore nevertheless preserved a sort of honor- able primacy, and he was specially invested in 1863 with the functions of apostolical legate of the First National Council of the United States. Archbishop Eccleston expired at the Convent of the Visitation, at Georgetown, after a brief illness, on the 22d of April, 1851.'^ The See of Baltimore did not remain long vacant, and by letters apostolic of Aug. 3, 1851, the Rt. Rev. Francis P. Kenrick was transferred from the See of Philadelphia to the archbishopric of Baltimore. By a brief of the 19th of August of the same year Arch- bishop Kenrick was appointed apostolic delegate to preside at the National Council of the entire episco- pate of the United States. His installation at the cathedral occurred on the 12th of October, 1851. By the apostolic letter of July 29, 1853, the new diocese of Erie, a dismemberment of that of Pittsburgh, was founded in the ecclesiastical province of Baltimore. By a decree of the Propaganda of July 25, 1858, the prerogative of peace was granted to the See of Balti- more, so that in councils, assemblies, and meetings of every kind precedence was given to the Archbishop of Baltimore, and the seat of honor above every other archbishop, without regard to the order of promotion or consecration. On the morning of the 8th of July, 1863, Archbishop Kenrick was found dead in his bed. His funeral, which took place at the cathedral a few days afterwards, was attended by two hundred priests and fourteen bishops.^ The appointment of his suc- .?e 111.' ll.ll'l Fond of retirement and indifferent to the opinions of the world, he seemed par- ticularly solicitous to merit the favor of Him ' who seeth in secret,' and is always prepared to award the crown of justice } his faithful servants. 2 Samuel Eccleston was born on the 27lh of June, 1801, in Kent County, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. His grandfather. Sir John Eccleston, had emigrated thither from England some years before the Kevolution- ary war. His parents occupied an honorable position in society, and be- longed to the Protestant Episcopal Church, in which, too, young Samuel was educated. But while still young his mother became a widow, and married a Catholic. Theyoung man was placed at St. Mary's College, Bal- timore, and distiuguislied himself in all branches of study. He embraced the Catholic faith while still at college, and was so deeply impressed at the death of one of his venerable professors that he resolved to devote him- self to the ecclesiastical state. He entered the seminary attached to the college on the 2ad of May, 1810, but was scarcely inclosed in this retreat of his choice when he was beset with pressing solicitations from his kindred and friends to abandon a career in their eyes contemptible and return to the world, of which tliey displayed the attractions. No consideration could alter Eccleston's step ; on thecontrary, temptations confirmed him in his pious design, and he received the tonsure in the course of the year 1820. While pursuing his theological studies he rendered useful service in the college as professor. Deacon's orders were conferred on him in 1823, and on the 24th of April, 1825, he was raised to cal dignity. Five months after his ordination the Kev. Mr repaired to France, and spent almost two years in the Sulpitian solitude at Issy. Eeturning home in 1827, after visiting Ireland and England, ho brought back an immense fund of acquired knowledge and ardent zeal for the cause of religion. Appointed vice-president of St. Mary's College, then president of that institution, he discharged with remarka- ble success these important functions, when the confidence of the Holy See selected him for the episcopate. » Francis Patrick Kenrick was born in Ireland in 1797, but emigrated to this country with his brother, afterwards Archbishop of St. Louie. On the 3(lth of June, 18.10, ho was consecrated Bishop of Arath and coad- jutor to the Bishop of Philadelphia, and in 1842 became Bishop of Phila- delphia. Archbishop Kenrick, at the time of his death, was the oldest Catholic bishop in America, having occupied the episcopal chair for thirty-three years. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 529 cesser was delayed for nearly ten months, during which period Father Coskery, V.G., acted as admin- istrator serfe vacanie. Having examined the claims of : three prelates whose names had been sent to Rome, — ^ Bishops Spalding, Wheelan, and Lynch, — the pope j took action upon the matter May 6, 1864, and trans- ferred Kt. Rev. Martin John Spalding, Bishop of Louisville, to Baltimore. On the 22d of June, 1864, he received the official notification of his appointment; July 24th he bade farewell to his flock in Louisville, and on Sunday, July 31, 1864, he was installed at the cathedral as Archbishop of Baltimore. On the 7th . of February, 1872, Archbishop Spalding expired at J the archiepiscopal residence after a painful illness.^ | Archbishop Spalding was succeeded by Archbishop ; J. Roosevelt Bayley, who was installed at the cathe- j dral, Oct. 13, 1872. On the 19th of October, 1873, the archdiocese of Baltimore was solemnly consecrated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Archbishop Bayley died at Newark, N. J., on the 3d of October, 1877.^ Archbishop Bayley was succeeded by Most Rev. Dr. James Gibbons, who was installed at the cathedral on the 10th of February, 1878, as Archbishop of the j Metropolitan See of Baltimore and primate of America. [ Most Rev. James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore | and primate of the church in America, was born in ; Baltimore on the 23d of July, 1834. He was of Irish j parentage, and while still quite young was taken by i his father to Ireland, where he received the substan- I ■ Martiu John Spalding was Ima near Lebanon, now Marion Co., Ky., on the 23d of May, 1810. Hi* father, Richard Spalding, was born near Leonardstown, St. Mary's Co., Md.,and his mother, Heniietta Hamilton, was a native of Charles County. In his twelfth year young Spalding was sent to St. Mary's Seminary, in Marion County, Ky., where he grad- uated in 1S26. Having determined to devote himself to the priesthood, he entered St. Joseph's Seminary, Bardstown, Ky., where he remained four years, studying theology and teaching in the college. In April, 18.10, he proceeded to Rome, where be entered the famous Urban Col- lege of the Propaganda on the 7th of August. Here he remained for four years, and left the institution an accomplished scholar, having re- ceived at his ordination the degree of Doctorof Divinity, after a brilliant defense of two hundred and fifty-six theses, covering the whole ground of theology and canon law. He was ordained priest on the 13th of August, 1834, and after celebrating his fli-st mass in St. Peter's Basilica, returned I to America. On his return to Kentucky he was successively appointed j pastor of St. Joseph's Church, Bardstown ; president of St. Joseph's Col- 1 lege, situated at the same place; pastor of the cathedral, Louisville; I vicar-geueral of Louisville; Bishop of Louisville, with the right of suc- cession ; and on the death of Bishop Flaget, Feb. 11, 1850, he was made Bishop of Louisville, and retained this ofBce until transferred to Balti- - James Roosevelt Bayley was born in New York in 1814. Hisfamily were of the Protestant Episcopal faith, and be was ordained a priest in that clmrch. He was rector of a Protestant Episcopal Church at Har- lem, N. Y., but his religious opinions having undergone a change, he became a member of the Catholic Church. He then went to Paris, where he prepared for the Catholic priesthood at St. Sulpice, and was ordained on the 2d of March, 1842. He was appointed vice-president of St. John's College, Fordham, and afterwards became president of that institution, but resigned, and was made secretary of the diocese of New York. On the recommendation of Archbishop Hughes, he was made the firet Bishop of Newark, N. J., in 1858. He was Bishop ol Newark nineteen yeai-s, and was conspicuous for his advocacy of the temperance cause, and for his active promotion of parish schools and religious institutions. Dr. Bayley was the third Archbishop of Baltimore who was a convert to the Catholic Church, Archbishop Whitfield having been the first and Archbishop Eccleston the second. tial ground-work of a solid education. On his return to America he entered St. Charles' College, Maryland, where he graduated with distinction in 18.57. He then entered St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, and after the usual course of philosophy and theology was or- dained priest on the 30th of June, 1861, by the late Most Rev. Archbishop Kenrick. He immediately entered upon the duties of his calling, serving first as assistant to the late Rev. James Dolan, rector of St. Patrick's, and afterwards as pastor of St. Bridget's, at Canton. A few years after his transfer to St. Bridget's he was selected by Archbishop Spalding as his private secre- tary, and on the 16th of August, 1868, was consecrated at the cathedral Bishop of Adratmjfhum in. Partibun In- fidelimn and vicar-apostolic of North Carolina. Here he remained for about four years, and displayed such remarkable administrative ability that on the death of Right Rev. Bishop McGill he was translated to Richmond, Va., where he was installed by Archbishop Bayley, Oct. 20, 1872. His administration in Rich- mond was marked by an almost immediate revival of religious interest, and by practical results of the most important character. In the course of five years several new churches were erected, and St. Peter's Cathedral Male Academy and Parochial School was founded. By his energy also St. Joseph's Female Orphan Asylum was enlarged, a parochial school for boys and girls was established at Petersburg, and one at Portsmouth for girls. On the 20th of May, 1877, he was appointed coadjutor with the right of succes- sion to the Most Rev. James Roosevelt Bayley ,'Arch- bishop of Baltimore. The same energy, zeal, and great executive ability which characterized his labors in other spheres have been displayed in the more exalted and responsible office which he fills at pres- ent, and the diocese shows in every quarter the stim- ulus of his active brain and unerring judgment. The monuments which already speak of his zeal and de- votion are of the most enduring character, and'bear a testimony which all who run may read. New churches are rapidly springing up in all parts of the diocese, new congregations are being formed, new religious and educational enterprises are constantly projected, while all the hundred agencies of Catholic work have been strengthened and reinforced by his firm hand and comprehensive judgment. Among the recent contributions to religious literature, his " Faith of Our Fathers" deservedly holds a most exalted position, and is regarded by eminent scholars and divines of every creed as a masterpiece of logic and literary excellence. Twelve grand councils of bishops have occurred at the cathedral, of which ten were " Provincial" and two " Plenary." The former are always attended by the bishops of a province; the latter by the whole United States hierarchy. The First Provincial Council met in the cathe- dral Oct. 1, 1829, under Archbishop Whitfield's di- rection. Bishop England, of Charleston, the peerle-ss IIISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MAllYLAND. orator, preached the opening sermon. Five prelates attended in porsdn, and tlircc others sent procurators. The Second Provincial Council was held October, 18.S3, Arrhbi^hoji WhitfHda i.residing. Ten prelates assisted. The Third Provincial Council took place in May, 1837, ArchbisliopEecleston presiding. Twelve bishops attended this meeting. The Fourth Provincial Council, held in May, 1840, under Arelibishop Eccleston's management, was attended by lifteen l)islio[is. The Fifth Provincial Council occurred in May, 1843, Arclibishoji Ecelestiand GaztUe ofJuly 16,1702: " Bai.timoke, July 8, 1762. " The managers of the lottery for raising three hundred pieces of eight to be applied towards Imyinp a lot of ground in Baltimore Town, and building thereon a meeting-house for tiie use of those of the Presbyterian persuasion in and near the said town (as advertised several times last year, and the present in tlie Maryland and Pennsylvania GitzflUt), take this method of informing the public that tliey have not met with the success they expected in the disposal of tlieir ticliets, owing principally, as they are informed by many who are desirous of adventuring in said lottery, and as tlie managers thereof now believe, to the loo great num- ber of low prizes in the sclieme formerly advertised j for remedying, whereof, aud to prevent the end proposed thereby from being frus- trated, the managers beg leave to propose the following scheme, which they hope, as the objections are removed, will prove satisfactory to the 3444 bhmks. 5(XI0 tickets at $4 each are $20,000. . By this scheme there are not quite 2% blanks to a prize. " CondUi-mi.— That the lottery shall begin to be drawn in Baltimore Town on the Ist day of September next, aud continue until fiuialied, in RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. erected a small log church, which they sold about two years afterwards to Mr. Charles Eidgely. In March, 1765, they purchased from Alexander Lawson eighty feet of ground at the northwest corner of Fayette and North Streets, adding to it in 1772 another lot leased from Andrew Buchanan, and afterwards purchased in fee. Here they erected a plain brick church, forty- five feet long by thirty-five feet wide, containing thirty- six pews. The building was completed in November, 1766, and all the pews rented except two ; and in 1771 it was enlarged one-third, so as to contain more than fifty pews. In 1781 the following entry is found in the records of the committee : "The peculiar circumstances af our society at its first forniation, es- pecially the small number able and willing to discharge" trusts therein, obliged some persons to fill different employments in the capacity of both what are called elders and deacons, or committee men. But our respectable establishment and happy increase now furnish the means of removing this inconvenience. Be it therefore remembered that the fol- lowing gentlemen. Dr. William Lyon, Messrs. John Smith, William Buchanan, aud James Steret, who originally acted in these two charac- ters, being previously chosen by the congregation, agree to servo under the former (that of elders) alone."i Those elected under this resolution were not or- dained. In 1789 the congregation, having resolved three or four years before to erect a new church on the old site, entered upon the undertaking, and the edifice was ready for occupancy in 1791.^ Here they the presence of a majority of the managers and such of the adventurers SB will please to attend ; that a deduction of fifteen per cent, be made from a prizeof one hundred dollcrs, and so in proportion for any greater or lesser prize, thereby to raise the sum of three thousand dollars (as formerly advertised), and the same gentlemen are continued managers, —viz., Messieurs John Smith, William Buchanan, John Stevenson, Jon- athan Plowman, William Lyon, and N. K Gay, of Baltimore Towu; Mr. David McCuUoch, of Joppa; Mr. George Stevenson, of York; Col. John Armstrong, of Carlisle ; Dr. David Boss, of Bladensburg ; Mr. Peter Hubliert, of Doi-set; and Mr. Jonas Green, of Annapolis; who have given bond and are upon oath faithfully to discharge the trust reposed in them." 1 The minutes of the committee contain these further interesting par- ticulars : Mr. Lee was chosen the first precentor, 170.5, at £10 per annum. In January, 1706, Mr. Snjith having reported that Mr. Lawson was will- ing to dispose of a lot of ground fit for our purpose, eighty feet front, and extending from the alley on which it is situated to Jones' Falls, for sixty pounds, Pennsylvania currency, Mr. Lawson was invited to meet the committee at its next meeting, and the offer was accepted. The deed from Alexander Lawson to William Smith and others is dated Oct. 21, 1765. In March, 1765, Mr. Buchanan acquainted the committee that Capt. Charles Bidgely offered for the (log) meeting-honse and lot one hundred pounds, and all the ground-rent due on Sidd lot from the date of the lease, allowing the congregation the free use of the house till May, 1706. The committee accepted this proposal. In May, 1765, the committee agreed to purchase from Mr. Lawson forty feet additional grouud adjoining the church lot for a parsonage. In 1770 a storm of wiud carried away a part of the roof. In 1771 it was agreed to enlarge the church and build a parsonage. In February, 1772, forty feet more ground was leased from Mr. Andrew Buchanan ; and in March, 1773, the committee obtained a release of the reversion. A parsonage was erected on what is now the bed of North Street in 1781.— JSJsl. Sketch Presbtj. CImrch. 2 On the 20th of July, 1789, a lottery "for the purpose of building a Presbyterian Church" was advertised. Seven thousand five hundred tickets were to be issued at four dollars each. Seven thousand two hun- dred and twenty dollars were to be distributed in prizes, and two thousand seven hundred and eighty dollars to be approprialed for the benefit of the church. The managers were Robert Gilmor, David Stewart, Stephen Wilson, Samuel Smith, Christopher Johnson, David Plunkett, Samuel Sterett, John Swann, William Taylor, John Brown, John Strieker, Thomas McElderry, Hercules Courtenay, Andrew Skinner Eunals, Wil- continued to worship until October, 1859. The por- tico and towers were added some time afterwards,' and the building when completed was one of the largest and finest churches in the country. Before this, however, in the year 1784, it was found necessary to secure the ground around the chu"rch with a brick wall. The front of the lot was at first sloped and graded, and inclosed with a wooden paling, and after- wards the brick wall was erected, and steps and paved walks were made. After the erection of the new church (in 1789-91) this wall was still retained, and, surmounted by a neat iron railing, added much to the appearance of the grounds. The church stood on an elevation, and was reached by two flights of steps, the first leading to a piece of terraced ground run- ning along the side of the edifice, and the second and shorter flight leading from this point up to the large portico in front of the building. A portion of the church property was used for a number of years as a burying-ground, and the parsonage stood in the bed of the present North Street until 1805. On the 20th of January, 1798, the church com- mittee, consisting of Wm. Smith, Robert Purviance, James Calhoun, David Stewart, Robt. Gilmor, Sam- uel Smith, Wm. Patterson, Christopher Johnston, George Brown, John Swann, William Robb, and James A. Buchanan, were incorporated by act of the Legislature, under the title of the " Committee of the Presbyterian Church in the City of Baltimore." From a review of the operations of the church in 1792, the visible results of the work since 1764 may be thus summed up : three church edifices had been erected, one had been enlarged, a parsonage had been built, the lots for these buildings had been bought, one burial-ground had been purchased, two inclosed, the annual salaries had been collected with unusual ac- curacy, and the inferior expenses defrayed without applying to the congregation or the public fund. Dr. Allison died Aug. 21, 1802, and was succeeded by Rev. James Inglis, of New York,* who continued liam MacCreery, William Wilson, William McLoughlin, Charles Ghe- quiere, Henry Schroeder, Cyprian Wells, Patrick Bennett, Peter Hoff- man, Martin Eichelberger, Baltzer Schueffer, and George Lindenberger. 3 The towers were ordered to be completed in 1795. ^ In 1814, Messrs. .Tames Mosher, Thomas Finley, David Boisseau, and Dr. Maxwell McDowell were ordained elders. About 1816 meetings for I social prayer began to he held for the first time, a weekly lecture was established, and Sabbath-schools were commenced. In 1817, Dr. Inglis applied to the Presbytery for a dissolution of the pastoral relation, but the congregation oppiising the request, it was refused. At the same time Dr. McDowell, Messrs. Jlosher, Finley, and Boisseau retired. In the same year (1817) the congregation resolved to elect elders annually. This, however, was continued only one or two years, the Synod having condemned it as a departure from the constitution of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. In 1819, Messrs. James jjosher, W. W. Taylor, and James P.-la.-..,, sons united Willi 11, ,■ .1,,,,. elected to the el(l..isl,i|., ii Philadelphia. Mr. Taylor r Col. Mosher continued to se age, he felt constrained by active duties of the office. Brown, and William L. Gil HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. pastor of the cliurcli until his death, Aug. 15, 1819. During the ministry of Dr. Inglis we find tlie follow- ing entry in the records of the committee under date of 1804: "Be it known that Messrs. Robert Pur- viance, David Stewart, Christopher Johnston, and (jeorge Salmon having been previously elected to the office of thc'cldership in the First Presbyterian con- gregation in tlie city of Ballinioie, were, on the first Z^SkI^W day of April, 1804, solenmlj oidaincd and set apait to said office according to the provisions in Chapter XII., Form of Government of the Presbyterian Church in the United States." At the same time Ebeuezer Finley (previously an elder in Pennsyl- vania) was also elected. It would seem that this was the first regular organization of the church ac- cording to the provisions of the " Form of Govern- ment." Robert Purviance died on the 9th of October, 1806, in the seventy-second year of his age, leaving "an example ornamental to the religion he professed and worthy of general imitation." George Salmon died on the 13th of September, 1807, in the sixtieth year of his age. " Seldom is it," says his biographer, "that society, civil or religious, sustains so heavy a loss, or the domestic circle so painful a bereavement, as occurred in the decease of this estimable man. The church will long have reason to deplore the priva- tion of his faithful services, his zealous exertions, and his unremitted devotion to its interests." The pastorate remained vacant for a year, when Rev. Wm. Nevins, of Norwich, Conn., was called to the church, and was installed in October, 1820; he remained in charge of it until he was removed by death, Sept. 14, 1835.' The fourth pastor of the church was the Rev. John C. Backus, of Philadel- phia, who was unanimously elected April 11, 1836, and was duly installed the following September. In 1840, Messrs. John Rodgers, David Stewart, and John Falconer were elected elders ; Messrs. Henry C. Turnbull, John H. Haskell, Moses Hyde, and Lancaster Ould, deacons. Colonies went out to the Aisquith Street Church in 1843, to the Franklin Street Church in 1847, to the Westminster Church in 1852, etc. The old church edifice on the corner of Fayette and North Streets was remodeled in 1847. In 1848, Wm. W. Spence and Wm. B. Can- field were elected elders. This year witnessed the commencement of the new mode of systematic be- nevolence, which has been so useful in developing the Christian charities of the congregation. As early as 1852 the question of removal began to be agitated, and in October, 1853, the congrega- tion was convened to consider the subject, and a lo- cation was agreed upon. In July, 1854, ground was k(.n for the present edifice on the north we.st cor- lu 1 of Madison and Park Streets ; in June, 1859, the old ehurch was sold to the United States govern- ment, and subsequently torn down to give place to th( present United States court-house. On the last \ in September, 1859, farewell services were n the old edifice. It having become known lis would be the last opportunity to engage in 1 1 11 red services of that house of God, many who ! I I )imerly attended there, and some whose ances- II h id there worshiped, met on this occasion with I 111 u.Milii n\eiiil)orsof the congregation, filling the ihiinlito ivcrllowiiig. At the morning service, in (imiKaioii with the usual exercises, a discourse, giving I biief history of the congregation, was deliv- ered At the afternoon service the Lord's Supper was administered for the last time in that edifice. The pas- tor was assisted by the Rev. Dr. Smith, of the Second Presbyterian Churcli ; Rev. Dr. Dickson, of the West- minster Church; the Rev. G. D. Purviance, recently I 111 \H'i'i the clmrch was thoroughly repaired and the ceiling lowered three feet. IB 1837 gaa was introduced. KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. the pastor of the Fourth Presbyterian Church, himself born and brought up in this church, and descended from ancestors who were among the leading founders of the church, and who had, during the whole of its past history, afforded in successive generations some of its most valuable officers ; and the Rev. Stephen Wil- liams, the oldest Presbyterian preacher in Baltimore, who could almost look back to the opening of the building. Many former members, who had removed to form other churches, but desired to worship once more amid the solemn and tender associations of the past, were present. There were also present, with the single excep- tion of Henry C. Turnbull, elder in the Govanstown Presbyterian Chapel, who was detained by sickness, all the surviving elders and deacons who had served in this church, viz. : Messrs. John N. Brown and John Falconer, elders in the Westminster Church ; Messrs. David Courtenay and Lancaster Ould, elders in the FrankHn Street Church ; Moses Hyde, elder in the Aisquith Street Church ; Dr. David Stewart, elder in the Annapolis Presbyterian Church; and John H. Haskell, recently an elder in the Franklin Street Church. These a.ssisted the present elders of the church in distributing the elements. The service was opened with singing and prayer by Mr. Purviance. Then followed the reading of the words of institution, and an address by the pastor. The bread was dispensed by Dr. Dickson, and the cup by Dr. Smith. The services throughout at this family reunion of the oldest Presbyterian Church in Balti- more were most tender and solemn. None who were present will soon forget them. On the first Sunday in October dedicatory services were held in the new church. In May, 1875, Dr. Backus, in view of his advancing years, requested the Session to permit the dissolution of his pastoral relations with the church, and Oct. 10, 1875, announced his intention to the con- gregation. They yielded to his wishes so far as to consent that he should be relieved of all the duties and responsibilities of the pastoral office, but insisted that he should retain his connection with the church as pastor emeritus. The following is a list of the pas- tors and officers of the church from 1764 to 1881 : Pas- tors, Rev. Patrick Allison, D.D., 1763 to 1802; Rev. James Inglis, D.D., 1802-19 ; Rev. Wm. Nevins, D.D., 1820-35; Rev. John C. Backus, D.D., 1836-75; Rev. J. T. Leftwich, D.D., present pastor; with Rev. John C. Backus, D.D., as pastor emeritus. Name». j When Ceased Names. When Ceased l<>cted. to Serve. . i-:t-2 Dr. G. Brown 1787 1807 Al.'v. .Mm, 1,-1 Stephen Wilson.. 17S9 1821 1838 .John Swan 1790 r,,-M.>. ih!' . 18.52 William Robb 1792 1S04 Fi.n. ,- 1 i ^ ;r, 1864 George Salmon.... 1804 1807 18117 1847 .1807 1822 .bi.ii.h l,i\ 1 .1 1-41 Alexander FriclEe . 18U lS:i9 William Harrison . 1849 Alex. McDonald. 1816 1836 John Armstrong . 1849 Robert Smith 1821 1828 Robert Gilmor, Jr 1822 1848 ls,-.4 1859 1822 18.'>4 JaiM.-~ 1 Ki-l,..r. m<9 Georce Brown 182.5 18.59 Hamilton Easter Roswell L..Colt... 1828 1836 George S. Brown . 1869 John T. Barr 18.'9 1835 Samuel Mactier. . 18.i9 Andrew Reid . 1860 James Armstrong . 1832 1839 KOLING EtnEBS. Names. j When Ceased Names. When Ceased Hected. to Serve. William LvoD 17.S1 .I.,n,.~ M..-I,.- IMS 1846 . . 1830 R.)bprt Pnrviance . 1804 1806 Ge-rse Salmon... 1804 1807 1846 1817 ]• ~ ' ■ 1-:14 1840 C. Jolin8t,.n 1804 1817 Ebenezer Finley. 1804 1817 1809 1817 l-M 1817 1-40 1847 James Mosher 1814 1817 Wm. W Spence. . 1848 Thomas Finley.... 1814 1817 Wm. B. Caufield. .. 1848 Deacons. ^-es. ^,^:j. Ceased to Se.-1-e. Names. When Elected. Ceased to Serve. H.C. Turnbull John H.Haskell.. 1840 1840 1847 1847 Lancaster Ould... .. 1840 1847 Committee. Names. When Elected. Ceased to Serve. Names. When Elected. Ceased to Serv John Stephenson .. 1704 1765 Samuel Brown... .. 1771 1771 John Smith ... 1704 1780 James Calhoun.. .. 1771 1820 William Smith- ... 1704 1814 Hngh Young .. 1779 1784 William Spear.. ... 1764 1790 1785 ... 1764 1782 Alex. Stenhouse ... 1765 1775 1783 John Boyd ... 1765 1789 II 7-1 1822 ,. Purviance •"ohn Little ... 1770 1787 ... 1770 1773 1. 17H5 1811 Second Presbyterian Church.— Upon the election of the Rev. James Inglis in February, 1802, to the pastorate of the First Church a large minority of the congregation withdrew and formed the Second Church. A plain but very ample and substantial church edifice was erected in 1804 on Baltimore and Lloyd Streets,' and Dr. John Glendy called to the pastorate. The church was fully completed, and the installation ser- vices on Dr. Glendy's induction were held the last of March, 1805. Dr. Glendy was born in Londonderry, Ireland, June 24, 1755. In 1826 he was compelled by the infirmities of age to ask for an assistant, and Rev. John Breckenridge, of Kentucky, was chosen as his colleague. After a short time Dr. Glendy gave up the charge entirely.- Dr. John Breckenridge, his assist- ant, succeeded him, and he in turn was followed, Nov. 22, 1832, by his brother, Rev. Dr. Robert J. 1 On the Ist of January, 1805. a lottery was announced for the purpose of building the Second Presbyterian church. Eleven thousand tickets were to be issued at five dollars each, prizes to the amount of forty-two thousand five hundred dollars were to be distributed, and the remainder was to be set apart for the building fiiud of the church. The managers were Thomas McElderry, James Biays, James Armstrong, James Sloan, Hugh McCurdy, John McKim, Jr., Thomas Dickson, and Kennedy Long. ! After his resignation Dr. Glendy removed to Philadelphia to live with a married daughter, and there died after a protracted and painful illness, Oct. 4, 1832, at the age of seventy-two. Dr. Glendy was a natural orator, and was greatly admired by Mr. Jefferson. It is said that he was so popular with the various denominations that whenever he was an- nounced to preach in their pulpits the churches were invariably crowded. 548 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Breckenridge. The latter resigned in 1845, and was succeeded by Rev. Dr. Lewis F. Green, who remained only one year, and was followed by Rev. Dr. Joseph T.Smith. During his ministry, in 1850, the old church was torn down and the present structure erected, which was dedicated Jan. 11, 1852. Dr. Smith was succeeded by Rev. (Jeorge P. Hays, and his successor was Rev. Dr. Jonathan Edwards, who was followed by Rev. Dr. R. H. Fulton, the present pastor. The graveyard of the church, known as the Glendy Grave- yard, was situated at the head of Broadway, fronting on Gay Street, and consisted of about three acres, which were purchased in 1807. Within the last few years tliis city of the dead has been forced to give way before the city of the living, and the remains of those interred there have been removed to other rest- ing-places. The Third Presbyterian Church was organized about 1819, and a church building erected on Eutaw Street above Saratoga not long afterwards. In 1851 a new edifice was erected, which was sold in the early part of 1861 to St. Mark's English Lutheran congre- gation. The Franklin Square Presbyterian Church was originally the Fourth Church, which occupied for some years the Winans' chapel, on West Baltimore Street, between Fremont and Poppleton, and began as a Sabbath-school enterprise of the First Presbyterian Church in 1833. The first p.-istor was the late Rev. James Purviance, who was succeeded in 1856 by the Rev. J. A. Lefevre, D.D., the present pastor. In 1862 the present church edifice on Franklin Square was completed, and was dedicated on the 16th of Feb- ruary in that year. In this year it was also regularly incorporated under the name of the Franklin Square Church. The Fifth Presbyterian Church was organized in 1833. The buililing, on Hanover Street near Lom- bard, was erected in 1836, and sold to the Hebrews in 1858. and is now used as a synagogue. Dr. John G. Hamner was its first pastor, and he was followed by Rev. BIr. Washburne, Rev. R. S. Hitchcock, and Rev. J. W. Keer. A large part of the congregation formed the Greeu Street Church, and the remainder became members of the Central Church. Sixth Presbyterian Church.— The Sixth Presby- terian Church, which formerly 'stood in Cove Street (now Fremont), a few doors north of West Baltimore, was dedicated JIarcli 2, 1845. The Broadway Presbyterian Church is located on the southwest corner of Gough Street and Broad- way. In 1843 an association of the Second Presby- terian Church of Baltimore, Rev. Robert J. Brecken- ridge, D.D., pastor, was formed, called "The Evan- gelical Association." Its object was " to raise funds for the purpose of building Presbyterian churches in the desolate parts of the city and the State." About the close of the first year of its operation a committee of its members, appointed for the purpose, secured a lot on Fell's Point, upon which it was intended to build a church. In April, 1844, a committee of gen- eral supervisors was appointed, consisting of Messrs. Peter Fenby, R. D. Millholland, William Gardner, John A. Robb, William H. Conkling, George A. Von Spreckelsen, James Slater, and Rev. Robert J. Breck- enridge. To this committee the Evangelical Associa- tion turned over what had been collected towards erecting a church. A building committee was ap- I pointed, and the lot that had been bought was sold, and a more desirable one secured on the corner of Gough Street and Broadway. On this it was resolved to build. The corner-stone was laid Aug. 13, 1844. The exercises were participated in by Revs. John C. Backus, Robert J. Breckenridge, Stephen Williams, R. W. Dunlap, and E. Thompson Baird. The church was opened for worship on the second Sabbath of Jan- uary, 1846. Rev. John C. Backus conducted the ser- vice in the morning. Rev. J. D. Matthews in the afternoon, and Rev. R. W. Dunlap in the evening. The pulpit was supplied from that time until March 20th following, when a church was regularly or- ganized by a committee of the Presbytery of Bal- timore. On the evening of the same day Thomas E. Peck, a licentiate of the Presbytery of Charleston, was elected pastor. Mr. Peck was ordained and in- stalled first pastor of the church Tuesday, June 16, 1846. He continued in that relation until Feb. 9, 1858, when he became pastor of the Central Presby- terian Church of Baltimore. At present he is pro- fessor in Hampden-Sydn°y College, Va. Mr. Peck was succeeded by Rev. F. W. Braun, who served about two years, and was followed by Rev. H. L. Singleton, who remained six months. Rev. J. G. Hamner, D.D., then supplied the church at inter- vals. Through Mr. Hamner's efforts the congrega- tion was relieved from the embarrassment of an annual ground-rent. Rev. W. H. Cooke was the next supply. Jan. 28, 1867, Rev. James J. Coale was elected pastor. After a pastorate of about three years he resigned, and was succeeded by Rev. John McCoy, who served about two years, and was followed by Rev. John L. Fulton. Rev. George E. Jones, the present pastor, entered on his labors July 1, 1877. The congregation numbers about one hundred and fifty communicant members. The church edifice is commodious and well furnished. There are base- ment, lecture, and Sabbath-school rooms. The Franklin Street Presbyterian Church was incorponiled A]iiil.">, 1844. The church edifice, north- west corner of Franklin and Cathedral Streets, was dedicated on the 22d of February, 1847, and on the 25th of the same month a committee of the Presby- tery of Baltimore formally organized the new church. On the 10th of March, 1847, Rev. Dr. William S. Plummer, of Richmond, Va., was called to the pastor- ate, which he retained until July, 1854, when he re- signed, and was succeeded by Rev. N. C. Burt, D.D., of Springfield, Ohio, who was installed July 18, 1855. KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIOiNS. 549 During his pastorate the parsonage was erected, and was occupied by hiii>in 1859. Dr. Burt resigned Oc- tober, 1860, and on the 8th of April, 1861, Rev.' J. J. Bullock, D.D., of Kentucky, was unanimously elected pastor, and installed in July following. In June, 1869, at the unanimous request of the congregation, the Session invited Rev. W. U. Murkland, of Virginia, to I become assistant pastor, and on the 1st of January, ! 1870, he entered upon his labors. In March, 1870, Dr. Bullock resigned the pastorate, and Mr. Murk- ' land was unanimously chosen as his successor, and was installed on the 4th of June of the same year. In June, 1866, the congregation severed their connec- tion with the Presbytery of Baltimore, and became attached to the Presbytery of the Patapsco, which was subsequently united with the Presbytery of the Rappahannock to form the Presbytery of the Chesa- peake. Rev. W. U. Murkland, D.D., is still pastor of tlie church. The First United Presbyterian Church was or- ganized in 1826. The original church edifice was erected in 1828, and was situated in Courtland Street, between Saratoga and Pleasant. The present edifice, corner of Madison Avenue and Biddle Street, was ded- icated March 3, 1861'. The first pastor, in 1828, was Rev. Archibald Whyte, and he was succeeded in 1838 by Rev. John G. Smart, who served until 1850. The pulpit was variously supplied until April, 1855, when Rev. William Bruce, D.D., was ordained as pastpr, and served until July, 1873. There was then no stated supply until the 1st of July, 1875, when Rev. Wil- liam A. Edie was elected to the pastorate. The form of worship is very similar to that of the " Covenan- ters" or " Caledonian" Church. Rev. T. W. Ander- son is pastor. Aisquith Street Preshyterian Church. — The Aisquith Street Church, corner Aisquith and Ed- ward Streets, was colonized from the First and Sec- ond Churches. Steps were taken for its organization in November, 1842, and in 1844 the edifice was com- jileted. Among its pastors have been Rev. R. W. Dunlap, Rev. James S. Ramsay, and Rev. S. D. Noyes. The present pastor is Rev. George D. Bu- chanan. Westminster Presbyterian Church.— The erec- tion of Westminster church, southeast corner of Fayette and Green Streets, was first contemplated in the autumn of 1850, when the matter was brought before the committee of the First Presbyterian Church, which had the legal charge of the property, and it was agreed that the privilege of erecting such a church should be granted. Among those associated in the execution of this design were Rev. J. C. Backus, D.D., Joseph Taylor, Alexander Murdoch, Archibald Stirling,. Daniel Holt, W. W. Spence, and W. B. Canfield, of the First Presbyterian Church, and Messrs. Mathew Clark, John Falconer, Elijah H. Perkins, John Bigham, of the Franklin Street Presbyterian Church, with Aaron Fenton. The church was regularly organized by a committee of the Presbytery of Baltimore on the 16th of July, 1852, by the reception of sixty-one communicants from various churches, and the election of John M. Brown and John Falconer as ruling elders, who were installed on the 28th of the same month. The church edifice was opened for public worship on the first Sabbath in July, 1852, and the first pastor. Rev. William J. Hage, was elected on the 28th of August following. His pastorate continued until July, 1856, when he became a professor in the Union Theological Seminary of Virginia. His death occurred on the 5th of July, 1864. Rev. Cyrus Dickson, of Wheeling, W. Va., was elected as Dr. Hage's successor on the 11th of August, 1856. He entered on his duties on the 1st of November, and was installed on the 26th of the same month. His pastoral relations continued until the 1st of July, 1870. Rev. Dr. Dickson was succeeded by Rev. D. C. Marquis, who was installed December, 1870. The present pastor is Rev. W. J. Gill. The graveyard which surrounds the edifice was originally the burial-place of the First Presbyterian Church, and was purchased by that congregation from Col. John Eager Howard in January, 1787, by a com- mittee consisting of William Smith, John Boyd, and William Patterson. Subequent sales reduced the lot to its present diniensidns. The Twelfth Presbyterian Church was formed principally from the Third Churcli, which was situ- ated on Eutaw near Saratoga Street. The corner- stone of the church edifice, on Franklin Street near Fremont, was laid on the 19th of September, 1853, and the building was dedicated on the 2d of April, 1854. It was organized on the 18th of May of the same year, with Prof. D. A. Hollingshead and E. R. Horner as elders. Rev. C. B. McKee was the first pastor, and served about two years. The pulpit was variously supplied until the election of Rev. James E. Hughes, Nov. 26, 1855, who resigned in December, 1858, and was succeeded by Rev. Wm. R. Marshall, March 25, 1859. He resigned in January, 1865, and was succeeded during the same year by Rev. James M. Maxwell, who resigned September, 1874. Rev. Alexander M. Jelly was installed on the 5th of Jan- uary, 1875. Rev. S. W. Beach is the pastor. The Central Presbyterian Church was organized on the 13th of April, 1853, with a membership of eighty-three, chiefly from the Associate Reformed Church on Fayette Street, to which the Rev. John M. Duncan so long and so acceptably ministered. Dr. Baer and J. McEldowney were chosen as elders, and Dr. Stuart Robinson pastor. The Assembly Rooms, on Hanover Street, were secured as a tempo- rary place of worship, and steps were taken towards the erection of a church on the corner of Liberty and Saratoga Streets, which was completed in two years at a cost of some sixty-three thousand dollars. It was opened for service March 25, 1855. The church HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. at tlie time of its erection was the largest, most cen- tral, and most commodious in the city, and under the popular ministry of Dr. Robinson increased rapidly in numbers and influence. 'In 1S.')(>, after a pastorate of a little more than three years. Dr. Robinson was released to accept a professorship in the Danville Theological Seminary. Under his ministry, the num- ber of communicants having increased to two hundred and fifty-seven, J. Harman Brown, John Doane, J. M. Stevenson, Sr., and William Hogg were added to the eldership. The trustees were George M. Gill, Joshua Hartshorne, Benjamin Deford, William Mil- ler, G. Armstrong, E. F. Well, and William Rey- nolds, Sr. The removal of Dr. Robinson told at once and most disastrously on the interests of the congregation. After a vacancy of two years the Rev. Dr. Thomas E. Peck, then pastor of the Broadway Church, was installed. He was dismissed after a service of some two years, and in May, 1860, the Rev. Silas G. Dunlap was called, and the year following resigned. All this time, from numerous causes, the congregation had been steadily declining, until it was threatened with speedy extinction. In this emergency the present pastor, Rev. Joseph T. Smith, then professor in Danville Theological Seminary, was called, and entered upon his duties on the first Sabbath in January, 1862. The congregation at once entered upon a career of great prosperity. At the first communion fifty-three were added, with large accessions following, until in a few years the number of communicants increased from one hundred and thirty-eight to four hundred and twenty-five ; the pew-rents from one thousand four hundred dollars to five thousand two hundred dollars ; the contributions to all objects from four thousand dollars to twenty thousand dollars in 1869. In May the General As.sembly of the Presbyterian Church met in the building. In July it was destroyed by the great fire which swept over that section of the city. Lehmanu's Hall, on North Howard Street, was immediately secured for the uses of the congregation, and steps were taken to rebuild on Eutaw Place. The chapel was completed and opened for worship on the 20th of December, 1874. The foundations of the church were laid, and then the work was arrested, for some of the investments on which the trustees de- pended were lost and others put in jeopardy by the great commercial crisis which fell upon the country. In 1877 the work upon the church was resumed, and it was opened for worship in March, 1879, with services protracted through two weeks, in which the pastor was assisted by Dr. McCosh, of Princeton, Dr. John Hall, of New York, and several of the city pas- tors. The church occupies one of the most beautiful and commanding situations in the city. It is an ar- chitectural gem, and adds to the attractions of the lo- cality. It is perfectly adapted in all its arrangements to the purpose for which it is designed, and has al- ready served as a model. The architects were Messrs. Dixon & Carson ; the builder, William Fergu.son ; the building committee, Rev. J. T. Smith, D.D., William H. Cole, T. K. Miller, and William Dugdale. The present officers of the church are Rev. J.T.Smith, D.D., pastor; Elders, William H. Cole, Theodore K. Miller, George H. Beatson, William Dugdale, and Dr. Joseph T. Smith; Deacons, A. McElmoyle, R. H. Milliken, H. Tyson, Lewis Deitch, George Daily; Trustees, Theodore K. Miller, president; William H. Cole, treasurer; A. McElmoyle, Capt. J. AV. Donn, William Galloway, H. G. Tyson, R. H. Milliken, Col. A. W. Russell, William McLean, and G. H. Beatson. Light Street Presbyterian Church, situated on Light Street near Montgomery, was formerly known as the South Church. The corner-stone of the church edifice was laid on the 23d of November, 1854, and the church was dedicated on the 10th of June, 1855. Its first pastor was Rev. J. H. Kaufman, D.D. Rev. David J. Ik'iile is the present pastor. Greene Street Presbyterian Church. — This church was an otlsliool frmii the Fifth Presbyterian, and was organized in 1854 as the First Constitutional Presby- terian Church. The corner-stone was laid May 2, 1854, and the church was dedicated July 8, 18.55. The first pastor was Rev. Halsey Dunning, who was succeeded by Rev. S. D. Noyes. In 1870 it took the name of the Greene Street Presbyterian Church. In January, 1875, the congregation sold the "property (corner of Greene and German Streets), and united with the Dolphin Street Church, under the name of the Lafayette Square Church. The Dolphin Street Church had been in the beginning a mission of the First Presbyterian, and was organized in 1869. Its first pastor was Dr. S. H. Higgins, who was succeeded by Rev. Dr. J. M. Wilson. The organization arising from the consolidation of the Greene and Dolphin Streets Churches was afterwards dissolved by the Presbytery of Baltimore ; there is no organic con- nection between this and the present Lafayette Square Church. Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, south- west corner Park Avenue and Townsend Streets, was erected by Mrs. Isabella Brown, whose name is asso- ciated with so many noble charities, as a tribute to the memory of her departed husband, George Brown, of the firm of Alexander Brown & Sons. It is con- i structed of Baltimore County marble, and built' in thi> (loihir sivle of architecture, and is one of the si ciinii)].!!' :ind elegant church edifices in the city. ! Its (list uus (iii(> iiundred and fifty thousand dollars. It w;is dedicated on Sunday, Dec. 4, 1870, with cere- monies of a peculiarly interesting and impressive character, the opening services having been arranged at Mrs. Brown's particular request by Me.ssrs. Wil- liam B. Canfield, J. Franklin Dix, and Alexander M. Carter. The Sabbath -school was organized on the nth of December, 1870, Ale.xander M. Carter super- intendent, with twenty teachers and forty scholars. The church was organized Dec. 15, 1870, with Elders KELIGIOTJS DENOMINATIONS. 551 Alexander M. Carter and J. Franklin Dix and sixty j members, by a committee of the Presbytery of Balti- j more, consisting of Rev. .John C. Backus, D.D., Rev. ! Tryon Edwards, D.D., Rev. S. D. Noyes, and Elders | David S. Courtenay and George Schaeffer. On the 20th of the same month Rev. John S. Jones, D.D., was unanimously called to the pastorate of the church, which he still retains, and on the 10th of January, 1871, he was duly ordained as a minister of the gos- pel, and installed as pastor of the church by a com- , mittee appointed by the Presbytery for that purpose, consisting of Rev. John C. Backus, D.D., Rev. Jona- than Edwards, D.D., Rev. D. C. Marquis, D.l)., and Rev. Joseph T. Smith, D.D. The present member- ship of the church is about three hundred, and it has alreadv proved itself a strong power for good. Reformed Presbyterian, or Church of the Cove- nanters.— This ehurch of the Reformed Presby- terians is situated at the junction of Aisquith Street with Harford Avenue, and was purchased by the con- gregation in 1833. The Society of the Covenanters of Baltimore was organized in 1818, and incorporated in 1821. The members are almost exclusively Scotch or north of Ireland people or their descendants. They are connected with the Philadelphia Presby- I tery. Their mode of worship is simple to severity ; ! the church is devoid of steeple, bell, or organ, no in- ■ strumental music is tolerated in the services, and ; only the psalms of David are sung. The pastor is Rev. A. D. Crowe. ] Lafayette Square Presbyterian Church, on the | west side of Lafayette Square, was built from the j contributions of Presbyterians of the city during ' 1878 and 1879. It was opened for worship on the 1st of February, 1880, and a church organization was effected on the 23d of the same month, with one hundred and thirty-five members. O. F. Day and P. B. Small, Jr., were chosen elders, and A. D. Keentr, A. S. Kerr, A. A. Hasson, and Ernest Robbins were elected deacons. On March 3, 1880, Rev. Samuel McLanahan was unanimously selected as pastor, and was formally installed on the 4th of May of the same year. There is no organic connection between this church and that formerly known as Lafayette Square Church, the congregation of which worshiped at the corner of Dolphin and Etting Streets. That organi- zation was dissolved by the Presbytery of Baltimore .some time since, and although many of its members have connected themselves with the present Lafayette Square Church, they form a minority of the present membership. North Avenue Presbyterian Church.— The cor- ner-stone of this beautiful edifice, southeast corner of St. Paul Street and Boundary Avenue, was laid on the 23d of June, 1879, by Rev. Dr. Backus. The lot has a front of eighty feet on Boundary Avenue, and a depth of one hundred and seventy-five feet on St. Paul Street, and was donated by Mrs. Peyton Har- rison. The pastor is Rev. George T. Purves. The Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church was organized in 1797, and was supplied with preach- ing by the nearest Presbytery of the Associate Re- formed Presbyterian CKurch. In 1803, having in- creased in numbers, they determined to build a church, aud erected a place of worship at the corner of Pitt (East Fayette) and Aisquith Streets, and ap- pointed the Rev. R. Annan as their pastor. They adopted a constitution, were incorporated under the act of 1802, and assumed the name of the " Associate Reformed Congregation of Baltimore." Rev. R. An- nan's pastorate continued until 1811, when the Pres- bytery of Philadelphia (to which the congregation was attached), in the exercise of its powers under the constitution and laws of the Associate Reformed Church, dissolved the connection and declared the charge vacant. Rev. John Mason Duncan was elected as his successor, and in March, 1812, entered upon his duties. The congregation having become too large for the small edifice on Pitt Street, a new church was erected on Tammany (West Fayette] Street, between Charles and Liberty, in 1813-14. The congregation continued its connection with the "Associate Reformed Church in North America" until May, 1822, when a union took place between this ehurch and the " Presbyterian Church in the United States," the Rev. Mr. Duncan and James Marting representing the Associate Reformed con- gregation of Baltimore, and voting for the union. In 182.5 the Second Presbytery of Philadelphia, to which Mr. Duncan was attached, was dissolved, and he ap- plied to the Baltimore Presbytery to be admitted as a member, but his application was refu.sed on the ground that he disowned and opposed the " Confession of Faith" and form of government of the " Presbyterian Church in the United States." The Baltimore Pres- bytery referred the subject to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, and by them it was re- mitted to the Synod to be finally disposed of. The Synod met on the 27th of October, 1825, in Mr. Dun- can's church, when he aud Rev. Charles G. McLean both formally withdrew " from all connection with the Presbyterian Church in the United States." On the 1st of November following the pastoral connec- tion was dissolved by the Synod, but the pastor was supported by the congregation, which has ever since maintained its independent organization. Mr. Dun- can died on the 30th of April, 1851, and, after some temporary supplies, was succeeded in September, 1852, by Rev. Stuart Robinson, who resigned in March, 1853. From this time until the 1st of October, 1856, the congregation was served by Rev. Thomas H. Stockton, who was succeeded on the 14th of October in that year by Rev. Henry Otis Tiffany, who resigned on the 29th of August, 1860. He was followed by the Rev. Fielder Israel, of the Methodist Episcopal Church (elected March 11, 1861), who retained the pastorate until the autumn of 1865. On the 4th of April, 1866, Rev. John Leyburn, D.D., present pastor, was called HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. to the charge, a resolution luiving first been unani- mously adopieil hy the congregation " that the church The First Congregational Church was organized at Red Men's Hall, on Paca Street, on the 17th of May, 1865. On the 14th of May, 1866, the corner- stone of a church was laid on Kutaw Street, between Hofiman and Dolphin, and the edifice was dedicated on the 30th of December following. The church has had four pastors, as follows: Rev. Edwin Johnson, Rev. L. W. Bacon, Rev. Cyrus P. Osborne, and Rev. Theodore J. Holmes. The latter is the present pastor. Faith Chapel, on Broadway and Gay Streets, in charge of Rev. John P. Campbell. This chapel grew out of a Sunday-school established five years ago under the auspices of the First Presbyterian Church. On the 6th of February, 1876, the school was organ- ized with six officers, twelve teachers, and eighty-one scholars. At the fifth anniversary the report showed sixteen officers, sixty-seven teachers, and thirteen hundred and fourteen scholars. In May of 1880 Faith Chapel Literary Association was organized, which now has one hundred members and four hun- dred and twenty-five volumes in its library. A Mothers' Meeting, in care of ladies of the First Presbyterian Church, has a membership of sixty, who have made and distributed eight hundred gar- ments, and the sewing-school has an average attend- ance of two hundred. A Pastor's Aid Society was formed during the past year for visitation and acts of benevolence ; also a Flower Mission to the sick of the school. A systematic plan for raising funds by weekly contributions in envelopes is pursued, and last year aggregated twelve hundred dollars in the congregation and school. During the three years of the existence of the chapel there have been received eighty-seven members on profession of faith, forty-seven by cer- tificates, and eight formerly members of the First Presbyterian Church. There were forty-one baptisms, including eight adults. One member of the church, Rev. David Laughlin, has been ordained a preacher, and is now supplying a church in Manalapan, N. J. Another member, Alford Kelly, under the direction of the Presbytery, is preparing as a candidate for the ministry. In addition to the above churches, the Presbyterians of Baltimore worship in Brown Memorial Mission chapel, on Cathedral and John Streets ; Central Church Mission, on Ridgely and Hamburg Streets; Associated Reformed chapel, on Columbia, near Poppleton Street; Grace (Colored) church, formally opened June 19, 1881, corner Dolphin and Etting Streets, attended by Rev. C. Hedges; and Knox (Colored) church, on Baltimore and Aisquith Streets, attended by Rev. William M. Hargrave. Madison Street (Colored) Presbyterian Church. —This church, situated on Madison Street, near Park Avenue, originated as a mi.ssion-school in 1842; its first pastor was Rev. John Watts. The congregation met for .several years in the " Warfield church," in the rear of City Spring; the present church edifice was purchased of the Baptists in 18-50 by the First Presby- terian Church for the use of the colored congregation. Rev. William H. Weaver is the pastor. BAPTIST CHURCHES. So far as accessible records show, the first resident Baptist in Maryland was Henry Sater (sometimes called Sator),' who came from England in 1709 and settled at Chestnut Ridge, about ten miles north of the present site of the city of Baltimore. Although not a minister, he was an active and zealous Baptist Christian, and so respected by his neighbors and by the civil authori- ties that there is no evidence of any interference on account of his belief or worship. He was pious, lib- eral, loved, and long remembered. In those days most of the Baptist ministers were accustomed to travel and preach as invited or permitted, sometimes sending appointments in advance, and sometimes using providential opportunities on the spot. Such ministers Henry Sater was wont to entertain and to ask them to preach at his house. Among those so invited was George Egglesfield, from Pennsylvania. Paul Palmer was another of these. He was a native of Maryland, but was baptized by Rev. Owen Thomas at Welsh Tract, in Delaware, and ordained in Con- necticut, preaching a while in New Jersey, then in Maryland, and closing his ministry and life in North Carolina, where he founded the first Baptist Church in that State at Perquimans, on the Chowan River, in 1727. Henry Loveall was another of these early preachers of Baltimore County. He was born in Cam- bridge, England, about 1694, and baptized in New England, probably at Newport, R. I., in 1725. He was in Newport in 1729, and had then begun to preach. About that year he went to Piscataqua, N. J., where he preached for two years on trial, and was there ordained, but never administered the ordi- nances, for soon after his ordination he behaved in so disorderly a fashion that he was excommunicated. He was accused of shameful immorality, and it was dis- covered that his real name was Desolate Baker. After causing much trouble in Piscataqua he came to Mary- land in 1742 and became the minister of the Chest- nut Ridge Church. In 1746 he went to Mill Creek, in Berkeley County, at Opeckon, where he organized a church of about fifteen members, but becoming licen- tious in his life, was soon excluded and the church dissolved to form another. He returned to Chestnut Ridge, where he was living in 1772 in the seventy- eighth year of his age, but not officiating as a minister.' From the converts of this preaching the Chestnut Ridge Church was organized in 1742. Their covenant is dated July 10, 1742, and as presented, according to 1 Benedict's Hist., 631 ; or Slator, Spragiie's Annuls, xiii. 2 Benedict's Hist., 631, 643; Spriigue's Annals, 69,70; note, Century Ministers of the Pliilndolpliia liaptist Association, 1707-1807, 13. KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 553 the law of Maryland at the time, to the Governor and court of the province in order to receive protection from tlie toleration laws then in force, was as follows: " We, the humble professors of the Gospel of Christ, baptized upoo a declaratiou of faith aud repentance, believing the doctrine of general redemption (or tlie free grace of God extended to all mankind), do hereby seriously, heartily, and solemnly, in the presence of the searcher of all hearts, and before the world, covenant, agree, bind, and settle ourselves into a ciuirch, to hold, abide by and contend for the faith once delivered to the siiintti, owned by the best reformed churches in England, Scotland, and elsewhere, especially as published and maintained in the forms and confessions of the Baptist Church in England and Scotland, except in infant baptism, modes of chuich government, the doctrine of absolute reprobation, and some ceremonies. We do also bind ourselves hereby to defend and live up to the Protestant religion, and oppose and abhor the pope of Rome, and popery, with all her anti-Christian ways. We do also engage with our lives and fortunes to defend the crown and dignity of our gracious sovereign. King George, to him and his issue forever; aud to obey all his laws, humbly submitting oureelves to all in authority under him, and giving * custom to whom custom, honor to whom honor, tribute to whom tribute is due.' We do further declare that we are not against talking oallis nor using arms in defense of our king and country when legally called thereto; and that we do approve and will obey the laws of this province. And further, we bind ourselves to follow the pat- terns of our brethren in England to maintain order, government, and discipline in our church, especially that excellent directory of Rev. Francis Stanley, entitled ' The Gospel Honor and Church Ornament,' dedicated to the churches in the counties of Lincoln, Nottingham, and Cambridge. We also engage tiiat all persons, upon joining our society, shall yield, consent to, and subsciibe this our solemn league aud cove- nant. Subscribed by us whose names are underwritten this tenth day of July, 174-2."1 Henry Sater was a " General Baptist," and such was Clicstnut Kidge Church. The church grew with .such r:i])idity that in four years it increased to one hundred and eighty-one members. Some of these lived or removed to Opeckon Creek, Berkeley Co., Va., near where Martinsburg now is, and formed a br.anch church about 1746, organized under Henry Loveall, but reorganized as Mill Creek " Particular Baptist Church" in 1751.^ Tlie second Baptist Church formed in Maryland began in this way : In 1747, or five years after Chestnut Ridge Church was constituted, some of its members invited " Particular Baptists" to preach among them, as their church was pastorless and supplies were only occasional. Fourteen of these Chestnut Ridge mem- bers became " Particular Baptists." Of these in 1754 a church was organized at Winter Run, which was afterwards called Harford, or Hartford, by Benjamin Griffith and Peter Pattersen Vanhorn, ministers from the Phihulelphia Baptist Association. This Harford Church, "constituted in Baltimore County, Mary- land," was received into the Philadelphia Associa- tion Oct. 7, 1755, under the name of Baltimore, and bears that name in the minutes until 1774.' The church grew rapidly, absorbing the Chestnut Ridge Church, and was for a long time regarded as one of the principal churches of the country. In 1771 it had four meeting- places. Besides the main church at Winter Run, one branch met in the house at 1 Benedict's History, 6:il, 632. - Ben., 64a ; Semple's Hist. Va. Baptists, 2S8, 289 ; Sprague's Annals, 3 Centurj- Ministers, 72, 147. Chestnut Ridge, belonging to the General Baptists, another was at Patapsco, and a third near Winchester. The next year a fourth branch began in Baltimore Town.* Who was the 'first pastor of Winter Run Church is not now known, but two years after its organization Rev. John Davis became pastor. He was born in Pennypack, Pa., Sept. 10, 1721. He was ordained in 1756, at Montgomery, Pa., and in that year became the minister of Winter Run, or Harford, or Baltimore Church, and remained pastor for fifty- three years, or until his death in 1809, in the eighty- eighth year of his age. He was a man of great usefulness and influence, of untiring energy, great piety, enlightened evangelical views, and consistent character. He traveled much, preaching in the woods, the barn, the school-house, the cabin, the parlor as well as in the meeting-house, or to the traveler alone. The law, indeed, guaranteed pro- tection, but Mr. Davis suffered no little persecu- tion for the purpose of intimidation from "certain lewd fellows of the baser sort," and it is .stated that even the magistrates sometimes lent their influence to the attempt to drive him from his field of labor. From 1799 to 1803, Rev. Abraham Butler was joint pastor with Mr. Davis, and under their combined labors there was a continuous revival. Mr. Davis was the founder of the First Baltimore, Taney Town, Gunpowder, Sater's, and probably of Frederick City Churches.'* He was also pastor of Great Valley Church, or TredyflTrin, in Chester County, Pa., from his ordination in 1756 to 1808. In 1758 the Phila- delphia Baptist Association "ordered that a testimonial be given aud signed by the Rev. .lenkins Jones, minister of the Baptist meeting or congregation in Philadelphia, to the Rev. John Davis, late of Bucks County, Pa., but now of Baltimore County, in the Province of Maryland, certifying his regular ordination according to the rites, ceremonies, and approved forms and usages of the Baptist Church, and also his purity of life, manners, and conversation, aud recommending him to the favor of all Christian people where he now does or may hereafter dwell." This document was as follows : " To all Christian People to whom these presents may come : I, Jenkins Jones, minister of the Baptist meeting or congregation of the city of Philadelphia, do send and certify that the bearer hereof, Mr. John Davis, late of Bucks County, in the Province of Pennsylvania, but now residing and dwelling in Baltimore County, in the Province of Maryland, in the month of April, in the year of our Lord 1756, waa regularly admitted, ordnined, and received holy orders to preach the gospel of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ to all people, according to the rites and ceremonies and approved forms and usages of the Baptist Church ; and that at all times before and since his ordination aforesaid, for anytliiug heard, known, or belifved to the contrary, he lived a holy and unblemished life, as well in his conversation as in actions, and I do humbly recommend him to the notice, esteem, aud regard of all Christians, wherever he does now or hereafter may reside, or with whom he may have conversation or deal- ing. In testimony and by order of the general meeting or association aforesaid, 1 have hereunto set my hand, at the city of Philadelphia, the 6th day of October, in the year of our Lord 1768. "Jenkins Jones." * Ben. Hist., 632; Hist. Balto. Bapt. Association, Joseph H. Jones, 32, 33 ; Cent. Min. Phila. Association. 5 Benedict, 632; Jones' Hist., 32; Rev. Rev. G. F. Adams, in Sprague's Annals, 69, 77 ; Cent. Minutes, Phila. Association, 16, 77. HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Such was the conimcndiition of the father of Bal- timore Ha|itist Churches. First Baptist Church.— The first Baptist Church iu Baltimore County of which we have any certain account is that of Chestnut Ridge (now Sater's), called after Henry Sater, who, as we have stated, set- tled in this neighborhood in 1709. He organized a congregation at his hou.se, of which George Eggles- fleld, of Pennsylvania, was pastor. He was suc- ceeded by Paul Palmer and Henry Loveall, and in I 1742 a church was formed with fifty-seven members, \ who subscribed a declaration of faith laid before the I Governor. The oldest " Particular Baptist Church" within the former limits of Baltimore County was Winter's Run, afterwards called Harford. It is said that " about the year 1747 8omo of the members of Chestnut Ridge being in- clined to the sentiment of the Particular Baptists, invited their niinistera to prench among tliem, who continued their visits until fourteen persons had embraced tliuir sentiments, and these were constituted into a cliurch in 1754, b.v the assistance of Benjamin Griffith and Peter P. Vanhorn, and it was the same year received into the Philadelphia Association. In 1772, besides the main establishment at Winter's Bun, Harford consisted of three other branches, one near Chestnut llidge, which met for wor- sliip in the house belonging to tlie General Baptists, the second at Pa- tapsoo, the third near Winchester, and in all at tliis time a membership j of one hundred and thirty-eight." j The precise date at which a Baptist meeting was I first held in Baltimore is unknown, but in 1773, i Messrs. Griffith, Shields, Lemmon, Prestman, Mc- [ Kim, Cox, and others purchased a lot and erected a j meeting-house on the corner of Front and Wapping , (East Fayette) Streets, in Old Town, on the site of the I present shot-tower. The lot was purchased from i " Thomas Bailey, executor of the testament and last will of William Towson and Ezekiel Towson," and was conveyed to Benjamin Griffith, Nathan Griffith, David Shields, George Prestman, Richard Lemmon, John McKim, James Cox, and Alexander McKim. It was described as lying in " Jones' addition to Bal- timore Town," and was purchased for " one hundred and fifty pounds current money," " for a house of public worship, and also for a burying-place for the service of the congregation or society that is now or may hereafter be established or constituted in Balti- more Town, known by the name or appellation of Baptists." A parsonage and a school-house were also subsequently erected on this lot, and the remainder was long used as a burial-ground. The remains of many of the dead were afterwards removed to a piece of ground in southwest Baltimore, which is at present occupied by buildings. Most of the persons thus as- sociated together in Baltimore were members of the "Harford Church, and received the monthly minis- trations of Rev. John Davis. This arrangement con- tinued until 1784, when Rev. Lewis Richards came to this city, and it wtis determined to erect the Baltimore mission into a separate church. The application for letters of dismission was made on the 1st of January, 1785, which were at once granted, and the loth day of the month appointed for constituting a regular Baptist Church in Baltimore Town." In accordance with this appointment, on the 15th of January, 1785, Lewis Richards (elected their minister the year pre- vious), David Shields, George Prestman, Francis Prestman, Jean Shields, Richard Lemmon, Alexan- der McKim, Thomas Coale, Rachel Coale, William Hobby, and Eleanor Thomas were constituted a reg- ular Baptist Church by Rev. John Davis, pastor of the Baptist Church in Harford County. The same day on which the churcli was thus constituted the first baptism took place, and "John Scott was bap- tized on profession of his faith and repentance, and was received into the church as one of the members." Very .soon after its organization, probably the same year, the church united with the Philadelphia Asso- ciation, as in September, 1787, a letter was sent to that body, not applying for admission, but in the tone of those already members, expressing regret that they could not be " present by messengers." The number of members then reported was twenty-eight. Rev. Lewis Richards, the first pastor of the church, was born in 1752, in Llanbardan-vowr, Cardiganshire, South Wales. Becoming acquainted with Lady Hunt- ingdon, he studied for a short time at the college en- dowed by her, and then came to America to study in the famous Orphan House, in Georgia. He was bap- tized by Rev. Richard Furman, at the High Hills of Santee, in 1777, and ordained the same year in Charleston, S. C, by Revs. Oliver Hart and John Cook. He traveled in Georgia and South Carolina for about a year, and then settled in Northampton County, in the Eastern Shore of Virginia, where he remained until 1784, when he came to Baltimore. Mr. Richards continued pastor of the First Church until 1818, when he resigned on account of the infirmities of age, but remained a member of the congregation until his death, Feb. 1, 1832. During the last three years of his pastorate 4ie was assisted by Rev. Edward J. Reis, a gentleman of French birth. Mr. Richards was a man of unaftected piety and untiring devotion, and was universally respected and loved. While the spiritual growth of the church was satis- factory, it would seem that the financial affairs were not of so encouraging a character in the earlier years of its history. So limited were its resources that in August, 1787, the clerk was directed to address a let- ter to the pastor, declaring, " with sensible concern, that they saw very little prosperity in the church, notwithstanding his becoming and approved zeal and industry in the service of our gracious Lord," and after expressing their interest in him and his family, they " fear that their subscription of only one hundred and thirty pounds will be insufficient for their necessi- ties, especially if any one subscriber should fall from us by death or otherwise." They therefore frankly suggested whether it would not be better for him to leave them and seek another sphere of labor, at the same time assuring him that "their conclusion was not from any disrespect or want of esteem and love RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. to him." As he was too generous, however, to take advantage of their poverty, " they agreed to pay him at the rate of one hundred and thirty pounds per annum for what time he might continue with them, provided the present subscribers reside in this place." The year following another communication was sent to him, stating that their "subscription for the ensu- ing year was one hundred pounds," but that they " would allow him one Sunday in each month at his own disposal," but advising him at the same time that " this subscription cannot be continued longer than the ensuing year." The church was regularly incorporated, with David Shields, George Prestman, Alexander McKim, Wm. Wilson, and Mathias Maris as trustees, who with the pastor were constituted a body corporate by the name " The Committee of the Baptist Church in the City of Baltimore." On the 24th of February, 1818, Mr. Keis was formally elected pastor to succeed the venerable Mr. Eichards, and on the 22d of March a new church edifice, on the northeast corner of Sharp and Lombard Streets, which the congregation had been engaged in erecting during the past year, was dedicated and occupied. It cost fifty thousand dollars, and was known as the Round Top Church. In 1821, Mr. Reis withdrew, with quite a number of the congregation, and formed the Ebenezer Church, and in May of the same year Rev. John Finlay, of Albany, N. Y., was called to the pastorate, and entered upon his duties soon after- wards. The debt incurred in the erection of the new church proved so serious a burden that in 1823 a res- olution was passed to close the house and hand the keys to the creditor, Wm. Wilson, and but for his generous spirit the church would have been lost to the denomination. It was not until 1852 that the whole debt was paid and the ground-rent greatly re- duced. It is unknown when the Sunday-school of the church was organized, but it is possible that it was established as early as 1814 or 1816. The church records, however, make no reference to it until January, 1824, when the elders appointed Mrs. Lucretia E. Clark superintendent of the female department. Mr. Finlay resigned the charge of the church April 1, 1834, having been in office about thirteen years. After Mr. Finlay's resignation. Rev. William F. Broadus, of Virginia, conducted a meet- ing which revived the church and added many useful members. The form of the church government, which had been essentially Presbyterian, was remodeled, and an effort was made to secure Dr. Broadus as pastor, but the call was declined. In the fall of the same year Rev. Stephen P. Hill was elected to the pastor- ate, and continued in that office for more than sixteen years. In October, 1839, Elder Jacob Knajjp held a series of meetings in the church, which resulted in the baptism of two hundred and twenty-nine persons, and the admission of twenty-seven by letter. The whole community was stirred, and much good was accom- plished. The church was greatly strengthened, and some of the most zealous, generous, and useful mem- bers of the denomination in the city joined during this revival. The pastorate of Mr. Hill continued until Feb. 15, 1850, when he tendered his resignation ; and on the 2d of December of the same year. Dr. J. W. M. Williams, the present pastor, was called to the church, and entered upon his duties in January, 1851. As has already been said, the church connected itself with the Philadelphia Association in 1786, but joined the Baltimore Association Aug. 8, 1795. In 1824 the Baltimore Association resolved that, " It having been made fully to appear to this Association by authentic and respectable testimony of Baptist brethren that the First Baptist Church of Baltimore (so called), of which Mr. John Finlay at present is pastor, has de- parted from the faith and practice on which she was received into this Association ; therefore, with sincere regrets we are constrained to and do resolve, with the exception of one neutral vote, that we have no fellow- ship with said church, and consider it no longer a regular Baptist church of our order, and consequently the union formerly subsisting between this Associ- ation and said First Church be and the same is hereby dissolved." It seems that this action was caused by the organization of a body of elders within the church and a Presbyterian form of church govern- ment. This was corrected in 1834, and in 1836 the church was a constituent member of the then organ- ized Maryland Baptist Union Association. In Sep- tember, 1875, it was determined, after a long and earnest consultation, to erect a new house of worship in a more convenient locality, and on the 3d of May, 1877, ground was broken for the present edifice on Townsend Street near Fremont. June 26th of the same year the corner-stone was laid, and on the 3d of January, 1878, the church was formally opened for service. The site of the former meeting-house is now occupied by fine warehouses. Besides the work accomplished in its own name and by its own efforts, the First Church has contributed forty ministers to the cause of the gospel, and its in- fluence and power for good have been many times mul- tiplied in their labors. Among these were William Clingham, Daniel Dodge, John Welsh, Thomas Bar- ton, James Osbdrn, Spencer H. Cone, Bartholomew T. Welsh, John Johnson, G. H. Marcher, William Curtis, Samuel Ward, Franklin Wilson, Benjamin Griffith, John A.. McKean, Charles Parker, J. F. Stidham, A. J. Bond, J. Q. A. Rohrer, J. H. Phillips, J. Marsters. A missionary society was organized in this church as early as 1792, and in 1813 a foreign missionary society was formed which was among the first of the kind in the Baptist denomination in this country. Its first collection amounted to forty-five dollars and twenty-five cents. In the same year a Bible society and Sunday-school society were formed. The first female missionary society of the Baptist denomination in America was organized in this church to educate a 556 IIISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. young native of IJurmah, who was named Lewis Rich- ards, after the first pastor. From the First Church have sprung tlie Ebene/.cr Church, the Seventh Bap- tist Church, the Lee Street Church, the Hill Street Chapel, and a church in Mifflin County, Pa. There have been but five pastors, — Rev. Lewis Richards, 1785- 1818; Rev. Edmund J. Reis, 1818-21; Rev. John Fin- lay, 1821-34; Rev. Stephen P. Hill, D.D., 1834-r)0; Rev. John W. M. Williams, D.D., 1850 to the present time. During the pastorate of Mr. Richards two hun- dred and ninety-three were received into the church by baptism and one hundred and fifteen by letter; under that of Mr. Reis, thirty by baptism and six by letter; under Mr. Finlay, one hundred and forty by baptism and six by letter; under Dr. Hill, four hundred and ten by baptism, and one hundred and fifty-nine by letter; and under Dr. Williams, one hundred and nine by baptism and two hundred and eighty-eight by letter. Among those prominently connected with the church in the past were William and James Wil- son (to whose forbearance and generosity the congre- gation were indebted Uiv llic |mc >i'i\ ation of the old Round Top Church), Jaim - ( mi iiijli:iii, Thomas May- bury, Mrs. Peter Levcriiiu. .\lr-. TlioirLas M.Locke, Mrs. Wilson Clark, and Mrs. James Wilson. Rev. J. W. M. Williams, D.D., pastor of the First Baptist Church, was born in Portsmouth, Va., April 7, 1820. He is the sou of Edward and Catharine (Owen) Williams. His parents were noted for their sterling piety and active interest in all good works. The subject of this sketch united with the Baptist Church in Portsmouth, under the pastoral care of Rev. Thomas Hume, in September, 1837. His early studies were pursued in the academy of his native town. In 1838 he entered the Richmond Seminary (now College) to study for the ministry. He was graduated at the Columbian College (now University), District of Columbia, in 1843. This institution "in 1866 conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity. At both of these institutions, while pursuing his studies, he was actively engaged in Sun- day-school and missionary work, and his first effort to preach was to a colored congregation in Norfolk, Va. It was a failure, but the cause of future success, as it taught him the valuable lesson never to attempt to preach without thorough preparation. During a por- tion of his college term he had charge of the prepar- atory department, which aided him to defray the expenses of his education, as he was dependent upon his own resources. After graduating he supplied the Cumberland Street Baptist Church, Norfolk, Va., about one year, and here he was ordained to the gospel ministry. He was now able to gratify his de- sire for a more extended course of theological study, and went to Newton Theological Seminary, near Boston, Mass. Returning to Virgina, he labored as a missionary in Jerusalem, Southampton Co., and at Smithfield, Isle of Wight Co. While on this field he was instrumental in the erection of two eligible houses of worship. On Dec. 22, 1846, he was mar- ried to Miss Corinthia V. J. Read, of Northampton County, Va. She is the daughter of the late Dr. Cal- vin H. Read, of that county, who was great-grand- son of Col. Edmund Scarburgh, "Surveyor-General under the King of England." Dr. Read was repre- sentative to the House of Delegates in 1827-28, and was elected a delegate to the Convention of Virginia in 1829, which assembled in Richmond for the pur- pose of revising the constitution, thus mentioned in history: "An assembly of men were drawn together which has scarcely ever been surpassed in the United States. Much of what was venerable for years and long service; many of those most respected for tbeir wisdom and their eloquence; two of the ex-Presi- dents (Madison and Monroe) ; the chief justice of the United States ; several of those who had been most distinguished in Congress, or the State Legislature, on the bench or at the bar, were brought together for the momentous purpose of laying anew the funda- mental law of the land." His colleagues were Thomas R. Joynes, Thomas M. Bayly, and Abel P. Upshur. Death prevented his taking his seat in this convention. Upon motion of Thomas R. Joynes, complimentary resolutions expressing the universal high opinion of his character were adopted. He was amiable and upright, gentle yet brave, unwavering in j)rinciple, active and faithful in fulfilling his convic- tions of duty. Although but thirty-six years of age when he died, his opinions have long been quoted as authority by the most distinguished men of Virginia, so far was he in advance of his day, and among his papers are found letters from the greatest statesmen committing to his discretion and wisdom matters of vital importance to the country. The late Governor Wise said, " Dr. Read's death was a loss to Virginia's highest interests." In 1848, Dr. Williams accepted the pastoral care of the Baptist Church of Lynchburg, Va., and on Jan. 1, 1851 (now in early manhood), he entered upon the duties of pastor of the First Baptist Church of Balti- more, where he has remained till the present time, preaching with remarkable success in one pulpit, his contemporaries during the entire period being only three, the lamented Dr. Richard Fuller, of the Seventh Baptist Church, the venerated Dr. J. C. Backus, of the Presbyterian Church, and Dr. Morris, of the Lutheran Church. Dr. Williams, in conjunction with Dr. Frank- lin Wilson, originated the "Baptist Church Extension Society," and through its agency many churches have been built during the past few years. Dr. Williams is eminently a preacher of the gospel, never having turned aside to sensational topics or pampered to a taste for novelty. Yet that gospel, presented in its simplicity, has had power to draw large congregations during all of these years, and sometimes for months consecutively his church has been crowded to its ut- most capacity, and among those converted through his ministry have been uuiny over the age usually RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 557 moved to repentance. Dr. Williams has a full, rich ! voice, which is entirely under his control. His style is clear and concise, and he always speaks with great earnestness and force. After the death of the pious and distinguished Dr. Johns, of the Episcopal Church, he was elected to succeed him as president of the Maryland Tract Society, which honored position he has ever since filled with the efficiency that charac- terizes his work in every department. He has been a great advocate for missions in the broadest sense, in- fusing the spirit of the gospel into the hearts of his people, leading them to feel not only for the lost at a distance but for those near ; and has labored not only to enlarge his own church, but to plant churches in j every favorable locality. He was superintendent of his own Sunday-school for ten years, but he is not an advocate of all pastors becoming superintendents, any more than he is an advocate of all superintendents becoming pastors. Dr. Williams has been vice-presi- , dent of the Maryland Sunday-School Union for several years, was one of the founders of the Young Men's Christian Association of Baltimore, and for many years has been prominently identified with the Mary- land Baptist Union Association. His excessive labors as preacher, pastor, and oiBcer of various societies of the city have left him no time for authorship, yet he ' has written considerably for the religious press, pub- lished several sermons, also valuable articles on the Sunday-school work. His only son, E. Calvin Wil- liams, Esq., is a promising and very successful mem- ber of the Baltimore bar, and for several years the efficient clerk of the Maryland Bible Union Associa- tion, and clerk of the Southern Baptist Convention. Second Baptist Church.— In a letter from the late Elder John Healey to the Eev. Ira M. Allen, we find the following account of the origin of the Second Baptist Church : "The origin of our church was as foUows: In the year 1794 three families of us, viz., John Healey and wife, Matthew Hulse and wife, William Lynes and wife, all niemhers of the Baptist Church in Leicester, , England, which was called ' the New Connexion," determined to emi- grate to the United States, and reniain together as a religious commu- nity. Wo arrived in New Toik Octoher 5th, and remained until Fehru- ary following, when we embarked for Baltimore." The vessel in which these emigrants set sail was the brig " Independence," and the date of their de- parture July 4, 1794. Besides the above named there were twelve children and a young lady, a sister of Mrs. Hulse, belonging to the party, making nineteen persons in the " community." Before leaving Eng- land they had chosen Jlr. Healey as their pastor, and left the selection of their place of abode entirely to him. He fixed upon Baltimore, because, as he more than once remarked, he had read in Morse's Geogra- phy that in religion the people of this city were " Nothingarians," doubtless supposing that people of no decided religious proclivities would be more apt to listen to the doctrines he proposed to advance than those whose sentiments were of a stricter character. The little party of emigrants reached Baltimore in the spring of 1795, and located at once at Fell's Point, where they obtained for their religious services the use of a sail loft which had been fitted up as a place of worship by a small Episcopal congregation under Dr. Bend, the rector of St. Paul's parish. Aa Dr. Bend held service there but once a month, he very generously gave the use of the room to Mr. Healy three Sundays in the month free of rent. The congregation met with so much encouragement that they soon sought a more eligible place of worship, and secured the use of a large room that was em- ployed as an armory. It was over the " Watch- House," then located on the corner of Broadway (known at that period as Market Street on the Point) and Aliceanna Streets. Prayer-meetings had been held in a private house, but now a regular weekly prayer-meeting was held in this room. The progress of the church was checked, however, by the sickness of the pastor, and during this period two of the origi- nal members became disaffected, and the congrega- tion was much reduced in numbers ; but a loyal handful held together, cheered by the occasional min- istrations of Rev. Mr. Richards, pastor of the First Church. On the 11th of June, 1797, they held a meeting for the special purpose of adopting a form of constitution, " pledging themselves in the presence of God that they would give and take reproof of each other, and endeavor through grace to keep the ordi- nances of the Lord Jesus Christ as delivered to them in His name." At the same meeting " it was con- cluded that Brother John Healey do preach the gos- pel statedly among us in season and out of season, and that he minister the ordinances of God unto us regularly as our pastor." In 1797 the congregation built their first meeting-house, twenty-seven by forty feet, with a vestry-room of ten feet square attached. This church was situated at the southeast corner of Bank and Eden Streets, and is still standing, though not used for religious purposes. The Sunday-school connected with the church was also established in this year, and was commenced with hired teachers, the kind-hearted pastor himself bearing the chief part of the expense. Before this church was com- pleted the yellow fever visited the portion of the city in which it was situated, and about half of the con- gregation, including every male member, except the pastor, were among the victims. In the letter already quoted Mr. Healey says, " Being the only male mem- ber left, I went through great tribulation, laboring with my hands, preaching and begging to finish the house." The following spring the congregation re- ceived a number of new male members, among whom was the late Daniel Dodge, known familiarly as " Father Dodge." He commenced his ministry in this church, as we find from the following resolution, under date of Jan. 30, 1798: "That Brother Daniel Dodge do preach the Word of God." The first candi- date received for baptism was Henry Sherwin. The ordinance was administered March 25, 1798. The first HISTOllY OF BALTIMOEB CITY AND COUNTV, MARYLAND. deacon elected was Jolm .Iiulen. Their "Bishop," however, was not regularly ordained until several months afterwards. Hy the record, Feb. 27, 1798, it appears that " the first Lord's Day in May next" was fixed upon for the ordination, and " Mr. Rich- ards, Mr. Davis, and Mr. Austin were solicited to assist." For some reason neither Mr. Kichards nor Mr. Davis took part in this service, and the time was postponed, and " Brethren Joshua Jones and John Austin, to the peace and comfort of the church, at- tended to it on the 20th of July, 1798." The following is a co])y of the unique certificate of the choice of the church and the ordination : "We, the Baptized Church of .leaus Christ, meeting ut the uew meet- ing-house ut ye Point Biilliulore, liuve tliis day chosen and ordained of Elders Davis, Richards, Moore, and I'arliinson Bro. John Heuley as our Bishop, Elder, or Pastor, And in testimony of wlilch we, the elders of the Baptist Churches of the city of Lincoln and Ucssels Green (Bethel Green), near Seven Oaks, Kent, Great Britain, have affixed our sigua- " Joshua Jones, "Jons Austin. " Baltimore, July 20, 1798. "True c<>py from ye original, signed in behalf of ye church. "John J vbc}1. Deacon." In 1811 a second church edifice was erected in Fleet Street (now Canton Avenue), which though unfin- ished was opened for public worship on the 29th of December in- that year. For several years after its organization the church remained unassociated, but in February, 1799, it was resolved unanimously " that a letter be addressed to the Baltimore Baptist Asso- ciation, to request them to admit this church into their connection." Mr. Healey bore the letter, and though he was kindly received and invited to preach, there was some opposition to the admission of his church, and the reception was postponed, and the matter referred to a committee consisting of Elders Davis, Richards, Moore, and Parkinson. Whatever may have been the action of the committee, the church was not received into the Association for some time. An angry war of pamphlets ensued, in which many har.sh things were said on both sides. At the meeting held October, 1807, with Pleasant Valley Church, mutual concessions were made, and the congregation was cordially received into the Association, and continued in that connection until 183G. In conse- quence of a resolution passed in that year by the Association at Black Rock Church, declaring non- fellowship with the churches that labored and con- tributed of their means for the spread of the gospel, this, with several other churches, withdrew from that body. The congregation remained unassociated until 185- when it was received into the Maryland Union in cordial fellowship, where it still remains. The church continued under the pastoral care of Mr. Healey until a few months belore his death, which occurred on the 20th of June, 1848. His pastorate extended over a period of nearly fifty-four years.' 1 Among the many striking anecdotes related of "Father" Healey Is the following: llaving on c)no occasion been suinnioned as a witness in Father Healey was a silk-dyer, and he not only maintained himself, but regularly contributed to the support of the church. The first eflbrt to provide compensation for their pastor was made in May, 1814, when it was resolved that " as soon as the funds of the church would admit" a "small annual salary" should be paid to the pastor. Father Healey was not what is nowadays called a popular preacher. • "His sermons were not distinguished either for the logical or the imnginulivo,— they were little more than familiar talks,— and yet they were always sensible, and always embodied mateiial for useful reflection. His manner as well as liis matter was characterized by the utmost sim- plicity, and iliiifornily iiiipu-hned you Willi the idea that he was striving todoyou^ i III iIm\ W.I- so small that he might almost bo said to have renili-i. I I ! i : iimtiuisly, ami the necessity of conuectiDg with hiK III I .1.1 i.iits a secuiitr occupation as a means of 8upportit)(: hi- I iniiK i. ill t j^reatly lessened Iheforco and attractive- ness of his pul.lii- niinihtrati'ius. In pei-sonal appearance Father Healey was a fine specimen of an Englishman. He was rather inclined to ple- thoric habit. He had an intelligent face and keen eye, and while his countenance readily took an arch expression, it was always aglow with benevolence and good wit. Though nobody regarded him as, in the common acceptation of the word, a great preacher or a great man, yet everybody esteemed, loved, and honored him, ami his name is still a household word in the scenes of Ills former labors,**- The location of the church had long been found inconvenient and unsuitable, not only on account of the removal of many members of the congregation from its vicinity, but also because the track of the Philadelphia and Wilmington Railroad ran immedi- ately in front of the church. The continual passing of trains during public worship was a source of much annoyance, and greatly disturbed the devotions of the congregation, and it was determined to select another location and erect a new edifice. The present site, Broadway near Pratt, was chosen, and the corner-stone of the new church was laid on the 8d of October, 1863. The building was finished and ready for occupancy in November of the following year. Rev. George F. Adams succeeded Mr. Healey, and retained the pas- torate until the autumn of i860, when he resigned, and was followed on the 7th of April, 1861, by Rev. A. G. Thomas, of Pennsylvania. Mr. Thomas re- signed Aug. 27, 1862, and was succeeded, Dec. 26, " 1862, by Rev. A. H. Latham, who was followed in December, 1863, by Rev. E. F. Crane, who served until August, 1865. In December of the same year Rev. John Berg became pastor of the church, and re- mained in charge of it until April 22, 1868, when he resigned. His pastorate was one of the most success- ful which the congregation had known, and his resig- nation was due to the fact that he was opposed on principle to the provision in the constitution of the church which required the formal re-election of pas- tors every two years. This provision has since been omitted. The church was without a regular pastor until Sept. 6, 186!), when Rev. Joseph E. Chambliss ;e, during a recesaof the court, and one of seiious iuiiniiy, " Mr. Healey, what is the gospel?" 1, judge?" replied the venerable preacher with ready wit, is a general jail delivery to all who will accept it." Mge F. Adams. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. ■was elected, and entered upon his duties in October. In .July, 1870, the church was renovated and refitted Ijy the liberality of Edward M. Onion, at a cost of twelve hundred and nineteen dollars and seventy-four cents. After a brief pastorate of little more than a year, Mr. Chambliss resigned, and was succeeded on the 28th of February, 1871, by Rev. E. N. Harris, who resigned April 22, 1874, and was followed on the 6tli of April, 1875, by Rev. A. J. Hires. The present pa.re, and was very • 'piilar, and report&i as Kumelinies whipping his wife, lall in numbers, uniiiflueutlil, and did nut last lung. day-schools, etc." In 1835 the Association again met with Ebenezer Church. It then reported eighty-five members, eight less than it had in 1832. It would seem that the sessions of this Association were held in the Lutheran meeting-house. The Ebenezer Church had before this time commenced and completed that edifice noted for disasters in the history of Baltimore Baptists, called the " Calvert Street house," which still stands on the west side of Calvert Street, just below Saratoga. But under pressure of indebtedness the church had sold this edifice in August, 1834, to Messrs. William and James C. Crane. The next and last meeting of the Baltimore Asso- ciation before division and dissolution was the famous session with the Black Rock Church, in Baltimore County, in 1836. Here was passed by a vote of sixteen to nine that memorable resolution declaring non- fellow.ship with the churches "encouraging others to unite with worldly societies," meaning thereby mis- sionary, Bible, tract, and Sunday-school organiza- tions. Six churches, among them the Second and Mount Zion of Baltimore, immediately withdrew, and the Maryland Baptist Union Association was formed in October of the same year. The Ebenezer pastor and church cast their lot with the anti-mission section, and soon "departed this life," all records of either pastor or people ending with this period. The church seems never to have reached a membership of one hundred, ninety-three being the highest number ever reported. After their removal from the Calvert Street church the congregation occupied a hall over the " Bazaar," on Harrison Street. Mount Zion was the fifth Baptist Church formed in Baltimore, and was organized Feb. 2, 1830, at the house of William Cook. The constituent members were William Cook, Samuel Scribuer, James Bannis- ter, Samuel Sands, and Alexander Butcher, all dis- missed from Ebenezer Church, and Edmund L. Iron- monger, from the First Baptist Church, Richmond, Va. At this meeting they adopted articles of faith and rules of decorum, and were regularly constituted or recognized Feb. 8, 1830, by Elders John Healey, Edward Choat, and William Brinkett, "in the court- room at the old Masonic Hall." At this meeting Rev. Daniel Davis, of Virginia, was called as pastor for one year, at three hundred dollars per annum, and it was resolved " that he also be furnished his boarding by the brethren of this church without charge," and, "allowed to be absent for filling his engagement in Virginia, on the fourth Sabbaths of February, March, April, and May." The court-room was then rented "of Mr. Ephraim Barker for one hundred dollars per year, payable quarterly in advance," "subject, however, to no interference with the court while it is in session." April 12, 1830, the church resolved to apply for ad- mission into the Baltimore Association. The appli- cation was made, but the admission was postponed, 560 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. and the church received in 1831. On April 14, 1830, the delegates reported to the church "that this church had not heen received into the Association on account of the opposition made by the pastor of tlie Ebenezer Church." The Mount Zion Church was active and enterprising. One of its first movements was the adoption of a resolution directing "that a committee be appointed to prepare a letter soliciting a reconciliation, brotherly love, and union of fellow- ship for the Ebenezer, Second, and Third Baptist Churches of this city." Again, Dec. 10, 1830, they appointed " a committee to provide houses of worship in different parts of the town, and to appoint preach- ing at such places, provided they can find preachers to supply such appointments." A custom of the day is brought out in a resolution of this latter meeting, " That Brothers Joseph Hughes and Aaron Bannister are hereby appointed to give out the hymns in times of public worship." May 10, 1830, the meeting-place was changed to the Athenaeum, on the southwest corner of St. Paul and Lexington Streets. Aug. 12, 1831, the church rented the house occupied by the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) So- ciety, on the corner of Exeter and Baltimore Streets, at one hundred dollars per annum, " and resolved to rent the pews to the best advantage." September 6th the committee reported " that they had rented pews to the amount of two hundred and twenty dollars per annum." Nov. 13, 1832, they returned to the Athe- naeum, at a rent of one hundred and twenty dollars per year, but after an interval again removed to Bal- timore and Exeter Streets. Feb. 16, 1840, a commit- tee was appointed "to rent the Traders' Union Hall," and a record of July, 1843, says that they had " been heretofore meeting at the corner of Madison and Park Streets." March 13, 1843, it was "Resolved, That the church form themselves into a committee of the whole, for the purpose of collecting money to build a meeting-house." In April, 1841, they " Re- solved, That we, as a church, assume the name of the street on which we are to meet, viz., the Madison Street Baptist Church." April 11, 1843, it was "Re- solved, That the church will build the meeting-house forty-seven by sixty-one feet, covering the ground on Madison Street, at the corner of Plover Alley, be- tween Park and Cathedral Streets." It was finished, and has sad associations. July 1, 1847, the congrega- tion, after deliberating upon the pecuniary embarrass- ment of the church, and the apparent impossibility of procuring the means of relief and sustaining a pro- fession of honesty, it was on motion " Resolved unani- mously. That the trustees be authorized to offer for sale our meeting-house at the corner of Madison Street and Plover Alley, trusting that the Lord, in his provi- dence, would provide us a place where we may wor- ship, his name may be honored, and our souls may be fed." Nov. 29, 1847, " a meeting of the male members was held," at which it was " Resolved, That as the debt for the payment of which tiie meeting-house was pro- posed to be sold is due to Brother Alexander Butcher, he be authorized to . . . sell the meeting-house, to re- imburse to himself for the moneys advanced by him for the church." The clerk " was instructed to write letters of dismission for the members severally upon their application to such churches as they may name," and " after prayer by Brother Butcher" adjourned. The struggle of nearly eighteen years was ended in dis- aster. Energy, zeal, denials, and generosity were fruitlessly expended, so far as the planting of another Baptist Church in Baltimore was concerned. The loss of the house, the crushed hopes of the little flock, their abortive enterprise, and their unavailing contri- butions all lay in one wreck. The property sold for about the amount of their debt, some four thousand dollars.' The church had severe trials about pastors ; the longest pastorate was only two years, and at one time it was almost two years without a regular pastor. Its first pastor was Rev. Daniel Davis, who lived during a part of his term in Fredericksburg, Va., and even when in Baltimore preached on the fourth Sundays of some months in Virginia. He was pastor for only about fifteen months. Then followed an interval of correspondence with other ministers for eighteen months. They invited Revs. Stevens W. Welford, of Washington ; Thomas J. Kitts, of Philadelphia ; Levi Tucker, of Beverly, N. J. ; Stevens W. Welford, a second time; Daniel Eldridge; Levi Tucker, a second time ; D. M. Woodson, Charles Tucker, Enoch M. Barker, and Daniel Dodge, and were unsuccessful with all. Rev. Frederick Clark was pastor from Feb- ruary, 1834, to December, 1835. For four years after this the church was served only by supplies, there being no regular pastorate. Rev. Daniel Dodge declined their invitation, as did also Rev. Joseph Walker, then on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. In February, 1840, Rev. William Mathews, a native of England, became pastor, but remained only until November of the same year. This was the second English-born minister who had served the church. Rev. Thomas Burchell being the other. The next pastor, and the one who served the longest and most successfully, was Rev. Robert Compton, of Pennsyl- vania. He became pastor in April, 1842, and re- mained until December, 1844^ adding forty-six to the membership, thirteen by baptism and thirty-three by letter; the total, the largest ever reported, being only seventy-four. In January, 184.5, Rev. Charles R. Hendrickson, formerly a Methodist minister, then lately baptized, became pastor, but in November fol- lowing left to take charge of the Navy- Yard Church, Washington, D. C. In October, 1846, Rev. O. W. Briggs, a member formerly of the First Baptist Church, and ordained there Dec. 20, 1844, became pastor, and witnessed the death of this church, as has been stated before. It was bought by tho Presbyterians, and la I ■ used by theli colored KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 561 Sixth Baptist Church. — The remnaut in the Cal- vert Street liouse occupied it but a short time. They organized as a new church, called the Sixth Baptist Church, in November, 1844, with fifty-three members. Others, in all sixty-one, joined them, including eleven persons from the Fifth or Hollins Street Baptist Cliurch, which disbanded in June, 1846. In November, 1844, Rev. John A. McKean, then a young man, ordained in 1843 .at the First Church, of which he was a mem- ber, was elected pastor. The Sixth Church joined the Maryland Baptist Union Association Nov. 4, 1846, and then reported fifty-seven additions, twenty-four of whom were by baptism, and a total membership of ninety-three, with a Sunday-school numbering forty-nine. Oct. 1, 1847, Mr. McKean resigned, and became pastor of theSecond Southwark Baptist Church of Pliiladelphia, and the church elected no successor. Nov. 4, 184.5, the Seventh Baptist Church was consti- tuted, and purchased the Calvert Street house, which it sold in 1846 to St. John's Dutch Reformed Church. The Sixth Church then selected a new place of wor- ship in a hall on Lexington Street. After disbanding the members of the Sixth Church were absorbed by tlie First and the Seventh Churches, mainly by the latter. The sixth Baptist Church, in the order of time, formed in Baltimore, but called the Fifth Bap- tist Church, was constituted in 184-3 with nine mem- bers. For a time some brethren had conducted a Sunday-school in a small chapel on the north side of Hollins Street, between Oregon and Schroeder Streets. In April, 1843, at the request of these brethren, the ex- ecutive board of the Maryland Baptist Union Associa- tion desired Rev. John A. McKean "to give the greater portion of his time to that place." Mr. McKean was a missionary of that board, employed to " labor part of his time in several eligible places in the vicinity of Baltimore." He was a member of the First Church, and was ordained in 1843. So much success attended his labors in Hollins Street that it was " thought judicious to organize an independent church there." Oct. 21, 1843, this church was admitted to the Associa- tion with ten members. The next year the church reported eleven additions, seven of these by baptism, and a membership of eighteen, but in November, 1844, Mr. McKean left them to become pastor of the Sixth Baptist Church, constituted at that time in the Calvert Street house after the majority had gone out to High Street. In 1845, Rev. Elijah S. Durlin, who had left college to recruit his health, preached for them five months. For some months they were de- pendent upon various supplies, but in the latter part of the year they again engaged Mr. McKean " to preach for them once every Sabbath, and to 'act as pastor during the coming year," 1846. In 1845 they report eight additions, five of these by baptism, and a total of seventeen members. The chapel on Hollins Street in which they met cost originally thirteen hundred dollars, and was en- cumbered with a ground-rent. Some eight hundred dollars had been paid on the building, and there was still a debt of five hundred dollars, the interest of which, together with the ground-rent and the current expenses of the house, amounted to about one hun- dred dollars per year. Even this small sum was more than the few members could pay, and the congrega- tion was forced to give up the struggle and abandon the effort to maintain an independent organization. High Street Baptist Church was first organized under the name of Calvert Street Baptist Church, its first meeting being held in a building on Calvert Street, near Saratoga, called the Ebenezer church, which was purchased by Messrs. William and James C. Crane as a place of worship for the new congrega- tion. These gentlemen, who were brothers, were en- gaged in mercantile pursuits in Richmond, Va., and having frequent occasion to pass through Baltimore in the prosecution of their business, soon became familiar with the city in both its material and relig- ious aspects. They were surprised to find there were but four Baptist churches in Baltimore, and being zealous members of that denomination, determined to use their influence for its advancement in this city. It was in pursuance of this design that William Crane came to Baltimore and purchased for four thousand dollars the meeting-house in Calvert Street, which belonged at that time to Joseph France. Pub- lic recognition of the church took place on Sunday, Feb. 15, 1835, Rev. James B. Taylor, Rev. John Kerr, and Rev. William F. Broaddus, of Virginia, and Rev. S. P. Hill, of Baltimore, participating in the exercises of the occasion. Rev. J. G. Binney was the next day elected pastor of the infant church, but resigned his charge in May of the same year. The pulpit was supplied by Rev. William Richards and others until January, 1836, when Rev. George F. Adams became pastor, and remained until the close of 1842.' He was succeeded on the 18th of June, 1843, by Rev. Jonathan Aldrich, who resigned on the 5th of May, 1846. In May, 1844, the congregation resolved to give up the building on Calvert Street to the Messrs. Crane, and accordingly removed temporarily to the southwest corner of Baltimore and Exeter Streets, where they occupied for a year or more what was known as " Hargrove church." Shortly afterwards a lot was procured on High Street, between Fayette and Low, where the corner-stone was laid on the 10th of September, 1844, and the construction of the pres- ent edifice commenced, which was dedicated on the first Sunday in November, 1845, under the name of the High Street Baptist Church. The debt incurred in its erection, however, was far beyond the ability of the congregation to discharge, and the church was at one time upon the point of being sold. While thus weighed down with a heavy load of debt, Rev. Frank- ' In 1839 the church was enlarged and improved, and a baptistry in- troduced, which was the first known in Baltimore. About this same time the church property was transferred by the Messrs. Crane to a board of trustees. 562 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. lin Wilson was called to the pastorate on the 4th of March, 1847, and served until Oct. 5, 1852, being as- sisted from April 3, 1851, by Rev. H. .J. Chandler. Mr. Wilson's services were given without compensa- tion, and by his careful management the debt was re- duced in three years from eleven thousand dollars to six thousand dollars. A plan for the liquidation of the debt suggested by Mr. Chandler resulted in its further reduction in two years to about two thousand dollars. Mr. Wilson was succeeded by Rev. John Berg, who was called June 4, 1853, and resigned Feb. 22, 1855. Rev. L. W. Seely was called June 2.5, 1855, and resigned Sept. 24, 1857. He was followed, Jan. 1, 1858, by Rev. E. R. Hera, who resigned Nov. 3, 1859, and was succeeded by Rev. George P. Nice, who was called Jan. 12, 1860, and resigned Nov. 30, 1866. About this time the church was renovated at a cost of over two thousand dollars. Rev. R. B. Kelsay was called to the pastorate April 24, 1867, entering upon his duties in September of the same year, and resigned in December, 1870. He was succeeded in March, 1871, ,by Rev. M. R. Watkinson, who resigned in Novem- ber, 1873, and was followed in August, 1874, by Rev. John T. Craig, who served until the 1st of April, 1881. During Mr. Craig's pastorate over six thousand dol- lars were expended in improvements to the church property, and the membership was increased, from two hundred and forty to four hundred and fifty-six. Shiloh Church is an offshoot by mission work from this congregation, which has also a flourishing mis- sion-school in its chapel on Eager Street. During the forty-five years of its existence the church has sent out eighteen ministers, educated and licensed during tlieir connection with it. The Seventh Baptist Church was organized in 1845, with ninety-two members. The church edifice, corner of Paca and Saratoga Streets, was dedicated on the 1st of August, 1847, Rev. Dr. Richard Fuller, its first pastor, and one of the most eminent of Baptist divines, officiating on the occasion. In the spring of 1871, Dr. P'uller, with a large number of the members of the congregation, withdrew to constitute the present Eutaw Place Church, and Rev. William T. Brantly, Jr., D.D., succeeded to the pastorate. Rev. Dr. Brantly is the son of the distinguished Rev. William T. Brantly, D.D., and was born in Beaufort, S. C. He removed with his fiither, at the age of nine years, to Philadelphia, where, in 1826, the father became the pastor of the First Baptist Church. Under a careful home culture, supplemented by the training of the best schools, young Brantly was prepared to enter college at an early age. While thus preparing, in 1834, he was baptized into the fellowship of the First Church of Philadelphia, the baptism being in the Delaware River; and in 1838 he was licensed by the same church to preach. Having entered Brown University, he graduated with distinction in 1840. The same year he was invited to the pastorate of the First Baptist Church of Augusta, Ga., which position he accepted and held witli marked success for eight years, during which time the membership was doubled and the house enlarged to accommodate the increasing congregation. Dr. Brantly's varied culture and pol- ished scholarship attracted to his ministrations an unusual number of the more intelligent of the com- munity, and soon the authorities of the University of Georgia were anxious to secure his services as one of its faculty of instruction. Accordingly, in 1848 he was elected Professor of Belles-Lettres and Evi- dences of Christianity and History in that institution, a position which he filled with distinguished ability until 1856. In 1853 he was elected pastor of the First Baptist Church, Philadelphia, but declined the invi- tation. In 1856 he was invited to the pastorate of the Tab- ernacle Church, in the same city, and anxious to be engaged again in the active and to him congenial duties of pastoral life, he accepted the position. He continued to serve the Tabernacle Church for five years, during which time he had the pleasure of see- ing the membership greatly increase in number and efficiency. In 1861, Dr. Brantly was invited to take charge of the Second Baptist Church at Atlanta, Ga., where he remained, with the exception of an inter- ruption arising from the troubles of the war, until 1871, in which year he became the paiitor of the Seventh Baptist Church. Dr. Brantly still remains pastor of the Seventh Church, and is eminently success- ful in his ministrations. As a preacher, he is earnest, graceful, and instructive; as a pastor, genial, loving, and companionable, and ever a welcome guest in the homes of his people. He is an overseer of the Colum- RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 563 bian University, and no one is more heartily wel- comed to its meetings for business and its commence- ment exercises tlian liimself. The University of Georgia in 1854 conferred on him the honorary de- gree of D.D. Franklin Square Baptist Church. — The nucleus of this church was the Western Branch Sunday- school of the Seventh Baptist Church. The first meeting for the formation of this church was held Oct. 15, 1854, in a room on West Fayette Street, near Carey, attended by members of four churches. A constitution, articles of faith, etc., were reported and adopted October 26th, and the organization was for- mally recognized Nov. 9, 1854, at a meeting with the First Baptist Church, northeast corner of Sharp and Lombard Streets, with thirty constituent members. At that meeting more than one thousand dollars was pledged for the support of the church ; and from the beginning, besides its own expenses, the body has contributed liberally for various religious and chari- table purposes. Rev. Franklin Wilson, D.D., a con- stituent member, at first supplied the pulpit, and has continued to do so most generously and faithfully in all intervals between pastorates, his aggregate of such intervals exceeding in amount of time any single pas- torate. This church originated in no dissension or spirit of rivalry, but with the approval and sympathy of all the sister-churches in the city. Its house of worship on Calhoun Street, north of Lexington, was erected under the auspices of the Baltimore Baptist Church Extension Society, at a cost of about twenty thousand dollars, the ground costing about four thou- sand four hundred dollars additional. The lecture- room improvements, enlargements, etc., have since cost about thirteen thousand dollars, paid by the con- gregation. The first pastor was Rev. George B. Tay- lor, D.D., now the superintendent of Italian missions in Rome, Italy,'of the Southern Baptist Convention. His pastorate extended from May, 1856, to Septem- ber, 1857, during which time two series of special ser- vices were held, in which the pastor was aided by Rev. A. E. Dickinson, D.D., of Virginia, and Rev. Jacob Knapp. The additions were thirty-one by baptism and thirty-two by letter, with a total membership of eighty-six. Rev. Francis M. Barker, of Virginia, was the next pastor, from Oct. 15, 1858, to Sept. 23, 1859. A revival occurred during this pastorate, — twenty-one were baptized, fourteen joined by letter; total, one hundred and seventeen. The church was incorporated Dec. 5, 1859. The acoustics of the edifice were very bad, but were remedied in 1866 by inserting between the walls and ceiling an arc of seven feet span. Rev. Thomas H. Pritchard, D.D., now president of Wake Forest College, N. C, was the third pastor, from Oct. 16, 1859, to Sept. 4, 1863. During the convulsion of civil war many of the active young men of the church entered the armies, and the church suffered not a little from the withdrawal of strength and the general confusion. Thirteen were added by baptism, forty by letter; total, one hundred and fifty. Rev. Tiberius G. Jones, D.D., now of Nashville, Tenn., was fourth pastor, from March 4, 1864, to Dec. 1, 1865. The distractions of war were severely felt. Baptism, one; letter, five; total, one hundred and fifty- three. Rev. Dr. Wilson supplied for sixteen months, baptizing twelve. Eight were added by letter. Ex- clusions, deaths, and dismissions diminished the total to one hundred and eighteen. The fifth pastor was Rev. William E. Hatcher, D.D., now of Richmond, Va., from April 1, 1867, to July 5, 1868. Baptized, twenty-seven ; by letter, forty-one; total, one hundred and eighty-one. In 1866 the church expended about three thousand dol- lars in furnishing the interior. This increased the interest and zeal of the members, as they assumed ex- penses which had hitherto been borne by the Church Extension Society. Rev. J. B. Hawthorne, D.D., now of Richmond, Va., was sixth pastor, from Sept. 14, 1868, to June 3, 1870. Rev. A. B. Earle visited the city in 1869, and this church shared in the awakening that followed. During this pastorate seventy-two were baptized, twenty-five were added by letter ; total, two hundred and forty. January, 1868, a system of weekly contri- butions was adopted, which has been successfully con- tinued to this time. October, 1868, a parsonage was purchased, and paid for in small weekly installments. October, 1869, a mission Sunday-school was organized near Mount Clare. May, 1870, the lecture-room was enlarged at a cost of two thousand five hundred dol- lars. W. W. Lawrason, a deacon, Sunday-school su- perintendent, treasurer, and leader of the choir, and most exemplary member, died during this year. Rev. George W. Sunderlin, of North Carolina, was seventh pastor, from March 1, 1871, to March, 1876, when impaired health compelled him to retire from ministerial work. Cheering revivals occurred in 1872, 1873, and especially in 1876, when Rev. J. E. Hut- son, of Virginia, aided. During this pastorate one hundred and fifteen were baptized, one hundred and forty-six joined by letter; total, three hundred and seventy-seven. The present excellent organ was pur- chased during this period, at a cost of three thousand dollars. May 11, 1868, a pastoral reunion of all the pastors of the church (Mr. Barker, deceased, ex- cepted) occurred. Each separation of pastor and people had been free from any cause in want of har- mony or affection, and the season was one of peculiar and mutual pleasure. Rev. George F. Adams, D.D., and Rev. J. L. Holmes, missionary in China from 1858 to 1861 (murdered in the Tae Ping insurrec- tion), were members of this church. Rev. Dr. Wil- son has been one of its most generous benefactors and most earnest helpers. Rev. C. C. Bitting, D.D., from Richmond, Va., an earnest and eloquent divine, is the present and eighth pastor, from Sept. 1, 1876. The church building hai 564 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. been enlarged and improved at a cost of about five thousand dollars. The additions during this pastor- ate to January, 1880, have been about one hundred and seventy-six, — baptized, eighty-two ; by letter, eeventy-nine; re.stored, fifteen, — total, five hundred and four. Under Dr. IJitting's pastorate the church has made great progress in every department, and was never so prosperou.s as at the present time. Rev. Dr. Bitting was born in Philadelphia, Pa., March, 1830 ; was graduated from the Central High School in 1850 ; baptized at the age of seventeen by the Rev. J. L. Burrows, D.D., and united with the Philadelpliia Broad Street Baptist Church. After having prosecuted his studies at Lewisburg and Madi- son Universities, he was engaged in teaching in the Tennessee Baptist Female College, at Nashville, and after its removal, at Murfreesboro', Tenn. Having been ordained to the work of the ministry while here, he was invited to the pastorate of the Mount Olivet and Hopeful Baptist Churches, in Hanover County, Va., at that time two of the most prominent county churches in the State ; he accepted the position, and after a period of the most successful labor in this field, he was chosen, in 1859, the pastor of the Baptist Church in Alexandria, Va. In 18GG, Dr. Bitting was urged to accept the secretaryship of the Sunday- school Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, located in Greenville, S. C, which he did ; but on the removal of the board to Memphis, Tenn., he became pastor of the Baptist Church in Lynchburg, Va., and removed there in May, 1868. His labors were emi- nently successful. More than three hundred united with the church in that place during his pastorate of four years, and thus it became one of the strongest and most effective societies in the State. In 1872 he was chosen district secretary for the Southern States of the American Baptist Publication Society, with headquarters at Richmond, Va., but in the following year he became pastor of the Second Baptist Church in that city. While in Richmond Dr. Bitting's labors were manifold, for while pressed with the cares of a large congregation, he was also acting as statistical secretary of the Virginia Baptist General Association and chairman of the' Memorial Committee of the Virginia Centennial to secure an endowment for Richmond College. In September, 1876, he became pastor of the Franklin Square Baptist Church, Balti- more, Md., where he still labors with marked success. Dr. Bitting is one of the most popular preachers in Maryland. He is studious in his pulpit preparations, and earnest and eloquent in his preaching. He has also made valuable additions to the literature of the denomination. In 1874, Dr. Bitting visited Europe, Palestine, and Egypt. Furman University conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity. Lee Street Baptist Church originated in a mission Sunday-school organized on the 26th of March, 1854, by members of the First Church, among whom were James Wilson, Mrs. Nelson Clark, Miss Eliza M. Wilson, Melville Wilson, Joseph B. Thomas, and William H. Hamer, the last mentioned becoming superintendent of the school. The school was held in a building in Hill Street, one door east of Han- over, which had previously been used as a stable, and on the 30th of April, 1855, the church was organ- ized at the same place. The constituent members were twenty-eight, — nine males and nineteen females, — most of whom came by letter from the First Bap- tist Church. The first pastor was Rev. John H. Phil- lips, chosen May 14, 1855, who up to the time of his election had been a Baptist missionary in the south- ern section of the city. About this time the Baptist Church Extension Society bought of St. Stephen's P. E. Church their house of worship on Lee Street, between Hanover and Sharpe, and invited the new congregation in Hill Street to occupy it, which they did in 1855, not long after their organization. On the 18th of September, 1858, Mr. Phillips resigned, and was succeeded in May, 1859, by Rev. R. J. Wil- son, who was forced by ill Jiealth to resign on the 28th of March, 1860. He was followed on the 4th of April, 1860, by Rev. Isaac Cole, who served until the 16th of June, 1865. On the 13th of February, 1863, a subscription-book was opened for the purpose of raising funds for the erection of a new church, and among the largest subscribers were Hiram Woods and Rev. Franklin Wilson, who each gave two thou- sand dollars ; Samuel Bevan, who gave one thousand dollars; and Henry Taylor, who gave seven hundred dollars. Early in May, 1863, the old church was torn down, and the corner-stone of the pre^sent edifice, which stands on the site of the old, was laid on the 26th of the same month by Rev. F. Wilson, D.D., RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 565 assisted by Hiram Woods, Esq. During the con- struction of the new edifice the congregation wor- shiped in a hall over No. 2 engine-house, on Barre Street. In October, 1863, the lecture-room was fin- ished and occupied by the congregation. Nine months later, on the 25th of June, 1864, the whole building was completed, and on the next day it was dedicated. Dr. R. Fuller preaching the sermon in the morning, Dr. J. W. M. Williams in the afternoon, and Dr. F. Wilson at night. The entire actual cost of the edifice was $15,206.46. Dr. Cole was succeeded on the 25th of September, 1865, by Rev. James Debois, who remained until Sept. 21, i866. Rev. S. C. Bos- ton became pastor in May, 1867, serving until July 23, 1869, and was followed in December of the same year by Rev. J. H. Phillips, first pastor of the church, who preached to the congregation as a supply till June 21, 1870. Rev. John Pollard, D.D., was the next pastor, his ministry extending from Oct. 15, 1870, to June 3, 1880. The present pastor is Rev. M. H. Wharton, who was elected in November, 1880, and entered u|ion his duties Jan. 1, 1881. The Eutaw Place Baptist Church was reared for a colony brou. ('., a ltii|>ti8t iiiiiiigtcr, and one of the Board of Managerv of tlie ('''!■ lii/ 'II' 1' > ■ !■ ty. When acquainted of the facts through tliese rt'.!M I '! rv .it once agreed to receive anil Bend out Carey and I '!■ The same Utter, witii information of the action of : tli' t -I 1,1/ ,1) i I v,„ i,.ty^ was laid before tlie Board of the Baptist Gen- eral Cuiivfiiliijii, nhtch met in Ballimore in 1819, and there these two ex- cellent men were appointed Baptist missionaries to the land of their an- cestors. Before they sailed for Afiica five other colored Baptists of Richmond decided to go along, and in Mr. Crane's house they signed a covenant, and wore constituted into a Baptist Church of seven members by Rev. David Roper. This was the germ of the First Baptist Churdi in Monrovia, Africa, and out of it developed the twenty Baptist Churches of Monrovia and Liberia, and the Providence Baptist Association. " In 1825, Mr. Crane wrote a biography of Lolt Carey, and often spoke of him as 'among the best preaciiers he ever heard.' From the time of the sailing of lliese missionaries Mr. Crane never abated his interest in them or their race Files of newspapers, carefully preserved by him. Bibles, Testaments, spelling-books, dictionaries, grammars, and other books were sent out whenever an emigrant ship left for the African Mr. Crane removed to Baltimore in October, 1834. Tlie first colored Baptist Church was formed in 1830, but did not unite with the Association until Oct. 21, 1841, when Moses Clayton was pastor. The church then reported eight baptisms and fifty-two members. In 1849 the pastor, Moses Clayton, resigned, after a ser- vice of over nine years, having ninety-nine additions, sixty-five of which were by baptism, and a member- ship which had increased from fifty-two to one hun- dred and five. Their debt had been troublesome, but had been removed. In 1849, John Carey, formerly of Petersburg, was elected pastor. He remained two years, during which time the church reported no addi- tions and serious difficulties. Their number was re- duced to sixty-seven, and Moses C. Clayton was elected pastor the second time. April 3, 1861, the pastor | died, aged seventy-eight years. He was the founder of the First Colored Baptist Church in Maryland, and was its pastor for twenty years, and baptized nearly one hundred and fifty persons. He was a faithful, indu.strious, pious, and useful man. For two years the church was without a pastor, and its membership was reduced to fifty. In 1863, John Whey became pa.stor, but in 1864, James Underdue was elected, and [ in 1866 he was succeeded by Lewis Hicks, under j whose care their number increased to one hundred and twenty-seven. He remained pastor until 1870, when he resigned. Meanwhile a new meeting-house had been built, costing about four thousapd dollars, i and the congregation was nearly out of debt. In May, 1871, Rev. J. C. Allen, an intelligent, discreet, pious, j and active pastor, was elected, and a new era of | prosperity opened. The First Colored Baptist Church was organized about 1850 by Rev. Noah Davis, who had obtained his freedom in Fredericksburg, Va., and who soon I after began to labor as a missionary among the col- ored people in this city. The church was originally formed with but five members, but soon increased, many white persons assisting the minister in the Sun- day-school. In 1855, through the liberality of Wm, Crane, Rev. Franklin Wil.«on, and other.^, the congre- gation w.is provided with a place of worshi|i in thi second story of a building on the northeast corner of Saratoga and Calvert Streets, and which was subse- quently occupied as the Sixth Regiment armory. On the 7th of April, 1867, the corner-stone of a house of worship was laid at the corner of Young and Thomp- son Streets, the basement of which was occupied and dedicated on the 14th of July following. On the 26th of April, 1880, the corner-stone of the present edifice, northeast corner of Caroline and McElderry Streets, was laid, and on Feb. 20, 1881, the church was dedicated. The pastor is Rev. J. C. Allen. Leadenhall Street Church (Colored), on Leaden- hall Street, near West, was built by the Baptist Church Extension Society of Baltimore, and, with the lot, cost about twenty thousand dollars. The corner-stone was laid on the 15th of July, 1872, and the edifice was dedicated on the 10th of January, 1873. Rev. A. Brown is the present pastor. The Shiloh (Colored) Church was a missionary enterprise, the congregation first worshiping on Ra- borg Street. In April, 1881, the pastor. Rev. John H. Gaines, purchased the church building formerly owned by Cavalry M. E. Church South, on Hill Street, between Hanover and Sharp, for six thousand two hundred and fifty dollars, and took po.ssession of it on April 15th. Union Baptist Church (Colored), North Street, near Lexington, was dedicated on the 23d of January, 1876. Rev. Harvey E. Johnson is the pastor. LUTHERAN CHURCHES. The first congregation of the Lutheran Church in Baltimore was organized about IToO. It had in the beginning no house of worship exclusively its own, for from the early records of the first Lutheran con- gregation in this city we learn that " up to the year 1758 both Lutherans and German Reformed wor- shiped together, and great friendship and harmony prevailed. In that year they resolved to erect a house of worship in common, as each party was too weak to build alone ; and it was at the same time determined that a pastor should be called by either church as might best suit." Before this time they were occa- sionally visited by ministers of both churches from Pennsylvania and elsewhere. It was usual in the beginning (and even now in many cases) for the Lutheran and Reformed Churches to worship together in the same place, while maintaining at the same time separate organizations. In 1773, Messrs. Lin- denberger, Weishler, Hartwig, Hoecke, Rock, Gras- muck, Levely, Barnetz, Dr. Wiesenthall, and others, by the aid of a lottery, erected a new church on the site of the original one, which had been built in 1758, in Fish (Saratoga) Street, now occupied by the African Bethel meeting-house. The pastor of the congrega- tion. Rev. Mr. Gerock, died Oct. 25, 1778, and was succeeded by Rev. Daniel Kurtz, his former assistant." RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 569 In 1808 the church on Fish Street was sold, and Zion church erected on Gay Street, where it now stands. On the 30th of March, 1840, the building was nearly destroyed by fire, but it was immediately rebuilt as it stands at present, being consecrated Nov. 8, 1840, and, with its extensive lot and capacious school-house, is regarded as one of the most valuable church properties in the city. After a pastorate of more than fifty years, Mr. Kurtz was succeeded by Rev. John Uhlhorn, a brilliant German orator, who had been his assistant for some years before his retire- ment. Dr. Uhlhorn died during a visit to Bremen, Germany, March 22, 18.34, and was succeeded by Rev. John Haesbaerdth ; after a time Mr. Haesbaerdth re- signed, and established a distinct German congrega- tion in a church built by the Baptists, which stood at the corner of Saratoga and Holliday Streets, the site of which is now occupied by a large machine-factory. Mr. Haesbaerdth was succeeded by Mr. Domeier, and he was followed by Rev. Henry Scheib, the present pastor. First English Lutheran Church.— Until 1823, Zion Church, on Gay Street, w:is the only Lutheran organi- zation in the city. On the 27th of October in that year the fir.st meeting of a distinct English Lutheran Church was held at the house of David Bixler, on Howard Street. The original corporators were John Reese, David Bixler, George Stonebraker, Joshua Medtart, Frederick Segler, Philip Uhler, and Andrew Hack. Aug. 30, 1824, Rev. Mr. Kranch became the pastor, and a permanent organization was effected. The congregation met in a school-house near the cor- ner of Howard and Pratt Streets. Mr. Kranch was succeeded by Rev. Jacob Medtart, who left in the fall of 1825, and ministers from other churches preached to the congregation. Ground for a church building, on Lexington Street, between Park and Howard, was purchased, and the corner-stone of the First English Lutheran church was laid in November, 1825, and the church was dedicated May 28, 1826. On the 11th of December, 1826, Rev. Dr. .John G. Morris was elected pastor, and on the 10th of April, 1827, the church was reincorporated. During his ministry the church was twice enlarged, two Sunday-school rooms and the par- sonage were erected. In 1860, Dr. Morris resigned to take charge- of the Peabody Institute, and was suc- ceeded by Rev. Dr. J. McCron. Dr. McCron resigned in 1872, and was succeeded by Rev. J. H. Barclay, D.D., the present pastor. The first communion of the raised was $2118, the amount of the prizes to be given was $5882, and tlie number of tickets to be issued was four thousand at two dollars each. The managers were Charles Garts, Philip Graybell, Bobert Walsh, John Hammond, Peter Diffenderffer, Samuel Messersmith. John Schaltz, Adam Gantz, Christian Meyer, John Mackenheimer, Nicholas Konecke, Henry Schroeder, Christopher Raborg, George Leightner, William Ra- borg, James Allen, John Shrim, Jr., David Poe, John Hasselbach, Fred- erick Price, John Strieker, William Lorman, Archibald Stewart, Martin Eichelberger. Isaac Solomon, Frederick Yeiser, Jacob Brown, Richard Burland, George Decker, Daniel Diffenderflfer, George Dowig, Engelhard Yeiser, Peter Frick, Erasmus Uhler, James Sloan, Ludwick Hening, Frederick Heoflich, Jacob Deiter, Henry Dukehart, and Frederick Eeese. church embraced only twenty-eight persons, but it grew strong enough to endure the separation of three organizations from the mother body, — the Second and Third Churches and St. Mark's. The church on Lexington Street was destroyed in the great fire of July 25, 1873. The corner-stone of the present edifice, Lanvale and Fremont Streets, was laid April 6, 1874, and the building was dedicated Sept. 19, 1875. The total cost of the new church and the adjoining par- sonage and church furniture was one hundred and two thousand dollars. The church has had but three pastors in more than fifty years. Second English Lutheran Church.— The corner- stone of the Second English Lutheran church, on Lombard Street, west of Greene, was laid May 11, 1841, and the edifice was opened for worship Oct. 8, 1842. This church is one of the old landmarks in the section of the city.in which it is located, there having been but few houses in the neighborhood when it was built. Rev. Charles P. Kranch was the fir.st pastor of the church, and he was succeeded by Rev. Charles Ewing, Charles Hersch, I. A. Heiss, J. Schwartz, E. I. Wolf, and George Scholl, present pastor. The Third English Lutheran Evangelical Church. — The mission out of which this church grew was organized in 1841, at a private house on Hillen Street. Mr. Charles D. Hincks, the two Misses Morry, the two Misses Altvaters, Miss Mary Dobler, Mrs. Middleton, Miss Jackson, and Mrs. Adams formed the head and heart of this new entei'prise. Mr. Hincks was succeeded by W. A. Wisong as superintendent. The corner-stone of Luther chapel. Monument Street, near Gay, was laid May 26, 1842, and the chapel was opened for worship October 16th of the same year. The corner-stone of the present edifice, which occupies the site of the former chapel, was laid July 2, 1852, and the church was dedicated Sept. 18, 1853. Its pastors have been Revs. W. A. Passavant, I. A. Brown, D.D., B. Appleby, P. Ans- tadt, A. W. Lilly, J. McCron, D.D., Sprecher, H. Bishop, J. G. Morris, D.D., Uriel Graves, and I. C. Burke, the present pastor. St. Mark's English Lutheran Church was organ- ized Oct. 23, 1860, by a body of ninety-six members from the First Church. T. Stork was elected pastor, and took charge December 1st. The Third Presby- terian Church, on Eutaw Street, was at once rented, and in February, 1861, purchased for ten thousand five hundred dollars. Dr. Stork resigned May 25, 1865, and was succeeded by his son, Rev. Charles A. Stork. In 1873 the old church building was remodeled at a cost of eighteen thousand dollars, and reconsecrated March 8, 1874. The total cost of the property be- longing to this organization, including the old build- ing and ground, the expense of the remodeling and the purchase of the parsonage, has been thirty-eight thousand five hundred dollars. Rev. Charles A. Stork, D.D., who had been pastor for twenty years, dissolved his connection with the church to accept HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the presidency of the Gettysburg, Pa., Lutheran Theo- logical Seminary. St. Paul's English Lutheran Church is tlie fifth English Lutheran Church in the city, and is located ' on Druid Hill Avenue, at its intersection with Mc- Mechiu Street. The corner-stone was laid July 1, 1871, and the building dedicated Dec. 14, 1873. The congregation was organized April 21, 1873, with thirty-one members, and during the summer called Rev. Jacob A. Clutz, who took charge Nov. 1, 1873. The church ha.s made rapid i)rogri>ss. Mr. Clutz is ' .still the pastor. St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church is a brancli of old Trinity Church, from which it separated in 1852. May 5, 1853, the corner- , stone of a house of worship, on Canal Street, near Fayette, was laid, and the edifice was dedicated April 2, 1854. On the 12th of May, 1S7», the corner-stone of the present church, Favnu- Sinrt; near Central I Avenue, was laid, and tin' l.iiil.lin^ ^Icdicated April i 27, 1873. The bells in the >tc.iilc ..I the church are \ cast from cannon captured by tlie Germans from the French in the late war, and were presented to the congregation upon their application by the emperor of Germany. The pastors have been Rev. Charles Weyl and Rev. Mr. Lublcert. Rev. L. D. Maier is present pastor. St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran Church is situated on Biddle Street, near Pennsylvania Ave- nue. The late Rev. Father Heier, about the year 1847, began to preach in a small frame chapel located j in the rear of the lot on which St. John's church now stands. About nine months after this beginning, j Rev. G. H. Brandan was called as the pastor of the j congregation. In the year 1853 the present edifice was built, and was dedicated December 18th. Mr. Brandan remained pastor of St. John's until July 4, 1869, when he resigned, and Rev. J. Muller became his successor. He was succeeded, June 1, 1873, by Rev. B. Sickel, who was followed, in September, 1874, by Rev. N. Burkhart, present pastor of the congrega- tion. St. Marcus' German Evangelical Lutheran Church, situated corner Broadway and Beaumont Avenue, was organized Nov. 3, 1867, in Broadway Institute, by .about si.xty heads of families. The con- gregation first worshiped in Powhatan Hall, on the corner of Bond and Pratt Streets. The corner-stone of the present edifice was laid Nov. 7, 1869, and the church was dedicated Aug. 14, 1870. The first pas- tor was W. F. Seeger, who was succeeded by Rev. Hermann Veith. The latter resigned Aug. 4, 1873, when the present incumbent, John Hoerr, was called, and installed Dec. 2, 1872. The congregation was connected with the Maryland Synod until Nov. 2, 1873, when it connected itself with the Joint Synod of Oliio ;ui(l adjnccnt States. Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church is one of the oldest German churches in the city. It is situated on Trinity Street, east of High. The congregation is quite large, but neither it nor their pastor are in any synodical connection, though they still claim to be Lutherans. They were formerly connected with the old Pennsylvania Synod. The present pastor is Rev. J. i'ister. St. Paul's German Evangelical Church, corner of Fremont and Saratoga Streets, was consecrated Dec. 16, 1867. Its membership is large. The con- gregations of St. Paul's, Emmanuel, and St. Martin's originally formed the Second German Evangelical Lutiieran Cliurch, which was organized Nov. 1, 1835, and situated at the corner of Holliday and Saratoga Streets. The first pastor of the Second German Evan- gelical Lutheran Church was J. P. C. Haesbaert; the second, from 1851 to 1867, was Rev. G. W. Keyl. The old church building was torn down in 1868. It had originally been purchased from another Protestant denomination, and its congregation had previously been connected with the Zion's Evangelical Lutheran Church, on Gay Street, and separated from it when Mr. Scheib became its pastor. In 1867 the congre- gation sold their old church property, divided the amount and other moneys collected for that purpose, and formed three distinct congregations, all of which belong to the Missouri Synod. The present pastor of St. Paul's is Rev. H. Hauser. Emmanuel German Evangelical Lutheran Church, South Caroline Street, near Baltimore, was organized in 1866, and the church was dedicated May 6, 1867. The present pastor is Rev. Claus Stuerken. St. Martin's German Evangelical Lutheran Church is situated on the corner of Sharpe and Hen- rietta Streets. It was incorporated May 18, 1867. The corner-stone was laid Sept. l5, 1867, and the church was dedicated May 10, 1868. Its first and its present pastor is Rev. Charles H. F. Frincke. The church was organized by former members of the Sec- ond German Evangelical Lutheran Church, which in 1857 was divided into three separate congregations, — St. Paul's, Emmanuel, and St. Martin's. The congre- gation belongs to the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Jlissouri, Ohio, and other States. j St. Peter's German Evangelical Lutheran Church is situated on Bond Street, near Eastern Avenue. Its present pastor is Rev. C. A. Schloegle. St. Peter's English Evangelical Lutheran Church is situated on the corner of Fayette and East Streets. The corner-stone was laid March 28, 1875. Its present pastor is Rev. E. L. S. Tre-ssel. St. Luke's German Evangelical Church was an offshoot from St. Stephen's, and was organized in 1864 by the Rev. L. F. Zimmerman. For two years the congregation worshiped in the chapel on Hen- rietta Street, near Eutaw. The corner-stone of the present edifice, Henrietta and Eutaw Streets, was laid May 27, 1866, and the church was dedicated Decem- ber 26th of the same year. Rev. John Keller is its present pastor. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 571 Lutheran Chapel, at Canton.— The corner-stone of an Evangelical Lutheran church was laid at Can- ton, Nov. 8, 1843, and the building was dedicated .Sept. 29, 1844. The Evangelical Lutheran Church, on Chesa- peake Street, Cantim, was dedicated in April, 1860. St. Peter's Mission meets at the southwest corner of Baltimore and Poppleton Streets. Rev. George T. Cooppenider, pastor. St. Stephen's German Evangelical Lutheran Church was founded by Rev. Mr. Schieth in 1850, and shortly afterwards was formally organized by Rev. Arthur 0. Brioknian. The congregation worshiped for a time on Light Street, between West and Ostend Streets. On the 5th of February, 1852, they bought a building erected by the " Good Samaritan Congrega- tion" (which had been organized but a few weeks before St. Stephen's by Rev. Charles Meister) at the northwest corner of Hanover and Hamburg Streets ■during 1850. The Good Samaritan congregation dis- -solved its organization, a majority of its members con- necting themselves with St. Stephen's. About this time the congregation joined the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland, in connection with the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the United States. In September, 1852, Rev. T. H. Men- gert became the pastor of St. Stephen's, and served until September, 1854, when Rev. C. F. W. Hoppe succeeded him. In October, 1861, Mr. Hoppe re- signed, and early in 1862, Rev. L. F. Zimmermann became the pastor. In October, 1864,' the present pastor, Rev. F. Ph. Hennighausen, took charge of the church. The First Evangelical Lutheran Church, at the corner of Greene Street and Cider Alley, is under the charge of Rev. John Koehl, and the Second Church, at the corner of McElderry and Short Streets, is under Rev. Daniel Schnebel. GERMAN REFORMED CHURCH. The precise date of the origin of the First German Heformed congregation in this city is not known. There is, however, good reason to believe that it was established in or about the year 1750. An old Ger- man manuscript, found a few years since among the .archives of this church, states, among other things, that " in the year 1756 or 1757 the congregation pur- chased a lot on which to erect a church of Mr. Crox- all for nine pounds, besides making him a present. . . . After this the congregation appointed a commit- tee to superintend the building of a church, which consisted of Andrew Steiger, Frederick Meyer, Jacob Kuhbord, John Soller, Valentine Loersh, and Con- rad Smith. These men made preparation to build, and with the means they had they built the best church they could. We then called tiie Rev. John Christian Faber to become our pastor, and we are all in peace and love." Previous to the year 1756 the con- gregation was occasionally visited by several German Reformed minister.?, among whom was Rev. Mr. Lacliey. In the early records of the first Lutheran congregation in this city, on Gay Street, we find "up to the year 1758 both Lutherans and German Re- form worshiped together, and great friendship and harmony prevailed. In that year they resolved to erect a house of worship in common, as each party was too weak to build alone; and it was at the same time determined that a pastor should be called by either church, as might best suit." Previous to this time they were occasionally visited by ministers of both churches. Although the Reformed account makes no mention of the two denominations worship- ing together up to a certain period, yet there can scarcely be a doubt of the fact as stated by the Lutheran records. It was usual in the beginning {and even now in very many instances) for the Lu- theran and Reformed to worship together in the same place, but maintaining for the most part separate or- ganizations. The first church building owned by the German Reformed congregation was built, as it would seem, about 1756-58. It was located on North Charles Street, nearly opposite to and south of the present St. Paul's Episcopal church. A deceased member of this congregation for more than forty years, and who, when a boy, used to worship with his parents in the old church on Charles Street, once wrote to a friend as follows : " Our first cliurch was located up North Charles Street, and was ap- proached witli difficulty, especially by the aged and infirm, on account of the steep hill of sand Ihey were obliged to climb every Sabbath in order to reach their hunible place of worship. At that time we had no cushioned s^-ats, no carpeted aisles, no sweet-toned orpan to aid in the musical exercises; no, not even a sto\e to warm the body. The cold northwest wind wonld pierce through the tender weather-boarding, and almost blow the light fabric off." Mr. Faber was pastor of this church about fourteen years. Towards the close of his ministry he met with great opposition from a portion of his congregation, who charged him, it is said, with coldness and lan- guor in his ministrations. They wished him to give place to a warm-hearted young preacher, a Rev. Mr. Swope, who had recently come from Germany. In this they did not succeed. Mr. Faber continued in his place, and the consequence was a division of the congregation in the year 1770. The opposition mem- bers withdrew, built a second Reformed church, and elected Mr. Swope as their pastor. Mr. Faber was succeeded by Rev. George Wallauer, and Mr. Wal- lauer by Rev. Charles Boehme, who was followed in September, 1783, by Rev. Nicholas Pomp. At this period Jacob Coberts, Frederick Meyer, Jacob Meyer, and Henry Zorah were the elders of the church, and Philip Cousins, Andrew Granget, and Philip Miller the deacons. Under the administration of Mr. Pomp the congregation resolved to build a new church at the northwest corner of Baltimore and Front Streets, and after considerable difficulty and opposition the corner-stone was laid on the 1st of September, 1785, 572 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. and on the 20th of June, 1787, the first service was held in the church.' In December, 1788, the church was incorporated. Mr. Pomp re-signed in November, 1789, and was suc- ceeded by Rev. George Troldenier on the 13th of Oc- tober, 1791. In 1796 the church edifice was sold to St. Paul's Episcopal Church, and was subsequently- known as Old Christ church. The ground selected as a site for a new church was situated on the north side of Second Street, nearly in the present bed of Holliday Street. The corner-stone of this building was laid on the 28th of April, 179G, and on the 24th of September, 1797, the edifice was dedicated. The dimensions of the church were fifty by eighty feet, and the architect and builder wiis Lewis Hening. The steeple was erected in 1805, and was nearly two hundred feet high. Mr. Troldenier died on the 12th of Decem- ber, 1800. He was succeeded in 1802 by Rev. John H. Dryer, who was followed in July, 1806, by Rev. Dr. Christian L. Becker. In February, 1818, a petition drawn up by Dr. M. Diffenderft'er, and signed by him and thirty-five other members, was presented to the Consistory, respectfully soliciting permission to have English preaching in the church on every Sabbath afternoon. This subject seems to have caused a great deal of excitement, and gave the pastor no little trouble and uneasiness. On the 12th of July, 1818, Dr. Becker suddenly died, and his death for a time put an end to further proceedings about English preaching. The Synod having granted the petition presented by a .committee consisting of Peter Difl'enderfFer and Jacob Hoffman, they invited the Rev. Lewis Mayer to pay them a visit and preach in German and English. On Sabbath morning, Sept. 27, 1818, Dr. Mayer preached a discourse in the German language to a very large congregation, and in the afternoon he preached another in the English language (which was the first sermon ever delivered in this church in English) to an immense concourse of people. The excitement was intense. Some of the members, re- garding English preaching as an innovation that ought not to be tolerated, threatened violence to the minister, and said and did many things that they afterwards regretted. On the 10th of February, 1819, the Rev. Albert Helft'enstein, Sr., then pastor of the German Reformed congregation of Carlisle, Pa., was unanimously invited to the psistorate of this church, and about the 1st of July in the same year he iiringaset 1 Jan. 6, 1789, a lottei-j' was advertised for the |)iir|) of bells for the use of tlie" German Ecfoinj.Ml ri,,,,, i, .i, it,,„ ,,!•» Hill,'" opposite St. Paul's cliurch. The iiiaiiagcrB «. I I ; -, i I, William Gibson, Alexauder McKim, Wui. M(;I,«ii,l:Ii I i. I u.ls, I'eler Flick, James MeCannon, Peter Boose, .l.-lni ^ Iml!,, , r, i, [ llnfiman, Martin Eichelborger, and .Incob Meyer. And in tlic same jear $;ifi8(i was raised by lottery to complete the "High German Reformed Presbyterian church on Jones* Kails near Philpot's bridge." The managers were Wm. McLoughliu, Samuel Street, Ileiiry Schroeder, Adam Gantz, George Frauciscus.Charles.Sw;.! I. , l.lii, w n, n, i vprlau Wells, Frederick Yeiser, JacobKotbrock.ChiiBi 1 i ^h I el DilTenderOer, Jacob Miller, Erasmus Ubler, Geui^' I.. i ; l>il1'underffer, Jobu Hasseback, Nicholas Tschudy, and J.i.,,1, llu;;m..;.. preached his introductory discourse. As years rolled away German preaching became less and less fre- quent, and in the year 1827 it was abandoned by the pastor altogether. Mr. Helffenstein tendered his resignation to the Consistory in April, 1835, which was accepted, and in September following he preached his valedictory discourse, and immediately left with his family for Ohio. In November, 1835, Rev. Elias Heiner, the last pastor of this church, received a unanimous call, and on the first Sabbath in January, 1836, he delivered his introductory discourse, from Genesis Iv. 24, "See that ye fall not out by the way." On the 8th of December, 1850, Mr. Heiner delivered in the Second Street church a centenary sermon on the occasion of the centenary celebration. After a pastorate of more than a quarter of a century, Dr. Heiner died on the 20th of October, 1863, and was succeeded by Rev. E. R. Eschbach. The opening of Holliday Street necessitated the removal of the ven- erable edifice, and the closing services were held in it on the 8th of July, 1866. On the 29th of October, 1866, the corner-stone of the present edifice, on the west side of Calvert Street, south of Read, was laid, and the church was dedicated on the 6th of October, 1867. The present jiastor is Rev. Joel T. Kossiter. Aisquith Street German) Reformed Church. — When tlie First (iernian Reformed church on Second Street was removed to make way for the extension of Holliday Street, the congregation determined to build two new churches, one in the northeastern and the other in the western section of the city. In pursu- ance of this determination the congregation divided, and while one part proceeded to build the First Re- formed church on Calvert near Read Street, the other erected a church on Aisquith Street near McElderry. The corner-stone of the Aisquith Street church was laid Sept. 24, 1876, and the edifice was dedicated Oct. 13, 1867. Its present pastor is Rev. Gustave Facius. The Third Reformed Church, northeast comer of Paca and Saratoga Streets, was an offshoot from the Second Street Church. The corner-stone was laid on the 9th of April, 1844, and the church was dedicated on the 2d of February, 1845. Rev. Dr. Wolff" was the first pastor. The present pastor is Rev. C. Clever. St. Paul's (English) Reformed Church was an offshoot from the Third Reformed Church, corner of Paca and Saratoga Streets. In August, 1879, St. Paul's coiiL'i-egatioii pureliased the Northwest Mission chiiirh, on Lexiiiutou Sticc-t near ( 'annllton Avenue. St. Johannes' (German) Reformed Church, on Calvert Street near Saniloga, was organized in June, 1845. Tlie pa-stor is Rev. C. Borchers. Fifth German Reformed Church.— The first church edifice of the Fifth German Reformed con- gregation, situated on Canton Avenue, east of Broad- way, was dedicated on the 3d of October, 1858. On the 8th of November, 1866, the church was seriously damaged by fire. The corner-stone of the present structure. Canton Avenue east of Broadway, was laid RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 573 on the 17th of March, 1867, and the building was dedicated on the 21st of July in the same year. The pastor is Rev. Marcus Bachman. The Emmanuel or Sixth German Reformed Church was the outgrowth of the old Second Street CInirch. The congregation worshiped for some time in China Hall, West Baltimore Street, but on the 22d of September, 1867, the corner-stone of the edifice, northwest corner of Saratoga and Schroeder Streets, was laid, and on the 21st of June, 1868, the building was dedicated. Kev. John Voegeling was the first pastor. The present pastor is Eev. J. Conrad Hauser. TJNITED BRETHREN. The denomination of the United Brethren in Christ had its origin and organization more than a century ago under Rev. William Otterbein, a learned and de- voted German divine, who had formerly been a minister in the Lutheran Church. Mr. Otterbein came to Balti- more in 1770, and in 1774 he organized what he called an Evangelical Reformed Church, which became the centre of a considerable conference of churches under the name of United Brethren, of which he and the Rev. Martin Boehm were the first superintendents or bishops. The congregation of this church was composed of those who had seceded from the First German Re- formed Church a few years before, under the leader- ship of Rev. Mr. Swope. In 1775 the lot on Conway Street near Sharpe was purchased, and a wooden structure erected on the site of the present church. In 1784 the present edifice was built, and bells which were cast in Bremen were placed in position in the belfry. Mr. Otterbein remained pastor of the church in Conway Street until his death, which occurred on the 17th of November, 1813. He has been succeeded in the pastorate of Otterbein Church by Rev. Mr. Schaetfer, Rev. Mr. Snyder, Rev. Mr. Neidig, Rev. William Brown, Rev. John Krack, Rev. John Miller, Rev. John Russel, Rev. Mr. Hermann, Bishop John Russel (second term). Bishop Erb, Rev. Henry Schrob, Rev. John A. Sand, Rev. Charles Snyder, Rev. Nehe- miah Altman, and Rev. Jacob Doerkson. In 1874 the church was renovated and improved both inter- nally and externally. Rev. A. Kraus is the present pastor; Rev. J. J. Grosbenner is the bishop. Otterbein Chapel, corner of Scott and St. Peter Streets, is a branch of Otterbein Church. The cor- ner-stone was laid on the 30th of June, 1857, and the basement of the edifice was dedicated on the 27th of December of the same year. The building was en- tirely completed and dedicated on the 27th of March, 1859. The present pastor is Rev. J. P. Anthony. Third Church of the United Brethren.— The corner-stone of the Third Church of the United Brethren, southwest corner of Lombard and Fulton Streets, was laid on the 21st of October, 1866, and the edifice was dedicated on the 21st of March, 1869. The pastor is Rev. Job Light. Fifth Church of the United Brethren.— The Fifth Church of the United Brethren, George Street and Clinton Avenue, was dedicated on the 7th of July, 1872. The pastor is Rev. J. P. Smith. Salem Mission. — Salem Mission was organized on the 22d of February, 1871, with Rev. H. Sclichter as pastor. .A temporary chapel was at once erected, and July 25, J872, the corner-stone of the present brick church, near the corner of Francis and Retreat Streets, was laid. The lower part of the building was dedicated Jan. 13, 1873, and the upper part June 21, 1874. Mr. Sclichter was succeeded in 1875 by Rev. S. A. Mowers, and he was succeeded in 1879 by Rev. J. W. Etter, the present pastor. Salem Mission was declared self-sustaining in March, 1880. METHODISM.i The first Methodist society in Maryland, or indeed in America (except that at Savannah, Ga.), was formed in 1760, near Sam's or Pipe Creek, in Fred- erick County, by Robert Strawbridge, a Wesleyan lay preacher from Ire- land. In 1769, Mr. Wesley, in answer to repeated requests, sent his first mis- sionaries to Amer- ica, and among theiu John King, who in 1770 preached the first Methodist ser- mon ever delivered in Baltimore. His first sermon was deliveied from a blacksmith's block at the corner of Front and French (Bath) Streets, where he met with great success. He next took his stand on a table on the corner of Balti- more and Calvert Streets. It is related that on one occasion, " it being a general training-day of the militia, many of whom were intoxicated, — this drunken rabble being among the congregation, — took it into their heads to annoy the preacher, upset the table, and landed the speaker on the ground." The captain of the company saved the preacher from further insult. He was afterwards invited to preach in St. Paul's Episcopal church, where, it is said, " he made the dust fly from the old velvet cushion" of the pulpit. John King was the man to whom Mr. Wesley gave the advice: "Scream no more at the peril of your soul. It is said of our Lord, ' He shall not cry ;' the word properly means ' He shall not 1 The sketches of the churches of B;iltiniore would have been more complefe had the interest showu by their pastors been greater. Every effort was made to cbtaiu full and accurate accounts from official sources, but scarcely more than a dozen replies were received to nearly four hun- dred communications addressed personally to the ministers in charge. The various church histories bad, therefore, to be compiled from sucb materials as could be obtained witliout tlie co-operation of those who should have been the first to render aid. To this tliere were several ex- ceptions, among them notably Rev. Dr. Bitting, to whom the author is greatly indebted for important material in connection with the Baptist Churches. 574 HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. scream.'" He asked for the use of St. Paul's a second time, but being refused, he preached to the people from the sidewalk as they came out of the church.' It would seem that the first to open his house to the new preaclier was " an Irishman called Capt. Patton, at Fell's Point," in 1772. When his " house was too small to hold the hearers, a sail-loft at the corner of Mills and Block Streets, was occupied. The same year Mr. William Moore, of Baltimore Town, opened his house, at the southeast corner of AVater and South Streets, for preaching ; also Mrs. Triplett, a member of the German Reformed Church, opened her dwelling, at the corner of Baltimore Street and Triplett's Alley" (now Post-Office Avenue). Mr. Asbury's first visit to Baltimore was about the middle of November, 1772. He came in company with John King, and stayed all night, but says nothing of preaching by either of them. On Saturday, 28th of the same month, he says, " I preached at the Point, the first time. Lord's day, 30th. I rode to the Point, and after preaching to a large congregation, returned to town and dined with William Moore. I preached in town both at three and six o'clock." About No- vember, 1773, Mr. Asbury, assisted by Jesse Holling.s- worth, George Wells, Richard Moale, George Robin- son, and John Woodward, purchased (at five shil- lings) the lot sixty feet on Strawberry Alley (now Dal- las Street), and seventy-five feet on Fleet Street, for a house of worship, and erected a brick church, Mr. Asbury laying the corner-stone. The date of its completion is not known, but when finished it was at- tended by people from all parts of the town, as far as Light Street, and from the country round about. The church was in what was then the court section of the town, and near there, on Block Street, it is said, the nuptials of the young Bonaparte and the beautiful Baltimorean, Miss Patterson, were celebrated. The people attending the church brought provisions and stayed all day, even in winter, though there was then no fire in the church to heat it. This edifice was a large, low building of brick, with an old-fashioned tub pulpit and a "sounding-board" above it. On the wall behind the pulpit was a wide half-circle of blue, on which, in letters of gold, appeared the words, "Thou, God, seest me." In 1802 the church was given to a colored congregation, by which it was oc- cupied until 1877, the white congregation removing to the Wilks Street church, now called the Eastern Avenue church. The building is now used as a colored society liall, and has been modified within and without. Lovely Lane Chapel and Light Street Church. — The following year William Moore and Philip Rogers took up two lots of ground for the erec- tion of a church on Lovely Lane, which ran imme- I William Walters, born in Baltimore County. Oct 10, 1751, was tho first native American who became a regnlar itinerant Methodist preacher. Kiclmrd Owings, also of Maryland, wm the flrst local Metho- dist ijreaclier of American birth in tliis country. diately south of Baltimore Street, near the present bed of German Street, extending from Calvert to I South Street. The foundations were laid on the I 18th of April, 1774, and in October it was so far completed that Capt. Webb, the British officer and I local preacher, delivered the first sermon in it. On the 21st of May, 1776, the fourth Methodist Con- ference held in the country, and the first held in Bal- timore, met in the Lovely Lane chapel, and it is said on good authority was composed of twenty-three itinerants.^ On the 27th of December, 1784, the thirteenth Conference of the Methodist societies of the United States met in the Lovely Lane meeting-house and organized the " Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States of America;" and here Rev. Thomas Coke, LL.D., ordained Rev. Francis Asbury, the first bishop of the church in America. It appears that the chapel was " refitted up for this important convo- cation ; some of the seats, which before were only common benches, had backs put to them, a gallery was put in, and for the first time it had a stove in it to warm it." While this Conference was in ses.sion Rev. Dr. John Andrews, rector of St. Thomas' P. E. parish, in Baltimore County, and Rev. Dr. William West, rector of St. Paul's P. E. parish of Baltimore, undertook to effect a reconciliation between the Methodist and Episcopal bodies. With this object Dr. Coke and Mr. Asbury were invited by Mr. West to tea, and they came, bringing with them Mr. Gough. "I took occasion," writes Mr. Andrews, "to observe that we had seen Mr. Wesley's letter to Dr. Coke and Mr. Asbury, as also a book entitled ' The Sunday Ser- vice of the Methodists.' " Dr. Andrews then followed this remark with statements respecting the hopes en- tertained with regard to these gentlemen, — there being " no real difference between us," — and the plan of church government recently adopted by the Episco- pal Convention at Annapolis, and asked "what oc- casion there could be for a separation from us on the score of church government?" Mr. Asbury replied that " the difference between us lay not so much in I doctrines and forms of worship, as in experience and ' practice." But neither of them would accede to the suggestions there made. A day or two afterwards Dr. ' Andrews called on Dr. Coke at his lodgings to urge 1 on him once more the union of the two churches, but found that " the contempt and aversion with i which the Methodists had always been treated in . England" and in this country was an effectual bar in the way of the accomplishment of his purposes. Thus ended this effort to effect a reconciliation be- I tween the Methodist and Episcopal Churches. The I rapid growth of Methodism soon rendered the Lovely ! Lane chapel too small to accommodate its congrega- 2 The Annual Conferences of 1773, 1774, aud.1775 were held in Phila- delphia, but from that period onward, until the organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Conferences wore held in Baltimore, and it was recognized aa the central point of Methodism. Alter the General " OhriBlmas Conference" of 1784 every General Conference mot in Baltimore until 1811!. KELIGIGUS DENOMINATIONS. 575 tion, aud arrangements were made to erect the first Light Street church on the northwest corner of Light Street and Wine Alley. The building was accord- ingly commenced in August, 1785, being forty-six feet front by seventy deep. On May 21, 1786, the church was dedicated to worship by Bishop Asbury. There was a sort of parsonage or preacher's house adjoining the church, which Bishop Asbury and others frequently occupied. The subject of liberal education engaged the attention of Bishops Coke and Asbury and their early fellow-laborers, and at the close of the Conference in 1785 " a plan for erecting a college, intended to advance religion in America, to be presented to the principal members and friends of the Methodist Episcopal Church," was decided on and signed by the two superintendents. A site was selected in Abingdon, Harford Co., Md., and the two superintendents called the college when finished, after their own names, " Cokesbury College." On the 8th, 9th, and 10th of December, 1787, the college was opened, and Mr. Asbury preached each day. On the 4th of December, 1795, the college was destroyed by fire. The Methodists of Baltimore rallied to the relief of the church, and a large assembly or ball- room on the corner opposite the first Light Street church was purchased and the college reopened under favorable auspices. A sad 'trial, however, awaited both the church and college. On the 4th of December, 1796, while the pastor, Eev. Henry Willis, was conducting the funeral ser- vices of Patrick Calvin, a fire, originating in a neigh- boring building, spread to the church, which with the college on the opposite side of the street was totally destroyed. The erection of a new church was at once determined upon, aud a lot was obtained from Daniel Grant on the southwest corner of Light Street and Wine Alley, and on the 29th of October, 1797, the new Light Street church was dedicated by Bishop Asbury. In 1787-88 Methodism greatly in- creased in Baltimore, and a plan was adopted of preaching in the Lexington Market, on Howard's Hill, every Sunday afternoon after the services in the churches were over. Kev. Jesse Lee preached at these places as well as on the Point frequently at this period, and his labors were crowned with marked success. According to the " minutes of the Methodist Conferences," the preachers stationed in Baltimore during the period between 1773 and 1775 were the following: 1773, Francis Asbury, Robert Strawbridge, Abraham Whitworth, Joseph Yearley ; 1774, George Shadford, Edward Drumgole, Richard Webster, Robert Lindsay ; 1775, Martin Rodder, Richard Owings, John Wade. Charles Street M. E. Church.— In 1869 it was found necessary to remove Light Street church to make way for the extension of German Street, and on the 23d ■of September a series of closing services were held in the old building. Shortly afterwards the congregation purchased the Charles Street Methodist Episcopal church, northeast corner of Charles and Fayette Streets, and the parsonage on Eutaw Street, for the sum of one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. The pastor of the former is Rev. J. B. Stitt. The presiding elders of the church in Baltimore in 1881 are: Baltimore District, W. S. Edwards; East Baltimore District, W. H. Chapman ; and West Bal- timore District, Job A. Price. Exeter Street M. E. Church was organized in 1789, and a place of worship erected on the site of the pres- ent edifice in the same year. It was originally known as the Green Street church, Exeter Street formerly bearing the name of Green Street. In 1850 it was determined to replace the old structure with one of a more commodious and modern character, and on the 16th of July of that year the corner-stone of the pres- ent edifice, Exeter Street near Gay, was laid. On the 5th of October, 1851, the building was dedicated, the pulpit during the day and evening being occupied by Bishop James, Eev. Dr. Durhin, and Rev. Henry Slicer. In 1876 the church had a membership of three hundred and eleven, and a Sunday-school of i two hundred and fifty-six scholars. Rev. A. S. Hank is the present pastor. East Baltimore M. E. Church, on Eastern Avenue, j east of Bond Street, was built in 1802 by the congre- ! gation of the old Dallas Street church, and was for many years known as Wilks Street church. In 1861 it was remodeled and improved and its name changed to the Eastern Aveuue church, under which title it was reopened on the 25tli of April of that year. Rev. J. R. i Wheeler is the present pastor. Madison Square M. E. Church.— The corner-stone of Madison Square church, northeast corner of Caro- line and Eager Streets, was laid on the 13th of June, 1866, and the building was dedicated June 9, 1867. Rev. Richard Norris is the present pastor. Eutaw Street M. E. Church, on Eutaw above Mul- berry Street, was commenced in 1807, and the following persons were appointed to solicit subscriptions: Owen Dorsey, N. Hussey, Walter Simpson, John Baxley, William Hawkins, Isaac Burneston, Jesse Hollings- worth, Rev. George Roberts, and Rev. Michael Coats. The building was completed in 1808, and dedicated by Bishop Asbury. The building stood on the present site, but in the rear of the lot, with a large yard in front. In 1853 the present large front was added to the rear building, giving ample space below on the ground-floor for class-rooms, and a large lecture-room, with a fine Sunday-school room, over these. This im- provement made Eutaw Street church at that time the most complete ecclesiastical edifice in the city in its appointments and arrangements. Beneath its pul- pit for years rested the remains of Bishops Asbury and Emory, and though they have been removed to the preachers' lot in Mount Olivet Cemetery, the tablet with its dates and inscriptions still occupies its place in the rear of the church. A marble pulpit has replaced the original pulpit, which, however, is 576 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. still retained in tlie possession of the church as a val- uable relic, and is a splendid specimen of woodwork and upholstery. Up to 1869 the church was part of the old city station, but in that year was made a sepa- rate charge, with Rev. John S. Inskip as pastor, who served until 1871. He was succeeded by Rev. Dr. A. H. Ames, who was followed in 1874 by Rev. Dr. W. H. HoUiday, who served until 1877. Rev. Dr. J. McReiily succeeded Dr. Holliday, and was followed in 1879 by the present pastor. Rev. Dr. W. B. Edwards. 15cfore 1809 the cliurch was served by the pastors of the city station. Whatcoat M. E. Church.— The congregation of this cliurch was organized in 1833, and Whatcoat chaiiel, North Fremont Street, near Pennsylvania Avenue, was built the same year. April 4, 1870, the corner-stone of Whatcoat church, corner Strieker and Presstman Streets, was laid. Among other things placed in the corner-stone was a piece of Bishop Whalcdat's coffin, the fragment having been brought frciin Havre de Grace, where he is buried. On the 14th of May, 1871, the church was dedicated by Bishop Ames, assisted by a number of other minis- ters. On the 21st of March, 1872, the chapel was o|)Pned as a mission of St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church. Rev. A. E. Gibson is the pastor. Mount Vernon M. E. Church.— The congregation of this church was an offshoot from the old Light Street Church, the younger members of which de- siring more commodious quarters a separation took place, and a new church was organized on the 13th of April, 1843. At this meeting the following per- sons were chosen trustees : Comfort Tiffany, Joshua Dryden, Wm. McConkey, Thomas E. Bond, Joseph C. Wilson, Chapin A. Harris, and Joshua Royston. A charter was obtained shortly afterwards, and the erection of the church, northeast corner of Charles and Fayette Streets, was begun, the lot having been purchased in 1840. On the Itith of May, 1843, the corner-stone was laid by Bishop Waugh, and on the 2r)th of March, 1844, the church was dedicated by Rev. Joshua Soule, senior bishop of the denomination. The building committee were Comfort Tiffany, Job Smith, Joshua Dryden, James Williams, and John Hurst. Jacob Woll was architect and builder. The sale of pews took place on March 21, 1844, when the first choice was purchased at a premium of one hun- dred and fifty dollars by Col. Cowles, who selected pew 47. In 1869 the Light Street congregation made an offer of one hundred and ten thousand dollars for the church and parsonage, and on the 6th of July this offer was accepted. Among the pastors were Rev. Edwin Dorsey, John M. Jones, W. B. Edwards, G. A. Coffin, Thomas B. Sargent, Wm. Hurst, Jr., Littleton J. Morgan, B. F. Brooke, R. L. Dashiell, John S. Martin, W. T. Ward, Thomas Sewell, An- drew Longacre, and Thomas M. Eddy. The Sunday- school was commenced May 26, 1844, and formally opened Sunday, June 2d, with thirty-nine boys and thirty -one girls. Alfred Cookraan was the first teacher enrolled, and among the other teachers were Mrs. A. Childs, Miss Elizabeth McConkey, Miss Childs, Miss Longston, James A. Longston, A. Childs, Edward T. Owens, John O. Reid, John Howard, and F. G. Waters. The first superintendent of the Sunday-school was George Boughman, and he was followed by Joshua Royston, C. R. Fite, R. M. Lockwood, John Thomas Smith, and B. F. Parlett. After the sale of the edi- fice, northeast corner of Charles and Fayette Streets, a fine site was purchased on the northeast corner of Charles and Monument Streets, and preparations commenced for the erection of a new church. On the 26th of September, 1870, the corner-stone of the present Mount Vernon church was laid, and on the 21st of November, 1872, the magnificent structure was formally dedicated. The building committee under whose supervision the church was erected were Dr. Eddy, chairman; John Hurst, senior member, by whom the delivery to the trustees was made at the dedication ; Edward Roberts, Henry C. Smith, Jacob H. Taylor, Dr. H. M. Wilson, W. H. Heald, J. S. Berry, and B. F. Parlett. The trustees of the church at that time were L. L. Parker, W. B. Hill, W. G. Goslin, E. W. Roberts, Alexander Rob- inson, James Owens, Dr. B. H. Bull, C. P. Stevens, and R. Stocket Matthews. The value of the church property is about $350,000. Rev. Thomas Guard is the present pastor. Causeway Mission M. E. Church, on Eastern Avenue, was built by the Causeway Mission Society, and was dedicated on the 30th of January, 1853. Emory M. E. Church. — The corner-stone of Emory M. E. Church, Pennsylvania Avenue, north of Hoff- man Street, was laid on the 2d of September, 1844. by Rev. J. P. Durwin, assisted by Rev. J. A. Collins. The ground on which the church stands was donated by John Zimmerman. The architect was Jacob Wall, and the building committee were Messrs. Comfort Tiffany, C. Abell, Aaron Hoffman, R. Brunt, J. Craft, A. B. Conine, E. Tucker, John Zimmerman, and John Scott. The pastor is Rev. Samuel Shannon. Broadway M. E. Church (German) was organ- ized in 1844 by Rev. A. Miller. The first location of the church edifice was on the corner of Lombard and Bond Streets. The corner-stone of that building was laid on the 10th of October, 1844, and the edifice dedicated by Bishop Waugh on the 26th of January, 1845. In September, 1849, the board of trustees sold the building to Rev. Robert Piggott for the purpose of an Episcopal Church, and removed to Ann Street, south of Eastern Avenue. On the 5th of June, 1S54, the corner-stone of the present church, Broadway, near Bank Street, was laid, and the lecture-room was dedicated in the latter part of November of the same year. The completed edifice was dedicated on the 22d of April, 1855. Fayette Street M. E. Church.— The corner-stone of Fayette Street church, on Fayette Street, east of 11, Everts, PnbliBhor. MOUNT VERNON PLACE M. E. CHURCH, BALTIMORE, MD. EELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Fremont, was laid Sept. 3, 1833, and the edifice was completed and dedicated in October, 1834. Rev. John Lanahan is the present pastor. Madison Avenue M. E. Church.— The corner- stone of Madison Avenue church, southeast corner of Madison Avenue and Townsend Streets, was laid on the 1st of July, 1857, by Bishop Waugh. The base- ment was occupied in December, 1858, and the church dedicated by Bishop Simpson on the 22d of May, 1859. The building committee was composed of Messrs. Charles J. Baker, Samuel Harris, David Tay- lor, Francis A. Crook, David E. Thomas, John Bran- nan, Siilomon Allen, and Philip Hiss. The pastor is licv. H. R. Naylor. Seamen's Union Bethel.— The first meeting to or- ganize a Seamen's Bethel was held in 1823, when the following officers were elected : James H. McCuUoh, president; Thomas Tenant, captain; Arch. Kerr, Alexander Fridge, and Capt. James Gibson, vice- jiresidents; James Brundige, treasurer; O. Kellogg, secretary ; Capt. William Graham, Talbot Jones, John Clark, Isaiah Mankin, James Corner, and others, di- rectors. The first chaplain was Rev. Stephen Wil- liams, who served from 1823 to 1836. He was fol- lowed by Rev. John Smith, Rev. Hezekiah Best, Rev. E. E. Allen, Rev. Reuben Sewal, Rev. Gideon Day, Rev. Henry Furlong, Rev. Henry Slicer, and Rev. Francis Macatney. Rev. C. McElfresh is the present chaplain. The first regular meeting, by Rev. Stephen Williams, was held in a sail-loft on Pratt Street. Afterwards services were held in a room belonging to Capt. Frazier, on Fell's Point. The first Bethel church was built in 182(5 in Philpot (now Block) Street, not far from the bridge. The corner-stone of the present church, corner of Aliceanna and Bethel Streets, was laid July 22, 1844, Rev. H. Best, chap- lain, through whose efforts it was erected. It was dedicated Feb. 23, 1845. The old church in Philpot Street was torn down, and other edifices erected on its site. The first Sunday-school and Bible class were organized in 1829, and still form an important part of the work. Mr. James Brundige was treasurer for thirty-nine years. Its present officers are Capt. Alex- ander Jones, president ; C. Morton Stewart, George Corner, Charles H. Mercer, vice-presidents ; George Sanders, secretary ; Thomas V. Brundige, treasurer. Among its directors are Thomas Whitridge, Charles J. Baker, Charles H. Mercer, Benjamin F. Parlett, Grenville Lord, E. D. Bigelow, C. Morton Stewart, Rev. George J. Zimmerman, F. W. Heath, Lewis Cassard, Capt. L. P. Baldwin, and William H. Craw- ford. Connected with the work is a "Society for the Re- lief of Widows and Orphans of Seamen," which was organized almost as early as the Bethel itself. It consists of a board of twenty ladies of the different religious denominations, and has on its rolls the names of about forty beneficiaries. Mrs. Capt. Cof- fin is the president of the society. Columbia Street M. E. Church.— The first church edifice was erected in 1840. On the 24th of April, 1843, the corner-stone of the present edifice, on Co- lumbia Street, east of Fremont, was laid by Bishop Waugh, and on the 11th of February, 1844, the build- ing was dedicated by the same bishop. Rev. J. St. C. O'Neale is the pastor. Harford Avenue M. E. German Chapel is a [ mission of the Broadway German Church, and is sit- I uated on the corner of Harford Avenue and Federal j Street. The corner-stone of the chapel was laid Aug. 5, 1873, and it was dedicated on the 5th of October of ' the same year. The Sailors' City Bethel had its origin in the Sea- men's Floating Bethel, established on the time-hon- ored old ship "William Penn" in 1846, which was specially fitted up for its new purpose, and dedicated on the 11th of October in that year. Rev. D. H. Switzer was its first pastor. In 1852 the Floating Bethel was abandoned, and a Sailors' Bethel was j erected on Lee Street, near Light. This building be- coming unavailable, the corner-stone of the present Bethel, on Hill Street, between Charles and Light Streets, was laid on the 29th of October, 1868, and the lecture-room was dedicated on the 18th of April, 1869. Franklin Street M. E. Church, on Franklin Street, near Fremont, was dedicated on the 14th of November, 1841. On the 24th of March, 1851, the corner-stone of the present edifice, Franklin and Poppleton Streets, was laid, the chapel having been sold to the school commissioners for a primary school. On the 24th of August, 1851, the basement was dedicated, and on the 18th of June, 1854, the whole building was dedicated by Rev. Mr. Tiffany, of Dickinson College. The building committee was composed of Messrs. Benja- min Darby, James Peregoy, David Carson, Jr., Isaac Mules, S. T. W. Daily, Elijah Hughes, and Benjamin Bigham. Rev. G. W. Cooper is the pastor. Chester Street M. E. Church, corner Chester and j Orleans Streets, was organized in May, 1857. A lot was donated by William Patterson, and a chapel, called Fairmount Chapel, was built and dedicated, October, 1857, by Rev. H. Slicer, D.D. This chapel was removed in 1871 and a larger one erected, called "Patterson Chapel," which was dedicated on the 11th of June in that year. In 1877 the chapel was en- larged and an addition erected, the corner-stone of which was laid in September of that year. The church was incorporated April 24, 1878. It has a membership of over four hundred. The first pastor was Rev. S. L. M. Couser, who was followed by Rev. I P. B. Reese, Rev. C. H. Smith, Rev. H. France, and j Rev. J. P. Wilson. Rev. Henry Nice is its present pastor. j Light Street German M. E. Church, on Light I Street, above West, was dedicated on the 3d of August, I 1873. The congregation was organized in 1868. Union Square M. E. Church.— The site of Union ' Square Methodist Episcopal church, southwest corner 578 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of Lombard and Calhoun Streets, was donated in 1853 by the Messrs. Donnell to the Fayette Street station for the erection of a church, and on the 26th of Sep- tember of that year the corner-stone of the edifice was laid by Rev. John A. Gere, assisted by Rev. J. McKendree Reilly and Rev. Isaac P. Cook. The basement of the churcli was dedicated on the 28th of May, 1854, and the completed edifice was dedicated on Sunday, March 4, 18.55, Bishop Waugh conducting 1 prayer, with sermons by Bishop Janes, Rev. John I Baer, and Rev. Tliomas B. Sergeant. The stationed preachers. Rev. John A. Gere and Rev. Thomas M. Reese, also assisted in the exercises. The church was built under the auspices of the Fayette Street station. The building committee were Messrs. James Peregoy, John M. Buck, Matthew Gault, Benjamin F. Darby, and Thomas Harvey. Before the erection of the church the congregation had worshiped in a small school-house in Republican Street. The first pastor was Rev. Thomas Sevvell. Under the pastorate of Rev. Joseph France the most noted revival ever held in Baltimore occurred in the church, through the in- strumentality of the celebrated revivalist, Rev. Thomas Harrison. The revival continued for more than five months, and resulted in the conversion of a thousand persons, about five hundred of whom connected tliem- selves with the Union Square Church. The edifice will seat about nine hundred persons, but is not large enough for the present congregation. The present pastor is Rev. G. G. Baker. Strawbridge M. E. Church.— The corner-stone of Strawbridge churcli, northeast corner of Riddle Street and Linden Avenue, was laid Sept. 4, 1845. The edi- fice was completed and dedicated in November, 1848. It was erected under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal society formerly known as the " Howard Street Station." Rev. J. F. Goucher is the pastor. High Street M. E. Church.— The corner-stone of High Street church, corner of High and Stiles Streets, was laid June 12, 1843, and the building was dedi- cated June 2, 1844. Rev. E. D. Owen is the pastor. WiUiam Street M. E. Church.— The first church edifice was purchased in 1834. On the 11th of Sep- tember, 1850, tlie corner-stone of the present edifice, on the site, of the old, southwest corner of William and Little Church Streets, was laid, and the building was dedicated on the 22d of June, 1851. Rev. R. W. Black is the present pastor. Pennsylvania Avenue M. E. Church (German). — This church, southeast corner of Pennsylvania Ave- nue and Mosher Street, was founded in 1847 by the Rev. Mr. Brenner, and the erection of the church building was begun in 1848. On the 26th of Novem- ber, 1848, the basement was dedicated, and on Dec. 9, 1849, the entire edifice was dedicated. It was formerly known as the Western German Mission. In 1873 the old building was removed, and on August 4th of that year the corner-stone of the present structure was laid. The edifice was dedicated March 1, 1874. 1 Eutaw Zion's M. E. Chapel.— The corner stone of this chapel, Fremont and Eutaw Streets, was laid on the 19th of April, 1874, and the chapel was dedi- cated on the 7th of June of the same year. The congregation formed a part of the old Zion Church, corner of Howard and Hill Streets. Greenmount Avenue M. E. Church, on the north- west corner of Greenmount Avenue and Eager Street, was dedicated on the l!)th of February, 1860. Rev. Win. E. Bird is the jiiistor. Monument Street M. E. Church, at the corner of Monument and Stirling Streets, was built in 1834. Tlie pastor is Rev. Wm. T. L. Weech. Jefferson Street M. E. Church was originally a branch of the Caroline Street station. Jefferson Street chapel, on Jefferson Street, a short distance east of Caroline, was built in 1844, and dedicated on the 23d of June of that year by Rev. Henry Slicer. On the 31st of August, 1854, the corner-stone of I lie edifice, southeast corner of Bond and Jefferson Srru.'ts, was laid by Bishop Waugli, and a portion of it dedicated in December of the same year by Bishop Simpson. Rev. B. G. W. Reid is the present pastor. Huntingdon Avenue M. E. Church.- Tlie erec- tion of this church, corner of Huntingdon and Mary- land Avenues, was begun in 1860, and the lecture- room vva.s dedicated on the 14th of April, 1861. The church proper was not dedicated until Oct. 7, 1866. The ground on which the church stands was donated by Messrs. Robert G. Ware and Samuel Sumwalt. The building committee was composed of Messrs. Henry Bell, Philip Hanson Hiss, Henry Shirk, Samuel Bratt, Wm. A. Monroe, and Joseph Merryman. Rev. C. W. Baldwin is the present pastor. Fort McHenry M. E. Church.— In 18.50 a soldiers' chapel was built at Fort McHenry, which was dedi- cated on the 17th of November of that year. Within the last few years a church has taken the place of the chapel. Harford Avenue M. E. Church had its origin in a Sunday-school room and chapel, the corner-stone of which was laid on the 18th of May, 1843. On the 29th of May, 18.50, the corner-stone of the church, on the corner of Harford Avenue and Biddle Streets, was laid by Rev. Joshua Wills, then in the eighty- sixth year of his age and the sixty-first year of his ministry, assisted by the Rev. Henry Smith, then in the eighty -second year of his age and the fifty-eighth year of his ministry. The building was dedicated on the 5th of January, 1851. The building committee was composed of Messrs. Sterling Thomas, James F. Purvis, Samuel McVey, Abraham Slicer, and E. I. Church. In 1874 the building was remodeled and the corner-stone taken up and relaid. Rev. J. J. G. Webster is the pastor. Hanover Street M. E. Church, northwest comer of Hanover and Hamburg Streets, was organized in 1857. The conici-stonc was laid Dec. 31, 1857, and the church was dedicated on the 18th of April, 1858. KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. In 1880 the church was remodeled and enlarged by the addition of another story. Its first pastor was | Rev. Thomas M. Carson, and he was followed sue- I cessively by Bevs. Jno. R. Effingen, W. L. Ward, H. Macnamar, J. Sargant, R. R. Murphy, S. H. Cum- 1 mings, B. G. W. Reid, J. Arnold, Geo. W. Hyde, J. ' D. Moore, and T. L. Poulson. W. Hirst Reed is the present pastor. Gilmor Street M. E. Church, a frame structure, northeast corner of Gilmor and Mulberry Streets, was dedicated on the 19th of December, 1875, by Bishops Ames. In 1880 it was sold to a colored congregation, and torn down in the early part of 1881. Appold M. E. Chapel, corner of Chase and Wash- ington Streets, was dedicated Dec. 1, 1872, by Bishops Harris and Ames. The ground on which the chapel stands was donated by the Messrs. Appold. Present pastor is Rev. C. E. Young. Caroline Street M. E. Church, Fell's Point, was completed in 1819, and was dedicated on the 11th of April of that year. On the 20th of September, 1857, the corner-stone of the Sunday-school building in the rear of the church was laid, and on Sunday, Jan. 10, 1858, the edifice was formally dedicated. The sermon was preached by Rev. O. H. Tiffany. Sunday afternoon, April 22, 1860, services were held in com- memoration of the recent payment of the church debt, which had oppressed the congregation for many years. Rev. Joseph France is the present pastor. Baltimore City Mission M. E. Church, under the supervision of Rev. S. H. Cummings, is designed to reach those classes who, from various causes, are sel- dom or never brought within the range of the ordi- nary methods of church-work. Its object is to gather into Sunday-schools and churches those who may be willing to attend, and to extend assistance, both tem- poral and s|iiiitii:il, to the destitute and distressed. j Wesley Chapel was originally part of what was | known as " the city station," consisting of several churches, of which Light Street was the head. The exact state of the organization of the congregation is not known. The first church building was on the corner of Sharpe and Montgomery Streets. A new church was built in 1833 on the corner of Sharpe and Barre Streets, and the old building given to a colored congregation. The General Conference of 1840 was held in the new church, which in 1860 was separated | from the city station and made a distinct charge. In { 1870 Wesley chapel was rebuilt. Since 1860 the j church has had as its pastors Rev. S. V. Blake, I. A. McCauley, W. H. Chapman, S. A. AVilson, W. Krebs, Edward Kinsey, W. F. Ward, and G. W. Cooper. Rev. J. F. Ockerman is the pastor. Grace M. E. Church was organized at a meeting held Saturday evening, Oct. 10, 1868, at the residence of James S. Hagerty, at which the following persons were present : J. S. Hagerty, William J. Hooper, George V. Keene, V. V. Klinefelter, J. Wesley Krebs, Edward F. Brooks, T. S. Clark, Theodore Mottu, H. P. Chandlee, Rev. Samuel A. Wilson, Henry W. Griffin, Thomas J. Fluharty, George H. Matthews, Rev. William H. Loney, Rev. Mr. Chaney, Isaac Matthews, and Benjamin W. Corkran. After several further meetings a lot was purchased on the north- west corner of Townsend (Lafayette Avenue) and Carrollton Avenues, and the erection of a wooden chapel commenced on the 26th of October, which was dedicated on the 31st of January, 1869. The Sunday-school was organized on Sunday, February 7th, with James S. Hagerty and V. V. Klinefelter as superintendents, assisted by J. Wesley Krebs, with thirty teachers and one hundred and fifty scholars. In the spring of 1869, Rev. W. F. Ward, by appointment of the Conference, took charge of the chapel. Sub- sequently another lot was obtained at the southeast corner of Lanvale Street and Carrollton Avenue, and an exchange made of the old lot as a part of the pur- chase consideration. A new stone chapel was com- menced about the 1st of August, 1871, and was opened for worship on the 16th of June, 1872, under the supervision of Rev. E. J. Gray, who had succeeded Mr. Ward in the spring of 1872. The church was formally dedicated on the following Sunday, Rev. William F. Ward preaching the sermon. The build- ing committee were William J. Hooper, chairman; J. S. Hagerty, Thomas J. Fluharty, Benjamin W. Corkran, and V. V. Klinefelter. In the spring of 1874, Rev. L. B. Carpenter was called to succeed Mr. Gray. On October 26th of the same year the sum of forty-five thousand dollars was subscribed by the congregation for the erection of a church, and on the evening of the 16th of November following John A. Moss, Baltis H. Kennard, John O. Sheekells, Robert Wilson, V. V. Klinefelter, William J. Hooper, Ed- ward L. Clark, Thomas J. Fluharty, and Samuel F. Sanders were elected trustees. A form of incorpora- tion was then adopted, and at a meeting on the 23d of November plans for a church edifice were submitted and approved, and Mr. Frank E. Davis selected as architect, with a building committee composed of Messrs. Fluharty, Moss, Allen, Flack, and Kline- felter. Ground was broken for the church building Wednesday, Dec. 23, 1874, and on Oct. 17, 1875, the congregation assembled for worship for the first time in the parlor of the new church. On the 20th of February, 1876, the church was opened for service for the first time, and formally and solemnly dedicated. Bishop Ames delivering the dedicatory address. The church is one of the handsomest ecclesiastical edifices in the city, and cost, with the lot and all the improve- ments, about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Mr. Carpenter served three years, and at his death was succeeded by Rev. E. A. Gibson. The present pastor is Rev. Lewis C. Muller. Grace is a pew church, and was the second church of the denomina- tion in Baltimore to adopt the system. Monroe M. E. Church had Its organic origin in October, 1856, and was an offshoot of Union Square 580 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Church. The first building was erected on Ramsay Street, some distance back from Monroe Street, and was dedicated on the 14th of October, 1856, under the name of Chenowith chapel. This structure was subsequently enlarged, and was dedicated as Parlett chapel on the 2r)th of November, 1866. The corner- stone of the present edifice, Monroe and Ramsay Streets, was laid on the 12th of September, 1877, and the building was dedicated by Bishop Ames on the 13th of October, 1878, under its present name. The pastors of the church since it has been a self-support- [ ing charge have been Rev. A. A. Reese, D.D., Rev. | ■\V. Hirst lleed, and Rev. Thomas L. Poulson, D.D., The Fort Avenue M. E. Chapel, comer of Fort | and P.altery Avenues, was dedicated Sept. 11, 1870. , Rev. William M. O.sborn is the pastor. Mount Pisgah Mission, in Lombard Street, east of Washington, was an oilshoot from Caroline Street station, and was organized in 1854. St. John's Methodist Church, northwest corner of Bank and Wolf Streets, was built in 1869. The church was founded in 1816. Canton M. E. Church.— Canton chapel was dedi- cated on the 20th of September, 1846. A church has since been built, the present pastor of which is Rev. H. JI. Lenimon. Hollins Street M. E. Church was dedicated on the 16th of September, 1877. It is situated between Oregon and Scliroeder Streets. It was built by the Sunday-school Society of Fayette Street Church, and occupies the site on which the old Hollins Street chapel stood. Broadway M. E. Church, on Broadway, south of Pratt, was dedicated on the 27th of February, 1848, Bishop Waugh and other ministers officiating. The congregation had previously worshiped on Eastern Avenue. The building committee was composed of Messrs. F. Littig Schaetter, John W. Randolph, James Donohue, Lewis Audoun, and George W. Corner. The present pastor is Rev. A. M. Courtenay. Cross Street M. E. Church is situated ou the cor- ner of Cross and Warner Streets. Rev. E. H. Smith is the pastor. Jackson Square M. E. Church, southeast corner of Register and lliimpstead Streets, originated in a Sunday-school started at Jackson Square iu 1866 for the exclusive benefit of neglected children. A frame structure was erected for the purpose of the work, and on the 25th of September, 1866, the corner-stone of the present edifice was laid. After a period of financial difficulty the church was completed, and dedicated on the 3d of October, 1860. Rev. John W. Hedges was its first pastor. Rev. Thomas Daugherty is its present pastor. Centennial M. E. Church.— The congregation of Centennial Church formerly worshiped in the old Dallas Street church, on Dallas Street l)etween Canton Avenue and Aliceanna Street, originally known as Strawberry Alley church. The Dallas Street church was the oldest Methodist church in Baltimore, having been built by Mr. Asbury and others in 1774, and was given to the colored congregation as a place of worship in 1802, when Wilks Street church was built. It was occupied by them continuously from that time until the erection of the present edifice, and in 1874 the centennial of the church was celebrated in the old building, the walls of which were still sound and strong when it was abandoned. In October, 1876, ground was broken for the present edifice at the north- west corner of Caroline and Bank Streets, and the corner-stone was laid May 6, 1877. The church was dedicated Dec. 2, 1877, by Bishop Ames. Rev. J. H. Riddick is the pastor. Ashury M. E. Church. — The first church edifice, southeast corner of East and Douglas Streets, was built in 1824. The corner-stone of the present church, which is erected upon the site of the old building, was laid on the 28th of July, 1867, by the pastor. Rev. P. G. Walker. The present pastor is Rev. N. M. Ciirroll. Sharpe Street M. E. Church, on Sharpe, north of Pratt, was built in 1802, and rebuilt iu 1860. Rev. John A. Holmes is the pastor. John Wesley M. E. Church.— The congregation of John Wesley Church at first worshiped in old Wesley chapel, on Sharpe, near Montgomery Street, which was given them in 1833 by the white congre- gation formerly occupying it. The corner-stone of the present building, on Sharpe Street, near Montgom- ery, was laid on the 13th of October, 1847. Rev. Robert Steele is pastor. Ames M. E. Church.— The corner-.stone of West- ern chapel, on Division Street, near Baker, was laid on the 30th of August, 1857. The corner-stone of the present edifice, which occupies the site of the old one, was laid Aug. 19, 1877, and the building was dedi- cated on the 2d of ilarch, 1.S79, under the name of Ames Climch. liev. C. \V. Walker is the pastor. Union Bethel Methodist Church is situated at Canton, near the car stables. The corner-stone was laid Aug. 12, 1877. It was organized as a mission of Bethel Church. Zion Tabernacle, on Scott Street, near Paca, was dedicated Jan. 16, 1S70. Asbury M. E. ChapeL— The corner-.stoue of As- bury chapel, Patterson Park Avenue and McElderry Street, was laid Oct. 10, 1875. Rev. William O. Cooper is the pastor. Western M. E. Chapel, on the south side of Sara- toga Street, between Carrollton Avenue and Oregon Street, is occupied by the congregation of Baltimore Mission, formerly worshiping at the Sarah Ann Street Methodist church. The corner-stone of Western chapel was laid on the 26th of October, 1873. Orchard Street M. E. Church was founded by Trueman Pratt (colored), who died Dec. 1, 1877, at the advanced age of one hundred and two vears. He RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. was early given to religious exhortation among the colored people, and began to hold regular prayer- meetings in 1825. Several years afterwards these meetings were held in Pratt's house, in Biddle Street, near Ross. Tn 1837 a church was erected at the cor- ner of Orchard Street and Elder Allej', Pratt sub- scribing the first twenty dollars towards its construc- tion. He continued to be a class-leader in the church until 1868, and was a member of the board of trustees until his death. In 1853 the present house of wor- ship was erected in Orchard Street, near Koss, which ' was dedicated on the 4th of December of that year. I Jacob Gruber was the first pastor of the church. Rev. James Thomas is the pastor. ' AFRICAN METHODIST CHURCH. This organization was formed in Philadelphia in April, 1816, by a convention composed of seventeen members, of whom Stephen Hill, an intelligent lay- man of Baltimore, was one of the most prominent. "To the counsels and wisdom of Mr. Hill, more than to any other man, the church is indebted for the form it took." It was composed of members who withdrew from the Methodist Episcopal Church, and differs from the latter only in the matter of the presiding elder- ship. The bishop is Rev. D. A. Payne. COLORED CHURCHES. Bethel Methodist Church, on Saratoga Street, west of Gay, was built by the German Lutherans in 1773, and occupied the site of a previous church of the same denomination, built in 1758. It was sold by the Lutheran congregation in 1808, apd was rebuilt in 1816. On the 2d of August, 1847, the corner-stone of the present building, which is on the site of the original edifice, was laid by Bishop Lee, of the African Methodist Church, and it was dedicated on the 9th of July, 1848, by the pastor. Rev. D. A. Payne, now bishop. The present pastor is Rev. J. W. Becket. Ebenezer Methodist Church.— The first church edifice, Montgomery Street, east of Hanover, was built in 1848, and was dedicated on the 17th of September of that year. On the 20th of August, 1865, the corner- stone of the present edifice, which occupies the site of the former one, was laid by Bishop Weyman, and the church was dedicated on the 5th of April, 1868, by the same bishop. Rev. Francis Peck is the present, pastor. Waters' Chapel, on Spring Street, between Jeffer- son and McElderry, was built in 1859, and dedicated on the 24th of April of that year. In 1872 it was rebuilt, and dedicated on the 29th of December. The pastor is Rev. John F. Lane. Tessier Street Chapel.— The corner-stone of this chapel, corner of Orchard and Tessier Streets, was laid by Bishop Weyman, on the 31st of October, 1869, and the lecture-room was dedicated on the 19th of July, 1870. Rev. William R. Arnold is the present pastor. Mount Zion Methodist Church is situated on Sar- atoga, near Republican Street. Rev. Richard Miles is the pastor. Allen Mission, on Stockton Alley, near Baltimore Street, was erected in 1860, and was rebuilt in 1876. Rev. John M. Cargill is the pastor. METHODIST PROTESTANTS. The economy of the parent church (Methodist Episcopal), adopted in 1784, having placed the legis- lative power exclusively in the hands of the itinerant members, there arose from time to time discussion and dissatisfaction. This manifested itself first among the local ministry, and spread from them to the mem- bership. There was also some dissatisfaction occa- sionally expressed at the mode of making the appoint- ments and the power vested in the episcopacy. The subject of an elective presiding eldership had been much agitated from the year 1800 until the death of Mr. Asbury in 1816, and after that event the discus- sion became more serious and exciting. At the Gen- eral Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, held in Biltimore in 1820, the question assumed so serious an aspect as to induce the belief that a sepa- ration would be the inevitable result. The agitation for a change in church government was continued dur- ing the next four years, and at the meeting of the Gen- eral Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore, on the 1st of May, 1824, many memorials and petitions praying for reform were presented. The Conference, however, declared such charges in- expedient, and the petitions were rejected by a decided majority. After the adjournment of the General Conference a meeting of reformers was held in Baltimore, on the 21st of May, 1824, for the purjiose of adopting such measures as seemed to be demanded by the situation Dr. S. K. Jennings was called to the chair, and Dr. Francis Waters appointed secretary. At this meet- ing it was resolved to institute a periodical publica- tion to be entitled the " Mutual Rights of the Min isters and Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church," to form societies in all parts of the country, to disseminate the principles of a well-balanced church government, and to draft a circular to the ministers and members of the church throughout the United States. Dr. S. K. Jennings, of Baltimore, was ajjpointed one of the committee to perform this ser- vice. In accordance with these resolutions, an asso- ciation entitled the " Union Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the City of Baltimore" was formed by those in favor of reform, and the publica- tion of their organ, the Mutual Bights, begun. The articles published and the formation of societies aroused much feeling, and was followed by the ex- pulsion of many members from the church, the ap- peals taken to the Annual Conferences resulting in the confirmations of the various sentences. In the Baltimore Conference, Rev. Dennis B. Dorsey was arraigned for having recommended the circulation of 582 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the Mutual Rights, which, it was alleged, contained false and injurious statements in reference to certain ministers and to the character of the church, while the reformers claimed that the only point at issue was the right to organize for the purpose of effecting de- sired changes. On the ISth of May, 1827, the Balti- more Union Society ordered a statement of the facts in Mr. Dorsey's case to be publi.shed, and adopted a resolution declaring that " the conduct of the late Baltimore Annual Conference in the case of Rev. Dennis B. Dorsey was oppressive in its character, and not warranted by the Scriptures or the discipline of thechurch." This action on the partof the society resulted in the immediate exclusion by the Revs. James M. Hanson and Beverly Waugh, preachers in charge of the city and Point stations, of fourteen local preachers from all the Methodist pulpits in the city. Measures were taken to expel the principal members of the Baltimore Union Society, and formal charges having been preferred against them, the trials were commenced on the 17th of September, 1827, at the old Conference room. Rev. J. M. Hanson pre- sided, and Revs. Samuel Williams, John W. Harris, and Thomas Basford were the committee to try the preachers. The committee appointed to try the lay- men consisted of Baltzell Schaeffer, Alexander Russell, John W. Berry, William McConkey, Thomas Kelso, and T. Armstrong. The accused persons, ten of whom were preachers and twenty-two laymen, were all condemned. The preachers carried up their cases to the District Conference, but the Conference was dis- solved without hearing their appeal, and they were ordered to appear at the Quarterly Conference and stand their trials. The reformers protested against this action, on the ground that the District Conference had been dissolved by a minority of the white mem- bers, aided by the votes of nine colored men, who, it was charged, were not entitled to vote. They accordingly presented to the presiding elder of the Baltimore District, Rev. Joseph Frye, a protest against his right to bring the charges before the Quarterly Meeting Conference, which was signed by Samuel K. Jennings, Daniel E. Reese, James R. Wil- liams, John C. French, William Kesley, Thomas Mc- Cormick, Luther J. Cox, John S. Reese, John Val- iant, and Reuben T. Boyd. A memorial was also sent up, signed by all who were expelled in Balti- more, to the Baltimore Annual Conference, which a.ssembled at Carlisle in April, 1828. The Conference having declined to interfere in the matter, the ex- pelled members united under the following instru- ment of association : " Wo, tlie undersigned, f 1 1 i I , | n ih, so far as it pre- cludes the grand principle of r*-i't - 'i i ' I [iliiii'sall legislative, executive, and judicial powers t.- II rHimi miDi-try, is unscriptural and anti-Christian, and that reform in tlie government of said church is necessary in order to its essential and permanent prosperity. With these views, we solemnly unite in the name of the Great Head of the church, i onr Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, receiving the Holy Scriptnrcs a^ our guide ; and for prudential purposes, adopting as an instrument of anion I the -General Rules' of Messrs. John and Charles Wesley, with such subsequent regulations as our peculiar circumstances may from time to * "JohlH-lliipp.-ll. Samuel Jarrett. Thomas Jarrctt. Ebenezer Stralian. John J. Harrod. James R. Forman. John Oephart, Jr. John H. W. Hawkins. Wesley Starr. George Northerman. John P. Howard. Thomas Patterson. John Kennard. Samuel Thompson. Levi K. Reese. Samuel Krebs. William K. Boyle. Samuel Guest. Lambert Thomas. Thomas Parsons. Artliur Emerson. John P. Paul. "Baltimoke. f;w.23,1827. "We, the undersigned ciders. deacons, and licensed preachers, scribe our names respectively to the foregoing instrument, appro "Samuel K. Jennings. John C. French. Luther J. Cox. William Kesley. Daniel E. Reese. Reuben T. Boyd. John S. Reese. Thomas McCormick. James R.Williams. John Valiant. " BALTmonE, Jan., 1828." On the 31st of December, 1827, a meeting of the female members of the Methodist Episcopal Church was " convened at the Rev. Dr. Jennings' for the purpose of taking into consideratiou the most advisable course to be pursued by the wives and friends of those members of said church who have been expelled, and of those ministei-s who are suspended by the official niembere of the Bal- timore station for the sake of reform." Mrs. Rebecca Hall was called to the chair, and Mrs. Wesley Woods was appointed secretary. On motion, it was resolved to withdraw from the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, and a committee, consisting of Mrs. Mummey, Mrs. Jennings, Mrs. Harrod, Mrs. Woods, Mrs. French, Mrs. Kennard, Mrs. Reese, Miss L. Martin, and Mrs. Owings, was appointed to report such measures as might be deemed advisable. On the 7th of January, 1828, the committee made a report reciting the circumstances of the case, and containing a resolution to dissolve their connection with the Methodist Episcopal Church, which was adopted, and on the 2Gth of January a formal letter of withdrawal was sent to Rev. James M. Ilan.son, signed by the following ladies; inah L. Harrod, 1-v .1, \ 1 ni .„, Catherine Mummey, Anna Jarrett, Guinil.l.. >l i: .>e, Mary Kennard, Rebecca R. Reese, Eli/-„1. i 1 urt Reese. Sarah Krebs, Mary Reese, Jane Tl.ntn , M r ! ...in, Elizabeth Williams, Mary French. Saroh W , - r < .1, Elizabeth Taylor, Rebecca Jane Roberts, M ^^ 1 1. y Fore, Frances Williams, Mary Jane Tb..i.,„-, ' ..m,, , . w ill.uns, Hannah Jennings, Mary Owings, El>™l.i.tl, .1,, 1...... CM-phart, Maria Paul, Elizabeth Formau, Pbillippa Starr, J .a Jones, Rachel Hawkins, Han- RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 583 nail Martin, Elizabeth Baxley, Letitia M. Martin, Susan Guest, Sarah Emerson, Maria M. Martin, Maria Cox, Mary Mentis, Mary Ann Woods, Catliarine Wallace, Elizabeth Brit, Mary Ann Valiant, Elizabeth Valiant. The expelled laymen associated on the 23d of De- cember, 1827 ; the preachers united with them on the 26tli of January, 1828, and the female members joined the association a few days afterwards. The associa- tion elected the preachers and ministers to serve in the same relations and offices they respectively held pre- vious to their expulsion, and the instrument declaring this fact was recorded in the clerk's office in Baltimore. The society embraced in the beginning about two hun- dred members and fourteen preachers. Prior, however, to the organization of the society a general convention of reformers had assembled in Baltimore, in November, 1827, and had prepared a memorial setting forth their grievances, which was presented to the General Con- ference at Pittsburgh, Pa., in May, 1828. The Con- ference proposed the restoration of the expelled and suspended parties to membership on condition that the Mutual Rights should be discontinued, and that the union societies within the church should be dis- solved. The reformers declined to accept this pro- posal, and called a general convention to meet in St. John's church, Baltimore, on the 12th of November, 1828. The convention assembled at the appointed time, iMul remained in session ten days, eleven of the States and th# District of Columbia being represented. Nicholas Snethen presided, and Wm. S. Stockton acted as secretary. Articles of association were agreed upon, and a provisional church was organized under the name of the " Associated Methodist Churches." A committee was appointed to draft a constitution and discipline, and they adjourned to meet in general convention, Nov. 2, 1830, at the same place. "The convention met in 1830, in St. John's church, Balti- more, and adopted a constitution and provision for the regulation and government of the church. After full deliberation the title of the church was agreed upon as the Methodist Protestant Church, comprising the Associated Methodist Churches." In 1858, owing to the slavery agitation, the Northern and Western Conferences separated from the Methodist Protestant Church, and organized as a separate denomination under the title of the Methodist Church. In May, 1877, a reunion of the Methodist and Methodist Protestant Churches was effected in Baltimore. The Methodist Convention met in the Methodist Protest- ant church on Greene Street, with eighty-five dele- gates from the North and West in attendance. The Methodist Protestant Convention assembled in the church on Fayette Street. About seventy-five dele- gates were in attendance. L. W. Bates, D.D., was elected president, and L. M. Barnet and R. H. Wills secretaries. After several days spent in separate dis- cussions, a basis of union was agreed upon, and on the 16th of May the two conventions met at the cor- ner of Lombard and Fremont Streets, and the mem- bers marched arm-in-arm to " Starr" church, where on the following day they organized as the United Protestant Methodist Convention, electing L. W. Bates as president, J. J. Smith as vice-president, and Rev. G. McElroy and Rev. R. H. Wills as secretaries. The distinctive feature of the economy of the Meth- odist Protestant Church is its principle of equal rep- resentation, dividing equally between the ministers and laymen the entire authority to make rules and regulations for the government of the whole body. Starr M. P. Church.— This church is called after Wesley Starr, who being ardently attached to old Methodist u.sages, and finding that they were being abandoned by most of the Methodist Churches, de- termined to perpetuate them as far as he could by the erection of a church, the charter of which should re- quire their observance. Accordingly, in the spring of 1863 he commenced the erection of the present edifice, at the corner of Poppleton and Lemmon Streets, but after having made considerable progress the work was suspended. In March, 1864, the property was for- mally donated in its unfinished condition to the Mary- land Annual Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church, with the understanding that the recipients should finish and furnish the basement, which was completed and dedicated June 12, 1864. Mr. Starr completed the audience-room at his own cost, and it was dedicated Dec. 11, 1864. The ground on which the church and parsonage stand was the gift of Mr. Starr, who also left the church an annuity. In 1865 Starr Church was made a separate charge, and Rev. W. H. Hopkins became its pastor. The Union Con- vention, composed of representatives from the Meth- odist and the Methodist Protestant Churches, met in the church in May, 1877, when a union of the two denominations was effected. The pastors of the church have been Revs. W. M. Strayer, John R. Nichols, M. E. Hysore, R. S. Norris, S. B. Southerland, D.D. Rev. William S. Hammond is the present pastor. Washington Street Station M. P. Church was organized in IS.'iS, the congregation at first meeting for worship in the rooms of the Columbian Fire Com- pany. On the 18th of March, 1858, the corner-stone of the church, southwest corner of Lombard and Wash- ington Streets, was laid, and on the 20th of June of the same year the basement was dedicated. The j church was completed and dedicated on the 19th of I June, 1859. Rev. William J. Floyd is the present pastor. Lexington Street M. P. Mission. — The corner- stone of this mission was laid Oct. 13, 1863, and the building sufficiently completed for occupation March 6, 1864. The edifice was dedicated on the 26th of February, 1865. Locust Point Union Mission Chapel.— The cor- ner-stone of this chapel, corner of Hull Street and Fort Avenue, was laid May 9, 1871, and the chapel was dedicated October 8th of the same year. East Baltimore M. P. Church.- The first church 584 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. edifice, at the corner of Fayette and Aisquith Streets, was torn down in 1842 to malce way for the present structure, whicli was dedicated on the 2d of April, 1843. Broadway M. P. Church, corner of Broadway and Monument Street, was erected in 1860, and dedicated on the 22d of November, 1863. In April, 1877, the church was sold to St. John's English Evangelical Lutheran congregation. The pastor is Rev. S. J. Smith. South Baltimore M. P. Church, Light Street, south of West, was organized in ]8.j;{. The church edifice was built in 1846 by the members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in 1850 had passed into the hands of the Evangelical Lutherans, and came into the possession of the South Baltimore congregation in 1853. The parsonage adjoining the church was built in 1854. ' The first pastor was Rev. J. R. Nich- ols, from 1853 to 1855 ; the second, Rev. D. A. Sher- mer, from 1855 to 1857 ; the third. Rev. H. J. Day, from 1857 to 1858 ; the fourth. Rev. John Roberts, from 1858 to 1859 ; the fifth, Rev. B. F. Benson, from 1859 to 1861 ; the sixth. Rev. D. W. Bates, from 1861 to 1862; the seventh, Rev. J. M. Elderdice, from 1862 to 1863; the eighth. Rev. H. J. Day, from 1863 to 1864; the ninth. Rev. R. S. Rowe, from 1864 to 1866; the tenth. Rev. W. M. Poisal, from 1866 to 1867 ; the eleventh, Rev. J. M. Holmes, from 1867 to 1869 ; the twelfth. Rev. James Thompson, from 1869 to 1870; the thirteenth, Rev. J. E. T. Ewell, from 1870 to 1871 ; the fourteenth. Rev. R. S. Rowe, from 1871 to 1875 ; the fifteenth, Rev. L. W. Bates, from 1875 to 1877 ; the sixteenth, Rev. J. W. Charlton, from 1877 to 1878 ; and the seventeenth. Rev. R. Scott Norris, from 1878 to the present time. Henry Chapel (Colored) was organized as West Street Chapel in May, 1874, by Rev. Thomas Wells, and in October of the same year Rev. J. V. D. Henry was placed in charge of it. In July, 1875, a lot was leased for the erection of a church edifice. On the 25th of the month the corner-stone was laid, and the building was completed and dedicated on the 29th of August, 1875. Rev. J. V. D. Henry is the pastor. Memorial Chapel, corner of Gilmor Street and Lafayette Avenue, was built by the Mission Board of the Maryland Annual Conference of the M. P. Church, and was dedicated on the 28th of September, 1879. Rev. J. D. Kinzer is the pastor. St. Thomas' (Colored) Church, on Chestnut, near Front Street, was composed of seceding members of the African M. E. Church, and was organized on the 7th of March, 1849, under the name of the Colored Methodist Protestant Israel Church. The congrega- tion worshiped for a time at the residence of Mrs. Rebecca Permylia, on North Street, but afterwards rented the basement of Warfield's church, on Court- land Street, where they remained for two years. The corner-stone of St. Thomas' church was laid in July, 18.50, and w:w (K'diratcd .March 7, 1852. It was called Israel Church until April, 1858, when it was sold. Rev. Nathaniel Peck was the first minister of the church, and Rev. Thimias Wells is its present pastor. First Colored Church.— The corner-stone of the First Coloicil ^[c'thodist Protestant church, corner of Chew and MiDonogh Streets, was laid on the 19th of July, 1874. Colored M. P. Church, on Durham Street, between Eager and Chase, was dedicated Jan. 9, 1876. INDEPENDENT METHODISTS. The Independent Methodists are composed of those congregations which at diflf'erent ])eriods and in differ- ent locations have seceded from the i)arent body and assumed an independent attitude. They are without connectional union, and are chiefly found in Balti- more and its vicinity. About the time of the break- ing out of the civil war the Baltimore Conference was greatly agitated, and at its session in 1861 the majority resolved not to " submit to the authority of the General . Conference," and declared themselves "independent of it." The Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church met in 1862, but those in Baltimore who sympathized with the position which had been taken by the Southern element of the Conference declined to recognize its authority. Some of these congregations afterwards joined the Metho- dist Episcopal Church South, and others determined to maintain an attitude of permanent independence. Chatsworth Independent Methodist Church.— In March, 1859, the site of Chatsworth church, .south- west corner of Pine and Franklin Streets, was pur- chased, and the second-story rooms of the " Old Frame House" (called at one time the Adreon House), that stood upon the corner, were converted into a Sunday-school room. Sunday, April 22, 1859, the school was organized with twenty-two scholars. " Chatsworth" was adopted as an appropriate appel- lation for the school in view of its location upon part of a large tract of land originally bearing that name, j which is still retained by the hill upon which the I church is situated. The work prospering, it was de- termined to organize a mission church, and the Balti- more Annual Conference at its session in 1861 was j asked to appoint a minister to Chatsworth as a sepa- < rate charge. Rev. John A. Williams was appointed, i and entered upon his duties April 7, 1861, with a church membership of seventeen persons. In March, 1862, the congregation, in accordance with the resolu- tion of the Staunton Conference of 1861, refused to recognize the authority of the M. E. Conference, and in October, 1863, it was determined to assume a sepa- rate position as a church on the 1st of March, 1864, and the Rev. John A. Williams was elected pastor. I The corner-stone of the building was laid May 12, j 1863. the lecture and Sunday-school rooms were dedi- cated November 1st of the same year, and the whole church finished and dedicated March 27, 1864. Rev. Henry E. Johnson is the pastor. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 585 William Street Church.— William Street Inde- pendent Methodist Church was organized in 1875 by Eev. Thomas Lowe, who commenced his work in a tent at the corner of William 'and Gittings Streets, and four months afterwards began the erection of the present church. Oct. 31, 1875, the corner-stone of the building on William Street, near Gittings, was laid, and on the 6th of February, 1876, the edifice was dedicated by Rev. H. E. Johnson. It is a plain brick structure, sixty -three feet long by forty-one feet wide, and will seat five hundred and forty persons. The church was incorporated Aug. 19, 1875 ; its corporate title is South Baltimore Free Methodist Society. Rev. Tliomas Lowe is the pastor. Bethany Church. — The corner-stone of Bethany chapel, corner of Lexington and Calhoun Streets, was laid April 25, 1867, and the chapel was dedicated on the 12th of April, 1868. Ground was broken for the church adjoining the chapel on the 10th of June, 1872, and the corner-stone was laid on the 8th of July of the same year. The church was dedicated on the 4th of May, 1873. It is constructed of iron. The building committee was composed of Charles J. Baker, D. C. Fulton, R. G. Tompkins, F. F. Horner, and J. W. Childs. Upon its organization Bethany Church adopted the rules of Chatsworth Church, and in 1872 adopted a discipline and ritual under the title of the " Bethany Independent Methodist Church." Rev. William H. McAllister is the present pastor. Olive Branch Church. — The corner-stone of Olive Branch (I. M.) church, southwest corner of South Charles Street and Fort Avenue, was laid on the 21st of December, 1879; the church was incorporated in April, 1880, and was dedicated on the 29th of Feb- ruary of the same year. Rev. Arthur H. Thompson is the pastor. St. John's Church, on Liberty, north of Fayette Street, was originally an Episcopal church, and was consecrated in 1818. The pastor is Rev. Dr. A. Webs- ter; Rev. T. H. Lewis, assistant. St. John's M. E. Chapel, comer of Madison Avenue and Wilson Street, was dedicated April 29, 1877. The chapel was an offshoot of St. John's Independent Methodist Church, and was built by that congrega- tion. Rev. C. M. Griffin is the pastor. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH SOUTH. The Methodist Episcopal Church South was not represented by any congregation in this city before the year 1861. According to the "plan of separa- tion" adopted by the General Conference of 1844, and under which the Methodist Episcopal Church South was organized, the Baltimore Annual Conference "adhered" to the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Baltimore Conference continued in this relation until the session of the General Conference held at Buffalo May, 1860. This General Conference so changed the book of discipline that the Baltimore Conference, at the session held in Staunton, Va., March, 1861, deter- mined not to submit to the jurisdiction of the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The action taken by the Baltimore Conference is summa- rily expressed in the subjoined resolution, which was adopted by a vote as follows : ayes 87, nays 1, de- clined to vote 41, reserved their votes 3. " Firet. Be it resolued by the Baltimore Annual Conference^ in Conference assetnbted. That we hereby declare that the General Conference of the Melhociist Episcopal Church, held at Buffalo in May, 1860, by its unconsti- tutional action has sundered the ecclesiastioil relatfon which has hitherto bound us together as one church, so far as any act of theirs could do so. That we will not longer hubmii Co the jnrisdiction of Raid General Conference^ but hereby declare ourseluee separate and independent of it, still claiming to be, notwUhstanding, an iiitfgral pari of t?ie Methodist Episcopal Church,^* The war succeeded almost immediately the adjourn- ment of the Conference. During the four years of its continuance the Baltimore Annual Conference main- tained an independent position. Meanwhile, how- ever, several congregations were organized in Balti- more, independent of the jurisdiction of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and which at a later day became identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Of these particulars are given hereafter. In the month of February, 1866, the Baltimore Conference met in Alexandria, Va. From the report of the com- mittee on the state of the church the following extract is made : " Wfiereas, Certain brethren, formerly in connection with this body, did not answer to the call of their names by the secretary of the Conference ; and whereas, information h.is been received tlmt saiil brethren have taken appointment under the jurisdiction of tlie General Conference of I860, from which the Conference did, by formal vote in 1861, declare itself separated; Eesolvd, That the names of ... be omitted from the roll of the Baltimore Annual Conference, tliey having withdrawn ; provided, nevertheless, that should any of the said brptiiren appear in person or communicate with this Conference during its preseut session or here- after their names may, at the option of the Conference, be reinstated." February 8th the following preamble and resolu- tions were adopted by unanimous vote : " Whereas, The regular annual sessions (in the strictest sense thereof) of this Conference were prevented for several yeare by the existence of civil war in the country, so that it was impossible for us earlier to have completed the course of action inaugurated by this body at its session held in Stannton in 1861; and preferring, as we do, the connectional principle of Church Government, including Episcopacy as an element thereof, aud believing any further continuance of Conference independ- ency would be prejudicial to the efficient working of our itinerant sys- tem ; and whereas the animus and practice of the Methodist Episcopal Church is such as to make it improper for us to resume our submission to the juritdiction of said church, and the organization, doctiine, and discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church South fully according with our views of what constitutes a Scriptural branch of the Church of Christ; therefore, '* liesolved. By the Baltimore Annual Conference, in Conference assem- bled, tliat, ill pursuance of the action of this body in 1861, we do hereby unite with and adhere to the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and do now, through the President of this Conference, invite Bishop Early to recognize us oliicially, and preside over us at our present session. " liesolved, That in taking this action wo adhere to no dead political institutions, questions, or issues, being actuated by sentiments of sincere loyalty to the government of the United States, and to that of the States respectively within which we may be assigned to labor, butare influenced by motives of a far higher and holier nature, such as usefulness among the people whom we serve, and the best interests of the kingdom of Christ, whose headship alone we ackuuwledge in things pertaining to HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Cliristiau affection nnd fraturnnl sj^mpathy, and shall do all we can, con- Histently, to prevent strife between tlicm and us, and to promote good will and brotherly kindness toward them, and do most sincerely cherish the hope that the day may speedily come when, nt least, a hearty and universal fraternal fellowship sliuil be eKtablished between the two co- onllnate branches of the great Methodist Family of this Continent." Nerval Wilson, the president, then resigned the chair to Bishop Early, who presided over the Confer- ence during the remainder of the session. j The following appointments were made to Balti- 1 more City at this the first session of the Conference, iu connection with the Methodist Episcopal Church South : Central Church, S. S. Roszell, W. J. Perry, | John Poisal, supernumerary; Winans Chapel, G. H. Zimmerman, T. E. Carson; North Baltimore, D. Thomas; East Baltimore, W. H. Wilson, J. N. Span- gli'r, --ii|M rniniicrary. The presiding elders of the Jlnln.JiM i;piM(ipal Church South in Baltimore at )in'.-i ill :irc Kiv . Samuel Rogers and Rev. S. Regester. Frederick Avenue M. E. Chapel South.— The lecture-room of this chapel was dedicated Nov. 12, 1871. Rev. J. F. Haggs is the pastor. St. Paul's M. E. Church South.— The congrega- tion of this church was organized in the latter part of 1861, and met at first in Scharf's Hall, southeast corner of Booth and Carey Streets. They subse- quently secured what was known as Winans' Soup House, on West Baltimore Street, opposite the Winans residence, and christened it Winans' chapel. Hollins Hall was afterwards temporarily occupied by the con- gregation. In 1868 the site of the present edifice, on the south side of Fayette Street, east of Republican, was purchased, and the erection of a church com- menced, the corner-stone of which was laid Jan. 1, 1869, and the building dedicated on the 3d of Decem- ber, 1871. Its cost was about forty-five thousand dol- i lars. The first three pastors of the church were Rev. j J. E. Carson, Rev. E. F. Busey, and Rev. G. H. Zim- j merman. They have been followed by Rev. L. D. i Huston, Rev. W. G. Eggleston, Rev. R.R. S. Hough, Rev. S. K. Cox, and Rev. W. Carter. The church membership is between four and five hundred, and the Sunday-school numbers about four hundred schol- ars. The present jiastor is Rev. Isaac W. Canter. Central M. E. Church South was organized in March, 1862, by a large number of members, under the pastoral charge of Rev. E. F. Busey and other ministers of the Baltimore Annual Conference, which had previously declared itself independent of the jurisdiction of the General Conference of the M. E. Church. The congregation at first met for worship in the New Assembly Rooms, and continued to meet there for nearly twelve months, until military inter- j ference compelled their removal to a hall on Paca Street. Subsequently they met in a room over the Eutaw Savings-Bank, which they occupied until 1867. In that year they purchased the Church of the Ascen- sion, on Lexington Street, near Pine, but sold it in 1873, and removed temporarily to a hall on North Schroeder Street, pending the erection of a new church. In 1874 a lot was purchased on the southeast corner of Edmondson Avenue and Strieker Street, and on the 7th of July of the same year the corner-.stone of the present church edifice was laid. The building committee were S. M. Wilson, J. M. Buck, P. Sim- mont, C, F. Biggs, and F. L. Lawrence. In Decem- ber, 1874, the congregation occupied the lower or school-room of the new edifice. The upj)er portion, or main auditorium, was not completed until Oct. 21, 1877, on which day the church was formally dedicated by the pastor. Rev. John A. Kern. Total cost of building, furniture, etc., about twenty-three thousand dollars. The present pastor is Rev. J. A. Regester. Trinity M. E. Church South, northea.st comer of Madison Avenue and Preston Street, wa.s dedicated Jan. 29, 1865. The lecture-room was opened for ser- vice on the 2d of October, 1864. Rev. Wm. H. D. Harper is the present pastor. Emmanuel M. E. Church was an offshoot of Trinity Cliureh. The corner-stone of the chapel, on Moslicr Street, near Myrtle Avenue, was laid in July, 1869, and the building was dedicated on the 24th of October of the same year. Its pastors have been Rev. A. W. Wilson, D.D., Rev. I. W. Canter, Rev. J. Lester Shipley, Rev. John Hannon, Rev. J. S. Gard- ner, and Rev. B. R. Wilburn. A new church for the congregation is in contemplation of erection. The present pastor is Rev. B. R. Wilburn. The North Baltimore M. E. Church South, on Holland Street, near Aisquith, was erected in 1866. The corner-stone was laid Aug. 16, 1866, and the church was dedicated on the 6th of January, 1867, by Bishop Daggett. Rev. A, K. Bradenbaugh is the present pastor. Calvary M. E. Church South.— In the early part of the year 1867 the Sunday-school society of Central M. E. Church South, then located on Lex- ington Street, appointed a committee of three, con- sisting of William Williams, F. G. Maxwell, and Caldwell C. Calvert, to procure a hall and organize a school in South Baltiinore, and Ingraham chapel, a small building on Hill Street, near Hanover, wtis rented for the purpose. A Sunday-school was formed, and religious services held on the Sabbath. In March of the same year the Baltimore Annual Conference, holding its session at Trinity Church, Baltimore, as- signed Rev. Samuel H. Parrish to the pastoral charge of the infant society, which he organized into a church. Mr. Parrish continued in charge two years, and Wivs succeeded by Rev. George G. Brooke. During the latter part of Mr. Brooke's pastorate, which continued until March, 1871, plans were set on foot for the erection of a house of worship. The official boards of the several Snuthern Methodist Churches in tlie city subscribed liberally to the object, and the ladies united in a festival held in Masonic Hall in May, 1871, which netted two thousand three hundred dol- lars, and with the subscriptions procured justified the commencement of the building. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 587 Rev. Win. H. D. Harper was appointed pastor in March, 1871. A lot was purcliased on Hill Street, near Hanover, and the corner-stone of the new build- ing laid Oct. 22, 1871. In February, 1872, the church edifice, thirty-ftve by sixty-five feet, with a basement, was completed, and dedicated February 11th by Bishop D. S. Daggett. The entire cost of l)uilding and finishing the church was provided for, a small balance of indebtedness being raised on the day of dedication. The building committee were T. J. Magruder and J. Edward Bird, of Trinity ; Young O. Wilson, of Central ; Charles Shipley, of St. Paul's; Jeremiah Spraight, Charles L. Woods, and Dr. M. W. Donovan, of South Baltimore. In March, 1872, Itev. J. W. Carter was appointed pastor, and continued in that relation until the spring of 1874, and during this time the membership increased from about seventy to one hundred and fifty. Rev. Dabney Ball was ap- pointed to the charge in March, 1874, and during his pastorate the congregation purchased of the Presby- terians the church building on the soutlieast corner of German and Greene Streets. Rev. H. H. Kennedy succeeded Dr. Ball in 1875, and continued in charge till 1877. The church was largely increased under his ministry. Rev. A. W. Wilson, D.D., was ap- pointed pastor March, 1877, and continued in charge of the church till the summer of 1878, when, on ac- count of his election by the General Conference to the office of missionary secretary, lie resigned his pastorate, and Rev. A. A. P. Neel was appointed in his stead. Rev. Mr. Neel continued in charge till the following spring. Meantime, the embarrassed condition of the church made it necessary to sell the property, which was done at the expiration of Mr. Keel's term. In March, 1879, Rev. S. K. Cox, D.D., was appointed pastor, and is still in charge. Through the courtesy of the Second Lutheran congregation, Lombard Street, Rev. Mr. Schall pastor, the members of Calvary Church worshiped with that congregation, the two pastors alternately occupying the pulpit. This arrangement continued till June, 1878, when a tabei'nacle was built on the corner of Greene and King Streets, and occupied by the Calvary congrega- tion. In the interval of occupancy they purchased of the Methodist Protestants the church building on the southeast corner of Greene and Lombard Streets, with the parsonage adjoining, which they have since occupied, and now hold free of debt. The Sunday- school, under the efficient management of F. G. Max- well, superintendent, has nearly doubled since the last change, and the membership of the church has largely increased. The present number is about three hundred and twenty. East Baltimore M. E. Church South.— Ground was broken for East Baltimore M. E. Church South on the 17th of June, 1868, on the east side of Bond, a short distance north of Baltimore Street. The cor- ner-stone was laid Sept. 21, 18C8, and the basement of the church was dedicated on the 24th of January, 1869, by Bishop Daggett. In 1873 the church was entirely remodeled, and rededicated on the 2d of March of that year. Rev. J. W. Grubb is the pas- tor. FRIENDS. The general meetings of the Society of Friends in Maryland were held at West River and Thirdhaven alternately from 1672 until the 4th of the sixth month of 1785, when, in accordance with a minute of ad- journment of the previous Yearly Meeting at Third- haven, it was for the first time held in Baltimore Town.' In the sixth month of 1789 it was held for the third time at Baltimore, and from that period has continued to be held here. Mr. John Giles, the first of the family of that name, who have since occupied a conspicuous place in the history of the State, set- tled near the present site of Baltimore about 1700, and at his house the Friends of the neighborhood at first held their meetings. This meeting was called Patapsco Station, and is first mentioned in the old manuscripts in 1703. It was situated on the Harford turnpike, a short distance beyond the present city limits, and the site was given to the society by Joseph Taylor. A frame meeting-house was built at Pa- tapsco Station about 1730 or 1731, and was used until the completion of the meeting-house at Fayette and Aisquith Streets. No vestige of Patapsco meeting- house now remains ; but the ground on which it was located is still used as a cemetery by both sections of the society. In 1780, John Cornthwait, Gerard Hop- kins, George Mathews, John and David Brown, and other members of Patapsco Station were deputed to buy a spacious lot between Baltimore and Pitt Streets for the purpose of a meeting-house and burial-ground. The ground was purchased, and the construction of the edifice on the northeast corner of Fayette and Aisquith Streets was immediately begun, and was pushed forward so rapidly that on the 22d of Febru- > The records of the West River Monthly Meeting contain an account of what was probably the earliest effort to suppress the liquor traffic to be found in the annals of the State. The minutes on the subject are as follows: " At a Monthly Man's Meeting at the house of Willium Rich- ardson, at West river, y 19th day of the fourth month, 1702, it was taken into mighty consideration by this meeting the evil and wicked consequences of the resort of divers persons proposed to sell strong drink at ye time of our yearly meeting, and inasmuch as the complaints to the authorities which Friends have hitherto made have had y« de- sired effect, it is y« advice of this meeting that Mordecai Moore, and Samuel Chew, Richard Harilson and Samuel Galloway, in behalf of ye body of Friends of this province, address the Governor and Council, lay- ing before them the evil and dangerous consequences thereof, and re- quest y' y" same may for the future be suppressed, that so we may enjoy our religious meetings without disturbance." • " At a Monthly Meeting held at the house of William Richardson the 4th day of y» tenth month, 1702, Those Friends appointed to address Ui« Governor and Council in behalf of the body of Friends of the province for suppressing those wicked and evil practices of divers people selling strong driuk at y time of our yearly meetings give account that they have accordingly done it ; had obtained an order directed to the sherifls of Ann Arundell and Talbot Counties for them to see there be no such doings for the future; and this meeting doth appoint Samuel Galloway and Mordecai Moore to take a convenient time to deliver the said order to the Sheriff of this county, and to put him in mindof his duty in seeing the said order duly complied with." 538 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ary, 1781, the first meeting was held within its walls. The building, a plain but comfortable brick struc- ture, is surrounded by a high brick wall inclosing the burial-ground, in which are the graves of many whose names figure prominently in the history of the city. Among the prominent members of the Society of Friends once connected with the meeting-house were Philip E. Thomas, first president of the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad, Johns Hopkins, the Gor- such family, the Needles family, the Giles family, the Brookes, Stablers, Snowdens, Campbells, Dicksons, Bartletts, Moores, and many others well known through the State. On the 22d of February, 1881, the centennial anniversary of the meeting-house was celebrated in the venerable building with religious and commemorative exercises of a peculiarly interest- ing character. The throngs attending the earliest Yearly Meetings in Baltimore were so great that a large tent was erected for their accommodation on the then green lots south of the present site of the Second Presbyterian church, at the corner of East Baltimore and Lloyd Streets. The meeting-house on the south side of Lombard Street, between Howard and Eutaw Streets, was erected in 1805, and that at the northwest corner of Courtland and Saratoga Streets in 1830. There is also a meeting-house of Orthodox Friends at the corner of Eutaw and Monu- ment Streets. The Friends have a meeting-house at the corner of Eutaw and Monument Streets ; the eastern district meeting-house is at the corner of Aisquith and Fay- ette Streets, and the western district on Lombard Street, east of Eutaw. NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. The doctrines of the New Jerusalem Church appear to have been preached for the first time in Baltimore in 1792. On the l.st of April in that year permission was given the Rev. Mr. Wilnier to explain the doc- trines of his church at the court-house, which he did in the presence of a large number of hearers of all denominations, Judge Cha,se and other members of the bar being present. Shortly afterwards the " Old Theatre" was obtained for the purpose of holding divine worship, and services were inaugurated on the 15th of April, 1792. In 1799, Rev. John Hargrove and others erected the New Jerusalem temple, at the corner of Baltimore and Exeter Streets, and the building was dedicated during the ensuing year. In this building, which was known as the old " Har- grove church," the congregation worshiped for many years. In 1865 they began the erection of a new church on North Exeter Street, near the bend, the corner-stone of which was laid on the 12th of October in that year, and the edifice dedicated on the 8th of April, 1866. This congregation was known as the First Society of the New Jerusalem Church. The congregation of the Third New Jerusalem Church worshiped for a time in a liall at the corner of Eutaw and Madison Streets. On the 24th of August, 1860, I the corner-stone of a church was laid on the south side of Orchard Street, near Madison Avenue, which was dedicated on the 1st of January, 1861. The mem- bers of the First and Third Churches having subse- quently agreed to unite and form a single congrega- I tion, the churches on Orchard and Exeter Streets ! were disposed of, and the erection of the present edi- fice on the west side of Calvert Street, north of Chase, was begun. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid on the 20th of August, 1874, and the cliurch was dedi- cated on the 21st of March, 1876. Its pastor is Rev. Thomas A. King. First German New Jerusalem Church, situated on Lombard Street, near Lloyd Street, was organized in 1854. The congregation, under the charge of Rev. A. O. Brickman, at first worshiped in the church of the English New Jerusalem Society, then situated at the corner of Baltimore and Exeter Streets. In a few years the congregation became strong enough to erect a building of their own, and the corner-stone of the church was accordingly laid on the 4th of July, 1857, and the edifice was dedicated on the 4th of Oc- tober of the same year. In 1801, Mr. Brickman re- signed, and was succeeded in the pastorate by Rev. L. Carriere. Mr. Brickman resumed the charge in 1864, and after a considerable interregnum was fol- lowed by Rev. P. J. Faber, in 1875. He was suc- ceeded, in January, 1880, by the present pastor, Rev. A. Roeder. HEBREW SYNAGOGUES. First Synagogue. — This is the oldest Hebrew con- gregation in the city. The present place of worship, corner of Lloyd and Watson Streets, was begun in 1844, and was dedicated on the 26th of September, 1845. This was the first synagogue built in Balti- more. In 1871 the synagogue underwent a thorough renovation, and was rededicated on the 25th of August in that year. Rev. Dr. Kraus is the present rabbi. Eden Street Sjmagogue.— The congregation of Eden Street synagogue was organized July 8, 1843, and at first worshiped at the corner of Bond and Fleet Streets. In 1847 the erection of the present edifice, on Eden Street, north of Lombard, was begun, which was dedicated on the loth of September, 1848. In 1865 the synagogue was thoroughly renovated and enlarged, and rededicated on the 1st of September of ! that year. On the 18th of August, 1871, the syna- gogue was consecrated with imposing ceremonies. ! Rev. A. Gunzburg was the rabbi from Oct. 1, 184S, I until Oct. 1. 1858, and Rev. H. Hocklieimcr from I that period until the present time. Third Synagogue. — In 1849 the members of the Har Sltiai Verein determined to erect a new temple for Hebrew worship, and in June of that year com- menced the erection of a synagogue on North High ! Street, near the bend, adjoining the Baptist church. The edifice was completed and dedicated in Septem- ber, 1849. In 1856 the synagogue underwent extensive RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 589 improvements and alterations, and was rededicated in October of that year. In the course of time the con- gregation became too large for this edifice, and the present building, formerly P. E. Church of the As- cension, on the north side of Lexington Street, be- tween Pearl and Pine, was purchased, and was dedi- cated as a synagogue on the 4th of April, 1873. The Eev. Dr. Sale is rabbi. The synagogue attached to the Hebrew Hospital, on Monument Street, was dedicated on the Kith of Sep- tember, 1870. The Eighth Synagogue is situated on Hill Street, near Hanover, and the Sixth is on Harri- son, near Baltimore Street. It has no local pastor. Chazik Amuno. — This orthodox congregation was organized April 2, 1871, at the suggestion of Jonas Friedenwald. The first officers were J. Rosewald, president; Jonas Friedenwald, vice-president; T. Hartz, treasurer; Simon Altmayer, H. Oppenheimer, trustees; H. S. Hartogensis, secretary; Rev. L. Heil- ner, cantor and reader. The congregation met at first in E.xeter Hall, but subsequently purchased three lots, the site of the present synagogue, on Lloyd Street, near Lombard. The building was dedicated [ Aug. 18, 1876. Since its consecration the Rev. Dr. j Henry W. Schneeberger has been preacher and prin- 1 cipal of the congregational school. The school has an average attendance of from seventy-five to eighty scholars. The officers of the congregation at present are Jonas Friedenwald, president ; H. Nussbaum, vice-president ; P. Herzberg, treasurer ; H. Oppen- j heimer and J. Weil, trustees ; H. S. Hartogensis, sec- i retary ; Dr. H. W. Schneeberger, rabbi and preacher ; Rev. H. Glass, cantor and assistant teacher. This I congregation was formed by seceding members from the Lloyd Street synagogue, who objected to a de- parture from the orthodox style of worship.' Polish Synagogue.— The congregation of this synagogue was organized in 1865, and worshiped for a time in a hall on Gay Street, near the bridge. In I 1868 a school-house on Exeter Street, north of Fayette, ; was purchased for the use of the congregation, and ' the building was dedicated on the 11th of September of that year. In 1878 the construction of the present edifice, on North High Street, above Fayette, was begun, which was dedicated on the 20th of September of the same year. Hanover Street Synagogue.— The Fourth, or Hanover Street synagogue, on Hanover Street, be- tween Lombard and Pratt, was formerly occupied by the congregation of the Fifth Presbyterian Church. It was purchased by its present congregation in 1858, and was dedicated as a synagogue on the 14th of August in the same year. Extensive alterations and improvements were made in the synagogue in 1870, and it was rededicated on the 23d of September. Rev. Dr. Benjamin Szold is the rabbi. Shearith Israel Synagogue. — This congregation was incorporated in 1879, and is composed of the re- maining members of the former Howard and Eutaw Street congregations, the word " Shearith" meaning survivors. The place of worship. Green and German Streets, was formerly occupied by the congregation of Calvary M. E. Church South, and was dedicated as a synagogue on the 4th of July, 1879. Eev. Dr. M. Lilienthal is the present rabbi. The sixth synagogue is situated on Harrison Street, near Baltimore. UNITARIAN CHURCH. The First Independent Unitarian Church, north- west corner of Franklin and Charles Streets, was or- ganized at the house of Henry Payson on the 10th of February, 1817. The present site was soon afterwards purchased, and Maximilian Godefroy, a distinguished architect of the day, was employed to design and build the church.' The corner-stone of the present noble edifice was accordingly laid with due ceremony on June 5, 1817, and, the building having been suffi- ciently advanced for public wor.ship, it was dedicated on the 29th of October, 1818. On November 1st of the same year the first Sunday services were held in it, the Rev. Mr. Colman officiating in the morning, and the Rev. Dr. Freeman in the evening. Rev. Jared Sparks, of Cambridge, Mass., was engaged to preach for some weeks, and on the 31st of January, 1819, he was unanimously called to the pastorate of the church. He accepted the invitation, and was ordained accord- ingly on May 5th. The sermon on this occasion was preached by the celebrated Dr. William Ellery Chan- ning, of Boston, Mass., the most distinguished cham- pion of the Unitarian faith, and it was regarded as one of the most powerful efforts of his life. Mr. Sparks was a man of much ability as a writer and thinker, and greatly beloved for his fine social quali- ties. During his ministry he entered into a contro- versy with Rev. Dr. William E. Wyatt, of St. Paul's Church, who had warmly attacked the principles of the Unitarian faith; and Mr. Sparks replied in a series of articles defending Unitarianism with signal skill. His pastorate lasted until July, 1823, when he resigned his charge, partly on account of ill health and a desire of change of pursuits. He left the min- istry altogether, although he alwa}^ remained a Uni- tarian, and henceforth devoted himself to literary labors. He became widely known as one of the fore- most of American historians by his " Life and Letters of George Washington," "Life and Letters of Frank- lin," and " Correspondence of the Revolution." He was editor of the North American Review, and of " Sparks' American Biography" for three years. Pro- fessor of History in Harvard University, and became also its president. He died, universally respected and beloved, on March 14, 1866, in the seventy-seventh year of his age. He retained always an affectionate interest in the city and people of Baltimore. " The 1 The trustees of the church in 1820 w( WUIiam ChilJ.Koliert H. OsgooJ, Willii Nathaniel WillianiB. 590 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. amount of Mr. Sparks' literary labor and its popular estimation may be judged from the fact that more than six hundred thousand volumes of his various publications have been published and disposed of." ' After the retirement of Mr. Sparks the church struggled on for .some years without a settled minis- | ter, various clergymen supplying the pulpit from time 1 to time, until April 23, 1828, when the Rev. George W. Burnap, who had for nearly a year i)revious been l)reaching in the church, was ordained as its pastor. Mr. Burnap was a young man when he entered on his ministry, and he continued to be the devoted and zealous shepherd of his flock for a period of nearly thirty-two years. During this period he became widely known iis a writer in controversial theology, and also published a number of volumes, such as " Lectures to Young Men," " Lectures to Young Women," etc., which gave him a deserved and hand- i some reputation in literature. He was universally beloved for his pure and unselfish character, and was on terms of cordial friendship with many of the ; orthodox clergymen of Baltimore. During the latter ! j)art of his ministry some persons seceded from the j church and established another congregation under charge of Rev. Mr. Bowen, preaching at the old Ma- sonic Hall. Mr. Bowen continued the pastor of this second society until some time after the outbreak of the civil war, when he entered the Federal army as chaplain. Dr. Burnap died suddenly on Sept. 8, 1859, to the grief of his congregation. i The Rev. N. H. Chamberlain, of Canton, Mass., | was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of | Dr. Burnap, and he was duly installed on March 28, 18()0. About a year after he was settled the civil war broke out, and a number of persons left the church on account of politics. Mr. Chamberlain continued in charge until Jan. 1, 1863, when he resigned the pastorate, chiefly on account of a change in his re- ligious views. His resignation was accepted, and he ] subsequently united himself to the Episcopal Church, i and was ordained to its ministry. During Mr. Cham- berlain's ministry the church was injured by fire, 1 burning a number of pews, etc., caused by a defect in the furnace. The Rev. John F. W. Ware, of Cambridge, Mass., was invited on Jan. 12, 1864, to become the pastor of the church, and accepting the call, he, without any formal installation, began duty on May 15, 1864. He ' wiis a forcible and able pulpit orator, but becoming dissatisfied with his situation, he resigned his charge , on June 29, 1867. He continued for some time, how- ever, to preach elsewhere in the city, and his Sunday evening discourses at Ford's Opera-House attracted much attention. After Mr. Ware's departure there was another interregnum for some time in the affairs of the church, various ministers conducting the ser- vices, and among them the Rev. Orville Dewey, D.D. A choice v/aa at length made of the Rev. Edward C. (iuild, of Boston, Mass., who entered upon his duties on Sept. 19, 1869. He continued in charge until May 27, 1872, when, greatly to the regret of his flock, he sent in his resignation, remaining, however, as the pastor until September 1st. The Rev. Charles R. Weld, B.D., who had just graduated at the Divinity School of Cambridge, Mass., was invited to become the minister in place of Mr. Guild on Oct. 27, 1872. He accepted the position thus tendered, and was ac- cordingly ordained as the pastor of the church on Thursday, Jan. 2, 1873. Mr. Weld is a descendant of the celebrated Dr. Jonathan Edwards, of North- ampton, Mass., and is still pastor of the church. ASSOCIATED EVANGELICAL CHURCHES. The First Evangelical Church was originally situ- ated on the southeast corner of Eutaw and Camden Streets. The corner-stone was laid in June, 1841, and it was consecrated on the 12th of December, 1841, as the German Evangelical Emmanuel church. On the night of the 14th of December, 1851, the church was destroyed by fire, but its reconstruction was begun in the following spring, and it was under roof when the property was purchased by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, in July, 1852. A lot corner of Greene Street and Cider Alley was immediately pro- cured and the present church erected, which was dedi- cated in the latter \>aTt of 1852. The pastor is Rev. John Koehl. Second Evangelical Church.— The corner-stone of this church, corner of McElderry and Short Streets, was laid on the 11th of September, 1848, and the edi- fice was completed in February, 1849. After having been considerably improved, it was rededicated on the 5th of September, 1869. Its pastor is Rev. Daniel Schnebel. The Third Evangelical Church, on Clark Street, near Fremont, was dedicated on the 14th of Septem- ber, 1873. The German United Evangelical Church, be- tween 234 and 23(i Eastern Avenue, was dedicated April 12, 1874. Its pastor is Kcv. F. A. Conradi. Bethlehem Greene (Welsh Independent) Church is situated on Toone Street, east of Clinton, Canton. TJNIVERSAIIST CHURCH. The corner-stone of the Univcrsalist church, on Baltimore Street, near Ceutral Avenue, was laid on the 19th of June, 1860, and the edifice was dedicated on Sunday, March 24, 1861, by Rev. J. R. Johnson, pastor, assisted by Rev. B. M. Tillotson, Rev. Moses Ballou, and Rev. A. Basserman. The congregation had previously worshiped in the old Univcrsalist church, at the northeast corner of Calvert and Pleas- ant Streets, the history of which is given elsewhere. The present pastor is Rev. R. H. Pullman. The Third Univcrsalist Church is situated on the east side of Nc.rlli tirci'ne Street, near Lexington Market. It was dediiatod Dec. 16, 1877. Its pastor is Rev. George W. Powell. KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Paca Street Christian Church.— This church wa-s organized July 26, 1.840, with thirty-seven members. The congregation met for a short time in the Traders' Union Hall, Gay and Baltimore Streets, afterwards in the Assembly Rooms Building, then situated at the northeast corner of Fayette and Holliday Streets, and in November, 1840, rented and occupied War- field's mgeting-house. The present hou.se of worship, on the west side of South Paca Street, near Lombard, was dedicated May 26, 1850, President Alexander Camjjbell, of Bethany College, officiating at the opening services. The origi- nal building was enlarged in 1873 by the addition of the present vestibule and gallery. There are now upon the church register about six hundred commu- nicants. The longest and perhaps most important pastorates in the history of the church were those of Eev. D. S. Burnet and his immediate successor. Rev. A. N. Gilbert. Rev. H. D. Clark is the present pastor. The site occupied by the church and the graveyard which surrounds the edifice are connected with asso- ciations of considerable historic interest. The prop- erty a century ago belonged to John Eager Howard, who in 1787, in consideration of one hundred pounds specie, conveyed it to Abraham Sitler and others and their successors, as " trustees for the society of Ger- man Baptists, commonly called ' Dunkers,' for the use of the society forever." On the 17th day of No- vember, 1808, John Eager Howard executed another deed of the same lot to trustees, some of whom are named as trustees in the deed of 1787, and others are different persons. The last deed recites parts of the first deed, and states that it vested only a life estate in the trustees by reason of the omission of legal words of perpetuity, whereas it was the intention of Howard that the lot of ground should at all times thereafter be used as a burial-ground or place of de- posit for the remains of the members of the society of German Baptists or " Dunkers," and such other per- sons as a majority of the trustees, residing in Balti- more City or precincts, might give permission to be buried therein, and that any house there erected should be used as a place of worship for the society. To give full effect to the original grant, he conveyed the lot to the trustees and their heirs or assigns as tenants in common, — " in trust nevertheless, and to and for the uses heretofore mentioned, and for no other purpose whatever." In 1849, John Stoufter, said to be the only surviving trustee, and heir of the others named in the deed of 1808, executed a deed of license to the " trustees of the disciples of Jesus Christ in the city and precincts of Baltimore" to erect a house of public worship on the lot. The Christian church was accordingly erected there, as has been stated in the first part of the sketch, and a dispute arose between the two religious bodies as to the exclusive right to worship therein, and a suit was instituted and taken to the Court of Appeals, in which it was decided that the license was valid and binding upon the parties; that Howard's deed of 1787 was in direct violation of the thirty- fourth article of the declaration of rights and therefore void, and that his deed of 1808 was the first valid and effective grant. In November, 1874, a certificate of incorporation alleged to be of the Society of Baptists referred to in the deed of 1808 was recorded, and on Dec. 3, 1874, the trustees of the German Baptist brethren filed a bill in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City alleging that they represented tlie real persons for whom the lot was purchased and held in trust, and that having become incorporated they were entitled to have a conveyance of the legal title to the lot. An- swers were filed by some of the heirs of the trustees named in the deed of 1808 denying that the German Baptist brethren were beneficiaries or entitled to the lot. In January, 1875, Charles F. and George T. Stouffer, heirs of trustees under that deed, filed their bill in the same court, in which they allege that in consequence of the growth of the city the lot had become unsuitable for burial purposes, and it would be for the advantage of all parties that it should be sold and the proceeds distributed among them, the remains interred being carefully removed. The tru.s- tees of the German Baptist brethren answered, in- sisting on their right to a conveyance of the lot and denying that the others had any beneficial interest. Answers were filed by other parties, and evidence was taken to prove the identity of the German Baptist brothers and the society of German Baptists called " Dunkers," and that the lot is not now used as a burial-place. On Oct. 23, 1877, an agreement of the parties was filed consenting to a sale of the lot, and that the proceeds be brought into court for distribu- tion, and a decree was passed accordingly, but after- wards rescinded by agreement of the parties to the cause. An amended bill was filed alleging that the trustees were notified by the heirs of John Eager Howard that in case the property should be diverted from its uses as a burial-ground by a sale thereof they would claim the same, and that a cloud had been thrown over the title of the property by the Howards' claim. The trustees of the church of the German Baptist brethren denied the claim of the Howard heirs. The Circuit Court decided that the decree for the sale of the property had been rightfully passed, and that a purchaser under that decree would take title. Another- decree ordered the sale, reserving the question of the distribution of the proceeds. From this decree the Howard heirs appealed, the main question presented being whether the property could be sold, or whether it must continue to be held as a place of burial of deceased members of the society of German Baptists, and of others permitted by the trustees of that denomination. After fully reviewing the case the Court of Appeals said, — 592 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. " It in manifest tlmt neitlier tlie orifrinal tnislccs iinnied in the deed of 1808, nor their heire, nor the lotlioldera have any right to liave tlie lut sold and the proceeds of the sale ditttnbuted among them or any of them. It must be held and used in strict conformity to the terms of t!ie deed by which it was conveyed and for the purposes tliorein specifically declared. Should it he diverted from tliose uses tlie terms of the deed under wtiicli alone it is now held would be violated, and the lieirs of Gen. Howard would immediately become reiuvested with title to tlie lot. The only remaining question is whether * the trustees of the church of the German Baptist brethren* have a right of conveyance of the lot from the heirs of the ti-ustees to whom it was conveyed by the deed of 1808. . . . In effecting their incorporation the requirements of the code, article 40, sections 1.^7 to 1G8, seem to have been satisfactorily complied with, and the society has been legally incorporated. The corporation is there- fore entitled to a couveyauce of the lot, to be held by it, however, subject to the tuea declared by the deed o/ 1808." The property must therefore be used for burial purposes, and if it is diverted from this use it will revert to the heirs of John Eager Howard. The Christian Church, corner of Dolphin and Ettiiig ^^treets, was dedicated on the 11th of April, 18G1I. SPIRITUALISTS. The First Spiritualist Congregation has been regularly incorporated since 1865. Their place of meeting is the Law Building, southwest corner of Lexington and St. Paul Streets. Wash. A. Danskin is the president. CHAPTER XXXIV. CHARITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS IN- STITUTION,S AND ASSOCIATIONS. Charitable Marine Society.— This institution was incorporated by the Legislature of Maryland in 1796, for the relief of the distressed widows and orphans of the members. Thomas Elliott was selected as the first president, and Levin Hall as the first secretary. During its existence relief has been extended to a vast number of widows and orphans, the widows receiving their dividends during life, and the orphans until ten years of age. A number of bequests have been made to the institution during its long life, and as the funds are carefully .invested, the beneficiaries receive the full benefits of the society. The following is a list of the original members of the association : Tliomas Elliott, David Porter, Thomas Cole, Levin Hall, Daniel How- laii'i, .lohri Si)yu,.,ii Uliite, James Boyd, Robert F, Story, Leonard Yundt, Matthew Brown, Philip Kdwards, John Smith, John Hall, Simon Deagle, Stephen Ylckery, Paul Gould, Matthew Rawson, Williiuu C. Smitli, Mons, 8, Bunbnry,Milyor Miller, James Donaldson, Richard Sisson, Rich- ard Lawrence, Richard Todd, Peter Cloppcr, John Smith, Jr., Hubert Oliver, John O'Donnol, Walter Bell, Willinm Matthews, Samuel H. Gatchell, Amos Fislier, George L. Story, James Beeuiau, John McCoy, Jesse Phearson, Louis Toucas, James \V. Latotiche. Peter Gould, John Fisk, George F. Trnitt, Philip Gtaybell, William Robinson, Thorndick Chase, John E. Howard, William Van Wyck, George Grundy, Archibald Robinson, Conrad Eiscleu, William Lip- sey, William Dawson, Jacob Reese, William Fields, John Hamilton, Thomas Norman, Ephraim Merchant, Samuel Knapp, John Clarke, Peter Sharp, William Williamson, Guy Rogers, Christopher Wil- liams, George Martin, George Hunter, Joseph Wliite, Jr, John Dil- lon, William Patterson, Diivid McMechen, Philip Littig, James A, Buchanan, William B. Smith, Jacob Meyers. John McMeyers, Abraham Smith, James Simpson, William Peterkin, Christopher Deshon, Peter Gesse, James Parker, James Coulthard, John Paunel, James Williams. Paul Beiitalou, Jacob F. Levy, William Jacobs, William Hughes, James Frazier, Robert Stanley, John HolliDs, Caleb Green, Joseph Hubbard, John Fry, James Philips, William T. Peachey, James Benson, Levin Dashiell, Joseph Smith. St. Peter's School and Orphan Asylum. — St. Peter's School was incorporated on the 2.')th of Janu- ary, 1806, with Rev. George Dashiell, Edward John- son, Thomas Rutter, Josias Pennington, William Jes- sop, Hezekiali Waters, and Henry Dorsey Gough as trustees. It was provided by the act that when parents, guardians, or Orplians' Courts should place any poor child or children in the school, they should thenceforth be under the control and management of the institution until it should be thought proper by the trustees to bind them out. The school w^as founded by the liberal endowments of Jeremiah Yel- lott and James Corry. It has passed through many vicissitudes, and was at one period held over a watch- house. The corner-stone of the asylum, which is situated on Myrtle Avenue, near Lanvale Street, was laid July 1, 1872, and the building was formally opened on the .30th of January, 1873. Soup-houses. — There is no record of the first soup- house established in Baltimore, but it would seem that charity in this city, as elsewhere, took the form of soup at a comparatively early day. During the winter of 1804-.5, which was one of extraordinary severity, the sufferings of the poor were so great that it became necessary to hold a public meeting, and to appoint visitors to solicit contributions, and to dis- tribute the charities of the citizens. To their alarm these contributions were soon almost exhausted, and upon the solicitations of the then mayor, Thorogood Smitli, the visitors consented to appropriate one hun- dred dollars to the establishment of a soup-house, and appointed Messrs. Richardson Stewart, James Mosher, and George F. Kerforts a committee to put the plan into execution. The soup-house was opened on the 23d of January, 1805, and was located back of No. 27 Harrison Street, near the Centre Market, and in time was mainly supplied by donations from the market-people. A thousand quarts of soup and the same number of loaves of bread were distributed from this house. Tickets were given, upon which the holders received the quantity to which the size of their families entitled them. In 1819 the severe winter and the dullne-ss of busi- ness made it necessary to resort to the same method to relieve the poor ; and a letter was addressed to the mayor, Edward Johnson, calling his attention to the benefit that had been derived from the soup-house in CHARITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 593 1805, and suggesting a similar plan. The mayor called a public meeting, at which it was determined to establish a regular society, to be called the " Bal- timore Economical Soup Society;" and at a meeting of this society at the mayor's office on the 6th of No- vember, 1819, by-laws were adopted, and the follow- ing officers were elected: Col. James Mosher, presi- dent ; Edward J. Coale, secretary ; Randall H. Moale, assistant secretary ; Isaac McPherson, treasurer. Su- perintending Committee, Abner Neale, Peter Hoffman, Samuel Harden. Provision Committee, John Schunck, Arch. Sterling, Charles Diffenderffer, William Stans- bury, James Piper, Peter Gait, Alexander Yearly, Nathaniel Knight, John Dukehart, John Franciscus, Samuel Young, George A. Hughes. Bread Commit- tee, George Greer, John Barney, William Tyson, Evan T. Ellicott, Randall H. Moale, Edward Palmer. Visiting Committee, Richard Carroll, William Jen- kins, Robert Watson, George Warner, Frederick Getz, Philip Lawrenson, Upton Bruce, James Belt, Jr., John Hewes, William Norris, Daniel Hoffman, and Lambert Thomas. The superintending commit- tee was authorized to establish a soup-house in the vicinity of the Centre Market and elsewhere, as Uliey might think best. In January, 1820, the managers of the society established a pay soup-house in addi- tion to the free ones in operation, in a part of an old auction-store on the corner of Frederick and Second Streets, where those who would not make use of the free houses could satisfy their laudable independence by procuring soup and bread at a more moderate price than elsewhere. During this winter the distress of the poor was greatly alleviated in this manner. Again in 1861, when provisions rose to a high price, it was found necessary to establish soup-houses. For several winters previous Mrs. Thomas Winans had supplied the poor in the western section of the city with soup, but in 1861 she enlarged her charity by purchasing the Presbyterian church on Baltimore Street, opposite her residence, above Fremont Street, and had it arranged expressly for the purpose of a soup-house. The cooking apparatus was arranged on the outside of the west wall of the building, and con- sisted of ten caldrons with a capacity of eight hun- dred gallons. The basement and audience-floor of the building were fitted up as dining-rooms, where those who did not not desire to take the soup home were served. The soup and bread were only given on the presentation of tickets furnished by persons employed to examine into and supply those who were worthy to receive them. This generous charity was not closed until May, 1862. In that time 1960 fami- lies were relieved, and 1,246,000 rations were issued, the cost amounting to over $70,000. In the same year Mrs. George Brown generously established a similar place at her residence, at the southwest corner of Cathedral and Madison Streets, where large num- bers of the poor were daily supplied with soup. The same year private citizens established a soup-house on Biddle Street, near Madison, which was reopened in December, 1863. In 1873 the Ladies' Relief Asso- ciation established and successfully conducted three central soup-houses, one at 27 North Calvert Street, one at 76 South Bond Street, and another at 172 Lee Street. In November a soup-house was also opened at 97 Pennsylvania Aveniie, in a room offered by the managers of St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church Home. The managing committee of this enterprise were Charles F. Taylor, chairman ; John E. Hurst, W. B. Bansemer, Joshua Walker, Henry Snowden, Joseph H. England, John S. Mills, and S. E. Hill. In 1877 four different soup-houses were in operation in different sections of the city, among them a soup- house conducted by the German Ladies' Relief Asso- ciation at No. 10 North Caroline Street, and the La- fayette soup-house, in the northwestern section of the city, in the basement of the old Patterson mansion, near Lafayette Market, established by Thomas Brid- dell, Joel Miller, W. G. Wills, and John W. Lee, and sustained by large contributions from John T. Ford and others. The latter soup-house supplied daily a thousand or twelve hundred people with bread and soup. The Baltimore Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor had its origin in 1819, when Mayor Elijali Stansbury recommended that a convention of representatives from each ward in the city should be held to organize a permanent associa- tion for the more efficient relief of the worthy poor. This convention was held in the chamber of the First Branch of the City Council, Mayor Stansbury acting as chairman and Charles L. Lucas as secretary, and after several subsequent meetings the association was regularly organized. The officers of the association consist of a presi- dent, ten vice-presidents, a treasurer, corresponding secretary, chairman of the special collection com- mittee, recording secretary, complimentary managers, six managers for each ward in the city, and four agents, located in the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Districts. The city is divided into fourteen districts, with special collectors in each district. The affairs of the association are conducted on strict business prin- ciples, in order that the worthy poor may secure im- mediate relief and the association be protected against imposition. The permanent organization of the^association was not effected until Dec. 17, 1849, although the record of its original constitution bears date May 17, 1850. John Wilson served as its first president, Jesse Hunt as its first treasurer, and Chas. L. Lucas as its first recording secretary. After the death of John Wilson, in 1851, the late Thos. Wilson was elected president, and served until 1853, when he was succeeded by Wm. George Baker. At his death the late Geo. Brown, whose venerable widow still survives and is a munificent contributor to the association, was elected its fourth president, and when he died, in HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUiNTY, MARYLAND. 1858, John C. Brune was chosen as his successor, and ivniained president until 1862, when Jesse Hunt, who had been its treasurer since its organization, was elected. He served for ten years, until his death in 1872, and was succeeded by the present efficient ex- ecutive, Edward Otis Hinkley, who is the seventh president of the association. During the first five years the collections amounted to $52,897 ; during the five years from 1875 to 1879 they amounted to S136,- 439. During 1880, 15,032 persons were relieved by the association. In addition to material relief, the agents of the association pay particular attention to the religious instruction of the poor. The central office of the association is situated at No. 122 West Fayette Street. The agents also have oHicers in each district : First District, I. L. Beran, Jr., 32 South Eden Street ; Second District, Nicholas Vansant, 318 Aisquith Street; Third District, Richard Hunt, «0 Piiic Street; Fourth District, Joseph K. Love, 170 South I'aca Street. The (inly salariecl officers of the association are the secretary and the four district aLaMits, whose aggregate compensation amounts to s;]»'X) per annum. The Baltimore Orphan Asylum is one of the oldest charitable institutions in this city. It was first incorporated on the 31st of December, 1801, as the Female Humane Association Charity School, but it had probably been organized several years before it was chartered. On the 20th of January, 1808, a second act of incorporation was passed, by which the name of the institution Was changed to theOrphaline Charity School, and in which the Rt. Rev. John Car- roll, Rev. T. Daniel Kurtz, Rev. James Inglis, Charles liidgely, of Hampton ; Christian Keener, Peter Hoff- man, and other contributors to the charity were named as incorporators. It was further provided that the school should be under the management of nine "discreet female characters," to be annually elected by the contributors and subscribers. Accord- ing to the statement of the managers published in 1819, it would seem that up to 1817 one hundred and eleven children had been provided with homes, and that in the latter year twenty-five children were ed- ucated at the school, four of whom were entirely sup- ported by the funds of the institution. In 1819 the school numbered twenty-eight pupils, twenty-two of whom were clothed and boarded gratuitously. At the annual election, on the 13tli of April, in this year, Mrs. Luke Tiernan was chosen president ; Mrs. Ken- nedy Owen, secretary ; and Mrs. John Hollins, Mrs. H. Schroeder, Jr., Mrs. John Brice, Mrs. N. Nelms, Mrs. T. Luca.s, Miss Bond, and Miss Gill, mana- gers. The institution was originally empowered to continue its control of the children committed to its care only to the age of sixteen, but by the act of Feb. 5, 1822, the "directresses" of the school were author- ized to "bind out female children until they should attain the age of eighteen years, or be married." On the 25th of January, 1827, the name was changed to the " Baltimore Female Orphan Asylum," and on the 20th of December of the same year a fair was held for the benefit of the institution at the Dancing A.s- sembly Rooms, in Eiist Fayette Street. The officers of the asylum elected April 19, 1831, were Mrs. John Hollins, president; Mrs. H. Boyle, treasurer ; Mrs. Raymond, secretary ; and Mrs. Lucas, Mrs. McClure, Mrs. Taylor, Mrs. Nelms, and Mrs. Nevins, managers. The following ladies were elected managers on the 12th of April, 1836 : Mrs. Boyle, Mrs. Lucas, Mrs. Tiernan, Mrs. McClure, Mrs. J. S. Hollins, Mrs. McCuUoh, Mrs. Henry Myers, Miss Lemmon, Mrs. Raymond, Mrs. Joseph King, Mrs. Edward Williams. Mrs. Raymond was elected president of the board; Mrs. Boyle, treasurer; and Miss Lemmon, secretary. By the act of 1846, ch. 54, the .institution was au- thorized to take charge of destitute male as well as female children, and in accordance with this enlarge- ment of its powers its name was changed, by act of the Legislature, on the 28th of January, lS.')(t, to the Baltimore Orphan Asylum. The first location ol the institution was on North Calvert Street, adjoining the City Spring, but in 1823 the trustees erected a sub- staiAial building for its use in Mulberry Street, near the cathedral. On the 10th of June, 1852, the corner- stone of the present asylum, on the east side of Strieker Street, between. Le.\ington and Saratoga Streets, was laid, and on the 10th of November, 1853, the building was dedicated. The edifice has a front of one hundred and five feet on Strieker Street, with a depth of eighty-five feet, is constructed of plain pressed brick, and affords accommodations for about three hundred inmates. The children enter the institution at an early age, receive a plain but substantial education, and are trained to habits of good order and industry. Mrs. Eliza Baynard is president of the asylum. ' St. Mary's Female Orphan Asylum was organ- ized Feb. 5, 1818, and was chartered Jan. 27, 1819, as St. Mary's Orphaline' Female School, with the Most Rev. Ambrose Marfichal, Archbishop of Baltimore, Rev; Enoch Fenwick, Luke Tiernan, David William- son, John White, and John Scott, members of the Catholic Church of Baltimore, as incorporators. Mrs. L. Ann Tiernan, Mrs. P. Ann S. Tiernan, Mrs. Eliza M. Scott, Mrs. Jane Chatard, Mrs. Juliana William- ! son, Mrs. Sarah White, Mrs. Ann Groe, Mrs. Harriett Ghequiere, and Mrs. Letitia Bayle were named by the j act of incorporation as the first managers of the insti- tution. The corner-stone of the edifice. No. 70 Frank- i lin Street, wa,s laid on Sept. 11, 1828. On the parch- j ment placed in a slab in the corner-stone was the following inscription : " To tlie glory of Alniiglity God, under tlio auspices of tlie Blessod j Virgin, the conior.»toiie of this ediflce, St. Mary's Cuthollc Female Oi^ I plialiiie Asylum, estuklistied liy the Most Rcverenil Ambrose MarOchal, AD. 1819, mid of which he was ci most lllwrallwliofactor, deeUned fur the education of orphans, poor children, and others who may be entrusted to its prntoclion, was laiil liy the Most Uevoroud Janus WliillleM, the fonrlh Archhishop of Bultilnore, ussistod by the liidy nmimgolK, Mre. I.. CHARITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, Tiernan, Chatard, Williamson, Elder, White, Meyers, P. Tiernan, E. Jenkins, Walter, Brand, ilickley, J. Jenkins, Jason Jenkins, J. Scott, Ghequiere, Stewart, Claxton, P. Scott, Campbell, and Miss Spalding; the gentlemen protectors, Lnke Tiernan, Edward Jenkins, John White, and John Scott ; the Sisters of Charity, to whose care the scliool is now coniniitted, Felicita, Marcellina, Mary Rose, Mary Frances, Mary Aloy- sia, whose names are liere recorded that posterity nmy admire their zeal * and eninlate their example/* The institution has also an edifice and grounds ' ou the Yorl£ Road, near Waverly, Baltimore Co., in- tended especially for the use of the children during the summer months, but occupied all the 3'ear by some of the Sisters and their wards. Among other gifts made to the institution by Archbishop Marechal were the two spacious galleries in the cathedral, located above the southern transept, which the children of St. Mary's Asylum have occupied for more than half a century. Since the construction of the edifice on Franklin Street it has been found necessary to en- large and otherwise improve it from time to time to meet the increased demand for admission. The present superior is Sister Gertrude ; her predecessors were Sisters Mary Stella, Maurice, Matilda, Valen- tine, Euphemia, Julia, Aiiacaria, and Louise. Aged Men's Home.— As early as 1860 the lady managers of the Aged Women's Home contemplated the erection of a home for aged men, but it was not until May 19, 1863, that the funds in hand were suffi- cient to warrant the laying of the corner-stone of the building. On the 10th of March, 1864, an act was passed by the Legislature enlarging the powers of the Humane Impartial Society of Baltimore, and au- thorizing it to relieve and provide for indigent men, and on the 19th of January, 1865, the home was for- mally opened. The building is situated on the north- west corner of Lexington and Calhoun Streets, imme- diately adjoining the Aged Women's Home. It is untler the same management as the latter, is seventy- eight feet by sixty square, three stories high, with a capacious basement, and is capable of accommodating forty-six inmates. Aged Women's Home. — This institution was origi- nally incorporated Dec. 27, 1811, as the Humane Im- partial Society, but the society itself existed as early as 1802, on the 7th of January in which year the first regular meeting of the " Female Humane Asso- ciation" for the relief of indigent women was held at the residence of Bishop Carroll.' Its purpose, as ex- pressed in the act of incorporation, was the employ- ment and relief of widows and the education of orphans, and it was provided that each of the religi- ous denominations in the city should be represented ! in the society by a trustee. Jan. 28, 1850, the mem- j bers of the society desiring to enlarge the sphere of 1 A free male school was among the first enterprises of the society, and in November of that year the managers reported that they had admitted thirty-three scholars to the institution, and had in part clothed twenty of the most destitute. In 1810 the society announced that it had en- gaged a '•master taylor" to superintend a department in their ware- house, No. 25 Calvert Street, and that gentlemen could be accommodated with ready-made clothes. The society had also an " intelligence office" at this period. their benevolent operations, a further act of incorpo- ration was passed by which the name was changed to the " Baltimore Humane Impartial Society and Aged Women's Home," and its purposes declared to be the employment and relief of indigent women, the pro- viding of a suitable home for the aged, and the main- tenance and education of orphans. At the passage of the first act of incorporation Mrs. Mary Coulter was declared president, and Mrs. Keziah Morris, Mrs. Sarah McDonald, Mrs. McPherson, Mrs. Liddle, Mrs. Peterkin, Mrs. Hartshorn, and Mrs. Hagerty man- agers of the institution until the' first election under the charter. The trustees appointed by the act were Alexander McKira, Rev. John Glendy, Rev. Frederick Beasly, Rev. John Hargrove, Philip Lawrenson, Dr. Joseph Brevitt, and the Rev. Alexander McCaine. The corner-stone of the Aged Women's Home, on West Lexington Street, near Franklin Square, was laid Sept. 17, 1849, and the building was formally opened Oct. 28, 1851. The lot was the gift of James Canby, of Wilmington, Del., and William G. Thomas, of Baltimore. The officers and managers of the home at its opening were Miss Margaret Purviance, presi- dent; Mrs. Ninde, vice-president; Mrs. Dr. Plummer, recording secretary ; Miss King, corresponding secre- tary ; Mrs. William G. Harrison, treasurer ; and the following lady managers : Mrs. Capt. Leslie, Mrs. Pickersgill, Mrs. Purdy, Mrs. Ridgely, Mrs. Kirk- land, Mrs. Corner, Mrs. Henderson, Mrs. Thomas Swann, Mrs. T. H. Wilson, Mrs. J. H. B. Latrobe, Mrs. Dr. Johns, Mrs. T. Wilson, Mrs. H. Baker, Mrs. W. S. Appleton, Mrs. Taney, Mrs. G. H. Wil- liams, Mrs. William Graham Dunbar, and Misses Sprigg, Wilkins, E. Wilson, and Miss Monroe. The trustees were Rev. William Hamilton, Robert P. Brown, Hugh D. Evans, N. Monsarat, Roger B. Taney, Joseph King, George Brown, William G. Thomas, William G. Baker, J. S. Gittings. Physi- cians, Dr. A. Robinson, Dr. R. Stewart. Wednesday, May 19, 1874, the corner-stone of the new addition to the building was laid, and it was completed shortly afterwards. This addition is forty-seven feet in length and sixty-five in width, and contains thirty-six rooms. To the late Miss Margaret S. Purviance belongs the honor of first suggesting the idea of a " Home for Aged Women," and to her unwearying efforts this as well as many other of our most practical and useful charities owe much of their present efficiency and success. The present officers of the institution are : Mrs. Henry Patterson, president; Mrs. A. Fuller Crane, vice-president ; Miss Alice Armstrong, recording secretary; Mrs. Com. Purviauce, corresponding secretary ; Mrs. William G. Hoffman, treasurer. Man- agers, Miss. C. J. Baker, Miss J. Henderson, Mrs. Hammer, Mrs. Com. Purviance, Mrs. Patterson, Miss Grafflin, Miss Waesche, Miss Bright, Miss Maund, Miss E. Wilson, Mrs. A. F. Crane, Mrs. William G. Hoffman, Mrs. J. S. Gittings, Miss Wilkins, Miss Meredith, Miss Alice Armstrong, Mrs. Pouder, Mi-s. Charles Inglis, Mis. W. W. Spence, Mrs. John A. English, Mrs. George H. Williams. Trustees, Dr. E. Perkins, Presbyterians; William G. Thomas, Friends; C.J. Baker, Methodists; Hon. T. Swann, Episcopalians. Attending Phy- sicians, Dr. H. M. Wilson, Dr. Eyster. Attorney, George H. Wil- liams. Matron, Miss Mcllhaney. 596 .HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. The terms of admission are, for a native of Balti- more or resident tor twenty years, three hundred dollars if the applicant is between the ages of sixty and sixty-five, two hundred and fifty dollars from sixty-five to seventy, two hundred dollars from seventy upwards. If the applicant be from one of the counties of Maryland, the rates are the same as above, with the addition of a thirty dollars annuity. If the appli- cant be from another State, the rates are the same as for a city resident, with five hundred dollars addi- tional. Home of the Friendless was incorporated under the general incorporation law of 1852, and was opened on Thanksgiving Day, Nov. 23, 1854, at No. 17 Neigh- bor Street, East Baltimore. Two months afterwards it was removed to a larger house on Buren Street, near by. In October following it was removed to Eutaw Street, near Saratoga. Shortly afterwards it occupied two houses on Paca Street, where it remained until it removed to its present location, corner Druid Hill Avenue and Townsend Street. The corner-stone of the present " Home" was laid May 28, 1860, and the building was formally opened and dedicated April 2, 18(il. On the 23d of February, 1871, the new build- ing designu;l for the use of male inmates was for- mally opened. This addition is forty five by fifty-five ( feet, and i.s four stories high independent of Mansard roof, which furnishes another story. It is divided j into twenty-seven rooms, including one wash and four bath-rooms and two kitchens, is fitted up with the various modern conveniences, and will accommo- date about one hundred boys. It cost about twenty- seven thousand dollars. Since the formation of the Home of the Friendless it has received and sheltered nearly sixteen hundred children. At the time of its organization there were only female orphan asylums. The Home of the I'Viendless was the first institution in the State to pro- vide for youn(j boys, and was the first to include a child's hospital in its work, which is now fully or- ganized and accomplishing a commendable mission. The institution is non-sectarian. Its first officers were Mrs. James E. Atkinson, president; Mrs. Mary C. Towtie, first vice-president; Mrs. James H. Wil- son, secoiiil vi(i-|iiisii|.iil ; .Mrs. 'i'liomas Whitridge, treasurer; .Mi- I;,!..-,,;, .M,(niik,'> , -.mi ,tary. Mi's. Atkinson and .Mis> .\l,('M]ikc\ h:i\c Ik'I.I their respec- tive positions of jjrcsident and secretary from the or- ganization of the "Home," in 1854, to the present time. The first managers were Mrs. Charles F. Mayer, Mrs. John M. Smith, Mrs. John Fonerden, Mrs. Ann Sherrod, Mrs. Joseph H. Meredith, Mrs. Basil B. Gordon, Mrs. Milton Whitney, Mrs. Henry Stock- bridge, Jliss J. S. CheflfeUe, Miss May Keller, Miss Kachel Brown, Mrs. William Ellicott. The first counselors were Mrs. Dr. Buckler, Mrs. Galloway Che-ston, Mrs. J. Saurin Norris, Mrs. J. S. Gittings, Mrs. P. II. Sullivan, Mrs. Enoch Pratt, Mrs. Samuel G. Wyman, Mrs. John P. Stanley, Mrs. J. Harmon Brown, Mrs. Sophia Clark, Miss Isabella Tyson, Miss Mary Frick, Miss Shaw, and Me-ssrs. Thomas Whit- ridge, J. S. Norris, C. F. Mayer, R. M. Lockwood, J. D. Pratt, William E. Mayhew, William H. Keigh- ler, John Williams, Johns Hopkins, Joseph Gushing, Milton Whitney, William P. Coles, Charles Grinnell, and Jesse Hunt. The physicians were Dr. Charles Frick and Dr. W. C. Van Bibber. The present offi- cers are Mrs. James E. Atkinson, president ; Mrs. F. A. Crook, first vice-president ; Miss Melissa Boker, second vice-president ; Miss Mary L. Frick, treasurer ; Mrs. Robert Tyson, recording secretary ; Miss Rebecca McConkey, corresponding secretary. Managers, Mrs. Charles F. Mayer, Mrs. Josej)!! H. Meredith, Mrs. Frank White, Miss Anna V. Woodward, Miss Judith Cheffelle, Mi.ss Helen Whitridge, Miss Mary King, Mrs. Dr. Warfield, Miss Christina Bond, Mrs. David T. Busby, Mrs. Samuel Landstreet, Miss Mary Ensey, Mrs. John A. Tompkins, Mrs. Andrew G. Waters, Mrs. Hiram Woods, Mrs. John S. Berry, Mrs. Horace W. Robbins, Miss Anne Armstrong, Miss Hester Styles, Miss Eliza E. Berry, Mrs. J. Wesley Wright, Mrs. Mifflin Coulter, Mrs. Lewis Kalbfu.s, Miss Eliza George, Mrs. Charles E. Waters, Mrs. Eugene Lever- ing, Miss Jane Bradford, and Miss Emily G. Waters. Trustees, Francis T. King, Hiram Woods, Jr., Charles J. Baker, John S. Berry, Francis A. Crook, William Woodward, William F. Frick, Thomas M. Johnson. Physicians, Dr. P. C. Williams, Dr. W. C. Van Bib- ber, Dr. T. Edmonson Atkinson, Dr. William G. Harrison, Dr. L. McL. Tiffimy, Dr. John Van Bibber. Girls' Matron, Mrs. Johnson. Boys' Matron, Miss Ensey. Teacher, Miss Isaacs. The House of the Good Shepherd was organized in 1844, and was incorporated in August of that year.' The grounds embrace the entire block bounded by Mount, Gilmor, Hollius, and Lombard Streets, and when first occupied the buildings consisted only of the old Donnell mansion, which was presented to the institution by the late Mrs. Emily MacTavish. The site is one of the most elevated in Baltimore, afford- ing an extensive view of the city, the surrounding country, and the river and bay. The property has been greatly enlarged and improved since the inaug- uration of the institution, no less than three additions having been made to the original building. The corner-stone of the first addition, which included the chapel, was laid by Rev. Thomas Foley, late Bishop of Chicago, on the 16th of July, 1866, and the new building was dedicated on the 21st of November, 1867. On the 7th of March, 1876, Dr. John Foley laid the corner-stone of the second addition, which was dedicated on the 2Sth of August of the same year ; the third and last addition was dedicated Nov. 9, 1880. The object of the institution is the recla- mation and reformation of fallen and unfortunate 1 The Sistei-s commoncod thuir work in a Iiutine on West I*ratt Street, wiiero Father ThoniM Foley said the first miuis on the Clli of August. This luculiun, liiiwover, wiu* soon iibiuidoni'il for liie one now occupied. CHARITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 597 women, and the preservation of young girls and children in danger of being led to ruin. Since its establishment the institution has received nine hun- dred and sixty-nine women and girls, of whom five hundred and fifty-seven have returned to their friends, one hundred and eighty-three have left of their own accord, fifty-six have died happily, and one hun- dred and seventy-three are still inmates. By the act of 1878 additional corporate powers were granted , to the institution, by which justices of the peace in the city or counties, the judge of the Criminal j Court of Baltimore, and the judges of the Circuit Courts of the counties were authorized to commit to it incorrigible and vicious white females under the age of eighteen years. Since the passage of this act I one hundred and twenty persons have been committed [ under its provisions, of whom fifty-nine have been released, and sixty-one are still inmates. The House of the Good Shepherd is in charge of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, with Sister Mary Joseph as su- perior. Rev. Thomas Foley, late Bishop of Chicago, was the first president, and was succeeded by Rev. Dr. John Foley, pastor of St. Martin's Church. The Home for Fallen Women was organized in March, 1869. It was first situated on Frederick Street, in a house rented for the purpose. On the 27th of November, 1874, it was removed to the house at pres- ent occupied. No. 1 North Exeter Street, which was purchased for a permanent home. Its object is to rescue fallen women, and. by the invitations and en- couragements of the gospel to endeavor to raise them to lives of virtue and usefulness. Its first president was Mrs. G. R. Dodge. Mrs. E. B. Murdoch is her successor in that office. Mrs. E. W. Anderson is secretary. Dr. G. G. Child is the superintendent, and Mrs. Child is matron of the institution. | Little Sisters of the Poor. — The work of the Little Sisters of the Poor in Baltimore was commenced in ! 1869. In April of that year they rented Nos. 160 and [ 162 North Calvert Street, two doors south of Centre [ Street, where they began their work of noble and self- sacrificing labors for the poor. Their efibrts met with a warm and ready response, and on the 21st of April, 1870, one wing of the spacious buildings now occupied by them, at the corner of John and Valley Streets, was dedicated by the Very Rev. H. B. Cos- kery. On the 26th of April, 1874, the corner-stone of the chapel and central portion of the edifice was laid by Father McManus, pastor of St. John's Church, and on the 25th of October of the same year this ad- dition was dedicated by Archbishop Bayley. The hospital wing was completed subsequently, and adds greatly to the practical usefulness of the institution. The buildings occupy one of the finest sites in the city, are admirably planned and constructed, and form a fitting monument to the devoted zeal which in so short a time called them into existence. The in- mates consist of the aged poor, who are entirely sup- ported by the daily charities solicited by the Sisters. German Orphan Asylum. — This institution was or- ganized in 1863 as the Lutheran Orphan Asylum, and occupied a building at No. 69 East Pratt Street, which was dedicated on November 8th in that year. It was founded by Rev. Martin Kratt, and among those prominently connected with its organization were Prof Krapp, Prof. Facius, and E. C. Linden. In 1867 the asylum was removed from Pratt Street to the large three-story building No. 69 North Cal- vert, which was dedicated to the puriwses of the in- stitution on the 7t.h of July in that year. At a meet- ing of the managers of the institution on the 16th of May, 1872, it was determined to purchase the old Carmelite Convent property, corner of Aisquith and Orleans Streets, which was accordingly done, and on the 30th of March, 1873, the work of tearing down the convent building to make room for the present asylum was commenced. On the 22d of June of the same year the corner-stone of the new building was laid with imposing ceremonies. A procession, which preceded the ceremony proper, was composed of most if not all of the German lodges and societies in the city, and was one of the finest and largest demonstra- tions of its kind which ever took place in Baltimore. The procession was under the command of Chief Mar- shal Otto Duker, with Charles Seipp and H. Wehr as assistants, and the following stafl": Adjutant-in-Chief, C. F. Winter ; George Strohmeyer, A. Prey, G. Rauth, B. Stolt, August Kiel, D. F. Kohl, George Robinson ,H. Mooyer, C. Edlemann, L. Strassburger, John Scharz, C. Sauer, F. Everett, Jacob Edlemann, J. Drechler, H. E. Valentine, F. Plitz, E. Sibirt, F. Meyer, H. Lehr, J. Guenther, S. Newhan, H. Best, P. Otto, F. ■ Schwear, and H. Noss. The first division was mar- shaled by Charles Blumhardt, who was assisted by A. Beck and G. Schwerder as adjutants. The second division was marshaled by Charles Schwarzhaupt, and Lewis H. Robinson and John Vonderhorst as adjutants. The third division was under the com- mand of H. Eckes, with H. Drokenbrot and H. Men- ger as adjutants. The fourth division was under the marshalship of C. Lotz, with H. Schuckhardt and William Burkheimer as adjutants. The fifth division was under the command of C. Knoeft". The opening address was delivered by Prof Facius, the president of the German Orphan Asylum. The building was dedicated on the 22d of June, 1874. It is constructed of brick, with Ohio stone trimmings, and consists of a main building and two wings, and has a front of one hundred and twenty-five feet. Its cost was fifty thousand dollars, and the cost of the lot, which is one hundred and fifty feet front by two hundred deep, was thirty thousand dollars. The convent chapel was not torn down, and its first floor is now used as a directors' room, and the second floor for hospital pur- poses. The ofiicers are John Ulrich, president; P. L. Keyser, treasurer ; Wm. Eckhardt, secretary ; Lewis B. Schaeffer, superintendent. St. Joseph's House of Industry wius founded in 598 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 18()5, and was originally situated at 84 North Greene Street. Its purpose is to provide a home for girls who have grown too old to remain in the infant orphan asylums of the Catholic Church, but who are still too young to be thrown upon the world without guidance or direction. The beneficiaries of the institution are trained to useful and practical employments, and are fitted when they leave it to earn a comfortable sup- port. It is in charge of the Sisters of Charity; its present loi'iition is iit Waverly Terrace, southeast corner of Carey and lycxirigtoii Streets. The Society for the Education of Hebrew Poor and Orphan Children was organized Feb. 8, 1852, for the piiri)ose of providing for the education of poor and orphan Hebrew children. The society is now educating about thirty children, and numbers about one hundred members. Its first president was Louis Hamnierslough, who was sucoeeded by Jacob Gazan and Jonas Friedenwald. .Jacob Rose is the present presiding officer; Jonas Goldsmith, secretary. The P. E. Brotherhood of Baltimore wa-s organ- ized December, 18r>l, and chartered in 1856. The objects of the brotherliood are, first, the mutual care and relief of its members when sick or physically disabled, to secure its deceased Christian burial, to succor their widows or orphans, and to promote among its members Christian fellowship and love; and secondly, to minister according to its ability to the relief of the sick stranger and destitute of their own communion other than members of the brother- hood. Its successive presidents were, first, William Woodward; second, Enoch S. Courtney; third, Robert M. Proud; fourth, Henry W. Rogers; fifth, Marion K. Burch. Its history has been marked by a quiet but steady adherence to the benevolent objects of its formation. The Protestant Infant Asylum was organized in 1875, and was at first located at 163 West Lombard Street, but was afterwards removed to the old Bar- num place, on the Harford road. The first officers were Mrs. Wm. H. Brune, president ; Mrs. D. H. Gor- don, Mrs. Dr. H. M. Wilson, Mrs. Geo. W. Brown, Mrs. Kennard Chandler, Miss Kate McClellan, and Mi.ss Eliza Berry, vice-presidents; Mrs. A. M. Gordon, treasurer; Mrs. C. B. Murdoch, corresponding secre- tary ; and Mrs. C. C. Brooks, recording secretary. The board of directors was composed of Messrs. Woodward Abrahams, T. Harrison Garrett, Eugene Levering, Joseph Merrifield, Charles Slagle, Rev. Dr. Grammer, Judge John A. Inglis, Dr. Thomas Lati- mer, Dr. C. F. Bevan, Mr. Phillii»s, Wm. Canby, and Wm. Whitridge. St. Anthony's Orphan Asylum.— This institution is intended for the children of German Catholic pa- rents. The present building, on Central Avenue, near Eager Street, was commenced in 1852, the corner- stone being laid October 24th of that year. It was dedicated on the 25th of May, 1854. In 1860 the in- stitution was chartcrer. j\. II, I'nw.-ll, Dr. E. R. Baer; Committee on Trans- portation. .11 !i 1 111, II ni.v Williams, John W. Davis, Reuben Foster. I> I ii I ,1 I InuLtors, John T. Ford, A. F.Murdoch, Robert Ii. . Ni III 1' i l,il.-, J. Harry Lee, J. F. Bradeubaugb, J.G.Wils.h, \ 1 M ui , ,lr ,(;, II. Rodgers, J. M. Drill.Thomas P. Perine, Wiley I'ualiiiif ; Kxeculive Committee, J. T. Ford, William Dugdale, Dr. T. S. Latimer, A. F. Crane, Jr., J. M. Drill, J. G. Wil- son, J. F. Bradenbaugh, Wiley E. Cushing. The Kelso Home for Orphan Children of the M. E. Church is om- of the iiKiny charities of the late Tliomas Kelso, who was for many years one of the most prominent and influential citizens of Baltimore. He was born in Clovis, a market-town in the north of Ireland, Aug. 28, 1784, and died at his residence on East Baltimore Street, where he had lived for many years, on the morning of July 26, 1878, having nearly completed his ninety-fourth year. The Kelso Home for Orphan Children of the M. E. Church was the only charity he ever individually established, but the recipients of his benevolence were numbered by thou- sands. The entire endowment of the Kelso Home was one hundred and twenty thousand dollars, and the institution is intended for the destitute orphans of members of the M. E. Church. It is situated at No. 87 East Baltimore Street, and was formally opened on the 1st of January, 1874. Mr. Kelso was especially liberal to the denomination of ivhich he was a member, and, among other generous gifts, gave fourteen thousand dollars to the Metropolitan M. E. Church at Washington, twelve thousand dollars to the Church E.Ktension Society, besides numerous be- <|uests to charitable institutions, among which are the following: to the Kelso Home or Orphan Asylum, in addition to the projjcrty occupied by it, annuities aggregating five tlioiis;ind dollars per annum. The Thomas Wilson Sanitarium for Children was founded by the endowment of Thoma.s Wilson, who by will bciiueathed the sum of five hundred thousand dollars for its establishment. In his will Mr. Wilson says, — " I have observed for many years with much concern the great and alarming mortality which occurs each summer among yonng children deprived by misfortune of their i)arent8 and of all opportunity of ra- moval from the heated and fatal atmosphere of the city. God in his providence did not spare to nie my children to be the Kolace of my de- clining years, but my pity for the sufferings of little children and of their parents is none the less, and I do not think 1 can make betirr use of some of the means of which God has made mo steward than in the alleviation of the pains and the prolongation of the lives of those of vihom our Saviour said, ' Suffer little children to come unto me, for of such is the kingdom of heaven.' " The sanitarium is located in Baltimore County, on the line of the Western Maryland Railroad, about ten miles from the city. The officers of the institu- tion are Francis T. King, president; William A. Fisher, secretary; William H. Graham, treasurer; and Col. John A. Tompkins, recording secretary. The sanitarium is regularly incorporated, and the trustees are Francis T. King, William A. Fisher, George W. Corner, Dr. James Carey Thomas, William H. Gra- ham, John Curlett, and Wilson Procter. Indigent Sick Society.— This organization, hav- ing for its object the care of the sick, irrespective of creed or color, w:is organized in 1824 by Mrs. Harnly, Mrs. Robert Garrett, mother of John W. Garrett, and Mrs. Eades. The charter, which was obtained for fifty years, expired in 1874. The late Chauncey Brooks bequeathed five hundred dollars to the or- ganization, and in accordance with the wishes of the Brooks estate, it was deemed advisable to renew the charter in June, ISSl. The Shelter for Aged and Infirm Colored Per- sons of Baltimore City was incorporated Feb. 12, 1881, with Messrs. J. Saurin Norris, Richard D. Fisher, John H. Thomas, Francis A. Crook, Wash- ington K. Carson, Isaac Brooks, Jr., and James Carey, Jr. The object of the society is to relieve worthy colored persons who from various causes are finally dependent upon the charity of others. It is not intended that the "Shelter" shall be a mere refuge for outcast jjaupers, for whom almshouses are already provided, but it is to provide for those whose lives have been spent in honest ettbrt to obtain livelihoods. The managers of the society for the first year are Miss Isabella Tyson, Mrs. Miles White, Jlrs. Wm. J. Albert, Miss M. Alice Brooks, Mrs. Francis A. Crook, Mrs. Dr. C. Winslow, Mrs. Cyrus Blackburn, Mrs. Thomas I. Carey, Mrs. M. N. Perry, Mrs. Robert Ty- son, Mrs. Charles Reese, and Mrs. Joseph P. Elliott. Among those interested in the project are : James Carey. Mrs. Alexander Turnbull. M. McCulloh. " George N. Eaton. J. Morrison Harris. " W.K.Carson. J. Savage Williams. '• George F. Webb. John II. Thomas. John B. Morris. '• Judge T. J. Morris. Gaston Manly. " Cliarles D. Fisher. J. J. Thomsen. •• Daniel Pope. Thomas P. Handy. " R. T. Brooke. Frauds White. " Henry Janney. Richard D. Fisher. " K N. Wylie. Ellz. S. Hopkins. •• Summerlield Baldwin. John RoborU. •' James Carey Thomas. I»u.cCoale,Jr. " Thomas Y. Canby. Sarah Tudor. " Mary B. Rustiell. THE PRESS OP BALTIMORE. 605 Mrs. J. B. Rnmeey. Miss M. L. Russell. " B. A. Macpheraon. " Isabella Morris. " Henry Stockbridge. " A.T.King. •■ John Nicholson. " E.Irwin. " Edwaid G. McDowell. " K. Kiddle. " Henry Janes, " A. N. Scbofleld. ■• J. J. Hopkins. " AnuaEeed. " James E. Atkinson. " Annie Sears. The German Aged Men's Home \va.s organized in 1881, at a meetingof ciek-gater* ofthe various German societies, held at Mechanics' Hall on March 24th. The meeting organized /iro tern, by the election of President Cliristopher Bartell ; Vice-Pre.sident, Louis Hennig- hausen ; Secretary, Julius Conrad ; Treasurer, John E. Fellmann. The following societies were represented by delegates: German Workingmen's Sick Relief Union, Chr. Bartell, Herman Windolf, Ferd. Guerke, Julius Conrad ; Powhatan Tribe, No. 30, U. O. E. M., Fred. Falkerstein ; Jackson Lodge, No. 55, 1. O. 0. F., George Deibel ; Baltimore Liederkranz, Dr. Wagner, Joseph Eaiber, Charles Kaiser, J. Hemmeter; Dr. Martin Luther, B.S., George Klein, Adam Silberzahn, Casp. Schneider; Germania Lodge, No. 31, U. O. i Mech., Hy. Hennings, End. Vabbe, Hy. Deibel ; Gustav Adolph Bund, D.O.S.E., John Dolch, Franz Grothe, John Bauer; Schuetzen Ges. von Baltimore ' County, Hy. Schmitz, Carl Schreiner, Franz Dibelius; Steuben Lodge, No. 41, U. O. G. B., Catonsville, Bal- timore Co., and Patapsco Lodge, No. 5, U. 0. G. B., Catonsville, Baltimore Co., Jolin B. Pilert ; Baltimore Turngemeinde, John E. Fellman, Carl Zahrand, F. List, Jr. A committee was appointed to draft a con- stitution, and at a subsequent meeting, held on April 20th, it was adopted. The institution will be started as soon as ten thousand dollars are subscribed, and an annual income of one thousand five hundred dol- lars secured. Any German may become a subscriber by paying ftve dollars annually, with the privilege of becoming an inmate of the Homein old age without paying an entrance fee. Nobody will be admitted unless sixty years of age or over and free from any chronic disease. The entrance fee will be from one hundred and fifty to three hundred dollars, at the discretion of the board of managers. The incorpo- rators are Eev. G. Facius, Julius Conrad, A. V. De- gen, Eev. Mr. Bachmann, H. Engelhardt, George Bunnicke, and F. L. C. Hennighausen. The follow- ing directors were elected to serve for the ensuing year: Charles Weber, Sr.,H. H. Graue, Ernest Knabe, Eev. N. Burkhardt, Eev. Pister, F. L. C. Hennig- hausen, Christopher Bartell, F. E. Fellmann, Fred. Wehr, Ernest Hoeii, and Joel Gutman. CHAPTEE XXXV. THE PRES.S OF BALTIMORE. Up to the beginning of the present century Balti- more was entirely dependent on Philadelphia and Annapolis for the current news of the day and a medium for advertising their merchandise or wants. As early as 1727 William Parks issued at Annapolis ' the first number of the Maryland Gazette, the first paper published in the province. It had but a short existence, and was followed by a paper of the same name, published by Jonas Green, the first number of which was issued on Jan. 27, 1745. The Oazette was published weekly by Mr. Green and his descendants until 1839, when it was discontinued. Up to 1773 this was the only newspaper published in the province, and, with the Philadelphia journals, was the sole medium of information for Baltimoreans. The first and only practical printer in Baltimore before 1773 was Nicholas Hasselboct, a Pennsylvania German. He was taught printing by Christopher Sower at Germantown, Pa., where he also acquired a knowl- edge of paper-making. He followed paper-making for some time near Germantown, but finally removed to Baltimore, where he made paper and established a printing-press. He had a complete outfit of printing materials for printing both in the English and German languages, and was the first practical printer in the town. He printed a number of school and other small books in both languages, and contemplated publishing a German translation of the Bible. He lived in Baltimore a number of years, and possessing great enterprise, he acquired a comfortable fortune. To facilitate some plan of business which he had in contemplation he went abroad, and was lost at sea. In 1770 Eobert Hodge, a native of Scotland, came to America, and was employed in the printing-house of John Dunlap, at Philadelphia. He was industrious, prudent, and a good workman, and becoming ac- quainted with Frederick Shober, a young German printer in Philadelphia, possessing similar qualifica- tions, they formed a partnership, and purchasing a small lot of printing materials, they opened in 1772 a printing-house in Baltimore. They issued proposals for publishing a newspaper in Baltimore, but not re- ceiving sufficient encouragement, before the end of the year they removed to New York. The next printer in Baltimore was Enoch Story, Jr., who was born in Pennsylvania and served his apprenticeship with Messrs. Hall & Sellers, the celebrated printers, in Philadelphia. He began business in Baltimore before 1773, but being unsuccessful, he sold his types to William Goddard and returned to Philadelphia. William Goddard was the son of Giles Goddard, physician and postmaster at New London, Connecti- cut, and was born in 1740. On Oct. 20, 1762, he es- tablished the first printing-press at Providence, E. I., where he commenced the Gazette. Not meeting with suflacient encouragement, he went to New York and connected himself with John Holt in publishing the iVejo York Gazette and Post-Boy. In 1766 he removed to Philadelphia and became the partner of Galloway & Wharton, and on Jan. 6, 1767, issued the first number of the Pennsylvania Chronicle and Universal Advertiser. This was the fourth newspaper published 6U6 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. in the English hinguage in Pliiladelphia, and the first with four columns to a page printod in the colonies. In 1770, after many disputes, Benjamin Towne was admitted into the firm, and Goddard becoming dis- satisfied, the paper suspended publication in February, 1773, when he left Philadelphia in great embarrass- ment and came to Baltimore, to begin " anew," as he relates, "on the small capital of a single guinea." He managed to secure the materials in the printing establishment of the widow of Hasselboct, and added to it the small stock owned by Enoch Story. The first mention we have of Goddard in Baltimore, is found in a card of his, dated Baltimore Town, Oct. 20, 1772, published in the Maryland Gazette, in which he says, " Encouraged by the polite, candid, and ^ri luidus invitation I some time since received from iiKiiiy L'ontlemen of the most respectable characters tdcstalilish my business in tiiistovvn, and affected with a lively gratitude for past kindnesses,' as well as for this instance of their favorable opinion of me, I have determined to comply with their wishes, so very oblig- ingly manifested ; for which purpose I have engaged u suitable printing apparatus, which will be speedily here, and under favor of the public I intend to prose- cute the printing business in this place in all its branches, both in the English and other languages.^ In particular I now propose to publish by subscrip- tion with all possible expedition a weekly newspaper, under the title of The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, at the moderate price of ten shillings cur- rent money per annum, one-half to be paid at the time of subscribing, and the remainder at the expira- tion of the year, to be published regularly every Sat- urday morning." In the mean time he came to Balti- more, insolvent and helpless, and in May, 1773, opened a printing-oflice corner of South and Baltimore Streets, "nearly opposite Mrs. Chilton's," where "printing was done in all its branches." He was encouraged to publish his paper, and on July 15, 1773, he issued his prospectus of The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, and on Friday, Aug. 20, 1773, the first number appeared and was distributed throughout the town. It was handsomely printed on stout paper, eighteen inches by twenty-four, in good clear type, and contained twelve broad columns. Of these four columns and a half consisted of advertisements. ' In liis PenmulBatiia ChronVle, under date of Feb. 10, 1772, he published a communication, written b.v hiniKoir, about the prospects of llallimore 08 compared witli tlioso of Pliiladelpliia. As regards tlie tbrmer place, Mr, Ooddard'a paper was lialf Jereniiali, half libel. Baltimore, he said, had already reached her tie plus ultra ; its roads were 80 bad they afforded no access to the back settlenionts; it was badly located; the Basin was tilling up; it never could liave any foreign trade; the laws were un- friendly to commerce; It was dropping to ruin in everyway; and, lu slioii, Baltimore, wiut the best town on the continent to get away from. In less than a year Mr. Goddard was getting away from Philadelphia and seeking a maintenance in tbo place which ho had so recently been tntdnclng. • In the early days of Biiltimoro it was no unusual thing, owing to the large number or Geruum inhabitants, for udvortisemcDts in the German language to appear In the EngllMli papers. Newspapers were not edited at this time, but only printed, and all comments upon affairs came from the outside, in the shape of communications, or, as they were styled, "letters," to the printer, signed "Manlius," "Junius," "Sempronius," "Brutus," and the like. In his salutatory-address "To the Reader," Mr. God- dard, in the first number of his paper, quaintly outlines the scope and province of his journal, with the course he had determined to pursue. In regard to politics, he said that his paper shall be "Fuee and of No P.4UTY." It " shall contain not only the public news, which I shall collect and compile with the greatest care, but on failure of anecdotes of that sort, I will supply the room with such moral pieces from the best writers as will conduce most to indicate good principles." Special attention would be paid, he promised, to "ag- riculture and every branch of husbandry," while " the arrival and departure of ships, the course of exchange, the prices current of goods," etc., would be regularly chronicled. The motto of the Journal was the familiar couplet from Horace, — *' Onttie ttitil pnnctum qui miecuU ^tU< dulci, Lectorem dclectaiido, pariterque mouendo," which, translated, means: The imprintof the journal was "Baltimore, Printed by Wm. Goddard, at the Printing-Oflice in Market Street, opposite the Coffee House, where subscrip- tions, at Ten Shillings per Annum, Advertisements and Letters of Intelligence, are gratefully received for this Paper, and where all Manner of Printing Work is performed with Care, Fidelity, and Expedi- tion." The original office was in a house situated on the present site of the Stin Iron Building, at the south- east corner of Baltimore and South Streets. Goddard made a success of his new enterprise at the start. He was full of work, and at once estab- lished a special post to Philadelphia. This encour- aged him to establish " an American post-oflice on constitutional principles," and leaving his sister, Mary Katharine Goddard, in full charge of the paiper, in February, 1774, he started northward, and within six months he had a comi)lete mail system at work from Maine to Georgia. The mails were re- ceived and distributed from his oftice in Baltimore, and his sister having been appointed postmistress, held the position for fifteen years. On the organiza- tion of a post-office system, the Continental Congress appointed Benjamin Franklin as its chief officer, and Goddard "Surveyor of the Roads and Comptroller of the Offices." On the retirement of Franklin he ex- pected to succeed him as Postmaster-General, but, to his great disappointment, Richard Bache, the son-in- law of Franklin, received the place, and Goddard re- signed his situation in disgust. It is charged that from this period he not only suffered his ardor in the Revolutionarv cause to abate, but that he actually THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 607 abandoned his political principles. He resumed his | we have shown elsewhere, for having published Gen. residence in Baltimore, where the Maryland Journal i Charles Lee's " Queries, Political and Military," ani- had been and was still continued by and in the name ! madverting on Washington. He was indicted for of his sister, but in which it was known that he had ! publishing a libel of Leonard Harbough's on "Kit" IA„ T, M.DCC.tXXlIlJ MARYLAND AND BALTIMORE the Fresuest Advices, . Ik JOURNAL, THE ADVERTISER. both FouicN ind DouEsTic ItHtttis 3t!iaet>it, f^ttrfu amtMit, Hsi. FRIDAY. August 2p, 1773 an interest, and over which, it was believed, he main- tained entire control. Paper getting scarce, in No- vember, 1775, he set up a paper-mill of his own. He was twice mobbed, once by the Whig Club, in 1777, and by the townspeople in 1779, in the latter case, as Hughes, a goldsmith, but was acquitted. On Feb. 1 9, 1783, the Journal published an extra, " The Olive," announcing in advance of any paper in the country the. signing of the preliminary articles of peace at Paris, the news coming direct by a Baltimore clipper. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. On the 8th of June, 1779, Col. Eteazer Oswald, a gal- lant and distinguished Revolutionary officer, formed a partnership with Goddard, but it was of very short duration. Goddard's sister continued to publish the Journal untW Jan. 1, 1784, when he resumed his con- nection with the paper. It was jointly published by William and Mary K. Goddard until Jan. 25, 1785, when Edward Langworthy, who afterwards became a very distinguished scholar, purchased Mary Goddard's interest. On Jan. 1, 1787, Mr. Langworthy retired, and the paper was continued in a sickly way by Mr. Goddard. On the 7tli of August, 1789, Goddard sold' an interest in his paper to his brother-in-law, James Angell, and they continued in partnership until Aug. 14, 1792, when Goddard sold his entire interest in the establishment to him. He published in the Journal of Aug. 14, 1792, a valedictory address to the citizens of Baltimore, whom he left in friendship, and bidding adieu to the cares and turmoils of party and political strifes, retired to a farm in Johnston, R. I. He was elected to the Legislature of that State in 1795, and subsequetitly changing his abode to Providence, he continued to reside there until his decease, in 1817, aged seventy-seven years. Gen. Charles Lee con- tinued his friend during life, and he bequeathed him a portion of his extensive landed estate in Virginia. Miss Mary K. Goddard remained in Baltimore, where she kept a book-store, until 1802. She died on Aug. 12, 1816, aged eighty years. On the 1st of November, 1793, Paul James Sullivan purchased an interest in the Journal, and it became a tri-weekly, and so continued until it became a daily a year later. Mr. Sullivan retired on the 11th of June, and Mr. Angell alone carried on its publication until Oct. 24, 1794, when Francis Blumfield purchased and published it until Jan. 1, 1795, at which time Philip Ivhvaids, proprietor of the lialtimore Baihj Advertiser, jnircliasetl an interest, and consolidating the two papers, the Journal was issued daily. On June 18, 1795, Mr. lilumfield retired from The Maryland Jour- nal and Baltimore Universal Dailij Advertiser, and John W. Allen took his place. Philip Edwards and Mr. Allen remained but a short time in partnership, for on the 18th of June, 1796, their connection was dissolved, and the Journal was continued by Mr. Ed- wards. On the 2d of August, 1796, Mr. Edwards formed a partnership with W. C. Smith, under the firm-name of Edwards & Smith, but it continued only a short time, for on the 8th of September in the same year the Journal was published by P. Edwards. After a good many ups and downs of various kinds the Journal, on the 4th of December, 1796, was partly burnt out in a large fire on the west side of Light Street, which consumed the Baltimore Academy and the Light Street meeting-house, and came near burn- ing the Fountain Hotel, opposite. The JouruaFso&ce, which at that time was at No. 1 Light Street, must have been badly damaged. The [japer was suspended until the 2d of January, 1797, when its publication was resumed by D. Finchete Freebairu. On the 28th of February he announced that its publication would " terminate with this month," and in the same issue P. Edwards stated that the Journal " is necessarily suspended for a short time," but that arrangements had been made to resume its publication " in a few days." On March 21, 1797, Mr. Edwards, " solicited bj' some of his friends, and influenced by other pri- vate considerations," determined once more " to at- tempt an establishment of this truly valuable paper." It was issued as the Maryland Journal, and continued to be published as such until June 30, 1797, when it finally expired. Dunlap's Maryland Gazette, or the Baltimore General Advertiser, was first issued on Tuesday, May 2, 1775, by AVilliam Dunlap, at his printing-office on Market Street. It was sold at ten shillings per annum. On Sept. 15, 1778, Mr. Dunlap sold his interest in the paper to James Hays, Jr., who changed the name to the Maryland Gazette and Baltimore General Advertiser. It was discontinued on Jan. 5, 1779. On the 7th of December, 1795, Henry Gird, Jr., announced that he " proposed to issue a new evening newspaper in Balti- more, called the Baltimore Evening Star." For " want of a sufficient number of subscribers" he relinquished the project in February, 1796. The Maryland Gazette, or the Baltimore General Ad- vertiser, was first published Friday, May 16, 1783, by John Hays, on Market Street, at fifteen shillings per annum. On Feb. 27, 1787, it wiis published semi- weekly, — Tuesdays and Fridays. On June 14, 1786, Henry Dulhauer commenced the publication of his German newspaper at his printing-office on Market Street, nearly opposite the Green Tree. The paper was published weekly at ten shillings per annum, five shillings in advance, — " All kinds of printing in German performed." The Baltimore Daily Repository, the first daily paper published in Baltimore, was first issued on Monday, Oct. 24, 1791, by David Graham, at his office on Cal- vert Street, between Market (now Baltimore Street) and the court-house. On April 29, 1793, Mr. Graham formed a partne-ship with Z. Yundt and W. Patten, and on the 28th of October in the same year he re- tired, and the paper was published under the name of The Baltimore Daily Jnlelligencer by Jlessrs. Yundt & Patton, at $4.00 per annum, or twopence for a single copy. On Oct. 30, 1794, Mr. Patton sold his interest in the paper, and it was continued by Messrs. Yundt & Brown as the Federal Intelligencer and Bal- timore Daily Gazette. On the 1st of January, 1796, the name was changed to the Federal Gazette and Bal- timore Daily Advertiser. Messrs. Yundt & Brown dissolved partnership on Jan. 1, 1807, the paper being continued by John Hewes. Mr. Hewes previous to this had been engaged in the publication of a paper in Baltimore, called the Companion, which he sold to Joseph Robinson, with his printing-office. On Jan. 12, 1808, Mr. Hewes, for the convenience of his THE AMERICAN" BUILDING, BALTIMORE, MD. THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 609 country patrons, issued three times a week a country edition. Having sold all his interest in the Gazette toWm. Gwynn, Mr. Hewes, on Dec. 31, 1812, retired from the paper. During the stirring times in August, September, and October of 1814 the editors of the Baltimore papers, by mutual agreement, temporarily suspended the publication of their papers. The Ga- zette was continued with success by Mr. Gwynn until July 21, 1834, when he sold it to Wm. Gwynn Jones, who continued its publication from the office at the southeast corner of St. Paul Street and Bank Lane. The subscription price of the daily at this time was $8.00 per annum, and the tri-weekly $5.00. On May 24, 1835, Mr. Jones having gotten into difficulty, the publication of the Gazette was resumed by Mr. Gwynn. In December, 1837, Mr. Gwynn announced that he would dispose of an interest or the whole of his paper to a purchaser, but not finding one he continued to publish it until March 31, 1838, when it was merged in the Baltimore Patriot. Mr. Gwynn continued the practice of law and died in August, 1854, aged seven ty- ine years. FeU's Point Telegraph.— On the 2d of March, 1795, John W. Allen issued the first number of this paper, at $2.50 per annum. It was tri-weekly, Mon- day, Wednesday, and Friday. I The Baltimore Telegraph was first issued March \ 23, 1795, by Messrs. Clayland, Dobbin & Co., at their office, on the northwest corner of Market (now Balti- more) and Frederick Streets. It was afterwards pub- lished by Thomas Dobbin, in the rear of No. 1 Light Street, under the title of The Telegraph and Daily Advertiser. The Eagle of Freedom, by William Pechiu and James J. Wilmer, was issued in April, 1796. It I was a tri-weekly, and was to contain " a well-written, \ beneficial, and original essay once a week." | The Baltimore American and Daily Advertiser was first published by Alexander Martin, a native of I Boston, on May 14, 1799, at No. 39 Bond Street, Fell's Point, with a branch oflSce for the receipt of subscrip- tions and advertisements at No. 15 Baltimore Street. From that time to the present the publication of this valuable journal has been continued without change i of name or interruption, with the exception of a short period in 1814, when the patriotic proprietors and ! employes dropped pen and type, and taking up the sword and musket, met the enemy on the battle-field at North Point. The American is the oldest news- paper in Maryland, being, it is said, the regular de- scendant of the Maryland Journal, the first news- paper published in Baltimore m 1773. A short time after The American -vnishB^nn in 1799, the oflice was removed to Second Street, near South, and on the 1st of January, 1803, Mr. Martin sold his interest in the paper to William Pechin and Leonard Frailey, who removed the office to No. 31 South Gay Street, near the custom-house. After Mr. Martin dis- posed of his interest in the American he opened a printing-office in Baltimore, and on Jan. 1, 1804, began the publication of a satirical political and literary weekly journal, which was soon discontinued. He died in New York in October, 1810, aged thirty-three years. On Aug. 10, 1805, Mr. Frailey withdrew from the American, and Mr. Pechin became sole proprietor. Mr. Pechin soon formed a partnership, and on July 1, 1810, the paper was issued by Messrs. " W. Pechin, G. Dobbin & Murphy." On September 23d Mr. Pechin was nominated by the Democrats as one of their candidates for the Legislature, and after an active canvass he was elected on October 7th by a large majority. George Dobbin, one of the proprie- tors of the American, died on Dec. 3, 1811, in the thirty-eighth year of his age, leaving a wife and three children ; but the name of the firm remained un- changed. The share owned by Mr. Dobbin was re- tained in the business for the benefit of his widow, and when his son, Robert A. Dobbin, arrived at man- hood he took his father's place as a partner. Early in 1812 the office of the paper was removed to No. 4 Harrison Street, and there remained for some years. On the 10th of September, 1814, the American sus- pended publication to enable the employes to enroll themselves with the volunteers in defense of the city, but resumed publication on the 20th of September, after the death of Gen. Ross. It is said the number for Sept. 21, 1814, gave to the people of America their national song, "The Star Spangled Banner," written only a week before. Mr. Samuel Sands, afterwards the editor of the American Farmer, was an apprentice- boy in the American office at that time, and had the honor of being the first person who set the song in type. In 1815, William Bose purchased an interest in the paper, and on July 4, 1815, it was issued by Pechin, Dobbin, Murphy & Bose. On May 3, 1832, Peter H. Cruse, "an editor of distinguished talents, and an accomplished scholar and a gentleman of great personal worth," who had been associated with the American for several years, severed his connection with it, and joined the editorial staff of the Patriot. He was succeeded on the American by S. F. Wilson, " a gentleman of talents and acquirements, for more than two years editor of another morning paper." On Aug. 18, 18.36, George H. Calvert, a very distin- guished writer, and one of the editors of the paper, also resigned. Francis H. Davidge took his place. On Sept. 1, 1848, William Stevenson Brunner, a printer by profession, but one of the editors of the American, died in his twenty-eighth year. He was a very tal- ented young man, and a member of the Monumental Lyceum. In accordance with a resolution adopted by this association, John W. McCoy, then one of the editors of the American, delivered a eulogy upon his life and character on Nov. 20, 1848, at the Univer- salist church, corner of Calvert and Pleasant Streets. On the 17th of June, 1840, the American removed from the building it had occupied for nearly forty years, at No. 2 South Gay Street, to its new building, at Nos. 126 and 128 West Baltimore Street, a few HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. doors west of North Street, on tbe north side. This buildinj; was the design of Robert Carey Long, and was erected in the " Elizabethian" style of archi- tecture. At the time of its erection it was not equaled by any publication-office in the city. On Saturday, March 9, 1850, the fii-st number of the Wert!;/ Ameri- can was issued, which has been continued with great success ever since. On Dec. 14, 1852, John L. Carey, who had been for many years one of the associate editors of the American, died in New Orleans of the cholera. He had just entered on his duties as associ- ate editor of the New Orleans Crescent. The old firm of Dobbin, Murphy & Bose, which had been in ex- istence for nearly half a century, was dissolved on the 30th of June, 1853. Robert A. Dobbin purchased the interest of Mr. Murphy, and Charles C. Fulton, who had formerly been the managing editor of the Baltimore Sun, purchased the interest of Mr. Bose. Col. William Pechin, one of the early proprietors, died near Philadelphia, early in August, 1849, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. Thomas Murphy sur- vived his retirement from active business seven years, dying May 15, 1860, at the age of eighty years. The cotemporary newspapers pay many tributes to his worth, his business enterprise, and his social qualities. He was born in Ireland in 1780, and came to this country in his infancy. After serving an apprentice- ship in the office of Thomas Dobbin, one of the early printers of Baltimore, he assisted in the establish- ment of the Baltimore Telegraph, one of the first daily papers published in the city. Its life was short, and in 1809 he bought an interest in the American, so that his connection with it extended over forty-four years. In 1814 he joined the First Baltimore Sharp- shooters for the defense of the city at North Point, and retained his association with that corps for many years after the close of the war. Mr. Murphy never married, but in his later years he was surrounded by the children and grandchildren of his sisters, who always enjoyed the advantages of his home and fortune. Robert A. Dobbin continued as one of the proprie- tary firm until his death, which occurred Aug. 15, 1862. He was then in the fifty-sixth year of his age, and having succeeded to his father's interest when he was but twenty years old, he had been for more than thirty-three years connected with the paper. He was a man of remarkably amiable temperament, and suf- fered with wonderful fortitude the pangs of the cruel disease that carried him off. It is worthy of men- tion in connection with Mr. Dobbin that his malady was undoubtedly aggravated by the mental anguish which the civil war cost him. Probably few men of liis day more deeply regretted the appeal to arms, and he always insisted that with proper eflbrt peace could have been preserved. He would weep over the news of battles, no matter which side was victorious, and as he neared his grave all such intelligence was ob- served to hiistcn his steps thereto. His interest in the American was inherited by his only surviving child, Joseph T. Dobbin, but that gentleman soon followed him to the grave, dying on Dec. 7, 1864, when but twenty-nine years of age. He was a young man of much intellectual force and a strongly humorous turn of mind, but a feeble constitution prevented him from doing a large amount of work upon the paper. William Bose survived all his former partners, and lived until Dec. 22, 1875, reaching his seventy-ninth year. He was a Pennsylvanian by birth, and became connected with the American in 1815, not retiring until 1853. For many years he was the active man- ager of the paper, and his health was much broken by his laborious duties. Among others who held prominent positions on the paper were J. H. Chabot, the cashier, who died Oct. 2, 1863; and the pressman, Abraham Lefevre, whose death occurred June 4, 1860. Charles W. Kimberly, the best-known reporter in Baltimore, died June 1, 1870. John F. Cook, who was pressman of the American ait the time of the war with England, died March 30, 1866. Edington Fulton, a younger brother of C. C. Ful- ton, and for over twenty years managing editor of the paper, died May 13, 1878, aged sixty years. He was one of five brothers who were born in Philadelphia, and lost father and mother within a single year. After learning printing, he came to Baltimore in 1845 as a reporter upon the American, and worked his way upward. During tlie war he saw much service as correspondent with the Army of the Potomac and with the fleet at the siege of Charleston. In July, 1865, he was appointed by President Johnson surveyor of the port of Baltimore, but was removed a few months later on account of political differences. In March, 1869, President Grant commissioned him to the same position, which he filled for four years. In 1877 he was appointed chief store-keeper at the cus- tom-house, and held that office until his death. To his vigorous administration much of the growing im- portance and prosperity of the American was due. On July 1, 1864, C. C. Fulton purchased from Joseph T. Dobbin his interest in the paper, and united with himself in the proprietorship his son, Albert Kimberly Fulton, the .style of the firm being changed to that of Charles C. Fulton & Son. From Mr. Fulton's earliest connection with the paper he had projected great improvements in it, but it was not until he became senior proprietor that he was able to fully carry his plans into effect. Previously to this time he had, as Baltimore agent of the Associated Press, shown great judgment, skill, and diligence as a collector of news. While the American had almost from its birth enjoyed a high standing as a commercial paper, it did not aspire to .step far beyond that limited field of enterprise, but Mr. Fulton determined to make it a newspaper in the full sense of the word, and to that end he revolutionized all its departments. The editorial force was augmented, and special atten- THE FKESS OF BALTIMORE. 611 tion was paid to the gathering of the news of the city. Money was liberally expended, and the result was soon evident in a large increase of circulation. Mr. Fulton had been an apprentice in the National Gazette at Philadelphia, and before removing to Baltimore had for five years been proprietor and editor of the Georgetown (D. C.) Advocate, so that his whole life may be said to have been spent in journalism. The American was a firm ally of the Whig party, and in 1860 it supported Bell and Everett, and afterwards became prominently identified with the Union cause and the Republican party. When hostilities com- menced it jumped to a very large circulation among the armies on the Potomac and along the sea-board, because of its support of the government and the fact that it reached the camps and headquarters a day in advance of the New York and Philadelphia papers. When Gen. McClellan started oti the march across the peninsula from the York to the James Rivers, in June, 1862, Mr. Fulton accompanied the army, and on his return to Baltimore was arrested, on June 30th, and confined in Fort McHenry on the charge of offer- ing to prepare for publication through the Associated Press an account of military operations, including matters obtained in an interview with President Lin- coln. Mr. Fulton immediately explained that the dispatch which provoked his arrest was a private one and had been published in error, and the President thereupon ordered his unconditional release after he had been confined two days. Mr. Fulton was subsequently with the Army of the Potomac in the campaigns of 1863 and 1864, and ac- companied the first expedition of the ironclads against Fort Sumter. His free criticisms of what he regarded as the premature withdrawal of the fleet from the attack caused a sharp discussion between himself and the officer in command and the Navy Department, which Wiis only terminated upon the death of the oflicer. He was very active in sending supplies of provisions and clothing to the Federal prisoners at Richmond, and for these humane efforts the Maryland House of Delegates voted him a reso- lution of thanks. Mr. Fulton has been a great trav- eler. He spent the summers of 1859, 1872, 1873, and 1878 in Europe, and a collection of his letters pub- lished in book-form, under the title of" Europe Seen Through American Spectacles," has gone through three editions, and has been widely read. His letters upon the Vienna Exhibition of 1873 and the Paris Exhibition of 1878 were very copious and interest- ing, and at Paris he was appointed one of the official jurors. He accompanied the commission sent to San Domingo in 1871 by President Grant to report upon the advisability of its annexation to the United States, and in his letters took strong ground in favor of the project. He has also made other trips to the West Indies, traversed every section of the United States, spent some time on the Pacific coast, and on all occasions has been an indefatigable correspondent. In three rambles in Texas he has written extensively upon the marvelous resources of that great State. In Republican politics he has been quite prominent, and for many years he was the Maryland representa- tive upon the National Executive Committee. He has been a delegate to several of the Presidential nominating conventions, but of late years his paper has become more independent in its tone, and has cast off the character of a party organ. It has at all times been identified with local progress, and has urged a liberal system of public improvements. The fearlessness of its management is attested by the large number of libel suits that have been brought against it, while the fact that it had the right on its side is shown by the further circumstance that in but one case has a verdict been rendered against it, and that was for a trivial sum. On Monday, Jan. 31, 1876, the American was issued for the first time from its new building, at the corner of Baltimore and South Streets, which is one of the largest and handsomest business edifices in the city, and one of the finest newspaper-offices in the country. It is of iron, six stories in height, with three towers, and is of an elaborate and graceful style of architec- ture. The ground and building are entirely the prop- erty of C. C. Fulton, while this splendid improvement has given rise to many others in the same neighbor- hood. The American to-day is one of the best and most enterprising journals in the country. During the last few years, under the business management of Gen. Felix Agnus, a gallant soldier of the late war, it has been brought to the highest condition of journalistic efficiency in all its departments, and is justly regarded as a model newspaper. Bright, able, and progi-essive, it keej^s pace with the most rapid developments of events, and in a swiftly-moving age is never behind the times. The editorial depart- ment is under the management of Mr. Hazleton, a brilliant and able young journalist, who has fully sus- tained its reputation for literary and editorial ability. On Sunday, March 2, 1879, the publication of the American every day in the year was commenced. The Sunday edition at once sprung into populiir favor, as it had never been previously attempted by any of the Baltimore morning dailies. In 1880, Albert K. Fulton retired from the firm, leaving C. C. Fulton as the sole proprietor. He continues to control the general policy of the paper, and is still advancing its healthy and prosperous career. Besides Eding- tou Fulton, the managing editors have in succes- sion been Messrs. John McGarigle, James P. Mat- thews, and Henry J. Ford, the latter of whom was followed by W. B. Hazelton, now ably holding the position. On the present staff are Messrs. Edward Spencer, Innes Randolph, W. B. Clarke, and Alex- ander Fulton, the latter commercial editor. A few years ago the position of manager was created, and is ably filled by Gen. Felix Agnus, son-in-law of HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. C. C. Fulton. It is universally admitted that under this administration the American ha.-i been made in every respect a first-class newspaper, able and even brilliant iu its editorial and critical departments, un- surpassed as an organ of information, and calm and fair in its expressions of opinion. The Patriot was first issued Sept. 28, 1812. After the Whiff abandoned President Madison in the fall of 1811, the influential members of the administration l)arty in Baltimore induced Isaac Monroe and Ebene- zer French, then connected with the Boston Patriot, to come to Baltimore and establish a new paper in support of Mr. Madison. This was the origin of the Patriot. In 1814 the name was changed to the Balli- mnre Patriot and Evening Advertiser, published in the alternoons by Monroe & French. Samuel Brazer, who had been for many years one of the editors of the Patriot, died on Feb. 24, 1823, in the fortieth year of his age. On the evening of the 7th of November, 1848, the office of the Patriot was considerably dam- aged by a mob. On Jan. 1, 1849, Messrs. Josliua Jones and John F. MeJilton, who had been long connected with the business and editorial departments of the Patriot, purchased an interest of Col. Monroe. On Jan. 22, 1854, John Wills was associated with the editorial department of the paper, and on April 24th, Wm. M. Burwell, formerly of the Washington Repub- lic, and more recently of the Baltimore American, .assumed the " editorial responsibilities." Mr. Me- Jilton became the sole owner of the Patriot about 18.'i4, but on Jan. 1, 18.56, it changed proprietorship. Wm. H. Carpenter, " a graceful writer, and who has contributed some stirring lyrics and entertaining and valuable works in prose to the literature of our country," assumed the general editorial management, with John Wills as commercial editor. These gen- tlemen, who had been associated with the paper sev- eral years previously, continued the partnership until July 22, 1857, when Mr. Carpenter retired. On the 1st of January, 1857, the Patriot, together with the American, changed its mode of publication to the cash system which had been adopted by the Sun, by transferring the subscribers to the carriers. In Jan- uary, 1858, the Patriot reduced its dimensions from seven columns on a page to si.x. Mr. Monroe, the founder of the Patriot, died Dec. 22, 1859, aged seventy-five years. He left a widow, but was child- less. On April 15, 1861, Moses Small, the venerable colored carrier of the Patriot, also expired at his resi- dence, in the court in the rear of the Charles Street M. E. church, at the advanced age of eighty years. Moses commenced carrying papers for the Evening Post in 1806; from 1807 to 1811 he was carrier for the ^hrth American, and from 1811 to 1838 for the Federal Gazette, and when that paper was merged in the Patriot he continued to serve its subscribers up to 1857, when sickness and old age compelled him to abandon his route. During all this long period of over half a century it is said he never missed a single day. The Sun said, " He has averaged in his walks sixteen miles each day, which for forty-nine years foot up a total of 245,392 miles; this is nearly to the ex- tent of nine times around the world." Moses was dis- tinguished all his life for the excellence of his morals and manners. He was a well-bred, polite, urbane gentleman. In his early life he was the object of great respect and confidence on the part of his mas- ter, Wm. Gwynn, whose servant he was for more than fifty years. He stood high in the regard of the members of the old " Delphian Club," whose meetings were held first in the rooms over the old Federal Gazette oflice, and afterwards at the " Tusculum," in rear of that office. It was in its day a famous resort for men of wit and leisure, and few strangers so- journed for many days in Baltimore without finding their way to the Tusculum, where Moses was an im- portant personage, valued and reipected by all. When the fortune of his former patron waned and he was n) longer able to pay Moses his accii-t>med wages, the faithful fellow, mindful only ofpa.-y Tliomas Wilson & Co. in March, LSI.",, from .No. 28 South Gay Street. The American Patriot was first issued on Satur- day, Sept. 25, 1SU2, by S. McCrea, at No. 67 South Street. The olHce was removed to Fell's Point, and the name chaiii.'ed to the American Patriot and Fell's Point Ailvertiser, S. Kennedy, publisher. Baltimore Evening: Post and Mercantile Daily Advertiser was first issued Monday afternoon, March 25, 1805, by J. Cook & Co., at the corner of South and Water Streets. They sold their interest in a .short time to Hezekiali Niles and George Bourne, and on June 10, 1811, Mr. Niles sold his interest to Thomas Wilson, who formerly edited a paper called tlie Sun. Niles' Register was first published by Hezekiah Niles on Saturday, Sept. 7, 1811, at $5 per year. It was in some respects the best newspaper of its day, and is still a valuable mine of historical facts. Wil- liam Ogden Niles became associated with his father in 1827, and on the latter's retirement, Sept. 3, 1836, he became sole manager of the Begister. On the 2d of September, 1837, he removed his publication-otBce to Washington, D. C, and published his weekly there, under the name of Nilea' National Register. Heze- kiah Niles, the founder of the Register, died at Wil- mington, Del., on April 2, 1839, in the sixty-third year of his age. His son Ogden died in Philadel- phia on the Sth of July, 1858, being stricken down with paralysis and apoplexy. At the time of his death he held an official position in the Pension Bureau at Wasiiington, although he was nearly all his life connected with the press. On the 4th of May, 1839, the office of the Register was removed to Balti- more, and on the 19th of October Mrs. Sally Ann Niles, the widow of Hezekiah Niles, sold the paper to Jeremiah Hughes, who continued to publish it until Feb. 26, 1848, when it ceased to exist. Niles' National Register was resumed in Philadelphia in July, 1849, under the charge of George Bealty, but it was not a success. Its motto was "The Past— the Present— for the Future." The Maryland Censor was first published by Wil- liam Iledding on Aug. 20, 1818. It was a Democratic weekly. On April 2, 1819, it changed its name to the American Farmer, and was under the manage- ment of John S. Skinner, postmaster of Baltimore, who Wiis so well known in connection with the farm and the turf and their surroundings. It was printed weekly by William Redding, in quarto form, the office being located at the corner of South and Market Streets, at S4 per annum. This was the pioneer agri- cultural publication, and took with the public, for whose interests it was commenced, and in a few days had a large subscription-list. Mr. Skinner, after a few years, in September, 1830, sold a half-interest in the paper to J. Irving Hitchcock, who in a short time purchased the entire journal. He published the Farmer, with Gideon B. Smith as editor, for about a year after his purchase, when it .suspended. He resumed the publication in a short time, under the name of The Farmer and Gardener, but before the end of a year sold his interest to Mr. Moore, of the firm of Lindan & Moore. Mr. Moore subsequently sold it to the editor, E. P. Roberts, and he afterwards disposed of it to Samuel Sands, who commenced its publication with John S. Skinner, the original founder, as editor. Mr. Skinner having been ap- pointed assistant postmaster-general, removed to Washington, and E. P. Roberts resumed the editor- ship, which he continued to the close of his life. la December, 1855, Mr. Sands, who was both proprietor and publisher, sold part of his interest to N. B. Worth- ington, of Anne Arundel County, and subsequently the whole of it to the same gentleman. In the en- suing year Mr. Sands commenced a new paper, called the Rural Register, which was published four years, or until about two years after the civil war com- menced, when it ceased. The Farmer, on account of the interruption of intercourse with the South, sus- pended in February, 1862. In June, 1866, Messrs. Worthington & Lewis resumed the publication of the Farmer, but in a few years, after changing hands several times, it was discontinued. After a suspen- sion of about eighteen months, the former proprietor, Samuel Sands, and his son, recommenced its publica- tion on Jan. 1, 1872, :us the American Farmer and Rural Register, and it is now in a very prosperous con- dition. The Saturday Herald was started by Richard Matchett on May 20, 1824, and edited by Paul Allen, formerly editor of the Morning Chronicle. It was a weekly literary pa|)er, printed by Mr. Sands, at the corner of Gay and Water Streets, and Mr. Allen used it in defense of Rev. John M. Duncan, of the Pres- byterian Church, during his remarkable trial. After Mr. Allen's death the name of the Herald was changed by Mr. Sands, on May 20, 1827, to the North Ameri- can, or Weekly Journal of Politics, Science, and Lilera- THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 615 ture, with Dr. Patrick Maccauley as editor. The paper was to be issued upon the plan of the Albion of New York, with the exception tliat, as tlie latter was devoted to British interests, Mr. Sands' was to be American. Tliis new enterprise had but a short ex- istence. The Marylander was issued on Wednesday, Dec. 3, 1827, by Edward P. Roberts, publisher, Edward C. Pinkney, editor, and Samuel Sands, printer. It was ])ublished every Wednesday and Saturday, as a po- litical paper, in support of John Q. Adams for Presi- dent. The editor was the son of Hon. William Pink- ney, the celebrated Maryland lawyer and statesman, and was an elegant poet, some of his lyrics being among the choicest in the English language. When the .election was over and Mr. Adams was defeated, the paper, on Jan. 14, 1829, was consolidated with the Chronicle. The Morning Chronicle, a daily paper, was pub- lished by Schacti'er & Maund, with Paul Allen as editor, in September, 1818. In May, 1824, Allen retired from the Chronicle, and assumed the man- agement of the Saturday Evening Herald. William Pecbin having become the proprietor of the Chroni- cle, on July 1, 1825, he formed a partnership with Gen. S. C. Leakin, and the title of the paper was changed to the Commercial Chronicle. On Jan. 1, 1827, Col. William Pechin sold his interest in the paper, and it was issued by Gen. S. C. Leakin, Fran- cis H. Davidge, and William Ogden Niles. On Jan. 14, 1829, Messrs. Leakin & Davidge, the then pro- prietors, dissolved partnership, and the proprietor of the Marylander, Mr. Sands, having purchased the in- terest of Mr. Davidge, the two papers were consoli- dated, the title of the journal bein^ the Commercial Chronicle and Daily Marylander, and the organ of the Whig party. In August, 1829, W. G. Lyford, the commercial editor, resigned his position, and having leased the Fountain Inn, began hotel-keeping. Before this time the Chronicle was an independent paper, de- voted almost entirely to commercial matters. On Jan. 1, 1830, Samuel Barnes, late proprietor of The Political Examiner at Frederick, bought out the in- terest of Mr. Sands, and for several years was the editor. A Mr. Cole purchased an interest in the paper, and in January, 1835, Messrs. Leakin & Cole sold their shares to Samuel Barnes. On Oct. 12, 1836, i Mr. Barnes sold the establishment to Nelson Poe, who | became sole proprietor and editor. On the 1st of i May, 1839, Nathan Parker purchased an interest in | the Chronicle and became associated with Mr. Poe in its management. The paper, however, finally shared the fate of many of its predecessors and ; ceased to exist. The subscription-list was transferred to the American. The Baltimore Republican was first published by E. W. Rcinhart & Co. on Monday, May 21, 1827. Samuel Barker having become proprietor, on Nov. 1, 1837, he sold an interest to Messrs. John Busk and James H. Cox. In August, 1840, Mr. Busk retired from the Republican, and Brook W. Lower, Jr., took his place, the firm being Harker & Lower.' On Sep- tember 7th, Mr. Harker retired, and Mr. Lower became sole proprietor. Mr. Harker died in Novem- ber, 1850. His brother, John Newton Harker, who was also at one time associate editor and proprietor of the Republican, died at Wilmington, Del., on Oct. 27, 1851. In 1840, Messrs. Charles F. and R. M. Cloud issued the first number of The Daily Aryus, an after- noon paper, and on Feb. 15, 1842, it was united with the Republican, under the title of Republican and Ar- gus, and issued as a morning paper. The publishers were Messrs. Pratt, Cloud & Brother. On April 25, 1842, the paper was reduced in size and price, and changed from a morning to an evening paper. On Nov. 19, 1845, R. Horace Pratt sold his interest in the paper to Messrs. Cloud & Brother, his former partners. He died on April 10, 1855, after a short illness, in his forty-eighth year. His only brother, Joseph Long Pratt, died on Jan. 26, 1845, in his thirty-eighth year. R. Horace Pratt was at one time part proprietor of the Baltimore Hnfurdjy Visitor, and subsequently of the Republican, and was occasionally associated with other papers. His contributions were always characterized by a spirit of native humor which made his writings exceedingly popular. He was extensively known and esteemed by a large num- ber of acquaintances for his social and genial quali- ties. The Argus office was removed from Gay Street, near Baltimore, to the northwest corner of these two streets on July 16, 1849. On November 20th in the same year Charles F. Cloud disposed of his interest in the paper to Beale H. Richardson, who assumed the editorial management. On Feb. 19, 1850, the Argus changed again from a morning to an afternoon paper. On March 20, 1852, William H. Hope, the junior editor and part proprietor of the Argus, retired from the paper to accept a position on the Philadelphia Pennsylvanian. His interest was purchased by Charles F. Cloud, who resumed his former connection with tlie journal. In April, 1853, Messrs. C. F. & R. M. Cloud ceased their connection with the paper, which was under the sole control and editorship of B. H. Richardson. William H. Turner purchased an in- terest in the journal, and on May 1, 1854, sold it to Joseph M. Peregoy. On April 3, 1855, A. G. Allen and William H. Hope obtained control of the paper, and changed its name to the Daily Republican. On Feb. 2, 1858, Robert M. Cloud, formerly one of the proprietors, died in his forty-fourth year; and on the 27th, Mr. Allen disposed of his interest and retired from the concern. On Sept. 11, 1863, the paper was suppressed by order of Gen. Schenck, and Beale H. Richardson, the editor and proprietor, and his son, Francis A. Richardson, and Stephen J. Joyce, asso- 1 Samuel Lower >t Co. kept the liiiltiniore Tjpe Foundry iu tS12. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARi'LAND. ciate editors, were taken into custody and ordered to be sent South. Tlie alleged ground for the suppres; sion of the Republican was the publication of a piece of poetry called "The Southern Cross," which was attributed to .Mrs. Kllcii Key Blunt. The American Turf Register and Sporting Mag- azine, a monthly journal, was first issued in Septem- ber, 1829, by John S. Skinner, editor and publisher, iind J. D. Toy, printer. In August, 1835, Mr. Skin- ner retired from its management, and Gideon B. Smith became manager, and Allen J. Davie editor. Mr. Skinner subsequently published the Plough, Loom, I and Anvil. He died on March 21, 1851, caused by his falling accidentally into the basement of the post- office building headforemost down a flight of stairs, having mistaken the door. He was about sixty-four years of age when the accident occurred. In a short time these gentlemen were succeeded by others, and not long afterwards the office was removed to New- York, and the pai)er went nut of existence. The Companion and Weekly Miscellany was issued Nov. 3, 1804, by Edward Ivisy, and Messrs. i Cole & Hewes, printers aM ' ■ > ' ♦ The Athenaeum in October, 1837, was edited by T. S. Arthur, with George Brewster, formerly editor of the Pittsburgh Satnrddij Eneiiiiif/ Visitor, as assistant. The Saturday Morning Visitor was first brought before the reading public in February, 1832. It was published by Messrs. Charles Cloud and William P. Ponder; for a while Lambert Wilmer had charge of the editorial department. John H. Hewitt, formerly editor of the Minerva and Emerald, became editor. Some of our best writers contributed to its columns,— Edgar A. Poe and his brother, William Poe, Rev. S. S. Rozzell, Brantz Mayer, Rev. John C. McCabe, James Hungerford, John B. Jones (editor in 1841), Miss Modna, Mrs. Dr. Annan (a very bright writer). Miss E. Bogart, of New York, Mrs. Mary Hewitt, and others. The paper had a wide circulation, and brought out a good deal of Baltimore's latent talent. R. Hor- ace Pratt, in February, 1835, after Mr. Ponder had retired on account of ill health, bought an interest in it. He, jointly with Mr. Hewitt, conducted the paper until it passed into the possession of Dr. Snod- grass, who as soon as he got control of its columns turned it into an abolition paper. Finding that the Visitor had lost its ancient prestige, he merged it with the New Era, the anti-slavery organ, published in Washington, D. C, and nothing more was heard of it. The Baltimore Express was printed weekly at Fell's Point, but in October, 1837, it removed to the southeast corner of Baltimore and Gay Streets. L. A. Wilmer, whose talents as a humorous writer were of a high order, purchased an interest in the paper and became its editor, its name being changed to the Baltimore Kaleidoscope and Weekly Express. The Sunday-School Friend, a weekly, first ap- peared March 8, 1838, and the Democratic Herald, a penny daily, by R. Cloud, on June 1, 1838. The Musical Olio was published by W. H. Harri- son in October, 1838. The Baltimore Literary and Religious Magazine was begun about 18.36, with Revs. Robert J. Brecken- ridge and Andrew B. Cross,of the Presbyterian Church, as editors. In the same year T. A. Richards & Bro. published the Familij Magazine. The Sun, the leading daily pa])er of Baltimore, was founded in 1837 by A. S. Abell, its present pro- prietor, at that time a member of the firm of Swain, Abell & Simmons, which little more than a year before had established the Public Ledger in Philadel- phia. Although the entire firm was pecuniarily in- terested in the new venture, the establishment of the Sun was the suggestion of Mr. Abell, who believed that Baltimore presented a field for just such a jour- nal as he proposed to offer to the people of this city. His partners were not so sanguine; but they con- sented that he should try the experiment on condi- tion that he would assume the immediate responsi- bility and personal control. To this proposition he consented without hesitation; type and materials were at once ordered, a Napier cylinder-press pur- chased, and on the 17th of May, 1837, the first num- ber of The Sun was issued from its ofiice on Light Street, and a copy left at the door of nearly every house in Baltimore. The year 1837 was not a period of prosperity, nor was the country enjoying even a normal condition of well-being. Financial distress and depression existed throughout the land, and men were engaged faroftener in winding up old affairs than in laying the foundations 618 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of new business. Newspapers were not at that time the mediums of fortune that some of them have since become ; but, on the contrary, tliey were generally vehicles of party, filled with tirades of personal and political abuse, embarrassed very often in their finan- cial affairs, and dull with long essays, homilies, and " communications." It required more than ordinary . ourage and determination to start an experiment at such a time and under such conditions, and the intel- ligence that could mark out a line of journalism en- tirely different from that anywhere existing was of no ordinary kind. The " penny press" had in this coun- try at that time but three representatives, two in New York City and one in Philadelphia. Penny newspapers were still an experiment, were looked upon as unfashionable, and were even regarded in some quarters as rather low. The Sun was of the " penny tribe of newspapers," as the then Baltimore Gazette expressed it, and " the address to the public in the first number, which is a favorable specimen of editorial ability, announces the determination to con- tinue the publication for one year at least." It was Mr. Abell's design that The Sun should be a newspaper entirely different from the journals of that day. It was to be the organ of neither party in politics, to know no sect in religion, and to rely en- tirely upon its devotion to the common good. In its salutatory it laid down the principles by which it was to be guided in the following words : " We shall give no place to religious controversy nor to political discussions of merely partisan character. On politi- cal principles and questions involving the honor or interest of the whole country we shall be firm and temperate. Our object will be the common good, without regard to .sections, factions, or parties, and for this object we shall labor without fear or partiality." While the enterprise was begun under the auspices of the firm of which the present proprietor of Thr Sun was then a member, Arunali S. Alnll was tlir s.iU- manager, and from the first nuinl" r ~i:iiii|ir(l ii|">ii the paper the imprint of his intrlliLirruc, |irii(l(nic, independence, and courage, and the direction he thus gave has been held by the paper without wavering, through every change in parties, and without " varia- bleness or shadow of turning," even through the dark hours of civil war. Individuality had no place about The Sun; it was to be the public voice, announcing the public opinion, guiding the public judgment, and giving expression to the public will. Relying upon the value and importance of what The Sun said, the l>eople of Baltimore soon came to understand that here was a journal which could neither be purchased nor intimidated, which had opinions of its own, formed upon facts collected by its agencies, and de- voted solely to the best interests of the people as a community. This was the first element of its subse- quent success. Independence and veracity, guided by great judg- ment and marked intelligence, soon made their im- j pression upon the public attention, and the little Sun is found on Nov. 17, 1837, just six months after its start, with "8500 circulation, and with good adver- tising patronage," having begun the experiment with a free issue of 15,000 as " a specimen." This circula- tion among a population of 80,000, obtained within six months, with six well-established rival papers in the field, waa not only a remarkable result, but was also an important testimonial to the personal worth of the proprietor, who had given to The Sun the char- acter which thus won upon the public. At the first anniversary. May 17, 1838, the circulation was 12,000. The first year, which established the character of the paper, was also the beginning of that wonderful enterprise in procuring news in which The Sun has no superior even among the great papers of New York. When the publication of The Sun was commenced it employed but one reporter, no regular local reports being given by any of the city papers till the custom ] was established by The Sun. Not even the proceedings j of the courts or of the Legislature were then reported { by the Baltimore press, nor those of Congress, the journals here relying upon the Washington papers to furnish them the following day with whatever oc- curred of interest in Congress. The year 1837-38 was the period when journalism was in its transition state, or what has been called the " beginning of the news- paper revolution." In the conflict for public support between the penny and the sixpmnies the latter would certainly have won if the weight of metal had not been counterpoised with ceaseless activity in pro- curing the news. Where one editor, one reporter, a half-dozen printers, and two or three press-hands then sufficed there is now found necessary a large corps of editors, a still larger number of regular reporters, to say nothing of those occasionally employed, a regu- larly established corps of correspondents at every point of importance throughout the country, besides lli.i^c .,|,( I iiilly engaged for conventions, public dem- .11-1 niiinii-. tiials, and other public occasions of in- 1(11^1 : s, \( r.il hundreds of printers and proof-readers, press-hands, stereotypers, mail-clerks, etc., are regu- larly engaged ; hundreds of carriers and agents, with a host of news-boys and booksellers in the city, besides numerous other employfe in various departments. The President's message of December, 1838, offered the first opportunity to The Sun of displaying its en- terprise. The other Baltimore journals were at that time accustomed to obtain their supplcmeiitg with the President's message from AVashington, printed with the headlines of the Baltimore papers, transmitted by mail, and delivered to Baltimore readers the next day, and perhaps later. That style of journalism would not answer for The Sun. Posting " a friend mounted on a Canadian pony, nimble as a goat and fleet as the wind," at the " outer depot," the printed copy of the message wsis brought by this friend to the office on i Light Street, and in "five minutes after its arrival forty-nine compositors were at work upon it, and in "THE SUN" IRON BUILDING, S. E. COE. BALTIMOKE AND SOUTH STSEETS, BALTIMORE, MD. THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. two hours the first copy printed in Baltimore" was handed to the awaiting crowd with which the office was thronged. Thus The Sun anticipated all its con- temporaries by two days. Such energy and enterprise found their reward, and the 6th of May, 1839, The Sun announced "15,000 patrons of all ages, sexes, and conditions." The zeal of journalism and the spirit of enterprise had so much developed the business of The Sun that (March 30, 1840) the second enlargement was rendered necessary by " the increase of advertising custom." And thus encouraged, another display of astonishing enterprise was made in spreading President Harrison's inaugural before its Baltimore readers on the same day it was delivered, and winning from one of its Western contemporaries (the Louisville Gazette) the compli- mentary remark that " in the enterprise of the worthy proprietors of The Sun we have an example worthy of all praise ; they have on this occasion of their prompt and untiring energy placed the whole Western and nearly all the Southern part in possession of this im- portant document at least twenty-four hours in ad- vance of all its contemporaries ;" and of the New York and Philadelphia papers only those in exchange with The Sun received the early copy. Nor were these mere spurts of enterprise ; the pace was kept up, and the death of Gen. Harrison, the address of President Ty- ler, the message to the extra session followed in the same prompt and rapid manner. Enterprise was the rule and not the exception, and among the acknowl- edgments of its contemporaries the thanks of the Co- lumbus (Ohio) Statesman are returned to "our little favorite, the Baltimore Sun, for foreign news in our columns to-day. The Sun ran an express from Boston to Baltimore, a distance of about four hundred miles, and beat all the other Baltimore papers." This was the beginning of the "pony-expresses," which, until the telegraph had taken its present wide reach all over the country, enabled The Sun to be always ahead of all its contemporaries. The fate of the Fiscal Bank Bill in 1841 was first made known in Baltimore through The Sunhy "horse-express," notwithstanding the rail- road was running between the two cities. The trial of MacLeod in the affair of the "Caroline," which took place at Utica, N. Y., in October, 1841, was reported especially for The Sun, and transmitted partly by rail and partly by express. The trial lasted several days, and as it was thought to involve the issue of war with England, excited the greatest interest throughout the whole country. The Sun was fully equal to the great occasion, and, far in advance of all its contemporaries, reported the trial and published the proceedings at great length from day to day until the verdict ended the public expectation. The New York papers experienced a revival in 1844, '45, and '46, and extensive expresses were run with European news from Halifax and Boston, and into all these enterprises The Sun entered with alacrity. The relations of the United States and Great Britain growing out of the Oregon matter gave very great interest all over the country to European news at this period. Halifax and Boston were the chief points of reception, and as the time of the steamers from thence to New York was very slow, the individual enterprise of newspapers was called into service. The Sun en- j tered the combination, and " exclusive extras" were issued from its ofiice and sent by express-trains to Washington, thus conveying the earliest intelligence for the use of the President and cabinet. The news of the ship " Liberty" and the steamer " Cambria" was thus received by the citizens of Baltimore and Wash- ington, the West, and the South twenty-four hours ahead of the " blanket-sheet" contemporaries. The expresses from Halifax were " planned on an exten- sive scale, and considered to be the most extraordinary evidence of newspaper enterprise ever brought before the American people." A relay of horses extending from Halifax to Annapolis, on the Bay of Fundy (across Nova Scotia), a distance of over one hundred and fifty miles, connected at the latter place with a ! steamer, which carried the news to Portland, Me., from thence by locomotive to Boston, thence, ria New j York and Philadelphia, to Baltimore. The whole distance was over one thousand miles, and the time about fifty hours. The "Cambria's" news was awaited I with more interest than that of almost any steamer ' that ever arrived in the country. The railroad and j steamboat lines between New York and Boston were under contract to run expresses with her advices. The enterprising newspapers of New York and Phila- delphia arranged to express the news from Boston, and into this combination of live newspapers The Sun was the only Baltimore paper that entered, and the important news received through this source was the I sole property of The Sun. The news of the "Hiber- nia" was received by The Sun on March 20, 1846, I from Halifax in sixty-two hours and forty-five min- I utes, and immediately published in an extra. The Sun was the only Baltimore paper that joined in the charterof the pilot-boat "Eomer" to run to Liverpool j and return with foreign news. When the war with Mexico turned the news-point of the compass to the South, The Sun stepped immedi- ately into the very front rank of enterprise in pro- curing early and reliable news from the seat of war, and, indeed, excelled in this respect any newspaper in the United States. To meet the demand for such intelligence, Mr. A. S. Abell, early in 1846, established exciusivehj for the Baltimore Sun, " without consulta- tion or previous arrangement or agreement with any I other paper," an overland express from New Orleans, " comprising about sixty blooded horses." Notwith- j standing the obstructions which were tiirown in the way of the success of this express by the post-office authorities, it almost invariably beat the great South- ern mail from New Orleans to Baltimore over thirty hours. As the war progressed these expresses became a public necessity, and in view of the great satisfac- 620 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, iMARYLAND. tion with which The Sun's exertions were received, | several Northern jiapers joined it in the advantages of its enterprise. The trip was usually made from New Orleans to Baltimore in six days, at an expense at this time to The Sun of about one thousand dollars per mon.'h. The Sun on Oct. 17, 1846, laid before its readers an engraved representation of Monterey, its vicinity, and its fortifications, and the advance of the American troops, drawn for the War Department by Capt. Eaton. This was followed on November 6th by j a " view of Monterey and the American army prior to the battle." By this view the readers of The Sim were able to distinguish not only the principal forts, but the main buildings in tiie city, and the position of the camp of the American army, and the place assigned to each division, brigade, and regiment be- fore the battle. On the 3d of April The Sun presented to its readers a map of the battle-field of Buena Vista, with the topography of the country, drawn by a dis- tinguished topographical engineer on the staff of Gen. Wool. • I The Sun on the 10th of April, 1847, was the first to | announce to the President and his cabinet at Wash- ington and the citizens of Baltimore the "fall, sur- render, and unconditional capitulation of the city of i Vera Cruz and the castle of San Juan d'UlIoa." This unparalleled effort of newspaper enterprise was her- alded in all sections of the United States, and upon the reception of the news at Washington, on Satur- day morning, April 10th, in the columns of the Balti- more Sun, it caused universal rejoicing. The Wash- ington Union of the same afternoon said, " The whole city was filled with enthusiasm to-day by the ac- | counts, for which we are indebted to the Baltimore ublication of this intelligence even in his own columns, Mr. Abell sent a private telegraphic dispatch to the President of the United States com- municating the information brought by The Sun's exjjre.ss of the fall of Vera Cruz, and received an ac- knowledgment in which the " zeal and enterprise" of the paper were recognized in fitting terms. The "ponies" of I'he Sun on September 1.5th again performed their task, and "distancing stages, rail- roads, steamboats, and magnetic telegraphs," The Sun announced the brilliant victories at Contreras and Cherubusco in advance of all its contemporaries. These feats of enterprise culminated in the receipt of the news of the operations in the vicinity of the Halls of the Montezumas, which was announced thus on October 4th : " Our pony-team, :is if in anticipation of the great excitement prevailing in the city on Satur- day evening (October 2d), came flying up to the stop- ping-post with the most thrilling and important in- telligence yet received from the seat of war, full twenty-four hours ahead of steamboats, railroads, and even telegraphs. The news brought by them twenty-four hours in advance of the mail being of such exciting and thrilling interest, we put to press at a late hour on Saturday night an ' Extra Sun,' with full details, which were sought after by our citizens during yesterday morning." On Nov. 29, 1847, the addition of " The Southern Daily Pony Express" completed the enterprising ar- rangements of The Sun for obtaining news from the seat of war, and thereafter until the close of hostilities the readers of The Sun received every morning the very latest intelligence from the contending armies. In the same spirit of sagacious enterprise, Mr. Abell organized a carrier-pigeon express for the transmis- sion of news between the cities of New York, Phila- delphia, Baltimore, and Washington. The pigeons for this service, about four or five humlred in number, were kept in a house on Hampstead Hill, near the old Maryland Hospital for the Insane, and were care- fully trained. Foreign steamer news was frequently obtained in this way, and on more than one occasion a synopsis of the President's message was brought by the pigeons to Baltimore immediately after the de- livery to Congress, and published in extras, to the great surprise of the public. This was the first pigeon-express organized in this country, and was regularly continued until superseded by the magnetic telegraph. The telegraph-wires were being rapidly stretched over the country, and horses and locomotives and carrier-pigeons were as rapidly going out of use. Prof. Morse found in Mr. Abell a most zealous friend to the magnetic telegraph ; all the influence of The Sun was exerted in behalf of the invention, and for an appropriation of thirty thousand dollars from Con- gress for the construction of an experimental line from Washington to Baltimore. After the line was constructed The Sun was one of its constant patrons, and the first Presidential message ever transmitted THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 621 over the wires was sent exclusively to The Sun on May 11, 1846, and published in its issue of the next day. As a matter of scientific history, it may be added that The Sun's telegraphic copy of the message was reprinted by the Academy of Sciences at Paris, side by side with an authenticated transcript of tlie original. The Paris correspondent of the National Intelligence); speaking of this event in the French Chamber of Deputies, says, — " Prof. Morse had the goodness to send me an account of the recent achievements of the electrical telegrapli, with a copy of the Baltimore Sun containing the President's message on the Mexican war, as it was magically transmitted to thiit paper. 1 sent the communications to Ponillet, the deputy author of the report heretofore mentioned to you, and he placed tliem in the hands of Arago, who suhmitted their very interesting and decisive contents to the Academy of Science and the Chamherof Deputies. In the Chamher, on the 18th instant, when the proposed appropriation for an electrical telegraph from this capital to tlie Belgian frontier came under consideration, Berryer opposed it on the ground that the experiments of the new system were incomplete; that it would he well to wait for the full trial of what was undertaken between Paris and Rouen. Arago answered, 'The experiment is con- summated ; in the United States the matter is settled irresistibly. I re- ceived three days ago Tlie Sun of Baltimore, with a letter from Mr. Morse, one of the most honorable men of his country, and here is the President's message, printed from the telegraph in two or three hours; the message would fill four columns of the Monitevr ; it could not have been copied by tlie most rapid penman in a shorter time than it was transmitted. The galvanic fluid travels seventy thousand leagues per minute.' The appropriation of nearly a half-million of francs passed with only a few dissenting voices." Thus is found another spontaneous witness to the diffusive advantages of individual enterprise. In this instance it was the longest document that had ever been transmitted by telegraph for any paper in the world, and thus presented a peculiarly appropriate climax as well as an illustration to the remarks of M. Arago. The short-lived Atlantic cable of 1858 was made to do service to The Sun even in the very few moments of its serviceable existence by sending a special dis- patch exclusively to The Sun, which was the first news telegram from London over the Atlantic cable received and made public in Baltimore. The interest taken in election returns is always very great, and the outlying points are so numerous that until the present system of telegraphic communica- tion was established several days would elapse before the definite result could be ascertained. To obviate this difficulty The Sun extended at an early date its system of " horse-express," and by " nag, rail, and otherwise" collected the news, and laid the returns before its readers. The result of the gubernatorial election in 1850, and of that upon the reform consti- tution in 1851, were by these means collected and published. The " pony-express" was again made to do service on March 9, 1860, when it brought the pro- ceedings of the Legislature on the last night of the session up to ten o'clock, arriving in Baltimore at two o'clock on the morning of the 10th, conveying the intelligence of the defeat of the " Brock City Passen- ger Railway Bill." Since the wide extension of rail and telegraph facilities, there are many interior points of. the State from which the same enterprise collects the returns almost always in time for the morning Sun of the day after the election. In June, 1876, The Sun united with the New York Herald, and sent copies of both the daily and weekly to the Pacific coast by Jarrett & Palmer's trans-con- tinental train in eighty-four hours. An extra train from Calvert Station was chartered, and made con- nection at Harrisburg on time, where The Sun's mail was transferred to this lightning express as it speeded along. Enlargement after enlargement has been rendered necessary by the continued growth of the business of The Sun, and the change and improvements in its plant and machinery are scarcely less striking than the progress of the paper itself In the beginning a single-cylinder Napier press, rated at the capacity of one thousand copies per hour, and worked by hand, was employed; in 1840 a double-cylinder Napier, rated at three thousand copies per hour, was substi- tuted, and steam-power introduced; in 1843 a newly- invented double-cylinder Hoe, rated at four thousand copies per hour, was obtained, and in 1847 The Sun put up two pony presses, rated at six thousand copies per hour; in 1863 it commenced using two of "Hoe's last fast" type-revolving cylinder-presses, each rated at ten thousand copies per hour, which were the first type-revolving presses successfully used in this or any other country ; in December, 1867, two double type- revolving presses, with a capacity of twenty thousand each per hour, were introduced, which, together with the stereotyping process adopted at the same time, has enabled The Sun to respond with promptness to the demands which its increasing circulation has re- quired. The Sun was first published at No. 21 Light Street, the second door from Mercer, but on the 16th of Feb- ruary, 1839, its office was removed to the southeast corner of Gay and Baltimore Streets. In 1850 the proprietors of The Sun purchased the lot at the south- east corner of Baltimore and South Streets, and on the 1st of April began the erection of the present Sun Iron Building, the first iron building erected in the United States, and the printing and publication- offices were removed to the new edifice on the 13th of September, 1851. Messrs. Bogardus & Hoppin, of New York, were the contractors for the erection ol the building, and Mr. Hatfield the architect. The structure has a front of fifty-six feet on Baltimore Street, and of seventy-four feet on South Street, with a height of five well-pitched stories. Each story pre- sents lines of windows extending from floor to ceiling, separated by fluted columns, with proper bases and caps, the bases of the second story ornamented with medallion busts of historical characters, and the caps on the fifth story surmounted with full-length figures i in relief, all part and parcel of the material of the structure. Upon the death of one of Mr. Abell's partners in Philadelphia the property was sold, on HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Dec. 22, 1860, to divide the estate, and was purchased by A. S. Abell in fee simple for eighty thousand dolhirs. On Dec. 19, 1864, the price of The Sun was increased to two cents per single copy and twelve and a half cents a week to subscribers receiving it by carriers. This advance was necessitated by the increased cost of labor, material, correspondence, telegraphic mat- ter, and otiier indispensable requisites of a first-class newspaper. The publication of the Baltimore Weekli/ Sun'was commenced on the 14th of April, 1838, and it is now recognized as one of the best family newspapers in the country. The same energy and enterprise that have marked the growth and career of the Daily Sun have been illustrated in the conduct and success of the weekly. On four several occasions prizes of $300, $400, $500, and $1200 have been awarded for original stories for publication in the Weekly Sun, and such stimulants to talent have never failed to draw out most creditable literary productions. The Sun was the first to introduce in Baltimore the "carrier system" for the distribution of newspapers, which has since been found so convenient to both pub- lishers and subscribers, as well as remunerative to the carriers themselves, — who own their routes and make their own collections, — that it has been adopted by all the papers of the city. The Sun also inaugurated the " cash system." Not an advertisement is inserted for a longer time than is agreed upon and paid for in ad- vance. Not a paper leaves the office beyond its term of subscription. The stafl' of The Sun is large, and its corps of special correspondents is represented in almost every quarter of the world. Its Washington, California, and Eu- ropean correspondence especially are noted for relia- bility and accuracy. One of the most strongly-marked features in the management of The Sun is the spirit of moderation which always characterizes its utterances, and which only the impersonality of its editorial management could have secured. This dignity of tone and char- acter has been maintained by The Stm under the most trj'ing circumstances. During the civil war, when military despotism entered the back-door of Baltimore and placed its interdict upon free discussion. The Sun became silent and uttered not a word editorially ; pub- lic opinion was under military domination, and its great exponent could give no voice to it. Chronicling simply daily events for its thousands of readers, it maintained a silence more impressive than any voice it would have been permitted to utter. When peace returned, with free discussion, The Sun found in as- sisting to rebuild the waste places desolated by the war steady employment for its great energies, and all the magnificent charities which were then inaugurated were sustained and promoted by its efforts. Arunah S. Abell, the founder and proprietor of The Sun, was born in Eiist Providence, R. I., Aug. 10, 1806, and came of a sturdy English ancestry, whcse de- scendants were among the earliest settlers of the town of Seekonk, then known as Rehoboth. His grand- father, Robert Abell, served with distinction in the war of the Revolution, and his father, Caleb Abell, was a quartermaster in the war of 1812, and after his return to civil life occupied several positions of honor and trust. Mr. Abell's education was received in his native town, where he began his business career as a clerk in the store of Mr. Bishop, a merchant of the place, with whom he remained until 1822, when he became an apprentice in the office of the Providence Patriot. He addressed himself with so much earnestness to the mastery of the business that when his appren- ticeship was ended he readily obtained employment as foreman in one of the best printing-offices in Bos- ton, where his value was soon fully appreciated, and where he might have remained indefinitely had he desired. But with that characteristic foresight which has since been so signally displayed in all the opera- tions of his business life, he saw that there were better and wider opportunities elsewhere for the realization of the honorable ambition which had already as- sumed a definite shape, and which was destined in after-years to cry.stallize into such splendid results, and he therefore proceeded to New York, where he at once obtained employment, and from which he began to study the field of journalism. In New York he formed the acquaintance of two fellow-printers, Wil- liam M. Swain and Azariah H. Simmons, and with them freely discussed the subject of their common ambition, which was to establish a newspaper as joint owners. Messrs. Swain and Simmons were in favor of attempting the enterprise in New York, but Mr. Abell, feeling that the field there was already fully occu|)ied by the Sun, Trameript, and Herald, sug- gested Philadelphia as offering better chances of suc- cess. His associates were persuaded to adopt his sug- gestion, and articles of agreement having been duly signed, on the 29th of April, 1836, the Philadelphia Ledger was boldly launched upon the sea of journal- ism. The new venture did not at first meet with the success which had been hoped, and in a few months Messrs. Swain and Simmons were ready to abandon the enterprise. But Mr. Abell was not easily discouraged, and the blood of his Revolutionary ancestors in his veins gave him a patient tenacity of purpose which served him well in this emergency. He cheered the sinking hearts of his a.ssociates, inspired them with fresh courage and determination, and persuaded them to persevere. In a short time his judgment was fully vindicated by results. Imbued with fresh life and vigor, the Ledger began to be a power, and at the end of a year had so strongly intrenched itself in the public support and confidence that its proprietors began to look about for a point where they might establish a similar paper. The hi-story of that enter- prise has already been given in the sketch of The Sun, THE PRESS OP BALTIMORE. 623 and need not be further adverted to in this connec- I tion. Mr. Abell continued a part owner of the Ledger I until 1864, when he sold his interest in it, and in 1808 became the sole proprietor of the Baltimore »Sm?i. In presenting the history of The Sun, it has been impossible not to present' also in large measure the character and career of its founder and proprietor. A life may be read from its life-work even better than irom the written record, even as a monument pro- claims the skill and intellect of the builder more im- pressively than any inscription which could be cut into the living stone. The tendency of the age is to crush out individuality, but it only succeeds where no great and marked individuality exists. If the reverse be true, the times are moulded and not the individual. Thus the history of The Sun, its policy, its spirit, its aims, properly understood, open the door to a true apprehension of the character of its founder. For though the highest type of journalism has been reached in the elimination of personality from its direction, it bears nevertheless the impress of the individual traits and characteristics which have made it what "it is. What is important to be known in lives that are worth the writing or the reading is not so much when or where the person was born, or what were the human branches by which he was con- nected with other branches in which the reader is but little interested, but what the person did, what he acccmiplished, how the battles of life were fought, and how and by what means they were won. The world nowadays demands a practical moral in all the lives that the historian presents for its considera- tion, and its demand is better satisfied by pointing to the " arduous greatness of things done" than by a mere recital of barren dates- and genealogical records which throw no light upon the subject in hand. What has already been said of The Sun, therefore, contains a true presentation, though not so perfect or complete as could have been wished, of the energy, the wisdom, and the intellectual breadth which laid the foundations of that journal so deep and strong, and which have reared its superstructure so broad and high. Successful as Mr. Abell has been, he is not among those whom prosperity has hardened. A quiet man in everything, he follows in his large but unaflTected charities the same golden rule of silence, aiming not at display or ostentation, but at the practical relief and assistance of the objects of his bounty. So while other men have locked up their capital in securities which bring no practical benefit to any one but them- selves, Mr. Abell has largely employed his means in the erection of warehouses, business structures, and private residences, the construction of which has given employment to many mechanics and laborers, and has added largely to the convenience, wealth, and beauty of the city. Among the most conspicuous improvements erected by Mr. Abell is the " Abell Block," situated at the ■southeast corner of Eutaw and Baltimore Streets. This magnificent edifice is five stories high, built of Baltimore pressed brick, with white marble trimmings, relieved with terra-cotta mouldings and bluestoue. There are two handsome warehouses fronting fifty- two feet on Baltimore Street, with a depth of one hundred and seventy-two feet to German Street. The first story is of iron, and the upper stories of brick. The store-rooms, offices, etc., are finished in elegant style with hard wood, and the entire building is fur- nished with all the modern conveniences and comforts. In each store there are two hydraulic elevators and four fire and burglar-proof vaults. A dry, paved basement extends under botli warehouses and the ad- joining sidewalks, being thirteen thousand square feet in extent. Mr. Abell is also a large landholder in the county, and his suburban residence at " Guilford" is one of the most splendid estates in this country. Occupying many different positions of trust, he has exercised a large and important influence upon every department of local activity, and in his capacity as a journalist has given in his day and generation a direction and char- acter to the current of local events the value of which it is difficult to overestimate. Although he has recently celebrated his seventy-fifth birthday, he looks and seems fully a .score of years younger, and still gives to all departments of his business the bene- fit of his long experience and careful oversight. Mr. Abell is courteous and kindly in his personal intercourse with his employfe and with all with whom he is brought into contact, and while firm in the discharge of all his business responsibilities tempers his justice with a generosity and consideration that are rarely exhibited by persons in his position. In a green and vigorous old age, which can look back upon a life well and usefully spent, Mr. Abell forms one of the central figures upon the local canvas of a city towards whose prosperity, welfare, and advancement he has so signally contributed. Mr. Abell married, in 1838, Mary, the daughter of John Fox, a worthy and good citizen of Peekskill, N. Y., where Mrs. Abell was born, but her parents re- moved to Baltimore when she was quite young. She was an excellent Christian woman, and devoted much of her time and means to the relief of the unfortunate and deserving poor, without reference to their creed or color. She died, universally beloved by all who knew her, in 1859, leaving a large family of children, eight of whom are living, — five daughters and three sons. The three latter, Edwin F., George W., and Walter R. Abell, are connected with the editorial and business departments of T/ie Sun. They have inher- ited in various ways the father's business talent and sagacity, as well as his innate tact and journalistic capacity. Breathing the atmosphere of journalism from their youth up, educated in a school which has achieved such splendid results, and by training as well as inheritance in perfect sympathy and understanding HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. with the spirit, the policy, and aims of The Sun, they are specially qualified for the delicate and responsible offices of assisting in conducting a great and influen- tial journal, and the other business connected with such an enterprise. Mr. Abell had the faculty and good judgment to select for his assistants the best men to be found, all of whom became warmly at- tached to him, and seldom left him except to become , engaged in business for themselves or separated bj' death. He has now the best corps of editors, report- ers, and business men connected with The Sun of any newspaper in the country. The Maryland Medical and Surgical Journal, a quarterly, wiis published on Jan. 1, 1840, by John ' Murphy, under the auspices of the Medical and Clii- rurgical Faculty of the State. ' The editors were Drs. G. C. M. Roberts, chairnuin, Nathaniel Potter, James H. Miller, Robert A. Durkee, J. R. W. Dunbar, and j Samuel George Baker. It was adopted by the med- ical departments of the United States army and navy as their official organ. The Trades Union was edited in 1837 by Frank Gallagher, but he having been elected to the Legis- lature, he re-signed on October 14th, and the paper was subsequently published and edited by Messrs. Bull & Tattle. " I The Journal of the American Silk Society was | published in 1889, with Gideon B. Smith as editor. | The Pilot, a two-penny Whig paper, was first issued | April 2, 1840, by Gen. Duff' Green. The Whigs of | Maryland repudiated the paper, and it ceased in January, 1841. [ The Baltimore Clipper was first issued on Saturday morning, Sept. ), from the office No. 10 North Gay Street, John H. Hewitt & Co. editors and pro- : prietors. Mr. Hewitt having disposed of his interest I to Messrs. Edmund Bull and William N. Tuttle, retired from the paper on May 19, 1840. On Saturday, June 27, 1840, the Clipper issued its first weekly, entitled the Ocean. On Monday, Nov. 11, 1844, the name of the Baltimore Clipper was changed to that of the American Republican, but it resumed the former name on Jan. 1, 1847. Mr. Tuttle died on June 17, 1864, in the fifty-fifth year of his age, and on July 11th of the same year William Wailes became the sole proprietor. Mr. Ed- mund Bull died on Dec. 21, 1875, aged sixty-five years. I He was one of five of the surviving founders of the Baltimore Typographical Union, which was organized Nov. 26, 1831. Mr. Wailes continued to publish the Clipper until it ceased, on Saturday, Sept. 30, 1865. He then entered into a partnership with William R. Coale, Dr. C. C. Cox, and R. N. Newport, and issued on the following Monday, October 2d, the first number of the Baltimore Daily Commercial. On Nov. 20, 1866, j Dr. C. C. Cox retired from the Commercial, and Mr. Wailes continued it upon his own account. It was published as a morning paper, but on March 18, 1868, , it was changed to an evening jovirual. In 1860, Mr. ' Wailes retired from the paper, and on June 24th the e-stablishment, with the good will, fixtures, type, presses, etc., were sold at public auction for four thousand two hundred dollars to the " Democratic Association." Dr. William H. Cole and Col. E. M. Verger, of Mississippi, purchased the concern, and started the Evening Journal on Sept. 4, 1871, under the firm-name of E. M. Verger & Co. Late in 1871, Dr. Cole withdrew from the concern, and the Journal was continued by Col. Verger until it was sold at auction to Col. Frederick Raine for two thousand two hundred and fifty dollars, who discontinued it. Col. Verger died suddenlyon the 22d of April, 187-5. H(! was formerly a resident of Jackson, Miss., where he became involved in a quarrel with Col. Crane, military mayor of the city, in which the latter lost his life. He was tried by a court-martial, but the Supreme Court decided that the civil court was above the military, and he was acquitted. At the time of his death he was in his forty-ninth year. At the time of the retirement of Mr. Wailes from the Commercial, the title of the paper was changed to the Ereiiing Bulletin, and on Sunday a Sunday Bulletin was issued. In 1870, William R. Coale and William M. Laffan, two gentlemen of marked literary attain- ments who were formerly connected with the Com- mercial, purchased the Sunday Bulletin, and made it a separate establishment. They issued the first num- ber of their new journal on Aug. 14, 1870, and being opposed to the word " Sunday" in the title, it was changed to the Baltimore Bulletin on May 11, 1872. On the 3d of September, 1872, Mr. Coale retired from the firm, and his interest was purchased by Mr. Laffan and Samuel S. Early, under the firm-name of William M. Laff'an & Co. These gentlemen published the Baltimore Bulletin for several years with marked suc- cess, until finally a company was incorporated on Aug. 31, 1876, composed of S. feackle Wallis, Thomas W. Hall, Charles G. Kerr, William M. Laffan, and Law- rence Turnbull, with a capital stock of sixty thousand dollars, who purchased the Bulletin, and published it as an afternoon paper, commencing on October 2d ol the same year. It was strongly Democratic, and con- ducted with remarkable ability. In 1880 it was merged into the Evening News. At various times the Evening Bulletin was ably edited by Edward Spencer, Frederick Emory, and 0. P. Baldwin, Jr. The Spy, an evening paper, edited by J. McCor- mick, wa.s first issued Aug. 1, 1840. The Saturday Evening Express was first issued by L. Williams & Co. on Aug. 7, 1840, at three oent.s per copy. The Magician was first issued by Carr, Horner it Co. on Sept. 10, 18411. It suiq)orted Mr. Van Buren for President. The Baltimore Monthly Budget, editetl by J. Austin Sperry, made its first appearance in January, 1841. It was devoted to science, literature, and art, and published at two dollars per annum. This wa& ^^.^. THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 625 followed in April of the same year by the Baltimore Pheeidx and Budget, issued by Sherwood & Co. from tlie office of the Saturda;/ Visitor. It was afterwards, on April 1, 1842, called the Monfhhj Victor. The contributors to the Phceni.r and Budget were John N. McJilton, Dr. J. E. Snodgrass, M. S. Lovett, N. C. Brooks, A.M., Prof. Ingraham, Dr. C. C. Cox, T. S. Arthur, George Yellott, Dr. John W. Geyer, William H. Carpenter, James H. Napear, Thomas R. Holland, T. S. Fay, S. F. Glenn, E. Yates Reese, Lewis T. Voight, Mrs. A. M. F. Annan, E. Tudor Horton, Esther Wetherald, and other literary characters of the day. On Jan. 1.5, 1842, Messrs. Sherwood & Co. sold all their interest in the magazine to their former partner. Dr. J. Evans Snodgrass, and he assumed en- tire ownership of it. Youths' Athenaeum was first issued in November, 1841, as an auxiliary to the Apprentices' Library Association. Daily Evening Gazette, a Whig penny sheet, was first published in August, 1840, by William Ogden Niles. In January, 1841, the Juvenile Mirror was is- sued by George H. Hickman ; in April the Independent Press, a tri-weekly ; in August the Clayite, a weekly penny paper, and the Baltimore Counterfeit Detector, by H. Wigman ; in November the Christian Familg Magazine, Rev. Dr. Newell editor, and the Baltimore Printteer. Maryland Temperance Herald, in September, 1842, enlarged and changed its form. The Hibernian Advocate, a small weekly paper, was published by G. W. Hopkins in February, 1842, as an advocate of the cause of Ireland and Irishmen. Baltimore Daily Whig, a penny paper, was first issued by J. S. Earl Rochester and J. Austin Sperry on the 6th of June, 1842. It was afterwards made a weekly, under the title of American ^Vhig, and again in July, 1844, to a daily penny paper, with Samuel | Sands as editor. Der Deutsche Correspondent.— Among the suc- cessful enterprises of Baltimore Der Deutsche Corres- pondent takes prominent rank. Abreast of its con- temporaries in ability, energy, and enterprise, the Correspondent exerts an influence among the very large German population which has made the paper a recognized factor in the direction and formatiou of public opinion. In its birth and growth it reflects, like a mirror, the mental vigor, the peculiar energy, and the indefatigable enterprise of its founder, owner, and editor. Col. Frederick Raine. The Correspondent, in the German language, is imbued with the spirit of the American press, active and enterprising in col- lecting and arranging the news, accurate in detail, vigilant in observation, and consistent in the politi- cal principles it advocates. It has risen from a weekly to a bi-weekly, and lastly to a well-printed daily, cir- culating, we may say without exaggeration, "where'er the German tongue is spoken," and always welcomed, because it is firm in purpose, honest in expression, and reliable in its contents. The Correspondent of to-day is no more the newspaper of 1841 than the matured and vigorous man that edits it is the boy of hardly nineteen years that started it, and yet both paper and editor have grown in power and influence in the ap- preciation and confidence of the people of Baltimore until the Correspondent has become recognized as one of the institutions of the city, and its editor one of her most esteemed citizens. Col. Raine comes by direct descent from ancestors well known in literature and theology. On his father's side his ancestors were English. Dr. James Raine, librarian of the cathedral of Durham, and rector of an English church, is buried in the graveyard of the sanctuary of Durham, while others of his relations up to this day occupy prominent positions in the Church of England (at Durham and York). Col. Raine's great- grandfather was an English officer, who came, in 1743, with the English army to Germany, and fought under the Prince of Wales, afterwards George II., in the memorable battle of Dettingen. Retiring from the army he settled in Hanoveria, and married Ida von Decrecg, at that time attached to the Court of Bruns- wick. From this union sprang Frederick Raine, the grandfather of the editor, who married Johan Caro- line Martini von Hagen, and from this marriage came William Raine, father of Frederick. William Raine emigrated to this country several years in advance of his son, and revived here his former business of pub- lisher. Die Geschaeftige Martha, a religious paper, and Der DemoJcrafische Whig were newspaper ventures of the father upon which the son found employment upon his arrival in this country. On the mother's side Col. Raine descends from a well-known Westphalian family, being himself born in Minden, Prussia, May 13, 1823. His grandfather was John Philipp Wundermann, publisher and mu- sical composer. Two uncles, Gottleib August, and Frederick, were also publishers, and occupied promi- nent positions in the literary world. Gottleib was a member of the City Council of Hamm, Westphalia, and prominent in the Revolution of 1848. He died in Antwerp, Belgium, refusing to ask pardon for his participation in the patriotic movement of the people in 1848. Frederick Wundermann died in Munsfcer, Westphalia, and is buried in Minden. Thus by both lines of descent Col. Raine comes from literary and letter-loving ancestors. From his uucle, Frederick Wundermann, Col. Raine received his first instruc- tion in journalism, and after a fair school education, at the age of barely fourteen, he was apprenticed to the publishing and printing-house of his uncle at Mun- ster, where he became familiar with the different branches of the business, and acquired a knowledge of newspaper life as assistant editor of the Westphaelische Zeitung, applying all his leisure to the study of an- cient and modern languages under Profs. Guilleaume and Mohlmann. The severe apprenticeship ended in 1840, and young Raine joined his father in Baltimore 626 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. toward the close of that year, and found employment in the office of tlie Whig, as already stated. The career of the Demokratkche Whig was brief, and on Feb. 6, 1841, Dcr Deutsche Correspondent was started by the boy editor as a weekly of four columns to the page, and with a very moderate subscription list. Observing the difference between European and American journalism, young Raine immediately adopted the latter style; the mannerism of European journalism was discarded, and the Correspondent was the first German paper which made important foreign and domestic news its chief aim. Within one year the Correspondent was a bi-weekly, and in 1843 a tri- weekly. In 1844, tlie ambitious young editor em- barked upon a daily experiment, which after a short trial was abandoned until, in 1845, his ambition to give the German-speaking element of our population a first-class daily paper in the German language was crowned with complete success. The great flood of German emigration was setting towards this country and swelling stronger and stronger, and creating an increasing demand for the kind of paper which young Raine was publishing, and stimulated by success the Correspondent grew in public favor, and assumed its present position among the very front rank of German-American newspapers. The Mexican war, the Revolution of 1848 in Europe, the wars in the Orient, in Italy and Austria, the Franco-German war in 1871, civil war of 1860, and the political campaigns, all constituted occasions for the journalistic tact and talents, the energy and en- terprise exhibited in the make-up and management of the Correspondent, and brought that recognition of power and influence which frequent extracts and ex- tensive copying of editorials and news always attests. The career of the Correspondent commenced at the northeast corner of Baltimore and Holliday Streets, and after changing to 75 West Baltimore, thence to Baltimore Street opposite the Old Museum, to Gay Street opposite Christ church, and in 1851 to Baltimore and Gay Streets, in July, 1869, it took up its perma- nent abode in its present capacious quarters in Col. Raine's building, on the corner of Baltimore and Post- Office Avenue. This very handsome edifice is a con- spicuous ornament to Baltimore Street, and there at the time of opening the building, in one of the spacious halls. Col. Raine entertained several hundred of his friends in a manner which made the occasion a mem- orable one in the annals of Baltimore journalism. Keeping step with tjie progress of journalism, the Correspondent has promptly recognized and adopted those improvements in machinery which have enabled the press to achieve those remarkable successes of recent years. The Washington hand-press of 1841 gave place in 1848 to the Adams press, the single and then the double-cylinder were supplanted by the ro- tary cylinder, a "lightning" press of Hoe, until the office W!is equal to any exertion which necessity may demand or enterprise require. The publication in full in the German language of important official documents, municipal. State, or national, has always been a peculiar feature of the Correspondent. The production of President Tyler's message in the German language, simultaneously with its publication by the American newspapers, was a feat of energy and industry never surpassed in this country. The hard work of translating over seventeen columns of English into German was per- formed by Col. Raine in the office of Col. Mann, the Assistant Secretary of State ; a ride at breakneck speed on a butcher's cart enabled him to board the depart- ing train for Baltimore and put in type the message and deliver it to his German readers equally as early as the English papers. This little episode of industry and enterprise was illu.strative of the character which Col. Raine had stamped upon the Correspondent : it was to be first among the peers of the jircs, whether English or Gorman. In politics the Correspondent has always been Dem- ocratic, without ever sacrificing its independence or its self-respect, — a paper of the party, without being the organ of any man or set of men. Such a paper could not fail to bring the editor into deserved prom- inence, and, if desired, into official position. In 1851, Col. Raine was appointed by the mayor of Baltimore as one of the representatives of the city to receive in New York and escort to Baltimore the Hungarian patriot Kossuth; in 1868 he was elected to the City Council from the Ninth Ward, and was made chair- man of the committee on the arrival of the pioneer vessels of the German line of steamers between Bal- timore and Bremen, one of the most memorable events in the history of the city. As member of the Council, he anticipated many measures which have since been adopted, and have contributed greatly to promote the prosperity of the city. As director of the Western Maryland Railroad, he was useful in ex- tricating that improvement from difficulties and em- barrassments which surrounded it. His party recog- nized his faithful and efficient services with the high compliment of elector at large, on the Greeley ticket in 1872, when alone, by his individual exertions and popularity, he carried the State for the philoso- pher of Printing-House Square, and again upon the I Tilden ticket in 1876. He presided in the Electoral College in 1872, and delivered the eulogy on Greeley while casting the vote of the State for Hendricks. Mayor Latrobe in 1877 appointed Col. Raine on the commission of five to inquire into the public school system of Baltimore, thus recognizing the zealous advocacy that has at all times marked the course of the Correspondent upon all educational subjects, and particularly upon the introduction of the German language into the course of instruction of the public schools. Ilis unremitting efforts to encourage immi- gration to Maryland are further proofs of his devo- tion to the home of his adoption, and have materially aided the development of our State. Thoroughly and THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. zealously naturalized in his sentiments and principles, Col. Eaine has disproven the idea that the knowledge of foreign languages would retard the great process of Americanization. It may be of interest here to state that in 1872, as well as in 1876, the Correspondent on the day of the national election was published in thirteen different languages, — English, German, Low- German, Dutch, French, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Danish, Bohemian, Hebrew, Latin, and Anglo-Afri- can, — a feat in journalism seldom excelled. The title of Colonel was bestowed upon Mr. Raine in 1868 by Governor Bowie, in recognition of his public spirit and services rendered to the State. Notwithstanding the exacting duties of his position as editor of an influ- ential newspaper, Col. Raine has traveled extensively throughout the United States and Europe. After visiting Europe in 1857, he visited the Eastern States and the Canadas in 1873, the Western States and the Pacific coast in 1875, the Southern States in 1876, and Ireland, Scotland, England, France, Italy, Spain, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, Greece, Austria, Germany, in 1878-79, writing letters of his observations and study to the Correspondent, extracts from which appeared in nearly all of the German newspapers of this country. In August, 1854, he married Miss Pamelia Bull, of Harford County, Md., who accompanied him throughout, as- sisting him upon all of his travels in gathering ma- terial for his letters. His father died in Baltimore in . 1879, but his mother still lives at the advanced age of eighty-four, in the possession of all her faculties and in the enjoyment of excellent health. The sesqui-centennial of Baltimore found in Col. Raine a zealous and industrious laborer, who exerted great influence in harmonizing conflicting elements and contributing to that extraordinary success which made October, 1880, the most memorable month in the annals of the city. As one of the orators of the occasion, he has added his name to the many others which are indissolubly connected with that great occasion, and under the appointment of Mayor La- trobe was made one of the six commissioners to prepare the memorial volume, a work which in its complete- ness forms one of the brightest souvenirs of that never-to-be-forgotten event. Two brothers, Edward (the well-known notary pub- lic) and William Raine, are both connected with the Correspondent, and W. Polmyer, a nephew, is the business manager of the paper. A sister, the widow of J. T. Heyen, whose poetic efforts are familiar to Baltimoreans, survives the latter. The success which Col. Raine has attained was not aided with capital, but is the result of his own brains, and has rewarded him with large pecuniary re- turns, and made him one of the most "solid men," as well as one of the most useful citizens, of Baltimore. The Baltimore Messenger, a Democratic daily journal, edited by George B. Riddle, was first issued on Dec. 22, 1842. The True Catholic. — The first number of this monthly magazine, devoted to the cause of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church, was issued by Joseph Rob- inson on the 1st of May, 1843, with Hugh Davey Evans, LL.D., as editor. This series ran from this time to May, 1852, nine volumes. In May, 1852, be- gan the " new series" under the same name and pub- lisher. This was succeeded in January, 1857, by a monthly published by Edward P. Allen in New York, called The American Church Monthly. The editor was Rev. Henry N. Hudson, M.A., and Hugh Davey Evans, LL.D., regular and independent contributor. Mr. Robinson, after having disposed of his interest in the True Catholic, published a weekly church paper called the Monitor. Democratic Sentinel, a weekly paper, published by Messrs. Pratt, Cloud & Bro., was first issued on the 6th of April, 1844; it lived but a short time, and was again revived in December, 1845. The Ray, a weekly, published by Henry Vander- ford, Jr., now the editor and proprietor of the West- minster (Carroll Co.) Advocate, made its first ap- pearance in May, 1845. It was edited by Dr. Snod- grass, but it expired in December of the same year, the subscription-list being transferred to the iSaturday Visitor. The Odd-Fellows' Mirror was started about the same time. The Baltimore Mechanic and Literary Gazette was issued l>y Solon Beale in October, 1845. The Light-Ship, intended for sailors and " all who followed the sea," was issued in November, 1845, simultaneously in New York, Philadelphia, and Bal- timore. Rev. Charles W. Denison was the editor, but he could not keep it aflo.at. The Washington Constitution was transferred on Dec. 1, 1845, from Washington to Baltimore by its proprietors, Messrs. Heat & Harris, and the title changed to the Baltimore Constitution. It was a two- cent Democratic morning paper, and died on the 26th of the same month it was transplanted. The Religious Cabinet, a monthly periodical, was undertaken by the late Rev. Charles J. White and Rev. James Dolan, of the Catholic Church, upon their own responsibility, the latter having suggested the utility of such a work and assumed a considerable portion of the labor connected with it, and the former yielding to the principal onus of the editorial depart- ment. The first number was issued in January, 1842, and was printed by John Murphy. After the publica- tion of the first volume the proprietorship of the Cabinet was vested in Mr. Murphy, and on the 1st of January, 1843, he changed its name to the United States Catholic Magazine, and Rev. Charles J. White was retained as editor. The Very Rev. M. J. Spal- ding, D.D., was for three years assistant editor. It numbered among its learned contributors such names as Rev. J. P. Donelan, Rev. E. Knight, Rev. E. Sourin, Rev. J. Cummings, D.D., William George Read, M. C. Jenkins, William A. Stokes, Bernard U. Campbell, 628 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Prof. William Joseph Walter, James McSlierry, Prof. Ducatel, John Augustus Shea, Francis Dimond, Dr. James Wynne, Richard J. Price, Miss Elizabeth Fernandis, Miss Abby Meaher, Mrs. Anna H. Dorsey, Mrs. Annie P. Dinnies, and others. The last number of this magazine was published in December, 1848. The Culturist, an agricultural paper, was estab- lislicil ill .lanimry, lS4(i, Ijy William J. A. Bradford. The Western Continent, a fine literary paper, folio in form, was first issued by Messrs. Taylor, Wilde & Co., on Jan. 7, 1846. It was edited by Park Benjamin, assisted by William T. Thompson, at present (1881) the venerable editor of the •Sriviiniiah Daily Newn. In May, Mr. Henjamin retired from its editorial manage- ment, and William H. Carpenter, now (1881) one of the editors of the Baltimore Sun, took editorial charge. At this time fine literary talent graced its columns, and it was handsomely printed. In 1854, Park Ben- jamin began a lecturing tour, and on the 7th of July, 1848, the Western Continent passed into the hands of H. M. Garland, Jr., and John M. Donaldson. The Flag of the Union, another literary paper, was published in January, 1840, by W. Bennet. The People's Gift and Temperance Advertiser, an advertising medium of free circulation, was started in February, 1846, by Messrs. Keegcr Ik Mahan. During 1845-46, V. B. Palmer established in Balti- more a newspaper agency at the southeast corner of Baltimore and Calvert Streets. It was the first of the kind in the city. The Maryland Statesman, a weekly Democratic journal, was issued for the first time on Jan. 7, 1847, by Messrs. Adams & Vanderford. The Baltimore Daily News, a Democratic paper, published by J. Adams, made its first appearance on April 24, 1847, with Messrs. Adams, Vanderford, and Brown as editors. The Morning Star, devoted to religious and moral reforms, began to shine May 1, 1847, under the man- agement of James Creamer Ott. The Enterprise, a miscellaneous Sunday paper, was first issued on Jan. 23, 1848, by William Taylor & Co. It was edited by John H. Hewitt, who had William Prescott Smith associated with him. Con- siderable objection was made by the pastors of the Lutheran and Methodist Protestant Churches on ac- count of the paper being issued on Sunday, and the day of publication was changed to Saturday. It ex- pired in April of the same year. In 1847, William Taylor and N. Sardo had started a paper of the same name, which republished the Baltimore letters printed in the Aristocratic Monitor, published by William Chase Barney in New York. The editorials of the Ariitooratic Monitor were bitter in the extreme, and its Baltimore letters on " Mushroom Hill" and the environs of " My Lady Fashionable," " The Prince of Morocco," " My Lords of the Yard-Stick and other distinguished Aristocrats," gave great oflcnse to the " upper crust" of society. It expired in 1848. The Maryland Democrat, a daily German paper, made its appearanrc in Jon.-, 1848. , The Baltimore Pathfinder wiis started by Messrs. Uanlon li Buchanan in March, 1849, and was devoted to the traveling and mercantile community. It was a free circulating medium of advertising. The Buena Vinta was also published this year. The Emerald, devoted to the cause of Ireland, first appeared in May, 1849, and was published by Francis !McNerhany. The Inventors' Journal, a weekly paper, edited by J. F. Woishample, commenced in June, 1849. It was the organ of the Inventors' National Institute. At this time Baltimore had four morning and one afternoon paper. The Parlor Gazette was issued on Oct. 1, 1849, but in November its name was changed to the Ladiea' Seu'xpiijirr. It susjiended in a short time, and was succeeded by the Far/or Journal, H. M. Garland, Jr., publisher. The Temperance Banner, published by James Young, at the same time changed its name to the Monumental Fountain. It was also taken charge of by the Grand Division of Maryland, and F. W. Thomas, a fine author and poet, was chosen editor. It suspended in January, 1852. The True Union, a religious paper, was first issued in December, 1849, by a committee under the sanction of the ■' Maryland Baptist Union Association." On Jan. 7, 1858, the Union was enlarged, and Rev. John Berg became its editor and proprietor. It suspended • in December, 1861. The Rev. Franklin Wilson, who had been its original editor, in January, 1857, re- signed the chair, but continued to contribute. J. F. Weishample was the publisher. About this time The Bankers' Magazine and State Financial Beffister was published in Baltimore by J. Smith Homands ; also the Temperance Herald. In January, 1849, N. Sardo published the Paul Pry, and at the same time H. M. Garland published the Young America. On the SOth of October, 1849, Messrs. Martin & Co. issued the first number of The Daily City Item. In the same month John S. Skinner issued The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil. At the same time the Baltimore Bank-Nofe Reporter was published. The German Baltimore Herald, a weekly, com- menced in Auiiust, IsriO, a tri-weekly iniblication. The Baltimore County Advocate, published in the city, was removed to Cockeysville, in the county, in August, 1850. The Maryland Reformer, a Democratic campaign paper, was first issued June 22, 1850, by D. H. Han- Ion and Charles F. Stoufler. The Baltimore Olio and American Musical Ga- zette was first published in July, 18.50, by William C. Peters, a popular composer and dealer in music. It was discontinued in November on account of the illness of the proprietor. Mr. Peters was the com- poser of a very popular mass, besides many very popular piano-forte pieces as well as ballads. THE PRESS OP BALTIMORE. 629 The Sunday Morning Dispatch, an independent folio weelily, was first issued by Messrs. Robert Gaddes and J. Campbell Cooper, on Feb. 23, 1851. The Constitution, a Democratic campaign paper, was first issued in August, IS51, by Messrs. Haulon & Stouffer. The Daily Morning News, devoted to Whig prin- ciples, was first published on Sept. 27, 1851, by Messrs. Peake, Walker & Co., practical printers. It ceased May 10, 1852. In October, 1851, J. Newton & Co. issued the Baltimore Pathfinder, etc. During 1851 the number of papers in Maryland and their object was as follows : Whig, 23 ; Demo- cratic, 17; independent, 13; literary and miscella- neous, 4 ; religious, 5 ; not specified, 2 ; total, 64 ; with a circulation ,.f 114,587. The Flag of Liberty, a weekly Whig paper, was j begun on the KUh of September, 1851. The Evening Picayune and Baltimore Daily Ad- vertiser, published liy an assoriatioii of printers, under the finn-uanie of liyde, Bruce & Co., was first issued Feb. 2, 1852, and on the same day The Father- land, a German paper, was first published. At this time we had four German papers in Baltimore. The Picaijune discontinued March 2, 1852. The Times, a daily penny journal, made its first appearance April 26, 1852. It was published by F. X. Lipp & Co., and on October 18th passed into the hands of the printers. The Parthenian, or Young Ladies' Magazine, published monthly, and nuide up from the literary contributions of the ])upils of the Baltimore Female College, first appeared in May, 1852. It was printed by Gobright, Thorne & Co. The Old Defender, a weekly Whig campaign paper, was first issued Aug. 21, 1852, by Mills, Troxall & Co., publishers. In the same year The American Whig Review was published. The Novelleu Zeitung, a German weekly, was issued from the office of the German Correspondent in March, 1853. The Catholic Mirror, the leading Catholic news- paper in the United States, was established in 1850 by P. J. Hedian, and commenced publication on the 5th of January in that year, with Rev. C. J. White, D.D., as its editor. On the 15th of October following Owen O'Brien became associated in its publication, and on the 15th of January, 1852, it was recognized by Archbishop Kenrick as his oflicial organ, and is now not only the official organ of the Archbishop of Baltimore, but of the Bishops of Richmond, Wheel- ing, Wilmington, and the Vicar- Apostolic of North Carolina. On the 29th of August, 1857, Mr. O'Brien disposed of his interest in the Mirror to Mr. Hedian, by whom it was subsequently sold to Messrs. M. J. Kelly and John B. Piet, general publishers. Both of these gentlemen were arrested on the 29th of Septem- ber, 1863, for the publication of a pamphlet entitled " Fourteen Months in an American Bastile," and though speedily released, were rearrested on May 23, 1864, and their entire establishment, including the Mirror, seized by the government. The publication of the Mirror was soon resumed by Mr. Kelly's son, who, however, was first required by the military au- thorities to give bonds for its proper conduct. Mr. Kelly maintained his connection with the Mirror un- til his death, Jan. 9, 1879, since which time it has been conducted by the surviving partner, John B. Piet, alone. The Mirror is published every Saturday, and is one of the best family newspapers in the United States. It has a larger circulation than any other religious journal in the country, and is growing in general popularity every year. Its proprietor, John B. Piet, is the head of one of the best-known publishing- houses in the Union, and the Mirror, in both its con- duct and typographical appearance, shows evidence of the liberal facilities and long experience of its manager and owner. The Metropol tan, a Catholic monthly magazine, was first publi bed in February, 1853, by John Murphy & Co. It was at first edited by a clergy- man, but in 1855 it was edited by a " committee of literary gentlemen." They continued to edit the Metropolitan until February, 1858, when M. J. Ker- ney, A.M., one of their number, assumed the editorial management, with vol. i. of the " new series," but he retired at the close of the year on account of ill ' health. The Sunday Morning Atlas was first issued by Hoftmau & Co. on Feb. 6, 1853. i The Industrial School Advocate, a monthly sheet, first appeared in May, 1853. The Daily Press ceased to exist on July 15, 1853. The Daily American Times was commenced Aug. 8, 1853, by C. G. Baylor & Co., publishers, and edited by Francis H. Davidge. In September the publishers were Charles G. Baylor, Boswell S. Ripley, and Charles W. Brush. In March, 1854, the two latter gentlemen retired from the concern, and it was con- tinued as an afternoon journal by C. G. Baylor. During the night of the 21st of April, 1854, the office was mobbed by a lawle.ss crowd, and the press, type, etc., destroyed. Mr. Baylor immediately issued a card to the public, in which he stated his grievances, and promised a continuation of the journal as soon as he could repair damages. In June following the Times came out fully Democratic, and soon after, in July, united with the Public Led;/er, and was pub- lished under the name of Times and Ledger. On July 4th it ceased to exist. Commercial Register. — On the 1st of March, 1798, James Stewart established a marine list and Commercial Register, on the plan of Lloyd's London list. It was afterwards conducted by Mr. Escavaille as the Price- Current. He died in 1828, and his widow employed AVm. G. Lyford to superintend both the news-rooms and Price- Current. The latter was dis- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. continued for a sliort time, but on March 3, 1850, Mr. Lyford began the publication of his Baltimore Price- Current, whicli was printed by Messrs. Bull & Tuttle. In February, 1847, this commercial journal, for want of sufficient support, suspended publication, but Mr. Lyford still continued to issue his "weekly letter- sheet." On the 29th of June, 18.50, the Baltimore Price- Current and Weekly Journal of Commerce made its first appearance, published and edited by George N. Porter and Thomas W. Torbin, and edited by James Young. In the early part of the civil war Mr. Torbin died, and the Price- Current has ever since ' been ably published by George N. Porter. In July, 1862, Mr. Porter was arrested without cause by the i military authorities and placed in Fort McHenry. I After being confined for fifteen days he was taken to Fort Lafayette, in New York Harbor, and there de- tained for three months longer. There was, however, no interruption in the regular issue of the paper. Mr. Porter has been connected with the Merchants' E.xchange since the 14th of August, 1841, and for many years was commercial editor of The Sun, also for about five years filled the same position on The Gazette, retiring from the latter when it passed into the hands of W. W. Glenn. The Journal of Com- merce is to-day one of the best-conducted commercial papers in the United States, and is highly prosperous. We are greatly indebted to this valuable journal for material assistance in the preparation of our commer- cial tables. The Baltimore Wecker, a daily German paper, \ was begun in October, 1851, by Charles Henry I SchnaufTer. Mr. Schnauffer had been One of the editors of the Journal, published in the city of Mann- j heim, Baden (Germany), but on account of taking part in the German revolution of 1848-49 was com- pelled to abandon his country. On Sept. 4, 18.54, Mr. Schnauffer died, but his widow continued the Wecker without interruption. In 1856 the Wecker was the only Republican paper in Maryland, and as a conse- quence, shortly after the Presidential election, the office was mobbed. About this time the Wecker came into the hands of William Schnauffer, the son of the founder, and he soon added a weekly edition to the paper. The Wecker continued its course until the 19th of April, 1861, when the office on Frederick Street was completely wrecked, and the building seriously injured. The paper was suspended, and the proprietor and his editors fled from the city. As soon as the military took possession of the city Mr. Schnauffer returned and resumed the publication of the Wecker. The Wecker was a warm supporter of the Union cause throughout the war, and at its close, in May, 1865, Gen. I'>ancis Sigel entered into partnership with Mr. Schnauffer, which continued for two years, when the former went to New York, Mr. Rapp becoming his successor. In January, 1872, Mr. Rapp retired, and George Blumenthal became his successor. In July, 187(5, William Schnauffer disposed of the paper to Messrs. Blumenthal & Ck)., who continued it for several years as a daily, but dis- posed of it to Capt. J. R. Fellman, who sold it in September, 1877, to William Schnauffer, who re- sumed its publication as a weekly and suspended the daily issue. The weekly had been published, together with the daily, from January, 1874. In 18.53 the following papers were put in circula- tion in Baltimore : Daily Republic, Daily Globe, Liter- ary Bnlldiii, and Monnmrntal Literary Gazette, in December, l>y Messrs. Fiiilcy, Johnson & Co. The Sunday Dispatch, the second of the name, began a short career Jan. 15, 18.54. It was published by Charles F. and Robert M. Cloud. In November, 1855, these gentlemen sold the Di-yjalch to William H. Gol)ri-lit :in(l.l. Cloud Xorris. The Baltimore Public Ledger, a penny paper, first api)careil Jlarcli 2, 1854; publishers, William Parkhill & Co. In a few weeks it was suspended, but appeared again on May 1st, in a spring dress. It was finally united with the Daily American. Times, and in July was issued under the double head of the Times and Ledger. On July 4th the paper ceased. The Literary Journal, a monthly publication, edited by Ella Wentworth, and the types set by females, was published simultaneously in both Balti- more and Philadelphia in March, 1854. The Huntress, a sharp weekly, published simul- taneously in Washington and Baltimore by Mrs. Ann Royall, suspended in June, 1854. The True American, a weekly campaign paper in opposition to the Know-Nothing party, was begun in " September, 1854. In the same year the True Union, a Baptist weekly, edited by Rev. Franklin Wilson, was published. Mr. Wilson retired in January, 1857, J. F. Weishampel, Jr., assuming its business manage- ment. In January, 1858, Rev. John Berg became editor and proprietor. It suspended in December, 1861. The Daily Register, containing the hotel arrivals, wa.s ])ublished by Messrs. Peake & Co. in September, 1855. The Elevator was the appropriate title given a nioiitlily journal devoted to literature, science, and art, issued in July, 1856. It was edited by Rev. John N. McJilton and Dr. Henry S. Hunt, and published by Sherwood & Co. The American Democrat, started in June as a campaign paper in favor of Mr. Fillmore for the Pres- idency, was discontinued in November, 18.55. The Christian Review, a time-honored quarterly in the interests of the Baptist Church, and for many years published in New York, was in December, 1855, purchased by Revs. Franklin Wilson and George B. Taylor, of Baltimore, and transferred to the latter city. The two divines were the editors and proprietors. The Monitor, a weekly journal in the interests of the Protesant Episcopal Church, and edited by Hugh Davey Evans, made its first appearance in January, 1857. It wa-s published by Joseph Robinson. THE PKESS OF BALTIMORE. 631 The Baltimore Stethoscope, a handsome medical journal, appeared on June 2, 1857. It was issued by Henry Taylor, and edited by Dr. J. B. Williams, after- wards a popular story writer, assisted by Dr. Hunter. The Lutheran Observer.— After an editorial ser- vice of about a quarter of a century, Rev. Benjamin Kurtz retired from the editorial chair of the journal. Messrs. Diehl & Anspach assumed its management, and joined T. Newton Kurtz, the son of the former proprietor, in its publication. The office of publica- tion was removed to Philadelphia on Jan. 1, 18<)7. T. Newton Kurtz died in 1880. Baltimore Christian Advocate, in the interests of the Methodist Episrojial Cluirch, was first issued on May :!I, ISr.S, iMlited by Dr. Thomas E. Bond. In Februin-y, ix.-).!, (he first number of The Presbyterian Crilir mill Mniillilij Review was issued ; also, in thesame year, tlic JSnlfnimn- Flag; in April, 1856, The Bible Times, and in the same year The Evangelical Lutheran. The City Agent first appeared April 17, 1857, and in the same year the Traveller. Our Opinion was first published on Aug. 15, 1857, by John T. Ford, the present popular theatrical manager, edited by Clifton W. Tayleure, now the distinguished dramatist. The Baltimore Illustrated Times aui Local Ga- zette was published in 1857 by J. C. Gobrioht and Jolin W, Tor.eh. The Gazette. — The Gazette has for more than twenty-tliree years been identified in the closest man- ner with nearly all the most stirring events in the an- nals of Baltimore. It has always been a journal of the people, and one ever faithful to the interests of the city. In its early struggles, its noble fights for inde- pendence and liberty of thought and action, it has a made history, and has been recognized as bearing its part in the settlement of all great questions which have arisen for discussion since the first number was issued, and in making its distinct and decided impress upon the current of events. In the beginning of 1858, Baltimore was under the rule of one of the worst mobs that ever infested any city. They were organized into political clubs, under such names as Plug-Uglies, Rip-Raps, Blood-Tubs, Regulators, Rough-Skins, Double-Pumps, etc., and they ruled supreme. It is true they delegated a por- tion of their power to some city officers and public men who subsidized them, and there were also the police force and the courts. But the jurisdiction of these was limited by the assassin's bullet and the straw bondsman, and the delegates of the Plug-Uglies (who had their newspapers also, their orators, and their eulogists) were careful not to offend their mas- ters. These controlled the city by the simple process of controlling the ballot-box. They would let none vote but such as they chose. They had their striped tickets, and they guarded the approaches to the polls with pistols, bludgeons, and awls, so that few were so daring as to dispute their control of affairs, and those who attempted to do so were shot without mercy. At the municipal election in October, 1857, the Demo- cratic ticket received only 2792 votes, to 11,808 votes recorded for the Know-Nothing ticket, and the elec- tion was conceded to be a farce. Even the most con- servative and mild-tempered citizens had begun to accustom themselves to talk of a vigilance committee, and such was the general insecurity of things that property suffered a very marked depreciation, even far below the average decline of values consequent upon the financial crisis of 1857. It was under such circumstances that, on Feb. 22, j 1858, the first number of tlie Daily Exchange appeared from its office in the Carroll Hall building, on the southeast corner of Baltimore and Calvert Streets. The E-cchange was a noticeably handsome paper in its make-up, with clear, bright pages, large, distinct type, and seven columns to a page. Its editorial articles were printed in leaded brevier type, and, in imitation of the English journals, were without titles. 1 The paper started with eleven columns of advertise- ments in the first number, and it may be said to have been a success from the beginning. In May, 1858, it was moved into the old Franklin Bank building, northeast corner of Baltimore and North Streets, and in August of the same year it began to publish a tri- weekly edition. The original editors and proprietors of the paper were Messrs. Charles G. Kerr and Thomas W. Hall, Jr. In January, 1859, Henry M. Fitzhugh bought a third interest in the paper and became the associate of Messrs. Kerr & Hall. Later in the year Messrs. William H. Carpenter and Frank Key Howard also became partners by purchase, the latter being soon recognized as the leading editorial writer of the staff, and the paper now attained a front rank among the leading journals of the country. The editorial corps was iurther reinforced by the versatile and able pen of Severn Teackle Wallis, who frequently contributed to the columns of the Exchange. Especially during the hand-to-hand conflict with the violent, prescrip- tive, and corrupt Know-Nothing faction and its satel- lites, minions, and bullies, upon which the Ecc/uinge almost immediately entered, Mr. Wallis did yeoman service. The ruffians of the mob and their deputies and agents in office were too insolently confident of their control of affairs to brook assaults so powerful as some of these articles embodied, and they deputized some of their tools to resent it in the way with which they were most familiar. They began to make omin- ous threats of mobbing the paper, and those who knew them best felt sure that these threats would be carried out if the warfare of the Exchange continued, as it did, still more fearlessly than ever. At last the attack came. On the 12th of August, 1858, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, in the business part of the day and city, the office of the Exchange was invaded by a gang of notorious roughs and outlaws, all armed, who forced their way into the counting-room, where the leader put a pistol to the head of the chief clerk 632 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. and threatened to shoot him, while his comrades com- menced their worlv of destruction. The windows and furniture were smashed, the books and papers scat- tered, and the employes brutally assaulted. Appre- hending that the attack would be renewed at night, a body-guard of citizens volunteered to defend the office, ami assembled for that purpose for several nights in succession, but no further demonstration was made, although there were many threats, and the editors were sometimes dogged in the daj'time, and gangs of roughs gathered often upon the sidewalk in front of the office at night. Just in proportion, how- ever, as the vindictive malice of the mob and their abettors pursued the Exchange did its popularity in- crease, until it had the support of all good citizens. There were speedy, substantial, and gratifying proofs of this. The tri-weekly, as has been said, was begun on the 4th of August^ and on Sept. 23, 1858, it was found necessary to enlarge the daily. The Exchange was accepted at once as the voice of the law-and- order element of the conservative citizens of all de- nominations and parties, and when, finally, all these crystallized and took shape in the Reform movement, the Exchange was its accredited and official organ, as it had long been the vehicle through which the dead- liest blows had been inflicted upon the party of mis- rule, and the Exchange was fully entitled to the popular recognition and gratitude, for from the day of its birth, through all that dark and bitter Know- Nothing period, until the passage of the reform bills by the Legislature (Feb. 2, 1860), their testing in the courts, the establishment of the new police, and the election of the reform mayor and City Council (Oct. 10, 1860), the paper never ceased its exposures and denunciations of the infamous system foisted upon the community by force and fraud. Its facts were in- controvertible, its arguments unanswerable, and it could neither be intimidated nor silenced. Each day it renewed its appearance in the community with the severity and the persistence of Cato in the Roman Senate, and every morning repeated its demand, " Dc- lenda est Carthago," until the Know-Nothing citadel was destroyed. The Exchange in the fall of 1859 and in the spring of 1860 began to give conspicuous attention to na- tional politics and the great questions then looming upon the horizon. The John Brown raid at Harper's Ferry in October, 1859, caused great excitement, and the division in the Democratic party gave rise to much discussion. About January, 1860, in conse- quence of some disagreement between the partners as to the political course of the Exchange, Mr. Fitzhugh bought out Messrs. Kerr and Hall, and subsequently disposed of his interest in the paper to William Wil- kins Glenn, son of Judge John Glenn. The proprie- torship was now vested in the firm of Glenn & Co., consisting of Messrs. Glenn, Howard, and Carpenter, and after the battle of the national convention of 1860 began the pajier ardently espoused the candi- dacy of John C. Breckenridge for the Presidency, and became one of the most conspicuous Southern Rights and States' Rights journals in the country. The Ex- change, though never in favor of disunion, took posi- tive and emphatic ground for States' Rights and against the policy of coercion. It severely censured Governor Hicks for refusing to call the Legislature together for consultation until after the excitements and riots of April, 1861, when the war had actually begun. It maintained that the position of the State would be materially strengthened by a convention of the people, and that such a convention would be able to render material support to the cause and the friends of constitutional union. On May 13, 1861, Gen. Butler occupied the city, and a military r'eghiu began in Baltimore which was scarcely relaxed until June, 1865. Against this the Exchange protested first, last, and all the time. It was harassed on all sides. The Postmaster-General denied it the use of the mails. The little provost- marshals of the day vexed it with prohibitory orders and seizures. Its editors were arrested and confined in prison. Its type was seized, and finally an order was issued suppressing it for good and all. On the night of the 1st of July, simultaneously with the arrest of the Police Board, the Exchange was " warned." Early in September the Postmaster-Gen- eral excluded the Exchange from the United States mails. The paper announced this fact in its issue of September Uth in a very severe article, and that night and the next day the members of the Mary- land Legislature were arrested, and along with them Mr. Howard, of the Exchange, as well as Mr. Hall, of the South. Mr. Glenn was arrested on the Uth. All these prisoners of state were committed to Fort Mc- Henry, and it was the purpose of Gen. Banks to .send them to the Dry Tortugas, a purpose only defeated by the fact that there was no fit vessel in Hampton Roads to make the voyage, so that they had to be transferred to Fort Lafayette, and afterwards to Fort Warren. Mr. Carpenter was thus the only one of the editors and proprietors of the Exchange who was left at liberty. He testified to this fact by a very severe article published on the 14th of September, which was the last editorial of the Exchange. The number containing it was suppressed, and with it the paper also, which was peremptorily forbidden to be re- sumed. No other number of The Daily Exchange was ever published. Mr. Glenn was soon set free, but Mr. Howard was destined to spend many weary months in confine- ment, chiefly at Fort Warren, in company with the other political prisoners from Maryland. 1 For five days the presses of the Exchange were silent and the type idle, but on September 19th the first number of the Maryland Times appeared. The I new journal was identical in appearance with the Exchange, bad the same advertisements, and, in fact, was printoil from the same cases and with the same THE PRP]SS OF BALTIMORE. type. The publishers were Edward F. Carter, busi- ness manager of the defunct Exchange, and William H. Neilson, foreman of the press-room. The firm- name was Carter & Neilson, and there was some ar- rangement by which Glenn & Co. might secure their share in the profits of the new enterprise. Mr. Car- penter was editor of the new issue, of which, how- ever, there were only four numbers published, and these of a smaller size than the original Exchange. On Sept. 24, ISin, th," Minjhi,,,} Times was super- seded by the Mu;jlninl .V. ir,-S/,r,f. by Carter & Neil- son. The Miiri//ii)iil X irx-sl,,it i-xpressed no opinions of its own, but it published the opinions of other jour- nals and other people, and these were sometimes in- tensely offensive to the military authorities of the Middle Department. The consequence was that the paper soon became obnoxious to the authorities, and they sought every opportunity to oppress and to injure it. Still it prospered, although the Postmaster-Gen- eral excluded it from the mails, and such was the de- mand for it and for news in those exciting times that in May, 1862, it commenced to publish a two o'clock afternoon edition. An original poem, published in its columns on April 5, 1862, called " A Mother's Prayer," was so full of the sweet sorrow that swells women's hearts in times of war that it was univer- sally praised and copied, and it was read with great effect by Henry Ward Beecher in his pulpit. This pathetic lyric was set to music in July, 1862, by Otto Sutro, and became a great favorite. It was written by Miss Jessie Wannall, of St. Louis, who inscribed it to her friend, Mrs. J. E. Elder, of Baltimore. On the 14th of August, by order from Washington, the paper was suppressed finally. A squad of sol- diers invaded the office and destroyed the types and materials. Mr. Carter was absent in Canada, but Mr. Neilson and Mr. Carpenter were arrested and taken to Fort McHenry at midnight. Mr. Neilson was speedily set free, but Mr. Carpenter was sent to Fort Delaware, and confined there several months. The order for Mr. Carter's arrest having been revoked, he returned to the city, and in October he and Mr. Neilson regained possession of the newspaper, which they held for Glenn & Co. On the 7th of Octo- ber, 1862, Vol. I., No. 1 of the Baltimore Daily Ga- zette appeared, with the same type and general ap- pearance as the News-Skeet. It was published by Carter & Co., but not with the consent of the military authorities, and they began to harass it from the first. For instance, on June 20, 1863, the Gazette was "warned" by Provost-Marshal Fish not to make any extracts or quotations from the New York World and Express, Cincinnati Enquirer, Chicago Times, or the Caucasia}i. September 23d, Col. Fish had a fight with a fellow-officer, of which the Gazette was " warned" to make no mention. Nov. 2, 1863, the Gazette was notified by Gen. Schenck not to publish Governor Bradford's proclamation. On the 15th of June, 1864, Col. Lawrence, bv order of Gen. Wallace, ordered the Gazette not to attach the letters C.S..'^. to the names of Confederate soldiers whose obituaries were pub- lished. On the 29th of September, 1863, the Gazette was again suspended by force, the office occupied by a squad of soldiers, and Mr. Carter locked up in Donovan's "nigger jail," then used as a military prison. Mr. Carter was released after a week's con- finement, and the Gazette resumed publication on Oc- tober 7th, and was never again interrupted, though the petty annoyances of the military power continued throughout the war, and the paper never ventured to express an editorial opinion on any subject. In the early part of 186.5, Carter & Co. having faithfully dis- charged their trust, restored the property to Glenn & Co., and Glenn, Howard, and Carpenter were once more the real, as they had always been the nominal, proprietors. On the 21st of June, 1865, for the first time since the suppression of the Exchange in Sep- tember, 1861, the Gazette ventured upon an editorial article, a short one, about "The Tribune and Negro SuflTrage." On Jan. 3, 1868, the publication of the WeeU;/ Ga- zette was begun, and it has ever since been one of the greatest favorites in the South. In September Frank Key Howard disposed of his interest in the Gazette to his partner, Mr. Glenn, and went abroad, dying in London on May 29, 1872, regretted by all, as he had been esteemed by all. In 1870 the paper was enlarged, and in the fall, to assist in determining the important congressional elections of that year, it published a campaign edition. In December, 1871, the Gazette office was removed from the corner of North and Bal- timore Streets to No. 134 West Baltimore Street, and thence to No. 106, near Holliday Street. On March 20, 1872, the firm of Glenn & Carpenter was dissolved by mutual consent, Mr. Glenn having sold his interest to Messrs. Wm. H. Welsh and Henry Taylor, the new firm consisting of Messrs. Welsh, Taylor, and Carpen- ter. On May 3, 1873, Henry Taylor sold his interest to Charles J. Baker, and the firm-name was altered to that of Welsh, Baker & Co. On May 19th the paper was changed to a quarto, but in a little more than a year the Gazette returned to the old blanket- sheet form, with eight columns to a page. " The Baltimore Gazette Publishing Company" was char- tered by act of Assembly on the 31st of March, 1874, with the following incorporators : Charles J. Baker, Wm. H. Carpenter, Wm. H. Welsh, Lawrence Sang- ston, and Charles H. Pitts. The capital stock was $100,000, divided into two hundred shares of $500 each. Mr. Welsh was at this time a large owner of the stock of the company, but on May 6th he disposed of his interest, and temporarily retired from the es- tablishment. On Dec. 7, 1875, he secured by pur- chase the controlling interest in the stock, and be- came the sole manager and editor-in-chief. On the 15th of the same month Wm. H. Carpenter sold his entire interest in the paper to Mr. Welsh, leaving the latter the sole editor and proprietor. * HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. On Jan. 1, 1876, the name of the paper was simpli- fied to the Gazette, and it finally assumed its present familiar and handsome form, at the same time re- ducing the price to two cents. In 1878 the office was removed to its present location, No. 142 West Balti- more Street, which it occupied for the first time on Saturday, June 22d, and on the 24th published its first issue therefrom. In January, 1880, the Gazette reduced its price to one cent per copy, but after a trial of several months, on May 1st, it returned to the old price. On May 1, 1881, George Colton, the editor and pro- prietor of the Maryland Republican, published at An- napolis, became the proprietor of the Gazette, retain- ing Mr. Welsh as editor. The advantages of Mr. Colton's business tact and large experience, the ample means at his command, and his thorough apprecia- tion of the mission and influence of the public press should be a guarantee to the citizens of Baltimore that he will strive to make the Gazette worthy of their support. Under its new management it is already giving earnest of its determination to keep more than abreast of the tide of progress, and to secure at any cost all the facilities and resources, intellectual and material, which are requisite to make it one of the leading newspapers of the country. While the Gazette has always been firm and con- sistent in its support of Democratic principles, it has inherited too much of the bold and manly spirit of the Exchange to be otherwise than independent and fearless in all its utterances. Its political opinions are shaped by none of the petty necessities which too often influence the course of journalism, and it never hesitates to speak its whole mind on every subject of public interest. Mr. Colton, the proprietor of the Gazette, was born in Portsmouth, England, Oct. 31, 1817, and was the son of John Colton and Elizabeth Moore. They had a family of eleven children, of whom George Colton is the only survivor. John Col- ton wa.s a soldier in the British army, and was one of those who stood for the draft to go to the battle of Waterloo, but was not drawn. After having been honorably discharged from the service, he emigrated to the United States in 1819 with his family, and set- tled at Leonardstown, St. Mary's Co., Md. George Colton enjoyed few opportunities of education, hav- ing been left an orphan when twelve years of age and thrown upon his own resources. Until he was twenty years old he was an apprentice to a tailor, devoting all his spare moments to reading. ' Study was his master-pa.ssion, and a nice literary taste and a reten- tive memory made the young tailor an authority in English literature even before the expiration of his indentures. As soon as he had mastered his trade he commenced business for himself, at first in Leonards- town, and afterwards in West River, Anne Arundel Co., Md. But this pursuit was too irksome for his energy and ambition, and he opened a general mer- chandising store. He was doing an exccFlcnt busi- ness up to the year 1847, when a fire swept away the accumulations of years of patient labor, and placed him again at the foot of the ladder. He compromised with his creditors by paying them sixty cents on the dollar, obtaining receipts in full, but he also notified them that at some future day they should receive the balance in full. For fourteen years the burden that he had voluntarily taken upon himself was carried; dollar by dollar the necessary sum wa.s heaped up, and in 1861 Mr. Colton handed over to his creditors every cent of their dues with interest added. To this day his course in this matter is alluded to with pride by all his friends and associates, and it became the corner-stone of a reputation that shines the brightest where Mr. Colton is best known. In 1852, President I'lilk :i]i|iiiiritci| Mr. ('niton |i<)stinaster at West River, ami fiMiii is,",_' t.. iv.'.'i li,- upied a position in one of the Stale toliuccu wairliou-rs in Baltimore, where he was brought into contact with many of the leading public men of the State, and it was in this association that his already developed predilection for politics was stimulated. In January, 1860, he was appointed purveyor of the Baltimore City and County Alms- house, and in 1865 he bought the Maryland Republi- can, published at Annapolis, one of the oldest news- papers in the State, it having first been published in 1809. Here at last he had the privilege of employ- ing the store of learning that he had acquired through long hours spent over books more fully than he could possibly do in his former contributions to newspapers. He had that earnest love for journalism which is one of the best qualifications for success in its unremit- ting labors, and by his pen he made the Republican an influential journal and a clever newspaper. His power in politics increased, and at the close of the civil war he was one of the recognized leaders of the Democratic party in Maryland. His extensive infor- mation, penetration of character, fertility of resource, and shrewd prescience equipped him for the indomi- table service of his party, and removed stumbling- blocks in its road to ascendency. He was in the House of Delegates of the Legislatures of 1868 and 1872 as a representative of the Third District of Bal- timore City, and the legislation of that period bears the deep impress of his labors in committee and on the floor of the House. For the last thirteen years he has been, either directly or indirectly, printer to the State. He has several years been a member of the Democratic City Convention, but his position has been more especially that of an adviser in the coun- cils of the leaders of the party. Always determined, but never rash ; fixing a goal to be attained, and then moving towards it with a steady inflexibility of pur- pose ; forecasting just what tactics and eflbrt arc de- manded in each particular instance; never underra- ting the difficulties to be overcome, and making no miscalculations in the value of men, — with this as his system it is inevitable that Mr. Colton should know very little of fiiilure in the execution of his plans. 9^'^tnL 'x2jU aJ/0 THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 635 Among the positions that he has held are those of lislieil liy J. B. Mansfield, was first issued on Oct. 30, 1 866. The Evening Times, published and edited by Wm. D. Hughes, was first issued in April, 1866. It .sus- pended in 1S()S, and reappeared in Washington, Jan. 1, 1869. Maryland Educational Journal, a monthly, pub- lished in Baltimore, and edited by E. S. Zevely, was issueroprietor. The Progressive World, Jacob Rosenfeld, editor, is a neat weekly paper, published at 50 West Fayette 1 Street. The Independent Practitioner.— This medical journal was started in January, 1880, and is owned and published by Drs. Basil M. Wilkinson and Har- vey L. Byrd. The Independent Practitioaer is issued monthly, and has already acquired a position among medical journals. Maryland Law Record. — The first number of the Maryland Law lieeard appeared Aug. 31, 1878; its ofllce is 25 Lexington Street, and its editors are Wm. Allen Mitchener and Robert H. Hooper. Baltimore Church News.— The first number of this weekly appeared Oct. 2, 1879; it is a four-page paper, devoted to the interests of the Protestant Epis- copal Church; its publisher and proprietor is Ben- jamin Baker, and its editor is Rev. Campbell Fair, i D.O., rector of the Church of the Ascension ; its office is 48 North Charles Street. CHAPTER XXXVL LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. The history of literature in Baltimore, as distin- guished from that of Maryland, may be begun with the present century. Up to that time -Vnnapolis was the seat of learning and culture, and the scattered gleams of literary light of the village days of Balti- more are hardly worth collecting in so restricted a space as this chapter. Eminent lawyers, physicians, divines, and orators there were, devoting their leisure to letters, but until about the time of the formation of the Delphian Club there was no class of profes- sional writers, historians, novelists, and poets. In the rear of Barnum's Hotel, quite suffocated by it, there faces on Bank Lane a shabby but pretentious little house, all portico and stucco, yet still dignified by five stately elms. This was the house called by the liierali " Tusculum," and by the rabble " Gwynn'a Folly," where assembled the earliest literary club that has left behind it any good work. The papers of the Delphian Club, such as are still extant and to be found in the Jied Book, a periodical published in Baltimore, 1818-19, may be compared favorably with the best of their kind in the language. Among the members of this club were John Neal, a brilliant and erratic writer, who subsequently was drawn from Bal- timore by the greater attractions of London ; William Gwynn, editor and author, who presided at the club ; Paul Allen, the historian ; Jared Sparks, the histo- rian ; Robert Goodloe Harper ; John Pierpont, author of " Airs of Palestine ;" Francis S. Key, author of " The Star Spangled Banner ;" Samuel Woodworth, author of " The Old Oaken Bucket ;" William Wirt, the eminent lawyer and orator and biographer of Patrick Henry, and other eminent men. Here, also, John Howard Payne, author of " Home, Sweet Home," was hidden and protected from a mob. Here, also, Rembrandt Peale, the well-known American artist, who painted in Baltimore his famous picture "The Court of Death ;" and Peter Hoffiiian Cruse, the editor and author ; and John Pendleton Kennedy, the favorite Baltimore author, often assembled and entertained the wits of the day. Of this group, Francis Scott Key has had the good fortune to be best known. "The 'Star Spangled Banner," the national hymn of America, written during the bombardment of Fort McHenry, has won for him an immortality. Key had gone with a flag of truce on board the ship of Admiral Cockburn, then advancing to the attack of Baltimore, and was de- tained in the fleet and compelled to witness the bom- bardment of the fort. All the afternoon of the 13th of September, 1814, the bombshells were poured upon the fort, and all during the night, giving proof that the flag was still flying. Just before dawn the firing ceased. Had the fort surrendered? Key must wait until daybreak to know. The dawn comes, and the mists along the harbor break away. The flag is still there. On the back of a letter, resting on the head of a barrel, that ballad was scrawled with a pencil. Who does not love this offsjjring of a thrilling monient all the better because it shows the marks of haste in its composition ? Key was born in Frederick Countv, and was edu- FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. cated at St. John's College, Annapolis, and having studied law, entered the bar in 1801, and soon rose to eminence. He was district attorney under Andrew Jackson. He was an intimate friend of John Ran- dolph, and some of his correspondence is published in Garland's life of that celebrated Virginia statesman. He wrote many poems, but published only a few. It was not until 1863 that they were collected into a sin- gle volume and edited by Rev. H. V. D. Johns. One of them is the beautiful hymn beginning, — " Lord, with glowiug heart I'd praise Thee For the bliss Thy love bestows." He died in Baltimore, Jan. 11, 1848, and is buried near Pipe Creels, Frederick Co., where also sleeps his brother-in-law, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. William Pinkney, the great advocate and orator, though he never appeared as a writer of belles-lettres, had a fiery dash of poetry in his blood, which showed itself in his descendants, Edward Coates Pinkney, his seventh son, one of the most graceful writers of Eng- lish verse that America has produced ; the late Fred- erick Pinkney, of the Baltimore bar, who published little but wrote with singular power and sweetness; and the Rev. William Pinkney, now Bishop of Mary- land, whose pulpit oratory overflows with poetic imagery, and who is the author of many fine poems. Bishop Pinkney has written the life of the celebrated William Pinkney, who wrote a number of fine essays on international law during the war times of 1812 under the name of "Publius." His fiime, however, rests chiefly upon his forensic oratory. Jared Sparks, a minister of the gospel, was called to take charge of the First Unitarian Church in Bal- timore in 1819, and remained here until near the close of 1823, when he was made Professor of History in Harvard University. He was a vei-y careful and in- dustrious literary worker, as is shown by his " Life and Letters of George Washington," " Life and Let- ters of Franklin," " Correspondence of the Revo- lution," and other contributions to Revolutionary liistory. John Neal, who at the ripe age of seventy-three published, in 1869, the "Wandering Recollections of a Somewhat Busy Life," was one of the founders of the Delphian Club. He was a poet, novelist, his- torian, and editor. His prose style in his youth was overloaded with metaphor, full of breaches of good taste, yet undeniably the work of genius. He was born of Quaker parents at Portland, Me., in 1793, and on account of the mutations of business in Boston in 1S16 came to Baltimore and opened a dry-goods estab- lishment at No. 12 South Calvert Street, in partner- ship with John Pierpont, afterwards a distinguished author and Unitarian clergyman in New England. Another member of the firm was Joseph L. Lord, who subsequently established in this country the mutual life insurance system, and was the first president of tlie famous Mutual Benefit Life Company of New Jer- sey, still in existence. Within a year the firm failed. not from any fault of Neal's, but through the indis- creet liberality and speculations of others. Pierpont, a man of family, was thrown into the city jail for debt, and Neal, then but twenty-three and unmarried, cast upon his own resources. He at once turned his attention to law and literature, going through the then necessary course of four years of law study, relying upon his literary jiroductions meantime for a living. While residing in Baltimore, in 1817, he published his first novel, and wrote the greater part of Paul Allen's " American Revolution." A collection of poems followed ; none of these are now known ex- cept some patriotic verses on the " American Eagle," which are still occasionally to be found in school " Readers." He wrote also a variety of magazine and editorial articles, — all these whilst preparing himself for the bar. To give an idea of the marvel- ous facility with which he threw ofi" his works (writing sometimes for sixteen hours a day), he states in his autobiography that he wrote his novel of " Logan" in six or eight weeks, ending Nov. 17, 1821 ; he began " Randolph" Nov. 26, 1821, and fin- ished it in thirty-six days; "Seventy-six," his best novel, in twenty-seven days ; and " Errata" in thirty-nine days. Each novel was in two volumes. So that between October, 1821, and March, 1822, he wrote and published " no less than eight large duo- decimos, besides writing for the Telegraph newspaper and the Portico magazine, and studying, after a desul- tory fashion, four or five languages." He assailed, even at that early day, both lotteries and imprison- ment for debt, which he lived to see overthrown. He had the miscliievous habit of introducing descriptions of his acquaintances and associates into his anony- mous novels. In his novel of " Randolph" he sketched with trenchant and caustic pen some of the notables of the time. Under the shelter of his in- cognito he spared no one, and yet his satires have the fullness of detail and the picturesque realism which carry conviction with them. In this work " Randolph," which is written in epistolary form, he takes pains to abuse himself very soundly in order to cover up his tracks. But it was a little overdone. He took up too much space and occupied too much of the reader's attention in proving that John Neal, "though full of genius, was either a madman or a fool." Among those whose portrait was depicted was the eminent William Pinkney. It recognized the greatness of Pinkney, but ridiculed his pom- posity, and accused him of some abominable coarse- nesses, vulgarities, and petty vanities. Edward Coate Pinkney, the brilliant young poet, called John Neal to account for this assault in a letter demanding that he would avow or disavow the authorship of " Randolph" and its attack on his father, Mr. Pink- ney. Neal refused to comply with his request, and a peremptory challenge to a duel was immediately handed to him. Neal, who still wore the Quaker garb, declined to fight, and was posted by the young HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. poet in the following terras, as was the fashion in those days : " The undereigned linviug entered into some correspondence with the reputed author of ' Uiiudolph,' who U or is not eufllciently described as John Nkai^ a gentleman, by indulgent courtesy, informs honorable men that he hns found him unpossessed of courage to make satisfaction In the Insolence of his folly. "Stating this much, the undersigned commits this craven to hisinfamy. •' Kdwakd C. Pinkney. "Baltijiobe, Oct. 11, 1823." Neal declared that he was more re.spected for the stand he had taken than if he had exchanged shots with the fiery young midshipman, whose early death he deplored. But Neal, in spite of his peace prin- ciples, was the most belligerent of men, although there was something hearty in his belligerency. He remained in Baltimore for six years, and was then drawn away to the literary focus of London. He lived there some years, and died in New England in 1876, at an advanced age. With a number of the best citizens of Baltimore, he belonged to the old Del- phian Club, each having a characteristic club cogno- men, Neal's being Jehu O'Cataract. John Pierpont, a poet of greater refinement but of less originality than Neal, was, as we have stated, his partner in business at Baltimore. Pierpont, whose genius had a devotional cant, studied theology at Harvard University, and afterwards became a distin- guished Unitarian clergyman in New England. He was born in Connecticut on April 6, 1785, and grad- uated at Yale College in 1804. He spent several years as a tutor in South Carolina, and in 1816 entered business as a merchant in Baltimore, as above stated. After the failure he wrote in Baltimore his best work, "Airs of Palestine," which contains some excellent poetry. Some of his fugitive pieces, such as " Pass- ing Away," "Jerusalem," "The Pilgrim Fathers," " My Child," " The Two Incendiaries," " The License Laws," " The Sparkling Bowl," " Not on the Battle- Field," and the " Exile at Eest," have retained their popularity even to this day. He died in Massachu- setts, Aug. 27, 1866. It would seem that at about 1820 Baltimore was a literary centre, to which such men as Jared Sparks, Paul Allen, John Neal, John E. Hall, and John Pierpont were drawn, and though their coming was perhaps fortuitous, still they began here their literary careers, and gave tone to the cul- ture of the place. Another of this circle was the distinguished John E. Hall, who began the practice of law in Baltimore about 1805, and while living here was' elected to the responsible post of Professor of Rhetoric and Belles- Lettres in the University of Maryland. From 1808 to 1817 he published the American Law Journal, and in 1816 became editor of the Port-Folio, and largely contributed to its pages. He also wrote a life of Dr. John Shaw, prefi.xed to the poems of the latter, pub- lished in Baltimore in 1810; collected, arranged, and contributed to an edition of " The British Spy ;" edited the Philadelphia Souvenir in 1827, and in the same year published " Memoirs of Eminent Persons," etc. Mr. Hall also published in Baltimore in 1809 " The Practice and Jurisdiction of the Court of Ad- miralty," an English edition of Emerigon on mari- time loans, in 1811, and other fine literary works. William Gwynn, the presiding genius of the Tus- culum and the Delphian Club, was a literary man, and the cause of literature in others. He was born in Ireland, but came to Baltimore at an early period, and became editor of the Federal Gazette, subse- quently known as the Baltimore Gazette, and after- wards merged in The Patriot. He was a man of wit and genial temper, and his house was the headquar- ters of the literati, the artists, actors, and Bohemians of the time extending from about 1815 to 1830. About that time the improvements of that part of tow^n shut in and hid the Tusculum, and converted Bank Lane into a malodorous alley. Its owner full into financial embarrassment.s, and it was sold by his creditors. A subscription was taken up for Gwynn's bcm-lit, and he died in August, 1854, aged seventy-nine years. William Wirt, the great advocate, was also one of the habitues of the Tusculum. He was born at Bla- densburg in 1772, and spent the earlier part of his professional life in Virginia. It was in Richmond that he wrote " The British Spy." It was as an ora- tor, however, rather than as a novelist that his fame was established. This was the great speech in the trial of Aaron Burr. In 1817, while still in Rich- mond, he wrote the "Life of Patrick Henry." It was not until he had closed his literary activity that he came back to his native State and settled in Balti- more, in 1830. But by far the most brilliant of that group who were young men in 1820 was Edward Coate Pinkney, already mentioned in the sketch of John Neal. He was born in London in 1802, while his father was min- ister at the Court of St. James, and lived there until his ninth year. Soon after the return of the family to Baltimore, in 1811, he entered St. Mary's College, and remained in that institution until 1816, when he was appointed a midshipman in the United States navy. He remained in the service until his twenty- second year, and then resigned, studied hiw, and was admitted a member of the Baltimore bar in 1824, and during the same year was married to a daughter of Marcus McCausland. In 1826 he was chosen Profes- sor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres in the Maryland University. His voyages had, however, given him abundant opportunities of seeing the world, particu- larly the ports of the Mediterranean. His close ob- servation of men and of nature show themselves in his writings. His poems attracted attention in the Old World. Though his first volume of poems ap- peared in 1825, they were marked not only by fire and imagination, but by refinement and finish. It was very favorably discussed in the North American Re- view, and a few years afterwards a request was for- ' warded to him from London, asking that his minia- LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. 645 ture might be taken to be engraved in a volume entitled " The Five Best Poets of America." He, how- ever, for the while abjured poetry and devoted him- self to the law, but poetry rather repelled than won clients, and his practice was not very successful. So much discouraged did lie become that he abandoned the law and applied for a commission in the Mexican navy, but failed to obtain it. He returned to Balti- more broken in health and hope, and again attempted the practice of the law, yet again failed. His bodily infirmities gained upon him, his ambition failed. Poetry, which had been his pleasure in youth, became his solace in his decline. His life at this epoch could hardly be so well depicted as in his own exquisitely pathetic lines, — " A sense it was that I could see My angel leave nij' side, That hencefortli my prosperity Mnst be a faUing tide; A strange and ominous belief. That in spring'tinie the yellnw leaf Had fiilleii un my houre, And that all hope mnst be most vain Of finding on my path again Its former vanished flowers." In 1827 he wa.s chosen as editor of The Mnri/lander. He showed the highest capacity for journalism, and had his lie.ilth permitted would doubtless have made his mark in this field. But a complication of diseases unfitted him for protracted effort, and his sensitive frame gave way. He died slowly, — as he said, by "piece-meal," — the loss of breath being only the last state of a long death. He was only twenty-six years old when he died, April 11, 1828. His nature was highly strung and chivalrous, and he had the temperament as well as the genius of the true poet. Edgar Poe rated him first among American poets, and some of his contemporaries declared that he was equal to Lord Byron. Charles, another gifted son of the celebrated Wil- liam Pinkney, died on March 25, 1835, while editing a Washington paper. He also inherited the enlarged views and chivalrous spirit of his father, and possessed a mind ennobled by every virtue that adorns a man. His cultivated talents shed a lustre on the diplomatic character of our country while abroad, and his talents as an editor were of the highest order. He left an affectionate wife and a large circle of friends and ad- mirers. Frederick Pinkney, the fourth son of William, and the younger brother of Edward Coate Pinkney, though known chiefly as a learned lawyer, was also a poet and a finished classical scholar. He was born on the 14th of October, 1804, at sea, on the coast of America, on the passage home from England, where his father had been residing as commissioner under the Jay treaty. In 1806 he returned to England with his parents, and remained abroad until 1810, when he returned to Baltimore and received his scholarly edu- cation. In 1816 he accompanied his father on his successive missions to the Courts of Naples and of Russia. In 1825 he was admitted to the Baltimore bar, and in 1827-28 was associated with his brother Edward in editing The Marylander. At one time he was associated in the practice of the law with William Schley, and for many years was one of the commis- sioners of the High Court of Chancery, and after the abolition of that court and the establishment of the local Courts of Equity he was one of the commission- ers of the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, which office he held at the time of his death. He was identified with the Criminal Court of Baltimore City for over thirty years, first as deputy attorney-general under Mr. Richardson, then as deputy State's attorney under the successive State's attorneys. At his death the Baltimore Sun said, " He was perhaps the most learned man in the State. . . . His knowledge of criminal law excelled that of every contemporary, and his criminal pleadings were the wonder of bench and bar. He read everything that came in his way, from the Police Gazette to the best known of the an- cient writers. His talent for drawing was consider- able, and for caricature it was remarkable. He was skilled in the art of engineering, and he was a beau- tiful poet." Mr. Pinkney published but little of his poetry, probably deterred by the unhappy literary fate of his brilliant brother ; but all that he wrote had melodious flow, a refinement of literary workmanship, and a purity that gave them the stamp of high merit. He was very fond of taking dainty bits from the lesser Greek poets and translating them iuto pure and grace- ful English. It was, however, by his critical faculty that he exerted the greatest influence on the literary taste of his day. He printed but little, and his poems in manuscript were seen only by a limited circle. But he was one of the recognized authorities on all subjects of scholarly culture. In later life he wore his beard very long and white, and walked always with his head bowed down, as if in profound thought. He died at the residence of John E. Owens, in Balti- I more County, on June 13, 1873. The sad life of Edgar A. Poe is inseparably bound up with the history of Baltimore. Here his father, while a law student with William Gwynn, married Elizabeth Arnold, the pretty English actress ; it was here that he began his career as a man of letters, and it was here that, after his unhappy life was wrecked, Fate brought him to die. A monument covers his grave in Westminster churchyard, at the southeast corner of Greene and Fayette Streets. His recent biographers have rescued his memory from the load of calumny that for a quarter of a century passed for history, and all that needs to be given here is that part of his life which is entwined with the literary recol- lections of this city. After the severance of his relations with Mr. Allen, of Richmond, Poe determined to live by his pen. A prize was oflered by the Saturday Visitor, a weekly literary paper then published in this city by John 646 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. H. Hewitt, of one hundred dollars for the best story, and fifty dollars for the best poem. Poe competed for both. The .judge.s appointed were John P. Ken- nedy, John H. B. Latrobe, and James H. Miller, i The committee had no difficulty in awarding the first 1 prize to Poe for the " Manuscript found in a Bottle." There was a hesitation as to the jjoem, the committee, however, deciding against Poe and in favor of John H. Hewitt. The genius shown in these works won for Poe the valuable friend.ship and esteem of John P. Kennedy, through whose kind offices Poe obtained regular employment on the Southern Literanj Mes- senger, in Richmond. Thence he was drawn to the greater attractions of New York and Philadelphia. His death in this city was harrowingly sad. Arriving in this city from Philadelphia, he met a friend at the depot who invited him to drink. He accepted, and the single glass bewildered his mind. He was while in this condition captured by a party of political roughs and "cooped," — that is, drugged to insensibility, — and then carried from ward to ward and voted at the election. The drugs, the rough handling, and the exposure were fatal to him. He was carried in an unconscious con- dition to the hospital on Broadway, west of Baltimore Street, where be died on Oct. 7, 1849. In November, 1875, the handsome gravestone which now covers his grave was erected with much ceremony. On one side is sculptured a portrait of Poe, on the other the raven and other suggestions from his poems. William Henry Poe, elder brother of Edgar Poe, was, after the death of his parents in Richmond, adopted by David Poe, of Baltimore. He early showed the same strong bent towards poetry that de- termined the career of Edgar, and but for his "irreg- ular habits" and early death he might have achieved greatness. Some of his poems, contributed to the Minerva, then edited by John H. Hewitt, have the promise that marked the early works of his more famous brother. His life has an additional interest in the fact that some of the irregularities attributed by Griswold to Edgar Poe are chargeable against William Henry. Among these may be mentioned the alleged adventures in St. Petersburg. Edgar Poe never was in Russia, while his brother William did go there in one of his erratic fancies. He was a re- markably handsome man, and hi.s early death is at- tributable to the headlong propensities which he in- herited from his father in a stronger degree than his brother Edgar. John H. Hewitt, whose name has already been mentioned in the sketches of Poe and others, came to Baltimore in 1829. He is the son of a musician, and early showed a leaning towards the profession of his father. In 1818 he entered West Point as a cadet, and was in the .same class as Gen. Walter Gwynn, Gen. Isaac Trimble, and John H. B. Latrobe. He resigned soon after completing his course in 1821, and went to South Carolina, where lie taught music, read law, and courted the inuse>. While there he wrote the words and the music of " The Minstrel's Return from the War," which achieved a sudden popularity, and was one of the mo.st admired ballads of the day. While in the fresh enjoyment of the prestige won by this song he came to Baltimore, in 1825, and began his literary and musical career by contributing to the various papers, and composing songs and ballads, which were received with great favor. He was also identified with several literary ventures, such as the Emerald, the Minerva, the Visitor. It was while he was editor of the Visitor that its proprietors offered the prizes for the best poem and the best story, which has already been related in the sketch of Edgar Poe. The prize for the poem was awarded to Mr. Hewitt by the committee, his " Song of the Winds" having been preferred to "The Coliseum," by Poe. Mr. Hewitt went South during the late civil war, and was in Richmond the greater part of the time, where he wrote a number of ballads, which were popular in camp, of which "Rock Me to Sleep, Mother," is best known. He subsequently returned to Baltimore, where he still lives, hale and strong at the age of eighty years, one of the few links that still connect the old days of letters with the present. The most successful of his musical works were the oratorio of "Jephtha's Daughter," which he boldly composed, unawed by the fact that Handel had treated the same subject; "Flora's Festival," "The Seasons," and "The Fairy Bridal." "Jephtha's Daughter" was successful in Baltimore and Washington, and was produced in New York by the Sacred Musical Society, with two hundred voices and an orchestra of seventy instruments. Several of his dramas have been brought out on 'the boards with considerable success. Among them were the melodrama of " Rip Van Winkle," the military opera of the " Vivandiere," the comedy of the " Governess," and the allegorical drama of "Washington." Mr. Hewitt hjis been mar- ried twice. James Hungerford was bnrii of an old Maryland family, in Calvert County, Md., in 1814. His ances- try dates from the early colonial days of the Lord Proprietor. He was educated at Asbury College, and graduated with the highest honors. He read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1835, but his health fail- ing, he was obliged to enter upon an active outdoor life, and he became an engineer in the surveys that were then carrying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad through the Allegheny Mountains. Recovering his health, he began the practice of law in Leonardstown in 1837, where he married Miss Emma Burbridge. He took charge of Franklin Seminary for boys in Baltimore, and subsequently was connected with the Franklin Academy at Reisterstown. He soon after started the Baltimore County Whiff. Later he be- came the editor of the Southern Home Journal, published in Baltimore by John Y. Slater. Not- withstanding this busy and varied life, Mr. Hunger- ford has been a [irolilic writer of fiction. Among LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. 647 those best known are " The Old Plantation," a story of dramatic Southern life, published by the Harpers of New York ; " Master Heredon," a novel of Ameri- can life; "Leon Manor," " The Mystery of Eldan," " John Alvan Coe." These works were popular, and profitable to the author. Mr. Hungerford has also written some fine pieces of poetry and ballads. He is still living in Baltimore. Rufus Dawes, a native of Massachusetts, came to Baltimore about 1827 and began the practice of law. He had early shown a strong partiality for poetry and literature. He became the editor of the Emerald, a handsome quarto published by Benjamin Edes, and conducted it with ability ; yet the life of the Emerald was short. While editor of the Emerald he published a serial satirical poem in the verse of " Don Juan," which was much admired. The cessation of his edi- torial career caused the cessation of the satire. He had three brothers established in business on Hanover Street, and he withdrew from letters and applied him- self solely to the law. He was very witty and bril- liant in conversation, and left upon his contempo- raries an impression of genius which the published works hardly justify. He married in 1836 a daughter of Judge Cranch, and removed to Washington, where he became engrossed in the practice of law, and re- nounced literature. He published "Nashua, and Minor Poems" in 1830 ; " Athenia of Damascus," " Geraldine," and his miscellaneous poetical works in 1839; and "Nick's Mate," a historical romance, in 1840. He died in Washington City. One of the most eminent of Baltimore authors is George Henry Calvert, who was born in this city Jan. 2, 1803, and graduated at Harvard University in 1823. His father was of the family of Lord Baltimore, and his motlier, a lineal descendant of the painter Rubens, was a native of Antwerp. After studying at Got- tingen, he edited for several years the Baltimore American. In 1832 he published " Illustrations of Phrenology," the first American treatise on the sub- ject; in 1833, "Life of Robert Barclay;" in 1836, metrical version of Schiller's " Don Carlos;" in 1840, a fragment on " Arnold and Andrfi," two cantos of "Cabiro," a poem, and "Count Julian," a tragedy; in 1845, a portion of the correspondence of Goethe and Schiller, and in 1846 and 1852 two series of " Scenes and Thoughts in Europe ;" in 1856, " An In- troduction to Social Science;" "The Gentleman," in 1863 ; two additional cantos of " Cabiro," in 1864 ; a new edition of his "Scenes and Thoughts in Eu- rope," in 1865 ; and " Comedies," in 1866 ; " Thoughts of Joseph Joubert, with a Biographical Notice." Since 1843 he has resided at Newport, R. I., of which city he was mayor in 1853, and was the orator at the cele- bration of the fortieth anniversary of the battle of Lake Erie. He has contributed to the periodicals of the day, besides writing a number of addresses and other literary works. Mr. Calvert is a scholar of refined tastes and susceptibilities. Hugh Davy Evans, LL.D., was born in Baltimore in 1792, and died there July 16, 1868. As is stated in the chapter on the Baltimore bar, lie ranked with the best lawyers of his day. He was the author of " Es- say on Pleading," published in 1827 ; " Maryland Com- mon Law Practice," in 1839; "Essay to Prove the Validity of Anglican Ordinations," in 1844; "Essay on the Episcopate," in 1855. He also edited and con- tributed to several Episcopal journals and periodicals, among them The ('hurch Thnex, in 1852; The Monitor, in 1858 ; and The True Catholic. David Hoffman, an- other eminent author and lawyer, is mentioned among the " Bar of Baltimore." Archbishop Patrick Kenrick, who succeeded Arch- bishop Eccleston in 1851, was a very eminent author of church literature. In 1828 he published " Letters of Omicron to Omega," in reply to Rev. Dr. Blackburn's attack on the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Eucha- rist. In 1839-40 he published "Theologia Dograa- tica," four volumes; in 1841-43, " Theologia Moralis," three volumes; in 1837, a series of letters "On the Primacy of the Holy See," subsequently enlarged and reprinted as "The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vin- dicated," in 1845 ; " Four Sermons Preached in the Cathedral at Bardstown," in 1829; "The Catholic Doctrine on Justification Explained and Vindicated," 1841 ; "Treatise on Baptism," in 1843; "Vindication of the Catholic Church," in reply to Bishop Hop- kins ; " End of Controversy Controverted," in 1855. He also wrote the article " Roman Catholic Church" in Appleton's Cyclopaedia, and was before his death — in Baltimore, July 8, 1863 — engaged upon a revised English translation of the Bible, to .supersede the Douay version, and had already published the New Testament and several portions of the Old. Archbishop Martin John Spalding, who succeeded Archbishop Kenrick to the See of Baltimore, was known in the higher walks of literature as one of the ablest and most comprehensive writers in the Catholic Church. His literary style is vigorous, while there is such candor and moderation in its tone as is not always found in such books as he wrote. He was the author of " Miscellanies," published in 1855; "Early Catholic Missions of Kentucky," in 1844; "Lectures on the Evidences of Catholicity," in 1847 ; " Life of Rt. Rev. B. J. Flaget," in 1852; "History of the Protestant Reformation," in 1860. He also edited the Abbfi Daras' " History of the Catholic Church," four volumes, 1865-66. The most of his works have been revised and greatly enlarged and republished in sev- eral editions. He died Feb. 7, 1872. Rev. George W. Burnap, D.D., who was ordained pastor of the First Unitarian or Independent Church in Baltimore on April 23, 1828, as the successor of Jared Sparks, was one of the most prominent theolo- gians of his denomination, and among the most dis- tinguished men of letters of the South, contributing occasionally to the best reviews, magazines, and liter- ary journals, as well as to the daily press, and fre- 648 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. quently delivered lectures in Baltimore, Charleston, Boston, and other cities, where he was highly esteemed. In 1835 he began authorship by publishing a volume of " Lectures on the Doctrines of Controversy between Unitarians and Other Denominations of Christians." In 1840 he published his " Lectures to Young Men," and in the same year, " Lectures on the Sphere and Duty of Woman ;" in 1842, " Lectures on the History of Christianity ;" in 1844, " Memoir of Leonard Cal- vert ;" in 1845, " Lectures on the Principal Texts of the Bible which Relate to the Doctrine of the Trinity ;" a volume of " Miscellanies" and a " Biography of Henry A. Ingalls," in 1845. He published a small work in 1848, entitled " Popular Objections to Unitarian Christianity Considered and Answered," and in 1850 twenty discourses " On the Rectitude of Human Na- ture." In 1855 he published " Christianity, its Essence and Evidence," the most compendious statement of the biblical theology of the author's school of Unitarian- ism. On Dec. 20, 1853, be delivered a discourse at the eighth anniversary of the Maryland Historical So- ciety upon the " Origin and Causes of Democracy in America," which was published by the society in the following year. Dr. Burnap died suddenly on Sept. 8, 1859, after a ministry in Baltimore of nearly thirty- two years. Martin J. Kerney, author and editor, was born in Frederick County in 1819, and after conducting an academy in Baltimore he became a lawyer, and con- tinued in practice till his death, on March 16, 1861. He was a member of the Legislature in 1852, and by his able advocacy of a bill which he introduced, providing for a division of the school fund to Cath- olic schools, he created considerable excitement and controversy at the time, which did much to strengthen the Know-Nothing party, wliirli was then coming into power. He edited ihc .lA//',y, ,,///,(« Mag- azine four years, compiled the ('allinlic Almanac for 1860-61, and wrote a number of school-books, among them a " Compendium of Ancient and Modern His- tory" and "Catechism of the History of the United States." Dr. Jolin Shaw, a poet, was born at Annapolis, May 4, 1778, but removed to Baltimore in 1807 and began the practice of medicine. He was a contributor to the Philadelphia Port-Folio, and after his death his poems, with a memoir containing extracts from his foreign correspondence and journals, were published in 1810. He died Jan. 9, 1809. Robert Walsh, LL.D., was born in Baltimore in 1784 of Irish parentage, studied at St. Mary's College, Baltimore, and Georgetown, and completed his col- legiate education in Europe. Returning from a visit to Europe in 1808, he studied law under Robert Good- loe Harper, marrieil, and began practice, but owing in part to deafness he abandoned the law for literature. In 1811 he commenced the publication of the first quarterly in the United States, The American Review of Jlintory and Politics, which he continued for two years. In 1813 he published his " Correspondence with R. 6. Harper respecting Russia," and "Essay on the Future State of Europe." He also furnished several biograph- ical prefaces to an edition of the English poets then being published in Philadelphia. In 1817-18 he edited the American Register, ])ublished a biogra|)hy of Frank- lin in Delaplaine's " Repository" in 1818, and in 1819 he wrote the best defense of the country against the as- saults of the British Tories that had ever been penned, entitled "An Appeal from the Judgments of Great Britain respecting the United States." In the same year, as a recognition of his literary talents, Harvard University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1820 he published the National Gazette, with which he was connected till 1836. He also edited the American Mugazvie of Foreign Literature, but re- suscitated his American Review in March, 1827, con- tinuing it with great ability ten years. In 1836 he publi.shed two volumes of " Didactics," and about the same time went to Europe, where he spent the residue of his life, and was in 1845-51 United States consul at Paris, and there became the best foreign corres- pondent (writing for the National Intelligencer and the New York Journal of Commerce) that American news- papers ever had. For the " Encyclopjedia Ameri- cana," edited by Dr. F. Lieber, he furnished the arti- cles on American biography. He was member of the Philosophical Society and the Royal Spanish Academy of History. He died in Paris, Feb. 7, 1859. John H. Alexander, LL.D., chemist, physicist, and poet, was born at Annapolis in 1812, and after taking his degree at college studied law, but did not prose- cute it. He removed to Baltimore early in life, and chose the path of science and literature, in which he acquired deathless fame. He was a i)rofound nuithe- matician, a most thorough linguist, an accomplished theologian, a poet, a ripe and varied scholar, a labor- ious and successful writer, and a punctual man of business. He possessed every quality of mind that con- stitutes true mental greatness,— judgment, memory, imagination, quickness of comprehension, an indus- try that never flagged, and a system that nothing dis- turbed. He commenced his professional life as an engineer on the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad. He was then appointed topographical engineer of the State, and made the surveys for a new map of Mary- land, and afterwards served as commissioner to report on the standard of wfeights and measures, in which he prepared an elaborate report. In 1857 he was com- missioner to England on international coinage, and in the summer of 1866 was appointed by President Johnson a commissioner to the Paris Exhibition, but was taken fatally ill just before he was about to set sail. He had held many positions of honor and trust, and was the most learned man in America on the subject of weights and measures and coins. His friend and biographer. Bishop Wra. Pinkney, says of him, — " As a scholar, it is with more caimbility of appreciation I can speak of tliui, A ilt'bniist, deeply versed ia Greek and Latin, as deeply skillod LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. G49 in modern tongues, ho waa without question tlie first linguist of this hemisphere. He wrote Latin as readily as he wrote English, witli the same beautiful command of words and skill iu construction. Wheit go- ing aliroad he prepared his passports in seven different languages, and for penmanship and Altic purity they were splendid specimens, w.irthy of the most accomplished masters iu either. It was really wonderful to see with what facility he could dash off at a sitting Latin veree as flu- ently as though it were his native tongue, and he a poet of the fair Ital- ian clime. He was as exact as lie was varied in his gift of tongues. He understood the niles of grammar, the principles of construction, the philology of words, and consequently he was never betrayed into an error of either interpretation or constniction. His life, though one of intense activity, was for the most part spent In retirement, and to that is attributable the fact that but comparatively few knew who he was or what he was. But to the world of science he was well known, and to the more prominent statesmen of the country. The coast surveys were submitted to his inspection, and all disputed questions of geography were referred to him for settlement. On the questions of coinage, which have of late exercised many of the Enropean governments, he was probably the best-informed man in the country. He went abroad, and was brought into close contact with the masters of the mintin England. The triumphs of his genius were signally displayed befure the Committee on Foreign Rela- tions on the Federal currency. They sent for him to explain it to them, avowing their ignorance of it and their impression that it was of little prac- tical importance. Without preparalion, he gave them an extended and lucid exposition, and soou convinced them that it was of vital concern- ment to the conmiercial interests of the country. He was consulted by the Secretary of the Treasury on the finances, and was about to be placed at the bead of the mint in Philadelphia when death closed his career." Prof. Alexander in 1838 published a " Treatise on Levelling;" in 1839, " Treatise on Mathematical In- struments used in Surveying, Levelling, and Astron- omy ;" in 1840, "Contributions to a History of the Metallurgy of Iron;" in 1842, "Contributions, etc.;" in 1844, " Introits, or Anti-Communion Psalms for the Sundays and Holidays throughout the Year ;" 1846, " Report on Standard cf Weights and Measures for the State of Maryland ;" in 1856, " Universal Dictionary of Weights and Measures, Ancient and Modern ;" " Catena Domica ;" " Reports on the New Map of Maryland ;" " Annual from 1838 to 1840 ;" " Index to Maryland Papers ;" besides various papers published in the scientific journals of America, Eng- land, France, and Germany. He also left in manu- script " A Dictionary of English Surnames," twelve volumes ; " Ancient Roman Surnames," one volume ; " Greek Onomatology," one volume ; " A Dictionary of the Language of the Lenni-Lenape, or Delaware Indians," quarto; "A Concordance and Analytic In- dex of the Book of Common Prayer," two volumes; " A Handy Book of Parliamentary Practice," octavo ; "The Hymns of Martin Luther, Translated into English, with Notes," octavo ; " Suspiria Sanctorum," octavo; " Introitus, sive Psalm! Davidici," octavo. Prof. Alexander died in Baltimore on March 2, 1867, and in accordance with his wishes his burial, like Sir John Moore's, took place a{ midnight on the 4lh, at St. Paul's Cemetery, on the corner of Fremont and German Streets. The .scene at the burial was of an exceedingly solemn character; the intense dark- ness, the late hour, the lurid torches illuminating the faces of the attendants, and the solemn ritual for the dead all adding to the impressive eflect. In 1839 was published the "Baltimore Book," which groups together the literary men of that epoch, just as the Delphian Club had grouped those of a score of years earlier. It was a book gotten up for a Christmas present, and was one of the earliest ven- tures in the publication of "holiday" books, which has since grown to such large proportions. It was edited by William H. Carpenter and T. S. Arthur, and was published by Bayley & Burns, of Baltimore, and was embellished with steel engravings of Balti- more workmanship. The printers, as distinguished from the publishers, were Murphy & Spalding, at No. 1 Light Street. Among the contributors to the volume were Edgar A. Poe, Nathan C. Brooks, W. Henry Carpenter, S. Teackle Wallis, T. S. Arthur, J. N. McJilton, J. Saurin Norris, John G. Morris, Miss H. L. Beasley, J. H. Hewitt, E. Yates Reese, Andrew Adgate Lipscomb, Mrs. Anna Dorsey, and T. C. At- kinson. William Henry Carpenter, the chief editor of this volume, and one of its largest contributors, and who has been ever since that time an author and jour- nalist, is now the senior editorial writer of the Balti- more Sim. He was then a young man, a poet and writer of history and fiction. Several of the un- signed articles of the " Baltimore Book" appear to be from his graceful pen ; but the poem " To lanthe" and the verses on " Love" bear his signature. " The Merchant's Daughter" is a short story of city life by the same hand. Mr. Carpenter was born in London on the 6th of February, 1814. His lather, Win. Carpenter, was of a Hampshire family of the yeoman class, and was an extensive cloth merchant of London. He was a large exporter of broadcloths to America, and his house was the resort of prominent American buyers. His son's education was received at Shaftsbury Acad- emy, "London, which was conducted by Mr. Groome, a famous Oxford scholar and mathematician. Young Carpenter, however, left the academy before gradu- ating, and in 1831 came to Baltimore, where he en- tered the cloth-importing house of John Gibson & Co., and subsequently was connected with that of Bowen, Sellers & Co., of this city. Mr. Carpenter early displayed a taste for literature, and in 1836-87, in addition to his mercantile duties^ he became dramatic critic for the Evening Transcript. He soon became also a frequent contributor to the Athcnceum, the Monument, Western Continent, New York Mirror, and various other journals and maga- zines. In conjunction with T. S. Arthur, he edited the " Baltimore Book," and wrote for the Western Continent a series of colonial sketches entitled " Ro- mance of American History," together with many ballads and lyrics. In 1840 he removed from Balti- more, in consequence of ill health, and purchased a farm near Catonsville, Baltimore Co., where he devoted himself principally to literary labors. Be- sides sketches for the press and contributions to magazines, he wrote at this period his first novel, "Claiborne the Rebel," founded on events in Ameri- 650 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. can history, which was soon followed by the novel- ette entitled " The Regicide's Daughter," published by Lippincott & Co., " Ruth Enisley, a Story of the I Virginia Ma.ssacre," and "John the Bold," founded on an event in French history. His literary reputa- tion had by this time become fully established, and in connection with T. S. Arthur, he wrote for Lippin- cott & Co. eleven volumes of State histories, designed for schools and school libraries, and not long after- j wards a history of the operations of Gens. Taylor and AVool's divisions of the American armies in Mexico, which was published in Brooks' History of the Mex- ican War. About 1845, Mr. Carpenter became pro- prietor of the Western Continent, then edited by Park Benjamin, and associated with himself as a partner W. T. Thompson, author of "Major Jones' Court- ship." Soon after the sale of the Western Continent he became editor of the Baltimore Patriot, and in 1858 purchased an interest in the Exchange, now the Gazette, of which he continued one of the editors and proprietors until December, 1875, when the paper was sold to William H. Welsh, and Mr. Carpenter became a member of the editorial staft" of the Stin, i with which he is still connecte,d. Mr. Carpenter pos- | sesses a graceful and attractive style, and as an edi- torial writer is forcible and impressive. His literary career, commencing in 1835, and extending without interruption to the present time, covers a period of forty-six years, and has been crowded with the fruits of constant intellectual effort. His long connection with the press of the State and the extent and char- acter of his literary work have given him a standing greatly to be envied but not easily attained. Timothy Shay Arthur, co-editor of the " Baltimore Book," was born in New York in 1809. While he was a youth his parents came to Baltimore td live, and here he was apprenticed to the trade of a tailor. But his talents for literature would not permit him to remain in this calling, and he soon renounced all of the goose except the quill. He began by writing ! poems for the poet's corner of the weeklies, but he soon developed a more decided faculty for moral tales, ! which were exceedingly popular at that time. His I first work was " Subordination," which brought him j quickly into notice. " Ten Nights in a Bar-Room" ' portrayed the evils of intemperance with remarkable I power. This was subsequently dramatized and made I a very impressive play. Among his later novels are I "Out in the World," "Nothing but Money," and " Our Neighbor." He did much towards encouraging I literary development in the city, and assisted in [ founding a number of literary publications, among t which may bo mentioned The Young Men's Paper, The Athenaeum, and the Monument. In connection with William H. Carpenter, he prepared a series of school histories of several of the States. He is a wholly self-educated man, having enjoyed in his early life but few educational advantages. He taught him- self by reading, observing, and liy working at poetry and stories of home-life. In 1841 he wjw induced to leave Baltimore and settle in Philadelphia, where he established Arthur's Home Journal, and where he still resides. He is now almost totally blind, but still is able to write by amanuensis the kind of articles that have made his magazine poi)ular. John N. McJilton was born in Baltimore in 1805, and died in New York, April 13, 1875. He was originally a cabinet-maker, but, like T. S. Arthur, he had talents that lifted him ahoye his vocation. He wrote a great deal for the journals of the day, his favorite nom de plume being "Giles McQuiggin." His style was racy but unstudied. He collected a number of his fugitive pieces, poems and stories, and published them in a volume under his own name, but this did not secure him very much fame. He tried to es- tablish a periodical called the Monument, which failed, as so many other efforts of the same kind had failed. He then studied for the ministry, and took orders in the Episcopal Church, and became a very able pulpit orator. He was called to a large church in New York City, and died while pjistor of it. At one time he was one of the editors of The Patriot, and at different times was editor of several semi-religious newspapers. One of his best-known poems was " Beech Hill," at that time the country residence of Robert Gilmor, on what was at that time the western limits of Saratoga Street. It describes a rural scene. "The Tomb of Bozzaris" was also much admired in its day. " Balti- more in the Olden Time" and " Romance of American History" show the author's bent towards the pic- turesque side of historical studies. He was also a critic and reviewer. Lucy Seymour was a very prolific writer of maga- zine poetry at that time, and a constant contributor to the Monument, Emerald, and Phoenix and Budget. It was, however, of an ephemeral nature, and had not the enduring qualities. She wrote poetry of the goody-goody sort, combining sentiment and piety. Miss E. H. Stockton, Mrs. Anna Dorsey, Mrs. Dr. Annan, and others were also poetesses of the epoch. One of the pronounced literary Bohemians of the time was "The Milford Bard," for so he always called himself. He had on one occasion a poetry match with Edgar A. Poe on a wager, in which the Bard was victorious, having written the greatest quantity of verse in the stated time. The difference in quality was not taken in account, so Poe lost the whimsical wager. The Bard suffered from some of the infirmities of poetic genius, and was irregular in his ways of life., Brantz Mayer, Jame.s Hungerford, David Creamer, William H. Carpenter, J. H. Hewitt, and T. S. Arthur were among the frequent contribu- tors to the magazines in and about 1837, '38, and '39. One of the ablest of the writers whose names are to be found in the " Baltimore Book" was Brantz Mayer. He was born in Baltimore on the 27th of September, 1809, and was educated at St. Mary's College, and by private instruction. After finishing his education LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. 651 he traveled extensively in Europe and in the East as far as China and the islands of the Indian Sea. On his return he engaged in the practice of the law until 1841, when he was appointed Secretary of Lega- tion to Mexico. He was recalled from Mexico by the death of his father, Christian Mayer, a prominent merchant of Baltimore. He resumed law practice, but became a literary worker also, and for a while edited the Baltimore American. He published " Mexico as it Was and as it Is ;" " Journal of Charles Carroll of Carrollton during his journey to Canada in 1775 ;" " Mexico : Aztec, Spanish, and Republican ;" "Captain Canot, or Twenty Years of the Life of an African Slaver;" "Observations on Mexican His- tory;" "Mexican Antiquities;" " Tahgahjnte, or Logan, the Indian, and Captain Michael Cresap ;" and "A Memoir of Jared Sparks." Besides these ■valuable books, he contributed largely to the periodi- cal press, daily, monthly, and quarterly, of the Union, to the extent of two additional volumes of miscella- neous articles, addresses, and speeches. He was one of the founders of the Maryland Historical Society, and upon the death of Gen. John Spear Smith, its first president, he was very properly elected his suc- cessor, and contributed largely to the interests and possessions of the society. He was president of the old Baltimore Library Com- pany, and upon the inauguration of the Athenoeum Building, the home of the Library Company, the His- torical Society, and the Mercantile Library Associa- tion, in October, 1848, he delivered the inaugural ad- dress, which was afterwards published. He was one of the chosen executors of the estate of John Mc- Donogh, of New Orleans, and subsequently appointed one of the commissioners of Baltimore City to manage and liquidate the city's share of the eccentric million- aire's property. In 1861, '62, '63 he was president of the Union State Central Committee of Maryland, a position he maintained until he was appointed a pay- master in the United States army. In 1875, having passed the age of sixty-two years, he was retired from the army, and returned to his residence in Baltimore. He was also one of the United States Centennial Commissioners in 1876. Mr. Mayer's writings are easy and graceful, and show that he was a close observer and thinker. He was a scholarly man of the world, and died Feb. 23, 1879, at the ripe age of seventy years. Dr. A. Snowden Piggott, a graduate of the Univer- sity of Virginia, and a chemist of distinguished abili- ties, was also an accomplished belles-lettres scholar and a brilliant magazine writer. He was best known, however, as a man of science, and was a contributor to technical periodicals on subjects of physics and chemistry. He was born in 1822, and died suddenly in Virginia in 1869. He was Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in Washington Medical College, and of Chemistry in Maryland Institute, Baltimore. He published in 1854 " Chemistry and Metallurgy as Ap- plied to Dental Surgery," "The Chemistry and Met- allurgy of Copper" in 1858, and was co-editor of the Americnn Journal of Dental Science, and contributed to the best magazines of the day. Dr. J. E. Snodgrass combined literature with the practice of medicine. He was connected with various magazines, and was the editor of one of them. His " Ode to My Spring Lancet," published in 1837, shows his pride in both professions. At his death, which took place in Virginia in 1880, he left a bundle of un- published letters from Edgar A. Poe. Among these was a note from a printer named Walker, which showed that Poe had sent for Snodgrass in his distress a few days before his death. It appears thus that Poe had been able to communicate the fact that he was ill, and to send for his friend, and this goes far to contradict the received stories of his death. He was already suffering with the brain disease that carried him oft' at a time that it was supposed to be intoxica- tion. Rev. Edward Yates Reese, at one time editor of the Methodist Protestant, wrote poetry and romance for the magazines, but a sketch of him will be found under the head of the newspaper with which he was associated. Miss Medina, subsequently Mrs. Ham- blin, was a clever contributor to the Saturday Visitor and other periodicals. She also wrote two dramas. Miss Buchanan wrote also for these publications, her most admired work being " The Glen of the Butter- flies." Fanny Wright, a strong-minded woman, con- tributed to the columns of several of the Baltimore journals in 1834, and delivered several lectures. Park Benjamin, who has given many pieces both in prose and verse to the world, was born in 1809, and came to Baltimore and projected in 1846 the Western Continent, a.week]y literary paper, which he continued for several years. He was connected editorially with the American Monthly Magazine, and for several years published The Wurld, a literary journal in New York, with Epes Sergeant and Rufus W. Griswold. At one time be was connected with Horace Greeley in the publication of the New Yorker. He died in New York, Sept. 12, 1864. R. Horace Pratt was a practical printer, editor, poet, and composer of ballads. His poetry was smooth and flowing, and as a ballad-writer he scarcely had his equal in this country. In epigram or satiric verse he was particularly happy, and many of his hits are repeated to this day. Charles Loran, for a long time connected with the press of Baltimore, but afterwards a clerk in one of the government departments at Washington, died in the latter city May 2, 1857, in the forty-sixth year of his age. Mr. Loran was the author of several poetic effusions of merit. He was also a member of the First Branch of the City Council during his resi- dence in this city, and an active politician. George L. L. Davis, a member of the Baltimore bar, ■died in this citv Dec. 24, 1869. Mr. Davis was at one 652 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. time librarian of the Law Library, and was conspicu- ous for iiis literary and historical research. He paid great attention to tlie early reminiscences and records of Maryland, and had collected, collated, and pre- served much that was of value and interest, some of which has been published. He died during the vaca- tion of the courts. Upon their convening, proper notice of his death and an adjournment of the courts were made in respect to his memory. In the City Court Levin Gale, in announcing his death, spoke of him as a gentleman and scholar who formed a marked con- trast and exception to what, the speaker regretted to say, is now fashionable. He said the deceased " was not a utilitarian ; on the contrary, his life was a protest against the mercenary views which now so generally prevail among us." Mr. Gale added that Mr. Davis had "an excellent knowledge of his profession, large attainment in scholastic learning, and notwithstand- ing his eccentricities a gentle and loving heart. Maryland owes to him a debt of gratitude for the es- tablishment of her historical fame, and especially as being the pioneer of religious toleration in this coun- try." His remains were interred at Frederick, Md. John P. Kennedy, LL.D., was born on the 25th of October, 1795, in Baltimore, where his father, William Kennedy, was then a prosperous merchant, and died at Newport on the 18th of August, 1870. He was the eldest of four children, Hon. Anthony Kennedy, of Baltimore County, being the youngest. His father was a native of Ireland, who had emigrated to America with his brothers while still a boy, and his mother, who lived to see her son famous in the world and crowned with political honors, was a daughter of Philip Pendleton, of Berkeley County, Va., of a fam- ily in which talent and worth seem to be a common inheritance. After graduating at Baltimore College in 1812, Mr. Kennedy enlisted as a volunteer in the ranks of the war of 1812-14, and took part in the battles of Bladensburg and North Point, serving as a member of Capt. Warfield's company of Maryland militia.' Adopting the law as his profession, he pursued his studies under the celebrated William Wirt, and in 1816 was admitted to the bar of Baltimore, which was then illuminated by rare constellations of legal talent, in which Pinkney, Wirt, and Taney shone- with especial brilliancy. His literary tastes, however, soon manifested themselves, and in 1818, in conjunc- tion with Peter Hoffman Cruse, he became joint editor of a fortnightly serial called The, Red Book, the publi- cation of which was continued for two years, and which was afterwards collected into two volumes. In 1820 he was elected to the Maryland House of Dele- gates, and speedily won recognition as a member of • The bounty land-warrant awanled for tliis service was iseued to liim in Hay, IMT, and ihe property mm licquentheU in Ilia will to "my young cousin, Nathaniel Pendleton, son of Boyd Pendleton, of MartiusUnrn, a fine, gallant Iwy, who rendered a most Important service to Gen. Kelly at the time of Lee's invasion of Berkeley." unusual promise and ability. In 1823 he accepted an appointment from President Monroe as Secretary of Legation to Chili, but afterwards declined the position because of its merely nominal duties. He continued, however, warmly interested in public affairs, and found time in the midst of professional work for the prepara- tion of a number of political essays, which were re- garded as exceedingly valuable contributions to the political literature of the day, and which may still be read with profit. His masterly reply to Mr. Cambre- leng's famous Report on Commerce and Manufactures, though written in 1830, has a practical value and in- terest even at the present time, and in spite of the lapse of years is as complete and convincing a pre- sentation of his side of the question as has yet been made. In 1832 the literary talent which had been kept so long in abeyance upon the more exciting calls of poli- j tics and the more serious duties of his profession found voice in the novel of "Swallow Barn, or a So- [ journ in the Old Dominion," and continued in the 1 ascendant until he was recalled to the arena of public life. His second novel, " Horse-Shoe Robinson, a Tale of the Tory Ascendency," was published in 1835, and was followed in 1838 by "Rob of the Bowl, a Legend of St. Inigum ; con- tributed a treatise on the "Authenticity and Canonical Authority of the Scriptures of the Old Testament" and a treatise on the "Use of the Syriac Language" to a volumeof essays and dissertations on " Biblical Litera- ture," edited by himself; published a memorial volume on the death of Bishop Hobart in 1830. He published in 1855 " Maxims of Washington, Political, Social, Moral, and Religious ;" "Memoir of Mrs. Mary Anna Boardman, etc.," by her son-in-law, in 1849; and at the time of his death he was engaged on "The Life and Times of Washington," a serial work of two volumes, of which he lived only to complete four numbers. J. T. Heyen, poet and linguist, was a liberal con- tributor to many of the German and English literary journals of the United States. He was born in Jever, Oldenburg, Germany, March 2, 1810, and came to this country about 1831, and after engaging in mercantile pursuits, abandoned it for the more congenial pursuits of literature. For many years he filled a responsible position in the Baltimore post-office, and employed his leisure moments in the translation of his favorite German, French, Spanish, and Italian poets. His own poems are brilliant, and evince a beautiful com- mand of the English language, which he spoke with the most astonishing fluency. Among his best efforts was the poem entitled "The Suicide," published in the Baltimorean several years after his death, which occurred Dec. 22, 1875, in his sixty-fifth year. After leaving the i)ost-office he was appointed hy his brother- in-law, Col. Frederick Raine, a position on the edi- torial staff" of the Correspondent, where he remained until his death. Edward Leyh was for many years connected with the Correspondent, first as an editorial writer and after- LITERATUKE AND LITERARY MEN. wards as managing editor. Mr. Leyh's earliest news- paper experience in Baltimore was on the editorial staff of the Wecker, and he subsequently established the New Correspondent. He left the city in May, 1881, to accept the position of editor-in-chief of the West- liche Pod of St. Louis. As a terse, brilliant, and \ logical writer, Mr. Leyh has no superior on the Ger- man-American press. His information on political, historical, and scientific subjects is thorough and ac- curate. He corresponded with several of the leading papers of Berlin, including Die Gartenlaube. He has done much literary work, among it a translation into German of Joaquin Miller's poems that possesses all the fire and spirit of the original. The translation was published in Berlin, and has been greatly ad- ' mired and had an exten.sive sale in Germany. i Rev. John G. Morris, D.D., was born in York, Pa., | in 180.3, and graduated at Dickinson College in 1823. j He studied theology at Princeton College, and was j licensed as a preacher in the Lutheran Church in 1826, and immediately called to Baltimore, where he | has remained until the present time. This learned divine and scientist, during his ministry in Baltimore, has published a number of addresses, theological treatises, and translations from the German. Among the most important of his works are " Popular Ex- ■ position of the Gospels," published in Baltimore in two volumes in 1840; "Life of John Arndt," in 1853; " The Blind Girl of Wirtenberg" and " Catharine De Bora," in 1856 ; " Martin Behaim," a discourse before I the Maryland Historical Society, in 1855 ; and " The Lords Baltimore," published by the same society in 1874. Dr. Morris edited the Lutheran Observer in 1831-32, and was co-editor of the " Year- Book of the Reformation" in 1844. He has devoted considerable attention to the natural sciences, particularly ento- mology, and has acquired considerable reputation as 1 a lecturer before the Smithsonian Institute and other associations. He has written on the lepidoptera of North America, which was published in the Smith- sonian "Miscellaneous Collections." Upon the or- ganization of the Peabody Institute Library he was elected the first librarian, and made the first collec- tion of books for it. He was for many years pastor of the First Lutheran Church in Baltimore, and es- tablished a literary institute for young ladies at Lutherville, Baltimore County. S. Teackle Wallis, an eminent la\vyer, has made literature rather a recreation than a labor, but has nevertheless produced some work of a high grade. His oratory is elegant in diction, clear, polished, and abounding in keen strokes of satire, and with brilliant epigram. His poetry is imaginative, and flows with a scholarly grace and melody that show great facility in writing verse. His poems are all fugitive pieces, called out by special epochs of interest, such as the late civil war. No collected volume of his poems has been made. The book by which Mr. Wallis is best ] known as a man of letters is his " Glimpses of Spain," ' he having spent some time in that country upon diplomatic service. Mr. Wallis possessed the Spanish language very perfectly from early life, and was thus advantageously placed to study that country as it was a quarter of a century ago. The arduous practice of thelawhasof late withdrawn Mr. Wallis from literary labor, except an occasional address, contributing to a journal or review. Sidney Lanier was born in Macon, Ga., on Feb. 3, 1842, of parents de-scended on the one side from Hu- guenot refugees, and on the other from a Scottish family, the Andersons of Virginia. After graduating with the highest honors at Oglethorpe College, Geor- gia, he enlisted at the outbreak of the late war in the Georgia Battalion, afterwards forming a part of the Army of Northern Virginia, in which he served as a private for a year, and was then transferred to the Sig- nal Corps. In 1864, while he was serving as signal-offi- cer on the steamer " Annie," the vessel was captured by a Federal blockader. Mr. Lanier was urged by the English captain of the "Annie" to pass him.self oft' as an Englishman, but refused to disguise his nationality or rank, and was taken a prisoner to Fort Lookout, where he remained a prisoner until the end of the war, and where he contracted the seeds of the malady which never afterwards quitted him. After his re- lease he studied law in Macon, and became a member of the firm of Anderson & Lanier. He soon found, however, that the exertion of pleading was too severe for him, bringing on hemorrhage of the lungs, and he therefore was compelled to quit the bar and devote himself to literature, which had always been his passion. From his childhood Mr. Lanier had been devoted to music, and he attained great proficiency on the flute. In 1873, when stopping in Baltimore on his way to New Y'ork, his performance was heard by Mr. Hamerik, of the Peabody Orchestra, who at once oflfered him the position of first flute, which he retained for several seasons. In 1876, at the invita- tion of the managers of the Centennial Exhibition, he wrote the cantata which was sung at the opening ceremonies by a chorus of eight hundred voices, sup- ported by an orchestra of one hundred and fifty in- struments. In the winter of 1879-80 he delivered a course of lectures at the Johns Hopkins University on " English Verse, Especially Shakspeare's," and soon after embodied the principles here partly laid down in a book called " The Science of English Verse." Subsequent to this he published "The Boys' Froissart" and " The Boys' King Arthur." In the winter of 1880-81 he again lectured at the uni- versity on English literature, but his weakness had so increased that he was obliged to remain seated during the delivery of his lectures. In the following spring he was advised to try a trip to the hill country of North Carolina as the only means of saving his life. He steadily declined, however, and on the 7th of Sep- tember died at the village of Lynn. He left a widow [nee Miss Mary Day, of Macon) and four children. 656 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. He had the true poetic temperament, a rich and glow- ing imagination at once analytic and creative, a deep love of trutli and beauty, a taste cultivated by pro- found study of tiie master-works of the classic and modern tongues, a close observation of nature, and mind and moral nature of exquisite refinement and sensibility, — these make up a nature attuned to poetry. In person he was tall, slender, delicate of feature, fully bearded, and looked the man that he was. His poetry is original to the verge of eccentricity, abounding in passages of exceeding beauty, but sometimes as ob- scure as Browning. Like Browning, he wrote for poets, and his images are at times vividly suggested by a single stroke, but rarely fully wrought out. Edward Spencer, a well-known journalist, has been a very successful man of letters in more enduring work. He has a profound acquaintance with Ameri- can history, particularly with the early history of Maryland and Baltimore. His papers, addresses, and magazine articles on these subjects are full of quaint and curious information, and appear to be written from exhaustless stores of historic fact. Besides being a man of letters, Mr. Spencer has rare poetical powers, and has written several excellent dramas, the best known of which is "Kit, the Arkansas Traveler," which Mr. Chanfrau has made so brilliant a success. Mr. Spencer's " History of the Sesqui-Centennial Cele- bration" of Baltimore^ published in 1881, is one of the brightest souvenirs of that interesting event. la as- sociation with Wm. Hand Browne, he also wrote a life of Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware. Mr. Spencer has been connected with several different journals in Baltimore, first with the Evening Bulletin, then with the Sun, and more recently with the American, to which he contributes over his own signature very characteristic and brilliant articles. Mr. Spencer's style is easy and natural, sometimes playful to the point of verbal quips, and sometimes sarcastic. Its chief value is its power of taking up a mass of dry facts and statistics and working them up into an in- teresting and effective article. His manuscript is clear and elegant, almost free from erasures and inter- lineations, showing that he does his work right from the first and saves the labor of revision. It is in this that he accomplishes so much. Thomas M. Griffith was born in Baltimore in the year 1766. Though too young at the breaking out of the Revolutionary war to be actively engaged in it, he doubtless watched its progress with anxious solici- tude, and greeted its successful close with all the ardor of the most devoted patriot. His life was a compendium of unostentatious goodness and useful- ness. For many years he was a magistrate, and his decisions were always characterized by probity and justice. He held many lucrative offices, and acted often in a fiduciary capacity, but at liis death, which occurred June 9, 1838, so complete had been his faith- fulness to obligations, he left little for posterity save the inestimable treasure of a good name. Mr. Grif- fith was the author of the " History of Maryland" and " Annals of Baltimore," to which the present work is indebted for many of its most valuable and interest- ing incidents. He was a pioneer in that species of literature which is destined to furnish the future his- torian the materials for a philosophic and compre- hensive treati.se upon the institutions of this country, and iis such is deserving of all praise. Pliilip Reese Uhler, who has largely contributed to the scientific productions of the country, was born in Baltimore, June 3, 1835, the eldest son of a dry- goods merchant, George H. Uhler, who was the first j to introduce into this city the " one price" system of selling goods. His mother, Anna Maria Uhler, is the daughter of Capt. John Reese, one of the de- fenders of Baltimore in 1814, who was wounded at j the battle of North Point. Mr. Uhler passed his j childhood and early youth in Baltimore City and County, where he attended the private schools chosen by his father. His classical education was acquired in the Latin school of Daniel Jones, on Eutaw Street. After leaving school he was for several years an as- 1 sistant in his father's store. Not having a great fondness for business, and being ardently fond of the study of nature, he embraced the first opportunity to : secure intellectual occupation. The Rev. John G. Morris secured for him a situation as his assistant in the Peabody Library. After remaining there for about two years, in 1863, he joined Prof. Louis Agas- siz as entomologist in his Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. In accordance with the plan of that profe-ssor, he made a natural history ex- ploring trip to the island of San Domingo, and col- lected many curious specimens from all parts of the animal kingdom in various sections of that country. He was also enabled to observe the geological struc- ture of that region, and to acquire a knowledge of the way in which coral islands are now built up in the ocean. He is a member of most of the learned societies of the United States and Canada, and has extensive relations with naturalists in Europe and the West Indies. His writings consist chiefly of special memoirs on insects, Crustacea, and geology, published in the Rocky Mountain surveys of Prof. Hayden and of Lieut. Wheeler. His original me- moirs on special topics are contained in the publi- 1 cations of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, the American Entomological Society, etc. After an interval of about three years he was offiered a more advanced place in the Peabody Institute, which he accepted, and now fills the position of librarian. His most extensive labor in that capacity has been the development of a catalogue of the books in such a simple, practical manner as to be most use- I ful to the readers who use that library. By direction of the provost, who determined with the library com- mittee what kind of catalogue was to be prepared for the press, and the decision being in favor of an ' alphabetical one with short titles, he has worked BALTIMORE LIBRARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. for more than twelve years in bringing it to perfec- tion. Being ably seconded by a staff of his own training, the work is finished, and is now being ar- ranged for the printer. William Hand Browne, one of the most distin- guished scholars and liUlTotcvn of Baltimore, is the descendant of an old family of Queen Anne's County, Md. His paternal grandfather was an officer in the war of independence, his father a merchant of Balti- more, in which city he was born. In 1850 he took the degree of M.D. at the University of Maryland, but never practiced the medical profession. In 1866 he joined Prof. A. T. Bledsoe in founding the Sovthern Review, of which he continued joint editor and pro- prietor for the two years following. He then became editor of the New Eclectic, afterwards the Southern Magazine, and occupied this position until the discon- tinuance of that journal in December, 1874. Both the Review and Mar/azine were established with the view of providing an adequate organ of expression for the intellect and culture of the Southern people, and most of the leading writers of the South were contributors to their pages. In 1879, Dr. Browne was appointed associate and librarian of the Johns Hopkins University, which position he still holds. Beside a large number of papers in the journals he conducted, and in others. Dr. Browne has published, in association with Prof. R. M. Johnston, a "His- torical Sketch of English Literature" and the " Life of Alexander H. Stephens," and in association with Col. J. T. Scharf, a " School History of Maryland." He has also published several translations from the French and German, the most considerable of which, a version of Von Falke's " Hellas and Rom," is now in the press. Mr. Browne's literary work is character- ized by great refinement of style and delicate percep- tion of beauty and harmony, both in form and matter. George H. Miles, the poet and playwright, was born in Baltimore, his father, William Miles, being a much-esteemed and honorable merchant, who at one time held the position of consul to one of the South American States. Mr. Miles graduated at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg, Md., in 1843, with the highest honors; studied law under J. H. B. Latrobe, and for several years practiced at the Balti- more bar. He married a daughter of Edward Tiers, a prominent merchant of New York, but at his death, near Emmittsburg, on July 24, 1871, left no children. Giving up the practice of law, Mr. Miles returned to " Thornton," his country residence in Frederick County, to follow the more congenial pursuit of lit- erture, in which he was afterwards distinguished. He became Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres at Mount St. Mary's College, and continued to fill this position with great acceptability for several years, when he devoted the rest of his life to literature. Even as a youth at college he showed remarkable literary ability, and it was at this time that he wrote one of his most admirable stories, " Loretto," a book still deservedly popular with the young. His ripest and most scholarly effort was his review of " Hamlet." Mr. Miles is best known to the public, however, for his magnificent prize play of " Mohammed," which he wrote for Edwin Forrest, then in the zenith of his historic success, and for which he paid him one thou- sand dollars. Mr. Miles wrote a great deal for the stage. "Signor Valiente" was one of his best-known plays. "Mary's Birthday," the comic opera of " Abou Hassan," and other plays are also among his works. Among his poems, one on " Raphael's Trans- figuration" is classed his best. " God Save the South," " Christine," and quite a number of similar produc- tions have come from his pen from time to time, and just before his death his poems were collected and published in Baltimore. Socially Mr. Miles was very entertaining, possessing charming conversational powers and fascinating address. CHAPTER XXXVII. BALTIMORE LIBRARIES, MISCELLANEOUS SOCIE- TIES AND ASSOCIATIONS, AND MILITIA. The first public libraries in the province of Mary- j land were those of the parish, and were under the I control of the clergy. In 1696 the General Assembly passed an act " securing the parochial libraries of this province," and directing " that the care and ^harge thereof be committed to some worthy and learned per- 1 son." Three years later the Legislature repealed the { act of 1696, and appointed " the learned and worthy Dr. Thomas Bray, or his successor (viz., as the Bishop of London's Commissary), to be chief visitor of all and every the said libraries within the said province." This act in its turn was also repealed and amended j by the Legislature in 1704, when it was provided "that the libraries of the several and respective parishes within this province shall be and remain in the hands and possession of the minister of the parish (if there be any minister actually inducted into and incumbent to the said parish) during his residence in the said parish, who is by this act obliged to keep and preserve the said library from waste or embezzlement, and to be accountable for the same to the Governor, Council, and vestry as often as required. The vestry were also required to visit and inspect the parish library once every year, and in case of failure to do so, were made liable to a fine of fourteen hundred pounds of tobacco, " one moiety to her majesty (Queen Anne), for the support of the government, and the other moiety to the informer." The Governor was also authorized by the act to examine and report annually the condition of these libraries. The first public circulating library in the province of Maryland, " for diffusing a spirit of science through 658 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the country," us the advertisement in the Maryland Gazette expressed it, was established at Annapolis by William Hind in September, 1762, but for want of patronage he sold his books at auction, April 17, 1764. Other circulating libraries were, however, established at Annapolis, from which the inhabitants of Baltimore Town were supplied with books. This fact is attested by a circular issued by Joseph Rathel in 1773, in which be solicits subscribers to a circulating library that he proposes to establish in Baltimore Town, "at the rate of one dollar a quarter," adding that " the sub.scrip- tion to the library at Annapolis is one guinea per annum, besides the expense of a dollar a year for car- riage of books from thence to this place." Whether Mr. Rathel, who calls himself the "International proprietor," succeeded with his library the early records do not state, but it is certain that up to this period libraries were very scarce and rarely to be found except at the private residences of gentlemen of wealth. There were booksellers in the town long before this time, however, who imported from London and also, purchased private libraries. The literary matter of the town was materially increased by the sale at the Lodge, near the Ferry House, opposite Alex- andria, Va., of the library of the Rev. Jonathan Boucher, which contained a large number of valuable standard works. From this and other sources Wil- liam Murphy, who kept a book-store on Market (now Baltimore) Street, one door from Calvert, succeeded in establishing a circulating library, which was pur- chased and continued by Hugh Barkley in 1784. This, with one or two other circulating libraries, fur- nished the only supply to the reading population of the town for ten or eleven years. In December, 1795, a number of gentlemen, feeling the necessity for a library more general in its charac- ter and within the means of all classes of citizens, formed a stock company for the purpose of supplying this want. It was provided that each stockholder should be entitled to one twenty-dollar share, and every regular member should contribute four dollars per annum for each share held by him. The books and effects of the company constituted the joint proi)erty. Any member was at liberty to transfer his share, with the restriction that, except in case of will or descent, the name of the person in whose favor the transfer was made should be approved by the board of directors. No person was allowed to subscribe more than one share, or if he acquired others by inheritance, he was still entitloil to but one vote. In a very few days tifty- ninc persons subscrilicd, and proceeded to organize The Library Company of Baltimore, under whose auspices the first public library of the city was estab- lished. The subscribers to the library fund met at Bryden's Inn on the 13th of January, 1796, adopted a constitution and elected a board of directors, con- sisting of Right Rev. Dr. John Carroll, Rev. Joseph \ G. J. Bend, Richard Caton, Thomas Poultney, James Carey, George W. Field, James Carroll, Robert D. Allison, Dr. George Brown, Robert Gilmor, David Brice, and Nicholiis Harris. On the 22d of January George W. Field advertised for a room for the library in the central part of the city, preference being given to a private house, where the owner would act as librarian " for three hours in the day for three days in the week." The desired accommodations were obtained at the house of Mr. Williams, on Lemon Street, where the library was opened for the use of members in October, 1796. The company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature on the 20th of January, 1798. The Right Rev. Dr. John Carroll was the first president, and George W. Field the first secretary. In 1798 the library was moved to more commodious apartments in Grant's Assembly-Rooms, on Lovely Lane, now German Street. From the librarian's annual report of the association, it appears that in April, 1799, the library contained three thousand three hundred volumes, that three hundred pounds sterling had been forwarded to Lon- don for the purchase of additional books, and that the membership had increased in one year to eighty-eight persons. In 1799 the shares were advanced to twenty- five dollars each, and the Right Rev. John Carroll, Rev. Mr. Bend, Rev. Mr. Beaston, Col. Nicholas Rogers, Dr. George Brown, James Priestley, David Harris, Wm. Cooke, Richard Caton, Zebulon HoUins- worth, Henry Nicols, and James Winchester were elected a board of directors, with Francis Beaston sec- retary. In 1800 the library contained four thousand volumes. In 1802, Dr. Carroll was elected president ; Rev. Mr. Bend, vice-president ; James Priestley, sec- retary ; George de Perrigny, treasurer. In 1824 the library was removed to rooms provided for it in the Athenaeum Building, which had just been erected at the northwest corner of St. Paul and Lexington Streets. In 1856 the Library Company transferred the eleven thousand volumes then contained in its library to the Maryland Historical Society, on condition that they should be added to the three thousand belonging to the latter society, and the whole maintained as a free library of consultatio]) and reference for the use of Maryland Historical Society.~ln January, 1844, about twenty gentlemen interested in the history of Maryland assembled in a room in the old post-office building for the purpose of forming an organization to collect and arrange the data and scattered materials of the early history of Maryland. The organization was effected at this meeting, and at the next meeting John Spear Smith was elected president, John Van Lear McMahon vice-president, and Stephen Collins librarian. On the 8th of March, 1844, the association was incorporated jis the Mary- land Historical Society, with Brantz Mayer, John P. Kennedy, John H. B. Latrobe, Robert Gilmor, John Van Lear McMahon, Charle-s F. Mayer, Frederick BALTIMORE LIBRARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. William Brune, Jr., Sebastian F. Streeter, John L. Carey, George W. Dobbin, John Spear Smith, Ber- nard W. Campbell, William G. Lyford, Stephen Col- lins, Fielding Lucas, John J. Donaldson, Robert Carey Long, William A. Latbot, Severn Teackle Wallis, Charles J. W. Gwinn, Joshua I. Cohen, and John S. Sumner as incorporators. The officers for 1844 were : President, Gen. John Spear Smith ; Vice-President, John Van Lear Mc- Mahon ; Corresponding Secretary, Brantz Mayer; Recording Secretary, Sebastian F. Streeter ; Treasurer, John J. Donaldson ; Librarian, Dr. Stephen Collins. The formation of this society gave a stimulus to literary pursuits, and excited a laudable interest on the subject of Maryland history. In the spring of 1848 the society moved into the Athenieum Building, which is held for it in perpetuity by trustees under a charter granted by the Legislature of Maryland Feb. 17, 1846. The lot was purchased, and the building erected by subscriptions obtained by the Maryland Historical Society and the Baltimore Library Com- pany. The library of the Historical Society, in the Athenaeum Building, was opened to the members and the public on the 29th of May, 1848. The building was occupied by three societies. The first floor was appropriated to the use of the Mercantile Library As- sociation, the second floor by the Baltimore Library Association, and the third floor by the Maryland His- torical Society. Now the latter society occupies the second floor, the third floor being appropriated to the Historical Art Gallery. In 1855 the Library Company donated its library to the Historical Society, on conditioii lliat the rights and privileges of the Hist(irir:il Smiiiy should be extended in perpetuity to tlie stocklidldcrs of the Library Company. The gallery of the fine arts of the Maryland Historical Society was opened to the public on the 22d of October, 1848. The collection of paintings consisted of about two hundred and fifty specimens, comprising a great number of very valu- able productions. There were several originals by old masters, and many admirable copies from ap- proved works. There were also numerous originals from the pencils of modern artists. The duty of se- lecting this gallery of paintings was performed by a committee consisting of John H. B. Latrobe, Benja- min C. Ward, and Wm. McKim, assisted by Dr. Thomas H. Edmondson. The society also gave an- nual exhibitions of such works of art as could be ob- tained from eminent artists and art galleries. With the profits arising from these exhibitions a number of copies of masterpieces of the Italian school were purchased, and from time to time the gallery has been supplied with pojiular works of art. The library proper of the Historical Society, exclusive of the books donated by the Baltimore Library Company, contains about fifteen thousand volumes, and one hundred and forty-six volumes of pamphlets ar- ranged and classified, and about seven hundred not so arranged. It contains a great number of manu- scripts, and one of the most complete sets of Federal documents in existence, and by far the largest collec- tion of Maryland newspapers to be found anywhere. The library was originally a circulating, but has gradually become a reference, library ; and since the transfer of the Baltimore Library Company's books the members only are allowed to use the books. Not more than fifty books a year are withdrawn. In 1867 the library received from Mr. Peabody a gift of twenty thousand dollars. There are about two hundred members, and the annual subscription fee is five dollars. The average yearly number who use the library is about a thou- sand. The collection includes a set of United States patents, a very small biographical collection, and a manuscript catalogue arranged alphabetically, ac- cording to authors. It was exempted from taxation by a clause in the act of incorporation. John H. B. Latrobe is the president, John W. M. Lee librarian, and John G. Gatehel assistant librarian. The Mercantile Library Association was formed in November, 1839, by a number of young men of literary taste who felt the necessity for greater facili- ties for mental improvement than the city then afforded. The only public library in Baltimore at that time was the old Baltimore Library, which did not meet the wants of the particular class, composed principally of clerks and young merchants, interested in the new enterprise. Several years after its forma- tion, on the 17th of January, 1842, the organization was incorporated as the "Mercantile Library Association of Baltimore," with J. Morrison Harris, George L. Wight, Geo. R. W. Alnutt, T. Dunnington, Wm. W. Latimer, John Steel Sumner, Josiah N. Jones, Henry T. Rodgers, Laurence Thomsen, Wm. A. Dunnington, George Cliffe, and Oliver B. Wright as incorporators. Success beyond the hopes of the most sanguine was at once assured. The plan of receiving books on spe- cial deposit was adopted for a short time, but finally abandoned in 1844, and the books returned to their owners. The first officers of the association, elected in 1839, were : President, J. Morrison Harris ; Vice- President, George L. Wight ; Secretary, George R. W. Alnutt; Treasurer, F. Dunnington ; Directors, John S. Sumner, Wm. W. Latimer, Henry J. Rogers, Josiah N. Jones, George Cliffe, Wm. A. Dunnington, and Laurence Thomsen. One means by which the association proposed to elevate the tastes and improve the general knowledge of its members and the public was by a course of lec- tures, to be delivered under its auspices by distin- guished and scientific men. The course was inaugu- rated on the 1st of December, 1840, with a lecture on "Society and Civilization" by the Hon. John Quincy Adams. During the same season lectures were deliv- ered before the society by Rev. Dr. Wyatt, John H. B. Latrobe, C. F. Mayer, Rev. Dr. Morris, Dr. Aiken, Brantz Mayer, David Hofl'man, N. C. Brooks, R. Ca- 660 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. rey Long, John P. Kennedy, David Stewart, Dr. Dun- bar, Prof. Ducatel, Rev. Dr. Jcrfins, and F. H.Davidge. This course, which proved to be a pecuniary success, was followed by others, and the association has con- tinued to provide lectures and readings of a high character for its members and the citizens of Balti- more. At its organization the association occupied rooms at the corner of Baltimore and Holliday Streets, and after several changes of location removed in 1848 to the Athenieum Building. The library is open during the summer months from nine A.M. to ten P.M., and during the winter from ten a.m. to ten p.m. In '1873 it was opened on Sundays from two to ten p.m., but the attendance was so small it was soon discontinued. A subscriber may take a book or books home under certain regu- lations. Though there are but sixteen hundred and forty-eight subscribers, the number of visitors annu- ally averages from fifteen thousand to twenty thou- sand, and the circulation of books about thirty-five thousand annually. The library contains thirty-one thousand and thirty-two volumes, exclusive of two thousand'five hundred duplicates; of these four hun- dred contain six thousand pamphlets bound in classes. About twelve hundred foreign and American books and five hundred pamphlets are added to the collec- tion annually. Of the thirty-one thousand and thirty- two volumes, six hundred are in foreign and five hundred and ninety in modern European languages. There are twelve hundred volumes on scientific sub- jects. Seventy-five per cent, of the books borrowed are English prose fiction. The biographical collec- tion is very small. The library is exempt from taxa- tion. John W. M. Lee is the librarian, with three assistants. The cost of its annual administration is two thousand four hundred dollars. The terms of membership are as follows : perpetual membership, transferable, one hundred dollars; life membership, fifty dollars ; annual honorary, five dollars ; annual proprietary, five dollars; annual employ^, three dol- lars. The following is a tabular statement showing what the association has done since its foundation, as nearly as could be ascertained from the records : In spite of the valuable work accomplished in the past by the library, its usefulness has been somewhat impaired of late years by its location at a point which was inconvenient to the general public, and unsuit- able from its surroundings to a high degree of de- velopment or popularity. Feeling that a change in this respect was necessary to the restoration of the library to its former place in the esteem of the com- munity, John W. McCoy, the president of the asso- ciation, came to its assistance, and in November, 1880, made an otfer which practically insures the future succe-ss and standing of the library. After referring to its condition and prospects, and the ne- cessity for a change in its location, Mr. McCoy pro- posed that it should be removed to a new building in course of erection on the northeast corner of Charles and Saratoga Streets, and pledged himself for the rent of the new quarters for the library for five years, at the rate of two thousand five hundred d')llars per annum. Mr. .McCoy also offered to convert ten thou- sand dollars of this advance, which under no circum- stances is to draw interest, into an absolute gift, if the public of Baltimore will raise for the library such a fund as will produce when invested three thousand dollars per annum. It is scarcely necessary to say that this offer was gratefully accepted, and that the library will occupy its new quarters as soon as they are completed. As a life-long public helper in many ways, and as always serving gratuitously, John W. McCoy is hon- orably prominent in Baltimore. His generosity to the Mercantile Library, and his rescue thereby of that most useful institution from threatened ruin, have justly added to his wide regard among his fel- low-citizens. He was born in Baltimore, April 2, 1821. His family has been identified with the city from the close of the last century, his mother, Sarah Williamson, having been born in Baltimore, Dec. 20, 1800, when the city had but twenty-six thousand in habitants. His father, Stephen McCoy, born at Bask- ing Ridge, N. J., Feb. 25, 1787, marched, in his twenty-seventh year, from Lancaster, Pa., as a volun- teer soldier for the defense of Baltimore when assailed Teaeb. Ueubebs. Income. Yolnmee Bought. VolumeB Donated. Volumes in the Library. Cost of Build- ing. Lec- tures. 1 Active. Honor-j Six ary. Months. Money Donated. l,ensee. , Library. phletl. 126 509 592 764 1229 132 1 203 ! 3 334 28 541 : 1U4 308 ■ 77 $1430.00 6681,65 4445.01 6169.19 8792.82 415 No record. 1693 985 No record. No record. 71 105 1,400 No record. 16,663 3u',231 $442.72 1814.70 1796.41 2742.88 3131.66 S145.00 3806.51 1 No record.' | fdtll $4%.'ii 6000 By which it will be seen that the volumes in the by the British in 1814. He married, and remained library increased in number from 1400 in 1840 to i here until his death, Feb. 12, 1873, his wife, Sarah 80,231 volumes in 1873-74, that the income increa.sed : Williamson McCoy, surviving him « short time, and from $1430 in the same year to $8792.82 in 1873-74, | dying May 26, 1874. John W. McCoy has been iden- and the readers from 2314 in 1840 to 88,528 in 1873. i tified with Baltimore from his birth. Here he was C/^^... /r 77t^'^^'y BALTIMORE LIARARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. educated, completing his course at B;iliiiiiurc < 'ollciic, a department of the University of M:ir\ l:iii 111"" 1,600 I'll '■' 1 ■""- 1 "i"ii 1,370 !Hlt.i' " ' i _. ; J I'litiil Surgery 1,000 1,«00 1,200 1,000 3,000 n.ixw 3,000 M'l-I'll '. 'li'i'.' - 1 1 ". "1 ' > ''''riiigKsciiooi'.'.'.'.""."!!" 26,000 1,800 3,000 fill l; " ' 1' I'l'i.iv 460 B">- - ' - r.' 1 - l'."'.i' 760 lull : .' il : . i . 500 t. ■'. . . 1 600 Maryland Institute for the Promotion of Me- chanic Arts. — This name has been applied to two different associations which have existed in this city. The first was founded November, 1825, by Fielding Lucas, Jr., John H. B. Latrobe, Hezekiah Niles, Thomas Kelso, and other prominent citizens of Bal- timore, of whom Mr. Latrobe is the only survivor. It was incorporated by the Legislature in 1826, and in November, 1826 and 1827, exhibitions of articles of American manufacture were held in " Concert Hall," South Charles Street. A course of lectures on subjects connected with the mechanic arts was in- augurated, and a library of works on mechanics and the sciences collected. "^7 'ILLLLI"- MilyiiLL ^^irtllffiU(;if;,rrt,iiiiiii\iiL On Feb. 7, 1835, the Athenaeum, then located at the southwest corner of Lexington and St. Paul Streets, was destroyed by fire, and the institute, which had been situated in that building, lost all of its out- fit and property, and was virtually dissolved. The first oflScers of the institute were William Stewart, president ; George Warner and Fielding Lu- cas, Jr., vice-presidents; John Mowton, recording secretary ; Dr. William Howard, corresponding sec- retary ; Managers, Messrs. James H. Clarke, D. P. McCoy, Solomon Etting, B. C. Howard, William Hubbard, Thomas Kelso, J. H. B. Latrobe, William Meeter, Hezekiah Niles, William Boney (Rouey), William F. Small, S. D. Walker, John D. Craig, Jacob Deems, William H. Free- man, Moses Hand, William Krebs, Rob- ert C. Long, Peter Leary, James Mosh- er, Henry Payson, P. K. Stapleton, James Syke.s,andP.B.Wil- m.uivi vmi inmihh. Hams. In Novem- ber, 1847, Benjamin S. Benson and sixty-nine others, among whom were a large number of the original founders of the former institution, issued a call for a meeting of those favorable to the formation of a me- chanics' institute. This resulted in the organization of the present institute, Jan. 12, 1848. The first exhibition was held at Washington Hall, in October, 1848, and the second and third at the same place, October, 1849 and 1850, all of which were re- markably successful. The ofiicers for 1848 were John A. Rodgers, presi- dent; Adam Denmead, first, and James Milholland, second vice-president ; John B. Easter, recording secretary; Samuel Smith, corresponding secretary; and Samuel Boyd, treasurer. The institute was in- corporated at the December session of the Legislature, 1849, and was endowed with an annual appropriation of five hundred dollars. The City Council of Balti- more, in the summer of 1850, passed an ordinance granting the institute permission to erect a building over the Centre Market. The corner-stone was laid on the 13th of March, 1851, and on the 21st of Octo- ber of the same year the first exhibition was held in the new hall of the institute. The first lecture of I the course in the Maryland Institute was delivered Tuesday evening, December 16th, by Hon. Joseph R. I Chandler, of Philadelphia. In 1849 the board of I managers extended the usefulness of the in,stitution I by opening a School of Design, and the Night School j of Design was first opened in the present building in 1851, with William Minifie as principal. In 1856, Mr. Peabody made arrangements to leave five hundred dol- lars per annum to the school, to be distributed in pre- ' miums among its graduates. The same year a day HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. school was established for women aud girls, and a school of book-keeping and writing has been in suc- cessful operation for a number of years. A well-se- lected library of nearly nineteen thousand volumes is one of the greatest attractions of the institution. The institut* is supported by fees from its members, and by a small annual appropriation from the State. The last e.xhibition was held there in 1878. The first ex- hibition of the Maryland Institute wa.s held Tuesday, Nov. 7, ISliC, at a hall in South Charles Street. Miscellaneous Societies, Associations, Clubs, and Institutions.— Among the prominent mi.scella- ueous societies, associations, etc., in Baltimore which we have not the space to treat at length are the following: Baltimore Institute of Architects, organ- ized in 1870; Maryland Institute School of Design, organized in 1849; Hebrew Benevolent Society, or- ganized in 1846 ; Maryland Bible Society, formed in 1810; Maryland Piljrrini- A--.irialion, instituted in 1846 ; General Workiiu.-M n^ m^ k Kelief Union, or- ganized in 1851 ; Maryhiu'l SMririy for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, incorporated in 1862; Balti- more Scheutzen Society, organized in 1851; Young Catholics' Friends' Society, founded in 1842 ; Mary- land Sunday-School Union, incorporated in 1846; St. George's Society, organized in 1867 ; Society of the Army and Navy of the Confederate States, organized in 1871 ; The Maryland Line in the Confederate States, organized in 1881 ; Society of the Cincinnati, organized in 1783 ; German Mannerchor, organized in 1856; Germania Club, organized in 1840; Improved Order of Heptasophs, formed in 1878 ; Maryland Colonization Society, formed in 1817 ; Maryland Club, organized in 1857; Young Men's Christian As- sociation, formed in 1852; St. Andrew's Society, founded in l.soii; M:ir\lanil Academy of Sciences, or- ganized inl8i;;; : 1 1 ilni iii III Soc'iety, organized in 1816 ; German Society ..I Ma.yland, formed in 1817; Wed- nesday Club, formed in 1869; Athenaeum Club, formed in 1877. Militia. — The militia of Baltimore has an excep- tionally honorable record, gained not only by soldierly conduct and manly deeds in four wars, but by re- peated important services in quelling disorder and preserving the peace of the city and State. To give this record in full would take a volume, yet some mention of salient points in the history of our local militia seems to be required. Our military originated with the war of the Revolution. Previous to that time what troops were required for frontier or foreign service were either British contingents or levies made by the Provincial Assembly. The jealousies of both the home and provincial governments frowned upon all local organizations. The troubles growing out of the opposition to the stamp-tax induced the "Sons of Liberty" to procure arms and uniforms and organize as independent companies, and when the war finally broke out they volunteered. Maryland at the end of the Revolution had five full regiments in the regular service, besides several companies of artillery, five companies in the German battalion (Pulaski's Legion), four companies of riflemen, a battalion of seven in- dependent companies, a company of " matrosses," or cannoneers, and some other organizations. The State furnished, in all, 20,636 men to that war, and of these at least a fourth part came from Baltimore. When the Revolutionary war ended a good many of the old Baltimore companies were kept together as citizen-soldiery in one .shape or another, and under various names. The militia of the State was organized and formed into divisions, brigades, and regiments, in compliance with the constitution of the United States, and the volunteer uniformed companies of Baltimore were enrolled under this organization. The Fifth Regiment, then as now, was assigned to Baltimore, and the right of the line of the First Battalion was held by Capt. Mackenheimer's company, the First Baltimore Light Infantry, raised in 1792. The caj)- tain had been in the Continental army, and his company volunteered and went to the front as soon as the " Whisky Insurrection" broke out, serving as Washington's body-guard. Its uniform was light blue, faced with white. This same year several other companies were raised, — -the Independents, Capt. Strieker; the Mechanical, Capt. Coulson ; the Rifle Company, Capt. Jessup ; and the Baltimore Sans- Culottes, Capt. Buchanan. The latter company, afler the French Revolution became so atrocious for its barbarities, changed its name to the Independent Blues, and was a famous company down to quite a recent period, being notable for its natty dress and excellent drill. The First Baltimore Battalion, Maj. Lowry, organized at the same time, comprised a com- pany of grenadiers, two of " batmen," and one of light infantry ; their uniform was beautiful, in the French style. There was also a troop of horse, Capt. Bowen, in green coats faced with red, and a rifle company, in fringed hunting-shirts. The Whisky In- surrection, the brief war with France, and the steadily deepening troubles with Great Britain tended to keep up the spirit of these organizations and maintain their strength. When the war of 1812 broke out Baltimore had a good force of well-equipped volunteers, the nucleus of which exissted in the companies which have been named and others mentioned in the chapter on the war of 1812-14. We have before us manuscript sketches of the following old volunteer militia com- panies, but owing to the crowded pages of the work we are compelled to content ourselves by simply men- tioning them: The Law Grays, organized in 1850; First Rifle Regiment, organized in 1846; Maryland Cadets, organized in 1836 ; Columbian Riflemen, or- ganized in 1846; Baltimore City Guards, formed in 1830; Baltimore Independent Blues, organized in 1798; Shields Guards, organized in 1856; Baltimore City Rifles, organized in 1860 ; Mount Vernon Guards, organized in 1854; First Baltimore Light Infantry, C-C-'C^?^ /^--r^>~-tt^^^ BALTIMORE LIBRARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. 669 organized in 1787 ; Wells and McComas Riflemen, organized about 1853 ; German Guards, organized in 1846; American Riflemen, organized in 1855; Mary- land Guards, organized in 1855 ; Lafayette Guards, organized in 1853; Baltimore Invincibles, organized in 1838 ; Hibernian Corps of Union Greens, organized about 1807; Hibernian Infantry, organized in 1796; Chesapeake Riflemen, organized in June, 1845 ; Junior Artillerists, organized about 1837 ; Fifth Regiment, formed in 1792 ; Independent Grays, organized in 1833 ; Fell's Point Eagle Artillery, organized in 1789 ; Monumental Rifles, organized in 1853; Montgomery Guards, organized in 1853 ; Jackson Guards, organized in 1850 ; and the Marion Rifle Corps, organized in 1823. During the late civil war our Baltimore citizen- soldiery were enrolled and fought bravely on both sides in that terrible strife. Among those from Balti- more who were distinguished for gallantry and good conduct on the Confederate side we may mention Lieut.-Col. Richard Snowden Andrews. Col. Richard Snowden Andrews is the .son of Col. T. P. Andrews, of the LTnited States army, who was born in Ireland in 1794, and was distinguished for bravery at the battle of El Molino, in Mexico, in 1847, and breveted brigadier-general for gallantry at Cliapultepec. He was appointed paymaster-general of the army in September, 1862. He married Emily Roseville, fourth daughter of Richard and Eliza (Warfleld) Snowden. Richard Snowden, of Wales, the progenitor of the Snowdens of Maryland, is said to have held a major's commission under Oliver Cromwell. He came to Maryland in the seventeenth century. His son Rich- ard was a well-known owner of land near South River, in a deed dated Oct. 13, 1679. Aug. 1, 1686, Robin Hood's Forest, containing 10,600 acres of land, was granted to him. He was living Oct. 13, 1688, when William Parker deeded to him certain land for a consideration of £306. He died soon after 1704. His son, Richard Snowden, Jr., married, and was living as late as 1717. Richard, apparently the only son of this last-mentioned marriage, was born about 1691, and is believed to have died in 1719. His son was engaged in the manufacture of iron on the Patuxent River, and became the sole owner of the " Patuxent Iron- Works Company." Thomas, the third son of Richard, married Ann Ridgely ; their oldest child was Richard, who married Eliza, daugh- ter of Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield. Of this marriage, Emily Roseville was the wife of Col. T. P. Andrews, and the mother of the subject of our sketch. Col. R. Snowden Andrews was born in Washington, D. C, Oct. 29, 1830, and was educated at private schools in Washington and Georgetown. At the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to the carpentering trade, as preliminary to the study of architecture, which was to be his profession. In 1852 he graduated as an architect from the office of Niern- see & Neilson, the leading architects of Baltimore. In his profession as an architect he was eminently successful. Among the achievements of his art are the Hospital for the Insane in Weston County, W. Va., the Governor's mansion at Annapolis, the superintendency of the south wing of the Treasury Department at Washington, also of the United States court-house j at Baltimore, the enlargement of the custom-house, architect of the Eastern Female High School, as well as churches and public buildings. He is now en- I gaged on the Chamber of Commerce building, for which he furnished the granite, as well as that for the piers and new elevator at Locust Point for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He is the principal owner of the Westham Granite Quarries, upon the James River, about seven miles above Richmond, Va., from whence was taken the granite used in the construction of the Army and Navy Department at Washington, which is regarded as the finest piece of granite work in the world. He works from two to j four hundred hands in the quarries and works con- nected therewith. In politics Col. Andrews has always been a firm and uncompromising Democrat, but never seeking or desiring office. His sympathies and convictions of duty in 1861 drew him to espouse the cau.se of the Southern States, and in April of that year he went to Virginia and offered his services to the authorities of [ that State. Governor Letcher immediately commis- sioned him a major of Virginia cavalry, which position I he accepted, reserving the privilege of transfer to the artillery whenever a battery could be provided for him. With authority to organize a company of light artil- j lery, to be known as the First Maryland Artillery, and with the aid of the Ordnance Department of Vir- ginia, then under the charge of Col. Dinioch, he pro- ceeded with that industry and energy for which he has always been remarkable to construct and equip with guns, caissons, horses, and harness, as well as enroll, organize, and drill the men. From designs of his own the first three brass 12-pound Napoleon guns made in the Confederate States and three 12-pound brass howitzers were cast by Col. Dim- och. These were the models for all other Napoleons cast in the Confederacy. While constructing the battery and equipments he enlisted and organized one hundred and forty-seven Marylanders, by whom he was elected captain, with William F. Dement, first lieutenant; Charles Snowden Contee, first lieutenant; Frederick Dabney, second lieutenant; and Dr. De- Wilton Snowden, orderly sergeant. The company was mustered into the Virginia service in June, 1861, and the next day transferred with the other Virginia forces to the Confederate army. The com- pany was mustered into the Virginia service by the request of Governor Letcher, in order that he might supply the Marylanders with this celebrated battery. These guns were cast at the Tredegar Works in June and July, 1861, and used in all the battles of the Army of Northern Virginia during the fall and winter 670 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of 1861 and 1862. The great success of these guns ' induced the Confederate authorities to recast all of ' their 6- and 12-pound liowitzcrs into Napoleon guns ' of Andrews' pattern. The first service of this bat- tery was in the blockade of the Potomac at Evans- j port, Va. From Evansport it was transferred to Ma- 1 gruder's lines at Yorktown, and took part in all the ; engagements from Yorktown to the relief of Richmond from the army of McClellan. The battery was at- tached to the division commanded by Maj.-Gen. A. P. Hill. The siege of Richmond being raised, the battery was detached and sent to the line of the Rap- pahannock, and attached to the command of Gen. "Stonewall" Jackson, with which command it re- mained until his death. At the battle of Mechanicsville tlie Maryland Ar- tillery, under Capt. Andrews, had the honor of firing the " first gun," and was hotly engaged from three to ten o'clock. During this engagement Capt. Andrews was wounded in the leg by a ball from a spherical shell, but he did not leave his command until after the action ; and notwithstanding this severe wound he remained with the company during all the Seven Days' fights around Richmond, and for the gallantry displayed was promoted, by Gen. R. E. Lee's recom- mendation, to the rank of major. At Frazier's Farm, Gen. Lee having been informed that there was no place from which artillery could be used, directed Capt. Andrews to examine the ground and report its condition as to the use of artillery. After a thorough examination Capt. Andrews reported that he could use his battery, and was ordered in position, and did such service as to merit the distinguished approval of Gen. Lee. On the march to the Rappahannock, and before the battle of Cedar Run, Gen. "Stonewall" Jack- son discussed with Maj. Andrews the artillery ser- vice of his command and the best means of making it more effective. In these discussions Maj. Andrews suggested to Gen. Jackson the propriety of separating the artillery companies from the brigades to which they were then attached, and the formation of artil- lery battalions of four companies each, every com- pany to have guns of the same character, so that in ordering a company into action the particular class of guns could be ordered in without dividing a com- pany. This suggestion struck Gen. Jackson with great force, which was subsequently improved and made effectual by a board of officers, composed of Gen. Jackson, Col. Crutchfield, and Maj. Andrews, at " Moss Neck," below Fredericksburg, the result of which was the battalion organization of all the artil- lery companies in the Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, and which wa.s afterwards adopted by the entire army. At the battle of Cedar Run, Maj. Andrews com- manded the division artillery, composed of nine bat- teries, and, iis expressed in the official report of Gen. Pender, "the section of Andrews' Battery (Mary- land) was under Lieut. Dement, who also did fine service. Capt. Andrews, as usual, was present, chaf- ing for a fight." This battle was remarkable for the extraordinary " artillery duel," which raged for more than three hours, opposing batteries unlimbering so close to each other that during the greater part of the time they used grape and canister. Maj. Andrews' artillery was attached to Gen. Charles S. Winder's division. Of its service on that great battle-field. Col. Crutchfield, chief of artillery of the Second Corps, in his ofBcial report, " calls esi)ecial attention to the gal- lantry displayed by Maj. R. S. Andrews in this ac- tion," who, he says, " was severely wounded, and in our withdrawal fell a prisoner into the hands of the enemy." Gen. Jackson also says, " Especial credit is due Maj. Andrews for the success and gallantry with which his guns were directed until he was severely wounded and taken from the field." The wound thus mentioned by these officers was from a Parrott shell, and almost disemboweled Maj. Andrews. The "grit" of the man was now as conspicuous as the courage of the officer. Every surgeon who said he could not sur- vive he waived away : no man should treat his wound who had no hope of his recovery. Even the surgeons of the enemy had so little hope of his ever being again "fit for duty" that they paroled him instead of hold- ing him a close prisoner. Months of pain and suffer- ing ensued, and life was many times nearly gone, but the man was superior to the wound. During this " sick leave" he prepared and had published by Evans & Cogswell, of Charleston, S. C, that excellent manual, " Andrews' Mounted Artillery Drill," by which the splendid corps of artillery in the Confederate States army were drilled and educated. By permission this work was dedicated to "The Chris- tian Soldier, Lieutenant-General T. J. Jackson, by his late Chief of Division Artillery, as a slight token of appreciation of the kindness of the following com- plimentary language : ' For Major Andrews' gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Cedar Run I respectftilly recommend that his appointment date from that battle.' However worthless this work in itself may be, it assumes something of value in the author's eyes when thus rendered as a tribute of respect to 'Old Stonewall,' R. Suowden Andrews, Lieutenant- Colonel Commanding Battalion Artillery, Milford, April 11, 1863." By Special Order No. 94, Headquar- ters Department Northern Virginia, April 4, 1863, a board, to consist of Col. S. Crutchfield, Lieut.- Col. R. Snowden Andrews, and Maj. H. P. Jones, waa appointed " to meet at the camp of artillery of the Second Corps on the 10th instant, or as soon thereafter as practicable, to express an opinion as to the proper proportion of projectiles to accompany the 12-pounder Napoleon, the 16-pounder Parrott, and 3-inch rifle- guns; also whether the efficiency of artillery will be impaired by omitting the prolonge with the gun-car- riage, and extra wheel and axle with the caisson." This board Maj. Andrews attended on crutches, and MUSIC AND MUSICIANS, ART AND ARTISTS. 671 while concurring in the rejMrt as to some of the prin- cipal improvements recommended, did not concur with others. His appointment on tliis board was due to the impression made on Gen. Jackson by his views, expressed in the march to the battle of Cedar Run, on the improvement of the artillery. Tlie Second Corps of the Army of Northern Vir- ginia was commanded by Gen. T. J. Jackson, with Col. Crutchfield as chief of artillery of the corps, Lieut.-Col. Andrews as chief of artillery of the " Stone- wall" Division. Col. Andrews was on parole until October, 1862, when he was exchanged and put in charge of the Bureau of the Ordnance Department by Col. Gorgas. He returned to duty April, 1863, and reached Fredericksburg on the eve of the bat- tle of Chancellorsville, and was placed in command by Gen. Jackson of his division artillery and three other batteries, and fought Sedgwick at Fredericks- burg and Hamilton's Crossing. Following the move- ments of the Army of Northern Virginia, he partici- pated in the engagements that led to the capture of Gen. Milroy's command at Winchester, where he was again wounded, being the third serious and severe wound received in eleven months. This wound of the 15th of June, 1863, was very severe and dan- gerous, severing the large artery and veins of the right arm. Of the conduct of the Maryland Artillery at this fight Gen. Evvell remarks, in his report of operations of the Second Army Corps, " that Lieut- Col. Andrews, of the artillery, not fully recovered from his serious wound at Cedar Run, was again wounded at Winchester, and while suffering from his wound appeared on the field at Hagerstown and reported for duty." And in his official report Gen. Ewell says, " Lieut.-Col. Andrews, who had handled his artillery with great skill and effect in the engage- ment on the 15th, was -wounded just as the action closed." Col. Andrews joined his command at Ha- gerstown on the 6th of July, 1863, and at the battle of Mine Run his artillery was the only artillery en- gaged, and suffered severely. In December, 1863, after the Army of Northern Virginia was in winter-quarters. Col. Andrews was, at the request of Col. Gorgas, appointed on a board of officers at Richmond to designate what guns should be used in the campaign of 1864, and was made presi- dent of the board. Having performed that duty, he was ordered to proceed to Europe and examine the artillery of England, France, Prussia, and Austria. He proceeded in February, 1864, to Europe, and ac- companied Lieut.-Gen. Falkenstein through Schles- wig and Holstein to the north of Jutland on an expe- dition against the Danes. He was received with the utmost courtesy and attention by Gen. Von Moltke, then acting as chief of staff of Prince Frederick Carl's combined army. He inspected the arsenals of Europe, and had some guns built and tested at Newcastle- upon-Tyne and shipped to the Confederacy, but which arrived at Bermuda too late. At Bermuda Col. Andrews learned of the fall of Wilmington and I the closing of the last port of the Confederacy. He proceeded to Havana in the hope of being able to return to duty by way of the coast of Florida, but at Havana he heard of the surrender of Gens. j Lee and Johnston. From Havana he proceeded to Mexico, and was engaged for two years in the con- struction of the Imperial Railroad between Vera Cruz and the City of Mexico. Returning to Balti- more in January, 1867, he resumed the practice of his profession as an architect. Col. Andrews married Mary C. Lee, a daughter of Josiah Lee, a leading banker of Baltimore, who was a descendant of the Virginia Lees, who settled in Southern Maryland. Her mother was a daughter of the Hon. James Sewell, representative in the Twenty- seventh Congress from Harford County. After the war the Maryland militia were entirely reorganized under a new militia law creating the Maryland National Guards. This law, modified in many material regards, is still in force. Under it nine regiments were raised and uniformed in Baltimore, the Fifth, as of old, having the right of the line. Of these regiments only the Fifth remains in existence, and our citizens need no information a-s to its quali- ties and performances. Its services in the strike riots of 1877 will not speedily be forgotten. CHAPTER XXXVIII. MUSIC AND MUSICIANS, ART AND ARTISTS. If the progressive history of music in Baltimore could be written in detail it would form an exceed- ingly interesting chapter of this volume, how from feeble attempts upon the spinet and harpsichord in the eighteenth century the people gradually advanced to the far more complete and comprehensive instru- ment, the piano, and how from small coteries endeav- oring to give voice to their love for melody through the primitive instructions of the old time music-mas- ter there have been developed grand choral societies capable of interpreting the magnificent productions of Mozart, Beethoven, Haydn, and Handel, and a race of professors whose scientific knowledge is supple- mented by perfection of taste and accuracy of judg- ment. But the early musical history of a people is always involved in obscurity, — the first rude begin- nings from whence sprang those melodies which fashioned the tastes of the people. In July, 1765, Hugh Maguire opened a singing-school in St. Ann's church, Annapolis, where he proposed to teach " the new version of the psalms with all the tunes, both of particular and common measure ; and if agreeable to young ladies, will attend them at their own houses, where such as play on the spinet may in a short time and with the greatest ease learn the different psalm 672 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. tunes ; and in order that those youths who are en- gaged in other studies may not lose time from them, I have appointed the hours of attendance at church on Thursday and Friday, from five o'clock in the morn- ing till eight, and from five to seven in the afternoon, and on Saturday the above-mentioned time in the morning, and in the afternoon from two to six. Price, 15». per quarter, and one dollar entrance." Doubtless Mr. Maguire extended his services to Baltimore, and if his rates were no higher than in Annapolis, the in- habit^mts had little complaint to make ou the score of charges. In January, 1796, J. Carr had a music-store at No. 6 Gay Street, an indication that the people at that time were considerably advanced in the knowl- edge of the art or .such an establishment could not have been sustained. A concert was performed on Thursday, April 9, 1789, at John Starck's tavern, Mr. Boyer, who had been giving musical- instructions in the polite circles of Baltimore, being the- manager and conductor, and in all probability the sole bene- ficiary. Sacred music appears to have been the most popu- lar during the latter part of the eighteenth century. On Friday, Nov. 6, 1789, Ishmael Spicer offers his services to the citizens as a teacher of psalmody, and "flatters himself that he shall meet with general en- couragement." " The price for tuition, fire- wood, and candles is two dollars and a half a quarter for each scholar," cheap enough apparently even when the difference in the value of money then and now is con- sidered. Under date of Nov. 13, 1789, a gentleman advertises to give instructions on the harpsichord, showing that the piano had not yet supplanted that mild but plaintive instrument in the hearts of the people. There is a long interval of which there is no authentic record, save that a fine building, known as the " Assembly-Rooms," was erected on the northeast corner of Fayette and Holliday Streets, and devoted to dancing and the fine arts. It is not difficult to imagine that its spacious chambers at times re-echoed floods of melody, and that there were laid the founda- tions for those more ambitious efforts of recent years. It is announced on Thursday, Feb. 25, 1819, "that the Harmonic Society of Baltimore will give their first concert of vocal and instrumental music in their hall on Charles Street, Mr. J. Nenijiger conductor. Per- formance at 7 o'clock. Tickets to be had at F. Lucas' and E. J. Coale's book-stores and Robinson's Li- brary." Many persons will recognize the depositaries of tickets from the imprint of their firm-names upon old pieces of music, such as the " Captive Knight," " The Danube River," and many other ballads that were greeted with enthusiasm long years ago. About two years from this date it is learned that " the composition of the celebrated Haydn, the sacred oratorio entitled ' The Creation,' is to be performed on Thursday evening. May 3, 1821, in the new cathe- dral of the Roman Catholic Church in Baltimore, by the Baltimore Harmonic Society, with the assistance of professors present and upwards of one hundred and twenty ladies and gentlemen amateurs;" further on there is a meagre account of the great performance. There was assembled to hear it " the most splendid audience of beauty and fa.shion that we have ever witnessed. Notwithstanding a severe rain, the citi- zens repaired to the church at an early hour, and the seats approximating the orchestra were filled to over- flowing in a few minutes." The manufacture of musical instruments had evi- dently been making headway in the country. In April, 1821, it is noted that "the artist, Mr. Thomas Hall,' of New York, is already well known in Balti- more as the builder of the two finest organs that had ever been seen in Baltimore until the completion of the cathedral organ, — I mean the one in St. Paul's and that in the First Independent church. This im- mense organ is incomparably the largest in America." A grand concert by the Baltimore Harmonic So- ciety is advertised to take place at the Masonic Hall, March 6, 1823. In 1827 another step in advance was noted. On Friday, May 25th of that year, the Musical Associa- tion was organized at the Athenseum, in this city, with the following list of oflScers : President, Fielding Lucas ; Vice-President, B. I. Cohen ; Treasurer, Wil- liam H. Murray; Secretary, William Neal; Directors, Benjamin C. Howard, Justus Hoppe, J. J. Cohen, Jr., David Hoifman, J. Pennington, James Gibson, John Cole, and William Bose. A constitution was adopted for the government of the society, and subscriptions collected suflicient to defray its expenses. In the following year the Baltimore Choral Society was formed, and a meeting held May 26th in the saloon of the Athenaeum. Under the auspices of the Musical Association, a series of delightful concerts were given for the benefit t)f the poor of the city, which netted a handsome sum for charity, and doubt- less contributed much to the development of correct musical taste, now a distinct characteristic of the people. The first mircc of the Musical Association took place Jan. 17, 1833, and was attended by a "gifted and brilliant" assemblage of ladies and gen- tlemen. The same association rendered an oratorio Feb. 25, 1836, at Rev. Dr. Duncan's church, for the benefit of the Sunday-schools of the city. From this time onward the progress of music was very rapid. The great influx 6f Germans contrib- uted much to this result. They brought with them their knowledge of music and their enthusiasm. The Leiderkrantz, the German Music Society, the Ger- niania Mannerchor, and many other kindred associa- tions were formed in Baltimore. A grand oratorio of " The Seasons" was performed Jan. 13, 1842, at the Assembly-Rooms by the Leiderkrantz and the Ger- man Jlusic Society. In December, 1849, the Balti- more Musical Association was dissolved, and reor- ganized on a better basis. A grand musical festival was given in this city June MUSIC AND MUSICIANS, ART AND ARTISTS. 9, 1851. It was a combination of the German vocal associations of the Eastern and Middle States, num- bering six hundred voices. The festival took place at the Front Street Theatre, and the compositions of the most celebrated German composers were rendered with great skill and splendid effect. In December of the same year the Lenschow Musical Association, a select organization, consisting of nineteen young gen- tlemen, who had been in constant practice for a year, gave a very enjoyable concert of classic music. Jenny Lind reached Baltimore Dec. 8, 1850. The same enthusiasm, in kind if not in degree, was exhib- ited here as elsewhere. Tickets to her concerts sold at fabulous prices, and her eiforts on the stage were received with a storm of applause. It would not be fair to say that Baltimore had never before welcomed a great artiste, but assuredly nowhere in America, prior to her advent, had the people heard a singer of such cultivation combined with such extraordinary power. She showed the people of what the human voice was capable under certain conditions, and from her coming may be dated a new era in the history of vocal music. An impetus was given to the cultiva- tion of the voice, after all the truest and most perfect medium that music possesses. Skillful and scientific teachers were secured, many of the church choirs were remodeled, and the taste for vocal music of a high order became general among the people. Many citizens remember with pleasure the operatic renditions of the Pyne & Harrison opera troupe, but perhaps the most genuine enthusiasm was created in 1860, when Strakosch presented to the opera-going public the combination of Adelina Patti, Madame Coulson, Brignoli, Stigelli, and Amodio. The prima donnas and tenors sang on alternate nights, Coulson with Stigelli, and Patti with Brignoli, and it was diffi- cult to determine on which side ranged the greater number of partisans. Since that time many of the most famous singers of Europe have visited the city, — Piccolomini, Parepa, Nilsson, Lucca, and Titiens, — but none have produced the enthusiasm and excite- ment caused by Jenny Lind and the troupe above mentioned. In 1854, and again in 18-59, the Grand National Sangerbund assembled in Baltimore, and for days the inhabitants were fairly saturated with song. Several thousand voices supplied the chorus on each occasion, and the choicest music was rendered. The general convention of the American St. Csecil- ian Societies convened at St. Alphonsus' Hall, Aug. 22, 1876. A grand concert was given in St. Alphon- sus' church, at which music selected in accordance with the severe views of the organization was ele- gantly rendered. It was an interesting occasion, but the societies have not yet succeeded to any extent in imparting their cla.ssical severity to the church music of Baltimore City. Some of the churches adopted the Gregorian chant, but, with rare exceptions, they have allowed it to fall into disuse, the tastes of the congregations plainly tending in the other direc- tions. The Maryland Musical Festival began at the Acad- emy of Music, May 27, 1878, under the direction of Prof. Asger Hamerick, director of the Conservatory of Music of the Peabody Institute, and lasted three days. The festival was the outgrowth of a cultured taste for music which had gradually grown up among the citizens. It was the culmination of many previ- ous efforts in the same direction, and was in every re- spect a credit to the city. Admirable taste was dis- played in the selections, embracing many of the most remarkable works of the great masters, and the finished manner in which they were executed and the evident delight with which they were received bespoke a corps of trained musicians of great excellence in the com- munity, and an audience thoroughly capable of ap- preciating the loftiest efforts of musical genius. The numerous musical organizations in the city and the Conservatory of Music of the Peabody Institute, through its annual concerts, have done much to de- velop and educate the tastes of the people, and will doubtless continue to be a potent influence in Balti- more. Of the popular teachers of music in old times in Baltimore City were the Gilles brothers, Italians. The elder Gilles was the most celebrated hautboy player of his day, and the younger fingered and bowed the violoncello with great ease and dexterity. They came to this country to give a series of concerts, and finally settled in Baltimore, where they taught vocal music according to the Italian system. Two brothers named Neninger, one of whom has already been mentioned in connection with a concert given by the Harmonic Society in 1819, both violinists, taught instrumental music in Baltimore for many years. Messrs. Dielman, Lucchesi, and Gosden were noted flutenists. Charles Meineke, a German, was a skillful pianist and organist, and amassed by industry and frugality a large fortune, but left no heir to in- herit his wealth, he being a bachelor. Among the prominent performers and composers of music in Baltimore, past and present, may be mentioned An- thony Philip Heinrich, Thomas Statford Damer, Julius E. Muller, Arthur Clifton, John Cole, Sual Shaw, Charles Meineke, George W. Mennick, Fred- erick Lucchesi, Levi Wilder, E. Higenbotham, Henry M. Jungernickel, Ernest Szemelengi, A. J, Cleve- land, Henry Dielman, Henry Schwing, Frank Bar- rington, Frederick Eversman, Jennie Busk, J. H. Hewitt, Joseph Gegan, William Harman, C. S. Per- cival, Alexander Jamieson, James M. Deems, Francis and George Walter, J. T. Stoddard, Vincent Schmidt, a celebrated guitarist, Augustus Metz, Albert and Mrs. Holland, James and Dominic May, Charles Gola, G. J. Conradt, John F. Petri, Louis Eobuck, Mr. De Bonceray, and Otto Sutro. Mr. Sutro is widely known and esteemed. He was born in Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia, on the 24th 674 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of February, 1833. His father was Emanuel Sutro, and his mother, Rosa Warendorf In business his father was an extensive clotli manufacturer, employ- ing many hundred hands. He was a man of fine natural gifts, highly cultivated, refined, and improved by extensive travel. At an early age Otto Sutro evinced a decided talent for music, which was encour- aged and promoted by his parents, themselves es- pecially devoted to the " divine art." After instruc- tion by tiie best masters of liis native city, his father took him to the renowned Mendelssohn in 1845, who advised his being sent to the Conservatory of Music. But, owing to the death of his father in 1847, his mother ciianged his destination to the Conservatory of Music at Brussels, where his musical studies were begun in real earnest. Making rapid progress, lie soon took higli position in his classes for composition of music for piano and organ, and so proficient did he become on the latter instrument that the famous organist. Prof I. Lemmeus, appointed him his as- sistant. His mother having, with all the children but one, migrated to America, Otto, drawn by his strong affection for her, followed, and arrived in New York, from whence he came directly to Baltimore, in 1851, where he obtained the position of organist to the Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church. Overtaken by the " California fever," he sought his fortune in the El Dorada of the Pacific, along with thousands of other young and energetic men who made the Argonauts of California. In California he gave in- structions in music for a short time, but the fever of "gold-digging" carried him to the mines, where, alternately digging and playing, merchant and mus- ician, he passed an eventful life. In concert companies traveling over the State from mining districts to country towns his life was replete with adventure, hardship, and hairbreadth escapes from all kinds of dangers, which matured without hardening his char- acter. While in San Francisco he was organist of the Catholic cathedral, in Vallejo Street; of the Rev. Dr. Scott's church, on Bush Street ; and lastly of Bishop Kipp's Protestant Episcopal church, on Row- ell Street ; and in San Francisco, as elsewhere, he was considered a most proficient and excellent instructor of music. The same affection for his mother that imiielled his coming to America drew him back to the Atlantic States, and lie returned to Baltimore in February, 1858, and has made it his permanent home. And here he has had charge of most of the music of the great charity engagements during the war, and in ap- preciation of his valuable services the " Southern Educational Society" presented him with a handsome silver set. " Wednesday evenings at Sutro's" have a history of music, pleasure, and entertainment that will long be cheri.shed by some of the best people of Baltimore, and laid the foundation of the " Wednes- day Club," since become famous in Baltimore for mu- sical and dramatic entertainments by non-professionals. Upon Mr. Sutro's marriage with Miss Handy, of Mis- sissippi, the Bachelors' Club of Wednesday evening was dissolved, and those who have so long enjoyed the pleasure of these delightful enterUiinments united in presenting, through William Preseott Smith, a silver pitcher of unique design, commemorative of the "good times" they had had under the hospitable roof of Baltimore's great musician. Mr. Sutro is the .agent for the celebrated Chickering pianos, also George Wood's organs, Kranich & Bach, Haines' Bros., Dunham & Sons' pianos, and Wilcox & White's organs, and is engaged in the business of sheet-music upon a very large scale. En- terprise like tliat of Mr. Sutro deserves to be, and has been, rewarded with the countenance and full support of the peoi)le of Baltimore. Art and Artists.— The earliest indication of a taste for art which the records of Maryland show is the resolution of the Provincial Assembly in 1766 to erect at Annapolis a marble statue to William Pitt, and the provision therein made for the painting of his portrait. The portrait-painters of Maryland include Charles Wilson Peale in 1773, who com- pleted in the next year in London the portrait of the Earl of Chatham, the "first fruit of his science," and which he gave to the province, to be placed in the State-House, with the hope that it would " redound to his reputation" and confer an honor upon him. In 1788, Mr. Peale, "expecting to leave Baltimore shortly," announced that his portraits may be seen every day at his room in Daniel Bowley's buildings, on Water Street, between South and Commerce. In February, 1799, Rembrandt Peale was painting por- traits in Annapolis at forty dollars each. In 1807, C. Boyle, portrait-painter, was located at No. 6 Calvert Street. In 1811, Francis Guy, the landscape-painter, advertised his invention of a paper carpet, and that it was on exhibition at Robert Elliott's paper-hang- ing warehouse. In the same year James McGibbon, portrait-painter, had his studio at No. 6 Gay Street. The growth of the taste for works of art in Balti- more had been gradual and without any important manifestations in the way of organization until the formation of the Maryland Art Association, March 5, 1847, which was designed to be an association of artists and amateurs of the city for promoting the knowledge and practice of fine arts in Maryland ; a committee, consisting of Messrs. S. Smith, R. Carey Long, and O. Tiftany, Jr., was authorized to solicit from patrons of art contributions towards forming a collection of studies. How long the Maryland Art I Association continued there are no records to show. I It was but the beginning of that development in the study and encouragement of fine arts which has since that time had such success in this city. I In 1870 the Maryland Academy of Art was organ- ! ized at Knabe's Hall, on May 20th, with Dr. Archibald George as temporary president, and A. J. H. Way as secretary. The i>resident gave an exposition of the :^r Z9fa/r^^^^f-^ MUSIC AND MUSICIANS, ART AND ARTISTS. objects contemplated by the academy, and of a con- stitution for its government. It was composed of artists, amateur artists, and lovers of art generally, including ladies.' It was thought that as Baltimore was then " begin- ning to assume a metropolitan character," and giving " indications of a growing interest in art, that it was a propitious moment for the formation of this acad- emy." It was not only the aim of the founders to promote the appreciation of the fine arts in this city, but also to aid the progress and a.ssist the interests of artists by art exhibitions, discourses and lectures on art, etc., and to establish an art centre and rendezvous for foreign and native talent, and to concentrate in an organized form the congenial art elements of the com- munity. The following officers were elected at the meeting June 2, 1870 : Hon. George W. Dobbin, president; A. J. H. Way, vice-president; William H. Graham, treasurer; George H. Coale, recording sec- retary ; Allan H. Redwood, corresponding secretary ; Directors, S. Teackle Wallis, Louis McLane, William Prescott Smith, Israel Cohen, W. H. Carpenter, A. K. Fulton, Joseph H. Meredith, Albert T. Bledsoe, Au- gustus George, A. J. Volck, Col. J. R. Johnson, J. Crawford Neilson, E. G. Lind, E. F. Baldwin, John W. Torsch, and Leonce Rabillon. The academy was located on Mulberry Street, near Cathedral, and by Oct. 30, 1871, had taken such a start and firm hold upon society as to give a promise of permanence. The studies for the antique school had arrived, and were set up in the Hall of Sculpture. These studies were casts of nearly all the masterpieces of antiquity. In 1873 the works of art belonging to the Maryland Academy of Art were transferred to the Peabody In- stitute, and afterwards to the Maryland Historical Society, where they now form part of that splendid art gallery, and the academy was dissolved. The gallery of art of the Maryland Historical Society also contains many valuable paintings. The Decorative Art Society of Baltimore was or- ganized in May, 1878, for the formation and diffusion of a knowledge of decorative art, training in artis- tic industries, and the exhibition and sale of artistic work, and had its first public exhibition in October, 1878, in which nearly every mode of artistic decora- 1 We find the following account in the Sun of May 23, 1838, of an earlier organization, but there exists no other information aa to its work or duration : " The following are elected officers of the Maryland Academy of Fine Arts for the ensuing twelve months: William Frick, president; James H. Miller, M.D., first vice-president; William Gwynn, Esq., second vice-president; Samuel Jones, Jr., treasurer; F. H. Davidge, correspond- ing secretary ; J. N. McJilton, recording secretary ; Directors, Dr. H. H. ' Hayilen, T. S. Arthur, Dr. C. A. Harris, John Needles, Martin Lewis. "The following were elected professore for the ensuing seven years: James Jackson, artist, professor of painting ; Henry Stout, professor of sculpture; S. K. Jennings, M.D., professor of anatomy; Cliristopher C. Cox, M.D., professor of chemistry; R. C. Long, artist, professor of archi- tecture; E. Wellmore, artist, professor of engraving." The first public exhibition of paintings in Baltimore took place in 1822, at the Museum, but the catalogue has been lost; that of 1823, at the same place, presented a large number of valuable paintings. tion was exhibited. The possibility of household adornment, rather than the cultivation of high art, is the province of this society, and its work is chiefly done by amateurs. Paintings on china plaques, etchings on sepia, on wood chevals, and embroideries, panels for cabinets, pen-and-ink sketches on silk, water-color sketches, painting on ivory, satin, slate, and leather, delicate laces, lambrequins, various kinds of pottery, illuminated missals, and vases of majolica were among the collections exhibited by the society at various times. Mrs. Allan P. Smith is president, Isaac Brooks treasurer, and J. J. Jackson secretary. Justly distinguished in many ways as a citizen of Baltimore, William T. Walters is beyond all question the city's foremost, most liberal, and most discrimin- ating friend of art. His collection, at his home in Mount Vernon Place, is not only the pride of all Baltimoreans, but is known and valued throughout the United States and in foreign capitals. It is no frag- mentary assemblage of simply pretty things, picked up here and there, nor yet the limited collection of a specialist, but, as representing the highest art, it is so full, so varied in its character, so noble in all its de- tails, so valuable in even its smallest object, so inter- esting in its associations, and grouped with such true judgment that it is incomparably the finest collection in America, and persons fully familiar with art abroad will find it difficult to recall any private col- lection in Europe of wider scope or of as equally high average of excellence. His early fondness for art induced Mr. Walters, more than forty years ago, to devote a part of his first year's business profit in Baltimore to the purchase of the best pictures he could then procure, and no year in all the intervening time has passed without fresh additions to his collection, until, by constant pruning and repruning, and the addition of works of greater and still greater excellence, the array is now so ad- mirable that it seems impossible that he should im- prove upon his present art possessions. Mr. Walters has explored the whole domain of art, and brought treasures from its most secret works. Painting, sculp- ture, bronzes, ceramics, bric-a-brac, rare historic metal, wood, and glass-work catch the glance on every side from the moment one enters Mr. Walters' house. His most famous picture is Paul Delaroche's " Hemicy- cle," which was procured at great hazard when the Commune reigned in Paris. It lay for a long time at Marseilles, before it became safe to ship it to America ; and now, if Mr. Walters were willing to send it back to France, he could name his own price for it. Paris possesses a copy of it only, and that not by the mas- ter's hand, but by his pupil's, under Delaroche's su- pervision. Besides this world-renowned work, Mr. Walters has upon the walla of his gallery GSrome's " Duel after the Masquerade," and his " Diogenes ;" Jules Breton's " Close of Day ;" Gleyre's " Lost Illu- sions;" Millet's " Potato Harvest;" Horace Vernet's " Brigands Surprised by Papal Troops ;" Achenbach's 676 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. " Sea-coast of Sicily ;" Cabanel's " Pandora ;" Knauss' "Children Making Dirt Pies;" Vautier's " Consult- ing His Lawyers;" Merle's "Scarlet Letter;" Gal- lait's " Oblivion of Sorrow ;" De Neuville's " In the Trenches," and " Surprised at Dawn ;" Ary Scheffer's " Christ Weeping Over Jerusalem," together with admirable works by Boughton, Fr6re, and Hidde- man. There arc more than a hundred other paint- ings, not one of which but is a celebrity. The partisan of no especial school, Mr. AValters has brought together the finest works of the very best French, Belgian, German, English, and American artists. Personally familiar with the most distin- guished European painters, from many years' resi- dence among them, he has obtained, from time to time, their best productions. The Paris Expositions of 1867 and 1878 and the Vienna Exposition of 1873 were closely studied by him, and yielded many noble works to his collection. These treasures have won a wide celebrity, especially with the truest critics and people of naturally cultivated taste. They are freely accessible to his friends, to all artists, all serious stu- dents of art, and throughout a part of each year to the general public. There are also in Mr. Walters' collection two cases of Japanese lacquer-work, which include some of the finest pieces in existence, and this collection is said by very high authority to be as complete as any in the world, and not likely ever to be excelled, for the art in its perfectness is a lost one. Here are also Japanese swords, silk knots, glass, ivory, stone, and metal ob- jects in the most curious and beautiful workman.ship of the East. The porcelain room has been described as being "like a picture taken out of the Arabian J Nights." The collection is historically perfect, from I the old Corean, through all the Japanese, Chinese, ; and other Oriental |)oriods, down to the daintiest modern Sevres. Among others of Mr. Walters' treasures may be mentioned the Angelica Kaufman cabinet and a su- perb collection of Viennese porcelain vases and plates j and glass pieces, the delicate lines of the engraving on which can only be seen when they are held in a strong \ light ; but no mere sketch can do justice to this palace j of art. It would fill a volume to give even the names of all the specimens, much less the interesting his- torical associations connected with them and the sep- arate histories of very many pieces of extraordinary interest. In the Louis XVI. room are the bedstead and hangings, tapestry, dressing-table, and other per- sonal belongings of the court of Marie Antoinette, — a charming combination of blue, white, and gold. Then there is the Nuremberg room, full of antique furniture and rare old plaques, and another room which contains nothing but Oriental embroideries. Mr. Walters was one of the first to detect the genius of the sculptor Rinehart, and urged him to go to Rome for study, freely opening his purse to him. In Mr. Walters' gallery is "The Woman of Samaria," a grand work of Rinehart's chisel, whilst over the grave of Mrs. Walters, iti Greenmount Cemetery, is a bronze monumental figure, in which the sculptor has most pathetically expressed his grief at the loss of the gentle and gracious lady, of whom he could say that she was his steadfast friend. Rinehart left his estate of some fifty thousand dol- lars to art uses in Baltimore, making Mr. Walters and B. F. Newcomer the trustees of the fund. It was through the zealous endeavors of Mr. Walters and S. Teackle Wallis that the State of Maryland was in- duced to commission Rinehart to make the heroic statue of Chief Justice Taney, which in majestic dignity sits in front of the State-House at Annapolis. Mr. Walters is one of the permanent trustees of the Corcoran Art Museum at Washington, and chairman of the purchasing committee ; he is aUo a trustee of the Peabody Institute of Baltimore, and cli;iirman of its committee on art. _Mr. Walters is sprung from a hardy St-otili- Irish ancestry, who settled, more than a century ago, in Pennsylvania, on the Juniata River, from its mouth to forty miles above it, that region being then an un- broken wilderness. The descendants of this stock, by their labor and shrewd enterprise, steadily pushing their fortunes in other places, have left their kindred still in possession of a large part of their primitive domain. It was here that, in 1820, Mr. Walters was born. His father, Henry Walters, was a merchant and banker in this vicinity. His mother's maiden name was Jane Thompson. In 1845, Mr. Walters married Ellen, daughter of Charles A. and Anna D. Harper, of Philadelphia. Mrs. Walters died in London in 1862, leaving two children,— a son, who graduated at Georgetown Col- lege, and afterwards took a special course of practical science at Harvard University, and a daughter, who was educated at the Convent of the Visitation, George- town, D. C. As the subject of this sketch grew into boyhood the mineral interests of Pennsylvania, which have since grown so great, began to claim marked attention, and improved means of intercourse by canal and railway between the mountain-severed sections of the State were matters of constant and general dis- cussion. Foreseeing the public need of educated energy in this direction, his parents educated him as a raining engineer. Although even in his early man- hood he settled to a different pursuit, yet much of the leading power of his character was strengthened and intensified in his youth by the laborious and hazard- ous field-practice of his profession. In severe journeys on horseback or on foot through the rugged moun- tain regions of his State, where for hundreds of miles along the ridges there was a wilderness, without road or bridle-path, long before the eastward-flowing and the westward-flowing waters were united by human energy and art, and before the locomotive sent its eclioes, as it now does hourly, from the summits of the MUSIC AND MUSICIANS, ART AND ARTISTS. 677 Blue Ridge and the Alleghenies, he grew personally familiar with the whole rough region, which has since yielded to the country such incalculable stores of coal and iron. The physical and mental invigoration of this hardy life marks him notably now, while the openness of nature, in all her aspects of savagery and tenderness, powerfully nourished that love of the vig- orous, the grand, and the beautiful which has distin- guished him throughout life. In his early manhood, indeed before he was twenty-one, such was the abso- lute reliance of his friends on his sense, energy, vigi- lance, and power to command men, that he was put in charge of an extensive smelting establishment in Lycoming County, Pa., where under his management was made the first iron ever made from mineral coal in the United States. In 1841, then twenty-one years oi' age, he came to Baltimore, established a commis- sion business, and soon won the lead in the Pennsyl- vania produce trade. A few years later he established the we 1-known house of W. T. Walters & Co., which has a commercial credit without limit, and rank^ with the strongest houses in the country. Outside of his special business, Mr. Walters has been prominent in the organization of nearly every line of steamers sail- ing from Baltimore. He was president of the first line to Savannah, and at an early day was a director in the Northern Central Railway. Here, largely through his energetic action, in connection with his life-long friend, the late Col. Thomas A. Scott, a dilapidated local railroad was thoroughly rebuilt, re-equipped, re- organized, and made of conspicuous importance by its union with the vast and admirable system known as the Pennsylvania Railroad. This imperial corpor- ation has for years past been a leading force in bind- ing Baltimore to the North and West by a great trade that has been of incalculable power in giving wealth to the city. At the close of the war he insisted on the advan- tages of immediately organizing Baltimore and Southern steamship lines, and all the companies have received from him co-operation in their undertakings. In the vast Southern and Southwestern railroad com- binations of recent years he has been one of the lead- ers, who by their foresight, energy, and willingness to venture large sums of money have assumed the control of interests imperial in their magnitude. For many years he held that it would be profitable and practicable to unite the great lakes and the Gulf of Mexico by one continuous line of railroad, of straight line and easy grades, east of the Alleghenies, and for himself, his firm, and as a trustee for others, he pur- chased many hundred miles of continuous and tribu- tary Southern railroads. The combination is now an accomplished fact, and, with thetitle of the Coast Line, is controlled by himself and his associates. They have the majority interest in the roads from Balti- more through Washington, Alexandria, Richmond, Petersburg, Weldon, Wilmington, Florence, Charles- ton, Savannah, and Jacksonville, Fla., fully one thou- sand miles. They control in the same way lateral rail- roads tributary to the Coast Line of over five hundred miles, and also vast Western and Southwestern roads, ! penetrating to Atlanta, Ga., Memphis, Tenn., and to the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis. All these roads reach the sea at Norfolk by continuous lines. This great network of railways, sweeping all the Southern, I Western, and midland country, comprises more than I two thousand miles of track, the highways by which our commerce to the extent of many millions is car- I ried on, concentrating from vast areas the products of our soil for home consumption and shipment abroad, and taking to all the points of nearly a score of great States the products of the sea-board and of the whole producing world. This railway combination is made up of thirteen distinct corporations, in each of which Mr. Walters is a managing director. Though they have separate administrations, they are practically under one control. These investments in Southern property have, with clear foresight, been based on the firmest conviction that there would soon come that era of splendid pros- perity now manifest in that section ; and no temporary disaster could ever shake his belief in the speedy and i stable prosperity of the South. Mr. Walters' faith ; was notably shown in this regard when the panic of 1873 threatened with ruin the vast enterprise of the Texas Pacific Railroad. His judgment held firmly to this great work, and to the heavy investments in it of himself and friends. He was unflagging in his energy to push the great road ahead, plainly foreseeing its power in opening up the new world of Mexico to 1 our trade and travel. That consummation is now near achievement, and so is the road's 'Completion westward, which will establish the shortest line of continual road from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean, and bring to Atlantic waters the harvests of California. Mr. Walters has been throughout this enterprise, and is now, chairman of the company's executive committee. It is his force that has with tire- less vigor pushed on this great work to its completion. Mr. Walters' faculty for leadership and government, based on his broad sense, his absolutely tireless energy, his probity, his knowledge of men, his quick appre- ciation of capacity in any calling, and his power to in- spire personal attachments, have had much to do with the steady growth of his fortune, which is now one of the largest of the time. Bold and aggressive, but cool and prudent; wide-reaching but exact; prompt to the moment in all engagements; holding his verbal promise in all things as of absolute obligation ; never repining; instant in his intuition of character; a natural negotiator, but more a keen listener and looker than a talker; at work early and late ; always on his feet; always coming out right in practical results, he won early a leader's place, and com- manded for his house a solid financial credit that has never been shaken for a moment even in times of the greatest commercial disaster. 678 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Notwithstanding a life of severe work, which with unabated vigor he still continues, Mr. Walters is yet in his prime; while from his high position, his liberal conduct and controlling character, he must have much yet to do for himself and for the general benefit. CHAPTER XXXIX. AMUSEMENTS. In its early days Baltimore, like other large towns of the province, had its " assembly-room," where pub- lic meetings and especially balls were held. Taverns and coffee-houses were also numerous, and the latter, which have now entirely gone out of vogue, were much frequented by all classes of the townsfolk, while they supplied to thecommonalty at once a club-house and an assembly-room. In the popular balls held at these places the people drank rum and Madeira wine, and danced jigs and hipsaws. The most fashionable dances were simple " contra dances," with which the ball was both opened and closed, — " la minuet ordi- naire, with pas grave," " la minuet de la cour, with the gavet," "allemand," " perigourdine," hornpipe, cotillions, reels, etc. As yet the waltz, the polka, and gallop were not, on this continent at least. The polka and gallop were introduced into this city, and in Washington at a later period, by a Pole named Corponi, who turned the heads of the girls with his fine military figure and graceful movements. The music at these assemblies comprised two or three violins, with maybe a flageolet, a flute, or a clarionet, and, for the end sought, was nearly always good. Card-parties were a regular feature at these enter- tainments, and the game usually played (always for money) was the now obsolete one of long whist. In- toxication was not tolerated, and all persons who showed signs of it were promptly removed from the presence of the company. The managers were always present, and did their duty faithfully. The manners of the getitlemen at these assemblies were generally refined and elegant, courteous, and somewhat pom- pous and ceremonious. They dressed in short breeches, wore handsome knee-buckles, silk stockings, buckled pumps, waistcoat of any color, coming nearly down to the knee, and bound with gold or silver lace, with immense flap-pockets and great hanging cuffs, from beneath which appeared the gentleman's indispen- .sable lace ruffles. About their necks was a white cravat of great amplitude, with abundant hanging ends of lace. Elaborate powdered wigs, small three- cornered cocked hats of felt or beaver, laced with gold or silver galloon, and small swords completed the costume of the gentlemen of the olden time. The ladies wore jeweled stomachers and tight-laced I stays, with trails of taffeta fifteen yards long; their ' heads were pyramids of pasted hair, surmounted by turbans or great feather head-dresses. It wsis one of the features of the times that guests often rode to balls in full dress on horseback. The aristocracy were fully represented upon these occasions ; the best of manners prevailed, the suppers were sumptuous and i elegant, and it was en rh/le for gentlemen subscribers to contribute partridges, woodcock, canvas-backs, etc., out of their private game-bags. Many ladies and gentlemen came in their handsome and costly carriages and chariots, with postilions and outriders ; in livery, from Alexandria, Elkridge, Annapolis, and other places. The assembly balls were very exclu- sive, and were founded upon and supported by the subscriptions of gentlemen, renewed every season. The subscription to the Baltimore assembly-rooms immediately after the war was £3 lOs., equal to about twelve dollars in the money of these degenerate days. The assemblies were held every fortnight during " the seasop," and began at six o'clock, and were officially over at 10 p.m., though there is evidence that some of the young and reckless people kept them up much later. It is worthy of remark, now that we have such ele- 1 gant devices in the form of visiting and admission cards, that nearly all the cards of those early days ! were written or printed upon common playing cards. This was owing, perhaps, to the circumstance that 1 blank cards were not then manufactured in the United : States, and none but playing cards were imported for sale. Several specimens of these assembly cards are still extant. One of these, from a leading gentleman i of the town, requesting Miss Cox's company, is writ- ten on the back of the queen of hearts, — perhaps in- tended as a compliment to a charming belle of the past. Another invitation to the same lady from the " Juvenile Amicable Society" is printed on the back of the deuce of diamonds, requesting her company " at a ball to be held at six o'clock p.m. at the room formerly occupied by the Sociable Society, in Lovely Lane" (now German Street, between South and Cal- vert), signed by E. Towson and T. Fisher, managers, and dated March 22, 1793. On Nov. 22, 1792, she I received an invitation "to Mr. Curley's ball at 6 P.M.," printed on the back of the four of spades. The ! •' honor of Miss Cox's company" was also requested in red-letter printing and border on the back of the six of diamonds, date not specified. On April 30, 1794, she is invited to Mr. Mansell's ball by J. Nichols, J. Scott, J. Whittington, and J. Ringgold, j printed in black on the nine of hearts. One of the I invitations of the Baltimore Dancing Assembly, in November, 1797, is printed on plain card-board, from which it appears that Miss Cox was " requested for the season at Mr. Bryden's Fountain Inn." This in- vitation was signed by M. Pringle, C. Ridgely, of H., W. Van Wyck, R. Curson, Jr.. S. Walker, J. Car- ruthcrs, J. Storctt, and .1. S. iJuclianan, managers. AMUSEMENTS. 679 The Baltimore Dancing Assembly, organized shortly after the Revohition, usually met at the In- dian Queen Hotel, then situated at the southeast corner of Baltimore and Hanover Streets ; and the Ami- cable Society (composed of bachelors), formed about 1789, met at Daniel Grant's, Fountain Inn, on the site of the present Carrollton Hotel, Light Street. In April, 1790, Mr. Grant proposed to Otlio H. Wil- liams, Robert Gilmor, Wm. Van Wyck, Wm. Robb, David Sterett, and Richard Curson, the managers of the Baltimore Dancing Assembly, to build a house on the southwest corner of Light Street and Pine Alley suitable "for an assembly-room, with a commodious supper-room, card-room, closets, etc." He proposed to give bonds for the completion of the building in accordance with the plan submitted, for the use of { the assembly for three years, beginning on the 1st of j October, " and to provide every winter during said term complete entertainment for the assemblies, con- sisting of music, supper, wines, and all customary re- freshments and attendance, upon condition that one hundred persons subscribe thirty dollars each, paya- ble in two, four, and six months." The managers considered the proposition a reasonable one, and ac- cepted the terms proposed. Mr. Grant immediately began the erection of the building, which was one hundred and twenty-three feet long and thirty-five feet wide, on a lot fronting sixty feet on Light Street, with a depth of one hundred and eighty feet to an alley. Adjoining this lot was another, on which a shed was erected one hundred and thirty feet long, suitable for the accommodation of the horses and carriages of those attending the assembly. The house was one story high, with a cellar under it. The enterprise, however, proved unprofitable, and Mr. Grant, at the close of his lease, offered the build- ing for sale. At this time the Light Street Methodist church occupied the opposite corner of the alley, on the west side of Light Street, and frequently the gay people of the world and the austere men and women of religion held assemblies on the same evening, and the songs of praise and the growl of the bass viol, in- termingling in curious discord, gave great offense to the members of the church. Accordingly, when the Cokesbury College, at Abingdon, Harford Co., was destroyed by fire, on Dec. 4, 1796, the Methodists pur- chased the property as the site for a new college, which was again destroyed by fire in the year following. In the mean time the Baltimore Dancing Assem- bly gave their entertainments at the Indian Queen Hotel, then under the management of Wm. Evans. The season of 1796 began on January 18th, and con- tinued every second Wednesday during the winter, with Richard Curson, Wm. Robb, Wm. MacCreery, Joseph Sterett, Andrew Buchanan, and Samuel Walker as managers. The assembly in 1797 met at the Fountain Inn, with the same managers as the year previous. In February, 1796, a number of gen- tlemen met at the house of John O'Donnell, in Gay Street, for the purpose of receiving subscriptions and organizing an association to erect a new dancing as- sembly. Measures were adopted to build a hall, and a lot was shortly afterwards secured at the northeast corner of Fayette and Holliday Streets, upon which a spacious and handsome structure two stories in height was erected. A third story was added in after- years, making it at the time the finest building of the character in the United States. The structure was erected by subscription, after the design of Col. Nich- olas Rogers, and cost originally $30,000. It was opened for the reception of the Dancing Assembly on Jan. 17, 1798, which continued to meet every second Thursday during the season. The managers were Robert Gilmor, Nicholas Rogers, Thorogood Smith, Zebulon Hollingsworth, Mark Pringle, and David Harris. The New Assembly-Rooms comprised several large and elegant i loons, with dressing- rooms for ladies and gentlemen, and were exclusively devoted to the entertain- ments of fashionable life. Regular assem- blies were held here _ _ _ for many years in ,„,, jssk\iiii.v-hi..i)is. succession, and prob- ably the most expensive and elegant, as it certainly was the most distinguished, was the renowned "Silver Supper," spread therein after the ball given in the adjoining and connected theatre in honor of Lafay- ette when he last visited Baltimore, in October, 1824. The splendor of this fete was long remembered by the fashionable society of the city. Besides the dancing-saloon, there were conversa- tion and card-rooms, as well as a large supper- room. The third floor, added many years after the first plan of the building was completed, formed a very large hall, and for a long series of years was used for lectures, concerts, etc. J. S. Buckingham, the celebrated English traveler, gave an extensive series of lectures there upon the Oriental countries, and many distinguished singers appeared there in concerts. The lower floor was occupied for a long time by the Baltimore Library Company, which comprised many of the leading citizens of Baltimore, including such men as Wm. Pinkney, Wm. Wirt, Archbishop Carroll, Robert Goodloe Harper, Robert Gilmor, Jon- athan Meredith, Wm. Gwynn, John P. Kennedy, etc. In 1802 the managers of the Baltimore Dancing Assembly were Henry Nichols, Charles Ridgely, of Hampton, Jas. McHenry, Mark Pringle, Charles Carroll, Jr., and Samuel Sterett. In 1810 the assem- blies began on December 13th, instead of January, as heretofore, and the managers were Hugh Thomp- son, Samuel Sterett, Jonathan Meredith, Robert Goodloe Harper, John Sherlock, and Charles Ridgely, Jr., of Hampton, followed in 1815 by Charles Ridgely, 680 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of Hampton, J. Meredith, J. S. Smith, J. E. Howard, Jr., J. W. Patterson, and George H. Steuart. At this period tlio interest in the assemblies began to decline, principally on account of the war, and on Jan. 30, 1817, the Legislature passed an act authorizing the sale of the property. The Assembly-Rooms were sold in May, and were purchased by a number of sub- scribers of the old Baltimore Dancing Assembly, who each contributed two hundred dollars to the object. The assemblies were continued each season as formerly, the managers in 1822 being William Gilmor, David Hoflinan, E. G. Williams, Francis U. Davidge, N. G. Eidgely, R. B. Magruder, Jacob G. Davies, and R. S. Hollins. In January, 1826, the managers were D. Hoff- man, Charles Howard, W. R. Adair, J. G. Davies, C. S. Walsh, and Peter H. Cruse. At an assembly held at the rooms on Dec. 7, 1826, the following gentlemen were managers : Samuel Sterett, John Hoffman, Samuel Moore, John Merryman, E. J. Coale, P. H. Cruse, B. I. Cohen, John S. Donnell, R. M. Gibbes, Charles Tiernan, C. R. Carroll, J. P. Kennedy, J. C. Moale, and Charles C. Harper. The season of 1829 began on the 29th of January, and was distinguished by a fancy dress ball on Washington's birthday with the following managers: J. S. Hollins, H. W. Evans, J. G. Davies, C. C. Harper, John Merryman, T. Rus- sell, J. P. Kennedy, Capt. H. E. Ballard, William Frick, R. M. Gibbes, Solomon Etting, John Thomas, John S. Donnell, and William Hindman. In the next year Messrs. Hollins, Davies, C. C. Carroll, Russell, Hindman, and Donnell were again ap- pointed managers, with the addition of S. W. Smith, Josias Pennington, Charles Carroll, J. N. Bonaparte, and Charles Tiernan. Popular interest at length declined, both in regard to the Assembly-Rooms and the library, and on May 30, 1835, the building was sold at auction to B. I. Cohen for ten thousand dollars. The elegant gather- ings were given up or were held at other places, and the library gradually dwindled in importance. At length, when the new Athenseum, on the northwest corner of St. Paul and Saratoga Streets, was finished, in 1848, the Baltimore Library was transferred to its walls, and thenceforth all public interest in the old building seemed to cease. The old Assembly-Rooms continued to be occupied by the Baltimore City Col- lege, but its prestige as a place of literary and fash- ionable resort died out some forty years before its destruction by fire on Sept. 10, 1873, when it was swept away by the flames that consumed the HoUiday Street Theatre. The site has since been improved by a large number of handsome stores. Besides the assembly-rooms already mentioned there was one on Commerce Street, near E.xchange Place, which was neatly and conveniently arranged, and which in its day was frequented by many of the fashionable people of the city. In 1812 it was known as Bruelot's Assembly-Rooms, and Mr. Duffy's concert was held there, and on Dec. 16, 1830, Mr. Carusi's cotillion-party. In 1802, Mr. Bier's Assembly-Room contained a small theatre, which accommodated about one hundred and fifty persons. John Howard Payne, I then known as the "Infant Roscius," performed on i Jan. 12, 1809, at Mr. Barnet's Assembly-Room. " The first cotillion-party" was held at Mallett's Ball-Koom on Dec. 9, 1813, with J. Meredith, J. E. Howard, Jr., C. Ridgely, Jr., of Hampton, Jos. W. Patterson, C. Hughes, Jr., and George H. Steuart a.s managers. On Oct. 13, 1814, there was a " Baltimore Museum" at the corner of Howard and Le-xington Streets. The i "Concert Hall" was situated on South Charles Street, and contained a very excellent dancing-room ; and below it was another but smaller apartment used as a dancing-school. Apollo Hall, or Metropolitan Hall, j was situated on the north side of Baltimore Street, nearly opposite Post-Office Avenue, and was formally opened Dec. 17, 1852. The New Assembly-Rooms, at I the northeast corner of Hanover and Lombard Streets, were finished in February, 1851, for Col. John E. I Howard, Jr., and were opened on the 5th of March by Madame Anna Bishop with her excellent concert troupe. Theatres.— There is the best reason to believe that the earliest dramatic representations in the United States were held in the city of Annapolis. There a theatre wiis erected and plays performed with a regu- lar company of actors as early as July, 1752. It is, however, in Baltimore, which, rising into importance, soon far surpassed Annapolis in wealth and popula- tion, that the true history of Maryland theatricals must be sought. Although there is no absolute evi- dence of regular theatrical performances in Balti- more before 1773, it is probable that Ilallam's com- pany visited the town before that date, as it is not likely that twenty years elapsed between their first appearance at Annapolis and their earliest perform- ance in Baltimore. Between 1751 and 1763 a market- house was erected at the northwest corner of Gay and Baltimore Streets, with a large room over it, in which traveling .shows were accu.stomed to exhibit; and in this primitive "town hall" the earliest dramatic per-- formances in Baltimore were doubtless given.' In 1773 a large warehouse which stood at the corner of Baltimore and Frederick Streets was occasionally converted into a theatre, on the boards of which the company of Messrs. Douglas & Hallam performed plays from time to time for the entertainment of the townsfolk. The theatre-going spirit appears to have been active in those days, for we are told that the en- couragement received by the company was sufficient to induce them to erect a small theatre at the inter- section of King George's (now Lombard) and Albe- 1 In July, 1764, William Johneou gave a course of two lectured "at the Market-house in Baltimore Town," "for the entertainment of the curiouH," upon "that iustructive and entertaining branch of natural philosophy called ' electricity.' " Notice of the days of the exhibition and tickotn wore to he hod at the puWic-housc of Mrs. Owlcks, nt the "Ki„K'«Arm»." AMUSEMENTS. marie Streets, where they performed until the Revo- lution commenced, when, all amusements of the kind being prohibited, they removed to the British West India Islands. In 1781 the first theatre built of brick in Baltimore was erected on East Baltimore Street, nearly opposite Lloyd Street. The announcement of its completion was published during Christmas week, and on the 15th of January, 1782, it was formally opened with the following programme, as published in the papers of the day : " (By Permission) THE NEW THEATRE IN BALTIMORE Will Opes, This Evening, being ttie lf>th of January, 1782, With an Histoeical Teaqedv, called KING RICHARD III. Containing— Tlie Distresses and deatli of King Henry VI. in tlie Tower; Tlie inhuman Murder of the youug Princes; Tlie Usurpation of the Tlirone by Richard; The Fall of the Duke of Buckingham; The landing of Richmond at MilforJs Haven; The Battle of Bosworth Field, and Death of Richard, which put an end to the Contention be- tween the Houses of York aud Lancaster; with many other Historical Passages. King Richard, by Mr. Wall. Earl of Richmond And Trcssel, King Henry, by Mr. Tillyard; Duke of Buckingham, by Mr. Shake- speare ; Prince Edward, by a young Gentleman ; Duke of York, by Miss Wall; Lord Stanley, Mr. Lindsay; Catesby, by Mr. Killgour; Katcliff, by Mr. Atherton; Lady Anne, by Mr. Bartholomew; Queen Elizabeth, by Mrs. Wall. An Occasional Prologue by Mr. Wall, to which will be added a Farce, called MISS IN HER TEENS; '}By Gentlen on j'clock. Boxes one Dollar; Pit Five ShilUngs; Galleries 9d The Dooi-s to be open at Half-past Four, and will begin No persons can be admitted without Tickets, which may be had at the Coffee-House in Baltimore, and at Lindlay's Coffee-House on Fells Point. *** No Person will on any pretence be admitted behind the Scenes." Occasionally play-bills would contain such notices as the following : " Any gentlemen possessed of good Farces, and will lend or dispose of them to the Man- agers, will greatly oblige them ;" " Some Tunes having been called for by persons in the Gallery, which have given ofl'ense to others, the Managers have resolved that no Music will be played but such as they will order the Day before the Representation." Among the plays performed during the season were : Tragedies. Farces. Orphan, or the Unhappy Marriage. The King and the Miller of Mans- Gamester. field. Venice Preserved, or a Plot Dis- The Citizen. covered. Beaux' Stratagem. The Revenge. The Contrivances. Tamerlane the Great. The"Busy-Body. Gustavus Vasa. Thomas and Sally. Mahomet the Impostor. The Ghost. Jane Shore. The Mayor of Garratt. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Tlie Devil Upon Two Sticks. Romeo and Juliet. The Wapping Landlady. The following prologue was spoken by Mr. Wall on the opening of the theatre : " Before you see oue of your Stage-Directors, Or, if you please, one of those strange projectors Whose heated brain, in fatal magic tiouud. Seeks for tliat Stone which never can be found ; But in projection comes the dreadful stroke, The glasses burst, aud all is bounce and smoke! Tho' doubtful still our fate,— I bite my thumbs. And my heart fails me, for projection comes, — Your smiles wou'd cease our feai-s, still I cou'd dream, Rich as a Nabob, with my golden scheme ! That all the World's a SUge you can't deny ; And what's our stage? A shop. I'll tell you why : You are the customers, the tradesmen we, And, well for us, you pay before you see. We give no trust, — a ready-money trade ; Shou'd you stop payment we are bankrupts made. To feast your minds and soothe each wordly care We largely traffic in dramatic ware ; Then swells our shop, a warehouse to your eyes. And we from small retailers merchants rise. From Shakespeare's golden mines we'll fetch the ore And land his riches here in Baltimore, For we. Theatric merchants, never quit His boundless shores of univei-sal wit. But we in vain shall richly laden come Unless deep water brings us safely home: Unless your favor in full tides will flow Ship, crew, and cargo to the bottom go I Indulge us then, and from our he^irts receive Our warmest wishes, all we have to give. May iionored commerce, with her sails unfurled. Still bring you treasures from each distant world. From East to West extend this country's name. Still to her sons' increasing wealth with fame I A nd may this merit be our honest boast : To give you pleasure, and no virtue lost !" The enterprise would appear to have met with diffi- culties, for on the 23d of August, 1785, D. Ryan announces the reopening of the " Baltimore Theatre," which had been closed for eighteen months, and the fact that " he has not obtained full possession of his theatre and property." It must have been a building of considerable size for those times, for he tells the public that it has cost him " near two thousand pounds, money which has been paid and circulated in this town, and money which he did not receive here but remitted from New York." In August, 1785, Messrs. Hallam & Henry, of " the old American company of comedians, landed at An- napolis from the island of Jamaica, where they had been playing for the last ten years with great reputa- tion." They arrived in Baltimore in the latter part of August, and opened the theatre on September 7th with the tragedy of " Venice Preserved" and a musical afterpiece called " The Padlock." The prices of ad- mission were : boxes, 7s. 6rf. ; pit, 5s. The doors opened at five o'clock, and the performance began at six. On the 12th the company played the " Beggar's Opera," followed by the dramatic satire " Lethe, or Alsop in the Shades." From Baltimore Messrs. Hallam & Henry proceeded to Philadelphia, and from thence after a short stay they removed to New York. The company was so much encouraged by its success in Baltimore that, while playing in New York, the managers caused a " new theatre" to be erected near the intersection of Pratt and Albemarle Streets, on the lot where the old Trinity church now stands. The locality of this theatre was then known as Philpot's Hill. On the 17th of August, 1786, the theatre was opened, and the HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. company reaped quite a barreat. The Maryland Journal of Aug. 22, 1786, says,— " Ou Thureilny lost was opened tlio hot Tliealre, on Philpot's IIIII, be- longing to Messrs. Ilallam and Henry, wbere the Old American Company performed that celebrated Comedy, The Scliool for Scandal. The princi- pal characters were so admirably well suetaiued ajs to give entire satis- faction to the audience, and, indeed, the exertions of the whole company were such, that we have never before seen any Theatrical Exhibition in this town nearly equal to it. The new Theatre is very commodiously built ; the scenery and other decorations truly elegant, and well-designed, expressive of the just taste of the managers, who have been at a great expense in forwarding the completion of their plan for the entertain- ment of the public, whose indulgence and approbation we are persuaded will adequately reward them for their labor and ingenuity. As their stay will be short, they continue to perform four limes a week." Messrs. Hallam & Henry showed great enterprise in producing the best plays of the period as well as the old sterling English dramas in this " new theatre," which served the recreative jjurposes of our ancestors for several years, until 1793, when it passed into the management of Messrs. McGrath & Godwin. On April 30th the opening of the theatre under the new management was announced as follows : "At the new Theatre (near the Centre Market, between Philpot's and the lower bridge) will be presented by the Marylund Company, Dr. Goldsmith's celebrated comedy ' She Stoops to Conquer, or The Mistakes of a Night.' To which will be added a farce called 'The King and Miller of Mansfield.' Singing between the play and farce by Messrs. Smith & Kelly. The whole to conclude with a song by a gentleman for his own amusement. Doors opeu at six, and curtain to be raised at I seven. No person, upoti any account whatever^ admitted behind the scenes. Tickets to be hod at Mr. Hammond's Green House, at the ticket- office adjoining the theatre, and at Mre. Angell's and Mr. Edward's .printing-office. Boxes, one dollar; tickets, three-quarters of a dollar. No money to be taken by the door-keeper." In August the managers closed the theatre and rented that in Annapolis. In 1792 an important division took place in the "Old American Company" of Hallam & Henry. Mr. Wignell, one of the most important members of the company, resigned his position, and entered into ! partnership with Mr. Reinaglc, a professor of music in Philadelphia. Their friends furnished the means, I and with the assistance of a Mr. Anderson, who asso- ciated himself with them, and afterwards acted as their treasurer, they began the erection of an elegant theatre in Philadelphia. Before its completion they also be- gan the construction of one in Baltimore on the site of the present HoUiday Street Theatre. On the 19th of August, 1794, we find the following reference to this new enterprise : " New Th batre. — Pei-sons desirous of becoming subscribers to the New Theatre of Messi-s. Wignell & Roinagle, are respectfully informed that thereare live shares unappropriated of One Hundred Dollars each. Sub- scribers to draw interest at six per cent, till the money is repaid, and to he entitled to a free ticket for the first season for each share. Applica- tion to be speedily made to Thorogood Smith and Robert Gilnior, Esqs." ■ the Marvland Of this "New Theatre" the editi Journal says, — "The inhabitants of Baltimore and its vicinity will soou have the op- portunity of being gratified with the most refined ond rational amuse- ment which a liberal mind is capable of enjoying. The ingenious con- duct of Messrs. Wignell & Keinaglo, the peculiar taste displayed in their selectjons, and the shf i itod and received the loudest applauses of a distinguished part of our country ; and from the convenient situation and accommodations of our Neu> Theatre, but particularly from the address of its managers, the public have everything that is pleasing to expect." A few days after the appearance of this flattering notice, Messrs. Wignell & Reinagle laid before the public the following programnre of the opening night of the new theatre, the "rude forefather" of the pres- ent " Old Holliday" : "NEW THEATRE. The Public are respectfully acquainted that the Entertainment for the Season commences on Wednesday, the 24th instant (August], with the Comic Opera of LOVE IN A VILLAGE, And a Comedy in two Acts, called WHO IS THE DUPE? .ftfiF* Places for the Boxes to be taken on Tuesday, at the office in the front of the Theatre from the Hour of 10 till 2, and on the Day of Per- formance—Boxes 7s. Cd.— Pit 5s. 7J^d. Floreat Reepiiblica" The theatre not being ready, the opening night was unavoidably postponed until the 25th of September, as will be seen by the following card : Is unavoidably postponed until Thursday, tlie 25th instant, when a favors ite Comedy will be performed (for the first time here) called EVERY ONE HAS HIS FAULT, With an occasional Overture, composed by Mr. Reinagle. End of the Comedy, A SCOTS PASTORAL DANCE, In which will be introduced a New Highland Reel composed by Mr. Francis called THE CALEDO.N'IAN FROLIC. To which will be added A Comic Opera in two Acts called THE FLITCH OF BACON ; Or, DuNMORE Priory. JSfS' Love in a Village is obliged to be postponed on account of the indis- position of Mrs. Warrell, liall, Uarwood, AMUSEMENTS. "What a superb thiug it was! speaking now as my fancy imagined it then. It had sometliing of the splendor of a great ham, weather- boarded, milk-white, with many windows, and to my conception looked with ahospitable, patronizing, tragic-comicgreetingdown upon thestreet. It nevei- occurred to me to think of it as a piece of architecture. It was something above that,— a huge, mystical Aladdin lamp that had a magic to repel criticism, and filled with wonderful histories. Therp Blue Beard strangled his wives and hung them on pegs in the blue chamber; and ! the glorious Valentine overcame his brother Orson by the clever trick of I showing him his own image in a wonderful shield of looking-glass, which, of course, we believed to be pure burnished silver; and there Babes in the "Wood went to sleep under the coverlet provided for them by the charitable robins that swung down upon wires, which we thought | was even superior to the ordinary manner of flying; and the ghost of | Gaffer Thumb came up through the floor, as white as a dredge-box of I flour could make him, much more natural than any common ghost we had seen. Alas! what has become of Orcobrand's Cave and the Wood I Demon and the Castle Spectre, and all the rest of those delightful old j horrors which used to make our hair stand on end in delicious ecstasy in those days? This reflection gives me rather a poor opinion of the modern drama, and so I do not look much after it. In fact, I suspect this age to be greatly behind ours in these terrible fascinations. Young America is evidently not so easily scared as old America was. It has a tiad propen- sity towards fast trotters, ami to that wretched business of driving buggies which has spoiled tlie whole generation of young gentlemen, and made I a good cavalry -officer just now an impossibility, or at least a virtuous ! exception in one-half of the country. The age is too fast for the old illusions, and the theatre now deals in respectable swindlers, burglars, and improper young ladies, as more consonant with public favor than our old devils, ghosts, and assassins, which were always shown in their true colors, and were sure to be severely punished when they persecuted in- nocence. The players were part and parcel of the play-house, and there- fore shared in the juvenile admiration with which it waa regarded. In fact, there was a misty confusion of the two which destroyed the sepa- I rate identity of either. The play-house was a compound idea of a house filled with mountains, old castles, and cities, and elderly gentlemen in wigs, brigands, fairies, and demons, the whole making a little cosmos that was only connected with the world by certain rows of benches sym- metrically arranged into boxes, pit, and gallery, where mankind were drawn by certain irresistible affinities to laugh and weep and clap their hands, just as the magicians within should choose to have them do. Of course there was but one play-house and one company of actors. Two or mpre would have destroyed that impression of the supernatural, or rather the extranatural, which gives to the show its indescribable charm. A cheap and common illusion soon grows stale. Christy's Minstrels may be repeated every night, and people will only get tired of the bad jokes and cease to laugh; but Cinderella and her glass slipper would never endure it. The fairy bubbles would burst, and there would be no more sparkling of the eyes of the young folks with the delight of wonder. Even Lady Macbeth, I believe, would become an ordinary sort of person in a* run,' such as is common now. The players understood this, and therefore did* not allow themselves to grow too familiar. One company sei-ved Baltimore and Philadelphia, and they had their appointed seasons, — a few months or even weeks at a time,— and they played only three times a week. ' The actors are coming hither, my lord,' would seem to intimate that this was the condition of thingsat Elsinore,— one company and a periodical visit. There was a universal gladness in this old Balti- more when the word was passed round, *The players are come.' It instantly became everybody's business to give them a good reception. They were strange creatures in our school -boy reckoning, quite out of the common order of humanity. We ran after them in the streets as something very notable to be looked at. It was odd to see them dressed like gentlemen and ladies, almost incongruous, we sometimes thought, as if we expected to see them in slashed doublet and hose, with embroid- ered mantles and a feather in their caps. ' There goes Old Francis !' was our phrase ; not that he was old, for he was far from it, but because we loved him. It was a term of endearment. And as to JeflTerson ! Is there anybody now who remembers that imp of ancient fame ? I cannot even now think definitely of him as a man, except in one particular, that he had a prominent and rather arching nose. In regard to every- thing else he was a proteus, the nose always being the same. He played everything that was comic, and always made people laugh till tears came to their eyes. Laugh ! Why, I don't believe he ever saw the world doing anything else. Whomsoever he looked at laughed. Before he came through the side scenes, when he was about to enter 0. P. or P. S., he would pronounce the first words of his part to herald his appear- ance, and instantly the whole audience set up a shout. It was only the sound of his voice. He had a patent riglit to shake the world's dia- phragm which seemed to be infallible. No player comes to that perfec- tion now. Actors are too cheap, and all the liallucination is gone. When our playerscame, with their short seasons, their three nights in the week, and their single company, they were received as public benefactors, and their stay was a period of carnival. The boxes were engaged for every night. Families all went together, young and old. Smiles were on every face : the town was happy. The elders did not frown ou the drama, the clergy leveled no canon against it, the critics were amiable. The chief actors were invited into the best company, aod I believe their personal merits entitled them to all the esteem that was felt for them. But ftmong the young folks tlie appreciation was far above all this. With them it was a kind of hero-worship, prompted by a conviction that the player was that manifold creature which every night assumed a new shape, and only accidentally fell into the category of a common mortal. And therefore itseermed so interesting to us to catch oneof them saunter- ing on tho street looking like other people. That was his exceptional char- acter, and we were curious to see how he behaved in it, and, indeed, thought him a little awkward and not quite at his ease in that guise. How could Old Francis be expected to walk comfortably in Suwarrow boots and a stove-pipe hat, he who had last night been pursuing Columbine in his light suit of triangular patchwork, with his wooden sword, and who so deftly dodged the police by making a somersault through the face of a clock and disappearing in a chest of drawers, or who the night before that was a French dancing-master, and ran away with a pretty ward of a cross old gentleman who wanted to marry her himself!" In 1794, Messrs. Wignell & Keinagle became the managers of the Chestnut Street Theatre in Phila- delphia, and in 1800 of the National Theatre in Washington, the first at the national capital. They at times played also at Alexandria and Annapolis. While conducting the Philadelphia theatre Thomas Wignell died, on the 18th of February, 1803, and the management of his theatrical enterprises devolved upon his widow, Mrs. Merry, and Alexander Eein- agle, the original joint proprietor with Wignell. For several years previous to his death Mr. Wignell rarely appeared on the stage, the labors and cares of man- agement absorbing his whole attention. In his earlier days, however, he was a general favorite. His Darby was held in such estimation that Bernard, Harwood, Twaits, and other celebrated actors declined appear- ing in it. Blissett alone ventured the experiment with but moderate success. As Faulkland, Joseph Surface, and Lord Norland, Wignell was ranked far beyond any of his successors. He was born in England, and his father was an actor in Garrick's company. After the dearth of Wignell the musical department fell, of course, to the charge of Reinagle, whose compositions and adaptions were deserved favorites with the public. The new management opened under the nominal stage direction of AVm. Warren, though the labors of the office fell to the share of Wm. B. Wood. Warren was born in England, and made his first appearance at Baltimore in 1796, and in 1806 married Wignell's widow.^ Wood was born in Montreal, and made his debut with Wignell's company at Annapolis in 1798, in " George Barnwell," and soon became a favorite. On the 21st of September, 1809, Reinagle died, when Warren and Wood formed a copartnership and be- came the joint proprietors of the theatres in Balti- more and Philadelphia. His professional labors having somewhat impaired She died suddenly in the t 1808 at Alexandria 684 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. his health, Mr. Wood made a voyage to England, and on his return to the United States, in October, 1809, found Jolin Howard Payne, then known as Master Payne, "The Young Roscius," in the full tide of popular favor in Baltimore, where the enthusiasm for his acting was perhaps more intense than in any other city. He appeared at the Holliday as Young | Korval, Hamlet, Romeo, Tancred, Octavian, Fred- | eric, RoUa, Achmet, and Zaphna to large and bril- j liant audiences. His benefit proved a crowning tri- umph. On this night the receipts touched the (for that time) extraordinary amount of $1160. The house, when filled at other times to its utmost ca- pacity, had never produced more than $800. Great numbers of tickets were purchased at high prices and without the intention of being used. " One gentle- man I know," says Mr. Wood, " gave his check of fifty dollars for a single ticket, besides paying liberally for the box occupied by his family. Many others paid sums varying from five to twenty dollars for single tickets, and the large gallery. was filled with box tickets, failing to obtain seats below." In the autumn of 1809, Mr. Wood purchased one- half of Warren's interest in the Philadelphia, Balti- more, and Washington theatres. The company at this time consisted of Warren, Wood, Jefferson, Bar- rett, Cone, Francis, McKenzie, Blissett, Wilmot, Har- dinge, Robins, Mrs. Wilmot, Mrs. Wood, Mrs. Jeffer- son, Mrs. Francis, Mrs. McKenzie, Mrs. Seymour, Mrs. Twaits, and the Misses White, and it was being rapidly enlarged and strengthened. It was decided that the new management should ! open in Baltimore in the autumn of 1810 with Fen- nell for nine nights as the " star." ^ It was his first appearance in the city for fourteen years, and he played Othello, Lear, Orestes, Lord Hastings, Zanga, Macbeth, Richard III., Hamlet, Hotspur, and Beverly to very large audiences. Mrs. Twaits appeared as ' Hermione and Lady Macbeth with general appro- bation. Dwyer followed Fennell, and was much admired. Mrs. Beaumont, after appearing with some favor in London, visited Baltimore, and proved an important feature in the variety. A Mr. Galbraith, an amateur, made a very successful debCd as Shylock, and Blissett added greatly to his reputation by an ex- cellent performance of " Dennis Bulgruddery." Mr. Cooper having now arrived from England, closed the season with Cooke, the receipts being as follows: Richard III., Cooke, $825.75; Othello, Cooke and Cooper, $773.50 ; Man of the World, Cooke, $801.72 ; Hamlet, Cooper, $326;^ Venice Preserved, Cooke owas in great vogue and daily gaining ground. I England as early as tlie time of Mrs. Oldfield, 795, when FonnoU received thirty dollara per night for two weeks. 2 Mr. Wood says, '* This falling off was caused by a change of tiie play. Cooke had been invited to dine in the country by a company of persons, who, knowing the failing to which ho was subject, so far forgot what was due to themselves and Mr. Cooke and tlie public as to play upon it by a disreputable and scandalt>UB effort. This disreputabl cost the managers of the theatre five hundred dollars." and Cooper, $938; Merchant of Venice, Shylock (Cooke), Antonio (Cooper), $858 ; Man of the World, Sir Pertinax, Cooke, $774; Henry IV., Falstaff (Cooke), Hotspur (Cooper), $901. The season at the Holliday was a splendid one, and thus far the new management sailed before the wind. But the storm of war was now threatening the country, and its effects were soon felt in the theatres. The season of 1811 was throughout a discouraging one, although the Baltimore company was strengthened by the en- gagement of Fennell and Payne, by the " Lady ot the Lake," and other attractions. Fennell acted three nights to houses representing $228, $218, and (his benefit, Douglas, with the aid of Payne) to $427. Payne performed six nights to sadly-diminished houses, representing only $355, $315, $246, $244, $255, and (benefit) $656. This benefit, by the advice of some friends, he threw up as insufficient, taking in- stead another, which reached only $587. The "Lady of the Lake" averaged $419, the largest receipts for any one night being $711, an increase which was due to the happy introduction of an elephant. Mrs. Mason and Duff also appeared here, the latter, for the first time, to $270, $2-57, $255, $300, and $143 houses, the benefit only reaching $229. On this occasion he gave some excellent imitations of Kemble, Cooke, Elliston, and Mundeii. With nightly expenses exceeding three hundred dollars, a large loss was sustained by the man- agers, and as a consequence, and owing to the excited war feeling prevailing in Baltimore, the autumn sea- son of 1812 was omitted. In the mean time the liberality of the Baltimore public had induced the managers to remove the old wooden structure, with its quaint scenery and cheap " properties," and erect a building more convenient and worthy of their patronage. Notwithstanding the unfavorable state of the times, it became necessary to proceed with the enterprise, and accordingly the following prospectus of a new theatre was issued on Sept. 4, 1811 : " New Theatbi!.— The subscribers, managers and proprietors of the Weic Theatre of Hallimore, propose to build a new edifice on the site of the present theatre, on an elegant, improved, and enlarged plan. To effect this object, equally desirable to themselves and the public, il is proposed to raise a sum of money on the security of the property by subscription. Those who feci disposed to assist and patronize the undertaking are in- vited to examine the proposed terms of subscription, which are left at the office of William Gwynn, Esq., in Chatham Street, and will be found to be highly udvantageuus to subscribers. " Warren * Wood." Notwithstanding the public wish for the erection of the new theatre, the enterprise was not unattended with opposition. On this, as well as on other occa- sions, petitions were circulated to induce the Leg- islature, as well as the City Councils, to interdict the theatre wholly. "Among others," says Mr. Wood, "the venerable Bishop Carroll was strenu- ously urged, without success, to join the crusade against an establishment not only patronized, but owned, by the most infiuential and grave-thinking AMUSEMENTS. members of the community." " Our opponents," he continues, " were generally amiable persons, and probably their hostile efforts were among the causes of theatrical success in that city. They excited a constant watchfulness and mental control over the establishment, and kept it constantly in public view. A tax of five, and since ten, dollars per night was levied, but it was never felt as oppressive," and the following city ordinance shows its judicious appro- priation : " Be it enacted and ordained. That all moneys nrieing from license for theatrical exhibitions within said city be, and they are hereby, applied to relieve the distresses of such of the citizens of Baltimore aa were wounded, or of the families of those who were killed, in the battles of Bladensburg and North Point and bombardment of Fort McHenry, in the year eighteen hundred and fourteen." An ordinance was also enforced requiring theatres to be closed from the 10th of June to the 1st of Oc- tober, a regulation which seems to have been due to an impression on the part of the City Council that the assemblage of large audiences in close buildings during the summer was unhealthy. On the 10th of May, 1813, the new structure, which was a fine brick edifice, on the site of the old wooden one, was opened to the public, its fa(;ad* being almost similar to that of the present theatre. It was built for a joint-stock company by Col. James Mosher, after a design of Robert Carey Long, architect, at a cost of about fifty thousand dollars, and was called the " Baltimore Theatre." The programme of the opening performance was as follows : " BALTIMOBB THBATKE. On Monday, the lOtli of May, The Theatre will open with an occasional Patriotic Address, com- memorative of the late brilliant Naval victories, to bespoken by Mr. Wood. After which, Cumberland's Comedy of THE WEST INDIAN. Belcour Mr. Wood. Captain Dudley Jlr. Doyle. His first appearance here. To which will be added, a new farce, never acted here, called THE SLEEP WALKER, OR, WHICH IS THE LADY? Somno (the Sleep Walker), Mr. Jefferson. Doors will be opened at half past 6, and performance commence at 7 Some beautiful scenery had been prepared at Phil- adelphia, and carefully packed for transportation to Baltimore, there to be framed and adjusted. Two ex- pensive green curtains accompanied the scenery as far as Havre de Grace, and one of them was forwarded to Baltimore, but before transportation could be se- cured the British landed and destroyed the warehouse in which the remainder of the scenery was stored. Warren was extremely chagrined and vexed at his loss, as it made his opening very embarrassing. The painters were all summoned from Philadelphia, and by incessant labor, day and night, the managers were enabled to present a few plays creditably. For the first night and several succeeding ones the accommo- dations for the audience were confined to the lower boxes and the pit, the staircases leading to the upper boxes and gallery being unfinished. In spite of these disadvantages the house was well filled, the receipts for the opening night being three hundred and fifty- five dollars. Before the autumn the theatre had been completed, and the season was heralded in October by this "ANNOUNCEMENT. "The managers respectfully inform the public that the interior of the building is now completed, and the htbbies, coJ}'ee-room, passages, and dis- charging doors fitted up in the best manner, the whole offering to the public a degree of accommodation not exceeded by any theatre in the United Slates." This was followed by a benefit for the defense of the city, which was well attended. "The Ethiop" and "The Exile" proved very successful, and the season closed to an average of four hundred and ten dollars a night. Soon after the opening of the New HoUiday (or "Baltimore Theatre"), in October, 1814, it was dis- tinguished by the production of " The Star Spangled Banner," the immortal war-song of the republic, written by Francis Scott Key under the inspiration of the sight of the bombardment of Fort McHenry. It has hitherto been generally supposed that " The Star Spangled Banner" was sung for the first time by the Durang Brothers, but this is not the case. It was sung at the Holliday Street Theatre for the first time on Oct. 19, 1819, by Mr. Hardinge. The Federal Gazette and the play-bills of the day contain the fol- lowing announcement with reference to it: "After the play Mr. Hardinge will sing a much-admired new song, written by a gentleman of Maryland in com- memoration of the gallant defense of Fort McHenry, called " The Star Spangled Banner." In November the Federal Gazette announced that "at the Baltimore Theatre, Saturday evening, will be presented a per- formance in commemoration of the gallant repulse of the enemy from Baltimore. After the drama and farce there will be a grand military and naval entertainment, the conclusion of which will be as follows: A New Soxo, ■ written by a gentleman of Maryland, the second time here — ' The Star Spangled Banner,' by Mr. Hardinge. An entire new scene, representing the bombardment of Baltimore tlie night previous to the retreat of the enemy by land and water. The vie^t is taken from Hampstead Hill, and exhibits Fort McHenry illuminated by the fire fiom the enemy's bomb vessels, which di>chargo a rapid succession of shells (accurately repre- sented by machinery), some bursting in the air, etc.; to the right a de- tachment of the enemy's force under the fire of Fort Covington ; on the left the gun-boats, hulks, and Lazaretto; in the distance the main body of the British frigates. The scene painted by Mr. Grain, mariiie painter. To conclude with a dance in honor of the commander and defender of the fort." On November 19th, Mr. Hardinge substituted for the " Star Spangled Banner" the following " new pa- triotic song," called "Freedom, Home, and Beauty:" " High o'er Patapsco's tide Swelled Albion's naval pride, Advancing on the gale ; As fierce the embodied train Form'd on the embattl'd plain — Yet not a cheek was pale. Our yeomen marked their strong array, Saw proud the Lion's streamers play. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITF AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Anil llioiiglit of Home and Beauty^ While many maidous* anxious sighs And many mothers' i)rayer8 ariao Tliat each might do his duly. And now the miirshurd train Rush o'er t)ie omhattled plain ; Amid the cannon's roar The hostile fronts roliound, And many strewed the ground Ere battle's rago was o'er. Ah ! nniny a gallant soul expired, Too well with patriot feeling fired, For Freedom, Home, and Beauty. Yet who for country lighting dies Kver with the blest must rise. duty. Till) land tliat gave such birtU Well mourns their pai'ted worth. And mourns them not in vain. For ne'er sliall Freedom's hallowed n Die while there lives but yet the nan Of Country, Home, and Beauty. And who for these are lighting slain In the next world sliall meet again, For they have done their duty. Nor yet the struggle's o'er. That, fiercer than before. The midnight's gloom assail; Such desolating shocks As when the mountain's rocks Are tumbling to the vale. The shores re-echo'd with the blast. Firm stood each freeman to the last For Freedom, Home, and Beauty, 'Till dimmer flash and fainter roar Mark'd th' invader'd quit that shore Where each had done his duty." The new song did not excite the same feeling as the " Star Spangled Banner," which was received with universal enthusiasm, and at once gave its author a national reputation, and the theatre so wide a celebrity that the best actors thenceforth sought it eagerly. For many years afterwards the most eminent players of the day, whether native or foreign, never failed to appear upon the boards of the Holliday Street Thea- tre, and lovers of the classic drama in after-days were accustomed to recall with delight the scenes they had witnessed there. In 1816 the "Magpie and Maid" was (ilayed at the Holliday with a good cast, and repaid the man- agers by nightly receipts which averaged $621. The "Forest of Bondy" reached $600 nightly, and a ben- efit given in aid of the widows and families of those who perished in defense of the city was liberally pa- tronized. A pleasant comedy, called " Jean de Paris," anticipalid >ii( i (»liilly the favorite opera. C. Young and hi> li.:iuiiliil uiii- appeared for a few nights as Osmund :iii.l Aiii;i la, lugoand Dcsdcmona, and other characters. Young F. .Iillir-ciii iiiailc rapid progress this season, which closcil i., s.iij | niulitly. In the au- tumn Mrs. Gilfert, fornurly .Mi~. Ilolman, gave great satisfaction in a round of licr best characters, her seven nights averaging $4;)0, and the benefit $799. Cooper followed to $618 nightly, with a benefit of $788. The season closed with " Woodman's Hut," $701 and $840 houses. These figures indicate that the Baltimore public had not suffered materially either in spirits or purse from the near approach of hostile armies or navies. Messrs. Warren & Wood now first introduced gas into their Philadelphia and Baltimore theatres, ia which extensive private works were erected to supply their own needs. During the production of "Alad- din," on May 8, 1817, at the Holliday the gas-lamps un- expectedly went out, in consequence of an omission to open one of the gasometers, and put an abrupt end to the performance. In 1821 the theatre was supplied with gas by the Baltimore Gas-light Company. Dur- ing the season of 1818, James Wallack made his first appearance at the Holliday in the roli's of Macbeth, Pizarro, Hamlet, Coriolanus, and Octavian, to houses averaging $441; Richard, which he took for his benefit, brought $654. Cooper followed in four nights, averaging $485 each ; benefit, $875. Henry Wallack also first appeared in America during this season as Othello, and made an unfavorable impression in Bal- timore, which required some little time to efface. His after-performances in melodramatic parts, as Darian, Roderic Dhu, Rob Roy, Ethiop, and Don Juan, obtained him the fovorable estimate not se- cured by his first attempt. Cooper and Bartley in the fall season at the Holliday were each well re- ceived as the " Green Man ;" and Jefiferson, following them, gained favor by giving a totally different man- ner and character. Mrs: Entwistle, after au absence of two years, now appeared as Beatrice ; Blissett and Herbert, as Richard and Richmond, for their benefit, to a $472 house ; while Payne's " Brutus" proved eminently successful, and, with the " Heart of Mid- Lothian," strengthened a feeble season materially. Cooper played seven nights to receipts of $532 ; Mar- mion, on his first appearance in Baltimore, to $969, his benefit falling to $575. Mr. Keene, a singer of some reputation, appeared as Belino, Paul, Henry Bertram, and Carlos, in " Duenna," with partial suc- cess ; and the Bartleys, after seven nights of moderate attractions, closed a languid season. The season of 1820 commenced on the iid of April with " Wild Oats" and " Ruflian Boy," and on the following morning Mr. Wood received intelligence that his theatre in Philadelphia had been destroyed by fire the night before. His season in Baltimore was also unfortunate, for the gross receipts of three favor- ite nights only realized $97, $76, and $74, and the season closed to an average of only $264. The season of 1821 was begun at the Holliday on the 24th of April by the first appearance in this city of Edmund Kean, in the character of Richard III. The audience was much larger than had attended on the finst night for many years, and during his per- formances here he drew the largest audiences that had ever been seen in a Baltimore theatre. His re- ceipts were: Richard, $789; Othello, $611 ; Merchant of Venice, $799; New Way to Pay Old Debts, $696; AMUSEMENTS. 687 King Lear, $929; Macbeth, $630; Iron Chest, $602; Brutus, $430; Hamlet, $652; Town and Country, $633; Bertram, $570; Eiches, $495; Richard, $654; and benefit (Othello), $785.' His profits in Baltimore were $3243. The short autumn season of 1821 pre- sented nothing interesting, except the first appearance of the elder Booth. He first acted, on the 2d of Novem- ber, Richard III., and created an unusual sensation. His receipts were: Richard, $383; Iron Chest, $315; Othello, $303; King Lear, $360; Town and Country, $194; and his benefit (Mountaineers), $525. In the spring of 1822, Lebasse and Sautin (the first French dancers ever engaged in America) appeared at the Holliday to moderate houses. Dwyer, who appeared about the same time, was hardly more attractive ; his receipts were $287 and $220. A new American ope- ratic drama by a Baltimore author, with music by Mr. Clifton, was produced for one night ; and Pelby first acted here during this season as Rolla, Octavian, and Hamlet. Cooper made his first appearance for two years to houses of $255 and $336. In the course of this engagement Miss Tilden (afterwards Mrs. Bernard) made a very successful attempt as Virginia. " Marion," by Noah, closed a feeble season. Charles Matthews first appeared on the American stage at the Holliday, on the 23d of September, 1822, in the "Trip to Paris," and continued for nine nights, with the following financial results: Trip to Pari.s, $752; same, $385 ; Country Cousins, $468 ; Earth, Air, and Water, $489; Poor Gentleman, and the Diligence, $471 ; Heir-at-Law, and Polly Packet, $431 ; Road to Ruin, and Christmas at Brighton, $222 ; Youthful Days, and Mons. Touson (first time), $579.50; Ways and Means, and Mons. Tonson, $309 ; Road to Ruin, and Sleep-Wallcer (for his benefit), $1001. He also on this night gave his incomparable imitations of Kemble, Braham, Cooke, Kean, Incledon, Bannister, Blanchard, Fawcett, and Munden. The smallness of the receipts during the engagement were materially affected by the prevalence of yellow fever at Fell's Point. This panic, added to the depressed state of the times, ren- dered the season one of the most distressing which the managers had yet encountered. Booth followed to $237, $188, $123, $207, $147, $222, $124, and $237 houses; his benefit (Hamlet) came to $269. From this time until a very late period the receipts at the Holliday dwindled down to nearly total neglect. Stars of all degrees and magnificent spectacles were produced at unsparing cost by powerful companies, but all in vain. The season of 1824 first introduced Conway, to an average of $240. His benefit was strengthened by Booth, and by Mr. and Mrs. Duff, producing $738. Mrs. Duft" (as a star) only reached $1 16 per night, and a benefit of $408. " Lafayette," a drama by Wordsworth, was acted twice, and was soon followed, on the 25th of November, by a visit 1 Tlie advent of Kean introduced the absurd custom of calling out performera in an exlmusted state, " dead or alire," after the curtain has dropped, to receive a tribute of extra applause. I from. the "nation's guest." The entertainments were I " School for Scandal" and " Romp" ; the receipts only $454. Several other novelties were offered, the most successful of which was the " Bride of Abydos," for i seven nights, to houses of $349. This proved the only striking feature of the sea.son, which averaged but $252. The season of 1825 proved ruinously un- productive. " Der Freyschutz" was played to poor I houses, the receipts being $228, $130, and $73. Duft" I continued ill, and T. Burke died here, June 6, 1825. The receipts of the season averaged only $225. Bur- roughs and a pretended Greek conjurer failed even on their benefit nights. " William Tell" was the only popular piece of the season, and was played to a total of $910 in three nights. Fielding and Garner were now added to the company, and Cooper acted two nigjits to $322 and $558 houses. The season of 1826 began cheerfully at the Holliday in May with Miss Kelly acting eight nights to houses of $384, and a benefit (as Juliet) of $631. Charles Kean now arrived from Boston to fulfill a contract of eight nights. His first appearance in Baltimore was in the character of Richard III. The curtain rose, and the play proceeded quietly as usual until the ap- pearance of Gloster, when a violent opposition from persons stationed in various parts of the house ren- dered all Kean's attempts to be heard hopeless. Some ill-managed efforts were made to address the audience, but he was not allowed to speak. The greatest por- tion of the female auditors retired in disgust from the disgraceful scene, and the play at length ended in noise and confusion. Warren conducted the ladies of the company through the crowd without molesta- tion. Kean was conveyed through the adjoining house to his lodgings safely, but in extreme terror, as [ might well be expected, for from some expressions I uttered by the rioters it was fairly inferred that per- sonal violence would be attempted. The next morn- ing a council of friends was called to deliberate on I the course to be pursued, and finally, to prevent a riot, through the advice of William Wirt, the theatre was closed for the season, and the company immediately returned to Philadelphia. Messrs. Warren & Wood had now been managers of their theatres for sixteen years, but in 1826, Mr. Wood determined to retire. For a stipulated sum he transferred all his share of property in the different theatres to Mr. Warren, who conducted them for a time upon his own account with indifferent success.' In November, 1827, the stockholders of the Holliday Street Theatre rented the establishment to Joseph ! Cowell, and it was opened during the winter season I under his direction. I The Holliday was built originally by subscription, j 126 shares being sold at $200 each, which it appears was not sufficient to complete the building, and con- sequently liens were held against it for work done. 688 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUiNTY, MARYLAND. It met with a great many " ups and downs" after the dissolution of the firm of AVarren & Wood, and on Dec. 2, 1840, wa.s sold at auction to Benjamin I. Cohen for twenty thousand dollars. This sale was not rati- fied, and on Sept. 10, 1846, the theatre was closed ; by an injunction granted by the chancellor of the | State on the application of Mr. Cohen, who was one ! of the original stockholders. It was again offered for j sale by Jolin H. B. Latrobe, trustee, in 1846, and pur- chased by James V. Wagner for thirteen thousand dollars, which was the only bid made. Mr. Cohen | immediately took exception to the sale, on the ground that there was but one bid, and that the sale had taken place on Saturday, which, as he was a Hebrew, pre- vented his attendance. The chancellor, however, in October ratified and confirmed the sale. In Decem- I ber, 1847, the Sun, speaking of the recent publication j of the President's message in advance of its cotem- poraries, alludes to the fact that it had pressed into service several members of the excellent stock com- pany of the Holliday who had formerly been mem- bers of the " craft." " We received," it says, " most ; efficient aid from some of the gentlemen of the ' bus- ! kin,' and shall endeavor to return the favor. Indeed, | we had one of the largest and most efficient corps of compositors that ever stood to case at one time in an office in Baltimore." | For several years after the sale of 1846 the " Old j Drury" was closed entirely. Effisrts were made from | time to time to continue it regularly, but these at- tempts invariably resulted disastrously. On Dec. 20, 1852, it was again sold at auction, together with all the scenery, wardrobes, etc., to Heron Murray for twenty-three thousand seven hundred and fifty dol- lars, " for a company of enterprising gentlemen who intend to remodel and improve the house and con- ^ tinue it as a theatre." In September, 1853, it was ; leased to E. A. Marshall, the manager of the Broad- ! way Theatre in New York, and the Walnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia. The season was an unfortu- j nate one, and in the fall of 1854 it was purchased by an association of liberal and wealthy gentlemen, who | refitted and magnificently refurnished it at a cost of twelve thousand dollars, and determined to leave no effort untried to restore the old house to its former glory. They engaged at large salaries a full and talented dramatic corps, which they placed under the ] absolute control of Mr. Walcot, an experienced actor, but through mismanagement the season closed with an actual cash loss of fifteen thousand dollars. The theatre was sold at auction on April 21, 1866, to John Grason for thirty-two thousand dollars, and on August i 12th of the same year Messrs. John T. Ford, Kunkle, j and Moxley leased the property. Among those who'j had managed the Holliday previous to this time (be- sides Wignell & lieinagle, Warren & Wood) were Joseph Cowell, Rowbothara & Maywood, Walton & Ward, E.iA. Marshall, Thomas Kemble, William E. Burton, Thadius J. Barton, and Clifton W. Tayleure. ' Under Mr. Ford's energetic and efficient management the establishment attained a degree of popularity and prestige never before known in the theatrical annals of Baltimore. In 1859, James J. Giflbrd remodeled the theatre for Mr. Ford, and on August 28th it was opened by Stuart Robson as Tony Lumpkin in the play of " She Stoops to Conquer." In 1870, Mr. Ford purchased the theatre and some adjoining property from Messrs. George Small and Washington Booth for one hundred thousand dollars. The season of 1873-74, which was doomed to so sudden and dis- astrous a termination, opened on Monday, August 11th, with the spectacular drama of " The Ice Witch," and promised to be the most brilliant and profitable the theatre had ever known. On Monday, September 8th, " After Dark" was placed on the boards, and on Tuesday night was again performed. That evening the curtain fell for the last time on the stage of the Old Holliday, for in less than three hours afterward (half-past two o'clock on the morning of September 10th) a fire broke out, which in a short time entirely consumed it. It may appear as a singular coincidence that the last words spoken in the play of " After Dark" are " After dark the light has come." Soon after the burning of the theatre Mr. Ford as- sociated with him his eldest son, Charles E. Ford, a gentleman thoroughly acquainted with the duties of theatrical management, to aid him in conducting his extensive business. In November these gentlemen, with James J. GifTord as architect and superintendent, began the rebuilding of the Old Drury on the same site, and on the 3d of August, 1874, it was opened to an immense audience crowding all parts of the house. The exterior of the new theatre is on the same model as the old, and the front is nearly of the same charac- ter and style ; but the interior has been materially improved, and possesses ;i ^neater seating capacity. The programme on the opening occasion was as fol- lows : National Overture, by Prof J. A. Rosenberger's orchestra; an opening address of seventy lines, writ- ten by Wm. Leggett in 1828, upon the opening of the New Chestnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia, was road by Wm. Harris ; Boucicault's drama, " After Dark, or London by Midnight," was produced with a cast of characters in which the following performers took part : Wm. Harris, W. H. Southard, Mark M. Price, M. Lanagan, Charles Stanley, W. H. Burton, Charles Harkinson, H. A. Webber, G. W. Denham, James CuUington, J6hn Atwell, Wm. H. Warren, C. Gonzales, G. A. Sorter, Miss Gussie de Forrest, Miss Jennie Clifford. Besides thedrama,MissLydia Denier introduced some novel dances, and the Prseger family- gave some comic variety performances. In 1871, John T. Ford erected the Grand Opera-House, and in July, 1876, he leased the Holliday Street Theatre to Wm. Gilmore, a variety manager of Philadelphia. Mr. Ford now gave his exclusive attention to the Opera- House management, and "in May, 1877, sold all his interest in the Holliday Street Theatre to Messrs. ^cXn /// AMUSEMENTS. George Small and Washington Booth. In 1879, John W. Albaugh, who had commenced his first regular season at the Old Drury on Aug. 22, 1855, secured a lease of the property, and after thoroughly renova- ting it at a cost of ten thousand dollars, opened it on Sept. 1, 1879. Under Mr. Albaugh's admirable man- agement the theatre has regained its former place in public favor and esteem, and is now one of the most complete and successful theatrical establishments in the United States. John William Albaugh was born in Baltimore on the 30th of September, 1837. His father, John Wm. Albaugh, was born in Virginia in 1800, and his mother, Elizabeth Peters, in Frederick, Md., in the same year. His paternal grandfather and grandmother were natives of "Virginia, but removed to Hagerstown, Md., in the early part of the present century. His maternal great-grandfather, whose name was Holler, emigrated from Holland about the middle of the last century and settled at Frederick, Md., where he built the Barracks, and also a portion of the town, which was called, after him, " Holler's Town." Young Albaugh's education was received at private schools, and although there was nothing in his training to cultivate a taste for the dramatic pro- fession, he evinced a decided talent for the stage while quite young, and took part in amateur performances at the old " Mud Theatre" and other favorite theatri- cal resorts of the day. His first appearance was in an amateur performance of the " Merchant of Venice" at the old " Oak Hall," corner Frederick and Balti- more Streets, in 1853, where he essayed the r6le of Portia, and sustained the character so well as to sur- prise and delight the audience. His first regular ap- pearance on the professional stage was at the Balti- more Museum, under the management of Henry C. .Tarrett, Joe Jefferson stage manager, on the 1st of February, 1855, as Brutus in "Brutus, or the Fall of Tarquiii." He was received with great favor both by the public and the press, one of the Baltimore papers saying, " Though young in years and lacking experi- ence, Mr. Albaugh acquitted himself in the most creditable manner, and it was universally acknowl- edged that his was the best ' first appearance' that has been made here for some time. He has much talent, and will no doubt make a good actor if he should adopt the profession." In the following month Mr. Albaugh appeared as Hamlet in a com- l)limentary benefit tendered him by his friends in and out of the profession, and rendered that difficult and delicate role in a manner that reflected great credit upon his dramatic taste and ability. His first regular engage- ment was as second walking gentleman at the HoUi- day Street Theatre, then under the management of John T. Ford, for the season commencing Aug. 20, ISS.*), at a salary of eight dollars per week, which was not bad pay in days when stars frequently closed a season poorer than they began it, and were often glad to get out of town with their wardrobes. The next sei^son, 1856-57, he was with Charles T. Smith at Troy, engaging as first walking gentleman, and going up through the regular succession to leading business. In 1858-59 he played juvenile business at Pittsburgh, and then went to the Gayety at Albany, N. Y., under engagement as heavy man. After a successful en- gagement in Albany, where he soon became a great favorite, he played in Montgomery, Ala., in 1860-61, and the next year in Boston, Washington, Philadel- phia, and the West. He was next for three years leading man in Louisville, Ky., and in 1865 supported Charles Kean in his engagement at the Broadway Theatre, New York, where he played for the re- mainder of the season. In 1866 he made a starring tour, and in 1868-69 was associated with Bidwell & Spalding in the management of the Olympic Thea- tre in St. Louis. In 1870 he returned to Albany, and was stage manager for the Trimble Opera-House, under Lucien Barnes. From there Mr. Albaugh went to New Orleans as a partner with Ben de Bar in the management of the St. Charles' Theatre. After a season of managing in Montreal and a little more starring, he became manager of what is now known as the Leland Opera-House, in Albany, N. Y., opening it Nov. 24, 1873, since which time he has been sole lessee. In 1878 he played a star engagement under Edgar & Fulton, in what is now Daly's Theatre, New York, appearing as Louis XI., and winning the highest commendations from the journals and critics of that city. In addition to the HoUiday Street Theatre in Baltimore and the Leland in Albany, he is also man- ager of the National Theatre in Washington. He was married on the 29th of July, 1866, to Mary Mitchell (sister of Maggie Mitchell), who was born in New York of English parents. Like her sister, she had great talent for the stage, and made her first appear- ance in Newark, N. J., as Topsy. She soon rose to the position of leading lady, which she held in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and St. Louis. Of late years she appears but rarely upon the stage, her duties as wife and mother being dearer to her than the triumphs of public life. Front Street Theatre and Circus.— After Messrs. Hallam & Henry dissolved their company and abandoned the frame theatre which they had erected near the intersection of Pratt and Albemarle Streets, the building was remodeled to suit either theatrical or equestrian performances. It was for many years known as the circus on Philpot's Hill, and in 1797 Rockett's equestrian company performed there. In December, 1809, it was opened by Messrs. Pepin & Brechard, the managers of the " new circus" company, which played with great success. The prices of ad- mission at this time were " boxes one dollar, pit fifty cents, children half price." Doors opened at five o'clock, and the performances began at six. In Oc- tober, 1811, it was known as the Olympic Theatre, and opened with the play of " The Road to Ruin," which was followed by " feats of horsemanship and a great display of fireworks." The old Olympic The- 690 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ,'i■rr^. atre having become dangerous it was pulled down, and on June 13, 1827, Messrs. Edmund Simpson and Joseph Cowell published the prospectus of a new theatre to be erected on its site, "suited equally for theatrical and equestrian performances," to be called the Olympic Theatre. This was the origination of the present Front Street Theatre, which was com- menced by a stock company early in 1829. The architect and builder was Charles Grover, and when finished it was the largest and most complete theatre in the United States. It is situated on the south- western corner of Front and Low Streets, fronting on the former and binding on the latter one hun- dred and fifty-one feet to Jones' Falls. The building is four stories high, has three tiers of boxes and a pit, and comfortably accommodates four thousand per- sons. There are three entrances on Front Street and one on Low Street, built as a combined theatre and circus ; there were extensive dressing-rooms under the stage, and stabling for over fifty horses. In the rear of the stabling, bordering on the Falls, there was a spacious court with three large doors opening on the Falls, with steps descend- ing to the water. The st:ii;:c> was seventy- li\r feet long and ^ ., the same in breadth, ^C^ -■'. ' with a large door I , twelve feet wide opening on the Falls, where a >tagc was crerteil over sixty feet long. The opening of the stage was thirty-four feet wide, with ways nine feet broad so as to admit horses or carriages. The ring was forty-seven feet in diameter, with two doors, thirteen feet high and six feet wide, leading from the stables. The height from the dome to the ring was fifty-two feet; and the dressing-room was seventy feet long, twenty feet high, and the same in width. The scenery was perhaps the finest in the country. The "New Theatre and Circus" (now called Front Street Theatre) was first opened on Tuesday evening, Sept. 10, 1829, under the most favorable circumstances. The audience was "larger than previous experience led persons to believe Baltimore could supply," the number of those present being estimated at about three thousand. It was opened under the manage- ment of W. Blanchard, a gentleman at the time well known through this country and Canada as the manager of a first-class equestrian corps. Previous to the commencement of the performance, Mrs. Hill, from the London and New York theatres, delivered a prize address, written bv Robert Morris, of Phila- delphia. After the equestrian performances a musical farce entitled "The Spoiled Child" was produced. Doors opened at 6i, and the curtain rose at 71 o'clock. "Boxes, fifty cents; pit, twenty-five; and colored gallery, twenty-five." The theatre had been erected by an association of citizens, and in February, 1830, they applied to the Legislature to be made a body corjjorate. Accord- ingly, on February 27tli the as.sociation was incorpo- rated, under the name of the " Baltimore Theatre and j Circus Company," with the following incorporators: Thomas Wildey, president; William Hicklcy, Elijah Stansbury, John J. Gross, Joseph Kobinson, Ephraim Barker, James Bush, John Boyd, Thomas J. Murphy, Adolpbus Dunan, Charles Grover, Jacob Gross, H. W. Bool, William Cullimore, Henry Clifle, Walter Crook, Jr., Richard Bradshaw, David Pugh, Joseph Otterman, and Theophilus T. Fitzelberger. The capi- tal stock was not to exceed $50,000, divided into shares i of $100 each, and the charter to extend until 1845. Front Street Theatre never attained the celebrity I of the Holliday, although many distinguished per- formers have from time to time appeared there. The most remarkable of its entertainments were two of totally diiferent character. Built, as we have seen, as I a combined theatre and circus, equestrian perform- ances were from time to time held in it, and in 1838 I it was occupied by Cooke, an Englishman, who in- vested his entire fortune, and brought to America the most remarkable troupe of performers who ever ex- hibited in this city. Unfortunately, about five o'clock ' on the morning of the 3d of February the theatre , took, fire, and the flames spread with such rapidity that not an article was saved. The entire wardrobe, scenery, decorations, and a stud of over fifty superb horses were consumed, and the buildings utterly de- stroyed. Mr. Cooke was totally ruined by the catas- [ trophe. The theatre was rebuilt the same year by William Minifie, architect, for a number of new stock- , holders, and was reopened on Dec. 3, 1838, but its distance from the lashioniible quarters of the city operated against it, although many noted actors ap- peared there. No theatrical sensation of the day, however, was equal to that created by Jenny Lind when she ap- peared for the first time in Baltimore at the Front Street Theatre, on the night of the 8th of December, 1850. Her astonishing reputation had preceded her to America, and it is scarcely an exaggeration to say that the people went mad over her. Absurd prices were paid for the first choice of seats, — from one hun- I dred dollars in Baltimore to seven hundred dollars in Providence, R. I. Under the management of P. T. Barnum, the scale of admission to her concerts was far beyond any prices ever before demanded. Five dollars wiis a low average for good seats, and for her fourth and last concert in Baltimore a charge of twelve and a half cents was made at the door for all I persons who attended the auction of tickets. The receipts from the four concerts were about sixty thou- sand dollars, a very snug sum for the singing of some two dozen songs. On the night of the fii-st concert AMUSEMENTS. the scene within the theatre was one beyond the power of description. Every nook and corner of the vast building was filled, just room enough being left on the stage for the orchestra and the fair nightingale. A more brilliant audience — more beauty and fashion — never assembled within the walls of any building in this city. The doors were opened at six o'clock, and the crowd poured in in a continuous stream till eight. Front Street was blocked up with carriages, omnibuses, and a dense mass of spectators, so that it was extremely difficult to get near the door, and then only with the assistance of the police. On Dec. 11, 1848, Macready began an engagement {it the Front Street Theatre, in Macbeth, while For- rest appeared in the same role at the Holliday. The rivalry existing between these two actors was intense, and the warm partisans of each were enthusiastic in favor of their idols, and crowded both theatres from pit to dome. In August, 1854, Mrs. Harvey Tuck- ett became the lessee of the theatre, with Messrs. H. B. Matterson and James J. Bobbins as managers. It has been under various managements since, not always satisfactory to its best patrons, and for several years was entirely closed. About 1870 it was leased by William E. Sinn, who conducted it with some suc- cess as a variety theatre.' The following actors and actresses made their first appearance at this theatre: Miss Addie Anderson, as Mazeppa ; Mrs. Frank Drew, who was born near Belair, Harford Co., made her i.mut here in 1842, as Duke of York to the elder Booth's Kichard III.; Mrs. Henry Eberle, in De- cember, 1840, as Peggy in " Raising the Wind ;" J. K. Field, in 1838 ; S. K. Glenn, Nov. 20, 1848, as John Jones in the farce of that name ; John S. Good- man ; J. Adams Graver, in 1853 ; Miss Cornelia Jef- ferson, as the Duke of York ; Henry Charles Gordon (born in Baltimore), May 1, 1841, as Marlin Spike in the "Scourge of the Ocean;" and James Wills, in 1831. Charlotte Cushman was also among the pro- fessional celebrities who occasionally honored the Front Street Theatre with their presence. The Old Baltimore Museum, which formerly stood on the northwest corner of Calvert and Baltimore Streets, like most of the early museums of the coun- try, owed its existence to the indefatigable efforts of Charles Wilson Peale and his sons, Raphael, Rem- brandt, and Rubens, and his nephew, Charles Peale Polk. Charles W. Peale was born of English parents at Chestertown, Kent Co., April 16, 1741, and re- 1 Among the prominent events that have taken place at the Front Street Theatre may be mentioned the following: The centennial anni- versary of the birth of Washington was celebrated on Feb. 22, 1832, by an immense procession, and the reading of bis Farewell Address in the theatre by William H. Collins, followed by an oration by Hon. John H. B. Latrobe. The National Democratic Convention, which had adjourned from Charleston, reassembled there on June 18,1860; and the Union National Convention met in the same place on June 7, 1864, and nomi- nated Abraham Lincoln for re-election as President. On the laying of the corner-stone of the new Masonic Temple, Nov. 20, 1S6G, the visiting commanderies were entertained there by the Knights Templar of Bal- moved to Annapolis in January, 1762. He was ap- prenticed to a saddler, carried on successively the trades of saddler, harness-maker, silversmith, watch- maker, and carver, and afterwards, as a recreation in the sedentary pursuit of portrait-painting, became a sportsman, naturalist, and a preserver of animals, made himself a violin and guitar, invented and con- structed a variety of machines, and made the first sets of enamel teeth made in this country. At the age of twenty-six he received instruction in painting from Hesselius, and afterwards from Copley, in Bos- ton, and was for about fifteen years the only portrait- painter in North America. Having made an exten- sive collection of portraits, stuffed birds, quadrupeds, curiosities, etc., in 1784 he opened the first museum in the country at Philadelphia, for which he pro- cured in 1801 almo.st an entire skeleton of a mam- moth, and was the first to lecture on the subject of natural history. In January he opened a branch es- tablishment in Baltimore at Mr. Sadler's, which he called the " American Museum." This was continued but a short time, for in January, 1791, we find his nephew, Charles Peale Polk, " wishing to fit up an exhibition room for the entertainment of the public," and soliciting their patronage. He accordingly fitted up a house at the southwest corner of Frederick and Water (now Lombard) Streets, where he exhibited for several years many objects of an interesting char- acter. This museum was discontinued, and in Oc- tober, 1796, Messrs. Raphael and Rembrandt Peale, late of Philadelphia, " having collected a number ot articles of nature and artificial production, together with their paintings," announce to the people of Bal- timore that they have opened rooms at the house in Frederick Street, next door to the southwest corner of Water Street, under the title of the " Baltimore Museum." They state in their prospectus that they have on exhibition "sixty-four portraits of illustrious men, who having distinguished themselves in the American Revolution, both as statesmen and war- riors, highly merit the attention of the citizens of the United States. The collection also contains a variety of miscellaneous portraits and pictures, besides up- wards of two hundred preserved birds, beasts, am- phibious animals, fishes, etc. Also Indian's dresses, or- naments, utensils for civil and military life," etc. The rooms were always open ; admittance, twenty-five cents ; children half-price. At the same time the pro- prietors offered their services to the citizens of Balti- more as portrait-painters, and in time painted the por- traits of some of our most distinguished citizens, as well as some of the most eminent men of the country. On March 29, 1797, the Museum was closed previous to its removal " to a large and commodious house" at No. 45 Charles Street. In April, 1800, Raphael Peale left Baltimore after painting "seventy-two miniatures since his arrival." A " New Museum" was opened at No. 6 Water Street, between Calvert and South Streets, on Nov. 4, 1807, which was fol- 692 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. lowed by the "Baltimore Permanent Museum," C. Boyle, proprietor, at No. 57 Water Street, two doors east of Gay. On Feb. 15, 1814, anotlier " Baltimore Museum" was opened at No. 236 Market {now Balti- more) Street, opposite toSharpe. In 1813, Rembrandt Peale came to Baltimore to permanently reside, and soon after purchased a lot on the west side of Holi- day Street, north of Lexington, and began the ejec- tion of a museum and gallery of fine arts, which is still known as the " Old City Hall," and which served our municipal purposes until the erection of the pres- ent magnificent marble structure. Peale's Museum was completed iu 1814, and for many years was one of the chief attractions of Baltimore. It was erected after the designs of the elder Robert Carey Long. The building contained an extensive museum of all kinds of curiosities, after the fashion of museums in general, very finely preserved specimens of birds, beasts, reptiles, insects, etc., and a valuable collection of paintings. The original cost of the Museum Build- ing was over fourteen thousand dollars, which greatly involved Mr. Peale, and from which he never recov- ered. The site was, moreover, an unfortunate one, and the whole venture failed to yield the pecuniary results expected from it. To relieve himself of his difficulties, Mr. Peale, on Dec. 18, 1817, obtained an act from the Legislature appointing James Mosher, John McKim, Jr., Robert Carey Long, Alexander Fridge, and Henry Robin.son trustees " to receive subscriptions of stock to an amount not exceeding twenty thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred dollars each, to be by them applied to the payment of the charges and expenses which have been or may be incurred in building, furnishing, and improving the museum lately erected and partly furnislied by Rembrandt Peale, in the city of Baltimore." It was a condition of the subscriptions to stock that the same should be redeemed by Mr. Peale at any time after the expiration of eight years, by paying the principal sum due on each share, with interest, payable semi- annually, at the rate of eight per cent, per annum ; and to secure the stock Peale was to convey the museum and fixtures to the above-named trustees. Mr. Peale accepted the conditions of the act because (as he afterwards explained to Hon. Charles F. Mayer in a letter dated Oct. 12, 1830) " money was not other- wise to be obtained," and he was " not without hopes that the receipts and profits of the institution would enable him within eight years to buy in all the stock." "The times," he continues, "became unfortunate in Baltimore, and I suffered in the Reneral ca- lamity. My difficulties were greatly aggravated by the miafurtiines of my connection with the gu8 company. The idea of such an euterprisc originated with me, and I wiis entitled to some of the advantages that might be derived from it, and would have enjoyed them largely had my plans, in co-operation with Mr. William Gwynn, been carried into effect, but unfortunately the evils tliat fell upon the company arose almost en- tirely out of misconception of" two of the directors " with whom I was associated as a committee, and who uniformly overruled and thwarted my designs, and then censured mo for the errors which they had com- mitted. The museum consequently sutfered by the want of my time and att«nt)on and the labors of J. Griffiths, which were for a long time de- voted to laborioue though unavailing efforts to remedy the evils result- ing from my coadjutors insisting on a bad site, resisting my desires to make contracts with workmen, etc. But, what waa worst of all to me, the unjust and severe conduct of those gentlemen had an effect on my nerves and mind most injurious to my family, and nearly destnictive to my life. . . . The museum was sacrificed, my fondest purposes blasted. 1 gave up all that I could. . , . But for the evils thus brought upon mo by the gas business I should have been able to manage the affairs of the museum, in spite of all other difficulties. . . . My brother Rubens hav- ing bought the museum of me as it stood, on the Ist of May, 1822, agreed to assume all my personal responsibilities in Baltimore, as they were stat«d to him by Mr. Robinson and me. His situation was not liberally considered by all tho parties with whom he was involved, and he wa» forced to withdraw himself from Baltimore, where his zeal and elTortB would have beeu so honorable to the city. Reluctant compromises have held him in part, but it is manifest that it should have been made liia interest to concentrate in Baltimore the labore which ho has divided l{e- twcen that city and New York. It is not to the credit of Baltimore that the liberal views and purposes of science should be sacrificed by the sordid calculations of short-sighted commercial avarice." Peale's Museum, on Holliday Street, «'as opened in the summerof 1814, the music being supplied by "an excellent six-octave piano, made by Mr. Stcwar*, of Baltimore." In a short time the skeleton of the mammoth which was dug up by Mr. Peale in 1801 out of a marl-pit in Ulster County, N. Y., was re- moved to Baltimore and placed on exhibition in the museum. 0" June 11, 1816, "carburetted hydrogen gas" was exhibited for the first time at this establish- ment, and it was announced that " at the commence- ment of next season a chandelier of fifty burners, executed by Mr. Bonis," would be placed in the quadruped-room as one of the attractions. This was the first building in the city lighted by gas, and was Mr. Peale's individual enterprise. The gas was made in the building, and attracted considerable attention from the citizens. The experiment suggested the idea of lighting the city by the same means, and a company was organized by Rembrandt Peale, in which he became a very large stockholder. In the fall of 1822 and 1823 exhibitions of paintings, minia- ture drawings, and engravings were given by the citizens at the Museum, which did much to encourage art and elevate public taste, and in May, 1823, Mr. Charles Wilson Peale, then in his eighty-third year, delivered in Baltimore two or three lectures upon art and natural history. The Old Museum continued on Holliday Street until January, 1830, when the edifice was sold at auc- tion and purchased for a city hall, and the collection was removed to more commodious quarters on the { northwest corner of Calvert and Baltimore Streets. The new site of the Museum had been previously oc- 1 cupied by three frame stores and dwellings, which ' were sold at public auction in September, 1828, ! and purchased by John Clark, a prominent lottery ; broker, for the sum of twenty-seven thousand two hundred dollars. Mr. Clark soon afterwards tore down the old buildings and erected a new building, which was considered at the time quite a marvel of j architecture. In December, 1829, he rented the upper stories for a museum to the Pcales, and they reopened AMUSEMENTS. in the new building on Jan. 1, 1830. The following were the prices of admission : Tickets for a family, ten dollars per year; for a gentleman and lady, five dol- lars per year; single admission, twenty-five cents; children, half-price. The collection at this time was very extensive, and contained many paintings of more than ordinary merit, many of them full-length por- traits of celebrated characters. Among these were a very large number of theatrical worthies, male and female, including many of the most famous actors and actresses of the English stage. Nearly the whole collection was destroyed by fire early in 1833, very few articles being saved from the flames, but the Museum was immediately rebuilt, and reopened on the 4th of July of the same year. As an investment the en- terprise did not prove a success, and passed out of the hands of the Peale family into the control of the stockholders, who in 1833 made J. E. Walker man- ager. In the financial storm which swept over the country in 1842 Mr: Clark failed, and the building passed into the hands of the United States General Insurance Company, which also failed, in company with many other institutions. The afl'airs of the com- pany were wound up by the late Judge John Glenn, who bought up most of tlie stock, jointly lor himself and Josiah Lee, banker. After the death of these two gentL'men the interest of Mr. Lee was bought, about 1854, by W. W. Glenn, and he afterwards pur- chased the interest of his father, making the cost of the property about eighty thousand dollars in fee. In 1844, Edmund Peale assumed the manage- ment of the Museum, and meeting with more suc- cess than his predecessors, was enabled iu a short time to purchase part of the stock ; and iu pursuance of a decree of the Baltimore County Court, on Jan. 25, 1845, all the curiosities, pictures, etc., comprising the objects of exhibition in the Museum, were sold to Mr. Peale for one hundred dollars, subject to back- rents amounting to four thousand two hundred and fifty dollars. He arranged in the upper story of the building a small theatre for theatrical and other per- formances, which became very popular, though not greatly profitable, as the capacity of the "saloon," as it was then called, was quite small, seating not more than five hundred persons. In 1845, P. T. Barnum, the great showman, through the agency of Fordyce Hitchcock, purchased the Museum from Mr. Peale, and placed it under the management of his uncle, Alonzo Taylor. Mr. Taylor only lived six months afterwards, when it was put in charge of Charles S. Getz, the eminent scenic painter, who painted his first scene for this building, and who conducted it until it was purchased by Albert N. Hann, in behalf of the "Orphean Family," a musical troupe, which during their management produced a number of Eng- lish operas. Josh Silsbee, the " Yankee comedian," formed a partnership with Hann in the spring, of 1847, and the place was remodeled, the third story being removed to admit three tiers of boxes and a neat parquet, giving the saloon a much greater ca- pacity, enabling the management then to engage a larger number of actors and to produce a better class of entertainments. In 1849, Silsbee was induced to start a similar place in Philadelphia, when he sold his interest to John E. Owens, who before this had played at the Museum for fifteen dollars per week. The. firm then was Hann & Owens, but in 1850 Mr. Owens became the sole proprietor. In December, 1851, he sold his interest to Henry C. Jarrett, now one of the most successful theatrical managers in the country. This was, however, his first essay at the- atrical management. About the 1st of September, 1852, the Museum was opened for the season, under the management of Mr. Owens, and on Jan. 3, 1853, he took his "farewell benefit." In August it was again reopened, under the management of Messrs. Jarrett and Walter M. Leman. In 1856, Mr. Jarrett .sold out to George W. Zeigler, who ran it for a season, and then, in January, 1857, disposed of his interest to Henry Bateman, formerly of Baltimore, but then a theatrical manager in St. Louis. Mr. Bateman com- pletely renovated the establishment, but it was not a pecuniary success, and it passed into the hands of Robert Spring. He continued it for a brief period, but by this time the museum had become a wreck, and he soon afterwards sold it to pharles S. Getz, who distributed the works of art and the curiosities that were left among different institutions throughout the country. In September, 1861, the Museum Build- ing passed into the hands of George Kunkle, who renovated the property, and called it " Kunkle's Ethi- opian Opera-House." But its fortunes gradually de- clined, and it eventually became a disreputable place, with its brazen, painted women and wine-room. On May 9, 1866, a shooting affray took place in the saloon, then known as the " New American Theatre," and a young man was killed. Early on the morning of Dec. 12, 1873, the Museum was destroyed by fire, and finally, on Aug. 7, 1874, the site was sold for two hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars to the Bal- timore and Ohio Railroad Company, which has erected upon it a magnificent building for its own use. In its early history the ^Museum was a first-class re- sort, and all the best actors of the country except Forrest played upon its stage. It was the school of some of the finest actors now living, notably Jeffer- son, Owens, John S. Clarke, Edwin Adams, Mrs. D. P. Bowers, and Caroline Richings, who were all mem- bers of its stock company. The stars were T. D. Rice (familiarly called Daddy Rice), Barney Wil- liams, Walcot, Brougham, Western, Booth, John Sefton, Chippendale, McBride, Jamison, Jas. W. Wal- I lack, Jas. E. Murdock, J. R. Scott, Charles Webb, Geo. Farren, Edwin Dean, Joe Cowell, Charles Burke, Charlotte Cushman, Mrs. Farren, Miss Julia Dean, i Miss Davenport, Agnes Robertson, Mrs. Sinclair, the Batemans, Miss Nelson, and many others of note. ■ John W. Albaugh, now the proprietor of the Hoi- 694 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. liday Street Theatre, made his first appearance here Feb. 1, 1855, as Brutus, under the management of Joseph Jefferson, and Mrs. Fred. B. Conway and A. H. Davenport in 1849. Miss Mary Ann Graham was connected with the Musuem in 1856, but on her marriage to Clifton W. Tayleure, the distinguished author and dramatist, she retired from the stage. In 1839, Mrs. John Hoey made iier first appearance in America on the stage of the Museum (which was then under the management of De Selden) as Eliza in " Nature and Pliilosophy," her sister Charlotte playing Colin. Charles Boniface was engaged here in 1849. ITnderthe management of Sefton and Chip- pendale, John E. Owens was the comedian, and Messrs. Gallagher, Johuston, Ganien, Henry, Ma- chin, Mrs. John llixy (Miss IIn-sill . Wilkinson, Watts, Gannon, Ludlnu , Si, ( 'l:ni , :im.| M i^srs Fanny and Emma Juce forinccl tin- >tn.|< ( puny. Owens, Barney Williams, Jerterson, and others often played in the stock here for twelve dollars and a half and fifteen dollars per week. On the 8th of December, 1845, Owens made his first appearance in the Museum as a star in " Gretna Green and State Secrets" to a $70.50 house. On his benefit night, December 13th, he jilayed to a $124.62 house. James Wallack, Mrs. Wallack, and J. B. Booth (the elder) played one night to a $32- house. On the 19th of April, 1845, the elder Booth played in " Beauty and the Beast," for his benefit, to a $102 house. Barney Williams wa-s far from a success at the beginning of his career. On the Kith of December, 1845, he made his first ap- pearance in Baltimore on the Museum stage in the play of " Bumpology and the Irish Tutor," to a $46.50 house, and at his benefit the receipts were only $55.87. John Brougham also made his first appear- ance in Baltimore on the Museum stage. He played Sept. 16, 1845, to a $45 house, and at his benefit the receipts were only .$70. The stars usually played on shares ; if they had a bad run, the proceeds of a bene- fit generally gave them money enough to get away from the city with their wardrobe. The Mud Theatre. — There formerly stood at the northwest coriier of North and Saratoga Streets a small building, whose proper title was the Adelphi Theatre, but which was commonly known as the " Mud Theatre," from the fact of its being located in alow muddy part of the city known as the "Meadows." It wa.s destroyed by fire on the 22d of June, 1876. The lot has since been used as a coal-yard, and the blackened walls are all that is left of the Adelphi Theatre. The theatre was erected by John Findley (assisted by his brothers, Hugh and William), who owned tlie site, and who thought he saw a fortune in the enterprise. It was a neat little structure, though not so elaborately ornamented as some of the dramatic establishments of the present day, and seated about eight hundred people. It was opened for the first time on Dec. 9, 1822, with a crowded house. The ])erformancc began with a patriotic overture, com- posed and arranged by Mr. Clifton, and rendered by a fine orchestra under the direction of J. Nenninger. An address, written for the occasion, was then de- livered by H. A. Williams, followed by the comedy of " The Soldier's Daughter," and the comic opera of the "Poor Soldier." In 1842 it was known as the " National Theatre," and vaudeville, comedies, and other performances of the same character were given there. Findley finding his investment unprofitable, subsequently turned part of the property into a bath- house and reading-room, which he called the "Colon- nade." Afterwards it became a kind of bazaar, and was finally metamorphosed into a stable and horse mart, and was used for this purpose when destroyed by fire. Lenno.x & Singer, both actors, were at one time the lessees of the Adelphi, the latter of whom subse- quently acquired fame and fortune through his sew- ing-machines. Among the celebrities who at various times trod the boards of the Mud Theatre w-ere the elder Booth, Hackett, Macready, Farmer, John R. Scott, A. A. Adams, James E. Murdock, Eaton, and Edmund Kean. Madame Celeste, the popular dan- seuse, also illustrated the wonderful grace and poetry of motion there, and Hervio Neno, the man-monkey, there astonished the theatre-goers of his day. George Jordan, William Jordan, S. K. Chester, and John W. Albaugh prepared themselves for the dramatic pro- fession within its walls, and there, too, Hon. Joshua ! Vansant, Col. George P. Kane, and others who after- wards won laurels on another stage wore the " bus- 1 kin" or the " sock," and, according to high dramatic j authority, wore them well. It was here, too, that the Anderson riot of 1833 occurred, which was occasioned i by the indiscreet utterances of Anderson, who was ■ an English actor, with reference to the " blarsted Yankees." Roman Amphitheatre.— This establishment, which formerly occupied the site of the present Northern Central Railroad Depot, at the northeast corner of Franklin and Calvert Streets, was built by Messrs. Sands, Lent & Co., circus managers, after a design of R. Carey Long. It was constructed of brick, in the I form of a circle one hundred feet in diameter, the I ring being fifty feet in diameter. The roof was sup- ' ported by sixteep pillars, and handsomely decorated I with paintings of the ancient Olympic games. The I fronts of the bo.xes were beautifully ornamented, and handsomely-decorated arches sprung from pillar to 1 pillar around the interior of the circle. In the rear j of the building stables were erected for the accommo- ; dation of eighty horses. It was opened Oct. 26, 1846, I by the magnificent equestrian troupe of Messrs. Sands, Lent & Co. Though capable of holding five thousand persons comfortably, it was full from pit to dome on the opening night, and many were unable to obtain ! entrance. It was burned down about 1847, and the : site purchased in June, 1848, from the Baltimore Water Company by the Susquehanna Railroad Com- pany and the present ilc|)ot erected. AMUSEiMENTS. Howard Athenseum.— On the 9th of April, 1848, Joseph K. Randall leased the upper floors of the building at the northeast corner of Baltimore and Charles Streets, then owned by W. W. McClellan, and remodeled them for the purposes of a theatre, whiili he called the " Howard Athenaeum and Gal- lery of Arts." The saloon was handsomely fitted up by Messrs. A. & J. Gifford with two tiers of boxes and a parquet, with a seating capacity of from eight hundred to one thousand persons. It was opened on June 12th of the same year, under the management of Charles Howard, with Sandy Jamison as director of music ; J. Spencer, stage carpenter; and John H. Hewitt, treasurer. The performance began with an opening address, delivered by Mrs. Howard, followed by the " Rivals," a dance by Miss Albertine, and a farce called the " Two Queens." The prices of ad- mission were : " General admission, twenty-five cents ; reserved seats, twelve and a half cents extra; private boxes, two dollars; children over ten years, full price; gentlemen unaccompanied by ladies, twelve and a half cents extra; and ladies unaccompanied by gentlemen not admitted. Colored persons also not admitted." In 1849, Mr. Edmund Peale became the proprietor of the Athenseum, and opened it on March 12th with an attractive variety of panoramic views. In 1853, John E. Owens assumed charge of the thea- tre, opening on the 25th of April, with Mr. and Mrs. Barney Williams. On the 5th of May the property was leased to George Joseph Arnold, formerly con- nected with the Museum, for a term of ten years. He improved and greatly enlarged the saloon at an ex- pense of over twelve thousand dollars, and called it " Arnold's Olympic Theatre." At this time the build- ing had a front on Baltimore Street of fifty feet, ex- tending on Charles Street seventy-two feet, and the height from parquet to dome was forty-three feet. The stage was fifty feet wide by twenty-six feet deep, with a comfortable green-room and dressing-room. The stage manager was Charles Burke. On Septem- ber 12th the Olympic was opened with an overflow- ing house. On the rising of the curtain, an appropri- ate opening address, written by J. B. Phillips, of New York, was delivered by Mr. Arnold. " The Poor Gentleman" was then played with a strong cast, fol- lowed by the farce of " The Young Widow." Arnold very soon transferred his interest to " The Kemble Company of Baltimore," composed of Wm. Key Howard, Wm. R. Travers, George P. Kane, Wm. Sperry, and others, who had originally furnished him with the means to improve it, and on Christmas Eve the Olympic was reopened by Laura Keene and the finest company that had ever appeared in Balti- more. The new company held the boards until the close of the season, drawing the most fashionable audiences. Early in the winter of 1854, John E. Owens again assumed the management, and contin- ued to manage the theatre until June 10, 1855. On the 1st of July following Joseph Jefl'erson and John Sleeper Clarke rented the establishment, and under their management it was again completely renovated and much improved. It was soon after reopened by Joseph M. Dawson, who failed to make it a financial success. Finally, in September, 1856, Mr. McClellan altered the saloon into warerooms and offices. The property having passed out of his hands into that of H. V. Ward, of Boston, it was found necessary, early in 1880, to tear down the building, which had become dangerous through age, and upon its site a magnificent property has been erected in its place. It. was in this theatre that John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated President Lincoln, made his dihCd as Richmond in " Richard III.," and here, too, John S. Clarke, wlio was born in Baltimore in 1833, made his first appear- ance as a member of the Thespian Association, of which Edwin Booth was also a member. Maggie Mitchell appeared as a child at this theatre on April 9, 184S, niid it was here that Edwin Adams made his first great hit. Concordia Opera-House.— This building is situ- ated on the southwest corner of Eutaw and German Streets, and was erected by the Concordia German Association. The corner-stone was laid on the 5th of September, 1864, by G. W. Noedel, president of the association, with appropriate ceremonies. Upon the occasion Dr. Wunder read a poem, and Mr. Facius delivered an address. The German Mannerchor Singing Association were also present, and rendered several pieces of music. On Sept. 10, 1865, the mem- bers of the Concordia Association convened for the first time in their new building, which was formally opened by an inaugural address from Mr. Noedel, and by festivities which were continued one week. The building cost about one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. Early in February, 1868, Charles Dickens, the distinguished English novelist, gave a course of readings in the saloon of this building, which were largely attended. Monumental Theatre.— The site of this theatre at an early period was occupied by an ancient-look- ing building, known as "Hart's Tavern," in its day a great resort for persons residing on Patapsco Neck. The property occupied the block bounded by Balti- more, Plowman, and Front Streets and the east side of Jones' Falls. In 1836-37 the property was se- cured by William C. Harris, who immediately began the erection of a building formerly known as Wash- ington Hall. William Minifie was the architect and builder. When the building was completed Mr. Harris was so deeply involved in financial difficulties that the property was sold to Hugh Gelston at a forced sale for about twenty thousand dollars. Wash- I ington Hall was opened for the first time in the early spring of 1837 with a military ball. The first fair i ever held in Baltimore for the exhibition and en- couragement of the mechanic arts was commenced in the saloon of this building on May 18, 1848. In the same year it was finely fitted up by Messrs. G. J. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Adams and J. H. Robinson as a theatrical saloon, under the name of the Olympic Theatre, and was opened on the 21st of August. It was used for vari- ous purj)oscs until it was leased during the late civil war by the Kernan Brothers, who opened it as the Baltimore Opera-House with variety performances. About half-past one o'clock on the morning of Oct. 13, 1874, a (ire broke out at No. 3 East Baltimore Street, which soon consumed the Opera-House, and destroyed the buildings within the entire block bounded by the Falls, Baltimore, Front, and Plow- man Streets. The Opera-House was -soon afterwards rebuilt by the Kernan Brothers, and opened on Aug. 16, 1875, as the " New Central Theatre." The audi- torium was formerly on the second floor, but since the completion of the new building the interior arrange- ments have been altered and the auditorium placed on the first floor, and the name changed to the Monu- mental Theatre. The theatre is of the vaudeville variety character; it has a front of sixty-five feet on Baltimore Street, a depth of one hundred and fifteen feet, and is of brick with Mansard roof. Ford's Grand Opera-House.— This elegant and substantial structure was erected by the well-known dramatic manager, John T. Ford, and formally opened to the public Oct. 2, 1871. It was constructed under the supervision of James J. GifFord, who was also the architect. It is situated on the north side of Fay- ette Street, east of Eutaw, and is readily acce.ssible from all sections of the city by the street railway cars. The Fayette Street front is of pressed brick painted white, three stories high, with five wide doors leading through spacious vestibules and by broad stairways to the various parts of the house. The stage entrance is from Marion Street in the rear, the building having eighty-si.\ feet front by one hundred and fifty-si.\ feet depth, and running from street to street. The whole structure has a solid and at the same time elegant appearance. The building is richly and tastefully furnished, and is provided with all the elegant conveniences of the most finished theatres in the country. The immense stage and box-oflSce are connected by telegraph, electricity is employed to light the gas and to run the clocks, and the arrangements for ventilation and light are e.xcellent. For the open- ing Mr. Ford had selected Shakspeare's comedy, " As You Like It," but as the house was not completed in time for the advertised programme, an impromptu gratuitous entertainment was given to the immense audience present. The programme consisted of the opening address, written by Dr. C. O. Bombaugh, and read by Harry C. Murdock ; selections of music by the orchestra ; a recitation of the " Seven Ages of Man" by James W. Wallack ; a comic declamation by Mr. Murdock ; and vocal selections by Mrs. Caro- line Richings Bernard. No tickets were taken up at the door for this performance, but those previously issued were good for the following evening, when the published programme, " As You Like It," was given. John Thompson Ford, after whom the Opera-Hou.-^< was named, was born in Baltimore, April KJ, 18'2'.K His father, Elias Ford, was a farmer of Baltimore County, and an active and prominent member of tin fraternity of Odd-Fellows for over fifty years. Mr. Ford's education was principally received in tin public schools of Baltimore. Before the twentieth year of his age he entered the employment of his uncle, William Treanor, a well-known tobacco man- ufacturer of Richmond, Va., with whom he remained for a time, and then entered into the book and peri- odical business, which he pursued for about a year. ■ Mr. Ford's managerial career commenced in his twenty-second year, as agent for a popular company of singers. He next formed a copartnership with George Kunkle and Thomas Moxley in leasing the Richmond, Va., and the HoUiday Street Theatres, Messrs. Kunkle & Moxley taking charge of the thea- tre in Richmond, while Mr. Ford as.sumed the man- agement of the Holliday in Baltimore. When the civil war interrupted communication between Balti- more and Richmond his partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Ford became the .sole lessee and manager of the Holliday. Mr. Ford's first theatrical venture in Washington was undertaken in 1856, and from that time to this, with but little intermission, he has con- ducted dramatic enterprises in that city. He has built three theatres in Washington, — two in Tenth Street, and one at the corner of Ninth Street and Louisiana Avenue. His first theatre in Tenth Street was destroyed by fire, and on the site of that structure he built the house known as Ford's Theatre, in which Mr. Lincoln was afterwards assassinated. The place was then seized by the United States government, and an order issued prohibiting the use of it forever I as a place of amusement. In 1878 he assumed the ! management, with Mr. Zimmerman as resident part- ! ner, of the Broad Street Theatre, Philadelphia, and conducted it with great success. Mr. Ford's produc- ' tionof "Pinafore" was the earliest, after that of Mont- gomery Field at the Boston Museum, in the country, and he was the first manager in America to offer any compensation to the authors of the piece. He subse- quently leased the Fifth Avenue Theatre, where the " Pirates of Penzance" was produced for tlip first time in the United States, and which his son, Charles, E. Ford, who has been educated with special refer- ence to his succession to his father's dramatic enter- prises, managed for some months with great success ; and ability. The death of Ben De Bar in 1877 left I Mr. Ford the oldest living manager in America. Mr. Ford has served several terms in both branches of the City Council, and has been prominently con- nected with many of the most important measures of municipal legislation. As early as 1858 he was elected to the First Branch of the City Council, and chosen president of that body. Here he was the ear- nest advocate of the introduction of the waters of the Gunpowder River as a city supply, and i)rotostcd AMUSEMENTS. 697 against the short-sighted policy of resorting to a stream like Jones' Falls, claiming that five million dollars could be saved by employing the Gunpowder. His arguments and predictions were not heeded, and the Jones' Falls plan was adopted, Mr. Ford only voting in the negative. Time has abundantly verified the wisdom and truth of his views. Mr. Ford was also an original advocate of a Paid Fire Department, and left the president's chair in the First Branch of the City Council and secured the passage of the measure by an earnest and telling speech. The police and fire-alarm telegraph, the erection of a new jail and improved station-houses, the purchase of Druid Hill Park, and the establishment of the sewerage commis- sion were all measures that received the most earnest support from him during his public life, and some of them were originated by him. He afterwards intro- duced the first ordinances to pave Baltimore Street with Belgian blocks (which was the initial act for the general repaying of the city), to remove railings from the public squares, and to extend their area to the curl>-stones. As one of the Committee on Public Schools, he was the constant advocate of better school buildings, and as chairman of the Council Committee on the City Extension, was mainly instrumental in se- curing the necessary legislation from the General As- sembly. In 1871, Mr. Ford was elected to the Second Branch of the City Council, and in 1874 was again elected to the First Branch. While president of the First Branch of the City Council, Mr. Ford frequently acted as mayor ex officio, and sometimes filled the position for several months at a time with marked ability and to the general satisfaction. Mr. Ford has been a city director in the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road Company, a commissioner of the McDonogh Fund on the part of the city, has served as president of the Union Eailroad, as director in the Boys' Home, frequently as foreman of the grand jury, and director of the Maryland Penitentiary. Throughout his en- tire life he has been prominently identified with all leading public charities, and for some years past has been president of the Free Summer Excursion So- ciety, one of the noblest benevolent agencies in the city. At the beginning of every summer he gives a perforpiance at his Grand Opera-House in aid of this charity, and the proceeds have never failed to exceed two thousand dollars. Besides being a generous and public-spirited citizen, Mr. Ford is a frequent con- tributor to the press, and in this way has added largely , to the interests and prosperity of his native city. He was among the first to suggest the celebration of the sesqui-centennial anniversary of the settlement of Baltimore, and was a leading member of the municipal executive committee, and to his tireless energy and ability much of that great success was due. He was also one of the leading spirits in the " Baltimore Oriole Celebration," which was also a grand success. Mr. Ford married young, and has reared a family of eleven children. Academy of Hasic. — A meeting was held on March 22, 1870, at the Mount Vernon Hotel, for the purpose of forming a company to erect an Academy of Music. Dr. J. Hanson Thomas was called to the chair, and Israel Cohen was appointed secretary. A charter was read and adopted, fixing the stock at $300,000, and the shares at $50 each, with the privi- lege to every holder of twenty shares of a free seat to all dramatic representations, so long as the twenty shares should be held in one block. The following gentlemen were then chosen directors : Israel Cohen, William T. Walters, Thomas H. Morris, S. T. Wallis, A. Schumacker, A. J. Albert, William F. Frick, W. P. Smith, Werner Dressel, Dr. J. Hanson Thomas, J. Hall Pleasants, and John Curlett. In October the company purchased the lot occupied by the armory of the Fifth Regiment Maryhind National Guard, on the west side of Howard Street, north of Franklin, having a front of one hundred and twenty feet with a depth of two hundred and forty-four feet, three inches to a sixteen-foot alley. The contract for erect- ing the building was awarded to Benjamin F. Ben- nett, builder, the architect being J. Crawford Neilson. The Academy was formally opened by a grand ball on the 5th of January, 1875, preceded by an opening address from Hon. S. Teackle Wallis. The Academy of Music is one of the finest thea- tres in America. In the beauty of its design, the completeness of its arrangements, the taste and rich- ness of its ornamentation, and the elegance of all its appointments, it is in every respect a model theatrical structure, and will bear comparison with any other building of the same character in the United States. Its facade is in the Romanesque style, and is one hun- dred feet high. The entrance on Howard Street is through an elegant hall paved with marble tiling, on each side of which are elegant caffe. Over these, on the second floor, is a concert and lecture-room capable of accommodating twelve hundred persons, contain- ing spacious galleries, dressing-rooms, and other con- veniences suitable for large entertainments. The en- trance to the concert-room is from the hall by two grand stairways. At the end of the hall and in the rear of the building is the grand saloon for dramatic or operatic entertainments, which is so arranged that the entire stage is visible from any part of the house. The stage is eighty by seventy-five feet, with a height of eighty feet, and is unsurpassed in its appointments by any in the United States. The house is heated by steam and lighted by electricity, with a magnifi- cent chandelier depending from the centre. The Academy, with its furniture and the ground upon which it is built, cost over four hundred thousand dollars. The establishment having cost more than the amount of stock subscribed (two hundred and sixty thousand dollars), the Academy was mortgaged to a number of bondholders for one hundred and fifty thousand dollars to enable the company to pay off the floating indebtedness. In November, 1876, the bonded HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. indebtedness, with interest, and the floating debt amonnted to about one hundred and eighty thousand dollars. The company failed to pay the semi-annual installments of interest on the bonds, and a decree of foreclosure of mortgage was approved by the Circuit Court on Nov. 30, 1876, appointing Henry James, J. Hall Pleasants, and .Joseph H. Rieman trustees to sell tlie property. On December 14th of that year the Academy and appurtenances were sold at the Ex- change at public auction to Messrs. Samuel G. Wynian, James A. Gary, and Otho H. Williams (acting for the bondholders) for one hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars. B. F. Bennett, the builder, who was a large stockholder, filed objections to the ratification of the sale, contending that the act of Assembly under which the bonds were issued was unconstitutional, as allowing usurious interest (seven per cent.) ; that the sale itself was void, as being to directors of the company, and that the trus- tees were interested in the purchase. The objections were overruled, and the sale ratified on June 6, 1877. The property was assigned to the three purchasers on Feb. 1, 1878. A new company was immediately formed, and the certificate of incorporation placed upon record on April 4th. The capital stock of the new company is ?200,000, in 200 shares of $1000 each, divisible into thirds of shares at S333.33. One share and a third of a share entitles the holder to two .seats at all operatic and dramatic performances; and two shares entitle him to a similar ticket, transferable; six shares entitle the holder to a stall, and five shares to a loge, each for four persons, while the holder of twelve shares may contract with the directors for the use of a proscenium box for eight persons in lieu of other free-seat privileges. The first board of direc- tors were Samuel G. Wyman, F. C. Latrobe, James A. Gary, William F. Lucas, William F. Frick, Sam- uel H. Tagart, Robert Garrett, J. Hall Pleasants, and Joseph H. Rieman. The incorporators other than the directors were Henry E. Johnson, D. C. Howell, William T. Walters, J. D. Logan, S. P. Thompson, John Uhrig, T. Harrison Garrett, William Sinclair, Decatur H. Miller, Frederick Raine, George S. Brown, Otho H. Williams, Thomas Wilson, T. Robert Jen- kins, M. B. Sellers, A. J. Albert, and William M. Boone. The new organization having been effected, on May 30th Messrs. Wyman, Gary, and Williams ex- ecuted a deed transferring the Academy property to the new stock company. Its first manager was T. B. Furguson, who was followed by Nicholas Hill. It is at present under the management of Samuel W. Fort. CHAPTER XL. THE BENCH AND BAR. The bar of Maryland, of which that of Baltimore is now the focus, has long been distinguished for its learning, its probity, and the lofty professional stand- ' ard it has maintained. It has been equally renowned for the prominence of its leaders, who have conjoined in a marked degree knowledge of tlie law, familiarity with the statutes, and acquaintance with the rules of i practice and pleading, to signal powers and graces of I oratory, no less than it dominates the jury, and makes the court wish, like Ulysses, to be tied to the mast. Colony and State, the Maryland bar can point to an unbroken succession of these conspicuous leaders from the earliest periods down to our own very day. Each gem in that galaxy is a bright particular star, yet so closely do they succeed one another that there seems no interval between. The Bordleys, Dulaneys, Jen- ningses, Tilghmans, and Carrolls of the earlier periods are followed in unbroken order by the Chases and ] Johnsons of the Revolutionary age, to whom Martin and Pinkney are rather younger brothers than chil- dren. When Wirt, Harper, Winder, and others of that " old school" fell into the " sere and yellow leaf the mantle was not dropped before it was caught by the brilliant circle in the centre of which McMahon, Nelson, and Schley shone brightest, nor can these be said to have left a vacuum so long as we have Wallis, Steele, Frick, Williams, Horwitz, Carter, Fisher, and I their associates. Severn Teackle Wallis, the pride and ornament — I prcrsidium et dulce dcrus — of the Baltimore bar, was born in Baltimore, Sept. 8, 1816, graduating at St. { Mary's College in 1832, studying law under Wil- liam Wirt and John Glenn, and coming to the bar in 1837. His professional career of forty-four years has been a singularly brilliant one, while in society he has been a leader, and in his civic relations always a moulder of public opinions, and an exemplar of good citizenship. Mr. Wallis has not suffered the steady pursuit of his practice in the musty associations of the bar to destroy his abiding taste — we should rather say love — for literature. He has always found time to exercise his elegant pen — it has been, perhaps, his mode of resting himself from professional drudgery — in some sort of literary recreation, a poem, an edito- rial, an address, a volume. His two books on Spain, and especially the latter one, are full of scholarly re- flection, acute observation, frequent comment, set forth in all the attractive graces of a style of rare elegance and purity. Mr. Wallis has always been a public man and leader, never a politician. Once only he held elective office, when, in 1861, he served as member of the Maryland Legislature, that service costing him fourteen months' imprisonment in Forts Mclienry, Lafayette, and Warren. He is provost of ! the University of Maryland. Mr. Wallis is leader j of the Baltimore bar, not more from his distinguish'ed success ius an advocate, his consummate judgment as I a counselor, and his accurate and critical knowledge I of the law in all its bearings than because of his lofty standard of professional ethics, and the knightly purity of his professional conduct in every relation. He is an ' ideal lawyer, the Sir Galahad of American barristers. :^ THE BENCH AND BAK. Tliere is no more delightful pleasure than Mr. Wallis, the charm of his skillful oratory and ele- gant diction being sustained throughout by a brilliant and versatile fancy, great powers of wit, irony, and sarcasm, and all the resources of a carefully-cultivated mind brought into service by a wonderful memory. The ornamental parts, however, are never more than buttresses to the solid building of his argument. The dainty glove protects the steel gauntlet underneath from rust, but never weakens it. William Frederick Frick, who is also a most, dis- tinguished member of the Baltimore bar, was born in this city on the 21st of April, 1817. He is the eldest son of Judge William Frick, who was also born in Baltimore, on the 2d of November, 1790. The grand- father of Judge Frick was one of a body of Swiss Protestants, who, fleeing from religious persecution in their native country, emigrated to America and founded in 1732 a colony at Germantown, Pa. His father, Peter Frick, was born at the latter place. He left it, however, together with a number of other early settlers of Baltimore, who removed from Ger- mantown, and also from Lancaster, previous to the Revolution, to establish their fortunes with the little growing town on the shores of the Patapsco, and to contribute, as they did largely by their industry and enterprise, to lay the foundations of its subsequent commercial prosperity. His name may be found at an early day and in various ways identified with nearly all the public interests of the town. When in 1796 it was elevated to the dignity of a city, he ap- pears to have been a member of the first City Council which was elected, and to have served for some years as the president of the First Branch. In those days the men who bad the largest interest in the city devoted their time and services to the administration of municipal affairs. Such names as those of Robert Gilmor, Peter Hoffman, James A. Buchanan, Robert Smith, Nicholas Rogers, Edward Johnson, and others of like prominence in commerce and business will be found connected with the dis- charge of public duties in the City Councils and in all departments of official service. From siich sources emanated the wisdom and foresight with which the first foundations of the commercial importance of Baltimore were laid. Judge William Frick received his early education at a Moravian college at Nazareth, in Pennsylvania. The emigrants of that sect were then among the most learned scholars in the country, and their system of teaching was thorough and efficient. He returned to Baltimore to prosecute his legal studies in the office of Gen. William H. Winder, and was admitted to the bar in 1813. He acquired rapidly a prominent posi- tion in his profession, and also in public aflFairs. He had become by early devotion to books and writing, and by intimate association with the most accom- plished men of the day, a cultivated scholar, and es- pecially a very admirable linguist. He was an easy and practiced writer, and an attractive speaker. In his profession he devoted himself more especially to admiralty, maritime, and insurance causes, and con- tributed by some valuable publications and transac- tions to the learning upon those branches of the law. He was possessed of a singular fund of humor and graphic powers of conversation, controlled always by great kindness of character ; and these, conjoined to an always active and conscientious public spirit which identified him with almost every social and public en- terprise of any importance, served to render him one of the most trusted and popular men of his day. He became pron;inently associated with public men and political affairs in early life. He took an active part, with Judge Heath, Chief Justice Taney, and other dis- tinguished men of that period, in the organization of the Jack.son party in Maryland in 1824. Upon the death of Mr. McCulloh, collector of the port of Bal- timore, in 1836, he was appointed his successor, and retained that position afterwards during the adminis- tration of Mr. Van Buren. He subsequently for two terms represented the city of Baltimore in the State Senate. On the death of Chief Justice Archer, in June, 1848, he was appointed by Governor P. F. Thomas chief judge of the then Baltimore County Court, with Judges Legrand and Purviance as asso- ciate judges. As chief judge of that court he became a member of the Court of Appeals of the State. He occupied that position until the adoption of the new constitution in 1861, when he was elected by the people as the first judge of the Superior Court of Baltimore City. He held that position until his death, which took place July 29, 1855, from an acute attack of illness of a few days' duration only, at the Warm Springs, in Virginia. Judge Frick was married June 6, 1816, to Mary, daughter of James Sloan, who survived him and died in 1865. He left living at his death eight children. The eldest, William F. Frick, born April 21, 1817, received his early education at the old Baltimore Col- lege, still standing at the head of Cathedral Street, under the tutorship successively of Drs. Girardin and Williams, two of the famous teachers of that day. He was sent at an early age to Harvard University, at Cam- bridge, Mass., where he graduated in 1835 with honors. After four years' study of the law, he was admitted to the bar in May, 1839, and rapidly attained great success in his profession. His education and culture fostered in him a marked taste for scholarly and stu- dious pursuits. He devoted much of his early profes- sional life to lectures and addresses on matters of sci- entific and public interest, and to contributions to the periodical literature of the day. He was especially interested and useful in the early organization of our public-school system, having been for some years president of the School Board, and contributed largely by his writings and addresses to develop the roo HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. active and well-directed public interest in that system which has since rendered it one of the great insti- tutions of our city. Of late years Mr. Frick has de- voted himself more exclusively to the demands of a large and engrossing practice, which has been chiefly connected with important commercial and corporation interests. In court and before a jury Mr. Frick is a colleague whom any lawyer might envy, and an adver- sary whom all must fear. The easy grace and refined courtesy of his manners and address on all occasions are accurately reflected in the style of his oratory, which, with no lack of vigor, is chaste, classical, and toned down to a standard of exquisite taste. On the 10th of February, 1848, he married Ann Elizabeth, eldest daughter of James Swan, for a long time president of the Merchants' Bank of Baltimore, and son of Gen. John Swan, an officer of the Revolu- tionary-army in the Maryland line. He has three children, one son and two daughters. One of the younger brothers of William F. Frick, Prof. Charles Frick, whose premature death on the 25th of March, 1860, was justly regarded as a public calamity, had reached at an early age a pro- fessional position and reputation in this country and abroad of so marked a character that this sketch would be imperfect without some reference to his short but brilliant career. He was born in Balti- more, Aug. 8, 1823. His education was completed at Baltimore" College, under President Renter, who spoke of him a few years before his death as the cleverest boy ever under his charge. For a few years after leaving college he pursued the profession of engineering on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. A strong natural bent towards the science of medi- cine, encouraged by intimate intercourse with and great admiration for his uncle, Dr. John Buckler, then the leading physician of the city, induced him at tlie age of twenty to enter with ardor upon the study of that profession and its cognate sciences. His brother-in-law, Prof. William Power, a favorite pupil in Paris of the great Louis, had just returned, and introduced for the first time in Baltimore the knowledge and practice of auscultation. He recog- nized the singular zeal and patience of investigation, the clearness of intellect, and quickness and accuracy of observation which characterized Dr. Frick, and he stimulated and aided his rapid progress into the front ranks of the young physicians of the day. In March, 1845, he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and as early as April, 1846, three years only after the com- mencement of his studies. Dr. Frick contributed to the American Journal of Medical Sciences reports of cases of remittent fever, accompanied by remarks by Dr. Still6, of Philadelphia, the value of which may be judged of by the fact that it was extensively quoted in Bartlett's book on fever and other treatises as an important contribution to the knowledge of the path- ology of remittent fever. In 1847 he organized, with three of his friends, a preparatory school, under the name of the Maryland Medical Institute, in which, at the early age of twenty-four, he assumed the province of a teacher, and rapidly developed a singular talent for that branch of his profession. In January, 1848, he published the results of his analyses of the blood, into which investigation he had been led by a great taste for animal chemistry. This article of Dr. Frick gave him a place among the most distinguished medi- cal writers of his time, and in modern works on animal chemistry his investigations are quoted side by side with those of the most eminent authorities of the world. In October, 1849, he was elected phy- sician to the Maryland Penitentiary. Having mean- while pursued with patient labor and intelligent investigation the subject of urinary pathology, he published in 1850 his volume of " Renal Diseases." Of this work a distinguished professor said in 1879, years after its publication, that it still stood as a val- uable contribution to a branch of pathology previ- ously but little understood. This work was followed by various contributions from time to time to the medical journals of the day, all of them exhibiting novel and original investigation of a most valuable character. On the establishment in 1856 of the Maryland Col- lege of Pharmacy, Dr. Frick was selected to fill the chair of Materia Medica, and in that institution his accurate knowledge of the subject, and his peculiarly apt and impressive mode of imparting information, soon established his reputation as a lecturer. In the summer of 1857 he made a short visit to Europe with his brother, William F. Frick, visiting with interest and profit the hospitals of Paris and London. At this time he was only thirty-four years of age, and the professor of a Maryland college in the city of Bal- timore ; yet he was received by the great pathologists, and it was a matter of just pride to him to know that he was indebted for this reception to their familiarity with his scientific papers, and to their high apprecia- tion of them. His name was now mentioned in other schools of medicine in this country, but he would not consent to accept a professorship elsewhere, and finally, when in 1858 a vacancy occurred in the chair in the University of Maryland, "all eyes," to use the expression of a friend, " were turned to Dr. Frick as the man above all others in the medical profession whose entire fitness for the place was pre-eminent and undeniable." By his professional brethren at this period he was regarded not only as occupying an eminent position in science, but as destined to be •a prominent practitioner ; for with all his high scien- tific attainments, his investigations had a direct bear- ing upon practical medicine. He was looked upon with reverence by men of his own date, and over the younger he had unbounded influence. But Dr. Frick had not only the qualities which inspired admiration for his intellect, but something even higher than these in traits of the heart that endeared him to all. He had the fiieulty of making every one he wa.s known ^Svz^-,x?-di-<_ cys^-^^-r-i^ ^& THE BENCH AND BAR. with, in and out of his profession, his friend. It was his uniform kindness and affection towards others which inspired in them a reciprocal feeling. Even the convicts of the penitentiary were notoriously softened by his intercourse with them as their physician. He had the rare combination of the strong muscular points of courage, self-possession, firmness, and de- cision, united to those gentler ones of kindness and unselfishness which we look for in the other sex, but which when found in the manly character render it so attractive. At a time when he was thus prepared by great acquirements and reputation, and by the affectionate and admiring regard of the community in which he lived, to enter upon a life of distinction for himself and usefulness to others he was suddenly snatched from life. In performing at the infirmary the operation of tracheotomy upon a poor negro woman who was sinking from epidemic diphtheria, he contracted that disease in a malignant form. Per- fectly aware of his impending death, and that the same operation would do no more than afford him temporary relief from his sufferings, he requested, by signs, its performance by his friend, Dr. George W. Miltenberger. " Never," said Dr. John Buckler, " never shall I forget the manner in which he arose from his bed, not able to speak, and seated himself in the chair, directed how the light should be placed so as to cast no shadow on the hand of the operator, handed the instrument, and placing his finger on the sjiot, threw back his head for the knife with a courage perfectly heroic." The news of his death spread a gloom through the city. The daily papers and a general meeting of the medical profession, called for the first time for many years for such a purpose, gave expression to the uni- versal sorrow and sense of the great loss which the science of medicine had sustained. As late as nineteen years after his death an address upon his life and writings was delivered by his cher- ished friend, Prof. Frank Donaldson, before the asso- ciation of the alumni of the university in which he was a professor. From this glowing tribute to his eminence as a scientist and his virtues as a man this sketch is briefly made up. In it Prof. Donaldson says, " He was the pride of his friends and the orna- ment of his profession. He has left his mark and impress upon his generation. Young as he was in years, he was eminent in science, skillful in his arts, high in the esteem of all who knew him, and his memory is cherished in the hearts of many who loved hira." Dr. Frick married, in October, 1853, Achsah, the eldest daughter of the Rev. Thomas B. Sargent, D.D., of Baltimore, an eminent Methodist clergyman. He left only one child, a daughter, now married to Thomas Hillen, a merchant of this city. Orville Horwitz is another scholarly lawyer of the Baltimore bar. Mr. Horwitz, indeed, has in his blood an inheritance of culture almost as rich as that which his own studies have grafted upon his intellect. His father, Dr. J. Horwitz, was a favorite pupil of Dr. Benjamin Rush, and graduated in 181.3 at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. He was a fine linguist and Orientalist, and his lectures were both popular and instructive. He settled in Baltimore early in life, where he won both distinction and success in his pro- fession, dying in the city of his adoption in 1852. Orville Horwitz inherited his father's talent and taste for mathematics and languages, and graduated from St. Mary's College at the age of sixteen with high honors. For two or three yeai-s after his graduation he was engaged in teaching in Maryland and Virginia, at the close of that period being principal of Winchester Academy. Not satisfied with a preparation which to most men would have seemed entirely suflicient, he attended two full courses of medical lectures at the University of Maryland, and then entered upon his legal studies in the office and under the direction of the late Judge Albert Constable. But while earnestly pursuing these studies and making himself thoroughly master of the profession to which he proposed to de- vote his life, he did not neglect the claims of litera- ture, and added largely to the mental stores which he had already acquired. Among other things, he devoted considerable time at this period to the study of Anglo-Saxon, with which he became so familiar that when the "Anglo-Saxon Grammar" and " Analecta," and other kindred works of Dr. Klepstein were published, Mr. Horwitz was induced by the author, who had been one of his fel- low-students, to prepare a history of the Anglo-Saxon language and literature. This grammar is now the text-book of the schools and colleges of the country, and is a lasting reminder of the fact that the law, jeal- ous mistress as she is, may find in literature a helpful handmaid to its best achievements. After his admis- sion to the bar Mr. Horwitz went abroad, where he spent some time in the study of modern languages, and returning to Baltimore in 1841 commenced the practice of his profession. He has visited Europe several times since that period, and in 1854 published a little volume entitled " Brushwood Picked Up on the Continent," which even after the lapse of many years will be found to contain much of practical value to the European traveler. In addition to these pub- lications, Mr. Horwitz has been a frequent contributor to the journals and magazines of the day, and the papers thus contributed are remarkable for the grace of their diction no less than for the force and dignity with which the subjects are discussed. As a lawyer Mr. Horwitz stands in the front rank of the Maryland bar, and is noted for his familiarity not only with all the great^rinciples of law, but with those illustrations and exemplifications of its application to special cases which are only to be found in the decisions of the highest judicial tribunals. He is a ready, grace- ful, and eloquent speaker, and in the statement and 702 HISTOllY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. discussion of intricate legal points has few equals among even the best representatives of the bar. A large fortune has set upon his professional labors the seal of practical approval, and the poor have reason to rejoice that wealth has been placed in such gener- ous hands. In politics, Mr. Horwitz has always been an unswerving Democrat. His religious views are of the most liberal character, and he cultivates the spirit of the broadest charity towards men of every faith. He was married in 1861 to Miss Maria Gross, by whom he has had four daughters. William Alexander Fisher, the son of William Fisher and Jane Alricks Fisher, was born in Balti- more on the 8th of January, 1836. His father was for many years a wholesale dry-goods merchant of this city, and was afterwards head of the well-known banking house of William Fisher & Sons. William Alexander Fisher was a student of St. Mary's College until it ceased to have an academical department, and after a brief period spent at I^oyola College, entered Princeton College, where he graduated, and from which he subsequently received the degree of A.M. Mr. Fisher's legal studies were conducted under the direction of the late William Schley, and he was ad- mitted to the bar on the 8th of June, 1858. His in- dustry and ability were soon appreciated, and the firm of Marshall & Fisher, of which he is a member, occupies a leading position in the city and State. In November, 1879, he was elected to the Maryland Senate from Baltimore City, and by his thorough business methods and habits proved himself a useful and valuable member of that body. One-tenth of the acts passed at the session of 1880 were introduced by Mr. Fisher, among them the new law of limited partnerships, wliich materially changed the existing system. He was chairman of the Judiciary Com- mittee of the Senate, chairman of the Joint Com- mittee on Registration, chairman of the joint com- mittee appointed to draft a bill to apply the restraints of law to primary elections, and a member of the committee appointed by the Democratic caucus to confer with the Governor, comptroller, and treasurer in reference to the preparation of legislation for the retrenchment of expenses and the reform of alleged abuses. Mr. Fisher also introduced many other measures of importance, all of which were passed by the Senate, though not ail by the House. Especially prominent were the services rendered in the defeat of the bill passed by the House of Delegates, which, while reducing car fares to five cents, made no pro- vision for transfers, and proposed to deprive the city of the tax of twelve per cent, now paid for the sup- port of the parks. This bill, after a protracted and exciting struggle, was defeated single-handed by Mr. Fisher in the Senate. He was also active in the de- feat of the bill to tax mortgages; made a vigorous fight against the present system of inspections in tobacco, cattle, hay, etc., advocating earnestly the policy of leaving trade to protect its own interests ; opposed on the same principle the building by the State of an elevator for water-borne grain, and intro- duced bills for the sale of the State tobacco warehouses. He has been a member of the Water Board since 1878, and prior to his connection with it in that ca- pacity was specially employed to conduct the pro- ceedings for the condemnation of the lands necessary for the immense enterprise and improvements in- volved in the introduction of the new water supply from the Gunpowder. Mr. Fisher has been trustee of the Maryland Institution for the Instruction of the I Blind for the past six years'; one of the trustees and secretary of the Thomas Wilson Sanitarium for Children, and of the Thomas Wilson Fuel Giving Society, as well as executor and trustee of the same estate, and president of the Society for Organizing Charities of Baltimore City. Mr. Fisher is a Demo- crat in politics, and a member of the Episcopal Church. I In May, 1859, he was married by Bishop Mcllvaine, ' at the residence of her father in Cincinnati, to Louise ! Este, daughter of Judge David Kirkpatrick Este, of that city. Mr. Fisher is counsel for the Western I Maryland llailroad, for the Union Railroad Company, 1 and for many local and foreign interests of great im- portance. He is one of the best read, most careftil, and thorough lawyers in the State, and an honorable and upright gentleman in all phases of life. Bernard Carter is descended from two of the lead- ] ing families of Maryland and Virginia, the Calverts of Maryland and the Carters of Virginia. His father, Charles H. Carter, was the son of Bernard Moore Carter, whose father was Charles Carter, of " Shirley," on the James River, who was the grandson of " King" Carter, as Robert Carter was known in colonial times. Charles H. Carter, the father of Bernard Carter, : was, on his mother's side, the grandson of " Light Horse" Harry Lee, the father of Gen. Robert E. Lee. The mother of Bernard Carter was Rosalie Eugenia, daughter of George Calvert, the son of Benedict Cal- vert, and the grandson of Charles, the sixth Lord Baltimore. The wife of George Calvert was Rosalie Eugenia Stier, daughter of Henry J.Stierd'Aertzlaer, of Antwerp, Belgium, a lineal descendant of Rubens. Mr. Stier fled to this country in 1794, to escape the scenes and dangers of the French Revolution, but returned in 1805, when Belgium was annexed to France, to prevent the confiscation of large landed estates in that country. His daughter married Mr. Calvert. Bernard Carter was born in Prince George's County, Md., July 20, 1834, and was graduated from St. James' College, Washington County, in 1852. His legal studies were prosecuted at Harvard Law School, then under Prof. Parsons and Chief Justice Parker, of New Hampshire. His degree of Bachelor of Laws was conferred in 1855, and returning to Baltimore he entered the office of J. Mason Campbell, and was ad- mitted to the bar. He has devoted his time almost exclusively to his profession, and taken a high position THE BENCH AND BAR. 703 among the leading lawyers at the Baltimore bar, the Court of Appeals of Maryland, and the Supreme Court of the United States, to the bar of which he was ad- mitted in 1865, when he argued the case of the steamer "Louisiana," reported in "Wallace's Reports." On that occasion he won the unusual compliment from the reporter that his argument was an excellent one. In 1861, Mr. Carter was nominated by the Democrats for the position of State's attorney of Baltimore City, and in 1864 for the office of attorney-general for Mary- land ; his party on both occasions being in a minority, he was defeated. In 1869 and 1870 he was a member of the City Council, and was made chairman of the Committees of Ways and Means, on Jones' Falls, and on the New City Hall, the most im|)ortant committees of the Council. It was chiefly through his personal exertions that the building committee under whom that splendid building was constructed so economi- cally was formed. In 1867 he was a member of the Constitutional Convention which framed the present constitution of the State, and was appointed on the Committee on Revision and Compilation, which was always regarded as the highest compliment which the convention could bestow. In 1878 he was elected pro- fessor in the Law School of the University of Mary- land. He married, April 20, 1858, Mary B., the daughter of David Ridgely, of White Marsh, Baltimore Co. Upon the death of J. Mason Campbell, Mr. Carter was made attorney for the Northern Central Railroad, and, after the death of Daniel Clark, also attorney for the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad. In politics, Mr. Carter has always been a decided and positive Democrat, and, without being a partisan, he has always lent the aid of his fine talents to ad- vance the principles which he believed to be correct for the government of State and Union. In religion he is a Protestant Episcopalian, and belongs to Mount Calvary Church. He is recognized as the leading ec- clesiastical lawyer in the State, and has taken part in all the discussions that have agitated the church for several years past. He enjoys a large and lucrative practice, the result of fine talents well improved, and of a private character above reproach. It will be seen from these brief sketches that the l)ar of Baltimore has not lost any of its old-time brilliancy. It is still distinguished for its eloquence, its integrity, and for its solid learning as of yore. But these qualities are not so conspicuous now as their singularity made them in the period from 1750 to 1820, when, for two generations, the lawyers of Mary- land were almost without peers in their profession upon this continent. Massachusetts and Virginia were rivals, but not superiors, if even equals. In that period Annapolis, and afterwards Baltimore and Fred- erick, were centres of legal rivalry such as are seldom seen. A style of oratory, ornate and elegant, yet precise, correct, and elaborated upon the best models of pure English, furnished the fitting capstone to a solidly-built column of carefully-studied principle and i)recedent ; the judges were worthy of the barris- ters who pleaded before them, and neither judges nor I barristers were content unless they seemed at least to measure themselves with the mo.st conspicuous lights of Westminster Hall and the great English circuits. During this period, indeed, our bar prided itself upon closely following English models. It claimed to have its Erskines and its Mansfields, its Scarlets and its Broughams ; it followed most rigidly the precedents of old English law and the practices of the English courts, and certainly refreshed itself more frequently '' with English methods and English studies than the I bars of either Massachusetts or Virginia. The courts of these States were provincial, the one from neces- sity, the other from a certain lordly and aristocratic indifference which regarded Williamsburg as good enough for the men who followed legal pursuits in Virginia, as the cream of the tobacco noblesse did not. But estates were not so large in Maryland, while, on the other hand, the rewards of the law as a profession were much more tempting in our State than in Virginia. It paid for the younger sons of a family to pursue the law in Maryland, and the com- petition was so keen that it paid the fathers of those younger sons to give them a good legal education in the London Inns of Court. Hence, a surprisingly large number of our young lawyers, during the colo- nial period, studied their profession in the Temple and Lincoln's and Gray's Inns. The Bordleys, the Dulanys, the Taskers, the Carrolls, the Tilghmans, the Jenningses, the Pacas, and Bennetts, and-Helms- leys were all represented, at one time or another, in those classic walks. After the Revolutionary war these fashions were not resumed ; yet Pinkney went twice to London to defend and secure American in- terests, and it was proudly believed by those who knew him best that he had found no rival there with whom he feared to cope. There must have been sufiBcient causes for this ex- ceptional brilliancy of the early Maryland bar, nor are these cau.ses far to seek. They are the same as those which subsequently gave their great eminence to the bars of Kentucky and some other Western States, — the certainty of handsome emoluments and the existence of much litigation. It was the confu- sion of titles and the multiplicity of claims to the rich lands of Kentucky which involved that whole State in lawsuits and feuds after its first settlement, and afforded, in both the criminal and the equity sides of the courts, such an opportunity as is rarely offered for the profitable exercise of legal talents and legal skill. The same causes are now at work to give peculiar brilliancy to the bar of Texas. In Mary- land, when the colony was settling, while the lands were being cleared, the Indians pushed back, and all society was seething with the hand-to-hand struggle between Protestant and Catholic, Puritan and Cava- lier, there were practically no lawyers, the courts 704 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. were mere justices' courts and, later, vestry courts, and the beiicli — outside, at least, of St. Mary's, if we may trust the author of the " Sot- Weed Factor" — was boorish and ignorant if not venal. But there came a swift change with the settlement of the provincial government at Annapolis, the clearing of the " back- woods," the large importation of labor, both white and colored, and the general growth of the colony in wealth and importance. Three or four elements are noticeable right here as concerting together for the rapid development of an able and brilliant bar. The rapidly-increasing forces of labor could only be prof- itably employed by a correspondingly rapid opening up of new lands, and of these there was great variety of choice. The old ])lanters rested contented upon their inherited estates, but their overseers and factors, busy, pushing, ignorant men, took negroes and con- victs to the newer settlements, worked them for all they were worth, grew rapidly rich, and were corre- spondingly arrogant and litigious. When they came to Annapolis they had money to spend and lawsuits to adjust, in respect to both of which they found plenty of young lawyers to accommodate them. Every lease or sale of land made by the provincial government implied an addition to the income of the Lord Proprietary, and quick sales and hasty surveys necessarily involved the validity of many a title. Besides this, the proprietary government, claiming and exercising extraordinary powers, felt constrained to maintain its pretensions by extraordinary means. It was the fountain of patronage for both State and Church,.and it made this patronage profitable. There were many offices, and all these were in the gift of the Lord Proprietary, or his deputy at Annapolis. Surveyorships, advowsons, parishes, clerkships, to- bacco-inspectors, collectorships of rents and taxes, sheriffalties, coronerships, — all were appointed from Annapolis. A sheriffalty in that time was a plum indeed, and the prothonotary of a county might grow rich on the fees of office in ten years.' Besides these there were militia commands, com- mands in the wood rangers, and a very great variety of other patronage, paid for from the fees of office. Any young scion of a good family who studied law, came to Annapolis, and showed his loyalty to the existing government, winking at its abuses and court- ing its leading spirits, might be sure of securing an office such as would yield him a good support. If it were necessary he could be made a pluralist. John Coode, miserable rebel agitator and atheist as he was, held commissions militant, civil, and apostolic at once, — he was in holy orders, he was collector of customs, i and he was colonel of county militia. Rev. Bennett I Allen, controversialist, brawler, duelest, murderer, and sot, was incumbent of St. Ann's parish, in Anne • A« cnrly as 1C80 one of the alleged grounds for Coode's rebellion was excessive fees of office and extortionalo tnlle, against which uo remedy can bo found, "the ofBcere tliemselvoe that are parljes and culpable, I being Judges." Arundel, and the best parish in Frederick County. In 1770, among other fees and salaries, Governor Sharpe was paid, besides his salary of £1000 as Gov- ernor, £226 as surveyor- general, and an unstated amount as chancellor. Benjamin Tasker was presi- dent of Council, member of Upper House, and joint commissary, his pay in the latter position amounting to £483. Benjamin Tasker, Jr., was councilor, mem- ber of LTpper House, and naval officer, the fees of the latter office being £318. Edmund Jennings was councilor, member of Upper House, and secretary for county clerks, register in chancery, clerk of pro- vincial court, and notary public, his six offices yielding him £1307. George Steuart was judge of the land- office and commissioner of the land-office, receiving £517 salary. Daniel Dulany, to the practice at An- napolis courts, added the place of joint commissary, with £483 salary. These various causes soon built up a strong legal circle at Annapolis. In 1710, when Daniel Dulany the elder came to the bar, then fresh from England, there were but few lawyers, and these chiefly provin- cial born and educated at the provincial court. Among these, Dulany, Stephen Bordley, and the father of Edmund Jennings were the chief. In 1771 the bar of Annapolis was illustrious for its great lawyers and the great number of lesser lights revolving about them. They made a society of their own, witty, in- genious, dissipated. They fought, gambled, dissipated, had their clubs, wrote for the newspapers, patronized the theatres, the cock-pit, and the race-course, and all the province paid toll to them. They rode the circuits to some extent, going to Marlboro', Joppa, Frederick, Chestertown, andEaston, but Annapolis was their home and the fountain of their business. Here was Daniel Dulany the younger, of whom Pinkney, who only saw him in the evening twilight of his greatness, said that " even among such men as Fox, Pitt, and Sheridan he had not found his superior," and of whom McMahon said, " For many years before the downfall of the proprietary government he stood confessedly without a rival in this country as a law- yer, a scholar, and an orator." He was regarded as "an oracle of the law." Here was John Beale Bord- ley, just retiring from the Governor's Council and the emoluments of office in Baltimore County to become the Cincinnatus of the Eastern Shore. Here was Samuel Chase, first and one of the greatest of our pa- triots, whose energies "quickened all that he touched, and whose abilities illustrated all that he examined.'" " What he felt he expressed," says the lawyer his- torian of Maryland, " and what he expressed came stamped with all the vigor of his mind and the un- compromising energy of his character; if his manner was a fault it leaned to virtue's side. It is not for my feeble pen to portray his virtues and abilities, they are registered in the nation's history, and there is no true THE BENCH AND BAE. American to whom his name, recorded on the imper- ishable roll of American independence, does not bring back the grateful recollection of his services. He was a son of Maryland, and when will she have his like j again?" Here was Charles Carroll of Carrollton, i fresh from his law studies in the Temple, eager and able to challenge Daniel Dulany's masterly pen in a | pamphlet controversy about American rights and American liberty, — the wealthiest citizen in the prov- ince, and the most keen to stake his fortune for inde- pendence and sacred honor, and " to win or lose it all." Here was " Barrister" Carroll, another law student of the Temple, another leader of public opin- ion, another patriot, whose able pen may be traced in many of our tersest and most effective State papers of the Revolutionary period. He was descended from \ Daniel and Dorothy Carroll, of Ely and O'Neill, Ire- land, whose ancestry is veiled in the mists of remote antiquity. " This Daniel Carroll," it is said, " had j twenty sons, whom he presented in one troop of horse, all accoutred in habiliments of war, to the Earl of Ormond, together with all his interest, for the service of King Charles I. Most of these died in foreign ser- vice, having followed the hard fate of King Charles II." From this Daniel's many sons are presumed to have sprung all the different branches of the house of Carroll. The eldest son of Daniel and Dorothy Car- roll was named Daniel, who had two sons, Charles and .lohn. Charles married Clare Dunn, who was the daughter of the great O'Connor Dunn (or Don), her mother being Jane Bermingham, daughter of Ed- ward Fitz Richard, the seventeenth Lord Athenry. He had three children, — Dr. Charles Carroll, the father of Charles Carroll, barrister; John Carroll, who died at sea; and Dorothy Carroll. John Car- roll, the second son of Daniel Carroll, " was the father of Sir Daniel O'Carroll, who, at the instance of the Duke of Ormond, was made colonel of a regiment of horse, being also by Queen Anne created a baronet ; was knight of the order of Arragon in Spain, and died lieutenant-general of His Majesty's forces in 1750." Dr. Charles Carroll, the eldest son of Charles Car- roll and Clare Dunn, came to America about the year 1715, and resided in Annapolis. He was educated in England as a Catholic, but soon after his settlement in the province renounced his faith and became a Protestant. For many years he practiced medicine, but gave it up and actively entered into mercantile business, at which he amassed a considerable fortune. He accumulated a large landed estate, especially in and near Baltimore, including " Carroll's Island," "Mount Clare," "The Plains" (near Annapolis), " Clare Mont" (now the residence of Hon. Carroll Spence, late minister to Turkey), and the "Caves" (now the property of Gen. John Carroll), in Baltimore County. Dr. Charles Carroll represented Anne HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Arundel County in the Lower House of Assembly in 1737, and continued to do so till the day of his death. He married Dorotliy Blake, daughter of Henry Blake, of an ancient family in Hampshire, England, and had three children,— Charles Carroll, barrister, Mary Clare Carroll, and John Henry Carroll. Mary Clare Carroll married, on the 21st of July, 1747, Nicholas Maccubbin, and had several children ; John Henry Carroll died .linc prole; Dr. Charles Carroll, after a lingering illness, died on Monday, Sept. 29, 1755, at his residence in Annapolis, aged sixty-four years. his father's death in 1755 was elected to fill his seat in the Lower House of Assembly. In spite of his English training, he was one of the earliest and most prominent advocates of American independence, and soon became one of the most trusted leaders of the Revolution. In connection with Matthew Tilghman, John Hall, Samuel Chase, Thomas Johnson, Jr., Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and William Paca, he was appointed a member of the Committee of Corre- spondence at the meeting of deputies of the province held at Annapolis from the 8th to the 12th of Decera- LL, BARRISTER. His only son, Charles Carroll, barrister, was born on the 22d of March, 1723, and at an early age was placed at college under the immediate tuition of the Rev. Edward Jones, at the English House, in Bairro Alto^ West Lisbon, Portugal. When about si.xteen years of age he was removed to the celebrated school of Eton, in England. Desiring to devote himself to the profession of law, by direction of his father he entered the University of Cambridge, wiiere Daniel Dulany was then pursuing his studies. With a mind thoroughly trained, he commenced the .study of law in the Middle Temple, Garden Court, Library Staircase No. 2. In 1746 he returned to Maryland and commenced the practice of his profession. Being thoroughly conversant with affairs at home and abroad, he was early called into public life, and on ber, 1744, and was appointed a member of the Coun- cil of Safety by the convention of provincial delegates which assembled in the same city on the 25th of July, 1775. He was also a member of the convention of delegate^ which met at Annapolis Dec. 7, 1775, and took a leading part in all the debates and measures of that assembly, frequently presiding over its delibera- tions and serving on the most prominent and important committees. He was chosen president of the conven- tion of delegates of the province which met at Annap- olis on the 8th of May, 1776, and relieved Governor Eden of his official powers, and during its session was re-elected to the Council of Safety. He was a mem- ber of the convention which met at Annapolis on the 21st of June following; was elected for the third lime to the Council of Safety on the 5th of July, THE BENCH AND BAR. and to the Annapolis convention of the 14th of Au- gust, 1776. On the 17th of the same month the con- vention appointed him a memher of the committee " to prepare a declaration and charter of rights and a form of government for this State ;" and on the 10th of November in the same year the convention dele- gated him, in conjunction with Matthew Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, Jr., William Paca, Thomas Stone, Samuel Chase, and Benjamin Rurasey, to represent the State in Congress. In the following year (1777) he was elected to the first Senate of the State of Mary- land, and was also appointed chief justice of the Gen- eral Court, — the first appointment to that position under the new government, — which, however, he de- clined, and in 1781 he was again elected to the Senate. Barrister Carroll "was an elegant, fluent, exact, and terse writer, and was selected to serve on every committee which required wisdom in council and the ability to embody its expression in forcible language. To his facile pen our Kevolutionary ancestors were in- debted for many of their ablest public papers. 'The Declaration of Rights,' which was adopted by the convention of Maryland, 3d of November, 1776, em- anated from his pen. This is true, also, in a large measure, of the first constitution and form of govern- ment of the State of Maryland." In the earlier years of his profes-sional life much of his leisure was spent at the " Caves," a beautiful es- tate of three thousand acres, which he greatly im- proved, and which still remains in the family, being now owned by Gen. John Carroll, of Baltimore County. In 1754, however, he" built the Mount Clare House, which the records note was constructed of English brick. The historic old mansion remained until re- cently a graphic monument of the past, surrounded by the brickyards which now occupy the once beauti- ful grounds of the estate. With its fine terrace over- looking the town, its grave dignity of exterior, and its lions rampant on the pillars of the gateway, it spoke eloquently, even in its decay, of the honor and glory of its past. Mr. Carroll, on the 3d of June, 1763, married Mar- garet Tilghman, daughter of Hon. Matthew Tilgh- man, by whom he had two children, twins, who died in infancy. His own death occurred at his residence. Mount Clare, on the 23d of March, 1783, the day after the sixtieth anniversary of his birth. In 1771 the bar of Annapolis also contained such illustrious men as Thomas Johnson, the people's law- yer, Washington's friend, " Tom" Johnson, the organ- izer and sustainer of the Revolution in Maryland, full of work, of fiery energy, of unquenchable hope, and that implacable resolution which looks too closely at the main object in view to see or take heed of the obstacles intervening. There came to the bar also the venerated Matthew Tilghman, with William Paca, Robert Goldsborough, and many other leading law- vers of the Eastern Shore, while the Western Shore furnished a Key, a Stone, a Worthington, a Dorsey, and a Hanson. At this very date the bar of Baltimore could only boast of Jeremiah Townley Chase, Robert Alexander, Benjamin Nicholson, Thomas Jones, George Chal- mers, Robert Smith, of W., Robert Buchanan, of W., Francis Custis, and David McMechen. The contrast between it and that of Annapolis is too obvious to need to be emphasized. Of those named, Robert Alexander was probably the leading lawyer and citi- zen. He had been chosen to many distinguished positions and posts of honor by his fellow-citizens. He had been one of the commissioners to look after the removal of the County Court from Joppa to Balti- more, had borne a conspicuous part in connection with the internal improvements of the latter town, and evidently was much trusted by the people. In the movements against the stamp duties, in the later more serious movements against taxation in general by the British government which led to the Revolution, Mr. Alexander and Jeremiah Townley Chase went hand in hand at the head of all the different committees and in all the public demonstrations. They were comrades on the various Committees of Observation and Safety, and Robert Alexander was finally elected and served as one of the representatives of Maryland in the first Continental Congress. But at this point Alexander's heart failed him. He quailed at the sound of actual hostilities, and when the Declaration of independence was rung out from that simple old bell-tower in Philadelphia, Robert Alexander fairly ran away and left the country, a loyalist and refugee, with a blighted career. Chase, on the other hand, behaved manfully. He was a younger, a more hopeful and more patriotic citizen than Alexander ; he won the esteem and approval of every one during an estimable and distinguished career at the bar, and in 1806, having previously served as judge of the General Court, was appointed chief judge of the Court of Appeals, in which post of honor he served until 1824. He was also a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1783-84, and a member of the first Constitutional Convention of Maryland in 1776, and of the conven- tion of 1788 to ratify the Constitution of the United States. Benjamin Nicholson, under the first State government, became judge of the Admiralfy Court, holding the place so long as that court existed, — that is to say, until the adoption of the Federal Constitu- tion. Thomas Jones was the first register of wills for Baltimore County. Robert Smith's career was an eminent one. He was an elector in the first electoral college, surviving all his brethren in that venerable body. He was a delegate and senator several times in the Maryland Legislature; was appointed, but declined, the chancel- lorship and chief judgeship of the General Court of Maryland ; was Secretary of the Navy, Attorney-Gen- eral, Secretary of State of the United States, and de- clined a nomination as minister to Russia. He was 708 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. provost of the University of Maryland, president of the first Maryhind Bible Society, and president, also, of the first agricultural society organized in the State, dying, rich, honored, and full of yeara, in 1842. David McMeehen, who appears to have been one of the hot-bloods of the Revolution, for he wjis concerned in the tarring and feathering of Goildnnl. tin' ininlcr, besides serving on many of the war cniMiniti, , ,. uas often delegate from Baltimore in the .MaiylMiid As- sembly, a member of the first City Council, and died a member of the State Senate. It seems quite remarkable that so many of the little corporal's guard who comprised the earliest recorded lawyers of the small and insignificant Baltimore Town of that day should have attained distinction not only in their profession but in public office. But this be- comes still more remarkable when we note how soon after the Revolutionary war Baltimore began to absorb from other places and attract to itself the cream of the legal talent of the State. By 1790 half the great lawyers of Annapolis and the rest of the State had come to live in Baltimore, and by 1800, in spite of its being the seat of the Courts of Appeal and Chan- cery, Annapolis had become provincial, and Baltimore was the legal metropolis of the State. There were excellent courts and lawyers at Marlborough and Frederick, at Belair and Cluu-listou n. ;iihI at Easton and Princess Anne, as well as ai \mi,i|Mili>, but the leading counselors and barrist( i~ . -.(iiMi-licd them- selves in Baltimore, and in their train followed all the active, energetic young men of talent and self-confi- dence who looked to the profession of the law for a career as well as for a livelihood. Already, almost immediately after the peace of 1783, Daniel Dulany found a home in Baltimore.' Charles Carroll and Samuel Chase came, Luther Martin followed, and William Pinkney, while always claiming residence in " the ancient city," got half his State practice from Baltimore and in connection with Baltimore's swelling volume of business. 1 A writer in Decemljor, 1847, said tliat Daniel Dulany was " the groat Quiutilian of the day." He was the patron of youth and very liberal ; he lived to a good old age. In his second childliood all tlie Hner feelings of the licart predominated. How well I remember his flHed pockets of ginger-uuts and sugar-plums that were scattered to crowds of little chil- dren tliat always followed hiui, and in my memory lioar the tolling of old St. Paul's bell on tlio day of hia funeral; from sunrise to sunset did Its mournful tone tell us we had lost a worthy man. As the procession moved through the streets the clouds dropped team. Well do I remem- ber the bier, covered with a black pall, supported by six pall-bearers, with scarfs of white silk, with a rosette on tlie right slioulder, crossing the breast, and falling from tlie left in a graceful fold, hat-bands of the same material, with long streamers, and white kid gloves. The liody was borne to the church, whore It remained during the appropriate part of the funeral service; it was then consigned to the earth in tlie burial- ground then contained within four streets,— St. Paul's, Lexington, Sara- toga, and Cbariea." Ho died on the I9th of March, 1797, in the seventy- fifth year of his age. His daughter and only child married a French gentleman, Monsieur De Locore. Uis granddaughter, Miss Do Lacere, »ome years ago married by special license, at tlio Marquis of Wellcsloy's, the marquis. t the daughter of the late Rosier Duluny, of Virginia. The courts at that time were but little altered from 1 the provincial or, in other words, the old English model. They were much more formal and precise j than now, more stern in rule, more rigid as to prece- [ dent, more complicated in practice. They were, iii fact, overloaded with formalisms, and the official docu- mentary language was but little removed from an utterly barbarous jargon. The business of the courts was apportioned into more numerous, minuter, and . sharper divisions, and the predominant rule, which is now simplicity, tended in those days constantly to- wards over-refinement. Chancery was then by no means a name, but the labyrinthine way by which alone most men could reach after long wanderings the adytum of equity as to property and goods, estates and hereditaments. The chancellor was the most important judge in the State, and was paid the highest salary. There was the Court of Appeals, which had then but minor jurisdiction, the Admi- ralty Court, superseded by the United States District Court after the adoption of the Federal Constitution, and the chief judge and his associates of the General Court. These, after their appellate business at An- napolis was concluded, used to separate and preside over the Oyer and Terminer terms of the County Courts. In 1777 the chancellor's salary was .£650 (in Maryland currency), the chief judge of the General Court got £600, and his two associates £500 each ; the five judges of the Court of Appeals received .£200 each, and the judge of the Admiralty Court was paid £250. This pay does , not seem large, but it sufficed to secure for the bench some of the best lawyers in the State. They were appointed by the Governor for life, they did not have to court the popular favor, they were as good, if not better, lawyers than the barristers who pleaded and the attorneys who prac- ticed before them, and they kept up a dignified pres- ence and attitude which would appear astonishingly severe at the pre.sent day. The wig was not part of the judge's costume, but the gown was until quite a late period, and there was a certain state about the courts which must have admirably upheld what it was meant to enforce, the dignity and elevation of the judiciary. This was well conceived for a bench which had such unlimited power over the persons as well as estates of the citizens, which could retain property in chancery for unlimited intervals, could imprison for debt while life lasted, which could pillory, or brand, or whip, or hang in chains and gibbet for offenses which to-day scarcely cause a year or two's imprisonment. It must not be inferred from this, however, that these severe punishments were very often imposed in Baltimore County during the later colonial days and the early State history of Maryland. The infrequency of capital executions is to be inferred from the strong impression made by such incidents upon the popular mind. Thus the people in the upper part of Baltimore County still talk about the murderer, Adam Horn, :iiul his execution with a THE BENCH AND BAK. 709 lively, active, and. personal interest, and the bleak and desolate eminence in "The Soldier's Delight" upon which, in 1752, one hundred and twenty-nine years ago, John Berry was hung in chains for the murder of Mrs. Clark is still known by the name of " Berry's Hill," every child in the neighborhood being familiar with the legend attached to that name. The bench held to its dignity as severely as it held to its ancient forms and complicated and involved terminology. The lawyers were kept in order by a rigid construction of the contempt rules, and the judges also sought to apply these rules as rigidly to the press. In fact, for many years the courts, both in Baltimore and Annapolis, attempted to control the relations between the press and the public, so far as their sessions were concerned, much more according to the precepts of Lord Thurlow than in obedience to the suggestions of common sense in a free and en- lightened country, and collisions between the two powers were consequently quite frequent, the courts seeking to maintain themselves upon a very high plane of constructive dignity, the papers resolute to give the people the news as promptly and fully as possible, with such editorial comments as they thought necessary to make. About the last of these battles was fought out in 1845, between Judge Nicholas Brice, chief judge of Baltimore City Court, and the Balti- more Sun. The result was not favorable to the re- newal by the courts of such unnecessary and fac- titious issues. The courts had not so many officers as they now have, but the officers were worthy of much more con- sideration, and were consequently supplied from a better class of materials. The prothonotary, after- wards clerk, held office for life, as did also the regis- ter of wills, and both were paid in fees. These officers were appointed. The sheriff, who had great power, was appointed under the provincial government, but elected under the State government. He also received liis pay in fees, and the position was as lucrative as it was influential and responsible. Under the colonial government the sheriff was tax and tithe collector, and his influence upon and intercourse with the people must have been extensive to a very unusual degree. Down to quite a recent period the sheriffs of the counties were selected from among persons of the first consequence, and their criminal functions were looked upon as the least part of their charge. Among the members of the Constitutional Con- vention of 1777 wa« Luther Martin, representing Harford County. The constitution then matured provided for an attorney-general of the State, and after Thomas Jennings, James Tilghman, and Benja- min Galloway had one after another declined the appointment, thought to be particularly perilous in a time of war, in which the party which miglit chance to lose would be treated as rebels, Governor Johnson tendered the post to Mr. Martin, who accepted it Feb. 11, 1778, and performed the duties of the office until December, 1805, when he resigned and was succeeded by William Pinkney. From 1778 until the reorgan- ization of the Court of Appeals in 1805 the judges of the court were Benjamin Rurasey, chief judge; Benjamin Mackall, Thomas Jones, Solomon Wright, and James Murray. Judge Wright dying in 1801, Littleton Dennis succeeded him, and Richard Potts was the same year appointed to fill the vacancy caused by Judge Murray's death. Samuel Chase came to Baltimore to live in 1786, won by the liberality of one of his warm admirers, John Eager Howard, who gave him a block of land on Eutaw and Lexington Streets, where he built a solid brick mansion, which many will remember to have seen. But Mr. Chase was more of a Baltimorean than that, for, though born in Somerset County, he was but a few months old when his father, a minister, moved to Baltimore to become rector of St. Paul's Church. He lived here until he was eighteen, the only child of his widowed father. Then he went to Annapolis to study law with John Hall and John Hammond, passing the bar in 1761, and soon gaining distinction. Chase was an impetuous man, — they called him " the Demosthenes" of his cause, — and the Stamp Act called out all the vehement impulses of his soul. He spoke, he wrote, he persuaded, he com- pelled the people to give themselves up to the patri- otic cause. But his Revolutionary record is known. As a lawyer it is enough to say that he won the encomiums of Pinkney, Marshall, and Hanson, and deserved the confidence of his State. He was an able civilian and jurist, yet greatest in legislative and political assemblies. He went to England in 1782 as agent and trustee of the State to recover its stock in the Bank of England; in 1791 he was judge of the General Court of the State, and in 1793 judge of Baltimore County Court, from which, in 1796, he was appointed a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was an ardent Federalist and partisan ; was impeached, tried, and acquitted, his speech in his own defense being considered one of the legal classics of the country. Mr. Chase was a very companionable man, full of wit and vivacity, the author of many pungent sayings, hospitable, and cheery. He was six feet in height ; with a well-pro- portioned figure, a handsome countenance, his mien and presence were dignified and prepossessing. His house was long a social centre. He died in 1811 of ossification of the heart. Judge Chase was a better man, at least so far as decency and decorum of conduct went, than Luther Martin, but the world never produced a better lawyer than this great legal genius, whose knowledge was as broad as his judgment was unerring, who had so many of the solid parts of the law at his command that he could afford to neglect the graces in his plead- ings. Unlike Patrick Henry, who trusted to elo- quence and genius to carry him through, Martin was all his life a student. They lower themselves who HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. think of this man as a simple case lawyer, earning fees in order that he might besot himself with brandy. He was a profound student, and a student of prin- ciples. At Princeton College, in addition to the' studies necessary to give him the highest honors in a class of thirty-five, Martin took a course of French and Hebrew. His parents were poor, but he said that in giving him a liberal education they had endowed him with "a patrimony for which my heart beats towards them with a more grateful remembrance than had they bestowed upon me the gold of Peru or the gems of Golconda." Luther Martin was born in New Brunswick, N. J., in 1744; he was graduated in 1762, and immediately set out to this State in search of a school, securing one at Queenstown, Queen Anne's Co., under the patronage of Edward Tilgh- man. While teacliing school he studied law, borrow- ing books from Judge Solomon Wright, and laboring indefatigably. He was often arrested for debt, even at that early day, but his studies were never arrested. " I am not even yet," he said long after this period, " I was not then, nor have I ever been, an economist of anything but time." Even while walking on the street he would be seen reading some volume or docu- ment lest a moment should be wasted. Martin was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1771, began to practice in 1772, removed to Accomac, and thence to Somerset, in Maryland, where his practice was soon worth one thousand pounds per annum. In his first term in a criminal court, of thirty cases he had, twenty-nine resulted in acquittal. He took an active and ardent part in the struggle for American independence, was member of the Maryland Consti- tutional Convention, and the only leading lawyer who dared accept the office of attorney-general. Tories were abundant in Somerset County at that time, and Martin prosecuted them and confiscated their goods with an unsparing vigor, and with such an intimate knowledge of the law that none escaped. Martin, like Chase, was an ardent Federalist politician. He defended Chase when impeached, and his defense of Burr in his trial for treason is not only one of the causes cHibre of the United States, but secured for Martin the active, life-long gratitude of the most heartless man the country ever produced. This great man died paralytic, imbecile, in penury, a pen.sioner. Yet the Maryland bar had such a sense of his greatness and of his broad contributions to legal science, and their obligations to him on that account, that they willingly consented to pay an annual license tax for his maintenance, and procured an act of the Legislature legalizing the as- sessment and collection of the tax, a case probably without precedent in professional history. Martin stands out among lawyers for presenting the sound sense of the law without trick or ornament, in beauty unadorned. His knowledge was ahvavs broader than THE BENCH AND BAR. 711 his case ; his mind seemed to grasp, co-ordinate, and I classify the principles of the law as if it were one of the exact sciences, and his professional accuracy was so generally acknowledged that his mere opinion was considered law, and is still deemed sound authority be- fore any of our tribunals. i It is commonly said that I when Wm. Pinkney returned iVum Europe (where he had l)oen serving as commis- sioner under the Jay treaty), in the full flush of his ex- traordinary powers, and with his eloquence pruned and chastened down to the tone of English models, Martin's great position at the bar fell away. But when Pinkney came back Martin, who was twenty years his junior, had already -seen his best days, and these two were never rivals, nor can they well be compared together. Their methods were en- tirely difl'erent. Martin's cases and his arguments on them grew out of his knowledge of the law, as the tree springs from the soil ; but Pinkney built up his cases as the architect, with magic design and exact eve and selection of faultless material, builds a Stras- buia; cathedral or an Alhambra. The art is wonder- ful, supernatuial if vou will, but it is art neverthe- less William Pinknev this magic mechanician, was bom at Vnnipolis, March 17, 17G4, had a private tutoi HI tlissRs, began to study medicine, finally ^^ studied law with Samuel iPHM mL Chase, and came to the bar #^^^ in 1786. He held some legia- ^L 43^ aSt lative offices, and practiced TT, r his profession successfully ' ''^^ until 1796, when he went to England on the .Jay treaty ( laims commission, and also ti} reclaim Maryland's Bank of England stock from chan- cery. Mr. Pinkney removed to Baltimore in 1S06. He was attorney-general of Mary- land and of the United States, State senator, member of Congress, minister to Russia, and United States senator, dying in 1822, in the height of his fame. He was the most brilliant lawyer the State ever produced, but not so sound nor so solid as Martin. Vain, chary of his reputation, he never went into a case without the most careful and elaborate preparation. He did not wish to appear so, but was the most laborious of men, studying each theme like an actor preparing his l)art. He knew the law deeply, but only regarded it as his instrument. He was philosophical and poeti- cal in the same way, so that he might fill out and round up his nosegay ; yet so consummate was this great actor's art — on the country's broadest stage, moreover — that his hearers thought him the most perfect of orators, and said that he conjoined to Burke's turbid thought and tropical rhetoric the chaste sentiment of Canning, the sonorous declama- tion of Pitt, the vivid fancy of Sheridan, Fox's ardor and passion, and Erskine's rapid but eloquent flow. Why not? William Pinkney was the aptest pupil that ever lived, and during his nine years in England he was at school to all these masters. The traditions of his triumphs, however, are something wonderful, and show him to have been a man of extraordinary force and versatility. These triumphs, however, were always the personal victories of Mr. Pinkney, and only legend tells of th<^m, while the victories of Martin were the victories of the law, and its applica- tions such that the courts even to this day respond to their influence. The distinction is as great as that between the appearance and manner of the two men, — Marlin, awkward, matter-of-fact, slovenly in speech and dress, a great snuff-taker, and often using his sleeve in lieu of a handkerchief, sometimes hardly sober enough to appear in court, yet never losing or tangling the thread of his argument ;' Pinkney, with the airs of a, petit maitre, coming into court gloved and dressed in the height of fa.shion, or hurrying in, booted and spurred, as if he had only remembered the case at the last moment, making good play with his handkerchief and his pinch of snufi' a ki mar- quise, always the actor, afliected even to himself and his own thoughts, yet always fortified at every point in regard to his own case, terribly in earnest to win it, and (^erribly determined to let no rival eclipse him in the argument. To divide business with these great barristers there came to Baltimore in 1802 one of the best-connected men of the lower part of the Eastern Shore, William H. Winder, of Somerset County. Born in 1775, edu- cated in Pennsylvania, studying law under John Henry and Gabriel Duvall, Gen. Winder began his public career by representing his native county in the Legislature. He came to Baltimore, and by tact, skill, and the winning grace of his Eastern Shore manners soon took a front place in his profession. In the war of 1812, while Pinkney only took a com- pany command. Winder went regularly into service, rose to the rank of brigadier-general and adjutant- general, nor did his capture on the Canadian frontier nor his inglorious defeat at Bladensburg injure his popularity. When he died, in 1824, only forty-nine years old, he had the largest practice of any lawyer at the Baltimore bar, and one of the largest in the United States Supreme Court. ^ In his latter days Martin could not plead unless under the InHuence of stimulants, and the story is ramiliar of the case where his client made his fee contingent upon Martin's keeping his promise not to drink. He stammered, stumbled, broke down, and at last, seixlint: for a pint of brandy and a loaf of bread, ate the requisite stimulant with his bread soaked in it, and won his case. 7ii HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Here, too, about the same time came the illustrious son-in-law of Charles Carroll of CarrolltoJi, Robert Goodloe Harper, a Virginian by birth, graduate of Princeton, representative of South Carolina in Con- gress from 1794 to 1801. Harper was Pinkney's age, but became United States senator eight years before the latter. Gen. Harper was a business lawyer of the highest standing, liis social rank was exceptionally good, and he had many sterling qualities and solid attainments. He was one of the counsel of Judge Chase in his impeachment trial ; was a pamphleteer of signal ability, as the published volume of his speeches and addresses testifies ; took a leading and conspicuous part ill the foundation of the American Colonization Society, and was foremost in promoting the works of internal improvement in which Maryland began to embark during his prime. He died very suddenly on the 14th of January, 182.5. If to these names we add those of Roger Brooke Taney, the late chief justice of the United States, and William Wirt, whose lives, public property, do not need to be recited here, it will be admitted that the early bar of Bal- timore deserves all and more than the encomi- ums that have been be- stowed upon it. Taney, though he lived down to our own times, was the contemporary of Harper and Winder, of Pinkney and Martin. He was attorney-general of Maryland, and at the head of the profession in the city and State, when Andrew Jack- son took him and in rapid succession made him At- torney-General of the United States, Secretary of the Treasury, and chief justice of the Supreme Court. A man of the purest character, the loftiest principles, the calmest judgment, the racst unblenching courage,, his spotless life and record were proof against the foulest breath of calumny and the mo.st frantic con- vulsions of cant. He served his State and his country well, and rests peacefully in his honored grave. Wirt, the most amiable and affec- tionate, the most loved and esteemed of men, did not come to the city to live until all these greater lights of the law had passed away, l)ut he had long been their intimate and familiar as well as their assc^ciate in many important cases. wH.iiAM wiitT. Wirt was a charming au- thor, — his " British Spy" is in some sort a classic, — he was eloquent, elegant, and ornate, yet it must be confessed his strain was rather thin. His oratory and his arguments appear effemi- nate and flimsy in contrast with Martin's massive logic and Pinkney's subtle reasoning, and even his Blennerhassett speech, famous as it is, will not bear comparison with the musical style of Harper, much less the solid, unadorned opinion of Taney. Around these giants in law gathered many men who but for comparison with them would have shown themselves to be far above the ordinary stat- ure. Of these it is only possible to mention the names of Thomas Beale Dorsey, William Frick, John Pur- viance, Nicholas Brice, Elias Glenn, and Alexander Nesbet, all of whom ascended the bench ; Joseph Hopper Nicholson, of the old Ea-stern Shore family of that name, who was chief judge of the Baltimore County circuit, and afterwards (in 180-5) was ap- pointed to the Court of Appeals ; William Ward, Theodorick Bland, who became chancellor; Zebulon Hollingsworth, Stevenson Archer, also chief judge of Baltimore County circuit; John Kilty, David Hoff- man, the author; Wm. Gwynn, editor of the Federal Gazette, and prince of the Delphian Club, etc. Jona- than Meredith, a contemporary of all these, lived right down into our own times, and deserves the title I which was accorded him of " the Nestor of the bar." ( And meantime the students of all these elders were coming forward to restore for a second time the golden age, the Safurula reyna, of the Baltimore bar. A good I focal point from which to glance at these would be the date of the amended constitution of 1838, when the Governors of the State were first elected by the people. By that time there had been a general re- action against the State's policy of internal improve- ments, which had involved the community in over- whelming debt. The protest of the "glorious nine- teen" had succeeded in arousing the people to a i consciousness that the State government was degen- erating into a mere rotten borough system, and the general sentiment was being effectually "democrat- ized," so to speak. This had its decided influence 1 upon the temper and character of the bar, and though j the incoming leaders were still Whigs, they were Whigs of a very different stamp from the semi-Fed- 1 eralists of the Harper school. Fogyism was depart- ing, like silk stockings and hair powder, and the railroad spirit had already made its distinct and rec- ognizable impress upon society. I Easily first and foremost of the new school, legiti- [ mate and worthy successor of Martin and Pinkney, Winder and Harper, stands the towering form of I John Van Lear McMahon. Born at Cumberland in I 1800, taking first honors at Princeton when only seven- teen years old, and coming to the bar at nineteen, Mr. McMahon was as distinctly a nineteenth century man as Messrs. Harper and Carroll were of the eighteenth. His immediate success at the bar did not prevent him from plunging at once into politics, and in his second term in the House of Delegates he became the recog- THE BENCH AND BAR. nized leader of that body, taking a memorable stand in favor of granting equality of civil rights to the Hebrews. In 1826 he came to Baltimore to live, was twice njain oloctrd to the Legislature as a .lackson Democrat, and declined a nomination to Congress. It was rather a personal issue with the Jackson party than a change of principles which ma. I.' :\r(01uhon turn Whig; liis ( 'iinilirihind birth, educa- tion, ami associates inclined him to favor internal im- provements from the first, and this he did in a masterful way, not only by his eloquent J,, II voice, but by his equally ef- fective pen, in pamphlets, memorials, reports, and in bills and charters which embodied and vivified the spirit of the institutions he aided in creating. He drew the charter of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the first incorporating act of the kind ever prepared in this country, and the model for all that have succeeded it. This fragment of Maryland history, which is one of the monuments to Mr. McMahon's memory, has caused the best judg- ments to regret that he did not devote himself entirely to literary pursuits, for it is in this field that his broad and philosophical mind. seemed to exercise itself most freely. He was a man of towering genius, the equal of any political speakers, a lawyer pro- found, astute, full of resources, and knowing at once the authority, the precedent, the principle, and the " right reason" of every point he made. He was an insatiate reader, and a teacher of such winning pow- ers that those who listened to him were never con- scious of the lapse of time. His oddities and eccen- tricities were harmless, and he was the most charm- ing and fascinating of companions. John Nelson, one of McMahon's rivals at the bar, though not thought to be a larger and broader man, was by many esteemed to be a better lawyer than even that eloquent pleader, who boasted that he never lost a case. Mr. Nelson was a most accomplished and able barrister ; he was a skillful and astute diploma- tist, and a man all of whose varied parts were rounded up into perfection by close and exhaustive study, by acute analysis and a power of conjoined comprehen- sion and apprehension such as is vouchsafed to but few men. He was a genial, kindly, warm-hearted, thoroughly well-balanced man. His natural endow- ments were great, his intellect was luminous and vig- orous, and he regarded law as a science, the most in- tricate problems of which it was his province, his privilege, and his delight to master and unravel. In the didactic parts of his profession, before the court and before a jury, his rea.soning was close and ex- haustive, his logic masterly, but this did not preclude him from tlie exercise of a genuine eloquence that was pleasing without being florid, and persuasive with- out vehemence. The late Reverdy Johnson, in speak- ing of Mr. Nelson's powers, said, " I have heard more eloquence, more brilliant imagery, more power of amplification, and more affluence of learning, but I do not think that in force of analysis, clearness of arrangement, perspicuity of statement, simplicity of language, closeness of logic, and concentration of thought I have ever seen Mr. Nelson much, if at all, excelled." John Nelson was born in Frederick, Md., in 1790 ; he was elected to Congress when only twenty-five years old ; appointed minister to Naples by Andrew Jackson, and made Attorney-General by John Tyler. In the latter position he succeeded the brilliant Hugh Swinton Legare, of South Carolina, but did not sufl'er in the least by the comparison. He died in Baltimore in 1860, after a severe fit of the gout. It is natural when we speak of McMahon and Nelson for the thought to. revert to Reverdy John- son. This sturdy oak of the law was the senior of the great triumvirate, in some resjiects like- wise the greatest of the three. A man of won- derful power, both phys- ical and mental, com- bative, yet subtle, acute, yet never wasting time on hair-splitting, Mr. Johnson's scope and range were remarkable. He could talk to a jury of plain farmers in a simple diction of which they understood every word (or thought they did), and so make them have perfect faith in a new medical theory of " moral insanity," invented by him for the nonce and enforced by precept and example. He knew — none better than he — how to address the venerable judges of the Supreme Court so as to win their ap- probation while securing their attention, and giving them the pleasing sense of relief from the deluge of verbiage perpetually rising around and threatening to overwhelm them. He was the readiest of debaters in the Senate, where his profound grasp of constitu- tional subjects kept him ready armed in any emer- gency. He was skillful, astute, and aufait in all the language and terms of diplomacy, never losing sight of the main issue of his case, while affecting, with the politesse of Talleyrand, the indifferent attachment of a Walpolc to the middle way of compromise, and as an after-dinner speaker he was as clear, as genial, as sparkling, and as delightful as a draught of old southside Madeira, sunny and golden as the ra.vs in which it had ripened. His capacity for work and business was almost miraculous. It despised the weight of years and the loss of sight, and when his last fatal accident befel him, on Feb. 9, 1876, at An- 7U HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. napolis, liis mind and his powers seemed to be in their full vigor. Mr. Johnson was bred in the law. The son of Chancellor Johnson the first, the brother of Chancellor Johnson the second, he was born in Annapolis, May 21, 1796, educated at St. John's Col- lege, and taught law in his father's otlice. In 1817 he came to Baltimore to challenge the stalwart .elders whose history we have already sketched. He never hesitated to throw down tlie gauntlet to any one. His success was immediate and continuous, nor did his loss of popularity in consequence of the Bank of Maryland troubles affect his standing at the bar. He was Attorney-General of the United Suites in 1849, United States senator in 1863, minister to England in 1868, and besides these received many other im- portant appointments at the hands of his State and the Federal Government. Hon. John Glenn, Mr. Johnson's associate in many business enterprises, died in 18-53, being judge of the United States District Court. He was the successor of Upte, and on the 27th of January, 1806, the General Assembly passed an act appointing Thomas McElderry, Thomas Rutter, Thomas Dixon, Alexander McKim, John McKim, Jr., William C. Goldsmith, Robert Stewart, Henry Payson, and William Jessop commissioners to contract " for and superintend the erection of a new court-house on the public ground belonging to the county, at the north end of the dwelling occupied by John Hollins, on North Calvert Street, at the corner of Lexington Street." This building, which is the one still in use, was completed in 1809, during which year the first sessions of the courts were held in it. It was built by George Milleman. who furnished the plans and did the wood-work ; William Stewart exe- cuted the stone-work, and Col. James Mosher the brick-work. 1 The penalty even 1 and crueUy severe, our tiie punishment the more ment for debt was used ! this is afforded by the cast imprisoned for a debt of e in fees before his malice somewhat puritanical lav pleasure of the court, no , misdemeanors in those days was exqessively cestors acting upon the idea that the greater effective the check to crime. Even imprison- 18 a means of private malice. An instance of > of a colored barber, who had a tipsy customer ix and a quarter cents, and paid three pounds i was satisfied. Persons ofTending against the «s of the province were imprisoned during the it exceeding one year. Among other punish- boring through the tongue with a red-hot iron, slitting the nose, cutting oS one or both ears, whipping, branding with a red-hot iron, in the hand or on the forehead, with the initial letter of the offense for which the sufferer was punished, — " S. L." for seditious libeler, on either cheek, " M." for manslaughter, or " T." for thief, on the left hand, " R." for rogue, on the shoulder, and " P." for perjury, on the forehead, — " flogging at the cart's tail," when tlie criminal was tied to the end of a cart and ilogged on his naked back while the cart was driven slowly through the town. At the Baltimore County Assizes iu 1748 an old, gray-haired man was convicted of blasphemy, and his tongue was bored through and he was sentenced to remain in jail until he paid a fine of twenty pounds. The pillory and whipping-post were also used as a Bortof preliminary punishment to the more severe penalties to follow. In 1819 the pillory was used for the last time in Maryland for a revolting crime. The last man whipped in the State was a postmaster for tamper- ing with the mails in Annapolis. He was tied to one of the pillars of the porrico of the State-House and whipped, while Judge Chase was hold* HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. On the morning of the 13th of February, 1835, the roof and upper story of the court-house were destroyed by fire. The City and County and Or- phans' Courts and the grand jury were in session at the time, and all the important records were either removed or remained in safety in the fire-proof rooms in the first story. The fire was checked on the second floor, so that the City Court room, though not fire- proof, was fortunately saved. One of the chimneys was left standing after the conflagration, and on the 27th of June in the same year was blown down with terrific force. In its fall the chimney broke down a temporary roof erected to protect the offices in the first floor, and the ruins of the chimney and roof fell on the staircase and partly into the hall of the build- ing. Thomas Marshall, son of the venerable chief justice of the United States, had arrived in the city a few hours before on his way to Philadelphia to visit his sick parent. He was walking with a friend in the street near the court-house when the rain com- ! menced, and both sought shelter in the hall from the storm. Mr. Marshall unfortunately occupied a posi- tion immediately within the reach of the falling ruins, which were precipitated on his head, and wounded him so severely that he expired on Monday following, at the house of his friend and relative. Dr. Alexander. In 1866, under authority of a resolution of the City Council, extensive alterations and improvements were made in the building, and the room at present occu- pied by the Court of Common Pleas was added on the west side of the structure. The principal change, however, consisted in the removal of the heavy wall and earth banks surrounding the building, and the transformation of the cellar into a basement story for the clerks' and sheriff's offices. In spite of these im- provements the edifice has been found unequal to present needs, and two of the courts have been forced to find accommodations in the old Masonic Hall, on St. Paul Street. The erection of a new court-house has been agitated for a number of years past, and during the early part of the present year (1881) a com- mission, consisting of Mayor Latrobe, chairman, and Messrs. Wm. A. Fisher, B. F. Newcomer, I. Parker Veazey, and A. H. Greenfield, was appointed to inquire into and report upon the subject. In their report, which was made on the 3d of May, the commission recommend the purchase of the square bounded by Calvert, Fayette, and St. Paul Streets and Court- House Lane, and the erection of a new court-house. The property between Court-House Lane and Lex- ington Street, upon which the present court buildings stand, is now owned by the city, and with the pur- chase of the addition mentioned the whole square bounded by Calvert, Lexington, St. Paul, and Fayette Streets would be at the disposal of the city. The commission estimated that the new court- house and ground would cost about two million two huiulreil and fifty thousand dollars. Pbrsidino Justices. 1730, Rogor Mathews. 1732. Edward Hall. 1734, William Hamilton. 1736, Richard Gist. 1742, Tliomas Sheiedine. 174H, Thomas Franklin, who held the office over twenty years. The justices who resided in or near Baltimore Town and most fre- quently occupied the bench, were A. Buchanan, John Moale, W. Bu- chanan, J. Van Bibber, A. Van Bibber, George Lindenberger, James Cal- houn, William Russell, Thomas Kussell, Thomas McHenry, Peter Shep- pard, Henry Wilson, Thomas Elliott, John Merrynian, Robert Lemmon, Thomas SoUers, Jesse Bussey, and Thorogood Smith. Henry Ridgely was many years chief justice of the County Court. The justices of the peace who formed the County Court upon the for- mation of the State government in 1777 were Andrew Buchanan, John Moale, Benjamin Rogers, Wm. Buchanan, Wm. Spear, Thomas Sollers, John Beale Howard, James Calhoun, Hercules Courtney, George Gould- smith Prestbury, Isaac Van Bibber, Peter Shepherd, John Cradock, Ed- ward Cockey, John Merryman, Jr., Henry Stevenson, son of Edward, Jeremiah Johnson, Charles Ridgely, son of Wm., Wm. Goodwin, John Robert Holliday, Wm. Lu.v, Nicholas Merryman, Philip Rogera, Chris- topher Owings, Nicholas Jones, John Hall, son of Joshua, George Lin- denberger, Thomas Piiilip, Abraham Anderson, Christopher Vaughan, Frederick Decker, Jesse Bussey, Robert Lemmon, Richard Cromwell. Judges of the Orphans' Cocet, 1856-81. ISSr).— Edward D. Kemp, C.J. ; Charles G. Griffith, Samuel G. Spicer. 1859. — Edward D. Kemp, C.J. ; Joseph H. Audoun, Franklin Supplee. (Kemp resigned, and J. Spear Smith was appointed to fill the vacancy. In 1863, Aaron Hoffman was appointed, vice Audoun, resigned.) 1863.— Joseph H. Audoun, C.J. ; Franklin Supplee, Aaron Hoffman. 1867.— Josiah Balderston, C.J. ; Thomas Bond, Bolivar D. Danels. 1871.— Bolivar D. Danels, C.J. ; George W. Bishop, George W. Lindsay. (On March 6, 1874, John A. Inglis was appointed, vice Danels, 1875.— John A. Inglis, C.J. ; George W. Lindsay, John K. Carroll. (On Sept. 10, 1878, Nelson Poe, C.J., was appointed, rice Inglis, de- 1879.— Nelson Poe, C.J. ; George W. Lindsay, John K. Carroll. Reoisters of Wills, 1861 to 1881. 1851.— Nathaniel Hickman. [ 1867.— J. Harmon Brown. 1859.— Isaac P. Cook. I 1879.— Robert T. Banks. May 1, 1861, Charles F. Cloud. Nov. 20, 1851, John Hayes. Nov. 28, 1863, John Hyndes. Nov. 6, 1866, Samuel Caskins. Nov. 30, 1867, Thomas Creamer. Nov. 23, 1859, George D. Button. Nov. 23, 1861, Edward R. Sparks. Nov. 28, 1863, Jno. J. Daneker. , 1851-81. [ Nov. 23, 1865, William Thompson. Nov. 25, 1867, .Tohn W. Davis. ' Nov. 25, 1869, Augustus Albert. : Nov. 26, 1871, George P. Kane. Dec. 1, 1873, Augustus Albert. Dec. 1, 1876, Samuel S. Mills. Nov. 14, 1877, Philip Snowden. Nov. 22, 1879, Alfred E. Smyrk. In 1788 a criminal court was organized for the county and town, consisting of five judges, — Samuel Chase (chief justice), John Moale, William Russell, Otho H. Williams, Lyde Goodwin. To these suc- ceeded George Salmon, George G. Presbury, Job Smith, and Nicholas Rogers. Joshua Seney was chief justice of the district from 1777 to 1790. In 1799 a new Court of Oyer and Terminer was or- ganized for the city and county, with Walttr Dorsey as chief justice, and George G. Presbury and Job Smith as associate justices. In 1808, Judge Dorsey died, and was succeeded by John Scott, who died in 1813, and his successor was Luther Martin. In 1805 the General Court was abolished, and the chief justices of the District Courts were constituted THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. a Court of Appeals. The State was divided into six districts, of which Baltimore and Harford Counties composed the last. Joseph H. Nicholson was ap- pointed chief justice, and Benjamin Rumsey and Thomas Jones associate justices. Mr. Rumsey not accepting, Zeb Hollingsworth took his place. Judge Jones died in 1812, and was succeeded by Theodoric Bland. Cleuks of City Courts. 1880, Wm. F. McKewen. 1867-73, T. P. Scott. | 1875-77, C. W. Pinkney. 1873-75, G. W. Browu. l 1877, H. F. Garey. Clerks of Ct Isij'i, Laraford Norwood, John Davis. 1855-61. William J. Hamill. OF Common Pleas. 1861-67, James D. Lowry. 1867, 1. Freeman Raisin. Clerks of Superior Court.i 1S51-57, Edward Bowling. 1867-78, George Robinson. 1857-63, George E. Saugston. 1878, F. H. Prevost. 1863-67, Alfred Mace. 1 The clerks of the Circuit Court have been William H. H. Turner, G. W. Sherwood, E. J. Kerr, John T. Adams, Samuel M. Evans, James E. United States Court-House.— In 185.5 the Hons. .Joshua Vansuiit and Henry May both introduced bills into Congress to provide for the accommoda- tion of the courts of the United States for the dis- trict of Maryland and for a post-office in Baltimore. At the same session a bill passed providing for build- ing a United States court-house at Baltimore, and also authorizing the President of the United States to select a suitable site for the erection of the same. The United States Court had formerly been held in the old Masonic Hall, on St. Paul Street. On the 16th of May, 1859, President James Buchanan, with his cabinet, visited Baltimore to select a site, and chose that offered for $50,000 by the First Presby- terian Church, on the northwest corner of North and Fayette Streets. The contract for the building was awarded to N. Osbourne, of New York. The Pres- byterian church stood upon a hill, which was leveled before the foundation of the court-house was laid in 1862. The building was completed in 1865. It is constructed of granite from the Maryland and Maine quarries. It is one hundred and eighteen feet in length, and including the front portico, which was afterwards removed and placed on the North Street front, it was sixty feet wide. The height of the ex- terior walls to the eaves is sixty-five feet. The archi- tectural style of the building is Italian with Grecian porticos. It was designed by A. B. Young, govern- ment architect. The lot is inclosed by a handsome iron railing supported by granite posts. The court- ' After the separation of the county from the city. house was contracted for at $112,800, but owing to the suspension of the work and the increased price of labor and materials, its cost amounted to over $250,- 000. . The first session of the United States Circuit Court held in this building commenced May 25,»1865. Officers op United States Court. Circuit Courl.—Aag. 4, 1870, Hugh L. Bond. UiiUed SlalM DiMriclJvdga for Morjiaiirf.— 1791-1800, William Paca, who died 1806. He held the first United States Court in Baltimore, May 7, 1791. 1799-1806, James Winchester, died 1806 ; 1806-19, James Houston, died 1809; 1819-24, Theodorick Bland ; 1824-36, Bliaa Glenn ; 1830-.52,.Upton S. Heath, died Feb. 25, 1852: 1852-53, John Glenn; 1853-79, William F. Giles, died March 21, 1879 ; 1879, Thomas J. Morris. United Slata Clerki.—lo 1834, Philip Moore, died April 28, 1834, aged sixty-four ; 1834-64, Thomas Spicer; 1864 to present time, James W. Chew. United States Dutrict AUomeys—KOH, Zeb Hollingsworth; 1806-11, John Stephens ; 1811-12, Thomas B. Dorsey; 1812-24, Elias Glenn ; 1824-41, Nathaniel Williams; 1841-45, Z. Collins Lee; 1846-60, Wil- liam li. Marshall ; 1850-63, Z. Collins Lee; 1853-62, W. Meade Ad- dison; 1862-65, William Price; 1865-66, William J.Jones; 1866-67, William Price; 1867-69, Andrew Sterett Ridgely ; 1869, Archibald Stirling, Jr. United Slate» Ulanhah for Maryland District.— WOO, Jacob Graybill.'died on July 9, 1800; 1800-1, David Hopkins; 1801- 4, Reuben Etting ; 1804-17, Thomas Butter; 1817-27, Paul Ben- talou ; 1827-35, Thomas Finley; 1835^1, Nicholas Snider; 1841, Thomas B. Pottenger ; 1849, Morcau Forrest; 1849-53, Thomas H. Kent (of Jos.); 1853-61, John W. Watkins; 1861-69, Washington Bonifant; 1869-77, Edward Y. Goldsborough ; 1877, John M. Mc- Clintock. CHAPTER XLI. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. There is no more interesting subject connected with the history of Baltimore than the rise and pro- gress of the medical profession, which may be justly regarded as one of the most important factors in the early development as well as in the later civilization of all great communities. That this has been pre-emi- nently the case with respect to Baltimore is evident from even the most superficial study of its history, and it is not surprising, therefore, to find that from the very beginning the members of the medical pro- fession have borne an important part in shaping the destinies of the metropolis of the State. It is no mere figure of speech to say that they were present at the birth of Baltimore, for two representatives of the pro- fession, Dr. Walker and Dr. George Buchanan, were appointed commissioners under the act of 1729, and were prominent in all the proceedings connected with the laying out of the town.^ Until 1750 there appears 2 The names of Drs. Buchanan and Walker occur with great frequency in the early annals of the town, in connection with many of the most important undertakings of the day, and it is evident that they w-ere both men of note and influence in the community. Dr. Buchanan was a Scotchman, and settled in the county as early as 1723, where he practiced his profession until his death, in the fifty-fourth year of his age, in April, 1750. He was a landholder and one of the justices of the county. Pre- vious to 1716, Dr. Walker had been a resident of Anne Arundel County, where he had practiced medicine with a brother James, but about that period he removed to Baltimore County and purchased a tract of land near the subsequent site of Baltimore, which he called Chatsworth, and which retained that title until its occupancy for building purposes within the last few years. 730 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. to be but little record of any medical operations of in- terest, but in that year there occurred an outbreak of disease, which was called, for want of a better name, " winter fever," and which would seem to have puzzled the physicians as well as the public. There is reason to believe, however, that it was simply the smallpox, for two years afterwards that disease is described as " raging" in the town, and indeed throughout the whole of the province, carrying off Col. William Ham- mond, of Baltimore, and many other persons of note. The epidemic appears to have prevailed in various sections of the province for a considerable period, and to have revisited the town on more than one occasion, for a long time apparently baffling the best medical skill and resources.' Fortunately, about this period the medical profession of Baltimore was reinforced by a valuable auxiliary in the person of Dr. Henry Ste- venson, a native of Ireland, who, with his brother, Dr. John Stevenson, settled in the town between the years 1754 and 1760. He at once took^a leading rank in the profession, and devoted himself with great skill and success to the relief of the community. He did not confine himself to Baltimore, however, but trav- eled all through the province for the purpose of doing battle with the disease. He was a most pro- nounced advocate of inoculation, and in August, 1765, claimed that " he had inoculated with as much success, if not more, than any on the continent,"- and it is stated lost but seven out of eighteen hundred patients inoculated by him. He soon attained so much success and popularity that in 1769 he converted his elegant stone house, which was called " Stevenson's Folly," into a hospital for the regular reception of patients. His charges were two pistoles for inoculation and twenty shillings a week for board and lodging.' On the adoption of 1 On the 30th of March, 1767, owing to the prevalence of smallpox in Annapolis, the Governor issued a proclamation directing the Legislature to meet in Baltimore on theoth of April. It accordingly met for the firat and only time in the town. In July of the same year the disease ceased its ravages in Annapolis, after having been epidemic there for alrout nine months, and a proclamation was issued by the Governor appointing the 12th of August as a day of general and public fasting, humiliation, and - From a statement in the Maryland Gazette of March 14, 1705, it ap- pears that "out of every one hundred and sixteen persons inoculated only one died of smallpox, while nearly one out of every five died who were not inoculated. The doctors inoculated gratuitously, and the cor- poration of Annapolis provided necessaries for those who were inocu- lated." Smallpox prevailed all over the province at this time to an alarming extent. '' Among the names which we meet with about this period are those of Dr. 11. Hulse, from St. Thomas', Guy's, and the Lying-in Hospital, Lon- don, who resided at the Rev. Mr. Craddock's, Garrison's Forest, Baltimore Co., and "practiced every branch of Surgery, physick, and Midwifery at an expense much under the customary charges;" Dr. Steuart, who was appointed a meinber- ..f the Council in 1769 by Lord Baltimore; Dr. Ephnuii, II. >.,H.l.. I I ikii.lKO, Md.; and Dr. William Dnshiell, a pupil ofDr. Wi n;:,,i \ . iiH^ionof someinterestcomnienced InJanuary, 1774, i';. I' il 'I mid Dashiellwithregard totheconsetiuences of aI'M -■ - I iniiii. u llif muscular and tendonons parts, especially with reference to tlio tuae of one William Coale. Baltimore seems also to have been favored with visits from several peripatetic physicians, among whom were " Dr. Graham, Oculist and Anrist, of Edinburgh," who remained in the town during October, 1773, and Dr. John II. fiilliert. the Declaration of Independence, Dr. Stevenson es- poused the royal cause, and was forced to leave the town. His property was subsequently confiscated, a rather poor return, it must be acknowledged, for the zeal and humanity he had shown in the alleviation of suffering and disease.* Dr. Henry Stevenson was not alone in his humane and benevolent labors, and about this same time we find among the medical profession of Baltimore and vicinity the names of Dr. Charles Frederick Wiesen- thall. Dr. John Boyd,'' Dr. Craddock, Dr. M. Haslett, Dr. Thomas Andrews, Dr. S. S. Coale, Dr. F. Ridgely, Dr. W. Beard, Dr. John Labesius, Dr. Wil- liam Lyon, Drs. Hulse, Stcnhousc, Pue, Gray, Coul- ter, and Patrick Kennedy. Dr. Wiesenthall was sur- geon to Col. William Smallwood's battalion in 1776, and, with other physicians of the town, would seem to have responded with great ardor to the very first calls of patriotic duty. The following appeal, published on the 12th of March, 1776, shows that they were not behind any other class of the community in their de- votion to the Revolutionary cause : " To the puijlic in geitentl and tJie ladies in particular : " Our repose which we have hitherto eujoyt-d, in preference to our neighboring colonies, is at last disturbed, and we are now called forth to our defense. The alacrity with whicli our brave countrymen assemble and the determination to fight visible in every countenance demon- strates that if the enemy should be hardy enough to encounter them we have reason to expect wounds. The necessity of taking all imaginable care of those who may happen to be wounded (in the country's cause) " a German and regular bred physician," from Philadelphia, who adver- tised on the 18th of September, 1773, that " he would stay for the season at Mr. Frazier's, opposite Andrew Steiger's, on Gay Street," and offered to an afiQicted public sundry wonderful tinctures, ointments, balsams, etc., as well as " copies of the ' Vicar of Wakefield,' by Dr. Goldsmith." ■* Dr. John Stevenson, who accompanied his brother Henry to Balti- more and settled here at the same time, does not seem to have practiced his profession after his arrival, but to have devoted himself almost ex- clusively to mercantile affairs. The peculiar advantages of the place with respect to the trade of the frontier countries of Virginia, Pennsyl- vania, and Maryland appear to have been almost immediately appreci- ated by him, and he has the houor of being the first to conceive the idea of making Baltimore the grand emporium of Maryland commerce. He may justly be regarded as the founder of the grain trade of the city, for very soon after his settlement here he purchased and shipped consider- able quantities of wheat to Ireland, which were sold to great advantage. This was the commencemeut of a trade that soon began to attract gen- eral attention, and which proved so valuable to the town that Dr. Steven- son has been regarded, in a commercial sense, as the founder of Balti- more, and on one occasion was accosted by Sir William Draper as the " American Romulus." He died on the 23d ofMarcli, 1785, at his residence in Market Street. He seems, like his brother Henry, to have had a leaning towards the royal cause, and was accused of illegally Importing salt into the colonies from prohibited sources, and brought before the Baltimore County Committee on that charge. He was again arraigned before the committee on the 25th of July, 1776, charged with making treasonable reflections upon the Continental Congress. s Dr. Boyd was requested, with the other physicians of Baltimore, by the Baltimore County Committee, May 28, 1776, to refrain from inocu- lating with smallpox, to prevent the appearance of the disease among the troops. He was a member of the Baltimore Connty Committee of Observation in January, 1775, and was elected clerk of the coinndttee. On the 30th of November, 1774, he was elected a member of the Balti- more County Committee of Correspondence, and also a delegate to the Maryland Convention. He received various other minor appointments and commissions from the Council of Safety. Dr. William Lyon, of Soldier's Delight, was appointed a member of the BoUimore County Com- mittee of Observation, May 16, 1778. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 731 urges us to address our humane ladies to lend us their kind assistance in furnishing us with linen rags and old sheeting for bandages, etc., to he delivered either to Dr. Wieseuthall, Dr. Boyd, Pr. Craddock, or any member of the committee." Still later in the struggle, when the Continental currency had become almost worthless, in November, 1779, a card was published by Drs. Wiesenthall, Has- lett, Boyd, Andrews,^ Coale, Eidgely, Beard, and Le- besius, informing the pmblic that *' tlie pi-actitiouers of physic, owing to the fluctuation of prices and the nntixt value of money, are compelled to charge for their services in country produce, or by way of barter, or in money at such prices as will bear proportion to the necessaries of life at time of payment." In spite of the heavy pressure of the times, how- ever, they had not forgotten the claims of humanity, for they add that " the indigent sick may neverthe- less apply, and they shall be attended to as usual with tenderness and charity." While these early pio- neers were thus laboring with generous self-sacrifice, the community was frequently invaded by medical charlatans, who often brought discredit upon the pro- fession, and did serious injury to the public." 1 1 Dr. Andrews died in Baltimore on the 26th of December, 1783, while attending his father, Dr. Ephraim Andrews, who died a few hours after- wards, in the same day. In the same year a Dr. Ludwig, "lodging at Mr. Hildebrand's, in Market Street," was added to the medical corps of Baltimore, and in February, 1785, Dr. Gilder advertises to cure " the ul- cerous or putiid sore throat lately so fatal to the people in Fredericks- burg, Virginia, and the people of this town." - As early as September,1745,Mon3. Francis Torres,a native of France, and " lately an inhabitant of New Spain, traveled through the provinces, pretending to cure all kinds of ills and complaints by means of his Chinese stones and bags of powder, at the price of twenty-five shillings per stone and powder." In his advertisement, supported by a large number of certificates from persons living in Rhode Island, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland, he states that " by long travel, study, and experience he has discovered several secrets that have relieved and cured many persons under disorders, particularly of the rheumatism, gout, bite of venomous snakes, cancers, swellings, pains in the joints, sciatica, dropsy in the legs, cramp, pleurisy, women's labor pains, pains in children's bellies, burns, pains in the bones, coughs, fever in the bead, sore eyes, headache, toothache, and several other diseases, and that in a manner hitherto un- known, by virtue of a Chinese stone and powders, to be applied to the place most affected, without taking anything inwardly." The directions for using the Chinese stones and powder were as follows; "When any person has been bit by a snake or other venomous crea- ture the stone must be immediately applied to the wound, where it will tick fast and draw out the venom; in an hour the pain will entirely leave the bitten person. Then put the stone about two minutes in a ghi£s of warm water, it will purge itself; afterwards dry it in warm ashes, wrap it up carefully, and so continuing to do every time it ia used it may serve an hundred times. " For the gout and rheumatic pains, the patient must apply one of the small bags of four ounces of the powder to the place most affected, which will in a night's time suck out and dry up the humor, then apply the same bag to the next place that you find most in pain, always rememhei^ ing first to warm it in a fire-shovel, aud then wash the place with warm rum or brandy, and wrap the bag close on the place to keep the part warm. "For the cancer or any other humors, the toothache or any other pains, two ounces of the powder is sufficient; first warm it in a tire- shovel, then wash the place as before mentioned, and then lay on the bag of powder. For the toothache, lay the bag to the cheek. "To purge the powder from the venom or ill humors which it hath drawu from the affected places and to tnake it fit for use again lay the bag before the fire for a small space of time, and it will servo a hundred times without losing its virtues." A critic in the Pennsijlvania Gazelle, under date of Oct. 30, 1745, says, " Go to a cutlass-shop, there you'll find a remnant of buckshorn, cut off probably from a piece that was too long for a knife. handle, saw and rasp it into what shape you please, and then It soon became apparent that in order to maintain a proper medical standard and to protect the com- munity from these inroads it was necessary to estab- lish a more thorough organization among regular practitioners, and to provide legal safeguards against medical impostors. Accordingly, on the 4th of December, 1788, a pub- lic meeting was called by Dr. Wiesenthall in behalf of the faculty of Baltimore, to " be held on the 15th instant, to petition the Assembly for the better regula- tion of the practice of physic throughout the State."^ Nothing, however, it is believed, came of this effort, and on the 1st of June in the following year Dr. Wiesenthall, who was the leader in the movement, died, and the matter seems to have been abandoned for the time. In speaking of his death the Maryland Journal of the 2d of June, 1789, pays him the follow- ing tribute : " The shaft he so warded from others has pierced him at last. Yester- day morning, about half-past seven o'clock, departed this life Dr. Charles Fred. Wiesentbal, in the sixty-third year of his age, after having prac- ticed physic in this town for thirty-four years. If the strictest attention in his profession which humanity could excite, and that success which might be expected from superior medical abilities, improved in an un- common manner by reason and observation, deserve to be remembered, tho tears of gratitude must flow in sorrowful profusion. He is gone, and the pain of reflection is the more heightened because it is at the time when he was in daily expectation of the return of an absent and only son, whose virtues and abilities are beloved and admired by all who Dr. Wiesenthall had distinguished himself by his devotion to the Revolutionary cause, having been a member of the Baltimore County Committee of Ob- servation in January, 1775, and having held many offices of trust under the Council of Safety. In De- cember, 1775, he was appointed supervisor of the manufacture of saltpetre for Baltimore County, and March 2, 1776, was commissioned by the Maryland Council of Safety surgeon of the Maryland Battalion. His son was Dr. Andrew Wiesenthall, who subse- quently assumed a leading rank in his profession, and who, on the 28th of July following, "took the liberty of acquainting his friends that he had commenced the practice of physic." The medical profession was further strengthened in the same year by the addition to its membership of Dr. George Buchanan, who was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Physics at a spe- cial commencement of the University of Philadel- phia on the 10th of February, 1789. He was a son of bum it in hot embers, and you will have Mons. Torres' Chinese stone, which will stick to a wet finger, fresh sore, etc., and have all the virtues of a new tobacco pipe. "Your sawdust and raspings and clips of the same horn, burnt in the same manner, and put into a little linen rag makes the miraculous chemical or comical powder." 3 As indicating the state of public feeling on the subject, a letter writ- ten by Elisha Hall to Dr. Wiesenthall, and published two days before tho meeting, is worthy of mention . In it the writer earnestly calls attention to the importance of making any legislation that might be secured ap- plicable not only to persons who might " in future apply to practice med- icine in the State," but also to "the pestilent empirics and quacks who are at present preying on the community." In this communication Dr. Wiesenthall is addressed as president of the medical society. n-2 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the Dr. Buchanan wlio was one of the commissioners appointed to lay oft' the town in 1729, and on the 18th of June following his graduation he joined his fortunes with those of Miss Laetitia McKean, second daughter of the Hon. Thomas McKean, Chief Justice of the State of Pennsylvania. The estimation in which the professional ability of Drs. Buchanan and Andrew Wiesenthall wiis held is indicated by the fact that, on the Uth of September of the same year, they were both elected physicians to the county hospital, in company with Dr. Samuel S. Cole, Dr. Gilder, Dr. Wynkoop, Dr. Johnson, Dr. Brown, and Dr. Little- john, some of whom were practitioners of many years standing. They soon demonstrated their right to this confidence by the zeal and ability with which they devoted themselves to the work of the profession, and signalized the year in which they entered upon its practice by the first attempt to establish a medical college in the town.' This important undertaking was announced to the public on the 11th of September in the following terms : "Oil the first Monday in December next. Dr. George Buchanan will begin a course of lectures on the theory and practice uf midwifery, com- prehending the iliseases of women and children. At the same time will commence a course of clinical lectures, exhibiting a particular view of the Bruuonian doctrine, by Dr. George Buchanan, M.D., member of the American Philosophical Society. Dr. A. Wiesenthall proposes to deliver a course of anatomical lectures the ensuing winter in Baltimore Town. Tlie subjects usually comprehended in a course of this kind will be treated in the one proposed, viz. : the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the human body, the operations of surgery, and, at the conclusion of the course, some lectures on the gravid uterus. The course will commence on the first Monday in December ne.xt. Proposals containing at large the subjects to be treated, and terms of attendance, may be had at the doctor's house in Gay Street, Baltimore. The doctor will endeavor to accommodate two or three gentlemen in the house during the season, where they will have peculiar advantages." These announcements seem to have stimulated the zeal of the other members of the profession, and on the 6th of November following " the physicians of Baltimore, agreeably to public notice previously given, met for the purpose of forming themselves into a body which they agreed to distinguish by the name of the ' Medical Society of Baltimore.' " The " great and principal end of the institution" was announced to be " the promotion of medical knowledge," and, in order to accomplish this object, " the correspondence of medical gentlemen in different parts of the country" was solicited. By the provisions of its constitution the society was to meet on the second Tuesday of each month, at seven o'clock in the evening, at Mr. Starck's tavern. Its officers for the first year were Dr. Edward Johnson, president ; Dr. Andrew Wiesenthall, secre- tary, treasurer, and librarian ; Dr. John Boyd, Lyde Goodwin, Reuben Gilder, George Buchanan, and George Brown, committee of correspondence. Dr. Wiesenthall's introductory lecture was delivered at his house on the 7th of December, at twelve o'clock, and Dr. Buchanan's on the same date. On the 29th of the same month a contemporary writer, in refer- ring to those lecture-s, says, — "The attempt to establish a medical seminary in this State meets with all reasonable encouragemeut. The advantages which would anse upon the establishment of such an institution in our midst are obvious to all. The gentlemen who are delivering their respective courses of lectures in this city are endeavoring to make their labors as complete and beneficial as possible. Tlie Legislature may probably think the en- terprise of sutticient consequence to give the sanction of public patronage." Other members of the profession were soon enlisted in the same work, and lectures were delivered by Dr. George Brown on the theory and practice of physic ; by Dr. Lyde Goodwin, on the theory and practice of surgery; and by Dr. Samuel Coale, on chemistry and materia medica. Dr. Wiesenthall's lectures were pro- bably continued in 1790, for on the 1st of July in that year he informs 1 It had previously been the custom for young men desiring to pursue the study of medicine either to do so abroad or in some other State, or to become the office pupils of local physicians. Such notices as the follow- ing, which appeared under date of May 15, 1788, were by no means in- frequent: " Wanted by a regular bred physician a youtii of genteel con- nexions as a pupil. He must be well versed in the liittiii tongue." of physic in this and the neighboring towns that the an- atomical lectures will commence in Baltimore on .the first Monday in October next, and that he will deliver two courses in the season." The appreciation in which these efforts were held is indicated by the following highly complimentary testimonial to Drs. Buchanan and Weisenthall : "To George Buchanan, M.D., Lecturer o« Midicifery : " SiE, — Having finished your first course of lectures on this branch of our scieuce, and given us such evident proofs of your abilities, and tlie intense application with which you have made yourself master of this subject, and that your industry is adequate to the task of tracing the no less beautiful than wonderful progress of man from a minimum visible to his most perfect state, we take the liberty of giving this public testi- mony of our approbation and acknowledgment of the instruction and advantages we have derived from attending your lectures. That you and your friend, Dr. Wiesenthall, may meet with the encouragement that your merit deserves in making tlie first essay towards establishing a medical school in Maryland, is the sincere wish of your humble ser- vants, Andrew Aitken,RobertJoyner, John Nicholson, Frederick Dalcho, Thomas Williams, Jr., Thomas Robertson, Jr., Simon Guttrow, Robert Alexander, Thomas Johnson." This was published in March, 1790. The success which attended these efforts inspired other physicians to share their labors, and on the 29th of March in the same year the following announcement was made in the columns of the Maryland Journal: "The zeal for study and eager desire of requiring knowledge, that at present distinguish the students of medicine in Baltimore, have with much satisfaction been observed by some of the physicians of this place, who being desirous to aid and cherish as far as in their power so lauda- ble a spirit have entered into an association to establish a medical school here the ensuing winter, where youth who are engaged in the study of physic shall have (in aildition to those advantages they already possess) opportunities of hearing courses of lectures on the different branches of medicine and surgery. The gentlemen engaged in promoting this in- stitution wish to decline offei-ing anything in favor of Baltimore as an eligible situation for such a seminary, as the advantages to be derived from a public hospital, etc., are too apparent to require illustration. They would only, in justice to themselves, obsei-ve that this essay, which they engage in from principle, shall be cultivated witii industry and ex- ertion. At an early period of ^he ensuing winter courses of lectures on the following subjects will commence: "Anatomy, by Dr. Andrew Wiesenthal; Midwifery, by Dr. George Buchanan ; Chemistry and Materia Medica, by Dr. Samuel Coale ; The- ory and Practice of Surgery, by Dr. Lyde Goodwin ; Theory and Practice of Pliysic, by Dr. George Brown." THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. In the same month an effort was made by Drs. George Brown, Andrew Wiesenthall, Lyde Goodwin, S. S. Coale, James AVynkoop, Edward Johnson, Geo. P. Stevenson, Miles Littlejohn, George Buchanan, Moore Falls, Moses Haslett, and John Coulter to estab- lish a " Humane Society, for the recovery of persons apparently dead from sudden accidents, as drowning, suffocating, lightning, etc.," but with what success is not known. In the following year (1791) the prevalence of yellow fever in Philadelphia created considerable alarm in Baltimore, and it was considered necessary to establish quarantine regulations for the protection of the inhabitants. The excitement, indeed, was so great that military detachments were posted on the Philadelphia road to intercept fugitives from Phila- delphia, as appears from the following extract from the Maryland Journal: " September loth, a detachment from the Independent Volunteer Com- pany, commanded by Capt. Strieker, marched out of Baltimore to relieve the company who occupied a pass on tlie Philadelphia Eoad for the pur- pose of preventing such persons aa come from Philadelphia, or any other place infected with the malignant fever now raging in that city, to enter Baltimore without a certificate from the health office. They re- lieve each other every All direct intercourse with that city, as well as the admission of infected vessels, was prohibited by the Governor, and Drs. John Ross and John Worth ing- ton were appointed health officers. A temporary marine hospital was also established, and at a public meeting on the 13th of September it was resolved that *'uo citizen should receive into his house any person coming from Phil- adelphia or other affected place who did not produce a certificate from the health officer, or officer of patrol, signifying that he might be re- At the same time Messrs. Stephen Wilson, Samuel HoUingsworth, John Strieker, James Calhoun, An- drew Buchanan, and Alexander McKim were author- ized to adopt such measures as they might judge necessary to prevent intercourse with Philadelphia, and liberal subscriptions were made to enable them to carry out their instructions. In order to still fur- ther allay the public apprehension the following certificate was published on the 28th of September by Drs. E. Johnson, L. Goodwin, M. Haslett, G. Brown, G. Buchanan, E. Gilder, M. Littlejohn, S. S. Coale, J. Coulter, G. De Butts, and Henry Stevenson : " We, the subscribers, practicing physicians in Baltimore Town, hereby certify that we have no patients under our care that we have reason to believe are infected with a malignant fever, nor do we know of any such disorder in Baltimore town or county ; and that the inhabitants of this place are uncommonly healthy for the season." The precautions adopted proved effectual for the time ; but in 1794, before the departure of the troops from Baltimore to suppress the " Whisky Insurrec- tion," the yellow fever made its appearance in the town, and Messrs. Gustavus Scott, George Salmon, Joseph Townsend, Alexander McKim, Jesse Hollings- 47 worth, Thomas Johnson, and Thomas Dixson were appointed a Committee of Health. There were three hundred and forty-four deaths by the fever and other diseases during the months of August and September. The malady did not cease until the 15th of October. Capt. James Allen, who had conducted his company of riflemen as far as Frederick, to protect the State arsenal from the insurgents, returned an invalid, and, with other meritorious citizens, fell a victim to the fatal disease. The commissioners of health purchased a site for a hospital from Capt. Yellott, which was im- proved and continued to be used as a hospital for strangers and sea-faring men until 1808, when it was leased on certain conditions to Drs. Smyth and Mac- kenzie. It was at this period, and particularly on account of the fever, that many citizens fled from the town with their families, where it appears the fever did not reach them, and some of them erected country residences, which now ornament the vicin- ity.' During at least a part of this period Dr. Wiesen- 1 These precautions continued for several years. From contempora- neous references, the sanitary condition of the town does not appear to have been especially good at this period, frequent complaints being made of filthy streets and dirty alleys, and there is some reason to suspect that the outbreaks of disease were due, in part at least, to the neglect of hy- gienic laws. In November, 1797, all the patients remaining at the hos- pital at the northeastern part of Fell's Point were so far recovered as to be discharged. In August of the following year, however, Mayor James Calhoun issued a proclamation establishing a quarantine against Phila- delphia, which was again suffering from the ravages of the fever. By the terms of the proclamation *' no persons from the city of Philadelphia were to come within three miles of Baltimore, nor any goods from Phila- delphia until they had been absent therefrom fifteen days, except such persons or goods as might stop at Merry's tavern, on the Philadelphia road, and be there examined by Dr. Joseph Way, and obtain his passport of admittance." Since 1849, when we were visited with a slight attack of the cholera, although there have been brief visitations of disease, Baltimore has been free from all serious epidemics, and its healthfulness and cleanli- ness have become proverbial. The death rate for the past eight years has been as follows ; Tear. 1873.. Deaths. S043 Death r Ml Among the chief causes of deatii in 1879 were consumption, 1162; pneumonia, 509 ; cholera infantum, 475 ; scarlet fever, 367 ; diphtheria, 298 ; heart disease, 262 ; typhoid fever, 166 ; whooping-cough, 80 ; measles, 43. The causes of death in 1800 are classified by the Board of Health as follows : 1st. Infantile (occurring under five years of age), of which 503 were from cholera infantum 3602 2d. Consumption 1221 Total.. 8043 The estimated expenses of the Health Department for 1881 are two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. The officers of the depart- ment are Dr. James A. Stewart, commissioner of health and register ; Dr. James F. McShane, assistant commissioner of health ; Dr. E. Lloyd Howard, resident physician at Marine Hospital ; and A. Robert Carter, secretary. 734 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. thall continued to deliver his lectures, which were an- nounced in both 1796 and 1797. His course in the former year comprehended anatomy, physiology, and surgery, and in the latter, anatomy, surgery, and mid- wifery, the lectures being delivered at his residence. No. 40 Gay Street.^ These patient and persistent efforts at length began to bear fruit, and on the 20th of January, 1799, an act was passed by the General Assembly to establish a medical and chirurgical faculty or society in the State of Maryland. The incorporators on the part of Baltimore City were Drs. George Brown, John Coulter, Miles Littlejohn, George Buchanan, Lyde Goodwin, and Ashton Alexander f Arthur Pue, Daniel Moores, Henry Stevenson, Thomas Craddock, Thomas Love, John Cromwell, Philip Trapnell, and Christo- pher Todd, on the part of Baltimore County. By this act the medical faculty thus established was authorized to elect " twelve persons of the greatest medical and chirurgical abilities in the State," who should be styled the Medical Board of Examiners of the State of Maryland, and whose duty it was made to " grant liceuaes to such medical and chirurgical gentlemen as they, either upon a full examination or upon the production of diplomas from some respectahle college, may judge adequate to commence the practice of the medical and chirurgical arts." After the appointment of the board it was provided that '* no person not already a practitioner of medicine or surgery should be allowed to practice in either of said branches and re- ceive payment for his services without having first obtained a license, certified as by law directed." The incorporation of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty was almost immediately attended with happy results, and its influence was at once discernible, not only in an improved professional standard, but in the impetus which was given to medical research and t In 1796 the profession lost one of its most valuable and members, Dr. Moses Haslett, who died on the 29th of February. In 1797, however, it received an important accession in Dr. Peter Chatard, a French physician, who had for three years previously been a member of the Medical Society of Delaware, and had practiced in Wilmington. He came to Baltimore in June of that year, and took a house in sight of the Falls, in Harrison Street, between Market and Gay Streets. In the same year Dr. J. Morgan, 67 Bowley's Wharf, announces that he devotes himself to the cure of certain classes of diseases. In January, 1796, Dr. H. Chase commenced the practice of medicine ; and in November of the same year Dr. A. Warfleld informed the public that he was to be found at :)1 Howard Street. - Dr. Ashton Alexander was a native of Virginia, but was a resident of Baltimore for mauy years. He received the degree of Doctor of Medi- cine from the University of Pennsylvania in 179.'), his thesis being " The Influence of One Disease on the Cure of Another." He was greatly es- teemed, both as a physician and a gentleman. He died at his residence in Baltimore, March, 1855, at the age of eighty-six. Dr. George Buchanan, as has already been said, waa a son of the Dr. Buchanan who assisted in laying off Baltimore Town. He possessed considerable means, and was a man of great influence i u society. Dr. Thomas Craddock has already been mentioned as a practicing physician of Baltimore County many years previous to this time. Dr. John Owen, of Baltimore, was one of the char- tered members of the Medical and Chirurgical Society of Maryland. He died at his residence in Baltimore in October, 1824. Dr. Arthur Pue was a successful practitioner in Baltimore and it« vicinity as early as 1771. He waa a mau of influence and a physician of prominence. Dr. Henry Stevenson was the son of the physician of that name, whose success and [nallpox have been already mentioned. investigation. It was about this period (in 1801) that Wm. Taylor, merchant in Baltimore, received from his brother, John Taylor, of London, a quantity of vaccine-matter for distribution among the physicians of the city, which was delivered through Dr. M. Lit- tlejohn, Mr. Taylor's physician, to Dr. James Smith. Dr. Jenner's discovery was then only five years old, and its merit was still far from being generally acknowledged.^ It appears, however, to have been received with favor in Baltimore, and in March, 1802, the establishment of a sort of vaccine depot for the benefit of the poorer classes was suggested by Dr. Smith, and the plan indorsed by Mayor Calhoun and the trustees of the poor, Messrs. Wm. Gibson, Thos. Dickson, Wm. Lorman, Patrick Bennett, Ebenezer Finley, Frederick Schaeffer, and Wm. Wilson. The following extract from an address of Dr. Smith to the citizens of Baltimore on the benefit of vaccina- tion will not be found uninteresting in this connec- tion: *' Having an opportunity highly favorable to the experiment when the vaccine-matter was first received into this State (May, 1801), I made use of it in ten or twelve cases with the greatest care and circumspec- tion, uor did I then venture to depend on the efficacy of this inoculation before I had subjected these persons to fair and repeated trials to infect them with the smallpox. These experiments were decidedly in favor of the vaccine inoculation; for as in the old way I gave a regular couree of medicine and prescribed a strict regimen of diet and exercise, in this I gave none, neither did I prescribe any regimen whatever. These patients were all permitted to eat and drink as usual, to work as usual, or to amuse themselves as usual, and passing through the whole opera- tion obtained a perfect security againt the smallpox without the least confiuement, sufTering neither pain nor sickness, anxiety, fear, nor dis- tress. From these trials, therefore, and from the experience of others, as well as my own in private practice since that time, I now feel myself authorized to assert without any doubt that the cowpox, though no more than the shadow of a disease, is an effectual and certain preventive of the smallpox." * Dr. Smith's views seem to have been universally shared by the medical practitioners of the city, and on the 25th of March a card was published "approving of the vaccine inoculation, and recommending the same as a certain preventive of the smallpox," which was signed by Dr. George Brown, Ashton Alexander, Daniel Moores, James Glasgow, Nathaniel i Potter, John Crawford, John Coulter, Thomas Kowland, Robert Moore, John D. Smith, Joseph Allender, C. P. Herwig, John C. Snyder, James Stewart, M. Littlejohn, John Owen, P. Chatard, John Campbell Wliite, I R. Harris Archer, Henry Keerl, Charles Henry Zollers, Robert Johnston, Henry Howard, Joseph Way, Charles H. Winder, Colin MacKenzie, John Smith, and Joseph MacKrill. ! At the meeting of the Medical and Chirurgical j Faculty in June, 1802, the society passed a resolu- tion declaring that "the evidence of genuine vaccine inoculation appeared to them full and conclusive," and " recommending their fellow-citizens to interest themselves in its propagation." Dr. Wiesenthall's 3 Upon the application of Dr. Smith, the Legislature of Maryland became the first to sanction the distribution, and in 1809 he was granted a lottery to raise funds for the distribution of vaccine.matter gratui- tously during six years. In 1810, Rev. Dr. Bend, William Gwynn, Dr. Smith, and others formed a society for promoting vaccination generally ; this society was afterwards discontinued, and another established in 1822, of which Dr. James Stouart was president < The yellow fever prevailed in Baltimore for a short period in 1802. THE MEDICAL PEOFESSION. 735 lectures, as has been shown, were probably continued until 1798, but after that year tliere is no further mention of them, and the doctor himself disappears from view. His name is not among the incorporators of the Medical and Chirurgical Society, nor in the list of physicians given above, and it seems probable that his useful and long-continued labors were cut short by death between the periods indicated. His work, however, was taken up by a worthy and distinguished successor. Dr. John Beale Davidge, a native of An- napolis, who had settled in Baltimore in the autumn of 1796. Dr. Davidge received his education in Eu- rope, graduating in Scotland, and was remarkable not only for his high surgical skill, but for his singular gifts as a lecturer and teacher.' The precise date at which Dr. Davidge commenced his lectures appears to be in doubt, but there is reason to believe that his labors in this field were begun several years earlier than has been generally supposed. From the address of Dr. Philip Thomas before the Medical and Chi- rurgical Faculty at its June meeting in 1802, it ap- pears that a movement had been made in the previous year for the establishment of a medical institution, and he recommended to their notice " A plan proposed and laid before the Faculty at their last meeting by a distinguished member of the Society." "By this plan, which will be laid before the meeting," President Thomas continues, " you will observe it is intended to form a medical college, which, besides including the duties of the Board of Examiners under the present arrangement, is to be endowed with all the other ex- ecutive powere under the law which may appear to be necessary to give it additional respectability." No definite action appears to have been taken upon this recommendation, as at the ensuing meeting in 1803 a committee of five, consisting of Drs. George Brown, James Steuart, J. C. White, Edward Scott, and John B. Davidge, was appointed to digest a plan for the establishment of a college of physicians, with instructions to report at the next meeting of the fac- ulty. Dr. Davidge, however, did not wait to secure the formal indorsement of the faculty, and in Decem- ber, 1802, a few months after the unsuccessful effort of President Thomas to engage the interest of the society in the undertaking, commenced a course of medical lectures in Baltimore on his own account. The following extract from his introductory address, published December 3d, affords a good idea both of the scope of the enterprise and of the character of Dr. Davidge himself: "To THE Students of Medicine. " TocNG Gentlemen,— The respectful and flattering manner in which you have repeatedly invited me to engage in a course of lectures on the obstetric and chirurgical sciences, joined to the warm importunities of a number of the medical practitioners of this city, has prevailed over my objections, and inspired me with a sense of obligation to your and I Dr. Davidge was the first surgeon in this country who tied the glu- teal artery for the cure of aneurism, and his patien t recovered, although he lost much blood from hemorrhage. Dr. Davidge was also the origi- nator of the " American plan of amputation." He was a member of the faculty of the University of Maryland until bis death, which occurred on the 23d of August, 1829. their favorable sentiments and of my duty to society. To prepare myself to meet your wishes and the wishes of such medical practitioners as shall honor me with their presence, I have devoted to the service of the above subjects all the time I have been able to secure to myself from the calls of my profession and demands of a very sickly family. On Wednesday next (December 8th), at seven p.m., will be delivered a lecture introduc- tory to the former science ; and at the same hour every Wednesday and Saturday the lectures will be continued until the course shall be finished- In a few days T shall present to the public a scheme for the relief of poor women, which in its nature will be calculated to soften the lot of the poor female, and afford an opportunity to those of better fortune to make their charity acceptable to the most necessitous of the human kind,— to the woman by original lot or untoward fortune deprived of the neces- saries of the child-bed state. When the obstetric course shall be finished, I propose, provided I shall have time, to collect materials to commence a series of prolections in clinical cases in surgery. The above loct res will be delivered at my present dweUiug, formerly occupied by Mr. Isaac Burneston, in East (Fayette) Street, a little above the Presbyterian These lectures were delivered as announced, and it is stated were attended in the beginning by only four students, and certainly the number never ranged over a dozen. In February, 1807, Dr. Davidge formed a business connection with Dr. James Cocke, of Vir- ginia, who is described by Dr. Nathaniel Potter as " not only an accomplished anatomist and surgeon, but an able financier," or as " principally instrumental in devising the ways and means by which we were ultimately enabled to prosecute our scheme." ^ The incipient institution was further reinforced by Dr. John Shaw, who delivered lectures on chemistry at his own residence, and animated by this accession, and the valuable assistance of Dr. Cocke, Dr. Davidge erected an anatomical hall near the southeast corner of Liberty and Saratoga Streets, on his own property and at his own expense. " It was discovered by the populace," says Dr. Potter, " that he intro- duced a subject for dissection. The assemblage of a few boys before the door was soon accumulated into a thickly-embodied mob, which demol- ished the house, and put a period to all further proceedings for that sea- son. Such were the vulgar prejudices against dissection that little sym- pathy was felt for the doctor's loss or the mortification he suffered. He had no redress by an appeal to the justice of the case before any civil tribunal, and his only remedy was in a renewed and vigorous prosecution 2 Among the practicing physicians of Baltimore in 1803 were Drs. Geo. Brown, John Crawford, M. Littlejohn, John B. Davidge, Nathaniel Potter, James Smith, Ashton Alexander, J. J. Giraud, John C. White, Colin Mackenzie, John Coulter, James Stewart, John Owen, J. B. Mariono, Lundiu McKechnie, Sr., Peter Chatard, and H. Wilkins. The profession in this year lost Dr. Daniel Colvin, who died on the 10th of April. At an ordinal^ meeting of the Medical Society of Baltimore on the 6th of August, 1804, Dr. Dunkel was elected president; Dr. Crawford, vice- president; Dr. Davidge, secretary; and Drs. Smyth, Mackenzie, Potter, Chatard, and Alexander, committee. 3 In his " Rise and Progress of the University of Maryland" Dr. Potter says, " In 1797 I adopted this city as a permanent residence, and became acquaiuted with the late Prof. John B. Davidge. He had been educated in the University of Edinburgh, where he had devoted himself to the cul- tivation of anatomy and physiology. We frequently conferred on the prevailing theories and practice of the day as they were taught and pur- sued on both sides of the Atlantic, and although we were at issue on cer- tain theoretic points and modes of practice, we soon came to the conclu, sion that the science could not be successfully taught under the usual organization of medical schools. We either did see, or thought we saw, that without the aids of physiology and pathology, either associated with anatomy or as a separate chair of institutes, the philosophy of the body, in sickness or in health, could not be understood. This was the basis ol our scheme, and the ground on which we erected a school that once was much easier envied than rivalled." HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of his plan, with the co-operation of his colleagues. This disaster ani- mated us to pray the Legislature for autlmrity to open a medical college, under the guarantee of the State." Anxious to establish medical education upon a firm basis, and to afford it the protection of law, Drs. Davidge, Shaw, and Cocke applied to the Legislature for the privilege of establishing a college, and on the 20th of January, 1808, an act was passed by the Gen- eral Assembly The first section of the act provided "that a college for the promotion of medical knowledge, by the name of the College of Medicine of Maryland, be established in the city or precincts of Baltimore, upon the following fundamental principles: The said college shall be founded and maintained forever upon a most liberal plan for the benefit of students of evei-y country and every religious de- nomination, who shall be freely admitted to equal privileges and advan- tages of education, and to all the honors of the college according to their merit, without requiring or enforcing any religious or civil test, or urging their attendance upon any particular plan of religious worship or ser- vice." It was further enacted that the members of the Board of Medical Examiners for the State, together with the president and professors of the college, should constitute a corporation and body politic by the name of " The Regents of the College of Medicine of Maryland," who should have the management and control of the institution. The faculty, as suggested by the petitioners and constituted by the act, con- sisted of Drs. John B. Davidge and James Cocke, joint professors of anatomy, surgery, and physiology ; Dr. George Brown, professor of the practice and the- ory of medicine; Dr. John Shaw, professor of chem- istry ; Dr. Thomas E. Bond, professor of materia medica ; and Dr. William Donaldson, professor of the institutes of medicine. At the same time John Eager Howard, James McHenry, James Calhoun, Charles Ridgely (of Hampton), William Gwynn, John Com- egys, Charles A. Warfield, John Crawford, Solomon Burkhead, John B. Davidge, and Ennalls Martin were appointed commissioners, and authorized "to propose a lottery scheme for raising a sum of money not exceeding forty thousand dollars for the use" of the college.' The non-acceptance of Drs. Brown, Bond, and Donaldson prevented the immediate or- ganization of the college, and presented a tempo- rary obstacle to its progress. Under the charter the regents possessed the sole power of appointment, and, although they were convened in July to fill the vacant chairs, a full meeting could not be obtained, and they adjourned until the 8th of October, when the resignations were accepted.^ Dr. Nathaniel Potter was elected to succeed Dr. Brown as professor of the theory and practice of medicine, and Dr. Samuel Baker was chosen in place of Dr. Bond as professor of ma- i Most of these commissioners declined to act, and in December, 1808, the regents were authorized to appoint others in their places. 3 The non-acceptance of Drs. Brown and Donaldson had been antici- pated. Dr. Bond was compelled to decline on account of ill health, which for a time caused his retirement to the country. teria medica. Referring to the opening of the insti- tution, Dr. Potter says, — " Even at this crisis, less zealous votaries of science would have paused and perhaps relinquished the object we had so long cherished. Destitute of everything but an enthusiastic spirit, without a place to accommodate a class, however small, we determined to lecture in our own dwellings. We began with seven pupils, and imperfect as our courses must neces- sarily have been, they were favorably received, and we conciliated the good will of both our pupils and the faculty generally." At the beginning of the next session the college was still without public accommodations, and was destitute of all anatomical preparations and chemical apparatus except the rude substitutes made by the professors themselves. Dr. Shaw's health had been much impaired by the labors of the preceding winter, and the chair of chemistry was left vacant by his death in the following autumn.-' He was succeeded by Dr. Elisha De Butts, whose brilliant and useful career was unfortunately of but brief duration. At the opening of the session a sep- arate chair of obstetrics was created, which was filled by the election of Dr. R. W. Hall. The number of pupils had by this time increased to ten, and it was found impracticable to accommodate them any longer at the residences of the professors. "The only alternative that presented itself was an old, almost unin- habitable wooden building at the southwest corner of Fayette Street and McClellan's Alley. It had been occupied as a school-house, but from decay had been tenantless for some years. The professors of anatomy and chemistry, after occupying it for some time, contracted pleurisies, and for some weeks were obliged to suspend their courses. During the month of January the weather became intensely cold, and almost every morning the professor of anatomy found his subjects frozen or covered with snow or ice, while the professor of chemistry often found his materials for experiments destroyed or rendered unfit for illustration." The professors of the institutes and practice of medicine were forced to find accommodations else- where, and were allowed by Mr. Mallet, the proprie- tor, the use of a spacious ball-room in Commerce Street, near Exchange Place, between the hours of twelve and two. The same apartments were occupied during the winter of 1809-10, at which time the class had increased to eighteen pupils. In April, 1810, the first commencement occurred, and the first degrees of Doctor of Medicine were conferred on five candidates. Warned by past experience of the necessity of pro- viding suitable accommodations for the institution, the managers of the college determined to commence operations on their own credit and responsibility, and, having obtained from John Eager Howard the lot on which the university now stands, at the corner of Lombard and Greene Streets, proceeded to erect the necessary buildings. The corner-stone was laid on the 7th of May, 1812, by Col. Howard, and the building was so far comjjleted as to be partly tenant- able on the last Monday in October. The lottery au- thorized by the act of 1808 had never been held, and on application by the Institution at the December 3 Dr. Potter says of him, "Hews chemists that ever filled a chair. } the same means in so short a time.' 1 of the ablest and most devoted ui ever accomplished more with THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 737 session of the Legislature in 1811 the regents were empowered to appoint a new set of commissioners to undertake the management of the lottery, which sub- sequently assisted materially in the payment of the debts incurred in the erection of the college buildings. On the 29th of December, 1812, the Legislature passed an act authorizing the College of Medicine " to con- stitute, appoint, and annex to itself the other three colleges or faculties, viz., the Faculty of Divinity, the Faculty of Law, and the Faculty of Arts and Sci- ences ;" and providing that " the four faculties or colleges thus united should constitute an university by the name and under the title of the University of Maryland." The' medical faculty of the university in 1813 con- sisted of Dr. John B. Davidge, professor of the insti- tutes or principles of physic ; Dr. James Cocke, pro- fessor of anatomy ; Dr. William Gibson, professor of the principles and practice of surgery ; ' Dr. Elisha De Butts, professor of chemistry ; Dr. Samuel Baker, professor of materia medica ; Dr. Eichard, W. Hall, professor of obstetrics ; Dr. Nathaniel Potter, profes- sor of theory and practice of medicine. The first commencement of the university was held on the 10th of May, 1813, when the following gentlemen re- ceived the degree of Doctor of Medicine: Aaron Bur- ton, Richmond, Va. ; Martin Fenwick, Upper Lou- isiana; Samuel Martin, Virginia ; Daniel Moore, Lan- caster, Pa. ; Horatio Jameson, Lancaster, Pa. ; John D. Sinnott, Baltimore ; Eobert W. Erwin, South Caro- lina ; Robert Allen, Harford County, Md. ; James Conden, Cecil County, and Grafton Marsh, Baltimore County, Md. The gold medal offered to the writer of the best Latin thesis was awarded to Dr. John D. Sinnott, of Baltimore. At a meeting of the faculty 1 Dr. William Gibson was born in Baltimore in 1784, and medical degree in Edinburgb, where, through the friendship of Sir Charles Bell, he enjoyed extraordinary advantages. It is stated that he was the fii-st surgeon that ever ligated the common iliac artery, an operation that contributed greatly to his reputation; this he did during the riots in this city in 1812, for the arrest of hemorrhage caused by a gunshot wound of the abdomen ; two convolutions of the intestines were wounded ; each opening was closed with a ligature and returned. He was the first surgeon in this country to perform the supiu-pubic opera- tion of lithotomy. He performed the Cesarean operation twice upon the same patient, saving each time the mother and child. He also in- vented an apparatus for the treatmeut of fractures of the lower jaw which held a high place in the esteem of American surgeons, and was far in advance in point of simplicity and eflBciency of those used by European surgeons. In the American appendix to Cooper's "Dictionary of Surgery," issued in 184*2, the editor states that the straight muscles of the eye were divided by Prof. William Gibson for.the cure of strabismus several years before the operation was performed by Dieffenbach, of Ber- lin. Dr. Gibson occupied the chair of surgery in the University of Maryland from 1813 to 1818, when, upon the death of Prof. Dorsey, his professional influence was so great that he was called to the chair of surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, which was then occupied by Dr. Physick, the father of American surgery, who consented to take the chair of anatomy with an adjunct. Dr. Gibson occupied the chair of surgery in the University of Pennsylvania from 1818 to 1854. He was the author of a work entitled the " Institutes and Practice of Surgery," and he is described by Dr. Gross as an accomplished lecturer, a lucid writer, and an able speaker. See Dr. Bernard Browne's " Surgeons of Baltimore, and their Achievements." on the 17th of August, in the same year, the building committee reported " that the building for the accommodation of the professors of the dif- fereut classes was commenced May 7, 1812, and so far advanced as to admit all the professors in the course of the last winter. The apartments provided for the classes are more spacious and convenient than any other in America, and deemed inferior to none in Europe." The prospects of the institution began to improve from this period, and the medical class increased in numbers yearly, until, in 1825, it numbered over three hundred; in the mean time " Practice Hall" and the Baltimore Infirmary had been created, and a museum established by the purchase of the valuable patholog- ical collection of Prof Allen Burns, of Glasgow. Its prosperity, however, was interrupted in 1825, by the passage of an act discontinuing the board of regents and transferring the management of the institution to a board of trustees, composed of non-medical men entirely. The act seems to have been as unjustifiable as it was unwise, and its effects were so disastrous that in 1839 the class had been reduced from three hun- dred to eighteen. The faculty and former regents of the university had vainly protested against the change, but it was not until 1836 that steps were taken to test the legality of the law, when, after two years of liti- gation, the Court of Appeals decided in favor of the surviving regents, and the management of the insti- tution was restored to their hands.^ Since that period the prosperity and usefulness of the medical departments of the university have known no interruption, except during the civil war, and at present it ranks by universal acknowledgment among the leading medical schools of the country. The university has numbered in its faculties and among its alumni some of the most distinguished names known to medical science either in this country or in Europe. The Washington Medical College of Baltimore was incorporated on the 4th of March, 1833, with the following persons as incorporators and professors : Horatio G. Jameson, professor of surgery and surgical anatomy ; Samuel K. Jennings, professor of materia medica and therapeutics ; William U. Handy, pro- fessor of obstetrics and the diseases of women and children ; Thomas E. Bond, professor of the theory and practice of medicine ; Samuel Annan, professor of anatomy and physiology ; and James B. Rogers, professor of chemistry. The board of visitors named by the act was composed of twenty-four members, and consisted of the following persons : Rev. John M. Duncan, Dr. William Donald.son, Charles F. Mayer, Reverdy Johnson, John S. Tyson, Rev. John Finley, Dr. John Buckler, William R. Stewart, Rev. John Gibson, Dr. Amos A. Evans, Dr. Peregrine 2 The old regents of the faculty of the University of Maryland in Oc- tober of 1837 fitted up the rooms of the Indian Queen Hotel and Balti- more House, at the southeast corner of Hanover and Baltimore Streets, for the reception of their medical class. It combined all the advantages of hospital practice, with clinical instruction in medicine and surgery. 738 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Wroth, Dr. Henry Howard, Dr. John Martin, E. L. Finley, John V. L. McMahon, Dr. Joseph Nichols, Dr. Richard M. Allen, Dr. Robert Goldsborough, Dr. Samuel B. Martin, Col. William Stewart, Dr. Robert Archer, Dr. John P. Mackenzie, Dr. Francis P. Phelps, and James Campbell. Under the able man- agement of the faculty and board of visitors the in- stitution prospered so greatly that the building erected for its use on Holliday Street, opposite the old City Hall, soon proved insufficient for its accommodation, and it was found necessary to erect another on Broad- way, which was afterwards sold to representatives of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is now used as the church Home and Infirmary. On the (Jth of March, 1839, the college was authorized to annex to itself the three faculties of law, divinity, and arts and sciences, and to assume the name of the Washington University of Baltimore. The location on Broadway proved too remote, and the faculty determined to remove the institution to a point nearer the centre of the city. The building now known as the " New As- sembly Rooms" was accordingly constructed at the corner of Hanover and Lombard Streets, but " either from the magnitude of the enterprise, or from mis- management of the funds on the part of those to whom they were intrusted (as alleged), the under- taking overtaxed the resources of the faculty to such a degree that the building had to be sold immedi- ately in order to enable them to meet the obligation incurred in its erection." This occurred in 1851, and caused the suspension of the institution, which was, however, at length re-established in October, 1867, through the efforts of Dr. Harvey L. Byrd, Dr. Thomas E. Bond, and Dr. Edward Warren. The corporate rights of the university under its old charter still sur- vived, and a new faculty was organized, and the insti- tution started a fresh but brief career of usefulness. The building on the northeast corner of Saratoga and Calvert Streets was first used for lecture purposes, but after one or two sessions a building opposite, on the northwest corner, was secured and converted into a hospital, with the necessary accommodations for lectures, experiments, etc. For several years the university was conducted with encouraging success, and it seemed probable that it would soon reach its former condition of prosperity, but in 1872 unfortu- nate differences arose in the faculty, which finally led to the resignation of Dr. Warner and others, who immediately established another medical school. This separation and the rivalry of the new institution proved too great for the strength of the Washington University, which soon began to decline, and in 1877 was merged into the College of Physicians and Sur- geon.s. The total number of graduates from the in- stitution during its existence was about seven hun- dred. The College of Physicians and Surgeons was incorporated in 1872 by Drs. Edward Warren, Har- vey L. Byrd, Peter Goulrick, Thomas Opie, Wni. W. Murray, and John S. Lynch. These gentlemen con- stituted the first faculty of the institution. Dr. Thos. Opie being dean. In addition to the regular staff, however. Dr. E. Lloyd Howard and Dr. Wm. Simon each delivered a course of lectures on the subjects embraced in their departments. In the spring of 1873, Prof Warren having resigned, the faculty was reorganized, and four new chairs were created. The faculty consists of twelve members, and is composed as follows : Thomas Opie, M.D., professor of obstet- rics and dean of the faculty ; John S. Lynch, M.D., professor of principles and practice of medicine and clinical professor of heart, throat, and lungs ; E. Lloyd Howard, M.D., professor of medical juris- prudence acd hygiene ; Thomas S. Latimer, M.D., professor of physiology and diseases of children ; Augustus F. Erich, M.D., professor of diseases of women ; Aaron Friedenwald, M.D., professor of dis- eases of the eye and ear ; Charles F. Bevan, M.D., professor of anatomy, orthopedic and genito-urinary surgery ; Archibald Atkinson, M.D., professor of ma- teria medica, therapeutics, and dermatology ; Oscar J. Coskery, M.D., professor of surgery ; Abram B. Arnold, M.D., professor of clinical medicine and diseases of the nervous .system ; Wm. Simon, M.D., Ph.D., professor of chemistry; Wm. Gundy, M.D., lecturer on insanity ; James G. Willshire, M.D., and Wm. F. Lockwood, Jr., M.D., demonstrators of anat- omy ; J. Wesley Chambers, M.D., prosector. During the first session of 1872-73 the lecture-halls of the college were in the apartments over the New Assem- bly-Rooms, at the northeast corner of Lombard and Hanover Streets, built for and first occupied by the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. The clinical facilities were limited to the few patients who were willing to climb to the fourth floor of the building. Twenty-five students attended the first course of lec- tures, eighteen of whom, having previously attended other medical schools, received the degree of M.D. The number of students attending the seventh session of the college was three hundred and thirty-two. In 1874 the Maryland Lying-in Asylum, at 163 West Lombard Street, was established, offering the student special clinical advantages in the study of midwifery; in 1877 the faculty became the owners of the Wash- ington University Hospital (now the City Hospital), at northwest corner of Calvert and Saratoga Streets, together with the equipments of the Washington Uni- versity School of Medicine, the two institutions being at the same time consolidated by an act of the General Assembly, which transferred to the College of Physi- cians all the rights and privileges of the former insti- tution. In 1878 the Maryland Woman's Hospital was established; it is located in a building immediately adjoining the City Hospital, and, like the latter, is under the exclusive control of the college. The wards communicate by a covered way with the lec- ture-halls, so that even the most serious cases may be brought upon their beds before the class. May 1, { C2j.(it^^Q. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 739 1880, a school for nurses was organized ; its operation has been very encouraging, and it promises to develop into a useful adjunct to the institution. Dr. Augustus F. Erich, who was elected in 1873 professor of chemistry in this college, is one of the most distinguished medical men in Baltimore. He was born May 4, 1837, at Eisleben, Prussia, and ob- tained all the rudiments of his education in the schools of his native place, entering the gymnasium in 1849. He emigrated to the United States and settled in Baltimore in 1856, and entered the oiBce of the late Prof. J. C. Monkur, of Washington Uni- versity, and was graduated M.D. in the University of Maryland in the class of 1861. He began the prac- tice of medicine in the eastern section of the city, and on Nov. 1, 1862, married Annie, eldest daughter of the late Henry Baetjer, of Baltimore. He was the orFginator of the movement in the Bal- timore Medical Association which led to the enact- ment of the law for the suppression of quackery and criminal abortion, and in the same year was appointed by the Governor a member of the examining board created by the act. In 1866 he was elected one of the physicians of the East Baltimore Special Dispensary, taking the specialty of gymecology, with which branch he was very familiar. In 1872, Dr. Erich organized and was elected the first president of the Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore, which under the name of the East Baltimore Medical Society met at his residence for some time. He is at present a mem- ber of the Baltimore Medical Association, the Balti- more Academy of Medicine, the Clinical Society and Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, of the Maryland Academy of Science, and a corresponding member of the Gynecological Society of Boston. In December, 1873, he edited the Baltimore Physician ami Surgeon, a monthly medical journal, and in 1874 was transferred to the chair of diseases of women in the above college, which position he still holds. The Maryland Woman's Hospital having been es- tablished by the college in 1877, Prof. Erich was elected surgeon-in-charge, and has conducted the in- stitution in a manner that reflects credit on his man- agement. He has devised a number of medical in- struments, which have been adopted with great advantage by surgeons generally. His contributions to medical literature have been as follows: "A New Pessary for Procidentia Uteri," Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter, May, 1868; "A New Speculum," New York Medical Jour- nal, Feb. 1869 ; " Croups," Baltimore Medical Journal and Bulletin, April, 1871; "The Prevention of Coal- Oil Explosions," Baltimore Physician and Surgeon, Jan. 1874; "Cholera Infantum," ibid., Jan. 1875; "Displacements of the Uterus," ibid., June, 1875; "Report on Gynaecology," Tra7isactions of Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 1 876 ; " A Device to Facilitate the Removal of Deep Wire Sutures in the Operation of Ruptured Perineum," Maryland Medical Journal, Sept. 1, 1880; "A Contribution to the Rel- ative Value of the Various Operations for Delivery in Narrow Pelves," ibid., Oct. 1880; "Seven Cases of Retroflexion of the Uterus with Adhesions treated by Forcible Separation of the Adhesions," American Journal of Obstetrics, Oct. 1880. The surgical instru- ments referred to in some of the above articles are the inventions r.f Dr. Erich. The Baltimore Medical College was incorporated Sept. 16, l.S.Sl, with tlic tbllowing incorporators: Drs. Harvey L. Byrd, B. E. Leonard, Henry Froehling, L. W. Clapp, L. R. Coates, William R. Monroe, and Adolph G. Hoen. The college is to teach the science and art of medicine and surgery, and to confer certain degrees upon students who become proficients. One of the articles provides that every one appointed or elected a professor or teacher shall declare his belief in the Christian religion. For a beginning the premises No. 93 North Paca Street, near Franklin, have been secured. On October 4th the introductory lecture of the college was delivered by Rev. Julius E. Grammer, in the hall of the Young Men's Christian Association. Pharmacy. — Parmacy may be said to have been practiced on a large scale in the early history of Balti- more Town, when every man to a certain extent was his own apothecary. At that primitive period most of the diseases from which the colonists suffered were not thought to be beyond the resources of the domestic medicine-chest. Every family had one of these, and people physicked themselves much more in those days than they do now, strange as the assertion may seem. Quack nostrums were as current then as now, and the names they bore seem strongly like those which con- front us in the public journals of to-day, or stare us out of countenance from fences and walls upon public and private highways. Thus in one number of the Mary- land Gazette we find advertised "Dr. Hill's Balsam of Honey," for consumption; "Tincture of Valerian," for the nerves; " Tincture of Golden Rod," for gravel; "Essence of Water Dock," for scurvy; "Elixir of Bardana," for gout; " Red Pills," " Dropsy Powder," "Fistula Paste," "Headache Essence," " Eau de Luce," " Jesuit Drops." Lancets and scarifiers held a conspicuous place, and both were much employed as remedies for headache. And there were medicines in those days, too, which would cure all the diseases to which flesh is heir. Some of the quacks, however, were more modest than others, and, with great mod- eration, would profess to extirpate only half a dozen complaints with one remedy. Such an one was the proprietor of the " Golden Medical Cephalic Snuff"," who advertised it in 1775 as ** excellent in curing the following disorders, viz. : dimness of the eyes, recent deafness, hysteric and paralytic complaints, and in restoring the memory when impaired by disorders of the head. This medical snnff is prescribed by the most eminent aurists and oculists in Europe in the course of their practice as a capital medicine for the various disorders of the eyes and ears. Price 2». 6ii. per bottle." In the " backwoods" both physic and surgery were rough, rude, and tainted with many superstitions. 740 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. People believed in spells and witchcraft and in charms as remedies. If a child had worms he was given salt, copperas, or pewter filings ; for burns the treatment was poultices of Indian meal and scraped potatoes ; the croup, known as the " bold hives," was treated with "wall-ink" (probably soot-tea), the juice of roasted onions, garlic, or similar remedies; in fevers the patient was sweated with tea of snake-root, purged with a decoction of walnut bark, and his blood purified further with drenches of " Indian physic or blood-root." ' Snake-bites were common, and the treatment was well established : the reptile must be cut in pieces and the pieces applied to the wound. A decoction of chestnut bark and leaves was also prescribed exter- nally, while white plantain, boiled in milk, was in- variably to be taken internally. Snake-root, of course, must be taken too, and by many was thought to be the only true theriac. For rheumatism, from which many suffered, custom prescribed sleeping with the feet to the fire and anointing the distressed parts with un- guents, made either of rattlesnake-oil or the fat of wolves, bears, raccoons, ground-hogs, or pole-cats. The erysipelas was supposed to be curable by the ap- plication of the blood of a black cat, and consumption released its victims if they partook freely of the syrup of elecampane and spikenard. For many years there does not appear to have been any legal restriction or requirement with regard to the sale of drugs, and the evils resulting from this state of things made them- selves felt at a comparatively early period. In De- cember, 1821, a public meeting, for the purpose of considering the subject, was held by the druggists and apothecaries of the city at Williamson's Hotel, with Dr. George Williamson as president, and Anthony B. Martin as secretary. It was "Iteiohed, That a petition sliould be preseuted to tlie General AsBenibly to pass an act to prevent tlie sale of spurious and adulterous medicines by Hawkers and Pedlars in the market-houses and throughout the State, and that a committee should be appointed to draw up the same." It was further resolved " that Dr. George William- son, Messrs. George H. Keerl, David Keener, Philip Ducatel, and Anthony B. Martin should constitute the committee to prepare the petition and lay it before a subsequent meeting." Nothing appears, however, to have come of this effort, and it was many years later before legislation was provided. Among the early pharmacists of Baltimore Town were John Boyd & Co., who are said to have been the first druggists in Baltimore ; Dr. Alexander Sten- house, who was a prominent druggist of the town in 1764; Dr. Patrick Kennedy, who in 1773 kept a drug-store at the lower end of Market Street, near the bridge ; Dr. Labesius, whose place of business in 1778 was situated in St. Paul's Lane ; Dr. Andrew Aitken, whose store in 1783 was at Fell's Point, next to the New England Coffee-House ; Dr. J. Tyler, who on 1 The walnut bark, if wanted for a purge, had to be peeled downward, but if wanted for an emetic, upward. the 13th of August, 1787, opened a " new druggist & apothecary shop opposite John Hoffman's store in Market Street ;" and Dr. Anthony Mann, whose place, the " Golden Mortar," in 1780 was next door to Messrs. Hf;itlic & Dall's, northeast corner of Mar- ket and ('alvcrt Strrots, ne:ir tlir court-house. Maryland College of Pharmacy.— This institu- tion was organized on the 30th of July, 1840, when the following officers were elected : Thomas G. Mac- kenzie, president ; George W. Andrews and Robert H. Coleman, vice-presidents ; William H. Balderston, secretary; Henry B. Atkinson, treasurer; B. Rush Roberts, David Stewart, board of examiners. On the 27th of January, 1841, the college was incorporated, and on the 23d of JIarch, 1870, the charter wa.s re- newed and made perpetual, the following gentlemen being the incorporators : George W. Andrews, J. Faris Moore, William Silver Th.impson, J. Brown Ba.xley, Joseph Koberts, A. P. Sharp, C. S. Tilynrd, Osiiir Monsarrat, H. A. Elliott, William Elliott, K. H. Jennings, James P. Frames, Charles Caspari, William Caspari, J. J. Smith, E. H. I'eikiiis, E. Walton Eusi Dc.hme, E>I« il nas E. K,(l.>,,l H.O.I . , ea Fi eel. 11:.^ :i .■i SilipiiiLton, EiHilc I,rir.j.|ue, A. Wiseman, icht, Adam J. Gosnian, Christian Scbmiilt, J,,ln, ■ 1 >, 1 Fi-.;htig, William H. Brown, J. J. Tbomsen, Juhii liUxl., A. \ L.^'jl.ji, Horace Burrougb,and Edward E. Burrough. The college occupies a commodious building of its own, corner of Fayette and Aisquith Streets. The building, formerly Female Grammar School No. 3, was erected in 1830, and was the first public grammar school built in Baltimore. It was occupied for the first time by the college Oct. 13, 1876. The college held its first commencement June 21, 1842, in the Ma- sonic Hall, on St. Paul's Street. Dr. George W. An- drews was the only one of the original founders of the college who remained an active member of it up to 1871, and he then resigned the presidency, which he had held for more than twenty years, only on account of ill health. The present officers are Joseph Rob- erts, president ; Edwin Eareckson, secretary ; William H. Osborne, treasurer. Medical and Chirurgical Society of Baltimore. — This association has the honor of being the oldest scientific body in the State of Maryland, and one of the oldest medical organizations in America. It was incorporated by an act of the Legislature jiassed Jan. 20, 1799, for the declared purpose of "promoting and disseminating medical and chirurgical knowledge thoughout the State, and preventing the citizens thereof from risking their lives in the hands of ignorant practitioners or pretendcre to the healing art." The incorporators under the act included the most distinguished members of the profession throughout the State, and were as follows : Gustavus Brown, William Lansdale, Barton Tubhs, Elijah Jackson, and William H. Boach, of St. Mary's County ; James M. Andorson, Jr., Morgan Brown, Jr., Edward Scott, Robert Geddes, and Edward Wor- rel.ofKent County; Charles Alexander Warflcld, Richard Hopkins, THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. Wilson Waters, Thomas Noble Stockett, and William Murray, of Anne Arundel County; Thomas Bourne, Thomas Parran, Josepli Ireland, Daniel Rawlings, and James Gray, of Calvert County ; John Parnhara, Gustavus Richard Brown, Daniel Jenifer, and Gerard Wood, of Charles County ; Thomas Cradock, Thomas Love, John Cromwell, Philip Trapnell, and Christopher Todd, of Baltimore County ; Perry E. Noal, Stephen Theodore Johnson, Tristam Thomas, and Ennalls Martin, of Talhot County ; Levin Irvin, Arnold Elsey, EzckicI Haynie, John Woolford, and Mathias Jones, of Somerset County; Edward White, James Sullivane, Dorsey Wyvill, William Hays, ami Howes Goldsborough, of Dorchester County; Abraham Mitcliell, William Miller, Elisha Harrison, John Groome, and John King, of Cecil County; Richard I. Duckett, William Beams, Jr., William Marshall, William Baker, and Robert Pottinger, of Prince George's County; Upton Scott, James Murray, John Thomas Shaaff, and Reverdy Gheslin, of the city of Annapolis ; James Davidson, John Wells, Samuel Thompson, Robert Goldsborough, and John Thomas, of Queen Anne's County; John Neille, Thomas Fosset, George Washington Purnell, John Purnell. and John Hartor, of Worcester County; Philip Thomas, Francis Brown Sappington, Wil- liam Hyllory, John Tyler, and Joseph Sim Smith, of Frederick County; John Archer, Thomas H. Birkhead, Elijah Davis, and Thomas Archer, of Harford Couuty ; Jesse Dawnes, John Young, Jr., William B. Keeno, Joseph Price, and Henry Helm, of Caroline County; George Buchanan, Lyde Goodwin, Ashton Alexander, Ar- thur Pue, Daniel Moores, and Henry Stevenson, of the city of Bal- timore; Richard Pindell, Samuel Young, Peter Waltz, Jacob Schnively, and Zachariah Clagett, of Washington County; Edward Gaunt, Charles Worthington, Josephi Hall, Zadock Magruder, Jr., James Anderson, and Charles A. Beatty, of Montgomery County; Benjamin Murrow, James Forbes, and George Lynn, of Alleghany County. Very extensive and respon.sible power.s were con- ferred upon the faculty by its cliarter, and no one could practice medicine in the State without a certifi- cate from its board of e-xaminers. Few of the physi- cians of that day held diplomas from medical schools ; the great majority of them had only the title of Licen- tiate (L.M.C.F.,— Licentiate of the Medical and Chi- rurgical Faculty), a title now obsolete in this country, but still quite common in England. The advantages accruing from the establishment of such an institution can be easily conceived, and they were as actual as they are conceivable. Authority in medical matters being vested in a powerful body of enlightened and cultivated physi- cians, possessing the universal re.spect of their fellows, and acknowledged to be the best of their class, har- mony prevailed in the ranks of the profession, and the existence of one well-known and recognized court for the settlement of all questions requiring decision contributed largely to the prevention of quackery and imposition. The first meeting of the faculty was held at Annap- olis on Monday, the 3d of June, 1799, and Dr. Upton Scott, of Annapolis, was chosen president. Dr. Ash- ton Alexander, of Baltimore, secretary, and Dr. John Thomas Shaaff, of Annapolis, treasurer. The follow- ing gentlemen were chosen as a medical board of ex- aminers : For the Western Shore, Drs. John Barn- luini, of Charles County, Philip Thomas, of Frederick Town, John Thomas Shaaff, of Annapolis, Ashton Alexander, of Baltimore, Eichard J. Ducket and William Beanes, Jr., of Prince George's County, John Archer, Sr., Harford County. For the Eastern Shore, Drs. James Anderson, Sr., Kent County, James Da- vidson, Queen Anne's County, Ennalls Martin, Perry E. Noel, and Stephen Theodore Johnson, of Talbot County. Kules and regulations were adopted at this meeting for the government of the association, and it was de- termined that the faculty should convene at Annap- olis the first Monday in June, 1801, and every second year thereafter. The board of examiners for each shore were directed to meet annually, that for the Western Shore at Annapolis the first Monday in June, and that for the Eastern Shore at the town of Easton, in Talbot County, the second Monday in April, "for the purpose of examining and granting certificates to applicants who are desirous to practice medicine and surgery within this State ;" and any two members of the boards of examination were au- thorized to call a special meeting of their board when- ever they should deem it expedient. The president of the faculty was empowered to call a special meet- ing of the association whenever he should consider it necessary, of which he was required to give two months' notice " in some of the most public newspa- pers on the two shores." ' In June, 1802, the faculty met in Baltimore, with Dr. Philip Thomas, president, and Dr. Nathaniel Potter, secretary. On motion, it was resolved that two censors should be appointed in each county in the State, four in the city of Baltimore, two in the city of Annapolis, two in Frederick Town, and one in Hagerstown. " whose duty it shall be to see that the medical and chirurgical law be not infringed by unlicensed practitioners, and that the penalties thereof be inflicted on trespassers, as well as to execute such other duties as them by the by-laws." Under this resolution the following gentlemen were appointed censors : For the city of Baltimore, Drs. Coulter, Crawford, Alexander, and Moores; for Annapolis, Drs. Shaafl' and Gheslin; for Frederick Town, Drs. Tyler and Baltzell ; for Hageretown, Dr. Pindell ; for Anne Arundel Couuty, Drs. C. A. Warfleld, Sr., and William Mur- ray ; for St. Mary's, Drs. Jackson and Roach ; for Kent, Dra. Worrell and Scott; for Calvert, Drs. Perken and Burne; for Charles County, Drs. Wood and Jameson ; for Baltimore County, Drs. Cromwell and Love ; for Talbot, Drs. Martin and Johnson ; for Somerset, Drs. King and Jones; for Dorchester, Drs. White and Wyevill; for Cecil, Dra. King and Miller ; for Prince George's, Dre. Beans and Marshall ; for Frederick County, Drs. Smith and Hyllary; for Queen Anne's, Drs. Noel and Thomas ; for Harford, Drs. Davis and J. Archer, Jr. ; for Caroline, Drs. Keene and Mace; for Washington, Drs. Young and Jacques ; for Montgomery, Drs. Anderson and Magruder ; for Alle- ghany, Drs. Lynn and Murrow; for Worcester, Dr. Forset. It was further resolved that it should also be the duty of the censors "to obtain complete lists of the practitioners of medicine and surgery within their respective districts, and to transmit or bring them to the next meeting of the faculty." At this same session of the faculty it was also resolved that " anexecutivo medical and chirurgical commit- tee be appointed, consisting of fifteen members for the Western and t The first regular meeting of the board of examiners for the Western Shore was held in Annapolis, on the 3d of June, 1800, and John Owen, John Uidgely, William Rodgers, Peregrine Warfleld, Lloyd Hammond, Robert Johnson, and Nicholas A. Bergsten were licensed to practice physic and surgery in the State of Maryland. 742 HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MAllYLAND. seven niembere for the Eaatern Shore (exclusive of tlio president and secretary, who shall be members ex officio), who may meet from time to time on their own adjournments, to receive any medical communication or other information that may I>e made to thorn during the recess of the faculty ; that they be empowered to form such rules and reRulatlons as they may think necessary for their own internal government, and that It be the duty of the committee to report the result of their proceedings to the faculty at their stated meetings," In accordance with this resolution the following gentlemen were elected members of the executive committee : For the Western Shore, Dre. John Archer, Sr., David Moores, Ashton Alexander, John Thomas Shaaff. K. Gheslin, John Campbell Wliite, Charles A. Warfleld, John Owens, Robert H. Archer, George Brown, Colin Mackeii'/ie, Tyler, John Crawford, John Coulter, and John Archer, Jr. ; for the Kastern Shore, Dre. Eunalls Martin, Stephen T. Johnson, James M. Anderson, T. Thomas, P. E. Moel, Morgan Brown, and John Mace. During this session of the faculty the sub- ject of vaccination was presented for consideration, and a resolution was adopted declaring it to be the judgment of the convention "that the evidence of tjennme vaccine inoculation appears to them full and conclusive, and that they recommend it to their fellow-citizens to interest themselves in its propagation." i Before the adjournment of the convention a by-law was adopted requiring that "all applicants for licenses to practice medicine and surgery should make known their intention at least three weeks before the annual meet- ing to two of the examiners of each shore respectively." Inasmuch as the faculty conceived it would con- duce to the interests of the institution to elect a quo- rum of examiners residing in the city of Baltimore, it was agreed that candidates should be at liberty to call upon the examiners for examination at any time during the intervals of the stated meeting, although certificates could only be obtained at the constitu- tional meetings of the faculty. The censors appa- rently did not perform their duties very thoroughly, for at the meeting of the faculty in Baltimore in 1803 the secretary was directed to republish their names as a gentle reminder of their neglect. The board of examiners in 1803 for the Western Shore were Drs. J. Archer, Sr., George Brown, Charles A. Warfield, John Crawford, James Stewart, Ashton Alexander, and Nathaniel Potter; for the Eastern Shore, Drs. Ennalls Martin, S. T. Johnson, P. E. Noel, T. Thomas, and J. M. Anderson, Jr. Dr. Shaaflf having declined re-election, Dr. H. Wilkins was chosen treasurer of the faculty in 1803. Dr. Potter, as secretary, gave notice at this same meeting that " those gentlemen ■who have received diplomas from medical schools will please bear in mind that they are nevertheless to re- ceive certificates from the faculty of the State." The next convention was held in 1805, when Drs. Smith, Chatard, Owen, Toelle, and Alleuder were elected additional censors for Baltimore. At this meeting the "practitioners of physic and surgery in the State of Maryland, who have commeuced the practice since the first Monday in June, 1709, are re- spectfully informed that unless they have obtained a license from one of the boards, or have produced to them satisfactory testimonials of their 1 The following pereons, after examination by the medical board, were licensed at this meeting of the faculty " to practice physic and surgery in the State" : Frederick Henry Sherman, Grafton Duvull, Hugh White- ford, Kicburd liowie, Read, and Georno W. Black. qualifications, they are liable to prosecution by indictment, and to a fine of fifty dollars for each prescription for which they shall have received rennineration. They are, moreover, informed that each of them, whether graduate or licentiate, stands indebted to the faculty in the sum of ten On the establishment of the medical college in 1807, its control was placed virtually in the hands of the Medical and Cliirurgical Faculty, and the mem- bers of the board of medical examiners, in conjunc- tion with the president and professors, were made the regents of the new institution. It was also provided by the act of incorporation that the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty should " be considered as the patrons and visitors of the said college ; and the president for the time being shall be chancellor of the college ; and the medical faculty of the said college shall give into the said Medical and Chirurgical Faculty at each of their biennial meetings a report of the pro- gress of learning in the said college, and of such other particulars as they shall think fit to communicate." It was also enacted that " every licentiate of the hoard of medical examiners, who shall have practiced physic for five years within this Stite, shall have a right to de- mand and receive from the college aforesaid a surgeon's certificate, free of all expense, except the sum of one dollar to tlie register, or other such officer of the college, for his trouble in making out the same."^ The officers of the faculty in 1809 were Philip Thomas, president; Solomon Birckhead, treasurer; and Samuel Baker, secretary, vice Nathaniel Potter resigned.'' In 1813, Dr. James Smith became treasurer, and Dr. John Arnest secretary, in the place of Dr. Samuel Baker resigned. The board of examiners for the Western Shore at this period consisted of Drs. John B. Davidge, Nathaniel Potter, Wm. Donaldson, Samuel Baker, Elishn De Butts, Wm. Gibson, and James Cocke ; for the Eastern Shore Drs. James Anderson, Jr., Perry E. Noel, Steveo Theodore Johnson, Tristram Thomas, and Ennalls Martin; Censors for the City and PrecincU of Baltimore ; First Ward, Horatio G. Jameson ; Second Ward, Maxwell McDowell; Third Ward, Richard W. Hall; Fourth Ward, Colin Mackenzie; Fifth Ward, James Smyth; Sixth Ward, John B. Taylor; Seventh Ward, James Page; Eighth Ward, Joseph AUender; Eastern Precincts, Wm. M. Weems; Western Precincts, Corbin Amos.^ One of the most important events connected with the history of the faculty wjis the founding of a medical library in 1830, which now numbers nearly three thou- sand volumes, and contains files of the leading medical journals of this country and Europe. In May, 1881, Dr. J. M. Toner, of Washington, D. C, offered his medical library of twenty-two thousand volumes to the faculty, on condition that they should erect a fire- proof library building to be called after him. Drs. Allan P. Smith, Eugene F. Cordell, H. P. C. Wilson, Frank Donaldson, and T. E. Atkinson were appointed a committee to devise means for obtaining the neces- sary funds for the erection of the building, and it was decided to form a stock company, with two thousand shares at ten dollars each. The undertaking was re- » In 1807 the faculty numbered two hundred and forty-i »In June, 18n!>, tli.- l'":it.l .if .-Mimincrs for the Western Shore ad- mitted to the prnf M M l>iwell, Hezokiah Wheelen, Wil- liam McPberson. . I I . •■■ i 111 D. Perkins, William H. Dent, Thomas H. Kent, i.tni I \ <, i v i'lecland. < The biennial iiniti.M, ,n isi:, wii.s ch'tivcred by Dr, Richard W, Hall, ^^^/^i/^rH^ ^2 ^^t^.>d. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. ceived with great public favor, the necessary amount of stock was promptly subscribed, and the library building will soon be in course of erection. The two libraries combined will give Baltimore the best medi- cal library in the United States, except the National ' Library at Washington.^ In 1839 a medical journal called the Medical and Surgical Journal was issued under the auspices of the faculty, whicli appeared quarterly until 1843, when its publication was abandoned. In 1858 the funds derived from membership fees and licenses and judi- cious investments had accumulated to such an amount that a building was purchased at No. 47 North Cal- vert Street. In 1869 this was sold, and another at No. 60 Courtland Street purchased. This was also after- wards disposed of, and the faculty now occupy a rented hall at No. 122 West Fayette Street, between Howard and Park Avenue. A comparison of the present status of the faculty with that of its early years shows very material changes. Time has shorn it of much of its early importance and influence. Physicians are no longer compelled to obtain its license in order to practice in the State, and it has long since ceased to have any control in the affairs of the Medical College (now the University of Mary- land, School of Medicine). In compensation for this may be placed the increased zeal with which the faculty has devoted itself to more strictly professional work, and the high character of its contributions to medical science. The present membership is two hundred and two, and includes the leading members of the profession in the city and State. The annual meetings are held in April, and such special meetings are convened as circumstances demand. The antiquity and honorable career of the faculty, together with its valuable scientific contributions, published annually in a volume of " Transactions," have secured for it the respect and esteem of the pro- fession throughout the State, in the management of whose concerns it has always displayed wisdom and discretion. The following are the officers for the current year: President, Dr. H. P. C. Wilson; Vice- Presidents, Drs. L. McLane Tiffany, G. Ellis Porter ; Secretary, Wilson G. Regester; Assistant Secretary, Eugene F. Cordell, M.D. ; Corresponding Secretary, J. Edwin Michael, M.D. ; Treasurer, Judson Oilman, M.D. ; Executive Committee, Christopher Johnson, M.D., T. S. Latimer, M.D., J. C. Thomas, M.D., P. C. Williams, M.D., J. E. Atkinson, M.D.; Examining Board for Western Shore: H. M. Wilson, M.D., C. H. Jones, M.D., Eichard McSherry, M.D., James A. Stuart, M.D., F. T. Miles, M.D., T. B. Evans, M.D., S. C. Chew, M.D.; Examining Board for Eastern Shore: W. G. G. Wilson, M.D., A. H. Bailey, M.D., Julius A. Johnston, M.D., J. E. M. Chamberlain, M.D. 1 In 1831 the faculty offered a prize for the best essay on the " Nature and Sources of Malaria," which was awarded to Dr. Cliarles Caldwell, of Kentucky. Wilson Parke Custis, the president of the Medical and Chirurgical Society of Maryland, was born at Workington, near Westover, Somerset Co., Md., March 5, 1827. His father, whose name was Henry Parke Custis Wilson, was born at Westover, in Som- erset Co., Md., June 12, 1801. His mother's maiden name was Susan E. Savage. She was born at " Cugly," near Eastville, Northampton Co., Eastern Shore of Virginia, Dec. 3, 1801. His paternal grandfather was John Custis Wilson, who married his first cousin, Peggy Custis. They both descended from Ephraim Wilson, a Scotchman who emigrated to this country in about 1700, and set- tled at Workington, a large tract of land on Buck Creek, in Somerset County, Md., the place where Parke Custis Wilson was born. This Ephriam Wilson, the progenitor of the family in this country, was born in 1664, and died in 1773. He was an uncompromising Presbyterian, and he and his descendants were among the founders of the first Presbyterian Church in this country, at Rehobeth, Somerset Co., Md. His will, made in 1772, after disposing minutely of all his pos- sessions, directed that if hereafter any of his children shall worship God by any other than the Presbyterian faith they should forfeit all interest in his property. Dr. Wilson's maternal grandfather was Thomas Littleton Savage, and his maternal grandmother was Margaret Teackle, an aunt of the late St. George W. Teackle, and a relative of the Hon. S. Teackle Wallis. They lived and died at " Cugly," their plantation in Northampton County, Eastern Shore of Virginia. Dr. Wilson, through his paternal grandmother, is re- lated to the Custis family of Virginia,— Daniel Parke Custis, the first husband of Mrs. George Wasliington. Dr. Wilson married Alicia Brewer Griffith. Her father, Capt. David Griffith, was an Englishman by birth, but for many years identified with the shipping interests of Baltimore, long before steam navigation between this country and Europe was known. Her mother was a Miss Thompson, of Lower Maryland. They were married June 16, 18-58, and have six chil- dren living, — Dr. Robert Taylor, Henrietta Chauncey, Henry Parke Custis (the third), William Griffith, Alicia Brewer, and Emily Brewer; one dead, Mary Anna. Dr. Wilson is a Presbyterian, as well as all his an- cestors on his father's side back to Ephraim. His mother and her ancestors were Episcopalians. Soon after her marriage, however, she joined the Presby- terian Church, and became as stanch in that faith as her husband's family, and her children were edu- cated in the tenets of the latter cliurch. Dr. Wilson followed the political faith of his father, and is a Democrat. Dr. Wilson was one of the attending physicians to the Baltimore City and County Almshouse for two years in 1855 and 1856, when it was located on the Franklin road. He is now, besides being president of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 744 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. president of the Baltimore Academy of Medicine, gyne- cologist, or surgeon for diseases peculiar to women, to St. Vincent's Hospital, and gynecologist to the Union Protestant Infirmary, consulting physician to St. Agnes' Hospital. He was formerly president of the Baltimore Pathological Society, and vice-president of the American Gynecological Society. Dr. Wilson has never been engaged in any other busi- ness but that of the practice of his profession of medi- cine, and consequently has met with wonderful success. He began the practice of medicine in Baltimore in 1851, twenty years ago, without money or friends, without anything except a large amount of ill health, and all that he possesses and all that he is he has made himself without a helping hand from any source. He has been a constant contributor to the medical journals of the country, and has written several very learned pamphlets on surgical subjects. Since June, 1847, Nicholas Leeke Dashiell, physi- cian and surgeon, has also been a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and has taken great interest in its proceedings. He was horn in Baltimore County, July 1, 1814, and was the youngest son of Capt. Henry and Mary (Leeke) Dashiell. Capt. Henry Dashiell was the son of Thomas and Jane (Renshaw) Dashiell, of Somerset County, Md., and was born on the 9th of February, 1769. His ancestors were Huguenots who fled to England upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, or in some earlier persecution. The name is said to have had its origin in a pious Huguenot motto, — "GoD, a shield," the name of the deity formerly end- ing as well as commencing with a capital. The name was at first D' a shield, then Dashiel, and finally Da- shiell. The first representative of the family in America was James Dashiell, who settled in Somer- set County, Md., about 1666, purchasing and residing on an estate at the head of the Wetipquin Creek, which by his will, probated in 1697, he devised to his son James. He left three other sons — Thomas, George, and Robert — and one daughter, Jane. The family won distinction in the American Revolution, both in the field and council, and Col. Joseph and George Da- shiell were members of the convention which framed the State constitution of 1776. Capt. Henry Dashiell, the father of Dr. Nicholas Leeke Dashiell, went to sea at an early age, and was commander of a ship at twenty-one. He was married on the 24th of January, 1799, to Mary Leeke, daughter of Nicholas Leeke, of London, a relative of Right Hon. George Grenville, and also of James Leeke, Earl of Scarborough, who was Prime Minister under George I. and George II. The arms of the Leekes can be traced as far back as the year 1150, and their names are found among the knights who participated in the second Crusade. Capt. Dashiell accumulated a handsome fortune, and in 1800 erected a house on the corner of Market (now Broadway) and Aliceanna Streets, which is now oc- cupied by his son. Dr. Da-shicll, wlio still retains the sword used by his father at the battle of North Point. Capt. Dashiell had a family of nine children, — Levin, who died in infancy ; Jane, who married Dr. William H. Clendinen ; Mary Leeke, who was married to Capt. Matthew Robinson, and afterwards to Dr. Moreau Forrest ; Henry, who died in boyhood ; Louisa Maria, who married Capt. Thurston M. Taylor, of the United States navy, nephew of President Taylor, and of Governor Clark, of Kentucky ; Nicholas Leeke, the subject of this sketch ; Matilda D., who died in in- fancy ; Alice Ann, who died in 1864 ; and Eleanor Virginia, who died in early childhood. Dr. Dashiell received his education in the Depart- ment of Arts and Sciences of the University of Mary- land, then known as Baltimore College, and at St. Mary's College, and in 1835 commenced the study of medicine in the office of Prof. Nathan R. Smith, grad- uating with the degree of M.D. from the Medical University of Maryland in 18-37. He at once entered upon the practice of his profession at his present resi- dence, at the corner of Broadway and Aliceanna Streets, and soon won an enviable place as a physi- cian, and an especially high rank as a skillful sur- geon. On the 19th of July, 1852, he was appointed by Governor Ligon surgeon of the Lafayette Light Dragoons, a popular volunteer organization of the day, and was subsequently appointed surgeon of the Eagle Artillery, which was disbanded by the govern- ment at the beginning of the war. Dr. Dashiell has, as we have said, been a prominent and influential member of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland since June, 1847, and for many years a member of the Masonic fraternity, in which he has always taken a deep and active interest, and in which he has held many positions of trust and honor. Dr. Dashiell is the owner of considerable real estate in Baltimore, as well as valuable farms in Dorchester and Garrett Counties, and of a tract of two hundred and forty acres in Franklin and Cedar Counties, Iowa, which was granted to his father, Capt. Henry Dash- iell, by Congress for his services in the war of 1812. Dr. Dashiell was married, Dec. 20, 1855, to Louisa Turpin Wright, daughter of Capt. Turpin and Mary (Harris) Wright, of Sussex County, Del., and grand- daughter of Maj. Benton Harris, an oflicer in the war of 1812. Their children are Henry, Nicholas Leeke, George Washington, May Leeke, and Louisa T. Dr. Dashiell stands in the front rank of Baltimore physi- cians, and is a man of strong and marked individuality of character. The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery is the oldest organized institution of the kind in the world, and has maintained the leading rank since its origin. It was chartered by the Legislature of Maryland in 1839. The act of incorporation appoints and consti- tutes the professors of the college as follows: Horace H. Hayden, M.D., to be Professor of Dental Pathol- ogy and Physiology; Chapin A. Harris, M.D., to be Professor of Practical Dentistry ; Thomas E. Bond, @;/. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 745 Jr., M.D., to be Professor of Special Dental Pathol- ogy and Therapeutics ; and A. Willis Baxley, M.D., to be Professor of Special Dental Anatomy and Phys- iology, who with their successors are declared by the act of incorporation to be a corporation and body politic, under the name of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. Section 8 of the act further appoints the following board of visitors, to wit : R. S. Stewart, M.D., Joshua T. Cohen, M.D., Thos. E. Bond, Jr., M.D., Thos. E. Risteau, M.D., Rev. John G. Morris, Rev. Beverly Waugh, John H. Briscoe, M.D., Samuel Chew, M.D., Rev. George C. M. Roberts, M.D., John James Graves, M.D., Rev. Dr. J. P. Henshaw, Rev. James G. Hammer, John Fonerden, M.D., Leonard Mackall, M.D., and Enoch Noyes. The act also pro- vides that the professors of the college shall have full power to confer on any student who shall have at- tended all the lectures in said college for two terms, and others who after an examination shall have been found worthy, the degree of Doctor of Dental Sur- gery, and also the same degree on any dentist who may have rendered service to" the science or distin- guished himself in the profession. The following gentlemen have served respectively as deans of the faculty: Dr. Horace A. Hayden, from 1839 to 1840; Dr. Ciiapin A. Harris, from 1840 to 1842 ; Dr. Thos. E. Bond, from 1842 to 1849; Dr. Washington R. Handy, from 1849 to 1853; Dr. Philip H. Austen, from 1853 to 1865. In the latter year Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, the present dean, wa-s elected, and has ren- dered most eflBcient service to the college. The dental college was first located on Sharpe Street, east side, between Lombard and Pratt. It was re- moved thence to the present Douglass Institute, and then for two years to the Assenibly-Rooms ; from thence it was finally located in the spacious structure on the southeast corner of Lexington and Eutaw Streets, where the very large and excellently lighted infirmary and laboratory afford ample room for every student, while the central location furnishes abundant practice. The building is four stories high. The en- tire establishment is thorough and complete in all its appointments, and is the finest and best-equipped college building in the world devoted exclusively to dental surgery, with the highest standard of scientific excellence. During the years of the existence of this school seventeen hundred and eighty students have attended the annual sessions, and it has extended relief to more than two thousand charity patients every year, and has graduated ten hundred and thirty-two students. These graduates occupy the highest position in the practice and theory of dental surgery, not only in this country but abroad, where the diploma of this college is a sufficient introduction. The course of study em- braces the principles and practice of dental science and surgery, anatomy, physiology and pathology, therapeutics and materia medica, chemistry, dental mechanism, and metallurgy. The museum, the growth of years, is a large and rare collection of anatomical specimens, the collec- tion of skulls and jaws alone numbering many hun- dreds.' The following gentlemen compose the present fac- ulty : Professors.— Veri. J. S. Gorgas, A.M., M.D., D.D.S., Professor of Path- ology aud Therapeutics; E. Lloyd Howard, M.D., Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica; James II. Harris, M.D., D.D.S., Professor of Chemical Dentistry ; James B. Hodgkin, D.D.S., Profes- sor of Dental Mechanism aud Metallurgy; Thomas S. Latimer, U.D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology; Richard B. Winder, M.D., D.D.S., Professor of Dental Surgery. Demonstrators. — John C. Uhler, M.D , D.D.S., Demonstrator of Operative Dentistry ; Thomas Stew- art, D.D.S., Demonstrator of Mechanical Dentistry ; William B. Finney, D.D.S., Luke J. Pearce, D.D.S., Assistant Demonstrators ; Charles F. Beran, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. The Baltimore Academy of Medicine was or- ganized May 1, 1877 ; its first officers were : Prof. Richard McSherry, M.D., president; James Carey Thomas, M.D., vice-president; G. L. Taneyhill, M.D., secretary: W. C. Van Bibber, M.D., treasurer; Prof. J. J. Chisolm, M.D., P. C. Williams, M.D., Prof. A. B. Arnold, M.D., executive committee. The officers elected in March, 1880, were : President, H. P. C. Wilson, M.D.; Vice-President, A. B. Arnold, M.D.; Secretary, B. B. Browne, M.D.; Treasurer, John Morris, M.D.; Re- porting Secretary, E. F. Cordell, M.D.; Executive Committee, D. I. McKew, M.D., James Carey Thomas, M.D., Samuel C. Chew, M.D. No member of the profession is admitted to the membership of the society who has not been in active practice for ten years. The present members of the society are : A. B. Arnold, Riggin Buckler, B. B. Browne, J. J. Chisolm, S. C. Chew, James H. Curry, J. S Conrad, E. F. Cordell, Frank Donaldson, Wil- liam Lee, Richard McSherry, F. T. Miles, John Morris, D. L Mc- Kew, Thomas F. Murdock, Charles O'Donovan, John H. Patterson, A. H. Powell, P. H. Eeiche, Alan P. Smith, James A. Stewart, G. S. Taneyhill, James Carey Thomas, L. McLane Tiffany, T. B. Evans, A. F. Erick, H. M. Ewing, George H. Eyster, C. B. Gamble, J. W. Houck, William T. Howard, J. H. Hartman, Christopher Johnston, John E. Uhler, W. C. Van Bibber, P. C. Williams, H. P. C. Wilson, Henry M. Wilson, Caleb Winslow, J. Robert Ward, J. W. Walls, William Whitridge, W. G. Eegester, Samuel Theobald, J. E. Atkin- son, Joseph L. Clagett. The hall of the Academy of Medicine is at 122 West Fayette Street, and the meetings are held on the first and third Tuesday nights of each month. Baltimore Medical Association.— On the 26th of February, 1866, Drs. Gerard E. Jlorgan, A. A. White, James H. Curry, G. H. Dare, John Neff, Charles H. Jones, L. M. Eastman, and W. G. Smull met at the Health Office, in the old City Hall, on Holliday Street, "to take action in reference to the formation of a medical association." Dr. Morgan was called to the 1 As early as 1774, and until 1779, several dentists advertised in the Bal- timore papers that " those who have had the misfortune of losing their teeth may have natural teeth transplanted from one person to another, which will remain as firm in the jaw as if they originally grew there." Among these dentists were Dr. Baker, surgeon dentist from Annapohs, who advertises this science of transplanting in 1774; Dr. McGinnis, in 1776; Dr. Fendall, in 1776, and in 1779. Whether the system of trans- planting was a success or abandoned for a better is not recorded ; the probability is that the transplanting failed because those who had sound teeth would not submit to their loss to accommodate those having un- sound teeth. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. chair, and Dr. SmuU .appointed secretary of the meet- ing. A committee, of which Dr. Jones wiis chairman, was appointed to prepare a constitution and by-laws, and to report at the next meeting on the 6th of March, when the constitution and by-laws were amended and adopted. At the next meeting, held at the hall of the i Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, at No. 47 North Calvert Street, near Saratoga, the iissociation was organized by the election of the following officers : President, Dr. G. E. Morgan; Vice-PreBidents, Drs. James H. Curry and G. W. Fay; Eecording Secretary, Dr. L. M. Eastman: Correspond. ' ing Secretary, Dr. W. G. Smull ; Reporting Secretary, Dr. J. W. P. Bates ; Treasurer, Dr. Jolin Ncfl ; Committee of Honor, Drs. C. H. Jones, Tliomns Helsby, and E. G. Waters; Committee on Lectures and Discussions, Drs. George H. Dare, A. W. Colburn, and P. C. Williams. Soon after an executive committee was elected, consist- ing of Drs. A. B. Arnold, B. H. Sterling, and John E. Uhler. Up to this time there was no medical society in the city, and the applications for admission came in so ! rapidly that by the 30th of April the association num- bered seventy-four members. On Jan. 14, 1867, a committee of seven was appointed to draft a bill to regulate the practice of medicine in Maryland ; and the bill, which provided among other things for the appointment of twelve medical examiners for Balti- more City, was passed by the Legislature, and a pro- visional board of examiners elected by the association March 25th. On February 25th the first anniversary of the association wiis celebrated by a banquet, a cus- tom that has prevailed ever since. On March 9, 1868, the association decided to abandon their Calvert Street hall, and secured a room in the Chatard Building, at the southwest corner of Charles and Lexington Streets. It occupied these quarters until March 28, 1870, when it removed to the new hall of the Medical and Chir- urgical Faculty of Maryland, at No. 60 Courtland Street. On April 13, 1874, the first meeting was held in the new hall over the Methodist Book Concern, No. 122 West Fayette Street. The presidents of the asso- ciation have been : 1806, Dr. Gerard E. Morgan; 1867, Dr. Philip C. Williams; I86S, Dr. Andrew Hartman ; 1869, Dr. Charles H. Jones; 1870, Dr. James H. Currey ; 1871, Dr. Abram B. Arnold ; 1872, Dr. Thomas S. Latimer ; 1873, Dr. John K. Uhler; 1874, Dr. G. Lane Taneyhill ; 1875, Dr. John T.Dickson; 1876, Dr. L. McLane Tiffany; 1877, Dr. Judson Gilman; 1878, Dr. John Neff; 1879, Dr. John Morris; 18S0, Dr. John T. Monmonier. The Baltimore Medical Association has exhibited throughout its career a broad conservatism in all its official acts ; has guarded with jealous care the honor and dignity of the profession, and has exhibited great wisdom, firmness, prudence, and judgment in deal- ing with the questions which have come before it. The continued success of the association after four- teen years of existence, its broad catholic spirit, and the steady perseverance with which it has pursued the objects for which it was formed, all affisrd assur- ance of its permanency. Its present officers are : Dr. James A. Stewart, president ; Drs. Joseph T. Smith, A. F. Erich, vice- presidents; Dr. E. F. Cordoll, recording secretary ; Dr. W. A. B. Sell- man, corresponding secretary ; Dr. G. L. Taneyhill, treasurer. The Johns Hopkins Hospital.— If we may esti- mate the measure of benefits conferred on the city of Baltimore by the amount of money devised and de- voted to objects of public utility and philanthropy, no name on the record of the State will stand as high as that of Johns Hopkins, of Baltimore. By will he devised property worth at the time of his death (Dec. 24, 1873) six and a half millions of dollars to the twin objects of his benevolence, " The Johns Hopkins University" and " The Johns Hop- kins Hospital.'" The letter addressed by him, during his lifetime, to the trustees named by him as the almoners of his bounty commences thus : " B.iLTiMOut, March 10, 1873. "To Francis T, Iniv , r ■ "'.-„.( John W. Garrbtt, Hon. Geobge W. Dobbin, Gai I i l:M.^s M. Smith, William Hopkjns, EiCHARU M. .I,*-. •■ ■ I M LI I iBLD, Francis White, Lewis N. Hopkins, Alan V. M i ' -' i 'haelks J. M. Gwinn, Tnitteet of ' The Johns Hopkins JlospiUii: "GENTLkMEN, — I have given you, in your capacity as Tnistees, thir- teen acres of laud situated iu the city of Baltimore, and bounded by Wolfe, Monument, Broadway, and Jefferson Streets, upon which I de- sire you to erect a Hospital." - Nine months after sending this letter to the trus- tees Mr. Hopkins died, and but little was done to- wards the erection of the hospital until the early part of the year 1875, when, after several meetings of the board of trustees, it was resolved to authorize the building committee to confer with five distinguished physicians chosen from different parts of the country, who had made hospitals their special study, and ob- tain from them such advice as might be needed for the construction and organization of the proposed hospital, and to compensate them for said advice, which was solicited in the form of essays. The five physicians who were applied to as special- ists in hospital matters were John S. Billings, brevet lieutenant-colonel and assistant surgeon United States army ; Norton Folsom, M.D., Boston ; Joseph Jones, M.D., New Orleans ; Caspar Morris, M.D., of Phila- delphia ; and Stephen Smith, M.D., of New York ; from each of whom essays on the subject of hospital construction and organization were received, accom- panied by explanatory plates, diagrams, tables, etc., the whole constituting a most valuable manual, the most complete perhaps ever contributed to the medi- cal literature upon hospitals in this or any other country. These essays were printed by the trustees, and pub- lished in a handsome octavo volume of three hundred and fifty pages, and will doubtless serve for years to come as a text-book on the subjects treated of. As 1 Both these institutions were projected by Mr. Hopkins some years before his death, and were incorporated as early as the 24th of August, 1867. They were organized on the 13th of June, 1870. Ground was broken for the hospital by Francis T. King on the 23d of June, 1877, and the first brick was laid on the 13th of October in the same year. • Subsequent to his death an addition of nearly another acre, adjoin- ing the lot to the south and east, was acquired by the trustees by pur- THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 747 each essay contained much that the trustees desired to avail themselves of, they did not confine them- selves to the plans laid down in any one of them, but acted on the eclectic principle of adopting a portion of the suggestions of each. They then invited Dr. John S. Billings, one of the iive essayists, to act as I medical superintendent, and director of the buildings ) whilst in course of erection, employed John E. Mar- shall as superintendent and builder, and entered ac- tively into all the matters of receiving proposals for materials, etc., for the hospital buildings. Dr. Bil- lings was sent to Europe to visit the most noted hos- pitals both in England and on the continent, and gather all the information he might deem valuable in connection with the subject. The subjects of drainage and ventilation were care- fully studied, and the most approved methods availed of irrespective of cost. It was decided to build one three-story administration building, flanked hy a two- story pay ward on either side, — the north wing for males, the south for females, — and to erect to the east of these twenty other buildings, comprising common wards, an octagon ward, nurses' home, apothecaries' building, kitchen, etc., each of which should be iso- lated and be reached through connecting, covered corridors. The hospital wards are to contain room for three hundred beds, and the intention is to admit any and every case needing medical or surgical treat- ment (except cases of infectious or contagious dis- eases). The ground ujion which the buildings are being erected is one hundred and fifteen feet above tide- water. The top of the dome, which is to rise above the administration or centre building, will be two hundred feet above the ground ; its total height, there- fore, above tide-water will be three hundred and fif- teen feet. Eleven buildings are already under roof, and the remaining twelve will rise in the near future, a per- petual or at least long-enduring monument to the memory and benevolence of their founder. John R. Niernsee, of Baltimore, and Messrs. Cabot and Chand- ler, of Boston, were elected architects, and E. W. Bowditch, of Boston, landscape-gardener. A medical school for students, who will have the advantage of constant clinical practice under the direction and in- struction of the most skillful surgeons and physicians, will be attached to the hospital. But perhaps the most useful and important feature of the hospital will be the " School for Training Nurses," designed to train up and fit women for the responsible duty of becoming skilled and practiced in that most important duty of watching over and ad- ministering to the hourly wants of the sick and con- valescent in and out of the hospital, a matter quite as important as that of a skillful physician. Previous to his death, Johns Hopkins designated for the executive officers of the hospital Francis T. King as president, Joseph Merrefield treasurer, and Lewis N. Hopkins secretary ; the former gentleman was also one of the executors of his will, and the two last relatives. Since then several changes have oc- curred in the board of trustees, the first occurring through the resignation of Joseph Merrefield to as- sume the duties of treasurer, in whose place George W. Corner was elected. Subsequently, through the death of Richard M. Janney and Thomas M. Smith, Messrs. Joseph P. Elliot and James Carey were elected trustees in their stead, and the recent decease of Galloway Cheston leaves a vacancy yet to be filled. On the 1st of January, 1881, John E. Marshall re- signed his position as superintendent of construction to attend to other pressing business engagements, and William H. Leeke, late the assi.stant superintendent, was elected superintendent in his place. The present value of the funds constituting the foundation for the hospital is about three and one- third millions of dollars, only the income of which is available for the purposes of building and all other expenses, as, by the will of the founder, the principal is to remain untouched through all future time, as a perpetual fountain of benevolence. Hebrew Hospital. — The Hebrew Hospital owes its existence to the Hebrew Benevolent Society, which, in March, 18(5.3, appointed a committee to re- port a plan for the establishment of a hospital. The corner-stone was laid on the 2.5th of June, 1866, but the " Hebrew Hospital and Asylum Association" was not chartered until Jan. 13, 1868, and in May of that year the building, corner of Ann and Monument Streets, was completed, at a cost of sixty-three thou- sand dollars, and opened for the reception of pa- tients. The object of the association is to " afford surgical and medical aid, comfort, and protection in sickness to the suffering and needy, and to provide an asylum for the infirm and destitute, and for all other purposes appertaining to hospitals, asylums, and dispensaries." The average number of inmates is between twenty and twenty-five ; the hospital will accommodate thirty-two patients. The income is derived from subscriptions, donations, bequests, etc. The officers are Joseph Friedenwald, president from the beginning until the present time ; Vice-President, B. F. Ulman ; Treasurer, A. S. Adler; Secretary, Ig- natius Lauer. The Ladies' Hebrew Hospital Associ- ation, which was formed in 1868, was dissolved on the 7th of March, 1880. It had been largely instru- mental in the construction and support of the hos- pital. The other hospitals, infirmaries, and dispensaries in Baltimore are the " Maternite" Lying-in Hospital, founded in 1874 ; Marine Hospital, founded in 1845 ; Presbyterian Eye and Ear Hospital, organized in 1877 ; St. Joseph's Hospital, founded in 1864; Balti- more Infirmary, instituted in 1822; Baltimore Eye and Ear Institute, established in 1871 ; Union Protes- tant Infirmary, chartered in 1854 ; Maryland Eye and Ear Infirmary, established in 186S ; Baltimore Gen- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUiNTY, MARYLAND. eral Dispensary, founded in 1801 ; Eastern Dispen- sary, incorporated in 1818 ; Western Dispensary, es- tablished in 1846; Southern Dispensary, established about 1847 ; Special Dispensary, establislicd in 1867; City ll.w|,iial: ( 'Inirch Home; Mount I1o|m' KrtivMt; .^t.A'jnr-- ll.i-|,,tal; St. Vincent's ll..>|,it:il ; Mary- laiiil W'diiian's Iliispital; Homwopathir ]>i>p('ii>ary ; Nervous Disesises Disjjensary ; and Noi-tlicastern Dis- pensary. Distinguished Physicians of Baltimore,— In the long array of eminent physicians who have graced the profession in this country, there has been none who can lay a higher claim to solid distinction and endur- I ing fame than the late Prof Nathan E. Smith, of Baltimore. Dr. Smith was born at Cornish, N. H., 1 May 21, 1797, where his father, Dr. Nathan Smith, afterwards professor of medicine and surgery at Dart- j mouth and Yale Colleges, and one of the most dis- tinguished surgeons of his day, had been for ten years engaged in the practice of his profession. In that town and in Dartmouth he passed the earlier years of life, receiving his primary education at the latter place, and finishing his course at Yale, where he graduated in 1817, at the age of twenty. In his youth Prof Smith evinced decided talent for literature, and I among his earlier efforts was a comedy entitled " The Quixotic Philosopher," written when he was a fresh- man at Yale, which was produced at one of the col- lege exhibitions and very favorably received, the young author performing one of the leading roles and winning considerable reputation for his quaint but genial humor. After completing his academic course, he spent about a year and a half in Virginia as classical tutor in the family of Thomas Turner, of Fauquier County, and on his return from that State began the study of medicine in Yale College, where his father then held the chair of physic and surgery, and where, in 1823, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1824, Dr. Smith commenced the practice of his profession at Burlington, Vt., where he married Miss Juliette Penniman, and in the fol- lowing year he was appointed to the professorship of surgery and anatomy in the University of Vermont, the medical department of which was organized mainly through his own exertions, aided by his father, who spent some weeks at Burlington as the colleague of his son. In the winter of 1825-26 he visited Philadelphia, for the purpose of attending the lectures and studying the methods of the University of Pennsylvania, with a view of better qualifying himself for the discharge of his duties at the Univer- sity of Vermont. Soon after his arriva.1 there, how- ever, he made the acquaintance of Dr. George Mc- Clellan, who was at that time engaged, in connection with other physicians, in laying the foundations of the Jefferson Medical School, and he and his associ- ates were so much impressed by the professional ability and attainments of Dr. Smith, that they tendered him the chair of anatomy, w^hich he accepted and occupied for two sessions. Among his pupils at the Jefferson School were Samuel D. Gross and Washington L. Atlee, who were destined to gain the highest rank in their profession, and whose names have since become associated with many of the best achievements and triumphs of medical art. In 1827 the chair of anat- omy in the School of Medicine of the University of Maryland became vacant by the resignation of Prof Granville Sharp Patterson, and Prof Smith wiis called to the position, which he occupied until the death of Prof Davidge, in 1829, when he was transferred to the chair of surgery. In 1838 he was elected a professor in the Transyl- vania University at Lexington, Ky., where he lec- tured three years, without, however, giving up his resi- dence in Baltimore. Upon the reorganization of the University of Maryland, after the settlement of the questions which had for some time interfered with its usefulness, he resumed his chair in that institution and resigned his professorship in Kentucky. In 1867 he visited Europe, where he received great attention from distinguished members of the profession, and won the especial regard and esteem of Sir James Paget, of London, physician to the queen. On his return to Baltimore Prof Smith was welcomed with a banquet tendered by the whole medical profession of the city. On the 1st of March, 1870, he resigned his chair in the university and devoted himself ex- clusively to private practice, but in 1873 was made emeritus professor of surgery and president of the faculty, a position which he retained until his death, which occurred on the 3d of July, 1877. Prof Smith was indefatigable in the discharge of his duties at the university, and was rarely absent from his class, which he led through the hospital wards at an early hour, passing from bed to bed with his brief, clear, piquant comments. His lectures were always deliv- ered without notes, and his style, while plain, was lucid and forcible. In operative surgery he had no superior and few equals, and the title first given him by the students of the " Emperor of Surgeons" was fairly earned. He was one of the boldest as well as one of the most skillful operators ever known in the profession. Besides numberless operations of every variety of character, he performed about three hun- dred for lithotomy alone, and with almost invariable success. His taste for literature continued through- out his whole life, and as late as 1869 he published, under the title of " Viator," a volume of legends of the South, containing many romantic stories of Virginia and Kentucky. Prof Smith was a Demo- crat in politics, and in 1861 was president of the Democratic State Convention which nominated Gen. Benjamin C. Howard for Governor. It is related that when the convention, which was held in the Law Building, was invaded by roughs, backed by military power. Prof Smith, standing by the speaker's table, said to them, " You may pierce me with knives, if you will, but you cannot move me from this place or 7 ^^ c THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 749 make me flinch from my duty," and awed by liis calm determination the mob withdrew without I'urtlier attempt to intimidate him. It was soon after Iiis settlement in Baltimore that he prepared his work on the '' Surgical Anatomy of the Arteries," which brought his name prominently before the public and the profession. It was here also that he invented his lithotonie and his anterior splint, the latter of which he regarded as his most important contribution to surgical appliances. His last complete publication was a work on " Fractures of the Lower Extremities." It has been well said of Prof. Smith that "the combination of traits which he possessed could hardly be better expressed than in a saying of Lord Tenterden about Sir Thomas Wilde, afterwards Lord Truro, that ' he had industry enough to succeed without talents, and talents enough to suc- .ceed without industry.' And yet, with his great gifts there was about him a remarkable simplicity of char- acter, and a transparent ingenuousness which was as incapable of affectation as of falsehood." Dr. Charles Richardson was a graduate of the Uni- versity of Maryland, and in early life practiced in Baltimore, where he rendered very efficient service during the prevalence of the cholera in 1832, when he was appointed one of the city physicians. He was a defender of Baltimore in the war of 1812, and assisted in caring for the wounded at the bombard- ment of Fort McHenry and at the battle of North Point. He was the author of several medical and scientific treatises. He subsequently removed to Mongomery County, where he died in October, 1871, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. Dr. Tobias Watkins was born in Anne Arundel Co., Md., on the 12th of December, 1780, the only child of Thomas Watkins. He graduated at St. John's College, Annapolis, in 1798, and after study- ing medicine under Dr. Daniel, received his profes- sional diploma from the Medical College of Phil- adelphia in May, 1802. He commenced practice at Havre de Grace, but in a few years removed to Bal- timore, and received the appointment of physician to the Marine Hospital. He was in active service during the war of 1812, and was afterwards assistant surgeon-general. At the time of his death Dr. Wat- kins was engaged in preparing for the press a history of the British invasion of the District of Columbia and the capture of Washington. He died in Wash- ington on the 14th of November, 1855. Joseph Lloyd Martin, M.D., was born in Mon- mouth Co., N. J., May 1, 1820, and resides in the city of Baltimore. His father, Isaac Martin, Jr., Was born in Rah way, N. J., and was the son of Isaac Martin and Catharine (formerly White) Martin, who was born in Shrewsbury, N. J., the daughter of Robert White. His father was an eminent allopathic physician, and a leading practitioner in the vicinity of Monmouth. His parents were members of the Society of Friends. His grandfather, Isaac Martin, was a highly-esteemed minister of the society. His father died when he was quite young, and he was placed under the guardian- ship of his uncle, William C. White, of New York City, where he received a good education, and much against his inclinations and ambitious taste, he com- meii 1 the business of a clerk in his uncle's dry- gO'MS . -liilii-limcnt. His predilections had been direct. .1 iiiwiinl.s his father's profession, and the dry- goods business becoming more and more distasteful, when he arrived at bis majority he abandoned his. desk in his uncle's counting-room and commenced a course of medical studies at the Medical Department of the University of New York, from which institu- tion he was graduated. Dr. Martin's views upon the science of riicdicine were not circumscribed to any system, but with liberal ideas and investigating mind he studied closely the basis and structure of all the systems, and adopted as a general rule of practice the theory of Hahnemann, which he studied under the most able representatives and pioneers of homoe- opathy, Drs. John F. Gray and A. Gerald Hull, of New York. In 1847, Dr. Martin located in Boston, Mass., where he received a diploma from the Massa- chusetts Medical Society. He remained in that city in active practice for three years. In 1849 the chol- era raged with epidemic violence in Boston, and Dr. Martin had the honor of demonstrating the superiority of his system of practice in abating and checking that terrible scourge, and by his noble conduct and self- sacrifice through that malady merited and received the lasting gratitude of hundreds who were saved through his zealous care. His professional reputation became commensurate with the great good he accom- plished. Dr. Martin married, in 1847, Mrs. Lorana D. Metcalf, of Georgia (formerly Lorana D. Cheeru, of Boston). In 1861, his wife's health becoming deli- cate under the severe cold of a Boston climate, he was obliged to give up his fine practice in that city and seek a milder climate. He therefore settled in Balti- more in the vain hope of restoring his wife's health, but she died July 17, 1869, leaving one child, a daugh- ter, who married H. C. Longnecker, Esq., a highly- respected citizen of Towsontown, Baltimore Co., pro- prietor and editor of the Baltimore County Union, a weekly newspaper published by him at that place. Dr. Martin, since he located in Baltimore, with slight interruptions, has engaged in the practice of his profession, always having an extensive practice among the best classes of society. His present wife, to whom he was married Aug. 19, 1879, was Mrs. Eu- dora Higgins Vick, of Baltimore, daughter of Capt. Asa Higgins and Mary A. Higgins, the former of Bath, and the latter of Brunswick, Me. In 1861, when civil war interrupted the communications with the South, from whence his first wife's and his own ample resources were mostly derived, and which by the circumstances of war were finally entirely swept away, he found himself embarrassed and with a curtailed 750 HISTORY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MAllYLAND. practice; but nothing daunted in this emergency, he threw all his energies into the practice of his profes- sion, and soon found himself amply rewarded by a large and lucrative business. Again in 1805 he sustained another reverse by rea- son of impaired health, occasioned by over-mental and bodily exertion, and altliough lie obtained the assist- ance of another physician, a graduate of a homroo- pathic college in Pliiladclphia, his patients became scattered, soekihg other physicians. At the end of a year, however, Dr. Martin's health becoming much better, he resumed practice alone, and soon regained what he had lost, and has added to it largely ever since. Dr. Martin has performed many wonderful cures, some of which had been abandoned by other physicians as hopeless, and has justly earned a repu- tation ranking him among the leaders of his profession in medical skill and ability. Towards his professional brethren he lias always been cordial and generous, in consultation giving them the benefit of his long expe- rience and sound judgment, and to all classes he is the urbane and dignified gentleman, enjoying the high esteem of the community in which his fortunes are cast and his professional and personal interest en- gaged. Dr. Martin has been tendered several posi- tions of honor and trust in the line of his profession, which he has invariably declined, preferring to con- fine his energies to private practice. He is in fellow- ship with the American Institute of Homreopathy, the first and oldest association of homaopathic phy- sicians, and is also a fellow in several other societies. He is a Master Mason of the order of Free and Ac- cepted Masons. Dr. Martin has an inventive mind, and in moments seized from his daily practice he has perfected and patented several valuable scientific in- ventions, the last of which was for organized oxygen gas and its compounds, for inhalation in the treat- ment of disease as a hygienic agent, and compressing the same in water for internal or medicinal use, he being the first who has ever opened so widely the field of usefulness of these gases in medicine. As a physician, Dr. Martin is not confined in his prac- tice to creeds or dogmas, believing it to be the duty of every hone.st physician to adopt the means best calculated to relieve human suffering and save life. He is bold and fearless, and yet discreet in practice, remarkable as a diagnostician, with perception of dis- eases and their treatment amounting almost to in- tution. His professional career in Baltimore has been one of brilliant success, and he has enjoyed the confidence and respect of the community in which he lives. Dr. James J. Cockrill was born in Baltimore, March 28, 1815, educated at St. Mary's College, and gradu- ated at the University of Maryland in 1837. In 1863 he was appointed medical military examiner in the Second Congressional District, and afterwards was sent to Frederick County in the same capacity. He also held a medical position at the military hospital in Patterson Park in 1863-65, and was chairman of the examining board for the discharge of disabled soldiers. He was a member of the Medical and Chirnrgical Faculty of Maryland from 1842 until his death ; was at one time vice-president of the faculty and a mem- ber of the board of examiners. He was also a mem- ber of the National Medical Society, and held a prom- inent position in that organization. He died on the 13th of July, 1878, in tjie sixty-fourth year of his age. Dr. James Higgins was a native of Anne Arundel County, and for a number of years held the position of State agricultural chemist. He was subsequently professor of natural sciences in the Maryland Agricul- tural College. He died on the 24th of March, 1870. Dr. Thomas G. Mackenzie was a sou of Dr. Colin Mackenzie, and a brother of Dr. John P. Mackenzie. He was one of the most prominent pharmacists in Baltimore, and for forty years was the proprietor of the drug-store on the northeast corner of Baltimore and Gay Streets, where he conducted a prosperous business and associated his name with many widely- known and valuable medicines, some of which have become standard and continued in use in general prac- tice. He died on the 6th of May, 1873, in the seventy- first year of his age. Dr. Henry Keerl was prominent among the earlier physicians of Baltimore. He died on the 16th of July, 1827, in the seventy-third year of his age, and at the time of his death was one of the oldest inhabitants of the city. Dr. Thomas Shearer was born Aug. 1, 1825, at Stonehouse, a town on the river Clyde, Scotland, within fifteen miles of Glasgow, and on the parish records the family name is borne without a break for more than a century and a half His mother, a lady of gentle character and simple piety, was of the Bruce family, and it was her earnest wish that Thomas Shearer, her seventh son, should be educated for the ministry of the Presbyterian Church. He commenced a classical and theological course, making sucii rapid progress that while a mere boy he took, at a public examination, a first prize for proficiency in Latin, and a second prize for thorough knowledge of the intricate forms of the Greek verb. When fifteen years of age he entered the University of Glasgow, and graduated with honor three years afterwards. Self-inquiry had, however, brought him to a point of conviction that he could not conscientiously subscribe to the articles of faith of the Presbyterian Church as interpreted by its clergy, and turning his back upon the pulpit, he chose the science of medicine for his profession. Three years of study at the University of Edinburgh procured for him his diploma, and he accepted a position as ship-surgeon on a vessel of the New York and Glasgow line of packets. Arriving at New York in September, 1848, he purposed to return to Europe with his ship, but various circumstances combined to induce him to remain in this country, and for thirty years he did not again see his native land. In 1854 THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. his investigation of the subject resulted in making liim a convert to the system of homoeopathy ; and at that time it required no small degree of courage in a young professional man to attach himself to a new school of medicine whose principles were not clearly understood, and which was struggling against the mighty antagonism of the veteran scientists and prac- titioners. Dr. Shearer attended three courses of lec- tures at the Homceopathic College of Pennsylvania, and graduated in 1858. He then removed to Charles- ton, S. C, but just previous to the conclusion of the civil war he became a citizen of Baltimore, where he now resides. His practice is very large, and his pro- fessional reputation is not surpassed in the commu- nity. He is eminently successful in the treatment of diseases of women and children, and no homoeopa- thist has done more than himself to vindicate that school of medicine. He married, in 1856, Miss Har- riet Fox, daughter of George Fox, of Philadelphia, and their children are a son and daughter. The son follows in his father's footsteps, and has graduated as Doctor of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. Dr. Shearer is an intelligent patron of literature and the fine arts ; he is deeply read, and has purchased some exquisite paintings that adorn his home. Among the physicians who fell victims to the yellow fever in 1819 were Dr. Josiah Henderson and Dr. John O'Connor. The former was in the twenty-fourth year of his age, and had left his home in Clarksburg, Va., to render medical aid during the prevalence of the epidemic. Dr. O'Connor was a resident of Fell's Point, and contracted the disease in the unremitting discharge of professional duty. Dr. William J. Williams was a well-known prac- titioner of the Thomjjsonian school, and was highly esteemed, not only as a physician but as a citizen. He died on the 19th of April, 1867. Dr. John R. W. Dunbar received his medical edu- cation in Philadelphia, and was a practicing physician in Baltimore for thirty-five years. He was well known as an able practitioner and a skillful surgeon, and was at one time professor of surgery in the old Washing- ton University. He was also well known in Virginia, which was his native State. He was preceptor of a large number of the graduates of medicine in this city, and many of his pupils have risen to eminence in the profession. He died on the 3d of July, 1871, in the sixty -sixth year of his age. Dr. Colin Mackenzie was for many years one of the most prominent physicians of Baltimore. In con- nection with Dr. Smyth, in 1808 he leased the Mary- land Hospital, which they managed successfully for many years. He died on the 1st of September, 1827, in the fifty-third year of his age. Dr. Gideon B. Smith was many years since editor of the American Farmer and Tm-f Register, was well known as an entomologist, and at one time was largely engaged in the cultivation of the silk-worm. He was the originator of several ingenious inventions, and was perhaps the highest authority in the country upon the subject of the "seventeen-year locusts." Dr. A. F. Dulin was born in Fairfax County, Va., and graduated at the medical college in Philadelphia when about twenty-one years of age. He enjoyed a large practice, and for five years was resident physi- cianat the Baltimore County Almshouse when it was located on the old Franklin road. He was also a member of the board of examining physicians, and a director of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, and was offered, but declined, a professorship in the Uni- versity of Maryland. He died on the 25th of Novem- ber, 1874, in the sixty-eighth year of his age, after a professional career in this city of forty-two years. Dr. George L. Robinson, a young physician of great talent, was the son of Dr. Alex. H. Robinson, and after graduating at the Maryland University com- pleted his medical education in Europe. He was one of the founders of the Epidemiological Association, and at the time of his death occupied the chair of operative surgery in the faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He died on the 10th of September, 1873. Dr. P. S. Kinnemon was born near Easton, Talbot Co., Md., and graduated at the University of Mary- land in 1833. He was a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty for thirty-six years, and also of the executive committee, and was repeatedly elected to the ofiice of treasurer. His death occurred on the 1st of January, 1876. Dr. Charles W. Chancellor was born near Fredericks- burg, Va., Feb. 19, 1833, of American parentage and English ancestry. His father was Maj. Sanford Chan- cellor, who served with distinction on the staft' of Gen. Madison during the war of 1812. His mother, Fannie L. (Pound) Chancellor, who still survives, is a niece of the late William Lorman, of Baltimore. His paternal grandraotlier was Elizabeth Edwards, of Maryland. His primary education w;is obtained at the Fredericks- burg Academy and at Concord Academy, Caroline County, Va., and his classical and literary education at Georgetown College and the University of Vir- ginia. In March, 1853, he graduated M.D. from the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and subse- quently pursued his studies in the hospitals of that city. In the latter part of the same year he located in Alexandria, Va., where he successfully pursued the practice of medicine and surgery until the break- ing out of the late civil war, when, warmly espousing the cause of the South, he offered his .services to the Governor of his native State, and was commissioned a surgeon in the provisional army of Virginia, May 21, 1861. Subsequently he was transferred to the Confederate States army, and assigned to duty as medical director of Gen. George E. Pickett's cele- brated Virginia division, where he achieved a high reputation, not only as a surgeon, but as an executive officer of great energy and ability. Immediately after the close of the war he resumed HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITiT AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the active practice of his profession in Memphis, Tenn., where he was soon recognized as one of the leading physicians, and won for himself an enviable reputation by the conspicuous part he bore in those terrible epidemics of cholera and yellow fever which visited that city in 1866 and 1867 respectively. In 1868, Dr. Chancellor was tendered the chair of an- atomy in the Medical Department of the Washington University of Baltimore, which he accepted, and the following year was made dean of the faculty, the du- ties of which office he discharged with satisfaction to his colleagues and advantage to the institution, which soon took rank as one of the leading medical schools in the country. He continued in the chair of an- atomy until the spring of 1870, when he was trans- ferred to tlie professorship of surgery, previously held by Prof. Edward Warren. In this po.sition he con- tinued several years, until increasing professional and public duties compelled him to sever all active con- nection with the college, and upon doing so he was tendered the honorary position of emeritus professor of surgery and president of the faculty. In 1871 he was elected commissioner of public schools for Baltimore City, a position which he filled until elected a member of the First Branch of the City Council in the fall of 1872. He soon became a lead- ing member of that body, to which he was elected four successive years, his comprehensive views of municipal matters and his ability in enforcing them being recognized throughout the city. In 1876 he declined a re-election, but in 1877 was returned from the Nineteenth and Twentieth Wards of the city to the Second or Upper Branch of the Council, and upon the organization of that body was unanimously elected president, a position which he filled with signal ability for two years. Upon the reorganization of the Maryland Hospital for the Insane, Dr. Chancellor was appointed by Gov- ernor Carroll a member of the board of managers of that institution. He was immediately thereafter elec- ted president of the board, and devoted much time and energy to the work of organizing the hospital. His labors in this direction were attended with the most gratifying results, but upon the expiration of Governor Carroll's term of office he declined serving longer on the board of management, and accordingly tendered an unconditional resignation to Governor Hamilton upon his accession to ofiice in 1880. In 1876 he was elected secretary and executive officer ofthe Maryland State Board of Health, of which he had been an active member since its creation in 1874. Im- mediately after his election to the responsible position of secretary ofthe board he was directed by Governor Carroll to make, in his official capacity, a thorough inspection of all the penal and charitable institutions in the State, and report their actual condition, man- agement, etc., noting especially the number and treat- ment of the indigent insane. The report, which was completed and issued in August, 1876, covered nearly two hundred octavo pages, and has been declared " one ofthe ablest papers ever published in the State." The filthy condition, entire absence of discipline, cruelties, and shocking immoralities which Dr. Chancellor fear- lessly and graphically depicted as existing in many of the almshouses and prisons of the State astounded the community and startled the whole country. The report was extensively copied in the papers of both this country and Europe, and gained for its author a more than national reputation. As might have been expected, he was bitterly assailed by culpable officials and political freebooters, who declared that the pic- ture was overdrawn, but immediately there followed a "Vindication," which contained hundreds of letters from the most prominent and influential men of the State, commending the report and affirming the truth of the statements contained therein. Few physicians in this country are better versed in medical literature and the cognate sciences than Dr. Chancellor. He has contributed many valuable and scientific papers to various medical journals, and has recently published several interesting monographs on sanitary subjects, which are remarkable for original and independent thought, and show that nature and facts have been his teacher rather than theories. At one time he was editor and proprietor of a medical journal, and subsequently edited the Sanitary Messen- ger, a monthly journal issued by the State Board of Health. Retiring in 1876 from the active practice of ro^yui^^u^ ^jJvt.&LZ.^,£^, THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. medicine, he has since devoted himself exclusively to the study of sanitary science, and on all questions of hygiene he is quoted as eminent and conclusive au- thority. The National Board of Health having de- termined to institute a sanitary survey of the city of Baltimore, selected Dr. Chancellor to conduct the work, which he did in his usually thorough manner, giving the results of his investigations in an elaborate report. In 1879 he visited Europe, and during his stay in that country was a close observer of the systems of sewerage, drainage, and water supplies adopted by the principal cities of England and on the Continent, and at the same time gave particular attention to the improved methods of heating and ventilating public buildings, etc. Upon his return to this country he resumed with increased interest the study and prac- tice of sanitary engineering. As secretary of the State Board of Health, he is now engaged in organ- izing subsidiary boards in the various counties, and in inculcating practical lessons of hygiene by a series of public lectures in the various cities, towns, and vil- lages in the State. These lectures have been every- where well received, and his original suggestion of a plan to extirpate malaria and bring into productive cultivation the low-lying and water-logged districts of Maryland by a system of drainage, embankments, etc., is attracting considerable attention. Dr. Chancellor has been twice married, the first time to Mary Archer, daughter of Gen. A. G. Talia- ferro, formerly of Gloucester County, Va., and Agnes H. (Marshall) Taliaferro, a granddaughter of Chief Justice Marshall. She died in March, 186.3, leaving one child, Leah Seddon Chancellor. In February, 1867, he married Martha A. Butler, of Jackson, Tenn., whose father, Col. Wm. Ormond Butler, is a grandson of Gen. Thomas Butler, a direct descendant of Lord Dunboyne, Duke of Ormond, and a trusted officer of Washington's during the Revolutionary war. Col. Butler is the only child of Dr. Wm. E. Butler, one of the pioneer settlers of West Tennessee. He is also a nephew of the wife of ex-President Andrew Jackson, and a cousin of the late Gen. William O. Butler, of Kentucky, and of ex-President James K. Polk. By this marriage Dr. Chancellor has two children, Mattie Butler and Philip Stanly Chancellor, aged respectively seven and six years. Dr. Thomas E. Bond, more generally known as Rev. Dr. Bond, on account of his connection with the Methodist Episcopal Church as a minister and relig- ious writer, was a son of Dr. Thomas Bond, an old and prominent physician of Baltimore, .who resided I for many years in a mansion on the corner of Lom- bard and Sharpe Streets, the site of which is now occupied by a spacious warehouse. Dr. Bond the younger studied medicine at the Maryland Univer- sity, graduating in his twenty-first year, and prac- ticed in this city for about fifteen years. His literary tastes subsequently induced him to become editor of the Episcopal Methodid, which he conducted with marked ability for a number of years. He was after- wards connected with the Baltimore Christian Ad- vocate, of which he was editor-in-chief. His life throughout was one of continued activity and varied usefulness, and he frequently exchanged the duties of the sanctum and of the medical profession for those of the pulpit. His literary efforts were marked by rhetorical grace and trenchant force, and one of his best and most brilliant performances was a letter to the New York Independent in explanation and jus- tification of the position of the Methodist Episcopal Church South in its national relations. Dr. Bond was a brother of Hon. Hugh L. Bond, judge of the United States Circuit Court. His death occurred Aug. 19, 1872. Dr. Samuel Baker was a member of the first faculty of the University of Maryland, having been called to the chair of materia medica to fill the vacancy caused by the declination of Prof Thomas E. Bond. He died in October, 1835. Dr. Elisha De Butts was a native of Ireland, but came to this country in early boyhood. He received his medical education at the University of Pennsyl- vania, and soon after the completion of his course he became a resident of Baltimore, and was associated with Dr. Davidge and others in fostering the then in- fant medical school of Maryland. As he declined to engage in active practice, and devoted himself exclu- sively to the interest of the university in general, and of his own department in particular, it may be said without injustice to any of his contemporaries that the rapid growth and prosperity of the institution were in a large measure due to the untiring assiduity and zeal with which he discharged the duties of his position. Dr. De Butts was not only thoroughly grounded in the great principles of his science, but maintained a steady acquaintance with its constantly progressive improvements and discoveries. He was one of the most brilliant chemists of his day, and was probably unequaled in his department by any of his contemporaries. He died on the 8th of April, 1831. Dr. John Cromwell was a highly-esteemed physi- cian of Baltimore, and a contemporary of some of the earliest practitioners of the city. He died of the cholera on the 14th of September, 1832, at the age of sixty-eight years. Dr. James Mclntire was born near Dungannon, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1799, and died in Balti- more, April 12, 1879. He obtained a thorough edu- cation, and graduated with distinction at the College of Belfast. In 1822 he came to this country, residing for a short time at Harrisburg, Pa., from whence he removed to Baltimore, where he studied medicine, graduating at the Washington University in 1834, among the first of the graduates of that institution. For a few years he practiced medicine, and was having much success in that profession, but he relinquished 754 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. it to accept the chair of mathematics and astronomy in the Central High School, now the Baltimore City College. In these sciences he had been from his early youth a close student, one who not only followed the researches and discoveries of others, but also con- ducted his own investigations and brought to light facts that were of great value. He held his profes- sorship for more than thirty-three years, and there are at this time many citizens of Baltimore who re- call with deep gratitude the days which they spent in the class-room witli the learned teacher when they were boys and pupils. He had the rare gift of im- parting knowledge, of rendering study pleasant, and inducing scholars to become interested in their work. Unless a pupil was incorrigibly dull, Prof. Mclntire could stir him up to an eager thirst for learning, ac- complishing this by a method that was as firm as it was gentle, and that exhibited the dignity and the grandeur of scholarship. His system of teaching was the result of much patient thought and practice, and he had that correct idea of education which is totally antagonistic to the later fashion of " cramming" pupils for public examinations. Throughout his life he continued his mathematical and astronomical in- vestigations. He was the author of several works, and his " Astronomy and the Globes" is a text-book in schools, and a handy compendium of information for any reader or student. It was published in 1868, and received highly eulogistic commendations from the scientists. Dr. Mclntire was a devoted Presbyterian. One of the journals of that denomination says of him that, "reared in the days when the Bible and Westmin- ster Catechisms were almost the only theological works studied, he was thoroughly indoctrinated in the theology they contained. During all his long life the Bible was his daily companion." At the early age of twenty-eight he was elected an elder of the church, and for over fifty years he exercised this oflice with fidelity. He was connected with the Central Presbyterian Church, and in every relation of life he maintained a character above suspicion, and died without a stain upon his memory. He was a member of the Association for the Improvement of the Con- dition of the Poor, and a trustee of the Baltimore Female College. The faculty of the City College, the Public School Teachers' A.ssociation, the Poor Association, and the Session of the Central Church held meetings upon his death, and passed resolutions testifying to his virtues as citizen, scholar, and Christian, and holding up his life to the imitation of future generations. His only son, George M. Mc- [ Intire, entered the Confederate army, and was killed at the battle of Gettysburg. Dr. Mclntire's widow and his daughter are still residing in this city. "The Baltimore Astronomer," as Dr. Mclntire was com- monly designated in professional circles, was one of | the men who make the world better for their having j lived in it. Dr. John P. Mackenzie was a practicing physician of Baltimore for more than forty years. He was a ' gentleman of the old school, and in the social as well as professional walks of life was highly respected by all who came into contact with him. He was a member of the St. Andrew's Society for forty years, and was its physician during thirty-six years of this period. He died on the 14th of January, 1864, at the age of sixty-three years. Dr. William Howard was characterized from his earliest years by a taste and genius for almost every species of scientific and practical information. He discharged with great fidelity and ability the duties of an important government office, and was much admired for his extensive and varied scientific attain- ments. He died on the 25th of August, 1834, in the forty-first year of his age. Dr. Samuel Chew was born in the early part of the present century, and for many years was a member of the faculty of the University of Maryland. He occupied for a period the chair of materia medica, and at the time of his death was professor of the principles and practice of medicine. He stood in the front rank of his profession, and was greatly re- spected for his integrity of character and his many charities. He was engaged in the practice of medi- cine for thirty years, and died on the 25th of Decem- ber, 1863, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. Dr. Fred. E. B. Hintz, whose name was for many years so familiar to all classes of the community, was born at No. 21 South Gay Street, where his father, who was a distinguished physician of Baltimore, had his residence and office, and where for forty-six years the subject of this sketch pursued the same avocation. At an early age he determined to adopt his father's profession, and graduated at the University of Mary- land when only seventeen years old, succeeding to his father's extensive practice a few years later. In 1828, when about twenty-five years of age, he repre- sented the Sixth Ward (now the Ninth) in the First Branch of the City Council ; he was afterwards elected to the same oflice, and subsequently repre- sented the Ninth and Tenth Wards in the Second Branch, filling both positions with honor to himself and to the satisfaction of his constituents. He was especially noted for the active and patriotic interest which he took in every enterprise relating to the prosperity and development of the city. He died at the residence of his daughter, in Wilmington, Del., on the 12th of October, 1865, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. Dr. George C. M. Roberts was not only an excel- lent physician, but was well known as a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He stood high in both professions, and was at one time professor of ob- stetrics in the University of Maryland, and afterwards professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children in Washington University. He died Jan. 15, 1870, in the sixty-lburth year of liis age. J. H. SCARFF. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 755 Dr. John H. O'Donovan at the time of his death was one of the oldest medical practitioners in the city. He graduated at the University of Maryland in 1824, and was engaged in active practice for forty-five years. He died suddenly of apoplexy on the 18th of June, 1869. Dr. Nathaniel Potter settled in Baltimore in 1797, and was the associate of Dr. Davidge in founding the University of Maryland. He was for many years professor of the theory and practice of medicine in that institution, and was distinguished both as a lec- turer and a physician. He died in Baltimore on the 2d of January, 1843, greatly regretted both by the public and the profession. Dr. J. C. S. Monkur was born on the 1st of Janu- ary, 1800, was one of the early graduates of the Uni- versity of Maryland, and for some time a professor in the Washington Medical College. He was widely known and respected, and held an enviable place in his profession. He died on the 2d of January, 1867. Dr. Horatio Gates Jameson, surgeon to the Balti- more Hospital, was undoubtedly one of the first sur- geons of his day. He was the first surgeon in Balti- more to attempt the operation of ovariotomy, and the first, either in Great Britain or America, to amputate the cervix uteri for scirrhus. In referring to his excision of the superior maxilla. Dr. Gross says, " America may justly claim the honor of having led the way in extirpations of the upper jaw. Small por- tions, it is true, had been chipped off in the eighteenth and even in the seventeenth century, but the first grand and diflicult operation of the kind of which we have any knowledge was performed in 1820 by Ho- ratio G. Jameson, of Baltimore, who took away nearly the entire bone on one side, the roof of the antrum alone being left, as it was not involved in the disease. As a preliminary step to the operation, the carotid ar- tery was ligated, both to prevent hemorrhage and to cut off the future supply of blood. The operation was successful, and the patient recovered." ' He was a fre- quent contributor to the medical literature of the day, and published essays on "Stricture of the Urethra and its Treatment by Dilatation," " Surgical Anatomy of the Neck," "Surgical Anatomy of the Parts con- cerned in the Operation of Tying the Arteria Innom- inata," and a prize essay entitled " Observations upon Traumatic Hemorrhage, Illustrated by Experiments upon Living Animals." He also wrote able and ex- haustive articles on lithotomy, hernia, fistula in ano, stricture of the rectum, aneurism, yellow fever, and many other subjects.^ Dr. John Henry Scarff" was born on March 17, 1851, in Harford County, Md., and comes of a family of English origin who made their homes in Harford in the early part of the last century. His grandfather, Henry Scarff, was one of the Harford men who vol- unteered for the defense of Baltimore in the last war 1 See Browne's " Surgeons of Baltimore." 2 Hjjjj, with England. His father was Joshua Hardesty Scarff, who was president of the Board of County Commissioners and of the County School Commis- sioners. His mother was Miss Baldwin, daughter of John Baldwin, of Baltimore County, and connected with the family of Hon. Charles J. M. Gwinn, attor- ney-general of Maryland. Dr. Scarff received an academic education in the schools of his native county, and continued his studies at the Pennsylvania State Normal College. He was introduced to mer- cantile life, but not finding it to his liking, he com- menced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. M. L. Jarrett. After a year spent with Dr. Jarrett he entered the Washington University at Baltimore, and recieved his diploma as Doctor of Medicine in 1876. Since then he has steadily and successfully practiced his profession in this city. Under Mayor Kane, and again under Mayor Latrobe, he was vaccine physician for the Ninth and Tenth Wards, and he made arduous research into the general problem of sanitation. In a newspaper article he exposed the evil effects that were certain to arise from the decomposition of the wooden pavements that were then in use, and not long afterwards these pavements were stripped from the streets. Dr. Scarff is regarded as an expert in the diseases of children, and has performed with success some very difficult and delicate surgical operations. He is treading with quick steps the upward path of his profession, and is prominent as a member of the medical societies. Dr. Eli Geddings was professor of anatomy in the University of Maryland from 1831 to 1837, having previously resided at Charleston, S. C. Dr. Potter speaks of him as " one of the brightest ornaments of the school," and declares he was " banished by in- trigue, injustice, and envy, never to return and never to be rivaled." Dr. Granville Sharp Pattison was of Scotch birth, and had studied under Allan Burns, of Glasgow, the author of the great work " Observations on the Sur- gical Anatomy of the Head and Neck." He arrived in this country shortly after the removal of Dr. Gib- son to Philadelphia, and in 1820 was elected professor of surgery in the Univei-sity of Maryland. He was afterwards transferred to the chair of anatomy, which he filled with great success. After the severance of his connection with the University of Maryland, he filled the chairs of anatomy in the London University, in the Jefferson Medical College, and in the University of the City of New York. He was one of the ablest teachers of surgical anatomy of the age, and possessed the happy faculty of imparting not only instruction but enthusiasm to his pupils.'' Dr. John Whitridge at the time of his death was one of the oldest medical practitioners in the country, and held an honored position in the profession. He was born at Tiverton, R. I., March 23, 1793, and was 756- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the tliird son of a family of nine children. His an- cestors were of direct English descent on both sides. He took a degree at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., and graduating in medicine at Harvard University in 1819, determined to settle in Baltimore, where he arrived on the 1st of January, 1820, a total stranger. He soon acquired an extensive practice, and contin- ued in active duty until 187.3, a period of fifty-three years. During this whole period he devoted himself exclusively to his profession, steadfastly declining all outside positions of trust and emolument. He married Catharine C. Morris, a sister of Gen. William Morris, of New York. His death occurred on the 23d of July, 1878, at his birthplace in Tiverton, K. I. Dr. John Buckler was one of the most eminent physicians of his day, and his name is still as familiar as a household word in the community in which he lived and labored so long and successfully. It has been well said of him that he was " the architect of his own fame and fortune, and himself carved out the niche in which his image has been placed." At the outset of his career he was entirely dependent upon his own exertions, but he brought to the duties of his profession energy and talents worth far more than either fortune or position. At an early period in his professional life he lectured for a season in the Medi- cal Department of the University of Maryland, but general practice was more congenial to him, and he withdrew from the lecture-room to devote himself as- siduously for more than forty years to private practice, in which he gained not only fortune but distinction, both at home and abroad. Although exhausted by the unremitting labors of many years and the gradual advance of disease, he resolutely refused to abandon his professional duties until the summer before his death, and even when confined to bis bed continued to receive some of his patients in his chamber. He died on the 24th of February, 1866, at the advanced age of seventy-one years. In the language of Prof. Nathan R. Smith, he died " full of years, full of honors, full of the love and devotion of his patients, and full of the admiration and confidence of his pro- fessional brethren." The same high authority pro- ' nounced him " the brightest ornament of the profes- | sion," and declared that he stood at its " very head." Elias C. Price, M.D., the youngest but one of ten , children of Samuel and Ann S. Price, was born in | Baltimore County on the 16th of April, 1826. His ancestors were natives of Wales, and emigrated to America long before the Revolution, settling at West River, Md. According to tradition, the first repre- sentatives of the family in this country were three brothers, who settled respectively in New York, Penn- sylvania, and West River. Mordecai Price, a de- scendant of the Maryland branch of the family, and the great-grandfather of Dr. Elias C. Price, was one of the pioneer settlers of Baltimore County, to which he removed when it was still a wilderness, taking up his residence about seventeen miles north of Balti- more, his nearest neighbor being nine miles distant. His mother's, maiden name was Cooper; she was tin third daughter of Thomas Cooper, of Birmingham England, who was married to Catharine Gill by Par- son Ben (Dr. Bend?), of Saratoga Street, Baltimore, on the 6th of October, 1778. Dr. Price was educated at the public schools, and began his medical studies under the guidance of his second cousin, Dr. Mahlon C. Price, in the autumn of 1844, teaching school during the year 184-5, and graduating from the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of Maryland in 1848. After his graduation he formed a partnership with his cousin, which con- tinued for five years and a half, and wa.s only severed through a change in the views of the younger physi- cian. After having practiced allopathy for three years, his attention was incidentally directed to homoeopathy, and he at once determined to investigate its principles. The results at which he arrived sur- prised him, and he continued his studies and experi- ments until he was thoroughly convinced that the new practice was founded upon the true principles of medicine. After coming to this conclusion he dissolved his partnership relations, and formally an- nounced himself as a homceopathic physician, the only one at that time in the county. Happily the change in his medical opinions did not disturb the pleasant relations subsisting between himself and his professional brethren, and there was but one instance in which any of them displayed anything like bitter- ness towards him. Dr. Price continued to reside in Baltimore County until 1865, when he removed to Baltimore, where he has won high rank as a physician, and has been re- warded by a large and constantly increasing practice. His ability and skill were soon recognized by his pro- fessional brethren, and the benefit of his counsel and assistance, both in obstetrics and the general practice of medicine, came to be frequently invoked. On the organization of the Baltimore Homeopathic Medical Society, on the 2d of September, 1874, Dr. Price was made its first president, as he was also of the State Homoeopathic Medical Society, which was organized on the 16th of December, 1875. In the same year he was again nominated for the presidency of the Balti- more Society, and declined the honor, but in 1877 he was again made its chief executive ofiicer. Dr. Price w^as one of the incorporators and found- ers of the " Homwopathic Free Dispensary of Balti- more City," and labored earnestly for its success. For three years he held the position of obstetrical editor of the American Observer, a homeopathic med- ical journal published at Detroit by Dr. E. A. Lodge, general editor and proprietor. Being obliged to pre- pare his articles after office-hours at night, he found the double labor was making serious inroads on his health, and he was compelled with as much reluc- tance to give up his position as was the general editor to part with his services; the latter withheld the res- /^/ /U^,lA ic^ cy^^,J/:^'- SECRET SOCIETIES AND ORDERS. ignation for several months, hoping that with return- ing health Dr. Price might be induced to resume his position ; but finding that the resignation was final, Dr. Lodge wrote. " I am very sorry indeed that you are obliged to give up your department. It was never conducted so well by any other editor, and I shall find it difficult to get any one to continue it that will make it as interesting and practical as you have done." Dr. Price is a man of fine presence and pleas- ing manners, and is popular both in and out of the profession. His high rank and eminent success are due not only to his natural ability and aptitude' for the medical profession, but to the mental energy and unwearied industry which never suffer him to relax his professional studies, and which keep him fully in- formed as to all the latest developments and results of scientific investigations. Dr. Price was married on the 18th of November, 1852, to Martha A., daughter of the late John?. Cow- man, of Alexandria, Va. Their only child, Eldridge C. Price, is engaged in medical practice in partner- ship with his father. Dr. Price is a member of the Society of Friends, to which both his own family and that of his wife have belonged from time immemorial. CHAPTER XLII. SECRET SOCIETIES AND ORDERS. I Masonic Order. — The precise date of the establish- ment of the Masonic order in Maryland is not known, but a lodge certainly existed in Annapolis as early as 1750. Under date of the 8th of August, 1765, we find a charter granted to the Reverend and Worshipful Brother Samuel Howard, W. M., Bros. Richard Wag- staff'e, S. W., and John Hammond Dorsey, J. W., to constitute "a regular lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in or near the town of Joppa, in the county of Baltimore, in Maryland." By the authority of this charter the lodge at Joppa, on the day of St. John the Evangelist, 27th of December, 1765, was opened [ in due form, under the style of " No. 1." The officers | of this lodge were Samuel Howard, W.M.; Richard Wagstaffe, S. W. ; John Hammond Dorsey, J. W. ; (acting Treas. until another be chosen); Joseph | Smith, Sec; John Wilson, S. D.; Thomas Ward, J. D.; Richard Mells, Sword-bearer; John Norris, Tyler. Until 1783 the lodges in Maryland were sub- ordinate to the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, but on the 17th of June of that year five lodges met at Easton and declared their independence of the Penn- sylvania Grand Lodge, and on Tuesday, Sept. 18, 1787, the Grand Lodge of Maryland was instituted at Easton, Talbot Co., with Brother John Coates, M.D., Most Worshipful Grand Master.' 1 At tlie first meeting, in Juhe, 1783, it whs proposed to form a Grand Lodge, and on the ."ilst of .July in the same year the Grand Convention met at Easton, and elected officers of tlie Grand Lodge, as follows: Bro. John Coates, G. M., who was pleased to appoint Bro. Jnnies Kent, The Grand Lodge continued to hold its sessions at the town of Easton until 1794, when it was removed to Baltimore, its first session in this city having been held in May of the above-mentioned year. At the session of the Grand Lodge held at Talbot Court- House, April, 179.3, the Deputy Grand Master (Brother Nicholas Hammond) rejiorted that in Jan- uary last, in the absence of the Grand Master, he had received a petition subscribed by a number (five) of respectable brethren in the town of Baltimore, and accompanied by a recommendation from the Master Wardens and other brethren of lodge No. 3 (the pres- ent Washington Lodge, No. 3), praying for a dispen- sation to form a new lodge, and which he had granted. This action of the deputy was approved, and "after the reading of the petition from the Concordia Lodge (U. D.) praying for a warrant and returning their dispensation, the prayer of the petitioners heiug granteti, it w:is "OiAred, That the Graiiil Sr, , . i i n i , i u, ihi- said warrant (Brother Henry Wilmans, merchant, \\ . i 'i H , i. i , IJrotlier Rev. George Ralph, Senior Warden ; Hii : in i mison, merchant. Junior Warden), under the name ^ml ml. I i ii,. Lodge, No. 13." The six lodges on the Eastern Shore, as well as lodges No. 15 and 16 in the town of Baltimore, and lodge No. 35, at Joppa, were all chartered by the Pro- vincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, the first two previous to the year 1770, and the others between that date and the year 1782. After the formation of the Grand Lodge of Maryland, lodge No. 15 became the present Washington Lodge, No. 3. Washington Lodge was chartered by the Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, June 28, 1770, as lodge No. 15, consequently it is now one hundred and ten years old. It held its meetings at Fell's Point for many years. Even after the hall was built on St. Paul Street it continued to meet at the Point, at one time in a house still standing on Thames Street, opposite the City Passenger Railway stables, at another time on Gough Street. On the 16th of May, 1814, the corner-stone of the first Masonic Temple in Baltimore was laid with imposing ceremonies. In September, 1865, a portion of the site of the present Masonic Temple was purchased, and in April, 1866, the remainder was bought. On Tuesday, the 20th of November, 1866, the corner-stone of the new Masonic Temple, on the east side of Charles Street, next to St. Paul's church, was laid in the presence of an immense assemblage of citizens and Masonic visi- tors from all sections of the country. In December, 1867, the old Masonic Hall was sold to the city for forty-five thousand dollars, and in Jan- uary, 1868, the order took up temporary quarters at D. G. M.; Bro. Thomas Bourke, Sen. G. W. ; Bro. Wm. Forrester, Jun. G. W.; Bro. Charles Gardiner, Grand Sec; Bro. Wm. Perry, Grand Treas. It was intended to hold anotlier meeting at Cambridge, June 17, 1784, but from " accident and other causes" the meeting did not take place, nor was there any held until April 17, 1787, when tlie Grand Lodge was regularly formed by the election of Bro. John Coates, G. M.; Bro. Peregine Letherbury, D. G. M.; Bro. Thomas Bourke, S. G. W:; Bro. John Done, Jun. G.W.; Bro. Samuel Earle, G. T.; Bro. Cliarles Gardi- 758 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 131 and 138 Haltiinore Street. The Temple was com- pleted and formally opened in 18()9. On the li)th of September, 1871, the Grand National Convocation of Knights Templar commenced its tri- ennial convention in this city, and on the 21st a grand parade and review took place, which was one of the most magnificent spectacles of the character ever wit- nessed in this or any other city in the country. The Grand Lodge was incorporated on the 8th of February, 1822, with William H. Winder, G. M. ; Benjamin C. Howard, D. S. M. ; William Stewart, Sen. G. W. ; William P. Farquhar, Jun. G. W. ; John D. Readel, G. Sec. ; Edward G. Woodyear, G. Treas., and " the other grand officers and members of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Ancient York Masons of Maryland" as incorporators. The charter was amended in 1866. Maryland Commandery, No. 1, M. K. T., was or- ganized 1790, and chartered May 2, 1814. Its stated meetings are held at Masonic Temple. It is the old- est commandery in the United States, and its mem- bership has been composed of the leading citizens of Baltimore throughout its existence. The oldest living member is Elijah Stansbury, who was knighted March 24, 1828, and elected Most Eminent Grand Master in 1834. Independent Order of Odd-Fellows.— Odd-Fel- lowship in the United States had its origin in Balti- more in 1819. In 1817, Thomas Wildey, familiarly known as " the father of Odd-Fellowship in the United States," emigrated from London to Baltimore. During his residence in London he had been initiated into lodge No. 17 of the order of Odd-Fellows of that city, and served in every office of the lodge from the lowest to the highest. His zeal for the order was so great that he became dis- tinguished as a member at the early age of twenty- three years, and left Eng- land with the regrets and substantial approbation of his brethren. He arrived in Baltimore on the 2d day of September, 1817, sought and soon obtained employ- ment. At that time the inhabitants of Baltimore numbered about sixty thousand, and great prejudice, resulting from the war with England, still existed against Englishmen. It was quite natural that Wildey should seek the acquaintance and association of his countrymen, and in this way he ascertained that one .John Welch, ji native of England, had been an Odd-Fellow in that country, and Wildey made his acquaintance. The two Englishmen determined to establish a lodge in Baltimore. They therefore in- serted in the Baltimore American on the 13th of Feb- ruary, 1819, the following advertisement: THOMA.S WILDEY. ■' Notice to all Odd-Fellows. " A few members of the society of OiW-Fellows will bo glad to meet their brethren for consultation upon the subject of forming a lodge. The meeting will be held on Friday evening, the 2d of March, 1819." At this meeting John Duncan and John Cheatham made their appearance. John Cheatham had been initiated in England, and was perfectly familiar with the work ; John Duncan was also proficient, but, strange to say, claimed to have been initiated into the order at a lodge in Baltimore seventeen years pre- vious, but could give no clear account of the number of the lodge or the place of meeting. He retained however, a knowledge of the ancient pass-toord, sign, and grip. By ancient usage of Odd-Fellowship five were necessary to form a lodge, and not desiring to be irregular in the preliminaries or violate a funda- mental principle of the order, they resorted to another advertisement in the American, appointing as the place of meeting the " Seven Stars," a tavern on the south side of Second Street, between Market Space and Frederick Street, kept by a certain William Lupton, at the hour of seven p.m., April 2, 1819. In answer to this summons Richard Rushworth, another London Odd-Fellow, appeared, and all the necessary arrange- ments having been made, those five brothers met at the sign of the " Seven Stars" on the 29th of April, 1819, and instituted a lodge, which they named "Washington Lodge of Odd-Fellows." Thomas Wildey was installed as noble grand, and John Welch as vice-grand. It is not certain how the other offices were distributed. This lodge, composed en- tirely of natives of England, as far as is accurately known, was the first lodge formed in the United States. The lodge-room was shortly afterwards re- moved from the "Seven Stars" to Thomas Wood- ward's, at the sign of the " Three Loggerheads," on Frederick Street, near the wharf. The Washington Lodge, recognizing the necessity of a charter from another lodge, took advantage of the arrival in this country of Past Grand Crowder, of Pre-ston, Lancaster, England, and upon his return home to forward by him an application, to be pre- sented to any competent authority of the Indepen- dent Order of Odd-Fellows in England, for a dispen- sation admitting the lodge into regular fellowship in the order, which was granted. At the suggestion of some one present in the English lodge, it was added " that said lodge, when so established, shall be clothed with power and authority to extend the benefits of the fraternity throughout the whole land." This clause was not at this time considered important, and the name of the person who made the suggestion that gave the ultimate extension to the order in the United States is not mentioned. Upon the arrival of Mr. Crowder at Preston he presented the petition to the Duke of York's Lodge, at that place, and witliin sixty days after the mes- senger left Baltimore it was granted. The warrant is dated the 1st of Februarv, 1820, but it did not SECRET SOCIETIES AND ORDERS. reach Baltimore until nine montlis after that time. This first charter to an American lodge reads as fol- lows : " The Original Charter from Duke of York's Lodge — No. 1, Waah- ington Lodge, Plnribus Ununi. " The Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States of America of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, to all whom it may concern : *' This Warrant of Dispensation is a free gift from Duke of York's Lodge of the Independent Order of Odil Fellowship, liolden at Preston, in the County of Lancaster, in old England, to a number of brothers residing in the city of Baltimore, to establish a lodge at the house of Brother Thomas Woodward, in South Freileriik Street in said city, hailed by the title of *No. 1, Washington Lodge, The Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States of America.' Tliat the said Lodge being the flrat established in the United States hath the power to grant a Warrant of Dinpenaation to a number of brothei-s of the Independent Order of Odd Fellowship in any State in the Union for the encouragement and sup- port of brothers of the said order when on travel or otherwise. And be it further observed that the said lodge be not removed from the house of Brother Thomas Woodward, so long as five brothers are agreeable to hold the same. In testimony thereof we have subjoined our names and affixed the seal of our lodge this the first day of February, one thousand eight hundred and twenty. " .James Maudslet, S. M. ; .Iohn Crowder, P. G. ; John Collane, N. S. ; W. Sopping, P. G. : Gi orge Nailer, W. G. ; Samuel Pkmber- [Seal] ton, p. G.: John Eccles. Sec; Gkorhe Ward, P. S.; John Walrosiies, p. G.; George Bell, P. G." A few dissatisfied persons, under the leadership of Henry M. Jackson, formed Franklin Lodge, hoping it would supersede the original lodge. This lodge made application to Manchester for a dispensation, which was refused. After the refusal of his applica- tion Jackson removed from Baltimore, and Franklin Lodge received its dispensation from Washington Lodge. In August, 1820, the Washington Lodge or- ganized the committee of Past Grands. At the same time John Pawson Entwisle, a prominent and efficient member of the lodge, proposed the improvement in the work of the order now designated as Covenmit and Remembrance, and, although these were American de- grees, they were afterwards adopted in England. The Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States was organized by the Past Grands of Washing- ton Lodge on the 22d of February, 1821, with the following ofiicers : Thomas Wildey, of No. 1, Grand Master, coach.spring maker; John P. Entwisle, of No. 1, Deputy G. M., printer; William S. Couth, of No. 1, Grand Warden, currier ; John Welch, of No. 1, Grand Secretary, house and ship painter; John Boyd, of No. 1. G. Guardian, mahogany sawyer; William LarKain, of No. 1, Grand Conductor, cabinet-maker. The Grand Lodge being organized, the first business transacted was the adoption of the following: "Re- : solved, That a dispensation be presented to Washing- [ ton Lodge, No. 1, of Maryland, as a subordinate lodge." The Grand Lodge and the Washington ! Lodge met in Woodward's house until 1822,' when i both lodges removed to a room offered by Wildey, in "Still House Lane." The lodges were soon after- wards removed to Mathew Blakeley's public-house, on the northeast corner of Marsh Market Space and Water (now Lombard) Street. Here the accommo- dations were more spacious and better adapted to the purpose. About this time, May, 1822, the member- ship of the Washington Lodge had increased to one hundred and seventy-seven members. In 1823 the Grand Lodge of the United States at Baltimore began to extend its jurisdiction by grant- ing a dispensation on the 13th of April to Massachu- setts Lodge, No. 1, at Boston. Considerable discus- sion arose at this time as to the convivial features of the lodges, as it had been regarded as a proprietary right for the host at whose house the lodge met to solicit custom and distribute liquors in the lodge- room. Augustus Mathiot, a member of Washington Lodge, presented a resolution to prohibit the intro- duction of liquors on the floor of the lodge-room, which was adopted, and although this prohibition continued for some years, the tavern-keepers main- tained the right to keep liquors and refreshments near the lodge-room. At this time Franklin Lodge also met at the " Three Loggerheads," and had a membership as large as that of Washington Lodge. The agitation of the liquor question made it neces- sary for the lodges to move their quarters to avoid the importunities of the landlord. A room was se- lected in the second story of a building at the inter- section of Cheapside, Calvert, and Water Streets, re- moved from the places where liquor was sold, but an Odd-Fellow immediately rented a house very near and commenced fitting up a bar-room. To check- mate him the lodge resorted to the singular remedy of fitting up a room in tlie building and becoming its own host in the sale of liquors. The first public Odd- Fellow's funeral occurred in the spring of 1823, when Andrew Walk, a member of Franklin Lodge, No. 2, died. The singular spectacle was presented of a funeral procession by torchlight and a burial at mid- night. In 1823 several members of Franklin Lodge, residing in the eastern section of the city, determined to form a lodge in that locality, and the following members of that lodge applied for a charter: P. G. Thomas Scotchburn, P. V. G. Samuel Bickley, and Messrs. Saunders, Stewart, Turnbull, Moore, and Winn, the lodge to be styled " Columbia Lodge, No. 3." The grant was made at the session of the Grand Lodge, held Nov. 22, 1823, and the new lodge was or- ganized Dec. 17, 1823, at "Calvin's Stone Tavern," Bridge and Front Streets. All the grand officers were present, and after the lodge had been formally insti- tuted the grand officers retained the chairs and re- ceived proposals for membership. Reports were made, and four candidates were unanimously elected, whereupon Thomas Charters and Joshua Vansant " were brought forward and duly made members." The following officers were duly elected and in- stalled: P. G. Schotshburn; N. G. Stewart, V. G. ; and P. V. G. Bickley, secretary. The following ap- pointed officers were also installed : Moore, War- den ; Joshua Vansant, Conductor ; Saunders, Guardian ; Turnbull, R. H. S. of N. G. ; and Thomas Charters, R. H. S. of V. G. Mr. Vansant 760 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. has passed upward tlirough all the offices of the lodge, Past Grand Master and Past Grand Patriarch, and Past Grand Representative to the Congress of the order, and Grand Treiusurer of the Grand Lodge of the United States. At a meeting of the "Grand Committee" on tlie 15th of June, 1823, dispensations were given by the Grand Lodge of Maryland and the United States for the formation of a Grand Lodge of New York and Pennsylvania, Lodge No. 1 at Philadelphia, with an additional dispensation to the Past Grands of the latter lodge to form the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. Grand Master Wildey on a tour through the North in 1823 had organized also the Grand Lodge of Massa- chusetts. So that the Grand Lodges of three States now recognized the authority of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and the United States as paramount. In November, 1823, a constitution of the Grand Lodge was adopted, and also a resolution to invite the Grand Lodges of other States to send delegates or appoint proxies to attend a Grand Committee meeting for the purposes of making arrangements for forming a Grand Lodge of the United States. At the annual session of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and the L^uited States, the Grand Lodges of Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania having accorded to the resolution, appointed proxies to form a Grand Lodge of the United Stsites. A long controversy ensued, especially on the point of making Baltimore the per- manent place of holding the annual sessions of the Grand Lodge of the United States, which delayed the organization of the Grand Lodge until the 15th of June, 1825. On the same day the first Grand Lodge of Maryland, under its new organization, convened, and received its new charter from the Grand Lodge of the United States through the hands of Grand Master Wildey. It commenced then to hold quar- terly sessions. The anniversary of the order was celebrated on the 26th of April, 1826. An effort was made this year to introduce political features in the order, but all action on the subject was carefully ex- punged from the record, thus establishing the princi- ple of non-interference with the religious and political creeds of its members. On the 27th of October, 1832, a committee consisting of Past Grands George Keyser, McClintock Young, James L. Ridgely, Thomas Wildey, and Robert Neilson were appointed by that body to obtain a charter for the Grand Lodge of Maryland. The charter was granted by the Legisla- ture on the 3d of February, 1833, with the following title, " An Act for the Incorporation of the Grand Lodge of the State of Maryland of Independent Odd-Fellows." In the mean time the order had grown vastly in Raltimore. Lodges multiplied and the order flour- ished financially through the able management of the treasurer, John IJoyd. About this period, Past Grand James L. Ridgely was elected Grand Secretary, and afterwards ^^ most distinguished men of the order of Red Men in America, was born in Baltimore, May 10, 1826, of Irish parents, who had emigrated to this country in "the previous year. He was educated in the public schools, and learned printing with the house of John Murphy & Co. He remained in this busi- ness until 18.57, when, his health beginning to fail, he gave it up and established a real estate and collection agency, which is still conducted as the firm of George W. Lindsay & Sou, and is known all over the United States and in parts of Europe. For fifteen years he was an active fireman and interested himself in Democratic politics. In 1871 he was elected to the bench of the Orphans' Court, and re-elected in 1879. He has been a director of the Merchants' and Traders' Banking Association, and president of the People's Mutual Land Company. His first connec- tion with secret orders was with the Odd-Fellows, of which he became a member in 1848. The next year he joined the Improved Order of Red Men, and in 1875 was elected to its chief position. In 1803 he was initiated as a Mason. In 1869, when the Knights of Pythias was a young order, he attached himself to Oriental Lodge, No. 18, of Baltimore, and in 1873 was elected Grand Chancellor of Maryland. He rose to be Supreme Representative in 1875, and in 1878 to be Supreme Vice-Chancellor, the second highest office in the order, and in 1880 he took the one possi- ble step higher and was made Supreme Chancellor at the session of the Supreme Lodge in St. Louis. On his return home to Baltimore, on September 3d, he was tendered an enthusiastic reception by the lodges of the order, which paraded four hundred strong. The welcome home was a field-day in Maryland Pythian- ism. Judge Lindsay, following the example of his parents, is a member of the Episcopal Church. On Jan. 10, 1847, he married Miss Elizabeth Aull, of Baltimore, and has a family of three sons and three daughters. He is strong in the Democratic faith and is a power in his party, but he is also invariably courteous in his conduct towards political opponents. The Independent Order of Red Men.— The Inde- pendent Order of Red Men were first organized by the withdrawal of Metamora Tribe from the Improved Order of Red Men (of which it was a tribe) and es- tablishing itself as an Independent Order of Red Men, in May, 1850. The Grand Tribe of the Independent Order of Red Men was chartered June 11, 1850. The co'rner-stone of Metamora Hall was laid in 1847, but it belonged to the Improved Order of Red Men, and was not occupied by the Independent Order until that order was organized in 1850. The character of the order is beneficial (like that of the Knights of Pythias or the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows) in time of need, distress, or sickness ; to give to deceased mem- bers Christian burial, and to succor the widows and orphans of deceased brethren. The above purposes are effected by means of equal subscriptions among the members, and from interest on invested capital, and from other sources of a legitimate nature. Christian Appel was the first Grand Chief of Meta- mora Tribe. Knights of Honor.— The Maryland Lodge of this order was chartered June IS, 1878, and is in a flour- ishing condition. Royal Arcanum councils were organized in Balti- more ill 1N7S. and have a large membership. Knights of the Golden Eagle were organized in Baltimore in 1873. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 763 CHAPTEE XLIII. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. Dwellings — Dress — Amusements — Tobacco — Lotteries — Names o( Streets. While the aristocratic planters of tlie lower counties and the polished citizens of Annapolis, who took their tone from the miniature court that formed around the royal or provincial Governors, imitated, at some distance, the London fashions and manners, as if to show that, if not the rose themselves, they " lived near the ro.se," and while the hardy pioneers of the backwoods adopted, partly for convenience and partly as an expression of forest freedom, many of the customs and almost the entire dress of the Indians, Baltimore, as a central point, a great mart of inter- change, took in most of these things a middle course, preferring solid comfort to the extremes of ostenta- tion or of rudeness. The planter of Charles coming to have his draft on London or Bristol cashed, the Buckskin from Frederick, with his load of dressed deer-hides, might both feel at ease in the unpreten- tious store or under the hospitable roof of the Balti- more merchant. And these stores and dwellings, though almost as far removed from the planter's manorial hall as from the backwoodsman's cabin of logs, were yet very sub- stantial and comfortable structures of their kind. Built of timber and weather-boarded over, — a con- struction gradually superseded by brick, with the walls firmly bonded by tying with every alternate brick, — with high, sloping roofs of shingles or tiles, and a rope and windlass outside to hoist up bales and casks, these old stores had a solid, business-like ap- pearance that seemed to betoken a satisfactory state of the lodgers within. Solid as they were, they have all, or nearly all, disappeared before the advance of pressed-brick fronts, of cast iron and plate-glass; and the demolishers have seen with wonder walls that fell like masses of rock, instead of tumbling into a litter of loose bricks and unadhesive mortar. Our ancestors thought with Ruskin that a man's working-place was not the place for ornament, and their decorative architecture rarely went beyond a chequer-work of black bricks among the red, and even this, in sober eyes, savored of foppery. But one deco- ration they permitted themselves on account of its practical utility, and the shop-fronts blazed with signs, not merely the name of the tradesman, but the effigies or symbol of his business to speak to the unlettered eye. The importer of Irish linens announced his wares by the sign of the spinning-wheel ; the dealer in fancy goods or haberdashery took the golden fan or golden umbrella, and the breeches-maker and glover, whose raw material came from the Western forests, set up the sign of the buck and breeches. A public-spirited watch-maker, if his shop faced the south, would sometimes put up a sun-dial, from which -by, who had no train to catch at an exact second, could regulate their leisurely movements or verify their own chronometers. Names that were afterwards to be famous in American history some- times appeared on these modest fronts, and a store devoted to the sale of East India and European goods, " on Market Street, the second door above the market-house," bore the name of Mordecai Gist. Business was business in those days, but rest was rest also, and the merchant when he had seen the last Conestoga wagon,' towering high at stem and stern like a Spanish galleon, with its team of six or eight horses with jingling bells, take its melodious depart- ure, or the last cask of tobacco hoisted out of the schooner or pungy and safely stowed, betook himself to his home, safe from disquieting telegrams. His home, perhaps suburban, was but a short walk's dis- tance, and was probably a square structure of two stories and a hip-roof, standing back from the street or road, with a garden bright in summer with roses, pinks, sweet-williams, larkspurs, hollyhocks, and all the old-fashioned flowers. Or, if less pretentious, it was the modest " salt-box," with balcony at the side, sometimes coated on the outside with a conglomerate of mortar and coarse gravel, — " pebble-dashed," as they called it. In the rear stood the smoke-house, where the family bacon was cured, and the great " bake-oven" for the loaves, pones, biscuit, and other varieties of bread and cake. Within, the house showed the same substantiality. The ceiling we should now think low, for the great chimneys and open fires secured abundant ventila- tion. The windows were small, with small panes of greenish glass, often set in lead. The walls were either painted or whitewashed, wall-papers not coming into use till about the close of the century. The rooms were warmed in winter by wood-fires in open fireplaces, for stoves — the Franklin and the ten-plate stove — did not come in until after the Revolution, and wood was abundant and cheap. The furniture, in houses of any pretense, was of solid mahogany, veneering, like many other superficialities, being a comparati vely modern device. Heavy straight-backed chairs, a dining-table duly polished every day with wax and cork until it shone like a mirror, a side-table or a buffet, on which stood decanters of Holland gin, Jamaica rum, and cognac, with Madeira which now would be priceless but was then the vin ordinaire, breathed the spirit of hospitality, and every guest or caller was expected, as a matter of course, to take a glass or two. A favorite beverage all over the province was punch, in which, it must be confessed, our ancestors indulged pretty freely. There is now lying before us the bill or score of Capt. John Posey, staying at the hostelry of Dame Sarah Flowers in 1769, in which "punch, Is.," "sling, Is.," "one bowl of punch. Is. 1 In 1751 we find that " fifty wagon-loads of flaxseed from the back settlements came to Baltimore in two days. The seed was bought by one ?e shillings the bushel." 764 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 6rf.," "two nips of punch, 2«.," "club in punch, 3«.," follow each other with great regularity. The total amount is £27 15s. Grf., Maryland currency of 7s. 6d. to the dollar, and the worthy captain's note of hand in settlement i.s appended to the bill. In the country great quantities of persimmon beer and cider were made. An anonymous traveler in Virginia and Maryland, recounting his experiences in the Loixinn Magazine (1746), speaks of the abundance of persim- mon beer, flavored with the leaves of a plant called " cassona," possibly wintergreen. Of the fare in country-houses of the humbler sort he writes : " Mush and milk, or molasses, homine (that called great hom- ine has meat or fowl in it), wild fowl, and fish are their principal diet, whilst the water presented to you in a copious calabash with an innocent strain of good breeding and hcartine.ss, the cake baking upon the hearth, and the prodigious cleanliness of everything about you must needs put you in mind of the golden age, the times of ancient frugality and purity." "All over the colony an universal hospitality reigns : full tables and open doors, the kind salute, the generous detention speak somewhat like the old roast-beef ages of our forefathers." And he adds in a foot-note, — " What is eaid here is strictly true, for their maimer of liviug is quite generous and open. Strangers are sought after with greediness as tiiey pass the country, to be invited. Their breakfasMaldes have generally the cold remains of the former day, hashed or fricasseed, coffee, tea, chocolate, venison, pastry, punch, and beer or cyder, upon one board. Their dinner, good beef, veal, mutton, venison, turkiea, and geese, wild and tame fowls, boiled and roasted, and perhaps somewhat more, as pies, puddings, Ac, for dessert. Shipper the same, with some small addition, and a good hearty cup to precede a bed of down. And this is the con- stant life they lead, and to this fare every comer is welcome." The costume was that with which pictures have made us so familiar, and which all remember from the engravings of Hogarth. A coat sometimes of bright, but oftener of sober, color, the broad .skirts stiffened with buckram, with great cuffs thrown well back to display the rufHes at the wrist ; the waistcoat with great flaps reaching half-way to the knee; breeches of velvet, plush, corduroy (then called " royal-rib"), or buckskin, and, for full dress, a sword, which was thought so necessary a part of a gentle- man's complete costume that the statute forbidding Catholics to wear swords was meant to humiliate them by a compulsory singularity. Buckles were worn at knee and neck, as well as upon the shoes, and were often of considerable value. In the will of John Birstall, of Queen Anne's County, executed in 1768, now lying before us, there is a special legacy of "my silver shoe, knee, and stock-buckles." The cocked hat at this time was considered the mark of a gentleman, and when the wearer was in full dress he usually carried it under his arm. As the colonists followed, in the main, the fashions of England, the description given by a writer in the London Chronicle of the styles in vogue in 17(i2 may not be out of place. "Hats," he says, "are now worn, upon on average, six inches and three-fifths broad in the brim. Soniolinvo their hals open likoachurch- spout, or the tin scales they weigh flour in; some wear them rather sharper, like the nose of a greyhound, and we can distinguish by the taste of the hat the mode of the wearer's mind. There is a military cock and a mercantile cock ; and while the beaux of St. James's wear their hats under their arms, the beaux of Moorflclds-nmll wear theirs diagonally over the left or right eye; sailors wear their hats nniformly tucked down to the crown, and look as if they carried a triangular apple- , pastry upon their heads." j The cocked hat had come into fasliion in the days of the Stuarts. First one side of the wide soft felt was turned up and fastened with a button or clasp, as we see it in the pictures of Vandyck ; then two sides were thus turned up, and finally three, giving it the well-known triangular shape. The Quakers, how- ever, refused to conform to this fashion, considering that the brim of a hat, if spread out, had the use of shading the face, but if turned up, no use at all; so they wore their beavers flat. The cocked hat, of whatever style, whether plain or edged with lace, surmounted the wig, the fashion of which varied with the taste, rank, or occupation of the wearer. What these wigs were in the first half of the eighteenth century we may learn from the adver- tisement of Mr. Ward, " peruke-maker, at the sign of the White Peruke, west end of Baltimore Town," who, as he tells us, " imports English hair and fiir- nishes his customers with all kinds of full-dress wigs, such as councillors' tye-wigs, parsons' and lawyers' bob-wigs, cut and scratch bob-wigs, dress bag-wigs, scratch, pomatumed and cue-wigs." Gentlemen in the country sent their measures and had their wigs made to order. A little later, when Baltimore boasted no less than three wig-makers, we find one advertising "a lot of fresh bear's grease just received from Ken- tucky," perhaps from a bear shot by Daniel Boone. The ladies wore gowns, according to their means, of velvet, flowered or plain silk, damask, durante, gros- grain, calimanco, and many other obsolete fabrics, fashioned into styles which it passes our vocabulary to name, and sometimes trimmed with fine Mechlin lace, which also, falling loose from the arm, set ofl^ to advantage a fair wrist and hand. Their coiffures, in the reign of George III., were often of great height, and quite indescribable in their complexity. In all these grandeurs, however, Annapolis went far beyond the more sober Baltimore. In the matter of amusements, too, the Baltimoreans of old times were long behind the gay denizens of the capital. Annapolis had had a theatre of its own for twenty years before Baltimore enjoyed its first dra- matic performance in a warehouse at the corner of Baltimore and Frederick Streets, and nearly thirty before (in 1781) a permanent theatre was erected. But the worthy burghers of those times had sports and diversions of other kinds. Besides fishing and crab- bing in the streams and estuaries near the town, there was shooting in abundance, and that in regions which are now in the heart of the city. Fox-hunting was a favorite sport with the farmers, and many of the citi- zens joined in it, mounted on tough, sturdy horses, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 765 not very showy to look at, but capital nags for a gal- lop across country. Soon after the peace, we are told, Kobert Oliver used every year to turn a bag-fox in the region which is now South Baltimore, near the " Old Battery," which then was a wilderness abound- ing in game. On one of these occasions a French gentleman out with his gun in pursuit of " le q>ort" saw the fox running, and deliberately shot him, and i placed him triumphantly in his game-bag. In the next minute he was surrounded by the pack of hounds, who sprang upon him, and he would have ' had a serious time of it, as it never came into his mind to throw them the fox, had not the hunters come up in time to rescue him. Social entertain- i ments were plenty, and the arrival of a person of dis- tinction, or the occurrence of any festival, such as the king's birthday, was celebrated with a ball, to which the guests came from long distances. Another source of amusement was found in fairs, which were held in Baltimore from an early period until discon- tinued by the Committee of Observation, shortly be- fore the outbreak of the Revolution. At these fairs horse-racing, cock-fighting, sack-races, climbing of greased poles, chasing a pig with soaped tail, and many other sports that amused the rustics drew large crowds, and we may imagine the scenes they presented were not edifying, as the committee call them " a nui- sance, debauching the morals of children and ser- vants." Clubs were long in fashion in Annapolis, but were not introduced into Baltimore until the close of the century, nor have they ever been numerous. The most remarkable of these clubs was the " Delphian," founded in the second decade of the present century by a company of wits and men of letters, whose ex- traordinary and Rabelaisian records, still in existence, deserve publication at the hands of a judicious editor, j Education, at least that part which comes from books, was at rather a low point, but the ignorance of the rudiments was not so great as is commonly sup- j posed. Many persons looking at lists of signatures ! to petitions and the like, and struck by the number of " marksmen," infer that a large proportion of substan- tial citizens and freeholders could not write. But many of these marks are monograms, the use of which was by no means confined to branding cattle, and even the cross directing the two names does not always indicate that these were written by another hand. The first free-school act was passed in 1723, provid- ing for a poll-tax, payable in tobacco, to maintain county and parish schools. These were probably, for the most part, of very indiflerent quality, but they were better than none, while those who could afford it joined to support private schools. About 1752 there was a school kept by Mr. James Gardner at the cor- ner of South and Water Streets in Baltimore, and an advertisement of that date in the Maryland Gazette says, " A schoolmaster of sober character, who under- stands teaching English, writing, and arithmetic, will meet with good encouragement from the inhabitants of Baltimore Town if well recommended." Such schoolmasters were generally in demand, and more than one convict or redemptioner found his lot greatly improved if he had decent manners and morals and was able to teach the rudiments of English to the children of his master and the neighbors. In 1769, John Stevenson, of Baltimore, advertises a lot of in- dentured servants, just arrived, among whom one is a schoolmaster. About these convicts, too, or " king's passengers," as they were termed, it is an error to suppose that they were the same class of persons as are now trans- ported to penal settlements as a commutation from the gallows. In those days men and women were sent to the colonies for very trivial offenses, such as stealing a loaf of bread to allay hunger or snaring a hare. Many of these convicts were merely political offend- ers ; Monmouth's rebellion sent a large accession to the colonies, and the rebellions of 1715 and 1745 en- riched America with numbers of worthy and unfortu- nate Scotchmen, whose only crime was devotion to the house of Stuart. So, though the colonies greatly dis- liked the system, and strenuously protested against it, it by no means follows that it was an unmixed evil. The " redemptioners," as they were called, were of a different class, being persons anxious to try their fortunes in the New World, but too poor to pay their passage. These covenanted with the owners of the ship, or with an agent, who paid their passage for them. On their arrival in the colony their services were sold to the planters, either as laborers or as me- chanics. The term of service, when not fixed by con- tract, was limited by the act of 1715 to five years for persons over twenty-five, and longer periods for those who were younger. George Alsop, who was one of them, speaks of their treatment as mild, field-hands working only five and a half days in the week. At the termination of his servitude the redemptioner became a freeman, and received an outfit from his master, and, in the earlier days of the province, a small farm. This allowance, which varied at differ- ent times, was called " the custom of the country." One of these indentures is now lying before us, made between Peter FoUiott, hair-dresser, and Arthur Bryan, the agent, in which the said Peter, " of his own free will and consent," covenants to serve the said Arthur Bryan or his assigns " from the day of the date hereof until the first and next arrival at America, and after during the term of three years, . . . according to the custom of the country in the like kind." And Bryan covenants to pay his passage, to find him in meat, drink, apparel, and lodging, "and at the end of the said term to pay to him the usual allowance, ac- cording to the custom of the country in the like kind." But if the said Peter should pay to the said Bryan or his assigns " in fourteen days after his arrival in America the sum of £11 7s. 6(i. sterling, then the above inden- 766 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. ture to be void." This, then, was the least sum for which Peter's service could be sold: little enough, probably, for his three years' service, but surely a heavy price for his passage. This indenture is as- signed by Bryan to Stewart & PJunket, a Baltimore firm trading to Ireland, and bears their indorsement. In an inventory of the personal estate of Samuel Massey, of Queen Anne's County, dated 1758, we find the unexpired time of several of these redemptioners thus appraised: Lovell Roberts, twenty months to serve, £3 : Evan Thomas, sixteen months, £2 ; Wm. Martin, five and a half years, £9 ; Thomas Tregotha, five and a half years, £8 ; Elizabeth Hillard, one year, £1 10s., all Maryland currency. In the same inven- tory we find the following appraisement of negro slaves: Csesar (probably old), £15 ; Nancy and Am- ber, two women, £36 and £35, respectively ; a negro child, five or six years old, £12 10s. ; and another, eight months old, £8, all currency. The criminal code of the province was nominally severe, like that of the mother-country, though the statute-book was probably more formidable than the practice. The cruel punishments of mutilation, bor- ing the tongue, etc., had disappeared from the code at an early day in Maryland's colonial history ; but a few of the ancient terrors to evil-doers still remained. Ofienses now punished by imprisonment, with or without labor, were punished here, in the eighteenth century, by the stocks, the pillory, the whipping-post, or the gallows. When labor formed a part of the penalty, it was in the form of the chain-gang, as it was called, composed of convicts who worked on the public roads, chained by the ankle, under the super- vision of overseers. The stocks and pillory in Balti- more stood where the Battle Monument now stands, being appendages of the old court-house, which then stood on a bluif overhanging the Falls. When the bank was cut away to open Calvert Street, the court- house was left perched upon a high arch, with a central column that served for whipping-post below, and for pillory above. Our ancestors troubled themselves little with the modern humanitarian notions of re- forming malefactors; they thought that the object of punishment was to punish, and the more disagreeable they could make it within reasonable bounds, and the more deterrent to others, the better. Hence punish- ments were usually public, and a mob always gathered to jeer at an incorrigible vagrant with both feet fast in the stocks ; a forger with head and hands in the pillory, exposed to a pelting storm of dead cats and unmerchantable eggs; or a thief handcufled to the whipping-post, and howling under the infliction of | thirty-nine stripes well laid on with a cowhide in the j hand of a muscular deputy sheriff. Tobacco, of course, the great staple of the province, and for a hundred years almost its only currency, j flavors all the earlier history of Baltimore. The land on which the houses were built, and the houses that were built upon it, subscriptions to public under- takings or charitable purposes, fines for ofienses, sal- aries of public officers and the clergy were all paid in tobacco. Much has been said by enemies of the weed of the danger done to the colony by this ex- hausting crop ; but it may be answered that the blame properly belongs to the careless or injudicious farm- ing that over-cropped the land. One thing is certain, that the rapid growth of the colony was a consequence of its tobacco-culture. There was an incessant and always increasing demand in Europe for the leaf. Virginia and Maryland for a long time had virtually the monopoly of the market ; if tiie crop was a pre- carious one, once saved, the planter's troubles and risks were over, for it was so much money in hand. The number of laborers which its cultivation re- quired caused a strong demand for immigrants, who, whether freemen or redemptioners, came in shoals, and were immediately dispersed throughout the prov- ince. We can scarcely see what other crop would have produced this result with a similar constancy. Wheat and rye were subject to perpetual fluctuations in the European markets, and the colonial crop could not have competed with that raised at home and in the east of Europe, and would, moreover, have ex- cited the jealousies of the English farmers, and prob- ably been shut out by hostile legislation. For maize there was no European market. So that we may safely say that whatever the objections now to the tobacco-culture, it peopled and enriched Maryland, and made possible her rapid subsequent prosperity. We may infer that the use of the weed in the way of smoking or snuff was very common from the earliest days of the colony. Tobacco-boxes and snuff- boxes are mentioned in all lists of domestic utensils. It was smoked in the clay pipes imported from Eng- ' land, cigars not coming into general use until the latter part of the eighteenth century. An advertise- ment in a Boston paper of October, 1769, speaks of them as a novelty, in the following terms : " Brought from Havana a box of cigars, a very rare article ! Tlie best of tobacco rolled uptuthe size of a small linger, and of about five inches in length, for smoking. They are preferred by the Spanish Dous to the pipe. Those who wish to enjoy such a luxury will please call and try The use of tobacco as currency, though universal, was very inconvenient, and there was a chronic money-famine, especially for small coins, throughout the province, where the use of the Indian shell- money, or wampum, never obtained the currency that it did in New England. In 1659, Lord Baltimore endeavored to supply the want by having dies made for a provincial coinage, in shillings, sixpences, and groats, or fourpenny pieces. After Fendall's rebel- lion an act was passed petitioning tlie Proprietary to establish a mint in the province. This it appears was never done ; but Lord Baltimore had a quantity of coin struck in England and sent out to the prov- ince. Specimens of these coins are rare, but some are still preserved. In England it was thought that the MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. Proprietary was exceeding the privileges of his char- ter, and in 1659 an order in Council was issued for his arrest, and the Council for Plantations was in- structed to inquire into the matter. The decision seems to have been in his favor, as he afterwards con- tinued to coin, though never to any great extent. In Baltimore the flour-trade soon surpassed in importance the trade in tobacco. While the latter staple could be shipped more conveniently from numerous ports and estuaries on the bay near the places of its growth, so that it was said that the planters could load their ships at their own back- doors, for the manufacture and exportation of flour Baltimore had exceptional advantages. She was not only the natural outlet for that great wheat-growing region to the north and northwest, but the extraor- dinary abundance of water-power and mill-sites in her immediate neighborhood soon dotted the country around her with mills, some of which were built even in the town itself At this time wind or water drove all the mills in America ; and when as late as 1789 we find one Engelhard Cruse announcing a steam grist- mill of his own invention, it appears from his descrip- tion that he only used the steam machinery to raise the water that was to turn the wheel, — a contrivance one would have supposed better suited to a level country than to a region abounding in streams of rapid fall. Howard Street was the Rialto of the flour trade after the Revolution, and " Howard Street flour" was known and deservedly esteemed all over the civilized world. For a considerable time the weight and price of the bread sold in the markets was fixed by oflScers ap- pointed for the purpose. In 1792 we find the penny loaf fixed at 6J ounces, if of fine wheat flour, and 9 ounces, if of rye or middlings ; and advancing by a graduated scale to the twelve-penny loaf, which was of 5 pounds 22 ounces, and 6 pounds 8 ounces respec- tively. The rapid growth of Baltimore's prosperity was viewed with jealousy and apprehension in one quar- ter at least. Family quarrels and rivalries are pro- verbially acrid and petty; and Philadelphia, built upon Maryland soil, and, if justice had prevailed or contracts been kept, really a Maryland city, notwith- standing her fifty years' start in the race, from the first regarded her younger sister with dislike, and grudged her (we are writing of events a hundred years ago) her fairly-won prosperity. A correspond- ent in the Pennsylvania Chronicle (1772) undertakes to reassure his fellow-citizens on this point, and bids them be of good cheer, for Baltimore is going fast to ruin. He writes,— " It has been given as a reason for the late very observable diminution of our wheat and flour trade that immense quantities of these articles are now carried to Baltimore, in Maryland ; that not only all the inhab- itants to the westward of Susquehanna, but also a large tract of the country adjacent on the cist side of said river, transport their commodi- ties to that growing town, and that great numbers of our industrious farmers and others are continually deserting'thifl province and removing to Maryland, by which means Baltimore is become a dangerous rival of Philadelphia in her foreign trade. These, I confess, are evils which, if true, ought in sound policy to be diligently attended to. " Being somewhat interested in the affair, I determined not to tmst to uncertain report, but to inform myself of the true state of things by ac- tual observations on the spot. For this purpose I made a tout- lately to the westward as far as Pennsylvania is inhabited, and returned by way of Baltimore to Philadelphia. The result of this journey and my dis- coveries in it I will now lay before the public. "Baltimore, so far from rivaling Philadelphia, in my opinion has al- ready arrived to herneijiws iiifra. The reasons which induce me to be of this opinion are the following ; Firsts the roads leading from our back settlements to that town are at all times inconceivably bad, sometimes wholly impassable. Obvious as this is, yet it is generally thought, and it is the universal complaint of the people through that country that no sudden reform in this matter is likely to take place The delegates of Maryland are chietly gentlemen planters and lawyers who, from the uuiltiplicity of other business, in which they apprehend a majority of their cunstitneuls to be more immediately interested, are said not to pay that attention to these roads which the importance of the matter would seem to require, so that it is probable no effectual improvement will be made in the article of roads. " Secondly, the town of Baltimore itself is so inconveniently situated, both as to land for building on as depth of water for shipping, that no extensive foreign trade can ever be carried on at that port. So great and almost insurmountable is this obstruction, that although wharfs, by the amazing industry and perseverance of the inhabitants, have been ex- tended near four hundred yards towards what is called the channel, yeta vessel drawing five feet of water cannot either discharge or receive her load at these wharves. The expense, delays, and uncertainty of lighter- age we know will baffle all industry. "But, Thirdly, the merchants of that province themselves do com- plain, and it is said very justly, that many of their laws are unfriendly tn cnmliieire; nay. that RolilR of tli--ni iilii.iuiit :ilnn)St to a tntal prollibi- 1i"M "f It. Mol>— Gen. Clmiies Lens Mob— The Em- bargo Riot— The Burnt Gin Riot- Tlie Mob of 1812- Tlie Bank of Maryland Mob— The Nunnery Riot— Know-Nothing Election Riot« —The loth of April, 1861, Riot— The Railroad Strike of 1877. About fifty years ago any speaker or writer who wished to cast reproach on the city of Baltimore had always at hand one favorite epithet, the name of "Mobtown." It was no use for an indignant Balti- morean to argue or protest against the stigma as out- rageously false and unjust; there was enough justice in it to make the name stick like a burr to the pleasant town on the Patapsco. It is true that what passed for mobs in the earlier period of the town's history would be thought small affairs now ; but there were also tumults that assumed formidable proportions and wrought atrociou.s wrong and cruelty. The First Election Riot.— Most persons doubtless imagine that the exciting scenes witnessed at some of our elections at the present day are without a parallel, but an examination into our early records proves the contrary. As an evidence of this may be mentioned an election held at .Toppa, the county-seat of Balti- more County, on March 2, 17.02, for four representa- tives of Baltimore County in the House of Delegates, in the place of William Govane, Thoma-s Franklin, Lloyd Buchanan, and Charles llidgely. These gen- tlemen had been elected to the Assembly, but their seats were contested by John Paca, Walter Tolly, William Smith, and John Matthews, and they were dismissed from the House and a new election ordered. The following petition of the contesting delegates will give an insight into the mode of carrying an election in Maryland over a century and a quarter ago: " That \\m. Govane, one of the gentlemen who stood a candidate at the said then onsuiug election, in order to procure liiniKcIf and other gentlemen who promoted his interest in said election, gave orcaused to be given a great quantity of rum punch and other strong liquors to the people In several parts of the country, In order to secure the votes of the said people for himself and his friends; and when the said people were wai-mod and intoxicated with strong liquors, engaged their promises to vote for him, the said Govane, and his friends. That the said William Govane, the better to hold the people to their promisee, procured great quantities of runt and punch and other strong liquors to be lodged in the way of the people to the said election, and gave the same to the peo- ple; and at the court-house before the election, and at the Inking of the poll, procured so much strong liquor to be given to the people that many of them were made drunk and not capable of giving their votes with prudence and discretion or agreeably to what tfaey would have done hod they been sober." It was further recited that the voters finally became so disorderly that it was found necessary to adjourn Jthe voting, which greatly delayed the election. It was also charged that the sheriff shut the court-house doors for two hours, " and thereby kept out several of your petitioners and their friends, by means whereof several of your petitioners' friends were prevented from going to vote, and your petitioners were pre- vented from objecting to the votes of several unquali- fied voters." It was also stated that the clerk who kept the polls was not sworn as required by law. The flection to fill the seats of those dismissed from the House came off in due time, and proved a very exciting affair. There were " more people present than ever before," and the election continued three days, during which time there was considerable fight- ing, and two men were killed. At the end of the three days there were but nine hundred and ninety- two votes cast, r&sulting in the re-election of William Govane, Thomas Franklin, Maj. Charles Ridgely, and Lloyd Buchanan. The Whig Club Mob. — Baltimore had been a town for almost fifty years before any tumult occurred with which the staff of the constable by day or the espan- toon of the watchman by night was not able to cope. Indeed, the first mob of which any record is preserved was hardly a mob at all, being only a violent proceed- ing against a single person, though at the time it was thought a very serious matter. The townsmen had entered into the war of inde- pendence with ardent patriotism, and nowhere were there more devoted supporters of W^ashington, their confidence and affection never wavering, even in the dark days of Long Island and White Plains. But here as elsewhere there were some who doubted the success of the patriotic cause, and looking with alarm at the consequences of failure began to turn a wistful eye to the tempting terms offered by Lord Howe. To check the growing spirit of defection and support the patriotic cause the "Whig Club," apparently com- posed of the more radical members of the old " Com- mittee of Observation," was organized early in 1777. The members seem to have lost sight of the fact that they were no longer an official body but a voluntary association, and were inclined to carry matters with a very high hand indeed. Each member swore to use his utmost diligence to " detect all traitors and dis- cover all traitorous conspiracies against the State." MOBS AND RIOTS. More than this, the club was disposed to erect itself into a sortof Vehmgericht, one of its rules providing " that no person accused as an enemy to America shall be convicted thereof without being heard in his defense," and another, that by a vote of tw6-thirds an accused person might be " adjudged an enemy to his country." Thus in the infant State of Maryland there was a sort of anticipation of the Jacobins' club of Paris a few years later. Happily the assumption that patriotic zeal was justified in placing itself above the law was promptly checked, as we shall see. On Feb. 25, 1777, a card signed " Tom Tell-truth" appeared in the Maryland Journal, published in Bal- timore by William Goddard and his sister, eulogizing in extravagant phrase the terms of peace offered by Lord Howe. It seems to us now that the writer's meaning must have been ironical, but the Whig Club took the matter up seriously, and a summons, signed " Legion," was sent to Mr. Goddard, citing him to ap- pear before them and answer such questions as they should ask. As he showed no signs of compliance, on the next day (March 4th) Nathaniel Kamsey, Robert Buchanan, Benj. Nicholson, Hugh Young, aud other leading townsmen, members of the club, some of whom were armed, went to his office, and by threats of violence compelled him to go before the club, where he was subjected to a close examination. He stubbornly refused to name his correspondent, and as a punishment for his contumacy was ordered to leave the town in three days. This also he would not do, so the club, after some delay, proceeded to carry out its own orders. The proceedings are thus detailed in Goddard's memorial to the Legislature : "On Tuesday morning lost (March 26tli), about nine o'clock, a com- pany of men, some of them armed with swords and some having sticks,' came to my house aud took possession of the doors and staircases, after which several gents, headed by Com. Nicholson, came up-stairs into the printing-office where I then was. The gents remained on or near the staircase. Com. Nicholson entered the room and seized me, on which a struggle ensued. The door was shut by a workman of mine, which was burst open by the gents who stayed behind, and who were now pressing forward to assist Com. Nicholson. Several of the company seized me, and whilst in that situation I received several blows given with their fists. My workmen in the office were treated in the same manner, thrown down aud much injured. . . . I was then dragged down- stairs, when Com. Nicholson, being apprehensive of firearms, searched my pockets. The names of the persons who entered my house were Com. James Nicholson, Beujamin Nicholson, Col. Nathaniel Ramsey, James Cox, David Stewart, David Plunkett, George Turnbull, Daniel Bowley, John Gordon, George Welsh, Mark Alexander, Hugh Young, John Mc- Clure, David Poe, Daniel Lawrence, and Capts. Hallock and Campbell." There was a strong disposition to apply a coat of tar and feathers, and a cart was brought up for that purpose, but happily Goddard's assailants did not proceed to that extremity. Miss Mary Goddard, who had a full share of her brother's courage and resolu- tion, tried to induce Capt. Galbraith, commanding the town guard, to rescue him ; but the captain swore that " if his commission was worth ten thousand a year he would throw it up before he would fire on those gentlemen." In fact, this mob was composed of the leading citizens of the town : Capt. Nicholson was the commander of the Maryland ship-of-war " De- fense," and besides those mentioned above we find the names of Benjamin Griffith, Capt. Nathaniel Smith, Lieut. Thomas Morgan, John McCabe, Cor- nelius and Job Garratson, James Smith, William Aisquith, Murdock Kennedy, David McMechan, and others well known iu Maryland history. Mr. Goddard, being thus violently brought before the tribunal of the Whig Club, was offered the choice of leaving the town in six hours or being " subjected to suffer their original designs," to which he natur- ally replied that before making his election he would be glad to know what their original designs were; but on this point they refused to enlighten him. See- ing that resistance was impossible, he left Baltimore for Annapolis, and laid a statement of the matter be- fore the Legislature. The Legislature saw at a glance that proceedings like these must be checked at once, and promptly passed resolutions censuring the Whig Club, and pronouncing its action " a most daring infringement and manifest violation of the Constitution of this State . . . tend- ing in its consequences (unless timely checked) to the destruction of all regular government." They further requested Governor Johnson to give Mr. Goddard the protection of the law. The Governor at once issued a proclamation declaring all associations presuming to exercise any of the powers of government, or as- suming authority over the persons or property of any ' of the citizens of the State, unlawful assemblies, who should be held to a severe account. Thus the matter was settled : Mr. Goddard was allowed to re- turn to Baltimore under the protection of the law, and the freedom of the press was for the first time vindicated in republican Maryland. Gen. Charles Lee's Mob.— The troubles of the unlucky Mr. Goddard were not yet over, however, for about two years later his editorial imprudence occasioned what is known as the " Lee Mob." Most persons know the story of the traitor Gen. Charles Lee, whose disappointed ambition and thirst for vengeance found vent in malicious charges against Washington, laying the disasters to the American arms at the door of the commander-in-chief, and in- sinuating that his aim was to secure arbitrary power by getting rid of dangerous rivals. At this day it is not easy to judge the effect these charges had upon minds rendered uneasy and suspicious by repeated disasters, not yet knowing the real character of Washington, and entirely overestimating that of Lee. In the Maryland Journal of July 6, 1779, appeared " Some Queries, Political and Military, humbly offered to the Consideration of the Public," aimed at the char- acter and abilities of Washington, and at the recent French alliance. The animus of these queries, which were twenty-five in number, may be seen from the following extracts : " IX. Whether it is salutary or dangerous, consistent with or abhor- ont from the principles and spirit of Liberty and Republicanism to HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. iuculcnte and cncourago In tlio people an idea that their welfare, safety, and glory depend on one muu? whether they really do depend on one " X. Whether, amongst ttio Inte warm, or rather loyal, addressee in this city [tlie paper was dated from Philadelphin] to His Excellency Gen. Washington there was n single mortal, one gentleman excepted, who could possibly be acquainted with his merits? "XI. Wliethor this gentleman excepted does really think his Kxcel- ioncy a great man, or whether the evidence conld not bo produced of his sentiments being quite tlie reverse?** Comparisons were then drawn between the acliicve- ! ments of the Northern armies under Gates and Arnold and that under Washington in Pennsylvania; the loss of Fort Washington and the defeat at White Plains were by implication attributed to the inca- pacity of the commander-in-chief; and it was insinu- ated that the finding of the couit-martial on Gen. Lee was directly in opimsiiidn lo ihc evidence, and influenced by the malice oi' W'a-liin-tdii. | The publication of these (^mrir^ eiuised great ex- j citement. A party of armed men forced their way ! into Goddard's house at night, whose proceedings we I give in part, from his own narrative: ** A hand of rufliium, composed of Continental recruits, mulattoes or negroes, fifers and drunimei-H, to the number of about thirty, headed by Thomas Cromwell, Jolm Bayley, and Stephen Sherrodine, Continental officers, were detached from the headquarters of your memorialist's prose- cutors to invade the sanctuary of his dwelling and seize on his person. Under the shade of night, on the 8th [JulyJ instant, at a late hour, when nature seemed hushed in silence and repose, this motley crew burst into the house of your memorialist, and entering his bedchamber, demanded his surrender and appearance before their main body, then assembled at the coffee-house, for the trial and punishment of your memorialist. Your memorialist had only time to snatch a sword from its scabbard and take a proper position for defense when he was pressed upon by this lawless band, wlio added insult to injury. Your memorialist, Icnowing tiiniself to be answerable to no illegal tribunal, refused to obey the menacing summons he liad received, and . . . entreated Capt. Cromwell, the leader of the party, not to put him to the fatal necessity of laying him dead at his feet, which should be his or any man's fate who ventured to This fatal necessity was happily spared him. A " convention," as he terms it, was agreed upon, and the party withdrew on his pledge to present himself at the cofl'ee-house the next morning. On the follow- ing morning, therefore, Mr. Goddard sallied forth, with his good sword, and calling upon William Spear, George Lindenberger, Abraham Vanbibber, and James Calhoun, the magistrates of the town, demanded their protection. Justices Spear and Lin- denberger promised to protect him if he would lay aside his sword, which he did ; but Justice Calhoun, in front of whose house a crowd had assembled, or- dered him from his door, and the crowd immediately laid hold of him. A cart was brought up, on which they proposed to cart him through the town with a halter about his neck. Seeing no chance of escape he yielded, gave up the name of the author of the obnoxious queries, who was no other, of course, than Lee himself, and signed a humble apology, asking pardon of Gen. Washington and of the public for having published " a piece so replete with the non- sense and malevolence of a disappointed man." By this prudent submission he saved himself; but two of his friends who expressed their .sympathy too strongly were, as he says, "dragged (amidst the din of insult- ing music) in carts through the streets, with halters about their necks, and occasionally cudgeled for the diversion of the inhuman part of the spectators." This affair led to a challenge from Col. Eleazer Oswald, Mr. Goddard's partner, to Col. Smith, the alleged leader of the mob (afterwards distinguished in Maryland history as Gen. Samuel Smith, whose gallant services in repressing another mob we shall mention later), but no duel was fought. The in- domitable Goddard a few days later retracted his apology in tlie eohiiiuis of his paper. The Embargo Riot.— As a reprisal for the con- tinued invasion of dur neutral rights by the French and English, then at war, Congress, in March, 1794, declared a general embargo of thirty days. The news was received with great satisfaction in Balti- more, where a strong war-feeling prevailed. At the expiration of the embargo, Capt. Ramsdell, who had hoisted his ship's flag at half-mast, and a young man named Sentorn were seized and tarred and feathered by a mob on Fell's Point. David Stodder, captain of the artillery company, and a man very popular with the Fell's Pointers, was a leading actor in both transactions, and he, with John Steel, Capt. William Reeves, Robert Townsend (one of the captains of the night watch at Fell's Point), Thomas Trimble, Morris Job, John Weaver, a Mr. Raborg, and others were arrested on a warrant from Judge Samuel Chase. A great crowd of sympathizing persons, with drums and fifes and with colors flying, followed Stodder, Reeves, and Steel, the ringleaders of the riot, to the court, exhorting them to refuse security, and declaring that if they were sent to jail they would tear the jail down to have them out, and would demolish the house of Judge Chase. The persons arrested refused to give security to appear at the next court. "Then," said the judge, " you must go to jail." Robert Oliver and John Smith, two of the most opulent citizens, proposed themselves as surety to Mr. Stodder, but the prisoner refusing to accept their otter the judge ordered the sheriff to take him to prison. The sheriff replied that he could not take him ; the judge then told him to summon the posse comUatus to his assistance ; the sheritt' responded that he could get no one to serve; the judge then said, "Summon me, sir: I will be the posse comiialvs, I will take him to jail." A number of influential gentlemen then addressed the judge, advising him to pass over the affair, and intimating that they apprehended his life and property were in danger. " God forbid," was his emphatic reply, "that my countrymen should ever be guilty of so daring an outrage; but, sir, with the blessing of God, I will do ray duty. They may destroy my property, they may pull down my house from over my head; yea, they may make a widow of my wife, and my children fatherless. The life of one man is of little conscquonce compared to the prostration of the laws of the land. With tlie blessing of God, I will do my duty, b« the cuuseijiiences what they may." MOBS AND RIOTS. 781 He gave the parties time to reflect upon the im- portance and propriety of yielding, and appointed the next day, May 4th, to meet them. It was ob- served that the morrow would be Sunday. " No better day," replied Judge Chase, " to execute the laws of our country ; I will meet you here, and then repair to the house of my God." Not obtaining security for their appearance on Sunday, he sent an express to the Governor and Council on that day calling for the support of the State, as the militia of the town were disaffected and refused to obey their commanding officers. On Monday he was waited on by Messrs. O'Donnell, Oliver, Smith, and others of the most wealthy and respectable citizens of Balti- more, to request him to desist and give up the point of compelling the prisoners to join in with the sure- ties to appear at the next term of court for trial, ap- prehending serious consequences to the city. He replied to them with great warmth, asked if they meant to insult him by supposing him capable of yielding the law to two obstinate men. They left him, and a few hours after, as the judge was going to court, the persons charged met him in the street and con- sented to give the security, and thus the disturbance was quieted without any, serious mischief being done. The troubles with Judge Chase, however, did not cease with the suppression of the riot. When the court met the grand jury refused to find a bill against the parties accused, and delivered a presentment against Judge Chase. The presentment comprised two specific charges: first, of having insulted them by openly censuring the sheriff for having returned so bad a jury ; and, secondly, of having violated the Bill of Eights by accepting and executing at the same time two different offices, that of chief judge of the Criminal Court and chief judge of the General Court of the State. The reply of Judge Chase was marked by temperate moderation and firmness. He gently reminded the grand jury how much they had gone beyond the proper sphere of their duties in meddling with such subjects as the holding of two offices, and justified his censure of the sheriff as well founded. In conclusion he said to the jury, "You will, gentlemen, continue to do your duty, and I shall persevere in mine ; and you may be assured that mistaken opinion of yours or resentment against me will not prevent my having respect for you (i.s a body." In the succeeding De- cember his tenure of the twofold judicial station be- came the subject of a debate in the House of Delegates, and an attempt was made to procure his removal from the judgeship of the General Court. The attempt did not succeed, but although the vote was forty-one to twenty in his favor on the question of removal, yet a majority concurred in the resolution that the Consti- tution was infringed by the simultaneous tenure of the two offices.' 1 Judge Chase at tliia time had adopted the plan of combiuing die- quisitioDs oii the politics of the day with his charges to the grand juries 50 Gin that had Paid Tribute.— In 1808, while the popular mind was inflamed against Great Britain by the constant insults and aggressions of that power, an English shoemaker of Baltimore named Beattie used some offensive expressions concerning the United States. In the excited state of public feeling the slightest cause was sufficient to kindle indignation, and the people accordingly seized the unfortunate shoemaker, tarred and feathered him, and rode him in a cart from the corner of South and Baltimore Streets to Fell's Point and back again, followed by the mayor and a number of citizens who attempted to rescue him. Several of the guilty parlies were arrested, tried, fined, and imprisoned, but were all pardoned by the Governor and their fines remitted. On the 30th of September, 1808, the indignation of the people was again aroused by the appearance of the following address " To the people of Maryland," which appeared in the daily press : of his circuit, and as lie was a zealous Federalist this custom naturally gave great offense to the Democrats. Two-thinis of the House of Rep- resentatives in 1804 were of the latter party, and one of their leaders was the eccentric John Randolph, who was so indignant at Judge Chase's conduct that in January, 1804, lie moved for a committee to inquire into the judge's official acts and character, and determine whether there was not ground for an impeachment. On the 26th of March the committee reported six articles of impeachment, though in order to find sufficient grounds they had to go back to acts done nearly five years before, and during the Federal administration, his conduct in the case of John Fries and James Thompson Callcnder, tried in 1800 under the odious "Sedi- tion Act," being selected by the committee as his most vulnerable point. An impeachment was ordered by a vote of about two to one, notwith- standing the earnest opposition of tiie Federalists, who regarded the whole proceeding as mere party spite and vengeance. The session closed on the 27th of March, leaving the trial to the following session. On the 2d of January, 1806, Judge Chase appeared at the bar of the Senate, and the 4th of February was assigned for his trial. On this occasion the Senate chamber was fitted up in an appropriate manner, and with places for various otBcial dignitaries. Judge Chase's counsel were Luther Martin, who, like Chase himself, hadorigiuaUy opposed the Constitution, but who had become long since a warm Federalist; Charles I.ce, late At- torney-General of the United States; Robert Goodloe Harper, the former distinguished Federal leader in the House ; and Joseph Hopkiusou, who, though then but a young man, acquired for himself an exalted reputa- tion in this case. " For these," says Mr. Hildreth, " the ablest advocates in the Union, to lake no account of Chase, who was a host in himself, the managers on the part of the House were no match. Martin's mas- sive logic and Lee's and Harper's argumentative eloquence, directed al- ways to the point, stood in striking contrast to the tingling but desultory surface strokes of Randolph, upon whom the main burden of the prose- cution fell." The managers ou the part of the House were Messrs. Ran- dolph, Rodney, Nicholson, Clarke, Campbell, Boyle, and Early. Aaron Burr, who had returned from his flight southward for the killing of Alexander Hamilton on the 11th of July, 1804, and with an indictment for murder hanging over his head, presided with all his accustomed self- possession, dignity, and grace at the trial. It lasted until the 1st of March, when thejudge, notwithstanding the strong Democratic majority of the Senate, was acquitted on five of the eight charges against him by decided majorities, on one of them unanimously. On the three other articles, two relating to Callender's trial, and the third to Chase's charge to the Maryland grand jury in 1803, a majority of the senators present held him guilty, but as it required two-thirds of the whole to concur in a conviction, he was acquitted on all ttie charges. Soon after the acquittal of Aaron Burr of treason, a large number of the people of Ballimore expressed great dissatisfaction with the result of his trial. On the 2d of November, 1807, they paraded the streets of Baltimore with the effigy of Chief Justice LuUier Martin, then a resi- dent of the city, and one of the counsel of Burr and Blennerhasset, which they afterwards committed to the fiames. 782 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. "Thia day, the 30tb of September, arrived in Balllmore the brig 'Sophia,' of Baltimore, Samuel Carman master, from Bottordam, by the way of Harwick (England), having been sent into that port in con- sequence of the llrltish Orders in Council of Nov. 11, and there compelled to pay duty or TmniiTE ond all port or other charges, as If the said master hod voIuHtarily carried his vessel into the port of lia^^vicll afore- said, us by the following Incontestible documents may fully appear." Then follows the proof, consisting of the clearance and permission of the English collector of customs, specifj'ing the cargo its six puncheons, containing seven hundred and twenty gallons of Geneva gin, on which export duty had been fully paid. The impor- tation of this cargo of gin created the greatest ex- citement, because it had paid "an infamous tribute," and a town-meeting having been called, it was de- cided to burn it on Hampstead Hill. The owner, to escape the fury of the populace, gave his consent that the gin should be " condemned to the flames." It was determined to burn this unlioly gin with all the pomp and ceremony demanded by so important an occasion, and accordingly, on the 4th of October, 1808, tlie houses were deserted, and the city gave itself up to the celebration of the event. A monster procession was formed, which moved about two o'clock in the afternoon, and which was led by a beautiful barge on wheels, adorned with flags and streamers, and manned by masters of vessels. From her rigging floated flags eloquent with such patriotic inscriptions as "No Gag Bills," "No Stamp Act," " Bunker Hill Forever !" " No Tribute," " Liberty of the Sea-s, Huzza !" This was followed by twelve hun- dred horsemen, preceded by a trumpeter, and the horsemen by a banner bearing the motto " God Speed the Plow." Next came more than four hundred sailors, with an American ensign and a white flag labeled " A proof that all the American seamen have not gone to Halifax," an allusion to the seizure of a number of the crew of the frigate " Chesapeake." After the sailors came a car bristling with national mottoes, followed by about five hundred citizens in platoons the width of the street; and after another vessel beautifully decorated came another large body of citizens, the whole procession marching to the pa- triotic and inspiring strains of " Yankee Doodle." The procession moved through the chief streets of the city, and arrived at Hampstead Hill, the place where the gin was to be destroyed, " at early candle-light." A general illumination of the whole vicinity lighted up the scene; the citizens on horseback formed an immense circle, and the tributary gin was fastened to a sort of gallows in the centre, to which was at- tached a flag inscribed " British Orders in Council." At length the fagots were kindled, and the pro- scribed liquor blazed to heaven amidst the discharge of cannon and the applause of fifteen thou.sand citi- zens met to show their love for independence, and to burn gin that had paid tribute to England. The Mob of 1812. — This most atrocious and cruel affair was the chief cause of the evil repute into which Baltimore fell, and at the time sent a shudder of horror through the country. Party spirit was then running high between the Federals and the Demo- crats, the latter being strongly in tlie majority in Bal- timore. The declaration of war with Great Britain was the exciting question of the day, and the Demo- crats in public meetings were urging its necessity, and inflaming the minds of the people until they grew to look upon those "who disapproved that extreme measure as traitors of the blackest dye. War was declared on June 18th, and on the 20th an ar- ticle appeared in the Federal Republican strongly censur- ing the measure, and avowing- deep hostility to Presiil. m Madison and his administra- tion. The enraged populace, who idolized Madison, at- tacked the office of the paper, which Wits then situated on the northwest corner of Gay and Second Streets, on the following Monday, threw the presses, type, and paper into the street, and, not satisfied with this, tore the building itself to the ground. One man, in forcing out an upper window- frame, lo.st his footing, fell to the ground and was killed. The editors fled from the city. The mob also wreaked its vengeance upon various obnoxious per- sons, and dismantled several vessels lying at the docks loading for Portugal and Spain, which it was reported were to sail under British licenses. Matters rested so until July 26th, when Alexander Contee Hanson, one of the editors, returned to Balti- more with a party of friends in the dusk of the evening, and taking possession of a brick house on South Charles Street, near Mercer, began to put it in condi- tion to resist an attack. They were a resolute body of distinguished gentlemen, well provided with mus- kets and ammunition, and under the leadership of Gen. Harry Lee (" Light-Horse Harry," the father of Gen. Robert E. Lee), supposed that they could make good the post against any force that could be brought against them. The rest of the party were Gen. James M. Lingan, Alexander C. Hanson, the editor, and William Schroeder, John Thompson, William B. Bend, Otho Sprigg, Henry Kennedy, Robert Kilgour, Henry Nelson, John E. Hall, George Winchester, Peregrine Warfield, George Richards, Edward Gwinn, David Hoftman, Horatio Bigelow, I'^phraim Gaither, William Gaither, Jacob Schley, Mark U. Pringle, Daniel Murray, and Richard S. Crabb. Thus fortified and g.arrisoned, Mr. Hanson felt secure, and the next day printed and circulated through the city a copy of his paper containing a sharp invective against the citizens and municipal authorities, with a declaration of his resolve to pub- lish his paper at all hazards. About dark the same evening an angry crowd MOBS AND RIOTS. <1 outriKht am gathered about the house. Stones were thrown, the windows dashed to pieces, and the front doors burst in. The party in the house, after repeated warnings, fired two blank cartridges from the upper windows, which made the mob recoil in alarm, only to return more angry and bold when they found no harm was done. The windows being all shattered, the defend- ers had drawn back from the front room, and the mob prepared to storm the house. The garrison resolved to defend thsmselves to the utmost. They barricaded the entry, and posted men with muskets on the stairs so as to command the front door from within, while others at the windows stood ready to fire upon any that might ap- proach it from the street. Presently a storming column, headed by a Dr. Gale, sepa- lated itself from the main body of rioters and made a lush at the door. It was met by a fire of musketry from the windows and stair- case, by which Gale was number wounded. Dismayed at this the mob fled in every direction, carrying the body of their leader with them. One would have supposed that Hanson's party would have taken this opportunity to make good their escape, but witli a strange infatuation they im- agined that they had effectually broken the courage of the mob, and remained in the house. Towards morning the mob, which had been gathering in angry groups all night, appeared before the house in greater force than ever, bringing with them a nine-pounder field-piece. The whole town was now in a ferment. Maj. William Barney, with a troop of cavalry, had come on the ground, and used all his influence to prevent violence, even throwing himself upon the cannon that it might not be fired. After much par- leying and persuasion, Hanson's party, seeing resist- ance hopeless, surrendered to Mayor Johnson and Gen. Strieker, and were placed in the jail for protec- tion. While proceeding thither under military es- cort the mob which lined the streets breathed furious threats of vengeance, and threw volleys of stones, wounding several of the prisoners. They were locked up in a strong room and the key taken away. In- credible as it might seem, the promise of some of the rioters to make no further attempt was confided in, and the jail left unguarded at nightfall. When the militia had dispersed the attack on the jail began. The outer door was forced, then a second, and then the assailants were before the strong grating of iron which closed the room in which the prisoners were confined. These at first resolved to hold together and sell their lives dearly, but Mr. Hanson proposed that as soon as the door gave way they should rush upon the mob, put out the lights, and as many as could, try to escape in the general confusion. At last the door gave way, — some of the witnesses say it was opened with the key, — and a rush on both sides followed. Nine or ten of the prisoners escaped in the confusion with little ( named Mum ma, a butcher, who during i- the day had ob- tained admission to the room where tlu prisoners were aiiBe. Otiiers insisted upon cutting all their throats upon the spot. And lastly, it was rceolvcd to hang them next morning and have them dissected." John Tliompsou, another of the victims, publislied !i grapliic account of the outrage and of his own suf- ferings, from which we make an extract : *' Mr, Murray and myself made our way thi^ugh the passage and hall without injury till I was at the front outer door, when I was struck on the back of my head with a heavy club by some man I had passed, wliich threw me forward from the head of the stops, and I felt headlong down about twelve feet. There I saw a gang of nifhans armed with clubs ready to destroy whomsoever should puss down the steps, and six or seven of them instantly Bssaulted me while down, and beat me about the head until I was unable to rise. Some of tliom dragged me twenty or thirty yards, while others were beating me with clubs. They theu tried to make me stand on my feet. . . . They dnigged me along, and it was proposed to tar and fcath'cr me, and as I went along they contin- ued to strike me with sticks and clubs. One fellow struck at me with an axe, who missed me. When they had dragged me a considerable distance and into Old Town they met with a cart and put me into it, and drugged it along themselves to a place where they got tar. I had left my coat in the jail, and they tore my shirt and other clothing and put the tar on my bare body, upon which they put feathers. They drew me along in the cart in this condition, and calling me traitor and Tory and other scandalous names, they did not cease to beat me with clulw and cut me with old rusty swords. I received upon my head, arms, sides, thighs, and back upwards of eighteen cuts of the sword. On my head one cut was very deep, besides which my head was broken in more than twelve places by sticks and clubs. I received a few blows in my face, and very many severe bruises iu different parts of my body. My eyes were attempted to bo gouged, but were preserved by means of the tar and the feathers, though they were much injured. " While I was lyiug iu the cart a fellow struck both of my legs with a bar of iron, swearing, * Damn your eyes, I will break your legs I' I drew my legs up, and he was led to think and to say he had broken them. Shortly after I received a blow with a club across my eyes, upon which I lay OS if dead, supposing it would stop their further beating me. Re- maining so for some time, I was struck upon my thighs, which I bore as if dead. A villain said he would see if 1 was dead, and he stuck a pin into my body twice, at which I did not flinch. Another said he would show if 1 was dead : he pulled a hatidful of tar and feathers, set firetu it and stuck it on my back, which put into a blaze what was on my back. I turned over suddenly and rolled upon the flame, which put it out be- fore it reached too great a height, but I was burnt in several parts. I then raised myself npon my knees and addressed them : ' ior God's sake be not worse than savages; if you want my life take it by shooting or stabbing.' Often I begged them to put an end to it. Upon this one said ' Don't burn him;' another said, ' We will hang him.' One in the shafts of the cart turned round and said to me, 'If you will tell the names of all in the house and all you kuow about it we will save your life.' Believing all the damage was done which could be done by them, I did not hesitate to say I would." And after several further propositions to hang him or to behead liim, he was finally taken to the watch- liouse, where his wounds were dressed, and then to the hospital, where kind friends took him in charge and sent liim to York, Pa., for safety. Those who were left for dead at the jail were saved through the benevolent stratagem of a Dr. Hall. Persuading the mob that the men were really dead, he obtained their permission to take charge of the bodies, which hehad conveyed into thejail, where their wounds were privately dressed by himself and other physicians. A large part of the mob followed Mr. Thompson, and tlie doctor persuaded the rest to retire, when tlie vic- tims were conveyed to places of safety. They all recovered of their wounds. A general feeling of horror and indignation was aroused throughout the State and the whole country by tills atrocious affair. A political revolution placed the Federal party in power in JIaryland, and Mr. Hanson became a member of Congress, and in 1816- 19 a United States senator. Baltimore for many a year felt the consequences of the shameful deed, which fi.xed upon her an enduring reiiroach and the opprobrious name of "Mobtowii." The Bank pf Maryland Mob.— The violence of the check given to public feeling by the mob of 1812 may be judged from the fact that more than twenty- three years elapsed before the people of Baltimore again attempted to redress by violence any real or imagined wrongs. And this time there was certainly j great reason for their indignation, for an outrageous wrong was done, which fell heaviest on tho.se who were least able to bear it. The Bank of Maryland, chartered in 1790, had always stood high in public favor, and enjoyed a very large circulation. Its stock consi-sted of one thousand shares, at a par value of three hundred dollars each, I but quoted constantly in the market at five hundred j dollars. Although in 1824 it was found necessary to reduce the capital stock to two hundred thousand dollars, in consequence of Icsses, this reduction had no perceptible effect on the credit of the bank. Down to May, 1832, the business of the bank went on satisfactorily, and to all appearance it was in a most flourishing condition. Early in 1832, Evan Poultney, the president, Messrs. Reverdy Johnson and John Glenn, the bank's counsel, with Messrs. E. T. Ellicott, D. M. Perine, and H. McElderry, all gentlemen of the highest standing in the community, formed themselves into an associa- tion foi; the purpose of holding nine hundred shares of the capital stock of the bank, which would give them a controlling interest, and enable them to shape its policy. This stock cost, at the market price, four hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and it was alleged that the' funds for its purchase were furnished by the bank itself, which discounted the notes of the associa- tion. Under this control the bank ventured on a bold policy, and embarked in various enterprises which overtaxed its strength. Possibly it might have stood but for a blow from without. In September, 1833, the public funds were withdrawn by President Jack- son from the Bank of the United States, and a finan- cial panic followed. The Bank of Maryland, already laboring heavily, could not stand this additional blow, and on March 22, 1834, it closed its doors and placed its affairs and assets in the hands of Thomas Ellicott, John B. Morris, and R. W. Gill, trustees. And now began a war of pamphlets and news- papers which lasted for eighteen months with ever- increasing violence. Charges and countercharges, not only of mismanagement but of downright fraud, were bandied about ; secret transactions were exposed and placed in the most odious light, until the public, MOBS AND KIOTS. which had lost heavily both in deposits aud on the bank's notes, and borne the losses with wonderful ])atience, grew to believe the whole affair a gigantic swindle, and the excitement reached sucli a point that it could no longer be controlled. On Thursday, Aug. 6, 1835, a small knot of men gathered before the house of Roverdy Johnson, at the northwest corner of Fayette and Calvert Streets, and began to break the windows with stones. The mayor of the city, Jesse Hunt, was a worthy man, but un- equal to cope with such a state of things as had now arisen. He persuaded the mob to disperse, but very unwisely called a town-meeting at the Exchange for the next day to take measiires to preserve the peace. This open declaration that a riot was feared and that no measures to prevent or suppress it had yet been determined on was the very way to invite such a re- sult. The meeting assembled, with Mayor Hunt as president ; S. C. Leakin, Wm. Krebs, C. O. O'Don- nell. Dr. T. E. Bond, and William G. Read as vice- presidents; and William H. Norris, secretary; and passed several resolutions, which did no good, and adjourned. Again the mob gathered, and again they were persuaded to disperse ; but it was quite plain that the disposition to violence was increasing, and that more serious work might be expected on the fol- lowing Saturday night. The mayor dreaded the use of the military, so he had a private interview with a number of leading citizens on Saturday afternoon, and it was resolved to appoint six hundred guards, distinguished by badges on the arm, and armed with truncheons of light wood, to protect Monument Square. About thirty of these guards were mounted. At dark an immense crowd had gathered, and pres- ently the attack began. Volleys of stones and bricks were thrown at the guards, and from time to time furious charges were made to break their ranks. The guards stood their ground firmly, and lacking arms, held well together. As the mob had no personal feel- ing against the guards, in whom they recognized neighbors and friends, they seem to have restrained themselves more than could have been expected ; but this form of passive resistance only strengthened their determination and gave them confidence. A party detached itself from the main body and went to attack Mr. Glenn's house on North Charles Street. Here they found the doors barricaded, and at once began an attack. The windows were shivered to atoms almost instantly, when a party of mounted guards charged upon the assailants, dispersing them for a few moments, when they returned and assailed the house more furiously than ever. The rear of the mob skirmislied with the guards, while the front fiercely battered at the strong door and thick walls. At last an entrance was forced, and the work of destruction began. Everything in the house was shattered to pieces or thrown into the street. Even a part of the front wall was thrown down, and the house would have been torn to the ground but for the arrival, be- tween two and three o'clock on Sunday morning (August 9th), of the foot-guards, now armed with muskets, and reinforced by numbers of armed citizen volunteers. They cleared the house, and while on their way to the watch-house with eight or nine prisoners a violent assault was made on them in Lexington Street near Charles with stones and brickbats, which was re- turned by a volley of musketry. The rioters then dispersed, leaving two of their wounded on the street. Throughout the whole night skirmisliing was kept up, and firearms freely used on both sides. Sunday was a day of anxious suspense. The riot- ers continued their depredations at Mr. Glenn's house the whole day without any interruption, and at night Mr. Johnson's house was again attacked, entered, and its contents, including a valuable library, thrown into the street, where a bonfire was made of them.' The marble portico was demolished, and a great part of the front wall thrown down. In the same way they sacked the liouses of John B. Morris, Mayor Hunt, Evan T. Ellicott, Capt. Bentzinger, and Capt. Wiley. Yet they were not actuated by blind fury. In the course of their destruction both Johnson's house and Morris' took fire, upon which they promptly suspended their proceedings, and bring- ing up the fire-engines, extinguished the flames, that no harm might come to the adjoining property. They attacked the new house just built for Mr. McElderry, but on the appearance of the builder, who told them that the house had not yet been delivered to the owner, and that the loss would fall on him, they de- sisted. Dr. Hintze's house was assailed, but on his wife assuring them that the house belonged to her, and not to her husband, they withdrew. Thus it went on all night, with shouts, alarms, vol- leys of musketry, fierce combats, rushes and charges to and fro, the crashing of walls and windows, and the lurid glare of bonfires, no one knowing what the end would be. On Monday the mayor posted a placard, saying that the use of firearms had not been by his order. This was equivalent to the surrender of the city to the mob. The municipal authorities having proved themselves incapable of restoring order, the citizens saw that the time had come to take the matter into their own hands, before the city was laid in ashes, for the fury of the mob had now cast off all restraint. Their movements were prompt and decisive. At an immense meeting held at the Exchange, old Gen. Samuel Smith, then in his eighty -third year, but still possessing all the energy and decision of youth, was chosen their leader. Putting himself at their head, he called upon all who were willing to defend the 1 It is said tliat a quantity of valuable articles had been concealed behind ranks of fire-wood, at the back of the cellar, while wine and furniture were left in front. The mob fell to drinking the wine and smashing the other articles, and probably would have retired had not a clock, which nobody had remembered t« stop, struck the hour behind the ranks of wood. In an instant the wood was torn do\vu, andthe hidden treasures sent flying into the street. 786 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. city to niarcli with liiiii to Howard's Park. A great concourse followed, and their numbers, as well as the determination expressed in their looks, sent a chill to the hearts of the rioters. At the park they were briefly addressed on the necessity for vigorous action, and were told to arm themselves and repair to the City Hall. The mayor resigned, and Gen. Anthony Miltenburger took his place, acting in concert with Gen. Smith. As the citizens assembled under arms they were formed into companies and stationed at various points. About three thousand responded to the call of Gen. Smith, and all that night quiet pre- vailed, broken only by the tramp of bodies of armed men moving from point to point. The spirit of the mob was quelled, and when the United States troops arrived from Washington and Annapolis they were no longer needed. Thus was order restored by a simple display of res- olution and discipline. Those who had fled from the city returned. The ringleaders of the mob were fined and imprisoned, and the payment by the State, the next year, of over one hundred thousand dollars dam- ages' to the sufferers closed the last act of the Bank mob. The Nunnery Riot. — Great excitement was occa- sioned in Baltimore on Sunday, Aug. 18^ 1839, in consequence of the escape of an insane nun named Isabella Neale from the Carmelite nunnery which formerly stood on the site of the present German Orphan Asylum in Aisquith Street. The novel sight of a female dressed in monastic garb running through the streets begging for protection attracted an im- mense crowd, and the excitement, being fomented by religious bigots and evil-disposed persons eager for a riot, soon became intense. The only cause Miss Neale assigned for her conduct was that she wanted to get out, though she acknowledged she was well treated in the institution. She took refuge in the house of Mr. Wilcox, and Mayor S. C. Leakin being sent for, re- paired to the spot and made an address to the crowd, urging the preservation of the peace. At his request the nun was sent to the Washington Medical College under escort. In consequence of the exaggerated rumors which had arisen it was feared by some that an attempt would be made during the night to destroy the nunnery, for a large crowd had collected in the afternoon, and there were some indications of a riot- ous spirit. But the mayor, with that promptitude and energy for which he was justly distinguished, called upon the City Guards, Col. C. 0. O'Donnell, and several volunteer corps, which promptly repaired to the institution, and held themselves in readiness to act on the first emergency. Their presence, and two hundred armed special policemen and many volun- 1 The indemnity to the siifTorers was na follows: Revcrdy Joliiison, S40,C32.60; .fuhn B. Morris and L.vdiii HoUingiiwol'th, $16,825.92; Kviin T. EUlcott, »47«.55; Elc»nor Bond, S10«.44; John Glenn, 37,270.65; Elizabeth P»ttem.u, 5400; J. J. Audubon, $12U; E. L. Finloy, S012 76- ■dcil, 8102,65.i.82. teer citizens, completely overawed all who were dis- posed for mischief, and the night passed away quietly. In the early part of the evening, when the crowd was most dense and acts of violence supposed to be inevi- table, the mayor, Judge Worthington, and John B. Seidenstricker addressed the multitude. The two former, at the request of Rev. Mr. Gildea, superin- tendent of the convent, together with Henry Myers, were appointed a committee to thoroughly examine the building and question the inmates about their treatment. They reported that, after a careftil ex- amination, " No one of the nuns declared herself to be kept there through restraint, but all expressed themselves to be content with their lot ; and no con- sideration or inducement could make them abandon the mode of life they had chosen." The excitement continued intense during the whole of the next day, and as threats were openly made that the building would be torn down at night, the mayor issued a proc- lamation which did much to allay the excitement. He warned all peaceable and well-disposed citizens, other than those who had been appointed to aid in the preservation of peace and the protection of the convent, " not to approach the said convent or vicin- ity," and to prevent injury to children, requested their parents to keep them at home after sunset. The mili- tary and other guards assembled in strong force at the convent during the evening, but the night passed without the commission of any serious acts of vio- lence. At the request of Col. Brent, a relative of the nun, the following certificate, signed by gentlemen of un- doubted medical knowledge, set at rest all doubts re- specting the insanity of the lady who caused the ex- citement. "We, the undersigned, members of the Faculty of Mediciue of the Washington University of Baltimore, having been applied to by Col. William Brent for our opinion in reference to the case of Sister Isabella, who was placed in this institution by the mayor of the city on August ISth.stale as follows: "That we have visited her several limes, and from the general tenor of her couversatiou we are clearly of opinion that she is not of sane mind ; there is general feebleness of intellect, and we are unanimous in the belief that she is a monomaniac. We also feel it an act of justice to state that she made no complaint of her treatment while in the convent, other than having been compelled to take food and medicine. J. H. Miller, M.D., president; P. Chatard, M.D., Samuel K. Jennings, M.D., J. C. S. Monltur, M.D., William W. Handy, M.D., Edward Foreman, M.D., John 11. W. Dunbar, M.D." The Know-Nothing Election Riots.— The Knnw- NotliiiifT, or American party, which had been gradually gaining strength in Baltimore from the time of its formation, felt itself strong enough in 1854 to place a ticket of its own in the field for the mayoralty and other municipal offices. At the polls it was successful, its candidate, Samuel Hinks, being elected mayor by 2744 majority, and a number of other offices were carried. In the next year the party, after a severe contest, triumphed in the State. Whatever element of good there may have been in the principles of the party, the fact that it was a secret order undertaking MOBS AND KIOTS. the control of politics, and that the operation of its priniiples involved the proscription of a large part of the population and tended to arouse religious hate, seemed full of danger to thoughtful and lil)eral men. In Baltimore the most turbulent and lawless elements of the community gathered about it, in clubs whose names of " Plug-Uglies," " Rough-Skins," " Rip- Raps," " Blood-Tubs," " Black-Snakes," " Tigers," etc., reflected their character. On the day of elec- tion these clubs were rampant; they took posse-ssion of many of the polls, and by their violent proceedings drove or frightened off a great part of the naturalized citizens.' Governor Ligon drew the attention of the Legisla- ture to the facts, and opposing reports were made by the partisans and opponents of the order, with the result of increasing the irritation and uneasiness. The election of Oct. 8, 1856, was a frightful scene of disorder. The police were, to a great extent, affili- ated to the Know-Nothing order, or intimidated by it, and shamefully failed in their duties. In various parts of the city pitched battles raged all day ; mus- kets and pistols were freely used, and even cannon brought out into the streets. Nightfall alone put a close to a scene more like the storming of a town than a peaceful election, and in which more men were killed than were lost on the American side at the battle of Palo Alto, in the war with Mexico. At the Presidential election in November it was even worse, and the whole city was terrorized. The Governor had appealed to the mayor, but the latter had refused to co-operate in any measures to protect the freedom of elections. The clubs felt that the city was given up to them, and the day closed on eight men killed, and over two hundred and fifty wounded.^ Matters went on from bad to worse, and the city, unable to wrest herself from the clutch of ruffianism, grew more and more demoralized. The ill-fame of Baltimore went abroad, and the state of things, bad enough in itself, was exaggerated to her injury. She was spoken of as a murderers' den, where no man's life was safe for an hour, and merchants from the West and South who used to deal with her now took 1 From one of these exploits the Blood-Tubs took their name. They brought to the polls tubs of blood from neighboring butchers' establish- ments, and whenever a luckless German or Irishman approached he was seized, dragged to the tubs, a sponge filled with blood wna squeezed over his head and face, and he was then set at liberty. Renders can im- agine the horror excited by the appearance of these gory spectres rush- ing through the streets, and the shrieks and hysterics of the poor Biddies and Minnas when they saw sons, husbands, and fnthere returning in such awful plight. - The first Republican meeting held in Maryland assembled at the Temperance Temple, Baltimore, on the evening of Sept. 11, 1856. The meeting was organized by the selection of F. S. Cockrau chairman, and William E. Coie, Jr., secretary. After the reading of " an address to the Republicans of Maryland" the meeting adjourned. Upon leaving the room Messrs. Cockran, Gunnison, and others were rudely jissaulted by a mob of several hundred persons that had gathered on the street. The mol) then repaired to the office of the Werter, the German Republican papei-, which they assailed with stones, and only by the intervention of the police was it saved from being sacked. roundabout ways to Philadelphia and New York or fled swiftly by rail through her perilous streets. In 1857 there was a sharp correspondence between Governor Ligon and Mayor Swann,-' the latter, like his predecessor, refusing to act with the Governor to protect the November elections. The Governor ordered the militia to hold themselves in readiness, and the partisans of the mayor began to arm and organize. There was every prospect of a bloodier aff"ray than any yet seen, when a number of leading citizens ottered their mediation. To them the mayor showed a proclamation he had drawn up, placing the polls under strict and impartial police control. Con- fiding in this and in the mayor's assurances, the Gov- ernor renounced his intention of using the military. The result was that the election was a more shameful mockery than any before, violence and bloodshed being the order of the day. The polls were entirely in the hands of the clubs, and Thomas Holliday Hicks, Know-Nothing candidate for Governor, was declared elected by an overwhelming majority. The same scenes of blood and violence and the same impunity for ruffianism marked the October election of 1858. Affairs had now reached such a pass that it was plain that nothing but organized and concerted action of all law-abiding citizens could save the city. In November, 1858, the City Reform Association was formed, headed by the most respectable citizens, men whose interests were identified with the prosperity of the city, who banded together, without reference to party, with the determination to restore law and order at any cost. The movement met with a ready response, and the organization was perfected in the next year, when, at a mass-meeting in Monument Square, on September 8th, they declared the objects of the move- ment and the means by which it was proposed to at- tain them, and invited the co-operation of all good citizens. As an answer to this the clubs assembled in Monu- ment Square on Oct. 27, 1859, carrying banners and emblems of the most brutal and defiant character. Prominent among these were enormous models of shoemakers^ awls, which they were in the habit of using to stab unfriendly voters as they advanced to the polls through lines of ruffians drawn up for the purpose. Clinched fists, with the motto, " With this we will do the work," bleeding heads labeled " Head of a Reformer," and other atrocious devices were dis- played. The Hon. Henry Winter Davis, who had assumed the championship of the clubs, made them an inflammatory address. Behind him on the stand were ranged the banners and transparencies, over his head hung a gigantic awl, and before him was a blacksmith's forge in full blast making awl , which were distributed among the crowd to be used at the next election. Thus, placed in a framework of out- rage and murder, stood one of the most eloquent ora- i History of Maryland, . 252,< 788 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. tors of Hiiltimore, the holder of a high and responsi- ble oflSce, haranguing the congregated ruffianism of the city, and cheering them on to tlieir ferocious work. The effect was seen at the election of November 2d. The clubs felt that the reign of anarchy would not be tolerated much longer unless by some supreme etfort they struck terror into the hearts of all their oppo- nents, and on this day they did their utmost. The polls were surrounded by infuriated crowds, but the Reformers made a manful stand. The following ex- j tract from the testimony of George B. Kyle, before the House of Delegates, will give an idea of the scenes at the polls : "I went to the polls at lialf-past eight o'clock a.m., and wne within two feet of the window; remained there about five minutes with my brother. I iiad a bundle of tickets under my arm, and one uiaii walked up to me and asked me what it was that I had. I told him tickets ; he mode a snatch at them, and 1 avoided him and turned round. As I turned I , heai-d my brother say, ' I am stnick, George !' At the same time I saw my brother raise his stick and strike at some one. At that moment I was struck from behind a severe blow on the back of the head, which would have knocked me down hut the crowd which hud gathered round us, some thirty or forty in a cluster, was so dense that I was, as it were, kept up. ■ After I received this blow I drew a dirk-knife. I then felt a pistol placed right close to my head, so that I felt the cold steel upon my forehead. ! At that moment I made a little motion of my head, which caused the shot of the pistol to glance. . . . The discharge of the pistol, which blew off a large piece of the skin of my forehead and covered my face with blood, caused me to fall. When 1 arose I saw my brother iu the middle of the street, about ten feet from me, surrounded by a crowd, who were striking at him and firing pistols all around him. He was knocked down twice, and at one time, while he was down, I saw two men jump on his body and kick him. He bad no other weapon in his hand than his slick. In the mean time T drew my pistol and fired into the crowd which was immediately in front of nie, every man of whom seemed to liave a pistol in his hand, aud was firing as rapidly as he could. In this crowd there were fully from forty to fifty persons. I saw at the second'Story windows of the Watchman engiue-bouse building, in which the polls were held, cutH)fr muskets or large pistols proti-udiug, and observed smoke issuing from the muzzles, as though they were being fired at me. I then turned towards my brother, and endeavored to get to him. When within a few feet of him I saw him fall, placing his liand on his groin, as if badly hurt; at the same moment a shot struck me in the shoulder, which went through my arm and penetrated into my breast. I transferred my pistol from my right hand, which was disabled, to my left hand, and holding it in front of me backed down towards Lee Street, the crowd following me. A fellow ran out a musket from under a shed, and I pointed my pistol at bim» which made him change his po- sition a little. A brick struck me in the breast, and I fell ; just at that moment the musket was discharged, and the ball whizzed over me as I was falling. While I was retreating the crowd was firing at me con- stantly. There were seven bnllet-holes in my coat, and the coat was cut as if by knives in various places; the pantaloons had also the appearance of having been cut by bullets. During all this time I saw uo police- officers My brother died that night from the effects of his in- The election was carried, but it wiis the death-blow totheclubs. Their violence had overreached itself, and the indignation of an outraged community could no longer be evaded or defied. At the next session of the Legislature all the facts were brought out in de- | tail. The members elected by such means were de- j prived of their seats ; the Reform Bills were passed ; a new Police Board was appointed, and other changes made in the city government. The old and ill-famed ; police-force was disbanded and a new force organized. Some resistance was offered by the mayor and City Council, but all saw that it was too late. The whole ' strength of public opinion was with the Reformers, and the triumph was complete. The clubs disbanded, and the leading ruffians fled from the city of which they had so long been the terror. At the next elec- tion, on the 10th of October, 1860, not a shot was fired, not a knife drawn, not a brawl disturbed the quiet of the streets when a Reform mayor and City Council were lifted into power by overwhelming and legitimate majorities. The Affray of April 19, 1861.— Tims redeemed from ruffianism, Baltimore seemed justified in calcu- lating upon a long era of peace and good government. The best men of both parties had been the leaders in the Reform movement, and partisan politics seemed to have been entirely expelled from municipal aflairs. The new mayor, the Hon. George William Brown, was a man of eminent talents, spotless character, great administrative ability, and dauntless courage. Col. George P. Kane, the new marshal of police, was perhaps the best man in the city for the task confided to him ; and the new force or- ganized by him, uniformed and thoroughly drilled, was the best and most efficient the city had ever known. Old abuses were done away with, and the citizens began to look back upon the period of ruffian rule as a terrible nightmare. And this state ,.i ..i;.,i i . k ink. of things might have long continued but for that terrible catastrophe which shook the country to its foundations. The events which followed the election of Presi- dent Lincoln — the secession of South Carolina and the Gulf States, the rapid rise of the flames of wrath on both sides, the ineffectual effi)rts to bring about a peaceful settlement — were watched in Baltimore with intense excitement. The majority of the citizens sympathized with the South, but of these scarcely more than a handful advocated the secession of the State. Devotion to the Union under the Constitution was the prevailing sentiment. But as events hurried on, parties became more divided, and men began to side with the North or the South. The attack on Sumter raised the excitement to fever-heat; knots of eager and angry disputants might be seen everywhere; and so dangerous seemed the public temper that the mayor, on April 17, 1861, issued a cautionary proc- lamation. On the 18th of April the first Northern troops passed through the city, a force of about six hundred Pennsylvanians. The route of their march from the depot at the intersection of Cathedral and Howard Streets to Mount Clare Depot was lined with an excited crowd, who hooted and yelled, but were kept from violence by the efficiency of the police arrange- MOBS AND KIOTS. ments. The danger was seen to be increasing so rapidly tliat a dispatch was sent by the Northern Central Railroad Com])any to Governor Curtin of Pennsylvania warning him of the peril of repeating the attempt. Governor Hicks and Mayor Brown issued a proclamation adjuring the people to refrain from violence. Thenextday, the 19th, came the news of the destruc- tion of the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and soon after information that a large body of Northern troops on their way to Washington would soon arrive at the Phil- adelphia Railroad Depot. The police had received no intimation of this, and Marshal Kane hastily called out a force to protect their passage through the city. About eleven o'clock a train of thirty-five cars arrived at the depot, containing about two thousand troops belonging to the Sixth Regiment of Massachusetts, the First and Fourth of Pennsylvania, and the Washington Brigade of Philadelphia. The Massachusetts men had some apprehensions that they might have trouble, and had received six rounds of ball-cartridge per man, with orders to load with ball. Mayor Brown and Col. Kane, the marshal of police, had gone to the Camden Station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, where a train was preparing to take the men to Washington. Here, as a change of cars would take place, it was thought there was the most danger of an attack, and a strong police force had been assembled. The whole line of the route, about a mile in length, from the Philadelphia Depot to Camden Station was bordered with an excited crowd, some ready for violence, but the most part only curious and anxious spectators. About half-past eleven the first car, con- taining Massachusetts men and drawn by horses, started, and was presently followed by eight others. The crowd, which increased every moment, groaned, yelled, and hooted, but offered no violence. Their appearance, however, was so alarming that in some of the cars the soldiers placed themselves on the floor so that none could be seen from the outside. These nine cars reached the Camden Station in safety, and though there was a larger and angry crowd assembled there, the men were safely transferred to the Washington train. But the tenth car which started from the Philadelphia Depot had gone but a little distance when some derangement of the brake caused a stop- page. A stone was thrown at it by some one in the crowd, and in an instant a shower of stones and bricks was flying. The terrified driver in haste detached his team, and hitching it to the rear, drove rapidly back to the depot. The word now ran through the crowd that no more cars should pass. At Gay Street crossing and other points they tore up the track and removed the bridges over the gutters. A cart coming by with sand was emptied upon the track and loose paving-stones piled upon it. Some one espied a lot of large anchors on a neighboring wharf, and soon a score of excited men were about them. A number of negro sailors lent their aid, grinning and hurrahing in high glee at the police, and the anchors were laid across the track amid loud cheers. The passage of the cars was now impossible ; and as a report spread that the troops at the Philadelphia station were about to give up the attempt and take an eastward-bound train, the people grew more quiet, and many went away, thinking all the trouble over for the time. Presently the word ran from mouth to mouth that, instead of going back, the troops were actually pre- paring to march through the city. In an instant there was a rush to the depot. Sure enough, there were the soldiers, and preparations were evidently making for a march. The crowd gathered fast, and its anger seemed to rise with the delay. There were several movements to break into the cars, which were only checked with great difficulty by a strong force of police. After a while six car-loads of soldiers left the cars, and despite the threats and bustlings of the crowd succeeded, with the help of the police, in forming in double file by the side of the depot. At this moment a party of men appeared bearing a Con- federate flag, which was saluted with deafening cheers. Some one rushed among them, and pulling down the staff nearly tore away the flag, upon which he was seized by the throat and would have been killed had not the police rescued hira. Indeed, throughout this whole day nothing was more remarkable than the admirable behavior, discipline, and courage of the police, and the respect with which the mob regarded them. Amid all the excitement they were never directly attacked, not even when they drove the furi- ous mob back inch by inch or tore men by force out of their hands. The order to march was now given, but the crowd blocked the way in solid mass and would not allow a step forward. The troops then wheeled and tried to move in the opposite direction, but the crowd again headed them off. At last they were formed into col- umn four abreast, with an escort of police at front and rear, and the crowd reluctantly giving way the march began. They had not proceeded far when a volley of stones was thrown into their ranks, knock- ing down a soldier, who was roughly handled by the crowd until the police forced their way to him and carried him ofi". The troops now quickened their pace to a run, holding down their heads to avoid the flying stones and bricks. The police did their utmost, but it was no use to arrest men when they could not spare a single man from their own force to carry them off. Their presence, however, was of great service, and they were able to protect from further violence two other soldiers that fell. The crowd made no at- tempt to use the muskets taken from the fallen men, but handed them over to the police. Thus running, amid yells and peltings and occa- sional furious rushes of the crowd, which were man- fully beaten back by the police, the soldiers kept up Pratt Street. Near the bridge which crosses Jones' 790 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Falls at East Falls Avenue they were joined by Mayor Brown, who, thinking his presence might restrain the mob, at great risk to liis life placed liiinself at the head of the column and marched with them, exhort- ing the mob to refrain from violence. When the head of the column reached the crossing of CoiniiKrce Street their march was checked by a dense crowd, completely blocking the way, who gave vent to their wrath in a furious yell, and showered a volley of paving-stones upon the troops. The crisis seemed to have come: they could neither advance nor retreat, and the mob gave triumphant shouts at the sight of their dilemma. At this moment the commanding oflScer gave the order to fire, and at the first discharge a citizen fell. An irregular fusillade was now kept up on the crowd, killing and wounding a number of persons, several of whom were inoffensive spectators, j One citizen was forced by the rush of the crowd close to the troops. A soldier, raising his musket, took de- liberate aim at him, but the piece missed fire, on which the citizen sprang upon him, wrenched the musket from his hands, and plunged the bayonet through his body. The firing struck terror into the mob, who were al- most entirely unarmed ; they opened to the right and left, and the troops again pressed forward at a run, still firing occasionally, the crowd closing in behind j them. Near Light Street Marshal Kane threw a i picked body of police, with drawn revolvers, across the street, and checked the further advance of the j mob. Their rear thus guarded, the troops reached Camden Station in safety, where they found the de- j tachment that had first passed through in the Wash- [ ington cars only waiting their arrival to start. They sprang on board the train, and as it moved off they 1 opened fire from the windows upon the" crowd, and | fired up and down the cross streets as they passed them, killing and wounding persons who were in no way connected with the affray. But nothing excited more horror than the deliberate murder of R. W. Davis, a well-known Baltimore merchant. Mr. Davis had gone with a fi-iend that morning to look at some land on the line of the railroad on tlie outskirts of i the city, and knew nothing of what had happened. Seeing the train going out, he stood and looked at it, when a soldier observing him took aim at him from a window and shot him dead. The Pliiladelphia voluiitcrs liail icmuiiRMl at tlie station when the Massacliusctts r(''rim''nl niarcliod. A rumor having got abroad that the New York Seventh was expected, a crowd of eight or ten thou- sand men assembled at the depot at about half-past two, and finding the Philadelphians there began to stone the cars, wounding several men. By the assist- ance of the police some were removed to freight-cars for greater safety, and a part were taken to the sta- tion-house for protection. At about half-past two they were sent back to Philadelphia by a special train. In the whole affray four soldiers and twelve citizens were killed outright, and a number wounded on both sides, some of whom afterwards died of their wounds.' For several following days all business was suspended. The feeling at the North was intense, and the furious threats of the press of that section knew no bounds. Nothing Wiis talked of but blasting a way through Baltimore with cannon, laying the city in ashe.s, and so forth. The citizens were determined to protect themselves to the utmost, and companies were en- rolled and drilled everywhere, and all possible meas- ures taken for defense. To prevent a bloody conflict it was resolved by the aulhorities to destroy the bridges to the north and east of the city. In this way time was gained, and a body of Pennsylvania troops who were coming down by the Northern Cen- tral Railway on the 21st of April were stopped at Cockeysville by the destruction of the bridge. At this time the mayor and several leading citizens were in Washington representing the situation to the Presi- dent, who ordered the Pennsylvania troops to return to Harrisburg, and issued orders forbidding the pass- age of any more troops through the city, which con- tinued in force until the city was entirely in the hands of the Federal authorities. Deeply as this affray was to be regretted, it did not justify the rage and hatred which was manifested towards Baltimore at the North. The actual assail- ants were comparatively few in number, the enormous majority of the crowd being composed of curious, 1 The citizens Itilled were Robert W. Davis, Philip S. Miles, John Mc- Cann, John McMahon, William R. Clark, James Carr, Francis Maluney, Sebastian Gill, William Maloney, William Reed, Michael Murphy, and Patrick Griffith; soldiers, Addison 0. Whitney, Luther C. Ladd, Cliarlea A. Taylor, and Sumner H. Needham. The Legislature of Maryland, "anxious to do something to efTace that stain from the hitherto untai^ nished honor" of the SUte, on the ath of March, 1862, passed a bill, in- troduced by Hon. John V. L. Findlay, of Baltimore, appropriating seven thousand dollars " for the relief of the families of those belonging to the Sixth Regiment of Massiichusotts Volunteers who were killed or disabled by wounds received in the riot of the 19th of April in Baltimore." Gov- ernor Andrew of Massachusetts was made the trustee for the distribution of the money, which was promptly paid after the adjournment of the Leg- islature. To commemorate the death of Ladd and Whitney, the State of Massachusetts and the city of Lowell erected in Merrimac Square, Lowell, Mass., a monument of Concord granite, which was formally dedicated on the 17th of June, ISKi, in the presence of nearly twenty thousand people. At the conclusion of the ceremonies Liout.-Col. Thomas J. Morris, of Governor Bradford's staff, presented to Governor Andrew, for the State of Massachusetts, a magniticent silk flag, made by the ladles of Baltimore. On the staff was a silver plale bearing the arms of Mary- land and MHSsaclniselts and the words " Maryland to Massachusetts, April I'.i, ISC.-.. May the Union and Friendship of the Future oblitemt* the / rho r« MOBS AND RIOTS. 791 though doubtless excited, spectators. The small amount of injury inflicted on the soldiers proves this fact. Had it been, as was alleged, a preconcerted affair the people would have been armed, and not a soldier would have escaped alive. Col. Jones, com- manding the Massachusetts regiment, and Oapt. Dike, of the same command, have both borne testimony to the courageous efforts of the mayor, the marshal, and the police to restrain the mob and protect the soldiers from violence.' The RaQroad Strike of 1877.— The period of in- flation and factitious prosperity that immediately suc- ceeded the war was followed, as all painfully know, by a long term of depression. The burden naturally fell heaviest on the working classes, among whom pri- vation begat discontent and distress, which were taken advantage of by interested agitators to arouse angry feelings towards the persons and interests by which they imagined themselves oppressed. The great lines of railroad, of course, sufiered with the rest in the general stagnation. To afford all the > Col. Jones, ill hia offlcial report of the affair to Gen. Butler, dated at Washington, April 22, 1861, says, " The mayor of Baltimore placed him- self at the head of the column, beside Capt. Follansbee, and proceeded with them a short distance, assuring him that he would protect them, and begging him not to let the men fire ; but tlie mayor's patience was soon exiiausted, and he seized a musket from the hands of one of the men, and killed a mau therewith [this statement Mayor Brown has since denied], and a policeman, who was in advance of the colunin, also shot a man with a revolver." In a letter to Marehal Kane he said : " Headqi'aeters Sixth Kecimext M. V. M., " WiSHlxoTo.N, D. C, April 28, 1801. "Marshal Kane, Baltimore, Md.: " Please deliver the bodies of the deceased soldiers belonging to my regiment to Murrill S. Wright, PJsq., who is authorized to receive them and take charge of them through to Boston, ami tbereby add one more to the many favors for which, in connection with this matter, I am, with my command, mttch indebted to you. Many, many thanks for the Chrijttiayi conduct of ilif. authorities of Bidtimore in this truly unfortunate affair. I am with much respect your obedient servant, "EnWARD F. Jo.SES, " Colonel SilUi Eegimenl M. V. M." The following card of Oapt. John H. Dike, who commanded Company € of theSixth Massachusetts Regiment, is taken from tlie Boston Courier : "Baltimore, April 26, 1861. " It is but an act of justice that induces me to say to my friends who may feel any interest, and to the community generally, that in the affair which occurred in this city on Friday, tiie 19th iust., the mayor and city s should be exonerated from blame or censure, as they did all in I far as' my knowledye e:rtetids, to tjuell the riot, and Mayor Brow ! the t regiment safely through the city by marching at the head of its column remaining there at the risk of hix life. Candor could not permit me t' less, and a desire to place the conduct of the authorities here on th casion in a riglit position, as well as to allay feeling, urges me to thi of sheer justice. H.DIKE ' Captain Co. C, 1th Itegl., On the 2.'ith of April Governor Hicks had occasion to send a message to the Legislature at the opening of the special session, in which he said, "On Friday last a detachment of troops from Massachusetts reached Baltimore, and was atlticked I'l/ mt irrt'>ij>Qn^iblr mob, and several persons on both sides were killed. 'I'l:, - , - >»./ I '!>' e Board gave to the Mas- sachusetts troops all the pr'l'-' ■', "Cling wHJt tlie utmost promptness and bravery. Hint- , .i j ^ i l'->s to restrain the mob. Being in Baltimore at the tiiin. 1 . i n.au.l with the ma.vor to the full extent of my power in his etiortti." facilities in their power to the manufacturers and producers, they reduced their freight charges to so low a point as scarcely to cover the cost of transpor- tation. The force of hands employed at this time by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was about three times as large as was nece.ssary for tlie business of the road, and with the greatly reduced revenue of the line it was absolutely necessary to make some re- duction in this branch of expense. This could easily have been done by discharging the superfluous hands, but in view of the great suffering that such a step would cause it was thought better to keep on as large a force as possible and reduce the wages, and it was hoped that the men themselves would see it in tiiat light. On July 11, 1877, a circular was issued by the road (after the other great competing lines had taken the same action) giving notice that the wages of all hands earning more than a dollar a day should be reduced ten per cent, from July 16th. At this the brakemen and firemen of the freight-trains began to make preparations to resist, and on the appointed day they refused to work along the whole line. At once applications were made in Baltimore by men out of work to take their places, and though a disposition was shown to drive off these men, they were protected by the police, and the freight-trains were moved out of Baltimore. The passenger-trains were not inter- fered with on that day. Martinsburg, W. Va., was one of the company's principal relay-stations, where the hands and engines of the freight-trains were changed. The population was to a large extent composed of employes and dependants of the road, and in sympathy with the strikers. When the trains from Baltimore reached this point all the firemen abandoned them. Others offered to take their places, but these were' forced from the engines by the strikers, who openly declared that no more freight-trains should be run until the former scale of wages was restored. As the Martinsburg authorities were powerles.s, Vice-President King, of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road, telegraphed to Governor Matthews, of West Virginia, asking his assistance to suppress the riot. The Governor ordered his aide, Col. Faulkner, to take the necessary steps ; but the latter soon found that the Berkeley Guards, whom he had called out, were too much in sympathy with the rioters to be depended on for any efficient service. Governor Matthews then telegraphed to President Hayes for the assistance of the United States forces. The Presi- dent at first hesitated, doubting whether the emer- gency justified Federal interference; but on receiving a dispatch from President Garrett, of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, showing the serious character of the disturbance and the rapidly-increa.sing danger, he issued a proclamation commanding the rioters to disperse, which was printed in hand-bill form, and distributed all along the line. At the same time r92 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. he ordered eiglit companies of artillery, serving as infantry, under the command of Gen. French, to proceed from Fort McHenry and Washington to Martinsburg, wliere they arrived on the morning of the 19th. The presence of the military overawed the strikers and prevented violence. The trains might now have been sent on had not the threats of the strikers so intimidated those wiio would have served that they were afraid to come forward, and only two trains were moved that day, one eastward, which ; reached Baltimore in safety, and one westward, which was again stopped at Keyser. By this time the strike had e.xtended to the Ohio Division of the road, and alarming reports were re- ceived as to the intentions of the men on the Pitts- burgh and other Western roads, among the rest the Fort Wayne and Chicago, the Lake Shore, Michigan Southern, Ohio and Mississippi, etc. The Western Division of the Pennsylvania was blocked, and there was trouble on the Eric. Troops were called out in both Pennsylvania and New York. The apparently vast extent of the combination caused extreme alarm, and there was an almost total paralysis of trade in Baltimore and the towns along the road. The direct loss was also very great, many of the cars detained being loaded with perishable goods, and others with live-stock that were dying of hunger and thirst. Thus far no act of malicious violence had been j done, and it is probable that, beyond the stopping of the trains, none was originally intended, and even i this design was confined to a part of the whole force. But, as is always the case, the turbulent and unruly, the vicious and idle gathered around the strikers, swelled their forces, and could not be restrained from violence and outrage. In Cumberland a mob collected around the iissembled trains, broke them open, and did much mischief, threatening to destroy all the railroad property there. The aspect of things was so alarming that Governor Carroll on the 20th ordered Gen. James R. Herbert, of the Maryland National Guard, to proceed to Cumberland with the Fifth Regi- ment of militia. On receipt of this order Gen. James R. Herbert ordered that regimen l to assemble at its armory and be ready to march at six o'clock. The Si.xth Regi- ment, Col. Clarence Peters, was also notified to be in readine-ss at its armory in case of need. To hasten the assembling of the men, at about six o'clock the military call (1 — 5 — 1) was sounded from the City Hall and fire-bells. The streets were at this time thronged with people, and at the alarm-signal great crowds rushed to the armories, showing by their ac- tions and shouts their sympathy with the strikers. The Fifth Regiment, turning out about two hun- dred and fifty men, filed out of their armory about seven o'clock, and took up their line of march for Camden Station. They were a fine-looking body of men, of most soldierly bearing, always favorites with the Baltimoreans, and on their starting were greeted with applause by the assembled crowd. As they pro- ceeded, however, a different temper began to show itself, the crowds on the sidewalk hooting and insult- ing them. At the corner of Eutaw and Lombard Streets there was an immense and angry throng that received them with a volley of bricks and stones, which was kept up for about two squares. Capt. Zollinger, the officer in command, gave orders not to fire, and with admirable discipline the men remained cool and marched as if on parade under a rain of missiles by which several were badly hurt. At the corner of Camden Street the street was blockaded by a crowd of roughs determined to allow no passage. The men halted for a moment, by order, and fixed their bayonets. Capt. Zollinger, drawing his sword, ordered the crowd to open and let his men pass, but he was answered by a volley of bricks. The next moment the men with leveled bayonets charged at the double-quick, and clove their way right through the throng into the station, where they entered the cars which were ready for them. During this march about twenty-five of their number had been injured. At about the same hour, seven p.m., the armory of the Sixth Regiment, at the northwest corner of Fay- ette and Front Streets, was surrounded by an excited crowd, which in about half an hour blocked up the streets leading to it with a dense mass of shouting men and boys. From time to time those nearest the building let fly a volley of stones at the windows amid loud hurrahs. Col. Peters, wishing to protect the guard at the door, withdrew them into the build- ing, and the mob, looking on this as a mark of fear, renewed their attack with increased fury. OflScers and men endeavoring to make their way to the ar- mory were knocked down and very roughly handled. The windows by this time were all shattered, and the audacity of the mob was increasing every moment. A large police-force came upon the ground, but soon saw that they could do nothing against such a host. Three companies, however, — B, Capt. Duffy, F, Capt. Fallon, and I, Capt. Tapper, — which had been detailed for duty, determined to make the attempt at all hazards to force their way to Camden Station. With muskets loaded they descended the stairs ; the doors were thrown open for them to march out, when they were saluted with such a furious storm of stones and bricks that they were driven back into the ar- mory. Again they ventured out, and again they were met by a storm of missiles, severely injuring several of the men. Upon this they opened fire upon the mob, which recoiled before the bullets and allowed them to pass. Companies I and F took the way of Front and Baltimore Streets, and B by way of Front and Gay, thus dividing the force. Companies I and F were followed and accompanied by a dense and infuriated crowd that repeatedly at- tacked them, the soldiers replying by an irregular fire, so that the rattle of musketry, the crash of broken windows, and the yells of the crowd mingled in fright- MOBS AND RIOTS. 793 fill dissonance. Here and there lay wounded and bleeding men along the line of march, and more than one corpse was stretched on the sidewalk. Of the crowd, ten were killed and about twenty-five wounded.' The soldiers had about twelve wounded before they reached the station. The excitement wiis now so great that, at the re- quest of the mayor, Governor John Lee Carroll re- voked the order for the military to proceed to Cum- berland, and they remained at the depot, which was surrounded by an immense and raging crowd, furious for revenge, and shouting "Hang them!" "Shoot them !" " Burn them out !" with storms of oaths and curses. The police were mustered in force and sta- tioned on the streets surrounding the fence of the depot, where they did good service in keeping back the mob. As has been before noted, there was seen a certain reluctance on the part of the rioters to at- tack the police, though their rage at the soldiers was indescribable. The latter were drawn up on the plat- forms, aware of the danger, and ready to meet it. About ten o'clock eye-witnesses estimated the crowd at about fifteen thousand persons. The spirit of mischief was rapidly rising. They had already destroyed several engines and burned three passenger- cars. Presently they set fire to the south end of the pas- senger platform. The alarm was sounded, and the fire- engines hurried up and began pumping, but several of them were attacked and driven off by the mob. It was a most critical moment. Had the fire gained a little more headway the whole station, with an immense amount of property in cars and merchandise, would have been destroyed. The soldiers, in desperation, would have been compelled to attack the mob with both lead and steel, and the blazing buildings would have lighted up a scene that one shudders to imagine. The police, however, did manful service, driving back the crowd at the muzzles of their revolvers, and the firemen, who also had shown great courage and dis- cipline, succeeded in extinguishing the flames, though not before much damage had been done. A consider- able part of the roof and one of the small oflBces were burned, as well as three passenger-cars and a locomo- tive, creating such a blaze that great alarm was ex- cited in the city, where it was feared that the attempt might be made to produce a general conflagration. Scarcely had the depot been extinguished when a tire-alarm was sounded in South Baltimore, where a switch-house and several cars were burned. The mob here resisted the police and firemen, and several per- sons were wounded in the skirmish. While the depot was burning and alarm was at its highest Governor Carroll telegraphed to President Hayes, asking the assistance of the United States forces. The President promptly responded, and or- dered Gen. Vincent, assistant adjutant-general, to 1 The following persons were kiUed : TliomasV. Byrne, Wm. Hauraud, Patrick Uill, Cornelius Murphy, Lewis Zwarowitch, John H. Frank, George McDonald, Otto Mauecke, John Kiueliardt, a[id Mark .1. Doud. summon troops and artillery from Fort McHenry. Troops were also ordered from Fortress Monroe, Fort Columbus, and Washington to report to Maj.-Gen. Hancock, at Baltimore, to act under the orders of Governor Carroll. During the night, however, the mob dispersed, and it became evident that the State and city authorities, with the force under their imme- diate command, would be sufficient to preserve the peace, and this fact was communicated to Secretary of War McCreary. The uneasiness, however, and apprehension still continued. During the night there were frequent alarms of fire, kindled by detached parties of the riot- ers. An attempt was made to burn one of the com- pany's barges at Fell's Point, and about midnight a train of oil-cars a little beyond the city limits was burned. Early on Sunday morning a lumber-yard and sash-factory in the southeastern part of the city was entirely consumed. About ten o'clock on this (Sunday) morning a crowd numbering several thousand again assembled at Camden Statioa. A large police force was sum- moned, which at once charged the mob under a heavy fire of pistol-shots and a rain of missiles, and captured a number of the most conspicuous rioters, who were taken into the station and placed in charge of the military reserve there under arms and ready to repel an attack. These charges were repeated from time to time, and about two hundred ruffians were thus secured. No railroad men were among them. The station at this time presented a most exciting scene, with the furious cries and attacks of the mob, the charges of the police, the struggles and resistance of their prisoners, and the frantic attempts of their friends to rescue them. Before the disciplined cour- age and coolness of the police the mob finally gave way and dispersed. The force.at the station had been increased by a battalion of United States marines from Washington and a small battery of artillery, but they were not called into action, though as a guard they did good service. Gen. Hancock and his staff" reached Baltimore on Sunday morning. During that and the previous day nearly two thousand United States troops, with about six hundred marine.s, were concentrated in the city under his orders, and, in addition, the Fifth and Sixth Maryland Regiments were ordered to recruit to their maximum strength of one thousand men each. Two new regiments and a battery of artillery were organ- ized and equipped within a few days. Five hundred special policemen were appointed. A guard was sent from Fort McHenry to protect the custom-house, post-office, and bonded warehouses. The revenue cutter " Ewing," with a battery of Gatling guns and a detachment of infantry from the fort, protected the railroad elevators at Locust Point. These efficient measures paralyzed the rioters, and the strike, which had begun on the 16th, was at an end in Maryland on the 28d, having lasted just a week. In 794 HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. other parts of the country far greater excesses were committed, but with them we have uotliing to do. A slight disturbance was attempted on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, but it was promptly checked, and by the 28th of the month the traffic of the city was renewed without interruption. Much, and to some extent undeserved, censure was cast upon the Si.xtli Regiment (afterwards disbanded) for their firing upon the mob, and their conduct was contrasted with the admirable self-restraint and cool- ness of the Fifth. Certainly the latter regiment be- haved most gallantly, and won universal praise. The excellent conduct of the police also entitled them to the gratitude of the citizens, and justified the offi- cial letter of commendation of the Governor. It is true the damage done by the rioters and the costs incurred in suppressing the riots amounted to a large sum, but still so small, when compared with what might have been the case, that Baltimoreans consid- ered that they escaped at a cheap rate from a terrible peril. CHAPTER XLV. I!AI,T1MURE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY.! The following is a record of prominent citizens of Baltimore City and County who have died during the past century : Albert, Hon. Wm. J., Teh. 29, 1879, ill his 6.i6, aged 67. Alcock, Edward J., Doc. 28, 1830. A nderson, (^ol. Richard, officer of the Revolution, June 22, 1836, aged 74. Allendcr, Dr. Joseph, Feb. 8, l*i4, in bis 64th year. Ackerman, George, Oct 26, 18:t4, in his 6.")lh year. Allen, Prof. John, A.M., Professor of Mathematics In the University of Maryland, Marsh 16, 1830, in his Tlst year. Allen, Paul, Aug. 19, 1826. Allen, Robert D., Aug. 5, 1823. Andiews, Drs. Thomas and Kphroim, Dec. 20, 1783. Anderson, Joseph, merchant, March 29, 1789, aged 39. Aniolung, John Frederick, glass manufacturer, Nov. 21, 1798. Anspach, Henry N., merchant, June 20, 1799. Allison, Rev. Dr., of the First Presbyterian Church, Sept. 11, 1802. Aisqulth, Wm., May 7, 1804. Agnew, Edward, April 27, 1804. Altken, Dr. Andrew, late U. S. navy, April 9, ISH-j. Armour, David, Nov. 11, 1810. Aisqulth, Edward, Feb. 2;t, 1815, aged 30. Asbury, , May 19, 1816. Augustine, Henry, Jan. 31, 1818, in his 71st year. Allston, Henry, Nov. 9, 1820, aged 40. Anthony, Rev. Maik, Feb. 2, 1881, aged 71. Adair, Robert, Oct. 12, 1768. Addison, Robert, Mnrcli 26, 1881. Adrian, Wm , March 16, 1881. Armstrong, George B , May 23, 1881. Bennett. F. W., auctioneer, Feb. 14, 1880, in his 6lBt year. Block, John, wholesale druggist, Jan. 30, 1880, in his Olst year. Bevan, Samuel, dry -goods merchant. May 10, 1879, aged 76. Boone, Col. Wm. M., Jan. 23, 1879, aped 42. Burns, Francis, Sr., president of Eut«w Saviug«.Bank, Dec. 28, 1879, io his 88th yeai-. Brown, J. Huruian, register of wills, Nov. 23, 1879, in his 7l8t year. Barry, Gen. Wm. F., U.S.A., July 18, 1879, in his 6l8t year. Baker, Heury J., druggist and manufacturer, February, 1878. Brown, John 8., cily librarian, March 21, 1878, in his 68th year. Brune, Frederick W., lawyer, July 18, 1878, aged 65. Ball, Rev. Dabney, of the M. E. Church South, Feb. 15, 1879, in his 57th year. Baker, 11 • i . t > i I i t Ti-l .ruary, 1878 ; born in 1808. BhuRlcit : I \> I, .\ug. 29, 1877, in hU 49th year. Bishu]., 1' : i III — liun Race-course, March 30, 1877. Bayley, A. I i i, i I , , 1; , of the Catholic Church, Oct. 3, 1877. Belt, S. SpngK, i;is]iiir of the Franklin Bank, Aug. 2, 1877, aged 45. Blumenberg, Gen. Leopold, Aug. 12, 1876, aged 49. Brasheare, Z. D., secretary Poor Association, Aug. 12, 1876, in bis 74th Brand, Alexander J., merchant, Nov. 8, 1876, aged .60. Brown, Jos., late secretary Gas Company, Jan. 11, 1876, in his 79th year. Buchanan, Hon. Jas., lawyer, Aug. 23, 1876, in his 79th year. Burrilmm, Capt. Eiujcli, ship-master, March, 1876, aged 84. Boyd, Wm. A , tobacco merchant, Sept. 19, 1875, in bis 60th year. Banks, Daniel B., merchant, Jan. 28, 1876, in bis 81st year. Bull, Ednuinil, journalist, Dec. 22, 1875, aged 06. Baird, Rev. Thomas D., November, 1875; born in 1819. Boyd, F. H. B., May 16, 1875, in his 65th year. Brooke, Rev. John D. (colored), bishop of the African M. E. Zion Church, . Feb. 28, 1875, in his 08th year. Batcnmn, Heury L , theatrical manager, March 23, 1876, in his 65th year. Hose, Williiim, journalist, Dec. 22, 1876, in his 79tli year. Burnett, Capt. Jos. P., ship-master, April 11, 1874, in his 72d year. Bcaclmm, John S., ship-builder, Feb. 18, 1874, iu bis 62d year. Bailey, Capt. Edwin, ship-master, Aug. 30, 1874, in his 78th year. Bartlett, George, merchant, Feb. 15. 1874, aged 82. Bateman, Judge A. W., Aug. 11, 1874, aged about 60. Brown, Frank, actor, Juno 5, 1874. Bon/.iuger, Col. Matthias, July 15, 1874, in his 75th year. Bolton, Hugh, merchant, Apnl 9, 1874, aged 75. Buchanan, Jas. E., lawyer. May 21, 1873, in bis 60th year. Blent, Robert J., lawyer, Feb. 4, 1872, in his Olst year. Barney, Mary Chase, widow of Wm. B. Harney, and daughter of Samuel Chase, June 30, 1872, in hor SKtIi year. Bowers, Ciipt. Thomius, commanded " Law Grays," Dec. 22, 1872, in lila Broughton, Capt. Joseph D., Bhi|>-iniistor, April 8, 1872. Busk, John, journalist, April 17, 1872, aged 87. Bond, Dr. Thomas E., Aug. 20, 1872, in his 6»th year. Boyd, Jidin, merchant, Aug. 30, 1871. BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. Brady, Samuel, ex-mayor, Dec. 8, 1871, aged 82. Breckenridge, Rev. Eobt. J., December, 1871, in liis 72d year. Blake, Rev. Samuel Vinton, of the M. E. Church, May 9, 1871, aged 58. Byrne, William, politician, April 8, 1870. Beltzhoover, Col. Daniel, mueician and army officer, November, 1870. Berry, John W., lawtyer, Nov, 5. 1869. Briine, John W., dry-goods merchant, March 5, 1868. Buchanan, James, Aug. 8, 1868, in his 79th year. Brandt, ('apt. Frederick 11., brewer, Sept. 28, 1868, aged about 60. Burnet, Elder D. S., for ao years pastor of the First Christian Church, July 11,1867. Beacham, John, merchant, Aug. 13, 1867. in his 58th year. Brown, George, merchant, Jan. 21, 18G7, in his 8Gth year. Beale, Capt. Wm. E., builder, Feb. 5, 1867, aged 56. Baker, William, hardware merchant, Feb. 4, 1867, aged 67 Baker, William, manufacturer, March 0, 1867, aged 86. Bayly, llichard P., journalist, Jan. 28, 1S67, aged 56. Barnum, Ann Kirby, wife of David Barnum, Nov. 14, 1866, in her 92d Bond, James, Dec. 28, 1866, in his 76th year. Brufr, Jas. M., dry-goods merchant, July 22, 186G, aged 42. Buckler, Dr. John, Feb. 24, 1806, aged 71. Barry, .John L., "Old Defender," Oct. 19, 1866, in his 73d year. Baughner, Josiah L., merchant, Dec. 2, 1866, aged about 53. Bend, Mary Boiidinot, wife of Rev. Jos. G. J. Bend, Oct. 29, 1804. Brown, Elizabeth, wife of Valentine, May 25, 1809. Brown, James. Jan. 31, 1811. Buchanan, Anilrew, merchant, Oct. 3, 1811. Brown, John Dixon, July 28, 1811. Brown, Sarah, wife of Stewart, Aug. 23, 1811. Bolaskie, Henry, June.ll, 1811. Baxley, Mary, wife of John Baxley, Nov. 20, 1812. Bend, Rev. Jos. G. J., rector of St. Paul's Church, Sept. 15, 1812, aged 51. Boyd, Mary, wife of Andrew Boyd, Aug. 31, 1813, aged 76. Bankson, Col. John, an officer of the Revolution, June 5, 1814. Baker, William, merchant, Dec. 30, 1816, in his 68th year. Buchanan, Eljzabetb, wife of James A., Aug. 21, 1815. Bigger, Gilbert, jeweler, Nov. 6, 1816, in his 66th year. Brown, Maj. Moses, Sept. 13, 1817. Becker, Rev. Dr. Cliriitian L., July 12, 1818, in his 63d year. Bollman, Thomas, Aptil 17, 1819, aged 44. Brice, John, July 2U, IS20, aged 82. Bryden, James, April 11, 1820, aged 50. Biays, Col. Joseph, Oct. 4, 1820, aged 68. Bankson, Mrs. Elizabeth, June 29, 1821. Burueston, Isaac, Oct. 14, 1821. Baird, Prof. Thos. D., LL.D., Principal and Professor of Moral Philosophy in Baltimore City College, July 10, 1873, aged 54. Bonaparte, Jerome Napoleon, June 17, 1870. Brune, Frederick W., 1860, aged 84. Brune, John Christian, first prest. Maryland Sugar Refinery, Dec 7, 1863. Buchanan, Andrew, March 12, 1796. Buchanan, Dr. George, one of the Board of Commissioners, May, 1750. Buchanan, William, of George, Dec. 19, 1824. Buchanan, William, Revolutionary army, Sept. 19, 1804, aged 72. Baldwin, Thomas, Aug. 22, 1881, aged 60. Bonaparte, Mrs. Susan A., Sept. 16, 1881. Beckett, Thomas, July, 4, 1881. Baldereou, Jacob, Aug. 26, 1881. Baldwin, Thomas P., Aug. 21, 1881. Barrotti, Rev. Felix, of St. Augustine's Church, March 2, 1881. Brown, Wm. A., March 26, 1881. Block, M. 0., Jan. 30, 1880. Brown, George, banker, Aug. 26, 1859. Brown, Stewart, Feb. 2, 1880. Brown, John A., Philadelphia banker, Feb. 28, 1873. Brown, James, banker, Nov. 1, 1877. Bliss, Maj. Horace, Nov. 4, 1878. Brewerton, Gen. Henry, April 17, 1879. Barrett, John M., Oct. 16, 1819. Boggs, Samuel S., Oct. 24, 1879. Bowen, Hon. Levi, Aug. 1, 1871. Brian, James, Dec. 17, 1812, aged 89. Wm., Dec. 20, 1824. , Susan, May, Sept. 18, 1881. Brown, .Samuel J., May 16, 1881. Brocchus, Perry E., judge, Aug. 5, 1880. Black, James, April 5, 1881. Brune, Fred. W., July 19, 1878. Bland, Chancellor, Nov. 18, 1846. Bell, Dr. Ephraim, Angust, 1875. wife of Johl BentJilon, Col. Paul, I , S. marshal and late of Pula«ki Legion. Dec. 10, 1821). Benson, Capt. James, July 19, 1826, aged 61. Barry, George, sou of Standish, Nov. 27, 1826, in his 3.id year. Boyle, Capt. Thomas, November, 1825. Buck, Mrs. Dorcus, April 7, 1824, aged 77. Bantz, Dr. William, March 10, 1823, in his 34th year. Buchanan, Lloyd, Dec. 16, 1823, in liis 50th year. Brazer, Samuel, one of the editors of the Ptilriot, Feb. 24, 1823, in his 40th year. Bennett, Capt. Thomas B., ship-master, April 24, 1822. Barry, Lavallin, June 17, 1822, in his 53d year. Brown, Josiah, merchant, April 30, 1822, in his 67th year. Buchanan, Archibald, merchant, August. 1785. Buchanan, Hon. Andrew, March 12, 1786. Brereton, Capt. Thos., insurance broker and notary public, Nov. 15,1787. Biddle, Elizabeth, wife of Hon. Edward B., of Pa., Aug. 8, 1789. Brown, George, second son of Alexander Brown, Aug. 26, 1859. Bowley. Elizabeth, wife of Richard, Jan. 21, 1793, in 68th year. Bowley, Ann, wife of Daniel, Jan. 8, 1793, aged 36. Belt, Walter, ciiptain, Feb. 12, 1798. Buckler, John, merchant, June 4, 1799. Butler, Ann, Aug. 4, 1804. Buchanan, Ann, wife of .\ndrew, and daughter of Thomas McKean, Governor of Pennsylvania, May 27, 1804. Barney, Rebecca, wife of William B., Feb. 16, 1807. Bowley, Daniel, Nov. 12,1807, aged 63. Barney, Ann, wife of Com. Barney, July 26, 1808. Brown, Valentine, Oct. 3, 1810, in his 78th year. Bantz, John, Oct. 27, 1810, aged 60. Buchanan, Capt. George, Nov. 12, 1810, aged 70. Barnaby, Elius, June 26, 1812. Bosley, Greenbury, April 1, 1814, aged 76. Barry, Col. Standish, Assistant U. S. Treasurer, Oct. 20, 1806, in his 70th year. (His elder brother, John L. Barry, died the day before, in his 73d year.) Brune, John Christian, njerchant, Dec. 7, 1865. Barnum, Jenus, civil engineer, April 6, 1865, aged 55. Baudel, George S., February, 1864. Breckenridge, Mrs., the mother of John C, Oct. 8, 1864. Benteeu, F. D,, music publisher, Jan. 22, 1864, aged 51. Bull, Lieut. Randolph, of U.S.V., May, 1864. Benjamin, Park, author, Sept. 12, 1864, in his 55th year. Burns, Bishop Francis (colored), of the M. E. Church, April, 1863. Bradenbaugh, Charles, president of the Mercantile Library Association, April 16 (?), 1862, in his 43d year. Bowers, Capt., June, 1862. Byra, Col. Francis Otway, " Old Defender," May, 1862, in his 70th year. Baker, Charles, '■ Old Defender," Oct. 28, 1862, in his 70th year. Barling, Jos., one of the publishera of the Chronicle, Nov. 2, 1861, aged 74. Brewer, George G., June S, 1861, about 60. Boyd, Joseph C, lawyer, Aug. 6, 1861, aged 43. Balderstou, Hugh, merchant, June, 1860, in his 78th year. Brune, Frederick William, merchant, Nov. 9, 1860, in his 85th year. Bier, Jacob, president of the Marine Bank, March 6, 1859, in his 7Sth Bevane, Isaac H., lawyer, Dec. 7, 1859. Buruap, Rev. G. W., pastor of the First Unitarian Church, Sept. 8, 1859. Boyd, Samuel, Sr., ex-city commissioner, Nov. 26, 1858. Burke, Col. Nicholas, an "Old Defender." Oct. 9, 1858, in his 77th year. Barney, Hon. John, ex-member of Congress, Jan. 26, 1857, in his 72d Babb, Col. Peter, of the First Maryland Rifle Begin 1857. Blakeney, A. R., ex-city commissioner, Jan. 26, 1856. Baltzell, Philip, merchant, July 20, 18,56, aged 65. Boggs, Alexander L., merchant, Aug. 12, 18!i6, in his 64th y Berry, Col. John, "Old Defender," Oct. 17, 1856, in his 65th Baker, Wm. George, lawyer, Oct. 10, 18.65, in his 46th year. Bland, Sarah, wife of the chancellor, Feb. 11, 1854. Birckhead, Hugh, merchant, Jan. 22, 1S63, in his 65th year. militia, Aug. 16, HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTy, MARYLAND. Boyle, Wm. K., Aug. 2U, IMS. Bwtli, Junius BrutuB, actor, Dec. 3, 1852; liorn May I, 1796. Beatty, James, morclianl, Oct. 6, 1851, aged 81. Broadbent, Kev. Stephen, of tlie M. E. Churcli, March 0, 1849, aged 82. Beltslioorer, Georgi-, liutel-kcoper, Nov. 25, 1848, in bis '5111 year. Bucl<, BeiOaniin, mercliaut, Oct. 14, 1848, about 68. Bloxham, Winsboro, formerly one of llie editors of tlie Sun, AngUMt, 1848* Barnuiu, Maj. E. Kirby, U.S.A., Dec. 1, 1847, aged 51. Bland, Hon. Thoodoriolt, chancellor of the State, Nov. 10, 1846, born Dec. 6, 1776. Barrow, Hon. Alex., U. S. senator from Louisiana, Dec. 29, 1846. Baruum, David, proprietor of Ilarnum's Hotel, May lU, 1844, in his 74th Barry, Col. Standish, jeweler, Nov. 6, 1844, aged 81. Bultzell, Thonuis, merchant, March 4, 1843, in his 6;)d year. Baker, Dr. Samuel G., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the University of Maryland, Aug. 10, 1841. Birckbead, Dr. Solomon, Nov. 3U, 1836, in his 77th year. Burrel, Charles, May 3, 1836, in his 73d year. Burrel, Chas., ex-postmaster of Baltimore, May 2, 1836, in his 73d year. Baker, Dr. Samuel, eminent physician, Oct. 16, 1835, aged 50. Brown, Alexander, April, 1834. Bedell, Kev. Gregory T., D.D., of the Episcopal Church, August, 1834. Brown, Stewart, October, 1832, in bis 64tb year. Buchanan, Lieut. Thomas McKean, U. S. navy, Nov. 4, 1832. Buchanan, H., wife of the late William, Nov. 4, 18;J2, in her 63d year. Boyle, Daniel, postmaster, Dec. 5, 183U, in his 66th year. Barry, Matilda, wife of Standish, Jr., late of Baltimore, Oct. 12, 1830. Bouldin, Col. John, May 5, 1830, in his 70tb year. Birckbead, Jane, wife of Dr. Birckbead, Sept. 14, 1S29, in her 72d year. Baltaell, Mary, wife of Jaci>b, Aug. 26, 1829, aged 77. Brown, William, Oct. 2, 1829, in his 55th year. Barney, Margaret, wife of Wm. B., Aug. 31, 1829. Bolte, Uenrj-, Nov. 1, 1827, in his 6l6t year. Brice, James E., consul of Cape Haytien, Aug. U, 1827. Clayton. James W , public official, Feb. 8, 1880, aged 45. Cohen, Col. Menilez I., retired banker, May 7, 1879, aged 83. Canfield, Im C, jeweler, Dec. 6, 1879. Cusbing, Joseph, Jr , publisher, July 6, 1879. Carpenter, Kev. L. B., pastor of Jackson Square M. E. Church, Nov. 20, 1S79, born in 1839. Carson, David, builder. May 27. 1878. Chase, Algernon S., dry-goods merchant, June 13, 1878, in his 70th year. Cockrill, Dr. James J., .luly 13, 1878, in his 64tb year. Carroll, Henry, Aiuil 7, 1877, aged 80. Chandler, Col. I). T., librarian of Law Library, Oct. 13, 1877, aged 57. Carey, Wilsmi M., Jan. 9, 1877, in his 7l8t year. Callaway, Rev. Charles M., of the Episcopal Church, April II, 1877, in Campbell, Kuss, dry-goods merchant, March Carroll, Mary Lee, wife of Kobt. Goodloe Ha Clarke, Daniel, lawyer. May 1, 1876, aged 41. Crichton, William, merchant. Dec. 28, 1875, aged 62. Cohen, Israel, banker, June 3, 1875, in his S5th year. Chappell, Philip S., prest. 3d Nat. Bank, May 21, 1875, in his 45th year. Counselman. Col. J. U., of First Maryland Cavalry, February, 1875. Crowley, Kev. Wm. S., of the Baplisl Clmrcli, Jan. 1875; born in 1825. Creery.Prol. Wm. Kufu8,supt. ol m nu n i,, M.,v I, I s7.i, in bis 51st year. Clackner, Capt. Job., ship-mast- 1^ ^ n > _ I . l, m bis 97th year. Croat, Hezekiah, tiuner, Oct. J ' i i i>.;ir. Colton, William, real estate bruk- . n, i. jt,^ i -ti^ i,i his 64th year. Caton, Louise, Duchess of Leeds, and daughter of the late Klchard Caton, April 8, 1874. Colt, Koswell L., soniii-law of the late Robert Oliver, Nov. 23, 1873. Carroll, James, ex-congressman, January, 1873,. aged 81. Cummiskoy, Eugene, lawyer, Nov. 6, 1873, in his 45tli year. ColviD, Richard, Dec. 10, 1872, in his 54tli year. Cator, Benj. F., merchant, Jan. 4, 1872, in his 50th year. Cooper, Col. Jas. M., October, 1872, in bis 05th year. Choae, Daniel, shipping merchant, July 26, 1872, aged 70. Carter, Chas. H., July 15, 1872, aged 68. Casaady, Rev. Francis Stunsbury, of the M. E. Church, Nov. 22, 1872. Coskery, Very Rev. Dr. Henry Benedict, Feb. 27, 1872, aged 65. Conine, William C, merchant. May 25, 1871, aged 70. Clark, Wm. U., local editor of the Suu, May 21, 1871. Cleoim, BIrs. Maria, the mother-in-law and aunt of Edgar Allen Poe, Feb. 16, 1871, in her 81st .vear. gh, Capl. Robt. C, shi|>-master, Nov. 2, 1871, aged 62. { (>>wpland, Capt. Wm. S., ship-master, Dec. 10, 1871, aged 81. : Cbesnut, Wm^ grocery merchant, Jan. 3, 1871, in bis 65lh year. Coates, John, lumber merchant. .Sept. 24, 1871, in his 72d year. I Cannon, Capt. Jamea, steamboatman, April 22, 1871, aged about 66. I Cummins, Jonathan P., Sept. 7, 1871. aged about 50. j Clark, Capt. Ray S., ship-master, Aug. 2:<, 1870. Carroll, Cliarles R., Aug. 12, 1870, in his 71st year. , Carriss, Sampson, Dec. 22, 1870, in his 67th year. ' Cooper, Hugh A., ship-builder. Nov. 11, 1870, in his 60tb year. ' Connolly, John F., marble-worker, Jan. 12, 1809. Carson, Tliomas J., banker and merchant, filay 11, 1869. Cochran. Thomas J., ico merchant, April 20, 1869. Carroll, St. John, merchant, Dec. 28, 1669. Cohen, Jacob I., president of the Baltimore Fire Insurance Co., April 7, I 1869. aged 80. Cook, Capt. James H., Feb. 22, 1869, aged 58. Car}-, William F., merchant, Sept. 23, 1868. Claggett, William Brewer, March, 1868. Campbell, James Mason, lawyer, June 21, 1868, aged about 60 yean. Campbell, Col. John Turfman, June 8, 1867, aged 84. Carson, Jos., provision merchant, Aug. 12, 1867. Cole, Col. Wm. H., public officer. May 4, 1867, aged 52. Conkling, Capt. Wm. H., ship-master, Dec. 1, 1867, aged 79. Clark, Jolin, president of the Citizens' Bank, June, 13, 1867, aged 80. Crane, Wm., leather merchant, Sept. 28, 1866, aged 77. Cassell, James, builder, Dec. I, 1866, aged 86. Caugbcy, Jlichaei, June 16, 1866, in bis 75th year. Cochran, Judge Morris, of the Court of Appeals, Dec. 16, 1866, in bis 47th year. Child, Capt. Samuel, mariner, Sept. 19, 1866, in hie 75th year. Cook, John F., printer, March 30, 1806, in his 85th year. Couain, Louis, president of the French Society, Feb. 11, 1865. Chase, Thorndike, Oct. 5, 1864. Coloney, Maj. J. B., Ist Maryland Infantry, killed at Petersburg, Va., Oct. 9, 1864. Cockey, Charles, April 23, 1821, in his 62d year. Coulter, Mary, wife of Dr. John, July 21, 1822, aged 56. Chamier, Daniel, ox-sheriff, Nov. 27, 1778. Carroll, Miss, only child of Charles Carroll, barrister, 1780. Corntliwait, Mary, wife of John, Feb. 12, 1781. Croxall, Charles, June, 1782. Carroll, Charles, of Mount Clare, barrister, March 23, 17S3, aged 69. Cromwell, Stephen, April 9, 1783. Courtenay, Sarah, wife of Herculea, September, 1785. Croxall, Richard, May 11, 1785. i Carroll, Rachel, wife of Daniel, a merchant, Dec. 18, 1788. j Cohen, Benjamin I., Aug. 18, 1845. Crockett, Benjamin, merchant, April 22, 1792. ! Cradock,Katlierine,widowof Rev.Thos.Cradock,of St. Thomas' pariah, Baltimore County, Aug. 19, 1793. Colvin, Patrick, Dec. 3, 1796. Claybind, Thos. E., Dec. 4, 1797. Casenove, Stephen, merchant, July 27, 1797. Claypoole, Septimus, proprietor Dailtj Advertiser, Oct. 15, 1798. CouaUble, George, merchant, July 29, 1799. Calhoun, Ann, wife of James, mayor of BalUmore, March 4, 1799. Cox, Catherine, wife of James, Feb. 10, 1799. Cruse, Jacob, April 20, 1799. Cruse, Rosina, wife of Christopher, June 27, 1799. Colvin, Daniel, M.D., April 10, 1803. Cuddy, Rev. Michael, Catholic, St. Patrick's Church, Oct. 5, 1804. Carroll, Henry Hill, Oct. 26, 1804. Cromwell, Richard, Aug. 25, 1804. Carson, Richard, July 8, 1805, aged 80. Crane, licnjaniiii, merchant, October, 1804. Craft, Charles II., journalist, Oct. 22, 1864, in his 35th year. Campbell, Archibald, June 13, 1863, aged 67. Carroll, Judith Carter, wife of Richard Carroll, Jan. 13, 1863, in her 89th year. Cooper, Brig.-Gen., March 28, 1863, aged 60. Courtney, Rev. Patrick, of the Catholic Church, March 0, 1863, aged 7S. Chabot, G. II., Oct. 2, 1863. Chew. Dr. JNimuel, Dec. 25, 1863, in his .">8th year. I Child, William, merchant. February, 1862, in hU 83d year. I Canton, Rev. KJ., of St. Agnus' Church, CatousTille, June 4, 1862, in BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. Cousin, Hon. John M. S., lawyer, Jan. 3U, 1861. Crow, Mary E,, wife of John T. Crow, and daughter of Capt. Jonas Owens, of Cecil County, Sept. 11, 1860. Cotterell, Capt. Henry W., " Old Defender," July, 1860, in his 82d year. Carter, John H., hanker, March 12, 1859. Clark, Rev. Stephens (colored), of the M. E. Church, April 30, 1859. Cloud, Jessie, July 12, 1858. Canhy, James, May 24, 1858, in his 74th year. Cassard, Gilbert, Sr., nierchanl, Nov. 16, 1857, in his 75th year. Cruse, Henry Stansbury, editor, Dec. 29, 1857, in his 62d year. Crawford, Rev. John, pastor of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Sept. ■i, 1866, in his 29th year. Cappeau, Joseph, Nov. 1 6, 1855, Clarke, Wm. B. C, ex-State senator, April 14, 1856, aged 38. • Constable, Judge Albert, Aug. 22, 1855. Campbell, Col. B. U., banker, April 28, 1865, aged about 60. Carr, Dabney S., naval officer, March 24, 1854, in his 52d year. Chanibera, John Thomas, journalist, March 18, 1854, aged 26. Cochran, Wm. H., importer of ice, Nov. 24, 1853. Clark, Nelson, merchant. May 11. 1852, in his 57th year. Chappell, Philip S., manufacturer. May 12, 1852, in his 52d year. Gushing, Joseph, publisher, Aug. 3, 1852, aged 71. Crawford, Alfred, of the P. W. & B. R. li., July, 1851. Cook, Kev. Jas. M., pastor of Calvert Universalist Church, Aug. 14, 1850. Calder, James, Aug. 11, 1808, iii his 79th year. Christie, Gabriel, collector of the port, April 1, 1808, in his 57th year. Colver, Capt. Stephen, Feb. 9, 1809. Carnan, Charles, Jan. 19, 1809. Connor, Rebecca, wife of Daniel, merchant, Oct. 15, 1810, in her 39th Chase. .Samuel, .signer i>f the Declaration of Independence and Judge of llir 1 . - 111. ml r.iint, June 20, ISIl. Cani| I 1 I I .l^inies, July 19, 1812. Clark, 1. ,11,1, h,-,-. li, 1812. Cockfj, ill .111.1- Ji:.n. A|iril3, 1813, aged 51. Cocke, Di. James, rnjfcasor of Anatomy in the University of Maryland, Oct. 2.5, 1813. Clark, James, April 30, 1814, aged 80. Comegys, John, merchant, July 9, 1814. Coale, John, Jan. 11, 1817, aged 34. Cooke, William, July 24, 1817, aged 71. " Coale, William, Jan. 5, 1817, aged CI. Chalmers, John, late sheriff, June 19, 1817, aged 67. Calhoun, James, first mayor of Baltimore, Aug. 12, 1816, aged 73. Caldwell, Dr. John, March 20, 1820, aged 26. Cole, Samuel, July 21, 1821. Cockey, Col. Joseph F.. Oct. 9, 1821. Chew, Dr. Samuel, eminent physician, Dec. 26, 1863. Canby, E. K., journalist, Nov. 9, 1880. Caton, Richard, who married the eldest daughter of Charles Carroll, May 19, 1845, aged 82. Claxton, Com. Ale.\auder, March 7, 1841, at Talcahauna, on board the U. S. ship " Ci.nstitution." Carroll, Charles, at Annapolis, May 29, 1782. Cooper, Dr. Lehman A., at Raton, N. M., May 28, 1881 ; interred in Green- mount Cemetery, in tlie lot of his sister, Mrs. Gen. J. W. Tyson. Cugle, Edwin, Sept. 26, 1881. Cothus, Wm. H., June 3, 1881. Cornelius, Nicholas, March 4, 1881. Cheston, Galloway, March 16, 1881. Carver, William V., March 17, 1881. Cockey, Miss^ary, April 14, 1881. Cockey, Dr. John T., May 2.1, 1881. Cole, Wm. P., April 2, 1881. Collins, Wm. Handy, June 2, 1881. Cassard, Lewis, April 3(1, 1881. Clayton, James W., Feb. 8. 1880. Crack, Henrietta (colored), December, 1875. Clendinen, Dr. Wm. Haslett, Nov. 6, 1839. CornthwaiU John, merchant, Sept. 0, 1782. Cockey, Maj. Joseph C, Feb. 8, 1831. Campbell, William, Oct. 1, l!>19,aged 65. Carman, John, merchant, Dec. 1, 1761. Cassard, Lewis, April 30, 1881. Cochran. Charles, July 16, 1881. Claggett, Capt. Charles, Jan. 31, 1763. Cohen, Benjamin I,, banker, Sept. 22, 1845. 51 Claxton, Cornelius, March 7, 1841. Cohen, Kilty, wife of Benjamin I., April 26,1837. Cornthwait, John, May 2, 1837, in his 60th year. Coyne, Thomas, Professor of Mathematics in the University of Blarylaud, Jan. 16, 1837. Caman, Robert Nathaniel, May 12, 1837, in his 80th year. aged 75. Coleman, John, Sr., Feb. 19, 1833, aged 60. Coker, Rev. Abner, of the M. E. Church, Nov. 8, 1833, aged 66. Carroll, .Richard, Aug. 24, 1832, in his 58th year. Coale, Edward J., Nov. 16, 1832. Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, the last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, etc., Nov. 14, 1832. Clagett, Hezekiah, merchant, Nov. 8, 1832, in his 78th year. Carroll, James, of Mount Clare, Jan. 27, 1832, in hie 71st year. Cromwell, Dr. John, Sept. 14, 1832. Carroll, Thomas, Aug. 18, 1831, in his 66th year. Corcoran, Thomas, Jan. 27, 1830, aged 7G. Cruse, Mary, wife of Jacob, Aug. 28, 1829. Chase, Jeremiah Townley, lawyer and judge. May 11, 1828, in his 80th Coulter, Alexander, Oct. 3, 1828, in his C8th year. Cole, George, soldier of the Revolution, Aug. 21, 1828, in his 72d year. Carman, Maj. Phineas, Feb. 24, 1827, in his 65th year. Carroll, Aquilla, Feb 26, 1820. Courtonay, Mary, wife of the late Hercules Courtenay, June 3, 1826. Crook, Charles, Dec. 7, 1826, aged 51. Cockey, John, Oct. 22, 1824, in his 67th year. Courtenay, Wm., November, 1824, in hia 42d year. Courtenay, Elizabeth J., wife of Henry, Oct. 4, 1823. Coulter, Dr. .Tohn, May 24, 1823, aged 72. Carroll, Dr. Chas., son of Daniel, of Duddington, Dec. 11, 1819. Davis, Geo. A , builder, April 28, 1880. Dryden, Maj. Joshua, merchant, Feb. 15, 1879, in his 87th year. Doll, Rev. Penfield, of the M. E. Church, Sept. 9, 1879. aged 62. Dorsey, Hon. John A., Nov. 10, 1879, in his 60th year. Dukehart, Robert W., merchant, Jan. 20, 1879, in his 69th year. Dukchart, John, Deo. 17, 1878, aged 78. Dubreul, Rev. Dr. Joseph Paul, superior of St. Mary's Seminary, April 20, 1878, in his 64th year. Devries, Wm., dry-goods merchant, Nov. 27, 1877, aged 64. Donaldson, Thomas, lawyer, Oct. 4, 1877, aged 62. Denison, Gen. Andrew W., liito postmaster, Feb. 26, 1877, in his 46th Denmead, Talbot, machinist, March 27, 1876. Denison, Marcus, grocery merchant, Jan. 26, 1875, in his 75th year. Durocher, Auguste H., April 23, 1874, aged 78. Dannels, Judge Bolivar D., of the Orphans' Court, March 1, 1874, in hia 49th year. Dulin, Dr. A. F., Nov. 25, 1874, in his G8th year. Day, Ishmael, officer in Canton House. Dec. 27, 1873. Daucls, John D., grocer, Dec. 18, 1873. Drakeley, Henry W., provision merchant, Sept. 25, 1873, aged 62. Dean, Wm., secretary and treasurer of the Canton Company, July 10, 1873, aged 64. Darby, Benj., candy manufacturer, Blay 23, 1872, in his 72d year. Dukehart, Capt. John M., Dec. 17, 1872, aged 35. Dunbar, Dr. J. K. W., July 13, 1871, in his 66th year. Deford, Benjamin, leather merchant, April 17, 1870, in his 71st year. Dobaker, Adam, butcher, Dec. 26, 1870, in his 86th year. Dolan, Rev. James, pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Jan. 12, 1870, born about 1814. Dunning, Rev. Halsey, of First Constitutional Presbyterian Church, Jan. 11, 1869. Davis, Geo. Lynn Lackland, commissioner of the land-oflice and author, Dec. 24, 1869. Duff, Capt. Henry, ship-master, March 16, 1869, in his C7th year. Dalrymple, Dr. Wm. H , April 13, 1867, aged 49. Dodge, Geo. B., flrat provost-marshal of Baltimore in 1861, Aug. 9, 1866, aged 58. Donaldson, John Johnston, prest. of Franklin Bank, Sept. 1866, aged 78. Dalrymple, Wm. F., banker, Aug. 2, 1866, aged 68. Dukehart. Henry, " Old Defender," Dec. 8, 1866, in his 73d year. Donaldson, Samuel J., lawyer, Nov. 26, 1865, aged 81. Dyr, Phoeby (colored woman), June 27, 1864, aged 116. Davis, John, merchant and contractor, Aug. 2, 1864, aged about 95. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. t tho battle o , Aug. 10, 18G4. , Col. Nathan T., of l»t Maryland Rcgt., killed the Weldon Itailroad, Ya., Aug. 21, 18(!4. Dobbin, R. A., Journalist, Dec. 7. 18G4, In his 29th year. Dorbacker, Wni., hotel-keeper, Au(£. 15, 18G.'), aged 67. DulKuy, Grafton L., lawyer. May 10, 1863, aged about 68. Dolphin, Francis, meat-packer, Oct. 16, 1803, in his 7l8t year. Dobbin, Archibald, journalist, Aug. 16, 1862, In his 66th year. Diggs, Capt. Beverly, " Old Defender," Oct. 10, 1862, aged 79. Donovan, Joseph S., slavenlailer, April 16, 1861, in his OOth year. Davidge, Francis H., lawyer and Journalist, Sept. 19, 1861, aged about 66. Duer, John, Sr., Dec. 26, I8G0, aged 88. Dunkin, Bev. J. McKim, Jr , of the Presbyterian Church, March 28, 1860, aged about 40. Damphoux, Rev. Edward, D.D., of the Catholic Church, Aug. 8, 1860. DeFord, Charles D., tobacco merchant, Feb. 13. 1858. Daviee, Col. Jacob G., ex-niayor, etc., Dec. 7, 1857, in his 62d year. Dallum, Francis J., ex-city collector, etc., April 30, 1857, in his 70th year. DiffenderfTer, Charles, June 27, 1857, aged 76. Docwra, Edwin H., lawyer, Aug. 9, 1856, in his 38th year. Dunlap, Rev. G. W., of Pre«b)terian Clmrcli, February, 1856. Done, John H., late master of transportation B. 4 0. R. R., July 26, 1856. Dannols, Com. J. D., Oct. 29, 1865, in his 73d year. Dorsey, Thomas Baker, formerly chief judge of Court of Appeals, Dec. 26,1855. Dugan, Wre. Cumberland, June 18, 1852, in her 90th year. Duncan, Uev. John Jlason, D.D., April 30, IMI. Dennis, Ci.l. Jacob, August, I8.W. Davey, Capt. Hugh, ship-master, August, 1849, aged 73. Dolan, Capt. Lawrence, November, ,1848. Dallam, J. Wilner, lawyer and author, August, 1847. I;onuell, Ann, wirV of James S., April 25, 18:19. Dugnn, Cunil.erluuci, Nov. 1, 1836, in his 90th year. Davis, Phim-as, locomotive inventor, Sept. 27, 1835. Ducatcl, Eiline, Nov. 19, 1833, aged 77. DeButls, Dr. Elialia, professor- in University of Maryland, April 3, 1831. Delajtortc, Fredeiick, merchant, Nov. 6, 1797. Dulnriy, Daniel, lawyer, March 19, 1797. Donneil, Joseph, merchant, Nov. 11, 1798. Donaldson, Jusepli, June 1(1, 17'.I9. Dorsey, Richard, May 15, 1799. Dobbin, Arehibald, Sr.. May 19, 1808, in hjs 72d year. Dugan, George, Oct. 1, 1813. Dawes, James, late cashier Franklin Bank, March 12, 1815. Dawson, Capt. Philemon, Aug. 12, 1816, aged 56. Dulany, Col. Daniel, Nov. 2, 1818. Diffendorfer, Daniel, April 16, 1819, in his 73d year. Dawson, William, consul of Great Britain, Oct. 7, 1820. Deal, Charles, July 28, 1820, aged 79. Deford, Benjamin, April 17, 1870. Davies, Col. Jacob G., late mayor of Baltimore, Dec. 28, 1867. Deye, Thos. Cockey, May 7, 1807, at an advanced age. Denkiu, Capt. Wm. N., July 27, 1881. Dunlap, William, April 4, 1881. Dosh, Kev. J. H. C, M.E. Church, April 18, 1881. Dorsey, Capt. Basil, Aug. 20, 1783. Davidge, John Beall, A.M., M.D., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Maryland, Aug. 23, 1829, aged 01. Domitt, Richard, Juno 4, 1827, in his C7th year. Donneil, John, president of the Branch of the U. S. Bank, Nov. 9, 1827. Duffle, Bev. Cor. R., rector of St. Thomas' P. E. Church, Aug. 2, 1827. Donaldson, Caroline, wife of John, April 1, 1825. Denmead, Adam, Feb. 13, 1823, in his 56th year. Didier, Henry, Sept. 11, 1822, in his 75th year. Dashiell, Dr. Wm. Augustine, of tho Maryland line, Dec. 12, 1780. Davidson, John, Aug. 29, 1802. Delaporto, Elizabeth, widow of Frederick, merchant, July 27, 1603. Dickinsou, Capt. Biltiugham, June 24, 1808. Dall, James, merchant, Sept. 18, 1808, iu his 54lh year. DIffcnderfer, Michael, April 9, 1809. Dorsey, Col. John, Jan. 2, 1810, in his 76th year. Donellan, Thomas, Sept. 11, 1810, in his 84th year. Dobbin, George, part owner of tho American, Dec. 3, 1811. Deagle, Cnpt. Simon, for thirty years commanded a lino of packets from Norfolk to Baltimore, Aug. 21, 1812, aged 53. Denison, John M., merchant, .\ug. 1, 1813, aged 51. Delozier, Daniel, late surveyor port of Baltimore, Nov. 6, 1813, ag«d 63. Donaldson, Mi^, Jaa. Lowry, ex -member of Congress, a native of Ulster, Ireland, March 28, 1814, aged 64. Despeaux, Joseph, Sept. 30, 1820, aged 62. Day, Ishnmel, Dec. 27, 1873, aged 82; born March 20, 1792. Dobbin, Robert A., Aug. 16, 1862. Davis, Ilenry Winter, Dec. .10, 1865. Del.oughery, Mm. Susannah, a venerable lady, March 29, 1881. Eichelberger, Otho W., liquor merchant, Jan. 30, 1879. Edwards, John S., lawyer, June 8, 1878, in his 67lh year. Edwards, Joseph H., noted character. May 15, 1874, in his 48th year. Eaton, George N., merchant, July, 1874, aged 62. Eddy, Rev. Thomas M., of the M. E. Church, Oct. 7, 1874, in his .->3d year. Elzey, Gen. Arnold, Feb. 21, 1871. ficaville, Jos. B., Doc 31, 1870, aged 45. Ellicott, George, mayor of Ellicotfa City, Dec. 16, 1809, aged 71. Elder, Basil S., merchant, Oct. 13, 1869, aged 96. Evans, Hugh Davey, author and lawyer, July 16, 1868. Emory, Col. Sabiue, lawyer, March 24, 1868, aged 34. Elder, Allen, Aug. 29, 1867, aged 67. Ellicott, Evan T., Dec. 21, 1866. aged 74. Ensey, Lot, grocery merchant, Aug. 21, 1864, in his 69th year. Ensey, John H., Jan 8, 1864, in his 78th year. Evans, Hugh W., piesidentof the Union Bank, Dec. 6, 1863, in his 76tb Egerton, Charles Calvert, Sr., May 27, 1862, In his 66th year. Ely, Gen. Hugh, the founder of Elyavllle, BalUmore Co., Doc. 14, 1862, Eisenbrandt, Christian H., musical instrument maker, March 10,1861, Eccleston, Judge, of Court of Appeals, Nov. 12, 1860. Edmondsou, Capt. John, " Old Defender," November, 1860, aged near 80. Ellicott, Edward T., March 29, 1856. Eastman, Jonathan S., merchant, Dec. 9, 1856, in his 70th year. Edmoudson, Dr. Thomas, at " Harlem," Nov. -U, 1856, in his 49th year. Eichelberger, Wm., formerly editor of GazeUe, Aug. 15, 1854, in his 64th Ellicott, Andrew, Jr., July 15, in his 61st year. Eccleston, Archbishop, April 22, 1851 ; born June 27, 1801. Ellicott, Bev. Samuel ( colored), of African M. E. Church, November, 1848. Etting, Solomon, merchant, Aug. 8, 1847, aged 83. Ettiug, Hetty, Sept. 13, 1847, in her 7»th year. Eichelberger, Louis, insolvent commissioner, Nov. 15, 1836, in his 48th Eichelboiger, Wm. George, of Baltimore GtaelU, May 16, 18.36. Emory, Bishop, of the M. E. Church, December, 1835. Egerton, Charles Calvert, merchant. May 14, 18:t3, aged 59. Edes, Gen. Beiviamin, Sept. 5, 1832. Eichelberger, Jacob, merchant, Oct. 25, 1832, in his 89tli year. Escaville, Joseph, of the Exchange Booms, June 10, 1828, in his 48tb Ellicott, Ellas, merchant, Oct. 10, 1826, in his 68tli year. Elliott, John, Dec. 8, 1825, in bis 105th year. Ellicott, Andrew, Jan. 18, 1823, in his 48th year. Elbert, Dr. Joseph Sadler, April 7, 1822. Ellis, Bev. Beuben, of the M. E. Church, March 23, 1796. Evans, John, Oct. 2, 1804. Evans, William, proprietor Indian Queen Hotel, June 29, 1807, aged 56. Ellicott, Judith, wife of .loseph. May 26, 1809, aged 79. Esmenard, John Frances, March 13, 1813. Evans, John, l>er. 2, 18l;j. Ellicott, ,l"lii., .1; . .1 ui . , 1-M. 4, 1819. r .Mathematics at West Point, Aug. 28, 1880, Ellicott, ll.r, , \ Ellicott, Jam. -, Jiil.v U, I- Ellicott, Andrew, Professor aged 67. Etting. Solomon, Aug. 0, 1847, in his 83d year. Hall, Mother Elionc, Sifiler of Charity, March 30, 1872. Emory, Hon. D. C. H., March 19, 1881. Edes, Liout.-Com., Sept. 17, 1881. Ensor, Abram, "Old Defender," April 29, 1881. Fite, Conrad B., merchant, September, 1879. Foley, Bishop Thomas, Fob. 18, 1879, aged 6G. Fulton, Eddington, journalist. May 13, 1878, iu his GOth year. Fickcy, Frederick, Juno 15, 1877, aged 82. Fisher, James I., merchant, July 30, 1877. BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. rallB, Moor N., late prest. Bay Line of Stenmere, April 7, 18"i Fuller, William, tin-plate dealer, June 8, 1876, in his 57th year. France, Spencer L., mercliaut, Dec. 1, 1876, in his 42(1 year. Fuller, Rev. Dr. Richard, pastor ot the Eutaw Place Baptist Gliurch.Oct. 20,1876, in his 72d year. Folger, Capt. Edward F.,June », 1875, aged 52. Flack, Thomas J., liquor merchant, March 6, 1874. Fowler, Robert S., ex-State treasurer, etc., March :!, 1874. Fowler, Hon. Robert, merchnnt, March :!, 1874, in his 62d year. Frazier, John M., lawyer, Kcbruaiy, 1870. rianuigan, Andrew, ship-builder, June 21, 1870. Frick, Dr. George, brother of Judge Frick. Fulton, Emily J., wife of Charles C, July 20, 1869. Frnsh, Jacob, June 19, 1869, aged 79. Fitzgerald, Capt. Richard B., merchant, March 14, 1809, in his 62d year. Fields, James, merchant, May 25, 1867, aged 76. Fisher, William, banker, Jan. 18, 1867, aged 69. Fardy, John T., ship-builder, July 22, 1867. Foley, Matthew, merchant, Oct. 5, 1806. Frazier, (-'apt. James, ship-master, July 18, 1866, aged 84. Freeman, Rev. Father, a missionary preacher, Feb. 28, 1862, aged 70. Freuscli, Adam, Nov. 2,5, 1861. Frey, Edward S., wholesale druggist, Nov. 22, 1801, aged 52. Fricse, Philip R. J,, niercliant. Sept, 20. 1857, in his 82d year. Freilet, Rev. Peter, professor in St. Mary's College, Jan. 2, 1856. Freitag, Augustus 0. H,, IA..I\, Professor of the German Langtiage it his 71st Gatchfll, Hon. Wm. H., judge of Appeal Tax Court, April 27, 1878, i idow of Robert and mother of John W., July 17, 1877, Fergn lol, Dec. 27, IS,-.,-,, liaui Boyle, prest. of Howard Norfolk, Sep- Frick, Hon. William, judge of Superior Court, July 29, 1855, in his 65th Fricse, Henry F,, lawyer. May 24, 1853, aged 42. Fulton, Thomas H,, cotton manufacturer, Jan. 12, 1851. Feinour, Charles, Aug. 10, 1849, in his 70th year. Frisby, Col. Richard, March 24, 1845. Finley, Col., June, 1839. Foy, Frederick, Sr., April 29, in bis 66th year. Frick, Ann B., wife of Peter Frick, April 1, 1S3G, aged 84. Francis, Sister Mary, of cholera while waiting on the sick in the hospi- tals, Aug. 30, 1832. Fite, Peter, Aug. 8, 1S29, aged 84. Frazier, Capt. Solomon, an officer of the Revolution, March 3, 1826, in his ^id year. Ferguson, John F., and Israel Denny, two pirates, executed April 13, 1823. Focke, Frederick, mercliant, June 16, 1822. Fulford, Capt. John, of the artillery, by accident, October, 1780. Fitzgerald, George, merchant, Oct. 13, 1785. Flanagan, John, merchant, Sept. 10, 1785. Fell, William, proprietor of Fell's Point, Oct. 6, 1786, aged 27. Frick, William, judge Superior Court of Baltimore City, July 29, 1855. Falls, Abigail, wife of Dr. Moore Falls, of Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1789. Fortune, James, Nov. 6, 1797. Floyd, Rev. John, of the Catholic Church, Sept. 8, 1797, Fulford, Thomas, March 19, 1799. Furneval, Alexander, Sept. 14, 1807, aged 55. Foltz, William, March 1, 1810. Foard, Capt. Jeremiah, Revolutionary officer, March 9, 1812. French, Hannah, wife publisher Patriot, Nov. 9, 1813. Fuselbaugh, John, Jan. 19, 1814, aged 46. Fulford, Mre. Eleanor, Nov. 1, 1815, aged 78. Foreman, David, July 22, 1817, aged 72. Fonerdeu, Adam, Oct. 20, 1817. Frick, John, in his 38th year. File, Anna, wife of Jacob, June 10, 1819. Finley, David B., September, 1820. Fowler, Robert, State senator, March 3, 1873. Fletcher, Samuel J., Aug. 19, 1881. French, Gen. William H,, May 21, 1881. Fitzhugh, Dr. Daniel Hughes, April 25, 1881. Fisher, William, broker, Jan, 18, 1807. Gill, W. L., cashier of the Merchants' Bank, January, 1880, in his 83d year. Gill, Noah, merchant, Jan. 5, 1879, in his 56th year. Giles, Hon. Wm. Fell, ex-judge U. S. Courts, March 21, 1879, in his 72d Gittings, John S., banker, Dec. H, 1879, in his 82d year. GiSbrd, Thomas, ex-deputy marelial of police, Feb. 3, 187.3. Garrett, Eli/i in her 80th year. Ganibrill, Ljuincelot, banker, etc., Feb, 22, 1877, aged 68 years. Goldsliorongli, Hon. Wm. T,, statesman, Jau. 23, 1876, in his 08th year. Gore, Rev, James, of the Catholic Church, November, 1876, aged 32. Gaitlier, George R., merchant, Sept. 18, 1876, in his 80th year. Gover, Samuel H., anclioneer, April o, 1875, in his 73d year. Griflith, Capt. John R., steamboatinan, April 19, 1875, aged 57. Griffith, Allen, hardware merchant, April 18, 1875. Gilmor, Robert, farmer, Jan. 30, 1875, in his 67th year. Gale, Levin, lawyer, April 28, 1875, in his 51st year. Gobright, Wm. H,, journalist, Jan. 23, 1875, in his 69tli year. Glenn, Capt. Samuel T., an "Old Defender," January, 1875, aged 81. Goodwin, Chas., cashier of the Franklin Bank, Aug. 7, 1874, in 77th year. Gaddes, Alexander, marble-worker, April 9, 1873. Gelston, Hugh, merchant, Aug. 5, 1873, in his 75th year. Glendy, Com. Wm. H., U.S.N., July 16, 1873, aged about 72. Gallagher, F. H., president of Commercial College, March 31, 1872. Goddard, Charles, "Old Defender," Nov. 1,5, 1872, aged 78. George, Samuel K., merchant, June 30, 1871. Greaner, Wm., " Old Defender," Dec. 29, 1870. George, James B , Feb, 1, 1869. Girnan, James, merchant, March 3, 1869. Gambrill, Charles A., miller; Feb. 20, 1869. Gloss, John J., auctioneer, March 22, 1869, in his 72d year. Garrett, Henry S., merchant, Oct, 10, 1867, aged 60. Gilmor, Charies S., Sept, 21, lS66,«ged 48. Gallagher, Capt. Francis, lawyer, Dec. 10, 1866, in his 51st year. Goodwin, Richard B,, ship-builder, June 23, 1864. Graham, Capt. Wm., ship-master, Dec. 26, 1804, in his 78th year. George, James, merchant, Dec. 2, 1863. Guy, William, hotel-keeper, Feb. 22, 1862, in his 46th year. Gaskius, Samuel S., ex-shorifr, Jan. 22, 1802, in his 52d year. Guiteau, Rev. R., of the Presbyterian Church, October, 1862. Gray, William, hotel-keeper, Feb. 22, 1862. Giles, John R., founder of Giles' Hotel, March 5, 1861, aged about 50. Gilman, Charies, Sept. 9, 1861, in his 68th year. Griffith, Capt. John, ship-master, Nov. 28, 1861, in his 71st year. Gallagher, Capt. Le.«lie, Nov. 23, in his 82d year. Gould, Alexander, Sr., April 6, 1859, aged 80. Guy, John, Jr., hotel proprietor, April 29, 1857, aged 37. Garrett, Robert, merchant, Feb. 4, 1857, aged 74. Gilmore, Col. Charies H,, Jan. 2, 1856. Gibson, William, teacher. Sept, 10. 1866, aged 73. Guy, John, hotel proprietor. May, 1856, aged 71. Gregg, Andrew, merchant, Aug, 13, 1855. Gill, Jabez, Jan. 8, 1865, in his 65tli year. Gwynn, William, lawyer and journalist, Aug. 8, 1854. Glenn, Judge John, of the U. S. District Court, July 8, 1853, aged 68. Gill, R. W., lawyer and clerk of Court of Appeals, January, 1852. Gosnell, Greenbury, May 19, 1848, in his 94th year. Gilmor, Robert, merchant, Nov. 31, 1848, in his 75th year. Gildea, Rev. John B., of St. Vincent's Church', Feb. 18, 1845, aged 41. Gadsby, John, May 15, 1844. Gittings, Henrietta, wile of Lambert, Feb. 18, 1839. Giraurd, Dr. John James, March 23, 1339, in his 85th year. Gwiun, Charles, Jan. 26, 1837, aged 62. Gill, Mary Ann, wife of George- M,, March 1, 1835. Gibson, Wm., clerk County Court, April 29, 1832, iu his 79th year. George, Sister Mary, of the cholera, while waiting on the sick in the hospitals, Sept. 19, 1832. Graybell, Capt. Philip, Nov. 27, 1831, in his 69th year. Gittings, Richard, Jan. 30, 1830, in his 67th year. Grobp, Rev. John G., Sr,, pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, May 27, 1829, iu his "0th year. Gilmor, William, Sept. 6, 1829. Gwynn, Eleanor, widow of the late Wm. Gwynn, July 30, 1829, aged 77. Gorsuch, Robert, Jan. 18, 1828, in his 72d year. Garts, Catherine, wife of Charles, Fob. 4, 1828, iu her 83d year. Gilmor, Louisa, wife of the late Robert, Nov. 9, 1827, in her 83d year. Gillingham, Dr. Ezra. Feb. 19, 1825. Grundy, George, importing merchant, Feb. 14, 1826, in his 70th year. Graff, Henry, Jan. 24, 1825, aged 72. Gatchell, Jeremiah, hospital steward, Aug. 26, 1822, aged 42: HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Gough, Prudonco, wife of Hurry Dorsoy Guugli, Juno 23, 1822. Gilmor, Robert, niorchuiit, Jan. H, 1822. Giles, Edwurd, March, 1783. Govane, James, Jtinuiiry, HM. Giles, Anue, wife of Jnuira and mother of Wm. Fell, April 15, 1780. Geroch, Mrs., wife of Kev. George, Seigfried Geroch, minister of tlie Ger- man Lutheran congregotion, April 25, 1787. Geroch, Kev. George Seigfreid, poator of the Gernion Lutheran Church, Oct. 25, 1788, aged C6. Glenn, Judge Elios, Jan. 0, 1840. Gray, Sr., John, April 22, 179'.1. Giendy. Elizabeth, wife of Rev. John Glendy, Juno 13, 1804. Glen, Eli/Ji, wife of John W., merchant, Aug. 30, 1805. Grifflth, Nallian, Oct. 12, 1806, aged 07. Gough, Harry Dorsey, of Perry Hall, Baltimore County, May 4, 1808. Gray, Geo. L., editor of the Anli-Democrai of Baltimore, March 24, 1808. Gill, Stephon, Nov. 29, 1811. Gratz, Charles, merchant, Aug. 24, isll. Gilman, John H., March 7, 1811. Garrett, Martha, wife of Robert, and daughter of A. B. Banna, Oct. 2, 1812. Garrett, Andrew, Nov. 19, 1812, oged 88. Gist, Col. Thomas, Nov. 22, 1813, aged 73. Giles, Rebccco, Sept. 5, 1814, aged .57. German, Philip, July 11, 1814, aged 66. Grant, Daniel, liotel proprietor, June 29, 1816, in his 83d year. Goddard, Mary Katharine, late of the Maryland Journal, Aug. 12, 1816, aged 80. Ghequire, Charles, Aug. 12, 1818, aged 64. Gatchell, Maj. Samuel H , Nov. 16, 18^9, in his 01st year. Graybill, Capt. Philip, Sr., Oct. 20, 1819, in his 86th year. Goddard, Capt. Lemuel, Sept. 25, 1819, in his 79tli year. Graw, Henry, June 18, 1820, aged 46. Gray, Frances, artist, Aug. 12, 1820. Grifflth, Samuel G., Dec. 14, 1820, aged 40. GittingB, James, Jr., of Long Green, March 9, 1819, aged 60. Glenn, William Wilkins, newspaper proprietor, and son of John Glenn, of United States District Court, June 25, 1876. Gelston, Hugh, Aug. 5, 1873. Gary, James Sullivan, manufacturer, March 7, 1870. Grifflth. Thomas W., author, June 9, 1838, in his 72d year. Garrett, Robert, Feb. 3, 1867, in his 74th year. Gill, Wm. L , January, 1880. Green, Richard. May, 18G1, aged 05. Gwynn, Miy. Wm., Oct. 1, 1819. Gellott, John. May 25, 1827. Glenn, Judge Elian, Jan. 6, 1840. Glenn, Hon. John, July 8, 1853. Gobrighl, Lawrence A., May 15, 1881. Gault, Cyrus, Jan. 16.1881. Grundy, Geo. Carr, March 19, 1881. Gesner, Charles H., Feb. 25, 1865. Gist, Mordecai, Aug. 2, 1792, ut Cliarlealon, S. C. sth i 73d yei Hurst, John, presl. N .: l I . n I., April 12, 1 Hatcheson, B. 0., :m i! i Tsili year. Horner, Joshua, ni;uMii I till . I , i.i ! 1, I.sT'J. Henderson, James A., V'-h. 13, l.sTO, in his 73d year. Higgins, Capt. Asa, Aug. 27, 1879, born 1701. Hurst, John J., merchant, June 27, 1878, in his 39th year. Hunt, William, ship-builder, Feb. 18, 1878, in bis 60th year. Hollins, Com. George H., Jan. 18, 1878, aged 79. Holliday, Rev. W. H., pastor of Harford Ave. M. E. Church, March 23, 1879, in his 44th year. Howlnnd, John D., clerk of the U. S. Court at Indianapolis, Dec. 5, 1877. Harvey, James, merchant, Sept. 19, 1877, in his 80th year. Hamilton, J. Douglass, lawyer, March 19, 1877, in hi« 39th year. Hayward, Col. William H., poetical writer, etc., Oct. 25, 1876. Howard, Capt, George, July 5, 1870, aged 65. Hack, Andrew A., merchant, Dec. 18, 1875, in his 66lh year. Harrison, Thomas, dry-goods merchant, March 7, 1874, aged 86. Howard, Dr. Henry, Prof of Medicine, University of Va., March 2, 1874. Hillen, Solomon, Jr., ex-mayor, June 20, 1S73, in his 63d year. Hooper, James, Jr., merchant. May 26, 1873, aged 72. Harrison, Siimnol, architect, Feb. 14, 1873. Holmes, Rcul>eu A., supt. of the Gos Company, Aug. 16, 1873, aged 61. Hutter, Rev. E. W., journalist, Sept. 21, 1873, in his Olst year. Harder, Rev. Wm., pastor of Emory M. E. Cliurch, Nov. 9, 1873, aged about 46. Hopkins, Johns, banker, Dec. 24, 1873, in his 79th year. Hunt, Jesse, ox-mayor, Dec. 8, 1872. Hall, Thomas, merchant, Oct. 1, 1872. in his 79lh year. Henderson, John, merchant, Feb. 3, 1872, in his 08tli year. Hope, W. H., Journalist, April 14, 1872, in his 60th year. Howard, Gen. Benjamin C, March 6, 1872, born Nov. 6, 1791. Huntemillor, Herman F., tobacco shipper, July 4, 1871. Hamilton, Dr. Charies, of City College, July 7, 1871. Hilary, Sister, of the Lombard Street Infirmary, Doc. 16, 1871, aged 68. Holmes, A'ictor, Baltimore County, Nov. 19, 1870. Hugg, Capt. Jacob, ship-master, Feb. 26, 1870. Hoover, Francis, president Butchers' Association, etc.. May 15, 1870, in his 60th year. Harris, Samuel, stock broker, June 12, 1870, aged 59. Habliston, Kev. Houry N. B., of the German Reformed Church, April 2, 1870, aged 70. Howard, James, ex-president of Franklin Bank, March 19, 1870, in bis Higgins, Dr. James, March 26, 1870, aged about 60. Hines, Samuel, hatter, June 7, 1870. Howard, Charles, ex-president of police commissioners, June 18, 1869. Hopkins, William S., cloth merchant, February, 1869. Haupi, Rov. Iloratius 11., of the Catholic Church, July 18, 1809, aged about 83. Hickey, Rev. John F., of the Catholic Church, Fob. 15, 1869; born In 1789. Ileald, William. Nov. 10, 1808. Herring, Henry, lumber merchant, March 7, 1868. Hui>it, Wm. R., dry-goods merchant, June 14, 1868, in his 3Gth year. Houston, Col. Samuel T., hotel proprietor, July 15, 1868. Harvey, William Charles, retired merchant, July 27, 1868. Hammond, John S., May 12, 1868, aged 81. Hickman, Col. Charles, bookseller, March 12, 1868. Hodges, Bejijamin M., tobacco merchant, July, 1867, aged 93. Hollowiiy, Kchvard, lawyer, April 20, 1866. Hudson, Diivi.l W., Oct. 30, 1860, in his 76th year. Hayward, Jonas 11., manufacturer. May 25, 1806, in hU 51st year. Heald, Jacob H., merchant, November, 1806. Howard, Robert, merchant. May 12, 1865. Hedian, P. J., publisher. May 14, 1865, in his 41st year. Hintz, Dr. Kn-d.-rick E. li.. ii.t. 12, l.sG5,in his 64th year. HewloK, ,1.1:11 li I, ,ihi I 1. ilii. N .1 ,i. 1S64, in his C9th year. Hink8,( liiii I' i II 1 I, .M.Dec. 11,1863. Holton, 1,11 111 I I 1 I \ .1 III, III Mil I bind Infantry, died intheLlbby Prison, Kaliiiionil, Va., Ili-ieniI.er, 1803. Heiner, Kev. Elins, .>f the Gorman Reformed Church, Oct. 20, 1863. Harris, Richard, a noted character, February, 1862. Howard, Mrs. Cornelia A., wife of the late John E., Dec. 28, 1863, in her 65th year. Howard, Maj. John Eager, lawyer, Aug. 12, 1862. Howard, Kev Charles K., D.D., of the P. E. Church, March 2, 1862. Hatch, Samuel T., July 1 1, 1881. Hess, Nathan, Aug. 31, 1881. Hoffman, Isaac 1'., Feb. 16, 1880. Huret, John, April 12, 1880. Huger, Gen. Benjamin, Dec. 7, 1877. Hopkins, Sarah, consort of John Hopkins, Jr., March 8, 1812. Hiudman, Col. James, Feb. 18, 1830, in his 89th year. Hyde, George, April 25, 1842. Hampson, A. J., April 9, 18S1. Hainian, Prof. William, March 17, 1881. Harvey, Capt. William H., Sept. 12, 1881. Harper, Robert Goodloo, Jan. 14, 1826. HofTmau, Peter, Sr., Sept. 13, 1810. Howard, Charles, June 18, 1809. Heath, Hon Judge Upton S., of the District Court of the United States for the District of Maryland, Feb. 21, 1852. Howard, Dr. E. Lloyd, by drowning, Sept. 7, 1881. Hopkins, Wm., one of the philanthropists of Baltimore, May 28, 1881. Hodges, l!,-n.|an.ii. M„ March 19. 1881. Humbl,-i,.i,,^,iiiii.ii M II n,, 1S81. ily, Nov. 27, 1700. lie Dartn nors, June i 1881. BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. HopkinsoD, Francis, son of the signer, Sept. 29, 1823. Hopkins, William, Teb. 20, 1823, in his 42il year. Hopkins, Miy. Davj'i, U. S. army, FeL. 27, 1822, in his T.'itli year. Harrison, Thomas, Oct. 16, 1782. Haslett, Dr. Moses, Feb. 29, 1796. Hopkins, Gerard, caliinet-maUer, April 28, 1800. Howard, John, Fel). 18, 1805, aged 06. Hodgson, Joseph, May 20, 1805. Hunt, Job, Feb. 18, 18(19. Harris, David, bank cashier, Nov. 16, 1809. HoUins, William. Oct. 19, 1810. Hollins, Mary, wife of William, Nov. 8. 1810. Hough, Robert, merchant, Jan. 16, 1810. Hoffman, Peter, mereliant, Sept. 13, 1810, in his 68th year. Hollingswortb, Jesse, Sept. 30, 1810, in liia 79th year. Hendon, Henry, Oct. 2, 1810. Hoffman, Mrs. Peter, April 6, 1811. Hopkins, Col. Henry, Oct. 28, 1811. Howard, Dr. Ephraim, Aug. 1, 1811, aged 27. Hall, Mrs. Josias Carvil, Marcli 1, 1812, in her 60th year. Hughes. Christopher, captain of tlie Independent Artillerists. Hutchins, John, late sheriff, July 15, 1813. Heathcote, John, merchant, April 6, 1814, aged about 64. Hollingswortb, Thomas, merchant, Sept. 6, 1816, in his 69th year. Hoffman, John, Nov. 25, 1815. Hall, Col. Aquilla, Feb. 22, 1815, in his 67th year. Harrison, William, Nov. 10, 1816, in his 69th year. Harris, Joseph, actor, Oct. 16, 1810. Herring, Ludwig, Jan. 7, 1817, aged 55. Howard, Dr. Henry, July 18, 1817, aged 44. Heigli. B. M., lawyer, Nov. 20, 1861, in his 52d year. Harris, Dr. Chapin A., M.D., LL.D., founder of the College of Dental Surgery, author, etc., Sept. 29, 1860, in his 59th year. Hoffman, Samuel Owings. merchant, Sept. 28, 1860, in his 59th year. Hersh, Kev. C. H., pastor of the Second Lutheran Church, Nov. 22, 1859. Hawkins, John H. W., temperance lecturer, August, 1868. Harris, Samuel, banker, June 6, 1858, aged 84. Hager, Geo. W., builder, October, 1868, aged 43. Holloway, John M., jeweler, Dec. 2, 1858, aged 35. Hopper, Washington, lieut. in Mexican Volunteers, April 23, 1857. Hooper, Thomas, shipping merchant, June 27, 1857, aged 54. Hollins, John Smith, ex-mayor, etc., Nov. 28, 1856, in his 70th year. Howell, Louis, president of Ocean Mutual Insurance Co., Sept. 23, 1864. Heath, Hon. James P., ex-congressman, June 12, 1854, aged 78. Howell, John B., merchant, Nov. 7, 1854. Hinkley, Edward, lawyer, June 28, 1864, in his 64th year. Hoffman, David, author and lawyer, Nov. 11, 1854, aged 70. Heath, Judge Uptou S., of the U. S. District Court, Feb. 21, 1852, in his Henshaw, Bishop J. P. K., of the P. E. Church, July 20, 1862. Hilliard, Betsy, old fortune-teller, Feb. 28, 1860, aged about 70. Harker, Saml., editor and proprietor of the Republican, November, 1850. Hughes, Hon. Christopher, diplomat, Sept. 19, 1849. Hill, Thomas G., president of Sunday-school Society, Dec. 30, 1849. Howard, W. Govane, Nov. 17, 1848. Healy, Rev. John, pastor of Second Baptist Church. June 19, 1848, aged about 85. Hall, Dr. Richard Wilmot, Sept. 14, 1847, in his 62d year. Hall, Simeon, celebrated police-officer, Sept. 1, 1847, in bis 63d year. Harbersett, Henry, May 2, 1846, in his 63d year. Harris, Col. David, Feb. 4, 184.5, in his 75th year. Harden, Samuel, Feb. 10, 1841. Hillen, Solomon, Sr., July, 29, 1841, aged 71. Hudson, Samuel, Sept. 7, 1841, in his 78th year. Hillen, John. Aug. 11, 1840, in his 79th year. Hawkinsou, William, May 16, 1818, aged 64. Henry, Dr. Josiah, of the cholera, Oct. 21, 1819, in his 24th year. Hanson, Alexander C, U. S. senator, April 23, 1819. Hollingswortb, Rachel Lyde, widow of Jesse, March 6, 1819, in her 71st year. Hillen, Catherine, wife of John, Aug. 13, 1820. Handy, Col. George, register of wills, July 17, 1820, aged 64. Hazlehurst, Andrew, June 29, 1820, aged 40. Heath, Brig.-Gen., of the 14th Brigade Maryland Militia, Dec. 12, 1821. Hopkins, Johns, founder of Johns Hopkins University, Dec. 24, 1873, in the 79th year of his age. Howard, Chew, third son of Col. John Eager Howard, March 6, 1872. Howard, Charles, youngest son of Col. John Eager Howard, June 18, 1869. Howard, Cornelius, at an advanced age, 1777. Hollingswortb, Samuel, May 8, 1830, in his 74tli year Hofl'man, Henry, April 7, 1839, in his 71st year. Hyser, John, fireman of Sun printing-office. April, 1839. Hanson, Rebecca Dbrsey, wife of Hon. Charles W., September, 1H37. Hooper, James, Sept. 28, 1837, in bis 08th year. Hemphill, Rev. Andrew, of M. E. Church, Aug. 27, 1837, aged 60. Hoskins, Rev. John H., vice-president of St. Mary's College, Baltimore, Jan. 11, 1837, aged 29. Hoffman, Peter, May 12, 1837, in his 63d year. Hopkins, Johns, Aug. 28, 1837, In his 74th year. Harper, Charles Carroll, June 23, 1837, aged 36. Howard, Col. Beale, Dec. 26, 1835, in his 65th year. Hurst, Ann Eliiabeth, wife of Jolin, and daughter of Maj. Joshua Dry- den, March 27, 1835. Hoffman, George, February, 1834. Howard, Dr. William, Aug. 26, 1834, in his 41st year. Hughes, Laura Sophia, wife of Christopher Hughes, the diplomat, Aug. 7, 1832. Hollins, Jane, wife of John, Oct. 17, 1832, iu her 70th year. Hollingswortb, Samuel, merchant. May 9, 1830, In his 74th year. Hoffman, George Frederick, Jan. 27, 1830, aged 70. Hall, Levin, July 20, 1829, in his 60th year. Hollins, John, April 23, 1827, in his 68th year. Higinbotham, Ralph, March 14, 1827, in his 68th year. Hanna, Alexander B., Dec. 10, 1827, aged 72. Hale, Cubel, Dec. 17, 1827, in bis 80th year. Howard, Col. John E., ex -Governor, etc., Oct. 12, 1827, aged 75. Hindman, Col. Jacob, U.S.A., Feb. 17, 1827, in bis 78tb year. Hughes, Mrs. Priscilla, wife of Jeremiah, of the Maryland Bepublican, Nov. 8, 1826. Hook, Frederick, July 24, 1826, aged 64. Hughes, Peggy, wife of Christopher Hughes, Aug. 4, 1826. Howard, Margaret, wife of Col. John E., May 29, 1824, in her 64th year. Hughes, Christopher, Sept. 7, 1821, in bis 80th year. Hollingswortb, Zebulon, formerly associate judge of the Sixth Judicial District, Sept. 7, 1824, aged 63. Harrison, Joseph, Oct. 18, 1824, in bis 70tli year. Irelan, C. Davis, Feb. 12, 1879. luglis. Judge John A., of the Orphans' Court, Aug. 26, 1878. Irvin, Capt. Robert, civil engineer, Jan. 13, 1873. Irwin, James, stage-driver. May 16, 1871, in his 95th year. Inglis, William C, June 5, 1826. luglis, James, Feb. 8, 1826, aged 88. Inglis, Mre. Jane, wife of Rev. Dr. James Inglis, of Firet Presbyterian Church, Sept. 2, 1816. Inglis, Bt. Eev. Charles, D.D., first Protestant Bishop of Canada. Inglis, Rev. Jae., D.D., of the First Presbyterian Church, Aug. 15, 1819. Ii-vine, Alexander, merchant, April 2, 1821. Johnson, Dr. Edward, Sept. 24, 1797. Johnston, Samuel, lawyer, July 30, 1810, in his 84th year. Johns, Sarah, wife of Richard, Jan. 21, 1793. Jordan. Dominic, merchant, Sept. 24, 1816, aged 77. Jenkins, Hugh, merchant, Dec. 1, 1863, in h« 65th year. Jenkins, Col. J. Strieker, April 8, 1878, in his 47th year. Johnston, Rev. Wm. Tilghman, rector of St. John's M. E. Church, Hunt- iugton, Baltimore Co., Jan. 3, 1878 ; born Oct. 24, 1820. Jenifer, Col. Walter H., April 9, 1878, in his 56th year. Jenkins, M. Courtenay, lawyer, Feb. 11, 1877, in bis 69tb year. Jones, Rev. Jos., of the Independent Methodist Church, April 23, 1877 ; born in 1833. Johnson, Hon. Eeverdy, statesman, Feb. 10, 1876, in his 86th year. Johns, Bishop John, of the P. E. Church, April 6, 1876. Jenkins, Alfred, merchant, Aug. 17, 1875, in his 66th year. Jackson, Samuel, cutler, Sept. 2, 1874, aged about 64. Jones, Samuel, Jr., merchant and financier, April 22, 1874. Jillard, William H., April 26, 1874, aged 46. Januey, Richard M., merchant, Dec. 13, 1874, in his 69th year. Johnson, Mary M., wife of Hon. Reverdy Johnson, March 20, 1873, in -her 72d year. Joseph, Rev. Alexis, of the Catholic Church, Jan. 20, 1871, in his 79th year. Jarrett, Lefevre, president of Board of Police, Feb. 25, 1870. Johnston, William, boot and shoe merchant, July 7, 1868. Jones, Joshua, journalist, March 23, 1865. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Johnston, Finley, poetical writer, April 27, 18G4, aged 63. Jerome, Hon. John U. T., ex-mnyor of Baltimore, Jan. 25, 1803. Jtnkiiie, Hugh, merchant, Dec. 1, 1803, aged 05. Jamison, C. C, prest. of the Bank of Baltimore, Sept. 9, 1803, ta Tid year. Johnson. Wm. Fell, April IS, 1802, aged 04. Jackson, H. F., late jirop. of tlio Eiituw House, Dec. 13, 1802, aged 50. Jams, Surg. Nathan S., U.S.A., May 12, 1862; born in 1801. Jamart, Michael, Feb. 5, 1800, aged 8ii. Johnston, Capt. Zachary F , U.S.N., Ularch 17, 1859. aged about 55. Johns, Bev. H. V. D., D.D., rector of Emmanuel P. E. Church, April 22, 1859, in bis 56th year. Jackson, A. J. W., prest. of the Baltimore Typographical Union, June 20, 1858, aged 77. Jones, Wni. R., sec. of Biuitable Insurance Co., April, 1857, aged 71. Jerniugham, Klizabeth, widow of the seventh Baron of Stafford, and daughter of Richard Caton, Nov. 19, 1856. Johnson, Hon. John, lawyer and ex^jbancellor of the State, Oct. 4, 1850. Jarvis, Leonard, November, 1855. Jennings, Rev. S. K., M.D., ex-professor of Washington College, Oct. 9, 1854, aged 81. Johnston, Thomas D., banker, June 30, 1851. Jones, Joseph, " Cheese Joe," May 25, 1850, aged 90. Johns, Richard, merchant, Feb. 2, 1847, in his 57th year. Jaubert, Bev. Hector, Nov. 5, 1843 : born in 1777. Jenkins, Wm., merchant, Feb. 21, 184:1, in his 77th year. Jennings, Thomas, lawyer, April 9, 1836, aged 70. Johnson, Christopher, Sept. 2, 1830. Jones, Talbot, merchant. May, 18:54 ; born in 1771. Johnson, Henry, July 6, 1833. aged 04. Jenkins, Edward, April 12, 1833, aged 00. Jenkins, Louis Williaui, lawyer, Sept. 24, 1833, aged 3.3. Jenkins, .^li' l< ■' i [m< i< i< mt. <>f ctiolera. Sept 8, 18.32, in liis 54th year. Jefferson,.! : , ,, it Hiirrisburg, Aug. 4,1832,inhi857th year. Jenkins, n-v - ;' i : , ill his 4Ctli year. Jenkins, lliiJi^ „„ , . h,,i,i, 1,1863. Johns, Sarah, wife of Ricliard, Jan. 21, 1793. Johnston, Christopher, March 0, 1819, in his 09th year. Jenkins, Charity, widow of Michael, Oct. 10, 1820. Jenkins, Wm., born at " Long Green," Harford Co., died Sept. 21, 1843. Johnson, Edward, April 18, 1829, in his G2d year. Jenifer, Mrs. Eliza, wife of Daniel Jenifer, Jan. 24, 1831. Jakes, Henry (colored), caterer, June 23, 1881. Johns, John T., Aug. 17, 1881. Jacobson, Eugene Philip, April 12, 1881. Jamison, Alexander, a well-known musician, Feb. 23, 1880. Keeports, Jacob, March 8, 1792. £eene,Eleonora, wife of Ricliard Raynall Keeuu, and daughter of Luther Martin, Nov. 10; ls07, aged 21. Keller, John, Dec. 20, 1812, aged 02. Kimmel, Anthony, Sr., May 16, 1817, aged 72. Keyser, Elizabeth, wife of Derick, Oct. 15, 1819. Kirkland, Alexander, merchant, March 1, 1873, aged 89. Kennedy, Hon. John Pendletou, Aug. 18, 1870, at Newport, B. I. Kenner, William C, Sept. 22, 1881. Kane, Dr., arctic explorer, Feb. i!. 1857. Knight, Dr. Samuel T., Jan. 21, 1881. Kurtz, T. Newton, publisher, Jan. 10, 1881. Kernan, Thos. P., May 10, 1881. Krebe, John Wesley, April 19, 1881, aged 75. Kilty, Rear-Admiial, U.S.N., Nov. 1(1, 1879 ; born in 1807. Kane, Col. George P., ex-mayor, June 23, 1878 ; born in 1820. Kelso, Thomas, merchant, July 26, 1878 ; born Aug. 28, 1784. Kensett, Thomas, oyster and fruit-packer, Sept. 6, 1877, aged 03. Kroh, George L., paper manufacturer, March, 1877, in his 49th year. King, Thomas, circus-leaper, Oct. 25, 1877. Klnnemon, Dr. P. S., Jan. 1, 1876, aged 67. Kirkus, Kev. Wm., of the P. E. Church, May, 1876. Kelly, (Vimelius A., postmaster at Govanstown, Dec. 21, 1876, in his "Ist Kyle, Maj. George H., merchant, Feb. 23, 1875, in his 46tli year. Keyser, Charles M., Aug. 2, 1874. Kirwin, Capt. Wm. B., steamlwatman, April 16, 1874, aged about 52. Koechling, Dr. Henry M., Feb. 8. 1874, in his 74th year. Kilbourn, E. G., lawyer. Starch 13, 187.). Kennedy, Capt. Wm., ship-master ajid merchant, Oct. 4, 1873, aged 72. Kennedy, John A., supt.of N. Y. [Kilice, June 20,1876, in his 70th year. Knell, Henry, butcher, Dec. 23, 1872, in his 59th year. Kummer, Miss S. Agnes, instnlctreas, Nov. 14, 1872. King, John, merchant, Nov. 22, 1872, in his 89th year. Kalkraan, Von Hollen, July 5, 1S72, aged about 66. Kirk, Samuel, jeweler, July 7, 1872. Kitts, John, Sept. 18, 1870, aged lUS. Kimborly, Charles W., journalist, June 1, 1870, aged about 45. Kyle, Adam B., merchant, April 12, 1869. Kemp, Edward D., lawyer, Feb. 11, 1868, aged about 63. Krebs, Jacob, Oct. 10, 1867, in his 93d year. Kelly, Timothy, tailor, April 13, 1867, aged 87. Kernan, James, flour merchant, April 12, 1807, aged 76. Key, Francis, lawyer, son of Francis S. Key, author, etc., April 4, 1866. Krebs, ex-Judge Wm. George, of the Circuit Court, April 24, 1806, in hU C4th year. King, Joseph, merchant, Oct. 28, 1865. Kurtz, Kev. Dr. Beiij., of the Lutheran Church, Dec. 29, 1865, in hU 7Ut Kauffelt, John B., merchant, July 17, 1864. Kennedy, Capt. Philip Clayton, U. S. JIarine Corps, Aug. 21,1864,in hU 27th year. Knabe, Wm., piano manufacturer. May 21, 1804, in his 6Ist year. Kettlewell, John, Sept. 12, 1803, in his 5otli year. Kipp, John, Sr., merchant, Feb. 14, 1862, aged 90. King, Capt. George W., April 21. 1802, aged over 70. Kennedy, Edward, April 29, 1861, in his 73d year. Keener, Christian, temperance advocate, etc., Oct 23, 1800, in hU 66th Key, Mary Taylor, widow of Francis S. Key and mother of Philip B. Key, May 18, 1859, aged 75. Key, Philip Barton, lawyer, February, 1859. Kiblin, Hev. B. S., pastor of Ascension P. E. Church, Aug. 10, 1853. Kell, Thomas, judge of County Court, March 8, 1846. King, Rev. Jacob, of the M. E. Church, JIarch 13, 1844, in his 86th year. Keyser, Maj. George, Sept. 19, 1837. Kent, Emanuel, register of the city, Oct. 21, 1835. Kemp, Right Bev. James, bishop of the P. E. Church, Oct 28, 1827. Kperl, Dr. Henry, July 16, 1827, in his 73d year. Kemp, Elizabeth, wife of Bishop Kemp, of the P. E. Church, Aug. 14, 1826. Kennedy, Mrs. J. P., October, 1824. Kenrick, Archbishop Francis Patrick, July 8, 1863; born in 1797. Lanagan, Michael J., actor. May 17, 1879, aged 45. Latrobe, B. H., civil engineer, Oct 19, 1878, in his 72d year. Lucy, Prof. Thus., A.M., of Baltimore. Female College, April 0, 1878, in his Olst year. Lazear, Oen. Jesse, merchant. Sept 2, 1877, in his 74th year. Lewis, Abraham J., merchant May 12, 1877, aged 86. Lupiis, Edward, architect, Feb. 23, 1877, aged 43. Lusby, Edward R., morchaiit May 1, 1874, in his 50th year. Lilly, Capt. Richard, April 20, 1874, in his 08tli year. Lee, Miss E. (Sister Mary Ramie, Sister of Charity), April 13, 1874 ; bom in 1825. Latimer, Com. Wm. R., U.S.N., March 15, 1873, in his 70th year. Lynch, Mother Antionia, superior of the Carmelite Nuns, and sister of Bishop Lynch, of Charleston, S. C, April 2, 1873, aged about 52. Lester, James M., merchant, Dec. 25, 1S72, in his 61st year. Lornian, Alexander, merchant, Jan. 15, 1872, aged 78. Leslie, Capt. Robert ship-master, Jan, 16, 1872, aged 79. Lucas, Henry A., type-founder, July 7, 1872, in his 67tli year. Lowry, L. D., December, 1871, in his .52d year. Lewis, Martin, consul for Denmark, Swedeu, and Norway, March 17, 1870. Lougnecker, John H., proprietor of the Baltimore County Uiiioit^ Nov. 11, 1870, in his 6.3d year. Levering, Samuel S , merchant, April 27, 1870, aged 40. Lipscomti, Rev. Philip, of the M. E. Church, Jan. 4, 1870, aged 72. Lucas, Jumes, printer, Dec. 8, 1870, in bis 79tli year. Lewis, Edward, formerly one of the editi i th,- Criminal Court, Feb. 11, 1862,aged 75. Miles, (i.ii I' II I - iiuv, killed at Harper's Ferry, Sept. 15, 1802. McBlair, i i- 1 i l,;ii,i, !>,.,;. 15, 1801, aged 86. McLean, Corm-lius, law j,n, Joseph, Aug. 26, 1829, aged 40. Pijikniy, Edward C, poet, April 11, 18i8. Peali-, c liarles Wilson, artist, Feb. 27, 1827, in his 801h year. Penniiigtuu, Henry, Aug. 19, 1825, in his 61st year. Pascault, Lewis, May 31, 1824, in his 76th year. Peachy, Fanny H., wife of Thomas O., Feb. U, 1822. Prcsbury, George G., Jan. 16, 1822. Philpot, John, Juno 7, 1778. Presbury, Elizabeth, wife of George Goldsmith Prosbury, May 27, 1785. Price, Miy. Jacob, of the Maryland Hue, at Savannah, Ga., Dec, 25, 1788. Pennington, Timothy Hanson, merchant, Sept. 20, 1805. Purviance, Kobt., Oct. 9, 1806, aged 74. Patterson, George, March 11, 1808. Price, Frederick, lawyer, Dec. 8, 1813. Purviance, Eliza, wife of James, Aug. 5, 1815. Poe, David, native of Ireland, but 40 years resident of Baltimore, Nov. 17, 1816. Pennington, Capt. Charles, 9, 1817. Pringle, Mark, nierchaul, J ! of the defenders of Fort McHenry, Dec. Purvlance, Frances, wife of the late Robert, March 2, 1821. Patterson, William, Feb. 7, 1835. Philpot, Bryan, officer of the Revolution, March 11, 1812, aged 87. Qulnlan, Leonard G., hotel proprietor, March 13, 1876, aged 74. Quail, George K., hatter, March 2, 1804. Rogers, Rebecca, wife of Philip, Oct. 19, 1818. Ridgely, Charles, Jr., of Hampton, July 19, 1819. Ready, Samuel, founder of the "Samuel Ready Asylum" for female orphans, Nov. 28, 1872, in hie 8:)d year. Read, George, April 7, 1840. Raborg, Goddard, oyster and fruit-packer, June 18, 1879, in his 74th year. Ralne, William, journalist, Jan. 15, 1879, aged 80. Rogers, Henry J., telegrapher, Aug. 20, 1879, in hi» 69th year. Raisin, Robert Wilson, real estate broker, Feb. 8, 1878. Ryan, William H., broker, April 6, 1878. Robblns, Horace W., manufacturer, Aug. 11, 1878. Road, William George, Jr., lawyer, Feb. 19, 1878, In hia 5l6t year. Rhett, Gen. Thomas Grimke, July 28, 1878, in his 67th year. Robinson, George, clerk of the Superior Court, Feb. 8, 1878, in his 46th Robinson, George N., merchant, July 25, 1878. Ridgely, Andrew Sterett, lawyer, June 28, 1877, aged about 55. Richardson, Beale H., Journalist, Jan. 4, 1877, iu bis 78th year. Richey, Rev. Joseph, rector of Mount Calvary P. E. Church, Sept. 21, 1877; born in 184.3. Bice, Jacob, butcher, July 28, 1876. • Renwick, Robert, furniture manufacturer, April, 1876, in his 67th year. Rowe, Joseph A., printer, Jan. 2, 1876, in his 40th year. Rohu, Mrs., the "fat woman," weighing 583 pounds. May 2«, 1876. Reese, Itev. Daniel M., of the M. E. Church, April 7, 1875, aged about 70. Raudoljih, John W., cashier of the 2d National Bank, May 3, 1874. Rheim, Josiah, "Old Defender," June 18, 1874; born in 1788. Rusk, Wm., butcher, April 4, 1874, in his 84th year. Rosa, Robert F., March 27, 1873. Robinson, Dr. George L., Sept. 10, 1873, aged 29. Reese, Giorge L., banker, April, 1872. Ridgely, Charles, of Hampton, Feb. 29, 1872. Reilly, George, vice-president Hibernian Society, September, 1872, iu his 02d year. Russell, Mrs. Thoniason, caterer, Oct. 9, 1871. Rost, George, brewer, Dec. 4, 1871. Ricards, John R., merchant, Dec. 28, 1870. Rieman, Robert G., coal merchant, Dec. 20, 1870, in his 39th year. Roberts, Rev. Dr. George, I.L.D., of the M. E. Church, June 16, 1870, Russell, Capt. G. W. , ship master, March 17, 1869, aged 58. Rolando, Commander Henry, U.S.N., March 20, 1809, aged 49. Reynolds, Henry R., builder, Dec. 28, 1868. Richardson, Edward J., insurance agent, Aug. 29, 1868. Ridgely, Com. Daniel B., U. S. navy, May R, 1869. Rogere, Hortensia M., wife of Lloyd, Dec. 10, 1834. Reese, David, June 12, 1833, aged 70. Ridgely, Nicholas, Jan. 19, 1830. Rogers, Henry W., lawyer, Sept. 3, 1830. Ridgely, Nicholas G., merchant, Dec. 27, 1829. Reiman, Daniel, Aug. 1, 1829, aged 75. Ridgely, Chas., of Hampton, ex-Governor, July 1", 1829, in his 70th year. Roberts, Rev. Dr. George, president of the free schools, Dec. 2. 1827, in his 63d year. Reeve, Judge Tappin, December, 1823. Roystun , John. Sr., Sept. 11, 1822, aged 60. Rice, Patrick, merchant, March 7, 1789. Ridley, Matthew, merchant, Nov. 6, 1789. Ridgely, Capt. Chas., of Baltimore County, June 28, 1790. Ridgely, Maj. Henry, June 30, 1791. Roberts, George, merchant. Sept 10, 1797. Ridgely, Ann, wife of Nicholas, Feb. 29, 1804. R11II1I...11C, Wni., merchant, Feb. 11, 1809. 1. , M. .. ,1, i, r, theatrical manager, Sept. 21, I8011, in his G2d year, 1: I : , May 11, 1810. M > HHler, Nov. 27, 1810, in his 36th year. - ' III , t NV Ml., Sept. 27, 1810, aged 00. ■kcr, C.jnr.iil, merchant, April 14, 1810, in his 44th year. I Roe, Thos. Lee, broker, April 20, 1811. ' Rogers, Kleanor, wife of NIch.daa Rogers, ..f Druid Hill, Jan. 4, 1812. J Ralph, Rev Geo., I'mlcisor of llheloric, Inlvei-sity of Maryland, May 17. 1813. BALTIMOEE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. Eldgdy, Mhj. John, June 27, 1814, aged 6(1. Kaborg, Chiistoplier, Sr., June 16, 1815, aged 70. Reioecker, John, merchant, Aug. 16, 1815, Ricard, Benj., nifrcliant, Si-pt. 22, 1815. Ramsey, Col. Nathaniel, Oi;t 24. 1817. Rochrock, Jacob, Jan. 6, 1817, in hie 76th year. Rogers, Nicholua, at an advanced age, in 1822. Kidgely, Henry, in Anne Arundel, June 22, 1811. Eisteau, Geo., Jr., March 11, 1789. Rogers, Nicliolns, May 9, 1758. Riggs, Elisha, July 11, 1881. Read, Mrs. Sophia Catlierine, Nov. 27, 1880. Rogers, William, June 17, 1861. Ridgely, Nicholas 0., June 27, 1828. Riston, John A,, June 4, 1881. Ridgely, John, of Hampden, July 16, 1867, in liis 7Ctliyear. Robb, John A., ship-builder, Jan. 28, 18G7, aged 76. Reynolds, Josiah, builder. May 29, 1867, iu his 60th year. Rosa, David J., prominent Mason, April 20, 1866. Rider, Edward S., of llider's Switch, N. C. R. R., Nov. 26, 1866, aged 77. Register, Samuel, March, 1865, in his 8Sth year. Rieman, Henry, provision merchant, April, 1865, in liia 79th year. Rogers, Seth, druggist, April 5, 1865. Reinhardt, Charles C, Feb. 20, 1864. Raw, John C, merchant. May 1, 1864, in his 81st year. Renshaw, William, March 13, 1864, in his 72d year. Rankin, Robert, Aug. 30, 1863, aged 94. Robinson, Gen. Joseph. March 17, 1863, aged 73. Raborg, Christopher, Sr., Jan. 19, 1862, in his S3d year. Randall, Geo. Hubner, printer, March 1, 1862, aged 48. Ruse, Rev. John, of the M. E. Church, March 25, 1862, aged 79. Rodgers, John, engineer, builder, Nov. 23, 1861, aged 76. Reese, John, president of the Firemen's Insurance Company, July 26, Rogers, Lloyd N., owner of Druid Hill Park, Nov. 12, 1860. Rogers, Nathan, shipping merchant, Jan. 2, 1858. Roberts, Edward P., March, 1858, in his 66th year. Rankin, Samuel, Dec. 19, 1857, aged about 70. Bust, Geu. George, banker, Sept. 15, 1867. Reeder, Charles, Sr., machiuist and marine engine builder, Feb. 15, 1855, aged 68. Reese, Rev. Dr. John S., of the M. P. Church, Feb. 15, 1855. Ross, Benjamin C, March 4. 1865. Ropes, Col. Archer, Oct. 2, 1855. in his 48th year. Readel, Dr. John D., May 31, 1854. Richardson, Attorney-General George R , Feb. 10, 1851, aged 49. Ridgely, Com., February, 1848. Read, Wni.Geo., lawyer, April 8, 1846. Reister, Peter, of Reisteretown, Aug. 26, 1846. Rice, Rev. John, of the M. E. Church, Sept. 9, 1840. Reed, Rev. Nelson, of the M. E. Church. Oct. 20, 1840, in his 87tb year. Reinecker, George, Aug. 16,1838. in his 85th year. Rogers, Philip, Aug. 16, 1836, in his 88th year. Simpson, Jaa. Alexander, artist, May 4, 1880, aged 76. Snyder, Ciil. Henry, public official. May 27, 1879, in his 77th year. Scott, Townseud, stock broker, Oct. 12. 1879, iu his 77th year. Steritt, Samuel, merchant, Sept. 28, 1879, aged 64. Sewell, Miss Mary A., known as Mother Theresa, the oldest member of the Carmelite Nuns, Feb. 11, 1879, in her 81st year. Sargeant, Rev. Tlios. Bartow, D.D., M. E. Church South, Aug. 14, 1879, in his 75th year. Spiller, Robert M., mej-chant, Jan. 10, 1878. Small, John, Jr., lawyer, Oct. 26, 1878. Snowden, Richard H., conveyancer, Dec. 15, 1877. Stansbury, Eliza, wife of e.v-Mayor Elijah Stausbury, Dec. 12, 1877, in her 78th year. Selby, John S., actuary of the Maryland Institute, Dec. 5, 1877, aged 74. Slothower, George, cotton manufacturer. May 26, 1877, in his 75th year. Seipp, Charles, prest. of Buerger Schuetzen Assn., Jan 9, 1877, aged 43. Stewart, John D., Feb. 9, 1877, in his 48th year. Smith, Prof. N. R., July 3, 1877, aged 80. Swann, Eliz. Gilmor, wife of Hon. Thos. Swann, April 24, 1876, iu her Sangston, Lawrence, merchant, Nov. 7, 1876, in his 63d year. Starr, John, Aug. 28, 1876, in his 70th year. Suter, James S., civil engineer, July 14, 1875. Small, Philip Albright, merchant, April 3, 1875, aged 78. Sanderson, Thomas Nelson (known as Nelson Seymour), minstrel, Feb. 2, 1875; born Junes, 183.5. Stevens, Samuel S., furniture manufacturer, Dec. 1, 1874. Spence, Dr. Robert T., July 4, 1874. Sinclair, Robert, manufacturer, March 18, 1874, in his 68tli year. Slicer, Rev. Henry, of the M. E. Church, April 23, 1S74, in his 74tli year. Sanlsbury, Andreiy .)., merchant. Nov. 28, 1873. Stonebraker, Samuel, merchant, .Iiine 17, 1873. Standiford, James R.. judge of Orphans' Court in Baltimore County, Aug. 5, 1873, aged about 70. Sachse, Edward, lithographer. May 20, 1873. Stouffer, Capt. George Close (who distinguished himself in January, 18.54, by rescuing 250 passengers and crew of the ill-fated steamship " San Francisco), May 5, 1873, aged 51. Shock, Thomas A., U.S.A., January, 1873, aged 41. Schley, William, lawyer, March 20, 1872, in his 73d year. Smith, William Prescott, master of transportation B. & 0. R. R., Oct. 1, 1872, in his 48th year. Streeter, Sebastian F., author, etc., Aug. 24, 1872. Sniueker, Rev. Samuel S., of the Lutheran Church, July 26, 1872. Spalding, Archbishop Martin John,D.D., Feb. 7, 1872; born May 23, 1810. Seemuller, August, tobacco merchant. May 25, 1871. Schumacker, Albert, merchant, June 26, 1871, iu his 70th year. Smith, Job, lumber merchant, Oct. 1, 1871. Shaffer, Frederick Litlig, capitalist, Oct. 1, 1871. Slingluff, C. D., grocery merchant, Nov. 17, 1871. Spri'gg, Daniel, cashier of the Merchants' Bank, Jan. 21, 1871, in his Slst Stewart, Capt. James E., of the Mexican war, Sept. 6, 1870. Stafford, Capt. Wm. J., ship-master, April, 1869, aged about 35. Smith, John C, tobacconist, Dec. 10, 1868. Spilker, Charles, merchant, March 2, 1868. Swain, Wm. M., one of the proprietore of the Sun, Feb. 16, 1868. Simms, Jos., manufacturer, Jan. 25, 1868. Snowden, Col. Henry, "Old Defender," December, 1868. Swan, Wm., merchant, April 15, 1867, aged 80. Stewart, Gen. George H., lawyer, Oct. 22, 1867, in his 77th year. Smith, Dr. Gideon B , March 24, 1867, aged 74. Starr, Wesle.v, merchant. May 9, 1866. Smith, Gen. John Spear, president of Maryland Historical Society, Nov. 17, 1866, in 80tli year. Slattery, Rev. Michael, pastor of St. Joseph's Catholic Church, Oct.3, 1866. Sherwood, Wm. S., printer, June 7, 1866, in his 52d year. Sherwood, Richard P., hotel proprietor, Nov. 14, 1866, in his 68th year. Seth, Robert L., Nov. 2, 1865. Smith, Matthews, merchant, July 11, 1865, in his 86th year. Stump, Hon. Henry, ex-judge of Criminal Court, Oct. 29, 1865. Slicer, Col. Andrew, " Old Defender,' June 20, 1865, in his 91st year. Stouffer, Ann Clair, wife of the late Jacob Stouffer, Nov. 9, 1864, in her 75th year. Sterett, James, Nov. 1, 1864. Sauerwein, George, merchant, Oct. 3, 1864. Streeter, S. F., August, 1864. Spicer, Thomas, clerk of the U. S. Court, March 12. 1864. Sergeant, Rev. Sanil. R., of the P. E. Church, Nov. 12, 1864, in his6l8t year. Stone, Jas. H., banker, Aug. 21,1863. Starr, William, July 4, 1819, in his 4l8t year. Steiger, Maj. Jacob, of the .39th Regt. State Militia, aged 55. Sower, Samuel, Oct. 12, 1820. Swan, Gen. John, an officer of the Revolution, Aug. 21, 1821. Smith, Wm , January, 1821. Sterett, Geu. Joseph, of the Maryland militia, Jan. 18, 1821. Scott, T. Parkin, chief judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, Oct. 13, 1873, in his 70th year. Stansbury, Gen. Tobias A., Oct. 26, 1849, in his 93d year. Smith, Robert, December, 1842, in his S4th year. Stiles, Capt. George, late mayor of Baltimore, June 16, 181U, in his 59th Spence, Capt. Robert Trail, of the United States navy, Sept. 26, 1826. Smith, John, one of the framers of the Constitution, June 9, 1794. Stephens, Dr. Albert, at Hancock, Washington Co., Md., July 28, 1881. Shaw, Samttel H., Aug. 16, 1881. Seldener, Louis, Sept. 9, 1881. Small, Philip Albright, April 3, 1875. Sproston, Lieut., June 19, 1862, Schmuck, Capt. Jacob, at San Augustine, April 8, 1835. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. StorlinK, Win., July 13, 1881. Schetfer, Wni. J., July 11, 1881. Sollera, Tlioiuiis 0., July 2:1, 1881. Sheplierd, Poter, Nov. 12, 1787. Sterrel, John, Jan. 1, 1787. SteveuBon, Dr. John, eldest son of Dr. Henry S, Not. 21, 1789. Spear, William, merchant, Dec. 28, 1789, aged 08. Spry, Rev. Francis, of the M. E. Church, May 23, 1789. Slump, Herman, of Hiirford County, Sept. 20, 1801. Sterett, John, April 28, 180.5. Soniervill, Jamee, July 5, 1806, aged 01. Salmon, George, September, 1800. Sloan, Dr. Charles, son of James Sloan, Nov. 15, 1809. Sterrott, John, April 28, 1809. Shaw, Dr. John, Professor of Chemiirtry in the University of Maryland, Jan. 10, 1809, aged 31. Seekamp, Albert, merchant, Jan. 27, 1811. Smith, Dr. Wm. Kilty, Sept. 20, 1811. Snowden, Eleanor, wife of the late Francis, June 12, 1812, aged 03. Stansbury, Jacob, merchant, Feb. 22, 1812. Shipley, Benjamin, Feb. 22, 1812, aged 61. Sterett, wife of Samuel, May 17, 1812. Scott, Joliu, chief justice Court of Oyer and Terminer, Unltimore, July ,1,5, 1813. Sterett, Miy. Clement, Uovolutionury officer, May 18, 1813, aged 70. Stoddard, Betyaniiu, late Secretary of the Navy, Dec. 24, 1813. Stevenson, Dr. Henry, March 29, 1814, aged 93. Smith, Wm., Morch 27, 1814, aged 86. Spcddeu, John, April 2;i, 1815, aged 07. Strieker, Martha, wife of Gen. John, Nov. 4, 1810, in her 53d year. Stewart, Sarah, Aug. 5, 1817. Stewart, David, June 8, 1817, aged 71. Stevenson, Bev. Sater, of M. E. Church, Doc. 2, 1817. Smith, M^. Wm. R„ Juue 1(1, 1818. Sleiger, Peter, merchant, July 29, 1818, aged 43. Skinner, Dr. Henry, U.S A., Oct. 21, 1819, in his 34th year. Stephens, Alexander, Sr., " Old Defeuder," May 12, 1863, aged 69. Smith, David C, Dec. 29, 1862. Staylor, Henry, Sr., builder, Jan. 2, 1802, in his 70th year. Stafford, Lady, second daughter of Richard Caton, December, 1802. Sharpley, Rev. John, of the M. E. Church, Aug. 4, 1802, in his 83d year. Sproston, Lieut. John Glendy, U.S.N., killed at Maysport Mills, Fla., June 8, 1862. Stieff, Charles M., piano manufacturer, Jan. 1, 1862, in his 67th year. Smith, Rev. Henry, of the M. E. Church, Doc. 8, 1862, in his 94th year. Skinner, Jeremiah, ship-builder, December, 1801, iu his 45th year. Stansbury, Dr. James B., druggist, Jan. 15, 1800, in his 70th year. Sherwood, George W., clerk of the City Circuit Court, Oct. 3, 1860, in his 49lh year. Sadtler, Philip B., March 3, 1800. Simmons, Cephas, merchant, Oct. 15, 1859, aged about 70. Sauerwein, Peter, merchant, Sept. 22, 1858, in his Olst year. Stewart, David, lawyer, Jan. 5, 1858, in his 57th year. Soran, Charles, poetical writer, etc.. May 2, 1857, in his 46th year. Sewell, Tliomai, Sr., tanner, Aug. 23, 1857. Sheppard, Moses, merchant, Fel.. 1, 18.57, aged 84. Scott, Sirs Julia, last sui viviii|- child of Luther Martin, June, 1856, at an advanced age. Stiuecke, Dr. Henry A., I'.S.A . Doc. 22, 18.55. Schriver, John .<., mercliHiit aud president of several steamboat lines, Jan. 19, 1855, aged 67. Sanderson, Col. Henry S., ox-sherilT, Oct. 14, 1855. Skinner, John S., journalist, April, I8.M. Stewart, Mrs. Gen. George H., Sept. 8, 1864. Stapleton, Joseph K., March 31, 1863, aged 75. Schnauffor, Charles Henry, journalist, Sept. 4, 1853. Speed, J. J., lawyer and financial writer, July, 1852. Schaub, Jacob, " Old Defender," Sept. 15, 1852, aged about 73. y. Col. J. E., Oct. 4, 18.51. ■r, John S., editor, etc., March 21, 1861, aged 70. I, wife of Dr. Henry, July 8, 1792. Stouffor, Henry, merchant, Sept. 24, 1835, in his 74th year. Sterett, Samuel, merchant, July 11, 1833, aged 77. Smith, Rev. Roger, pastor of the Cathedral, April 3, 183.3, aged 43. Schley, Mia. Catharine, March 5, 18.30, aged 77. Sinclair, Bev. William, D.D. Stewart, Ann, wife of the late Dr. Wnj. S., Jan. 4, 1829. Stevens, Capt. Richard, Oct. 23, 1829. Strieker, Cliariotte, daughter of Gen. Strieker, Aug. 24, 1828. Solomon, Levi, merchant, March 8, 1827, in liis 79th year. Symington, .lames, Sr, Dec. 12, 1827, in his 70th year. Smith, Rev. Jamea, of the M. E. Chyrcli, Ai.ril 9, 1820. Stewart, Robert, Oct. 29. 1826. SchBpffer, Rev. Geo. E., rector of church, Anne Arundel County, Dec. 26, 1826. Swan, EliJUiheth, wife of the late Gen. John, March 9, 1825, aged 63. Strieker, tien. John, president of Bank of Baltimore, June 23, 1825. Schaeffer, Fred. G.^ate editor of the Federal Jiepublican, Nov. t, 1823. Schaeffer, Eloanoro, wife of Baltzer, Feb. 26, 1823, in her 64lh year. Steiger, Mary, one of the first inhabitants of Baltimore, and the wife of Andrew Steiger. She was born near York, Pa., aud came to Baltimore with her husband when only 17 years of age. Her parents came from Germany. Sept. 27, 1823, aged 88. Stewart, Richardson, Jan. 16, 1822, in hie 70th year. Schmitt, Wm. L., merchant, Aug. 11, 1822. Smith, Mary B., wife ofThorogood Smith, late mayor of Baltimore, Nov. 14, 1822. Spear, Mis. Wm., October, 1780. Sterett, Moj. Wm., Aug. 17, 1782. Sollera, June, 1782. Sellers, Thomas, late naval oflicer, January, 1783. Smith, Elizabeth, wife of Hon. Wm. Smith, Oct. 4, 1784. Stevenson, Dr. Jolin, March 23, 1786. SlauBl.iii V. i:,-n, Tobias E., Oct. 26, 1849, aged over 93. ^ii'.l,i,< I I liii H., May 2, 1848, inhisgethyear. -I I I . I I iiiiis, April 8, 1848, aged 71. -I. I .11. 23, 1846,in hi802dyear. his father, Beutencod for 18 y€ 19, 1845. Smith, Margaret, widow of Gen. umstantial evidence of the murder of •8, in 18;i9, to the penitentiary, July . Smith, Dec. 22, 1842, in her 84th Scharf, Wm , May 6, 1840, in his 70th year. Snodgraes, Sarah M., wife of Wm. Snodgrass, Oct. 8, 1840. Stewart, Col. Wm., Feb. 12, 1830, aged 68. Smith, Gen. Saml., ex-mayor and U. S. senator, April 22,1839, in his 87th year. Stouffer, Barbara, wife of the late Henry Stouffer, Jan. 10, 1839, aged 74. Staylor, Wm., Oct. 27, 1838, in his 57th year. Stansbury, Ann S, wife of Gen. Tobias E., July 9, 1838. Schaeffer, Baltzer, an officer of the Revolution, September, 1838. Sterrett, Mrs. M., wife of the late Gen. Jos., July 13, 1838, in her 37th Schaeffer, John, a Revolutionary soldier, Dec. 14, 1838, in hie 90th year. Stone, Right Bev. Wm. Murry, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland, Fob. 25, 1838. Stran, Tlios. P., March 3, 1837, aged 40. Strieker, John, only sou of Gen. John, Dec. 24, 1837. Swanu, John, Jan. 28, 1837, aged 52. Stockton, Richard C, Nov. 2, 1837, in his .50th year. Stansbury, Elijah, Sr., Aug. 21, 1837, in his 81st year. I, Jane, wife of the late Sinclair Sutherland, and widow of Jas. Lowry Donaldson, who was killed at the battle of North Point, March 22, 1837. r, merchant, Sept. 11, 1836, iu his 76th year. Slingluff, Jesse, merchant, July, 1836, aged over 61. Shaffer, Geo., May 10, 1881. Slade, Nelson W., May 26, 1881. Sheredine, Col. Thos., May 28, 1762. ■, Daniel, April 7, 1703. Mrs. Matilda, June 24, 1881. Shutt, Col. A. P., July 11, 1881. Salmon, Edwanl W., April 30, 1881. Share, Ricliard,Junel7, 1881. Sullivan, Dr. John McKew, April 29, 1881. Sykcs, James, June 1, 1881. Scofleld, James, April 8, 1881. Simms, Wm. C, April 11, 1881. Sheppard, Moses, who endowed the asylum near Baltimore with 8600,000, Feb. 1,1857. Sterett, James, Nov. 4, 1790. Staick, Capt. John, May 14, 1797. Salmon, Mrs. George, Sept. 21, 1797. Solomon, Isaac, merchant, Jau 10, 1798. BALTIMOEE CITY AND COUNTY NECKOLOGY. , Col. Joshua, May 20, 1799. Smitli, Alexander H., shipmaster, June 2, 1799. Stoddard, Rebecca, wife of the late Benjnmiu, Secretary United States uavy, Feb. 10, 1802. Stewart, John, second son of David, March 1, 1802. Swan, Joseph, merchant, March 1, 1802. Stark, John, proprietor Indian Queen, Oct. 5, 1.S03. Sequin, John, May 1.% Iwi3. Stevenson, Anil, wiT ■! I'l tl'm^ sl.veTisoii, Oct. 16, 180G, aged 54. Stoddert, Miij. 1>;.M - I i^-^il ,i8. Skinner, Janiee, I - i . I -, i *'. Smith, Peter, S.-pi ^, I-", ' 'H' .vear. Stansbury, , wife of Tobiiis 0. Slansbury, April 21, 1809. Thompson, Gen. Henry A., president of Bank of Baltimore, March 12, Turner, Lewis, Jr., butcher, Nov. 25, 1879, in his 44th year. Tiffany, Comfort, merchant, March 15, 1879, aged 81. Tyson, Philip T., geologist and chemist, Dec. 16, 1877, in hii Travers, Wm. R., Sept. 1, 1877. Tyson, Henry, late president of Baltimore City Passenger Railway, Sept. 1 year. 1, 1877. Taylor, Col. Wm. H., Oct. 15, 1877, aged 45. Tsclieubeus, Rev. Francis X., of the Catholic Church, May 10, 1877, in Taylor, Col. John McLean, U.S.A., Nov. 21, 1876. Toy, John D., printer, Feb. 4, 1875, in his Slst year. Tilghman, Gen. Tench, merchant, Dec. 22, 1874, aged about 65 years. Teackle, St. George N,, lawyer, March 26, 1874, in his 66th year. Tilyard, Dr. H. W., dentist, Jan. 4, 1872, in his 70th year. Trego, Wm. H., chemist, Nov. 2, 1872, in his 77th year. Thomas, George F., merchant, February, 1872, aged 70. Twiner, Wm., real estate agent, June 24, 1871. Tucker, Henry R , shipping merchant, Dec. 15, 1870. Thompson, Thomas, dry-goods importer, Dec. 9, 1868. Tyson, Nathan, merchant, Jan. 6, 1867, aged 80. Trotten, Thomas, merchant, March 15, 1S67, in his 68th year. Tlionias, F. W., author, April 27, 1866, aged 56 years. Thomas, Sterling, butcher, Jan. 11, 1865. Tyson, Isaac, retired mei-chant, Jan. 30, 1864, in his 87th year. Thomas, David E., Oct. 18, 1864, in his 73d year. Turner, Capt. John D., September, 1864, in his 68th year. Tyson, John S., lawyer, Oct. 2, 1864, aged 69. Tuttle, Wm. M., journalist, June 17, 1864, in his 58th year. Thomas, Evans, April 25, 1863, aged 82. Tumblinson, Wm., " Old Defender," April 26, 1863. Toner, Michael, Aug. 2, 1862, aged 82. Thomas, Philip E., first president Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Sept. 1, 1861, aged 85. Tyson, Isaac, chrome manufacturer, Nov. 25, 1861, in his 70th year. Thomas, Dr. Richard H., formerly professor of obstetrics in the Univer- sity of Maryland, Jau. 15, 1860. Thomas, Thomas, " Eating Tom," July 4, 1860, in his 88th year. Talbott, Wm. A., lawyer, March 1, 1859. Taylor, Isaac, Sr., September, 1859, aged 88. Thompson, Wm., alias " Country," a noted character and politician, Jau. 14, 1S57. Turner, Col. Joshua Mayberry, butcher, Dec. 7. 1857, in his 53d year. Turner, Nathau, butcher, April 18, 1855, in his 82d year. Towson, Gen. Nathan, U. S. army, July 20, 1854, aged 71. Tiffany, Osmond C, merchant, June 11, 1851, aged 57. Torrey, Rev. Chas. T., died in the Maryland Penitentiary, being sentenced for six years for Qnticiug away slaves. May 9, 1846. Tucker, Elizabeth Carroll, wife of Dr. A. B. Tucker, March 22, 1842. Tennant, Col. Boyce, March 1, 1839. Thomas, Elizabetli, wife of Philip E., Oct. 18, 1837, in her 60th year. Tennant, Col. Thomas, Jan. 10, 1836, aged 69. Thomas, Isaiah, son of Isaiah, Juno 1835, aged about 70. Thompson, William, July 22, 1833, aged 111. Taylor, Wm. W., Aug. 11, 1832, iu his 63d year. Trippe, Capt. James, June 13, 1826. Thompson, Hugh, merchant, Nov. 1, 1826, aged 66. Toy, Mary, wife of Rev. Joseph, Maich 10, 1825, in her 75th year. Tyson, Elisba, philanthropist, February, 1824, iu his 75th year. Tiffany, Otis, merchant, Aug. 31, 1822. Tolly, Col. Walter, Sept. 21, 1776. Tolley, Walter, September, 1782. Tolley, Walter, April 2, 1783. Tolley, Delia, wife of Edward, March 14. 1783. Tilghman, Col. Tench, April 20, 1786, aged 42. Taylor, Lieut.-Col. Robert, March 14, 1803. Tyson, Margaret, wife of Jesse, June 20, 18(M. Towson, Wm., of Baltimore County, Sept. 18, 1805, aged 40. Taylor, Richard, Oct. 23, 1805, aged 40. Towson, Ruth, wiilow of Ezekiel, Dec. 1, 1808, in her 60tli year. Thomas, Philip, April 3, 1809. Temple, Benj. L , prominent lawyer of Philadelphia, March 29, 1881. Travers, Capt. Robt. M., May 3, 1881. Thayer, Nathaniel, March 24, 1881. Thomas, Dr. J. Hanson, an old and distinguished citizen of Baltimore, July 16, 1881. Tchudy, Nicholas, May 25, 1810. Tyson, Elizabeth, wife of Isjiac, May 12, 1812. Tower, Capt. James, of the privateer "Comet," April 8, 1813. Trimble, Isaac, merchant. Dec. 13, 1^13. Tinger, Charles, Feb. 14, 1816, in his Slst year. Thomas, Luke, merchant, Jan. 3, 1816, aged 64. Trimble, Hannah, wife of William, Dec. 24, 1816. Tyson, Sarah, wife of Jesse, Sept. 18, 1816, aged 51. Tolly, William, merchant, Jan. 7, 1818, in his 50lh year. Tyson, George, Oct. II, 1819. Tyson, Nathan, merchant, March 15, 1819, in bis 63d year. Thornbnrg, Joseph, Feb. 2, 1820. Tyson, Jesse, Aug. 20, 1821. Tyson, Elishn, at an advanced age, in 1824, a friend of the African. Thomas, J. P., Aug. 31, 1881. Thompson, Harry, Aug. 29, 1881. Talbott, Charles Augustus, April 26, 1881. Tipton, Jonathan, Jan. 21, 1757, aged 118. Thompson, Dr. I. D., June 15, 1881. Tyler, Charles, July 16, 1881. Taney, Roger Brooke, lawyer and chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C, Oct. 14, 1864, in his 88th year. Umban, M. Herbert, formerly publisher of the "Cotton Plant," May, 1869. Uhler, Philip, Dec. 11, 1855, aged 87. Uhlhorn, Rev. J., pastor of Zion Lutheran Church, March 22, 1834, aged about 38. Upton, Scott, Aug. 3, 1881. Van Bibber, wife of Isaac, May 17, 1796. Vaughan, IJeut. George, a soldier of the Revolution, Dec. 2, 1820, in his Vansant, Mary j Hon. Joshi July 2, 1S77, aged Vickers, George R., grain merchant, July 5, 1875,aged 66. Vollandt, John M., nnisician, Jan. 24, 1866. Volandt, Christopher, musician, Ang. 31, 1863. Vickers, Joel, merchant, Dec. 2, 1860, aged 87. Venable, Proctor A., hardware merchant, Jan. 15, 1860, in his 80th year. Vollandt, Prof. Frederick, musician, July 11, 1861. Valiant, Wm. H., hatter, Nov. 17, 1860, in his Slst year. Vansant, Mrs. Joshua, Aug. 29, 1841, aged 32. Von KapB, J. B., merchant, July 30, IS28, in his 58th year. Van Bibber, Isaac, April 21, 1826, in his 90th year. Van Bibber, Dr. Abraham, Aug. 23, 1805, aged 61. Van Ness, Eugene, May 28, 1862. Waugh, Bishop, M. E. Church, Feb. 9, 1858. Wilson, James, merchant, Nov. 10, 1851. Winning, John, July 10, 1789. Wynkoop, Dr. James, M.iy 15, 1791. West, Rev. Dr. Wm., rector of St. Paul's P. E. Church, March 30, 1791. Weisenthal, Dr. Andrew, Dec. 2, 1798. White. John Campbell. Oct. 5, 1803. Winchester, James, late judge of the District Court of Maryland, April 5, 1806. Whitehead, Rev. James, late of St. Paul's P. E. Church, Aug. 21, 1808. Wright, Sanil., merchant, from a wound received in a duel, .\.pril 19, 1811. Winchester, William, April 24, 1812, in hia 62d year. Wilson, George, ship-joiner. May 19, 1816, iu his 47th year. Winder, Maj.-Gen. Levin, soldier and statesman, born 1757, and died July 1, 1819. Winchester, Richard, June 18, 1819. Williams, Ebenezer. April 10, 1819. Warfleld, Capt. David, Sept. 1, 1821. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Worthlnpton, Thomas, May 3, 1821. Walker, Noali, merchant, Feb. 2, 187.1. Whllrldge, Horalio, Feb. 11, 1873. Winchester, Jamee, judge of tlio U. S. District Court, April 6, 1806. Wood, William Maxwell, surgeon-general U. S. navy, March 1, 1880, in his 72d year. Warner, Michael, late prreldi'iit of the Mechanics' Bank, Aug. 29, 1879, In Ills 8011. year. Wilkons, Wllllnm, curled hair mannfoctnror, July 12, 1879, In his 62d year. Winder, William II., banker, Oct. 18, 1879, aged 71. Wright, Bobert Clinton, merchant, Nov. 12, 1879, in his 07tli year. Wilson, Thomns, merchant, Sept. 2, 1879, In his 91st year. Whiltinghara, William Rollins, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of the P. E. Church of Maryland, Oct. 17, 1879, In his 74th year. Wyatt, Rev. Christopher B., D.D , of the P. E. Church, Nov. 8, 1879, In bis 55th year. Williamson, Charles A., merchant, Dec. 14, 1878. Winans, Tliomaa, inventor, June 10, 1878, in bis 68th year. Wilkius. Col. Edward, late collector of the port, Dec. 28, 1878, about 65. Whitridge. Dr. John, July 23, 1878, born March 23, 1793. Wiley, John F., printer, etc., Nov. 18, 1877. Winans, Ross, inventor and machiuist, April, 1877, aged 81. Wiley, Rev. John, of the P. E. Church, Feb. 19, 1877, in Ills 71st year. Watkinson, Bev. W. K., of Baptist Church, Sept. 20, 1877, aged 54. Webster, Capt. John A., U. S. Revenue Marine, July 14, 1877, aged 91. White, Miles, capitalist, Marcli if, 187C, in bis 48th year. Washington, Frankie (colored), Jan. 19, 1876, aged 115. Wilson, Luther, merchant, Sept. 26, 187G, in his 74th year. Williamson, Rev. Dr. J. D., Nov 26, 1S76. Wailes, Charles A., insurance commissioner, Jan. 31, 1876, aged about 88. Wolf, Marcus, merchant, Aug. 21, 1875, in his 76th year. Wheelwright, Jeremiah, paper-dealer, June 16, 1875. Wilson, Capt. Isaac, steiimboatman, April 17, 1875, in his 73d year. Whitney, Milton, lawyer, Sept. 13, 1875, in his 62d year. Whitridge, Horatio L., shipping merchant, Feb. II, 1874. Walker, Noah, clothing merchant, Feb. 2, 1874. Waters, Somerset R., Slate oflicer, Nov. 3U, 1874. Weems, Capt. Ma«ou Locke, steamboat proprietor, Oct. 13, 1874, in his 6l8t year. Wilson, Robert Y., merchant, July 1, 1874, aged 73. Wilson, Robert, July 15, 1874, aged 87. Wigfall, Gen. Louis T., Feb. 18, 1874. Webb, James, merchant, Dec. 28, 1874, in his 50th year. Williams, Henry H , merchant, December, 1873. Wilson, Robert, merchant, of cholera, Sept. 6, 1832, in his 63d year. Wilkinson, Capt. Shubie, Dec. 17, 1832, in his 68th year. WaiTen, William, actor, Oct. 20, 1832, in his 60th year. Walsh, Robert, Jan. 9, 1831, in his 81st year. Williamson, David, Jan. 28, 1831, aged 87. Warner, George, June 21, 1829, aged 61. Waters, Col. Richard, a Kevolntionary soldier, Ang. 25, 1829, aged 75. Williams, Charles, Jan. 2, 1828, aged 79. Ward, Hon. Wm. H., associate judge of the Sixth District of Maryland, July 26, 1827. Wyatt, James, son of Rev. Dr. Wyatt, Feb. 7, 1826. Wagner, Jacob, Jan. 17, 1825. Wellesley, Mrs. Long, October, 1825. Winder, Gen. Wm. U., lawyer and soldier. May 24, 1824, aged 60. Wilkins, William, Ang. 21, 181i3, in his 87th year. Wall, Jacob, Sr., Oct. 14, 182i, in his 55tli year. Welch, Dr. John, May 15, 1822, aged 47. Wilson, Wm., president of the Bank of Baltimore, March 30th, in his 75th year. Whelan, Catherine, wife of Richard, Sept. 5, 1785. Wilson, Stephen, merchant, Sept. 10, 1794. Whelan, Capt. Richard, April 20, 1804. Woisenthal, Elizabeth, wife of the late Dr. Charles ¥., July 2, 1805. Warfield, Dennis, Oct. 9, 1806. Warren, Ann, wife of Willioni, of llolliday St. Theatre, Juno 28, 1808. Weatherburn, John, president Mechanics' Bank, April 21, 1811. WIgnell, James, March 21, 1814, aged 83. Walker, Rev., archbishop of the E|)i8c,. T. K.Galloway. Bn(;ir„," . ,-., • -1 -.,,IH, County-, I , I \'. iM..ri, .John Wheeler, J. D.O'Dell, WillL,.,, }l ~l,,,i,. «ill,,ii„ l:..i,s,.y,Charie8B. McClain. State Att.irueyH, ls-,1-55, Llo.vd W. Williams; 18S6-63, Richard J. Git- tlngs; 1863-67, John T. Ensor ; 1867-71, Wm. 8. Keech ; 1871-75, Jervis Spencer; 1879, D. G. Mcintosh. Baltimore County Sheeiffs from 1687 to 1881. 1687, Thomas Long; 1B94, John Thomas; 1697, James Maxwell; 1725, Wm. Smith ; 1729, Thomas Sheredin ; 173(1, John Hall ; 1734, Ed- ward Hall ; 1736, William Hammond ; 1738, Nicholas Ridgely ; 1742, John Ridgely; 1743, William Dallam; 1744, John RIsteau ; 1748, Roger Boyce; Hiii, Thomas Sheredine; 1753, William Toung; n.-in. nuirlcs riirlstie: 1757, David McailiimBll ; 1760, Roger l!..v, , . 1-1 I, A.|uil , II:iII; 1705, Rohert Adair ; 1768, Daniel Chai- nii.'i :"^ I I , l: il lliiiay; 1776,Rol)ertChristie,.lr.; 1777,Henry Sf.'iil, : 1 i I'll Baxter; 1780, Job Garrilson; 1782, Wm. Mcl.Hu^ , 17- J, I liiiiind Ford; 1780, PhilipGraybill; 1788, Wm. GibBoii; I7M.'<, Tb i» Butter, Jr.; 1791, Robert Gorsnch ; 1794, Henry Steph.-iison ; 18()0, James Wilson ; 1803, Thos. Bailey ; 1805, Jacob Grounds; 1809, Wm. Merryman; 1812, John Hutchins; 1815, Matthew Murray ; 1818, John Stevenson ; 1821, Sheppard C. Leakin ; 1824. Standish Barry ; 1827, Wm. Bale ; 1830, Henry Green ; 1833, Henry S. Sanderson ; 1836, John W. Walker; 1839, Wm. DeBall ; 1842, Nicholas Tracy ; 1845, John Kettlewell ; 1848, Joshua F. Hynes ; 1851, Samuel Storm; 1853, Pleasant Hunter; 1855, Wm. Pole; 1857, Richard W. Hook; 1859, Francis J. Wheeler; 1861, Joseph Walker; 1863, D. S. Armstrong, died Nov. 9, 1864 : 1864, James Thompson; 1865, John K. Harvey; 1867, Thomas Baldwin; 1869, Nicholas Burke; 1871, Samuel J. Robinson; 1873, Samuel F. Butler; 1875, Steven Barton ; 1877, Sanmel W. Worthington ; 1879, Wm. A. Baltimore County is in the Third Judicial Circuit of Maryland, as established by the constitution of 1867. The court-house is at Towsontown, where all the sessions of the court are held. Before the adop- tion of the constitution of 18.')1 the sessions of the Baltimore County Court were held in Baltimore City, and for several years afterwards, until the completion of the court-house at Towson. Since 1851 the Baltimore County judiciary has been as follows : 1851-64, John H. Price; 1864, Henry Stockbridge; 1804-67, D. C. H. Emory; 1867-82, Richard Grason, chief judge; George Yellutt and Alfred Bateman, associates. Judge Batemau resigned, and George Maynardier was appointed to fill the vacancy until James D. Wal- ters, present incumbent, was elected and took his seat. CouNTV Clerks, 1659 to 1871. 1669-65, John Collett; 1665-1700, Thomas Hedges; 1700-«, H. Wri- othesley; 1708-36, .John Stokes: 1736-41, 1. Wells Stokes; 1741-46, Thomas Bresowood (died Dec. 22, 1746); 1746-53, Talbott Kisteau (died Nov. 23, 1703); 1763-69, Boale Bordley; 1769-77, A. Lawson; 1777-1832, William Gibson; 1832-39, A rad Israel; 1839-44, Thomas KoU ; 1844-51, A. W. Bradford ; 1851-57, Henry M. Fitzhugh ; 1867- 63, George H. Carnion; 1863-07, John H. Longneckor; 1867-73, Ed- ward H. Ady ; 1873-79, John Bacon ; 1879, William M. Isaac. Beoisters of Wills, 1771 to 1881. 1777, Thomas Jones ; 1778, Nicholas Mather ; 1826, David M. Porlne ; 1861 , James L. Ridgely (resigned); 1802, Saninel F. Butler (a|ipointed); 1863, John Phllpot; 1807, O. P. Macglll; 1873, Joseph B. MItcheU; 1879, William H. Roller (deceased) ; 1881, Thom«» Phllpot (appointed by the court). JunoF.8 OF the Orphans' Court, 1777 to 1881. Upon the formation of the State government in 1777 the following were appointed judges of the Orphans' Court : 1777.— Andrew Buchanan, John Moale, Benjamin Rogers, William Bu- chanan, William Spear, Thomas Sollors, John Beale Howard. 1779.— James Calhoun, Isaac Van Bibber. 1783.— James McHonry, Charles Ridgely, of Wm. 1784.— John Merrynuin, Wm. Russell, Lyde Goodwin. 1786.— John Moalo, George G. Prosbury, Isaac Van Bibber, Lyde Good- win, Wm. Russell, John E. Howard. 1787.-Charles Ridgely, of Wm. 1789.— James Calhoun. 1792.— Nicholas Rogers, Wm. McLaughlin, George Salmon. 1794.— George Goldsmith Presbiiry. 1796.— Andrew Wiesenthal. 1799.— Charles Ridgely, of Wm., George G. I'li-sbury, Kandolph B. Lati- 1800.— Owen Dorsey, vice Latimer. 1803.— Thomaii Rutter, vice Ridgely. 1805.— George C. Presbury, Owen Dofsey, Thomas Diison. 1810.— Cornelius H. Gist, vice Dixon. 1812. — Samuel Owings, of Stephen, Owen Dorsey, C. H. Gist. 1814.— Cornelius Howard, rice Gist. 1810. — James Carroll, Jr., vice Owings. 1820.— Alexander McKim, Beal Randall, Stephen H. Moore. 1829.— Alexander McKim, Peter Little, James Harwood, Henry Payson, lice Little. 1832.— Benj. C. Bridgate, vice McKim. 18;n.— James Harwood, Benj. C. Bridgate, John H. Ward. 1838.-James Can-oil, Wm. Baker, James B. Price. 1839.— John H. Briscoe, vice Carroll. 1845.— Edward D. Kemp, C. J., Peter Leary, John D. Readel. 1848.— Charles Howard, C. J., John H. Briscoe, John Burns. 1861.— Joshua H. Hynes, C. J., Isaac Taylor, Jr., Wm. Kirwood, Nicholas Gatch, vice Hynes, who resigned Oct. 2, 1856. 1855 —Joshua F. Cockey, C. J., Joshua Merryman, Jonathan Tracey. 1869.— Vachel W. Baseman, C. J., Benj. Payne, John B. Holmes. 1863.— Stephen W. Falls, C. J., James A. Standiford, Hanson P. Rutter. Mr. Rutter died March 1, 1804, and Joseph Merryman was appointed by Governor March 22d lo fill the unexpired term. 1867.— James C. »l. Gr.iii, f. J., C. Howard Owings, Thomas Rutledge. Mr. .MHiiiui ,lh .1 .III I II,- the summer of 1868, and was succeeded, on Sept.!,, I , M : 1 -!,,,,, K. Cockey. 1871.— .1-1 I I .('. H. Owings, Thomas J. Rutledge. 1875.— .r.,-li,,,, I I „i,.>,i .I.,SamueIK. Griffith, Luther! Oct. 3, IvTi;, .\ll.eil 1\1. Brown, rice Grifflth, deceased. 1879.— Joshua F. Cockey, C. J., John Goutrum, Jesse Daily. Collectors of Taxes. 8.— 1st Dist., John C. Wartman; 2d, Samuel B. Mettam; 3d, 1 M. Scott ; 4tli, Thomas Cross; 6th, Aired P. Amoss. D.— Ist Dist., John C. Wartman ; 2d, Samuel B. tlutlam ; 3d, I M. Sett ; HI., Til. .1.111" i'r..sB; 6th, Alfred P. Amoss. i)._l„i I.,., I 1.., . « ,i,„i;ui; 2d,Samnel B. Mettam; 3d, 1 1862.- Ist Dj8t.,Gf...L, 11 » L. Ridgely; 4lli. i , i I William Fost.-i . • - James B. McC, 1.1 , 1863.— 1st Dist., G. H \( ■ Ridgel.v,Jr.; 411,. i i William Foster; l: \l . James B. McCoiniiM ; Kith, 1804.— Ist Dist, G. H. Wliitte >d, Samuol B. Mettam ; 3d, Thomki i T ;:, K Harvey; 3d, James I It,,,,., v.. Wautland; 6th, II I.I. V L. Bowon; 9th. 11 , , ; iili. Jesse Fowler. I : K ll.i. vey ; 3d, James L. 1 I ,, , K. Wantlnnd; 6th, ll.liiii..n; mil, Jesse Fowler. 2d, John Harvey; 3d, James L. Ridgely ; 4th, Jacob Beckley ; 0th, Benjamin B. Bush ; 6th, Willi. Foster; 7th, Abrain Jessop; 8th. Henry L. Bowen ; 91b. .1. 11. M.( mas; 10th, J. U. Onion ; lllh, William Bullou. BALTIMORE COUNTY AND DISTRICTS. 815 1865— iBt Di8t., G. H. Whittemore; 2d, J. K. Harvey ; 3c1, .1. h. Ridgely, Jr.; 4tli, Jacob Beckley; 5th, Benjamin B. Bush; 6th, William Foster; 7th, Abram Jessop; 8th, Henry L. Boweu ; 9th, J. B. Mc- Comas; 10th, J. H. Onion; lllh, William Button. I860.— l8t Dist.,G. H. Whittemore; 2d, J. Dixon O'Dell ; 3d, James L. Eidgely, Jr.; 4th, Jacob Beckley; 5th, Benjamin B. Bush; Bth, Thomas E. Ensor ; 7th, Abrara Jessop; 8th, Henry L. Bowen ; 9th, James B McComas; 10th, James H. Onion; lltli, William Button. 1867.- 1st Dist, John W. McCauley; 2d, J. D. O'Dell; 3d, James L. Ridgely, Jr.; 4th, Jacob Beckley; 5th, Richard C. Tracey ; 6tli, Martin Conn ; 7th, Abram Jessop; 8th, Nelson Cooper; 9th, Richard Hutchins; 10th, James H. Onion ; 11th, John S. Hays. 1888.- 1st Dist., John W. McCauley ; 2d, J. D. O'Dell ; 3d, J. L. Ridgely, Jr.; 4th, Jacob Beckley; 5th, K. C. Tracey; 6th, Martin Conn ; 7th, Abram Jesaop ; 8th, Nelson Cooper; 9th, Richard Hutchins; 10th, J. H. Onion; 11th, John S. Hays. 1869.— 1st Dist., J. W. McCauley ; 2d, Thomas P. Phillips ; 3d, Thomas H. Moore ; 4th, John E. Crout ; Sth, Wm. H. Tracey; 6th, Z. Alban; 7tli, Martin Conn; Sth, Thomas M.Scott; 91h, 0. S. Ta.vlor ; 10th, T. A. Elliott; nth, Samuel Higle; 12th, John S. Biddison; 13th, Wni. T. Randall. 1870.— 1st Dist., John W. McCauley ; 2d, Thomas P. Phillips; 3d, Thomas H. Moore; 4th, John E. Crout; Sth, Wm.H. Tracey; 6th, Zachariah Alban ; 7th, Martin Conn ; Sth, Thomaa M. Scott ; 9th, Caleb S. Taylor ; 10th, Thomas A. Elliott ; 11th, Samuel Higle ; 12th, John S. Biddison ; 13th, William T. Randall. 1871.— l6t Dist., John W. McCauley ; 2d, Thomas P. Phillips ; 3d, Thomas H. Moore; 4tli,Jolin E. Crout; .5th, Abraham Bossom ; 6th, Zacha- riah Alban; 7th, Marl in Conu; Sth, Thomas M. Scott ; 9th, Caleb S. Taylor; loth, Thomas A. Elliott; 11th, Samuel Higle; 12tli, John S. Biddison; 13th, William T. Raudall. 1872.— Ist Dist., Wm. T. McCauley; 2d, T. C. Worthington; 3d, John Baseman ; 4th, John E. Crout ; Sth, Abraham Bossom ; 6th, Daniel Stabler; 7th, William Rutledge; Sth, Hugh O'Couner; 9th, J. C. Harrison; loth, H. C. Hutchins; 11th, C. T. Haile; 12th, G. W. Doreey ; 13th, William T. Randall. 1873.- Ist Dist., Wm. T. McCauley; 2d, T. C. Worthington; 3d, John Baseman; 4th, W. A. Slade; 5th, A. Bossom; 6th, Daniel Stabler; 7th, Wm. Kutledge; Sth, Hugh O'Conner; 9th, J. C. Harrison; 10th, H. C. Hutchins; 11th, Chas. T. Haile; 12th, G. W. Dorsey; I3th, W. T. Randall. 1874.— 1st Dist., Columbus J. Shipley ; 2d, T. C. Worthington; 3d, John Baseman; 4th, Wm. A. Slade; 5th, Abraham Bossom; 6th, Daniel Stabler; 7th, William Rutledge; Sth, Hugh O'Connor; 9th, James C. Harrison; 10th, H. C. Hutchins; 11th, Charles T. Haile; 12th, George W. Doreey ; 13th, William T. Randall. 1875.— Ist Dist,, Columbus J. Shipley ; 2d, L. M. Widerman ; 3d, John Baseman; 4th, Wm. A. Slade; 5th, Abraham Bossom; 6th, Daniel Stabler; 7th, William Rutledge; 8tb, Hugh 0'Cn Ueor Crook, about twelve miles from the head of Iluali Kivor, and seven miles from the nearest navigable parts of the Susquehanna, won ufTerod for sale by Corbin Lee, at Nottingham Forges, upon the Great Falls of Gunpowder River. June, 1704. — AugnMt Ilorrl and Daniel Keuly opened a boardlng*school for boys at Mount Pleasant, where Mr. Giles resided. In their adver- tisement they said " they would teach Latin and Greek Languages with the classical authors thereunto belonging." January, 1764.— Mr. John Howard laid out a part of his land, called Howard's Range, lying on Patapsco River, near Elk Ridge Landing, into a town called Korfolk. A plot of the towu was to he seen at Klk Ridge Landing, at the store of Henry Griffiths. 1765.- Nicholas Peddicord lived upon a tract of land called Peddicord's Hope, on tlie main Falls of Fatapsco, containing sixty acres, good mill property, etc. 176G.— The following communication was addressed to the Maryland OiaeUe^ published at Annapolis, on May 22d : " The inhabitants of Balti- more town and county desire to infoi-m the neighboring counties that they have raised by subscription upwards of four hundred pounds in three days, and doubt not of collecting a sufficient sum in a short time towards purchasing a genteel statue to be erected in Baltimore town m honor of the glorious and truly patriotic William Pitt, Esq., as an ac- knowledgment for the innumerable services (not only) done to this Province and Continent, but to the Loversof Liberty in general. [Signed] " Henry Stevenson." Oct. 22, 1768.— Robert Adair, one of the representatives, died. 1772.— Capt. Charles Ridgely's residence was called "Sportsman's Hall." 1773.— Dr. John Stevenson kept a doer park on or near the Falls of Patapsco. July 15, 1783.— Portland, a new town, was laid out in lots at tlie Ferry Branch of the Patapsco, otherwise known as Moale's Point, one mile soutliwestof Baltimore, where -there was twenty to forty feet of water. The main road to Annapolis and the Southern States led through that place, where there was a public ferry. March 4, 1787.— The electors of Baltimore County were requested to meet at Reisterstown " for the purpose of consulting together in a public manner, and forming such instructions to our repreHentatives as may most probably tend to alleviate their distress at this critical juncture,and at thesame time evince their attachment to our excellent Constitution." June 12, 1789.— "The subscriber, in order to settle his affairs, offers for sale upon the most reasonable terms that very valuable property situated on Herring Run, four miles from Baltimore, on the main road leading to Philadelphia. This tract contains upwards of six hundred acres, one-half of which is as good bottom or meadow-land as any in the State, the residue chiefly woodland, in good thriving timber, and well adapted tu farming and grazing. The excellency and great advan- tages of this land are not to be enumerated within the compass of an advertisement. In general it is rich and level, finely watered, and pleasantly situated. What more can be wished? within half an hour's ride of one of the first market-towns on the continent, and that a , town, too, which under the auspicious commencement of our general I government, and a just and equal administration, and from its peculiar local advantages, promises soon to arrive at a degree of opulence un- rivalled on this side of the Atlantic. "Robert Long." j March 8, 1793, Baltimore County accounts audited by the following I persons : James Gittings, Daniel Rowley, William Owings, Philip Rogera. 1803. — The question of improving the turnpike road out of Baltimore was the subject of much controversy and excitement. In November, 1807, Thomas Johnson was chosen a State senator, vice John T. Worthington, resigned. August, 1809, a camp-meeting was held on the Harford road, eleven I miles from Baltimore city, attended by about ten thousand persons. | About four hundred and eighty carriages passed over Gay Street Bridge, then called Griffiths', in Baltimore City. 1S14.— A camp-meeting was held on the landsof John Ward, living on | the Liberty road, about one mile from Allen's Mill and fourteen from i Baltimore City, " free to all who quietly submitted to the government I and regulations of the meeting." ', 1814.— Travelers between Philadelphia and ] the Lancaster and York roads were gratified to hear that the bridge across the Susquehanna at Columbia, a mile or two above the old ferry at Baltimore City, was so far completed as to have been passed with car- riiiges on December 19tli and since. It was five thousand six hundred and ninely<«ix feet long, or one mile, twenty-six rods, and four and one- half feet, the longest in America except the one across tlie Potomac. Mr. Burr, of Connecticut, was the architect. Jan. 20. 1820, the Patapsco Cotton-Factory, nine miles from Baltimore, was burned to the ground. Jan. 9, 1822, the Governor and Council made the following appoint- ments for tho county: Justices of the Orphans* Court, Alexander Mo- Kim, Iteale Randall, Stephen H. Moore; and justices of the Levy Court, Robert Gorsuch, John II. Barney, John Buck, John Berry, Nathaniel Childs, Jacob G. Smith, George Ebaugh, Job Smith, John G. Walker, William Brown, and William Curtis. At a meeting held at Waterloo, Oct. 19, 1831, for Anne Arundel, Bal- timore, and Prince George's Counties, of persons friendly to the **ptx>- tectjon of domestic industry," Governor George Howard presided, as- sisted by Edward Gray and Jacob Hollingsworth as vlct^presidents, and Nathaniel II. Ellicott and Benjamin Brown, secretaries. Ten delegates were appointed from each county to attend the convention in New York on October 2Cth following. Those selected from Baltimore County were N. H. Ellicott, John Ridgoly, of Hampton, John Wethered, H. V. Som- merville, Hugh Ely, George Patterson, Gen. Jamieon, Judson M. Duck- ett, W. H. Freeman, William F. Johnson. A public meeting was held at the '* Franklin Hotel." in tho village of Franklin, Jan. 26, 1833, for the purpose of taking into consideration the bill then before Congress in regard to a "tariff." John C. Dishon was called to the chair, and Anthony Kennedy appointed secretary. The object of the meeting being stated by John Pendleton Kennedy, a com- mittee of five was chosen, who drew up and presented resolutions ia favor of a tariff for protection to "American Industry," and which were unanimously adopted. The Baltimore Sun^ Oct. 7, 1842, was en- abled by extritordinary express to lay before its readers, in an extra, the complete returns of the election in the county, which was never before done in such a short time. Nicholas Tracy was elected sheriff by 2l9a majority over Mr. Chose, the next highest candidate. Sept 8, 1843, Sheriff Tracey, accompanied by Officer Fuller, pursuant to a writ issued by the BaUiniore County Court, proceeded to the United States arsenal, seven miles out of Baltimore City, to effect the arrest of Capt. Charles May, of the United States army, who was supposed to be about to meet Philip B. Key, for the purpose of fighting a duel; at the arsenal Mr. Tracy encountered a gentleman whom he took to be Capt. May, from the description fnruiiihed him and having once seen him in Baltimore himself. The gentleman, however, denied that he was Capt May, but stated that his name was May. While in conversation a dog came up and begun to play about them, and Mr. Tracy, on glancing at the collar of the dog, discovered thereon the name Capt. Charles May. With tills evidence unexpectedly thrust upon him, Mr. Tracy expressed a desire that the gentleman should accompany lilm to Baltimore. He gave his word of honor that he would appear forthwith at court. On appearing before Judge Archer, he stated his name was Henry May, and that he was a brother of Capt. May. Judge Archer observed that be knew Mr. Mny, but did not know his Christian name. He therefore asked proof on that point, whereupon Robert J. Brant, Esq., of tho bar, identified Mr. May, and he was honorably and promptly discharged. The cause of the difference between Cnpt May and Mr. Key was their rival claims to the affections of a fair and amiable young lady. May 8, 1848, Jamieson's Powder-Mills, near Franklin, were blown up. A German workman was killed, and much property destroyed. July 19, 1851.— The Upper Paper-Mill, owned by Petor B. Hoffman, was burned; a workman named James Smeaton perished in the flamefl. Aug. 21, 1862.— The commissioners ordered the issue of bonds of the county to an extent of not more than five thousand dollars, to constitut« abounty'man of the Metlio- dist Episcopal Church, died at tho residence of William Fite, aged ninety- eight years. Nov. 4, 1863.— Shortly alter the opening of the |>olls in the county, George H. Carman, R. E. Hook, and Richard Groson. independent candi- dates for clerk, sheriff and States attorney, were arrested by tho mili- tary authorities and taken to Baltimore, but released in tho afternoon, tho charges against thoni not being made public. BALTIMORE COUNTY AND DISTRICTS. 817 Nor. 5, 18 !.— Tl the Indepemleiil i r . i I rested for disli)>,ili' , i i i i ■ July 25, 1864.-I'..>i-' il.u, -iinll ground, causing a Iuss of thirty liv.- Aug. 10, 1869.— Pliilip Poultney, 8 •cl on tlie 4th, was ar- oatli of allegiance, 'ills, W118 burnt to the sident of the county, In 1871 the old almshouse property on the Franklin road was bought by A. S. Abell, A. B. Patterson, Williani S. Rnynor, and Thomas G. Scharf, to be divided into building sites. The property comprised one hundred and seventy six acres. Jime 20, 1873.— Mount Vernon Mills, No.l,on the Falls road, was de- stroyed by fire. February, 1881. — The Woodlawn Cemetery Company was incorporated by Messrs. George W. Dobbin, William F. Frick, Charles Marshall, Nicholas G. Penniman, William Keyser, Charles F. Mayer, W. W. Spence, Robert A. Dobbin, S. G. B. Cook, and John Gill, with a capital of three hundred thousand dollars. The cemetery is on the Lake Roland road, on the property formerly belonging to Hiram Woods. March 20, 1881, the corner-stone of the hall of the Target Association of Baltimore County was laid at Darley Park. The society bad two hun- dred members. On Dec. 11, 1875, Henrietta Crack (colored), formerly a slave in the family of Daniel Jenifer, of Baltimore County, died at the reputed age of one hundred and fifteen years. Mr. Jenifer stated that she was for- merly from the Kastern Shore of Maryland, and that ninety years pre- viously to her death she came to Baltimore County as a nurse for his great-grandmother, at which time she was at least twenty-five years old. She was able to move about until within a few weeks previous to her death. There can be little doubt that when she died she was the oldest person in the United States. Military Commands.— In June,' 1846, a volunteer rifle company was raised in the Eighth District of the county, and was named the " New Texas Greens." The officers elected were Joshua M. Bosley, captain ; Edward Brown, first lieutenant; George Corrick, sec- ond lieutenant; Edward Dougherty, ensign; and Edward Dawn, first sergeant. At Reistertown, in the Fourth District, about the same time, the " Union Riflemen'' and the " Balti- more County Troop" were formed. The oflicers of the riflemen were S. P. Storm, captain ; Alfred Love, first lieutenant; John W. Triplett, second lieutenant; and J. M. Lowe, first sergeant. The company num- bered forty men. The officers of the troop were Ed- ward Philpot, captain ; A. W. Baseman, first lieuten- ant; and Samuel Worthington, second lieutenant. The " Independent Riflemen" were organized in June, 1846, in the neighborhood of White Hall, aud on July 4th they elected the following officers : Cap- tain, John M. McComas ; First Lieutenant, Josiah Pearce ; Second Lieutenant, James Lytle ; Ensign, Henry Stabler. The " Huntingdon Riflemen" were formed in the same month, four miles from Baltimore City, on the York turnpike, with the following officers: Captain, Wm. E. Baden ; First Lieutenant, John D. Nicholl ; Second Lieutenant, Charles Dames ; Third Lieuten- ant, John G. Carter ; Ensign, Bobert G. Blatchley ; First Sergeant, George M. Shaw. The " Mechanicsville Riflemen" were organized at Mechanicsville, in the neighborhood of Woodberry Factory, in June, 1846, with fifty-three men and the following officers : Samuel Hall, captain ; Richard Armacost, first lieutenant; Amos Cox, second lieu- tenant. The " Rough aud Ready Rifle Corps" of fifty men was raised in August, 1846, at Wiseburg, and had the following officers: Captain, Pleasant Hunter; First Lieutenant, James Mullen ; Second Lieutenant, James Young ; Ensign, Benjamin Rutledge. In the neighborhood of Brooklandville, in Septem- ber, 1846, the " Eagle Rifle Corps" was organized with Wm. H. Smith," captain ; Edward H. Ball, first lieu- tenant; Frederick Wright, second lieutenant; Hugh Armstrong, third lieutenant; James Good, ensign. This company was attached to the Fifty-third Regi- ment, commanded by Col. Nicholas. In January, 1861, the " Baltimore County Horse Guard," a cavalry company, was formed and chose the following officers : Captain, Charles Ridgeh', of Hampton ; First Lieutenant, John Merryman, of Hayfields ; Second Lieutenant, George H. Carman ; Third Lieutenant, Richard Grason ; Surgeons, Dr. E. R. Tydings and Dr. Nicholas Ridgely ; Ensign, John R. Ghent ; Quartermaster, Thomas R. Crane ; First Sergeant, George Merryman ; Second Sergeant, Charles Cockey ; Third Sergeant, Zeph. Poteet ; Fourth Sergeant, Thomas B. Gatch ; First Corporal, Rezin Worthington, Jr.; Second Corporal, George Pearce, of Wm. ; Third Corporal, Henry Gilmor; Fourth Corporal, Wm. H. Taylor; Secretary, J. R. D. Bedford ; Treasurer, Dr. G. M. Bosley ; Buglers, R. E. Hook and Wm. H. Ruby. At a meeting in Towsontown, on May 7, 1861, of the officers of the Forty-sixth Regiment Maryland Volunteer Militia, the following field-officers were chosen : Lieut.-Col. John C. Cockey to be colonel, vice Thomas J. Lee, resigned ; Maj.' John Wright to be lieutenant-colonel; and Capt. John Sommers to be major. May 11, 1861, the " Union Riflemen, a company from the vicinity of the Warren factory, tendered their services for three months to the Federal govern- ment, which were accepted. They were commanded by Capt. John Willis. Their uniform was red flannel shirt trimmed with black, and black pantaloons with side stripe. In the same month Capt. J. G. Cockey, of Cockeys- ville, and Capt. Wilson brought two companies to the service of the Federal government. At '' Blue Ball," in the Twelfth District, a cavalry corps called the " Orangeville Horse Guards" was organized under Capt. Gustavus A. Pheltz, First Lieut. Thomas Green, Second Lieut. F. D. Teal, Ensign J. Buchanan Wills, and Orderly Sergt. Robert Moore. The company was organized for the protection of the country in the neighborhood. In the autumn of 1861 a large number of volun- teers were raised to protect the property of the State, and not to go beyond its limits. John C. Holland, of the First District, recruited two companies of ninety men each. Capt. McAllister's company, of White Hall, " Union Guards," were mustered into the Fed- eral army. J. Israel Yellott, of Dulaney's Valley, HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. raised a company, and Tilghman Schofield raised one \ in the neigliborliood of the lower toll-gate on the York road. Uobert A. Wilson, of Cockeysville, re- cruited a company of cavalry. These were in addi- tion to two companies in the First Maryland (Federal) Regiment, then in service on the Upper Potomac, commanded by Ca[>ts. John W. Wilson and F. Wal- temyer, and one company in the Second Regiment, | commanded by Capt. Malcolm Wilson. There was a ] total of eiglit comj)anics furnislied by Baltimore ; County to the Union army up to September, ISCl. j Agricultural Societies, Race-Courses, etc. — The i Baltimore County Agricultural Society held its first annual meeting at Govanstown in October, 1841. The next year the society selected for exhibition grounds a large field opposite the hotel and grounds of Robert Ramsey, and displayed the finest selection of cattle that had been seen there up to that time. In the spring of 1858, William McCann, owner of the "Central Course" (formerly Herring Run), four miles fnmi Baltimore, on the Philadelphia turnpike, expended eighty thousand dollars in improving and beautifying it. An entire new track, a mile in length and forty feet in width, was constructed, and new pavilions were put up. The course was thus made one of the best in the country, and some notable races were run upon it. The old society having died out, in December, 1878, the Agricultural Society of Baltimore County was organized. Its objects, as stated in the charter, are "to promote, protect, and improve agriculture in all its branches, and to hold fairs and exhibitions." It is a joint-slock association, with a capital of ten thousand dollars, divided into two thousand shares. The management for the first year was placed in the hands of twelve corporators, who were named as fol- lows : Dickinson Gorsuch, Samuel Brady, Samuel N. Rankin, Charles W. Semmes, Samuel M. Shoe- maker, Daniel Jenifer, William D. Brackenridge, John Ridgely, of Hampton, Benjamin F. Taylor, James L. Sutton, William B. Sands, and Thomas B. Todd. No agricultural society had existed in Balti- more County since 1861, and though much talked of, it was only when the success of other county organi- zations was apparent that an active effort was made to revive such a useful local institution. On March 2, 1879, the grounds of the society were laid off at Timonium, distant about twelve miles from Baltimore City,' on the Northern Central Railway, and not far from the geographical centre of the county. A race- track, exhibition buildings, stables, pens, etc., were constructed. The outlines were laid off by W. H. Shipley, under the direction of a committee of the association, comprised of Samuel Brady (president), Samuel N. Rankin, Thomas B. Todd, H. B. Holton, and John Ridgely, of Hampton. The location is very convenient, and the site embraces thirty-seven acres, which the society leases from Dr. G. M. Bosley, with the privilege of purcha-se. A Farmers' Convention was held on the Fair Grounds May 19, 1881, at which C. Lyon Rogers was elected president; Samuel M. Price, Thomas Crad- dock, Granville Matthews, John A. Conkling, C. Howard Shipley, Gottlieb Stengel, and Rev. Jacob Shamberger, vice-presidents ; William Fell Johnson and William B. Sands, secretaries. Letters were read from the Gunpowder Farmers' Club and the Glencoe Grange, the latter in favor of establishing a hog and produce market in Baltimore City, under control of the farmers. Under the head of the various districts of the county there will be found treated at length the matters of local history, only a few of which have been touched upon in the above general sketch of the county and in that portion relating to Baltimore City. The Fire Department.— The commissioners of Baltimore County having declined to pay for the ser- vices of the Baltimore City Fire Department in extin- guishing conflagrations beyond the city limits, such services were withdrawn, and the county commis- sioners, in June, 1881, made a contract with Charles T. Holloway to organize a fire department, to be fur- nished with his chemical engines. There were to be seven companies, located as follows: No. 1, Frederick road and Garrison Lane ; No. 2, Retreat Street, be- tween Hookstown road and Madison Avenue; No. 3, Maryland Avenue, between Fourth and Fifth Streets ; No. 4, Waverly Station-house ; No. 5, Belair road, near the toll-gate ; No. 6, Highlandtown ; No. 7, Canton. Members or the House of Deleoatos feob Baltimore County. 1669.— Maj. Samuel Gouldsniith, Godfrey Bailey, FrencisStockettiGoorg* GouldsDiitb. 1661.— Thomas Stockett, George Utye. 1662— Col. Nathaniel Utye, Capt. Thomas Stockett. 1663.— Maj. Samuel Gouldsmilh, Thomas Stockett, Francis Wright, Rich- ard Bennett. 1604.— Francis Wright, Lewis Stockett, George Goldsmith, Nathaniel Utje. 1606.— Capt. Thomas Howell, Col. Nathaniel Utye. 1669.— John Vanhack, Col. Nathaniel Utye. 1671.— Capt. Thomas Howell, John Vanhack, John Waterton, James 1674. — Capt. Thomas Howell, Jolin Vanhack, Joseph Waterton, Capt. Thomas Todd. 1683-84.— Henry Johnston, Miles Gibson. 1093.— George Ashman, Edward Boolhliy, Francis Watkins, Thomas Stalcy. 1694.— Edward Boothby, John Ferry, James Maxwell, Francis Watkins. 1095.— Edward Bootliby, Francis Watkins, James Maxwell, John Henry. 1096.— Edward BooUiby, James Maxwell, John Henry (Watkins dead). 1697.— Edward Boothby, John Ferry. 1698. — Thomas Staley, George Ashman, John Hull, John Ferry. 1699.— John Hall, George Ashman, Thomas Staley, Jolin Ferry (d<^ 1701.— John Hall, Edward Dorsey, Samuel Sicklcmore. Thomas Ham- 1702.— Edward Dorsey, Samuel Collins, John Hall, Thomas I 1700.— Col. Edward Dorsey, James Maxwell, James Phillips, Francis Dallahide. 1708-9.— James Phillips, Aquila Paca, Richard Colgate, James Maxwell. 1712.— Bichard Colgate, Edward Stevenson, William Talbott, Thomas Hammond. 1714.— Col. James Miixwell. BALTIMORE COUNTY AND DISTRICTS. 819 1715.— Col, James Maxwell, Miy. James Phillips, Capt. Franins DallahiJe, Richard Colgate. 1710.— Col, James Maxwell, Capt. Francis Dallahide, Peter Bond, Richard Colgate. 1718.— Col. James Maxwell, Capt. Francis Dallaliiile. 1719.— Col, James Maxwell, Capt. Richard Colgate, Capt. Francis Dalla- hide, Col. James Phillips. 171iO.— Col. James Maxwell, Maj. Richard Colgate. 1721.— Thomas Tolley, William Hamilton, John Taylor, Col. Thomas Hammond. 1722.— Thomas Tolley, William Hamilton, John Taylor. 1728.— Roger Matthews, Thomas Tolley, Daniel Scott, Wm. Hamilton. 1729.— Thomas Tolley, Daniel Scott, Wm. Hamilton. 1730.— Roger Matthews, Thomas Tolley, Daniel Scott, Wm. Hamilton. 1731.— Thomas Tolley, Wm. Hamilton. 1732-33.— Roger Matthews, Daniel Scott, William Hamilton, Thomas Sheredine. 1734-30.— Thomas Sheredine, William Ilamilti.n, John Moale, Roger Matthews. 1737.— Thomas Sheredine, Wm. Hamilton, John Moale. 1738-40.— Thomas Sheredine, John Moale, Roger Matthews, Capt. Rich- ard Caswell. 1741.— Capt. Thomas Sheredine, Capt. Richard Gist, Roger Matthews (deceased). 1742.— Capt. Thomas Sheredine, Capt. Aquila Paca, Daniel Scott, Capt. Richard Caswell. 1744.— Capt. Thomas Sheredine. 1745-47.— Capt. Thomas Sheredine, Col. John Hall, Dr. George Buchanan, Capt. John Paca. 1748— Capt. John Paca, Col, John Hall. 1749,— Dr. George Buchanan, Capt. John Paca, Mig. Thomas Sberedin Capt, Darby Lux. 1750,— John Puca. 1751.— William Govane, Capt. Thomas Franklin, Lloyd Buchanan, Maj. Charles Ridgely. 1752-53,— Wm. Gorman, Thomas Franklin, and Lloyd Buchanan. 1754-55. — Capt. John Paca, Wm. Govane, Lloyd Buchanan, Waltei ley. 1756.— John Paca, Walter Tolley, William Govane. 1737-5S.— Wm. Govane, Capt. Thomas Cockey Doye, Capt. John mond Dorsey, Samuel Owiugs. 1761-03. — John Paca, Thomas Cockey Deye, John Hammond Dorsey, Corbin Lee. 1704-65.— Thomas Cockey Deye, Corbin Lee, John Hall, Jr., James Heath. 1706.- Thomas Cockey Deye, John Hall. 1767,— John Ridgely, Thos. Cockey Deye, John Moale, Robert Adair. 1708. — Thomas Cockey Deye, John Hall, Jr., James Heath, Corbiu Lee. 1771.— Samuel Owiugs, George Kisteau, John Moale, Thos. Cockey Deye. 1773.- Charles Ridgely, Thos. Cockey Deye, Aquila Hall, Walter Tol- ley, Jr. Members of the Pkovincial Conventions. June 22, 1774.— Capt, Charles Ridgely, Charles Ridgely, Bon of John, Walter Tolley, Jr., Thos. Cockey Deye, Wm. Lux, Robert Alexan- der, Samuel Purviance, Jr., John Moale, Andrew Buchanan, George Risteau. April 24, 1775.— Capt. Charles Ridgely, Thomas Cockey Deye, Walter Tolley, Jr., Charles Ridgely, son of John, Robert Alexander, Samuel Purviance, Benjamin Nicholson, Darby Lux, Jeremiah Townley Chase, George Risteau, Thomas Harrison, John Moale, Andrew Bu- chanan, William Lux, Samuel Worthiugton. Members of House of Delegates. Dec. 7, 1775.— Robert Alexander, Benjamin Nicholson, John Moale, Wal- ter Tolley, Jr., Jeremiah T. Chase. Slay 8, 1776.— Benjamin Nicholson, Walter Tolley, Jr., Jeremiah T. Chase, John Moale. June 21, 1776.— Jeremiah T. Chase, Walter Tolley, Jr., John Moale. Aug. 14, 1776.— Charles Ridgely, Thomas Cockey Deye, John Stevenson, Peter Sheppard. 1777,— Thomas Cockey Deye, Charles Ridgely, John Stevenson, Peter 1773-80.- Thomas Cockey Deye, John Stevenson, Bezin Hammond, Charles Ridgely. 1781, — ThomasCockeyDeye, Charles Ridgely, Samuel Worthington, John Beale Howard. 1782.— Thomas Cockey Deye, Charles Ridgely, of William, Samuel Worth- ington, John Craddock. 1783-86.— Thomas Cockey Deye, Charles Ridgely, of William, John Ste- venson, Capt. Charles Ridgely. 1780.— Thomas Cockey Deye, Samuel Owings, Edward Cockey, Capt. Charles Ridgely. 1787.— Harry Dorsey Gough, Edward Cockey, Thomas Cockey Deye, Capt. Charles Ridgely. 1788.— Capt. Charles Ridgely, Charles Ridgely, of William, Thomas Cockey Deye, Edward Cockey. 1789 —Capt, Charles Ridgely, Charles Ridgely, of William, James Git- tings, Richard Owings. 1790.— Charles Ridgely Carnan, Charles Ridgely,of William, Harry Dor- sey Gough, Richard Owings. 1791-92.— Charles Ridgely, of William, Charles Ridgely, Harry Dorsey Gough, Thomas Deye Cockey. 1793.— Charles Ridgely, of William, Charles Ridgely, John Tolley Worth- iugton, Cornelius Howard. 1794-95.— Charles Ridgely, of Hampton, John Tolley Worthington, Charles Ridgely, of William, Elijah Merryman. 1796.— Elijah Merryman, Jolin Tolley Worthington, Charles Ridgely, of William, James Carroll. 1797.— Elijah Merryman, James Carroll, John Tolley Worthington, Elias 1798.- Elijah Merryman, Elias Brown, Charles Ridgely, of Wm., James Carroll. 1799.— Alexis Lemmon, Elias Brown, James Carroll, Thomas Love. 1800.— John Tolley Worthington, Alexis Lemmon, Tobias E. Stansbury, Thomas Love. 1801-2.— Tobias E. Stansbury, Nicholas R. Moore, Alexis Lemmon, Thos. 1803. — Tobias E. Stansbury, Alexis Lemmon, Moses Brown, Charles Ridgely, of Wm. 1804. — Tobias E. Stansbury, Alexis Lemmon, Moses Brown, George 1805. — Tobias E. Stansbury, Amos Ogden, Alexis Lemmon, Geo. Harry- 1806.— Tobias E. Stansbury, Peter Little, Moses Brown, Geo. Harryman. 1807. — Peter Little, Tobias E. Stansbury, George Harryman, Moses Brown. 1808-11.— Tobias E. Stansbury, George Harryman, Beale Randall, Moses Brown. 1812-13, — Tobias E. Stansbury, George Harryman, George Warner, Beale Randall, 1814,— Beale Randall, George Warner, Tobias E. Stansbury, Geo. Harry- 1815.— Beale Randall, Peter Little, Tobias E. Stansbury, George Harry- 1816. — George Warner, George Harryman, Abraham H. Price, Adam H. Price, Adam Showers, John B. Snowden, Thomas Johnson. 1818.— Adam Showers, John B. Snowden, Ehenezer S. Thomas, Edward Orrick. 1819.— Edwaid Orrick, Tobias E. Stansbury, Abraham H. Price, Adam Showers. 1820-21.— Tobias E. Stansbury, Adam Showers, John B. Snowden, Ed- ward Orrick. 1822.— John T. H. Worthington, William F. Johnson, Tobias E. Stans- bury, Edward Orrick. 1823.— John T. H. Worthington, Tobias E. Stansbury, William F. John- son, Hugh Ely. 1824.— Adam Showers, J. T. H. Worthington, A. H. Price, James Turner. 1825.— Job n T. H. Worthington, Adam Showers, James Turner, James W. McCuUoch. 1826.— Abraham H. Price, James M. Buchanan, James Turner, James H. . McCulloch. 1827-29.— James Turner, Abraham H. Price, Adam Shower, Hugh Ely. 1830.— James Turner, Hugh Ely, John B. Holmes, Zachariah H. Worth- 1831-32.— Jas. Turner, Hugh Ely, Z. H. Worthington, John B. Holmes. 1833.— Thos. J. Price, Solomon Hillen, Jr., Hugh Ely, John H. Carroll. I 1834.— Hugh Ely, John C. Orrick, John M. Wise, Jacob Shower. 1835.— Hugh Ely, Elias Brown, John H. Carroll, Wm. S. Winder. 1836.— Hugh Ely, John T. H. Worthiugton, Jacob Shower, Thomas C. Risteau. I 1837.— John C. Orrick, Thomas C. Risteau, Hugh Ely, James Turner. ! 1838 —Dr. Thomas C. Risteau, Dr. John C. Orrick, James Turner, Marxjus R. Hook, Henry M, Filzhugli. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Welsh, Tho Risteuu, Six 1839.— Philip Poultucy, Robert Stunsbury, John B. Holnicii. 1840.— John B. Holmes, Philip Poiiltney, John C. Orrick, Robert 8. Welsh, Thoulus B. W, RanJall. 1841.— Joseph Walltor, Thomas C. Risleuu, Pliilip Poultney, Marcus R. Hook, Tliomas B. W. Rouilall. 1842.— Joseph Walker, Thomas C. BUleaii, Robert S. Welsh, Bcale Ran- dall, Thomas L. Hall. 1843.— Joseph Walker, Robert S. Welsh, Philip Poultney. 184+.— Joseph Walker, Carvill S. Stansbury, Beale Randall, Nathan H. Ware. 1845.— James Carroll, Jr., John B. Holmes, Natlmu H. Ware, Levi K. Bowen, Thomas L. Hall. 1846.— John M. McConins, Benjamin A. Payne, John C. Orrick, Joseph Walker, Thomas C. Ilisteau. 1847. — Samuel Worthington, Charles R. Howard, of James, James Car- roll, Jr., Samuel Brady, Joshua Hutchins. 1848.-J. M. McComas, B. M. Payne, John C. Orrick, Joseph Walker, Thomas C. Risteau. 1849.— Thomas J. Welsh, Oliver P. Macgill, Samuel Worthington, Joshua Hutchins, Joseph Walker. 1850.— Joseph Walker, Thomas J. Welsh, Joshua Hutchins, Oliver P. Macgill, S. Worthington. 1851-53.^Iohn M. Wise, John T. Ford, Charles A. Buchanan, Philip Poultuey, Levi A. Slade, John Bosley. 1854.— Ephraim Bell, Samuel Worthington, John T. Ford, Thomas T. Hutchins, William Thomas, James Turner. 1855-50.— John C. Holland, Aquilla Chilcoat, .Samuel M. Rankin, Joseph H. Wright, Nelson Cullings, H. W. Heath. 1857-58.— Joseph Walker, W. Hamilton Smith, Dr. Walter T. Allender, John Thomas Ford, Dr. A. A. Lynch, J. Summerfield Berry. I860.— John T. Ford, Thomas C. Worthington, Robert M. Dennison, Pleasant Hunter, Leonard G. Quinlan, Thomas W. Renshaw. 1861. — Extra session in April, at Frederick, the same members. 1861 {December S«»ion).—Reverdy Johnson, John H. T. Jerome, John S. ■ Berrj', John S. Given, John T. Ensor, John B. Peurce. 1864.— William H. Hoffman, Zephaniah Poteet, James H. Wright, John B. Pearce, David K. Lusby, James M. Lester. 1865.— William H. Hoffman, George Slothower, Nicholas H. Parker, Ed- ward S. Myers, David Lnsby, David King. 1866.— George Slothower, David King, William H. Hofl'man, Nicholas H. Parker, Zephaniah Poteet, D. K. Lusby. 1867.— James C. Clarke, Daniel W. Cameron, William H. Hutchins, Samuel T. Shipley, John T. Ford, Charles H. Nicolai. 1868.— Charles H. Nicolai, C. Bohn Slingluff, Charles P. Montague, Zeph- aniah Poteet, Victor Holmer, John S. Biddison. 1870.— E. W. Choate, Lewis Turner, Jr., Daniel W. Cameron, Columbus T. Shipley, Thomas B. Gatch, John N. Carroll. 1872. — George Letzinger, Samuel T. Shipley, Lewis Turner, Jr., Andrew Banks, Jervis Spencer, Jr., Sylvester Ford. 1874.— Robert Fowler, John Merryman, Charles A. Buchanan, D. M. Mathews, Lewis Tumor, Jr., William S. Keech. 1876'.— James E. Hooper, Oliver P. Baldwin, Jr., William Wbitelock, William H. Curtis, Robert S. Smith, James J. Given. 1878.— Wilson Townsend, Dr. J. Wolf Burton, Malcolm H. Johnston, John I. Yellott, George H. Williams, Andrew Banks. 1880.— John C.Sullivan, H. Clay Bidgely, Christopher C. Slade, J. Ed- ward Ward, Benjamin F. Foard, Oregon R. Benson. State Senatoes pkom Baltimore County. 1811-20, Levi Hollingsworth ; 1821-;)6, Gen. John Strieker; 1836, Eliaa Brown; 1838-45, Hugh Ely; 1846-50, Wilson M. Gary; 1851-64, Hugh Ely; 1855-59, James Turner; 1860-62, Andrew A. Lynch; 1863-64, John S. Given ; 1805-67, Edward P. Philpot ; 1868-70, James C. aarke; 1872-74, T. Sturgis Davis; 1876-77, Edward B. Freeman; 1880-82, George H. Williams. CHAPTER XLVIL FIRST DISTKICT. The First District is limited in area, covering only 2828 square miles, but it has a population of 10,908. In 1870 the population vviis 940r). Tlie district is lo- cated just west of Baltimore City, on both sides of the Frederick turnpike, and is bounded on the we-st by Howard County, on the north by the Second and Third Districts, on the east by Baltimore City and the Thirteenth District, and on the south by Howard County. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad extends along the southwest border for a distance of ten miles, and the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad intersects the ea-stern portion. The Baltimore and Catonsville horse railway extends from Baltimore to Catonsville, and the Baltimore, Calverton and Powhatan Railway passes through the northern part of the district. The Frederick turnpike and the old Frederick road, the Windsor road, the Franklin road, the Sulphur Spring road, and Wilkens Avenue are all fine thoroughfares. The surface is rolling and beautifully diversified. Numerous merchants of Baltimore City have their country residences near Catonsville, and in the central and eastern parts of the district. AVater-jJOwer is abundant on the Patapsco River and Gwynn's Falls, and is largely improved for manufacturing purposes. Tlie portion of the district adjoining the city line is a thickly-built suburb of Baltimore. The Union Man- ufacturing Company own a large tract in the north- west part. The Glenn Estate in the eastern part covers over 1100 acres. The Mount de Sales Academy of the Visitation, the Maryland State Insane Asylum, the Maryland Industrial School for Girls, St. Joseph's Passionist Monastery, the Johns Hopkins Colored Or- phan Asylum, the Baltimore City House of Refuge, Maryland Industrial School for Girls, and Mount St. I Joseph's College are all located in this district. j Among its prominent places are the villages of Ir- vington, Carrollton, Franklin, and Wetheredville, but the most considerable is Catonsville, a beautiful and thriving village. That portion of EUicott City east of the Patapsco River is also in this district, the re- mainder being in Howard County. The cemeteries are Loudon Park, Mount Olivet, the Western, and Bonnie Brae. .SCHOOLS FOR 1881. Trustees. School No. 1.— No. 2.— T. W. Punett, Samuel W. Owens, and Wm. Gemig. No. 3. — Daniel J. McCauIey, Joshua Uptou, and James Johnson. No. 4. — Joshua H. Hynes, Peter Link, and Andrew J. Burger. No. 5.— David Kalb, Caleb Emmart, and W. T. Faithful. No. 6.— (i T. Luuriiis, \V. J. Dickey, and Joshua Zimmerman. No. 7.— II' ' iiMi. 1 I'm 1, I. .III! V, Horn, Jr., and John Beaumont. No. 8.- \ I 1 hn Loeber,and Philip D. Oopeland. No. 9.- KM I II .lames Holden, and Mark Mellon No.Kl. I i" II 1 ^^ Ml I 1, Wm. H. Sadtler, and John Teipe. No. 11.— William Martin, Alex B. Johnson, and B. Wilton. No. 12.— Jacob Freund, John Zehner, and Geo. W. Ebeling. No. 13. — Ernest Horst, Geo. Maonger, and Frederick Waunerwitch. Teachers. No. 1. — George M. Ettinger, principal, 16;J North Strieker Street ; Sarah Guyton No. 2.— D. P. Barnette, priticipal, Catonsville; Sallle A. Ebaugh, Clara Owens, and Sadie M. Pole, No. 3.— Amy Fisher, Ellicott City. No. 4.— M. A. McBee, Catonsville. No. 5.— Daniel T. Hanly, Catonsville. (il'-Zylyi^ A FIRST DISTRICT. 821 No. 6.— Charles A. Read, Wetlierecivillo. No. 7.— David G. Bntteifielii, Powhatan. No. 8.— William Grilfitli, principal, II South Gilmor Street; Mary E. Piatt, assistant. No.9.— Sallie 0. Phillips, principal, Ellieotl City; Mary K. Holden, assistant. No. 10.— William R. Will, principal, Carroll; Doro Stiefol anil Lizzie Schofield, assistants. No. 11.— Kose B. Pearce, Ilchester. No. 12.— E. W. Rau, principal, Catonsville; Susie Heidelbaugh, as- No. 13.— F. O.Lang, principal, 46 Granby Street, Baltimore; Jennie R. Price, Lydia McGee, Olevia Harrison, A. Herring, and J. H. Kuuker, assistants. Teachers of Cox.ohed Schools. No. 1. — Josephine Jones, Catonsville. No. 2.— John E. Camper, 199 Pearce Street, Baltimore. No. 3.— William U. Butler, Ellicott City. No. 4.— Susie Dobson, 70 Moore Alley. Catonsville^ is situated nearly in the centre of the district, and is reached by the Baltimore and Catons- ville Passenger Railway, built in 1861-62, at a cost of $100,000. It is six miles distant from the city, and lias a population of 1712. Located'upon an elevated plateau five hundred and fifty feet above tide-water, surrounded by noble forests and highly cultivated es- tates, and drained by gen- tle slopes toward the Pa- tapsco River south and 1,1,11 ,i,i, , (1,,^ west and Gwynn's Falls north and east, it is one of the most beautiful and healthful villages in the State. It enjoys so great a reputation for salubrity that it has been chosen as the site of four educational institutions. The scenery is charming, embracing views of the city and the Chesapeake Btiy as far south as Annapolis, the dome of the State-House being visible in a clear atmosphere. There are four churches in Catonsville, Protestant Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, Lutheran, and Baptist; Providence Lodge, No. 116, Independent ' Catonsville owes its name to Richard Caton, an English gentleman, who came to this country in 1785, and won the heart of Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and the most fascinating woman of her day. Caton was not rich, and her father opposed the match ; but she would not give up her lover, although Mr. Carroll called in his friend, Thomas Cockey Oeye, and induced him to argue the matter with hei". Mr. Deye informed Mr. Carroll of the young beauty's determination, and the latter said, " Go and ask her who will take him out if he gets into jail?" She raised her hands, and with a beaming countenance answered, " These hands shall take him out." Mr. Carroll resisted no longer. The marriage took place in 1786, andhegave theyoungcouple a splendid estate, which embraced the present site of Catonsville. They were the parents of " The American Graces," the famous and lovely Mary, Louisa, and Elizabeth Caton, who turned the heads and captured the hearts of the English male aristocracy early in the century, and be- came respectively the Marchioness of Wellesley, the Duchess of Leeds, and Lady Stafford. The oldest inliababilant in this neighborhood is John S. Wilson, horn in New Jersey in 1787, and who removed to near Catonsville in 1803, where he has since resided. He lives in a house with his fourth genera- Order of Odd-Fellows ; Steuben Lodge, No. 41, U. O. G. B. ; Catonsville Lodge, No. 164, Good Templars ; a military company, the Bond Guards; and the Ca- tonsville Library and Literary Association. This association was organized in 1877, and its building was completed and opened June 22, 1878. It occupies a prominent location in the centre of the town, and its unique architecture catches the eye from every point of view. It has a front of forty feet and a depth of ninety feet, and contains a spacious library- room, besides separate reading-rooms for ladies and gentlemen. In the rear there is a fine hall with seat- ing capacity for five hundred persons. On June 16, 1873, the corner-stone of the Odd- Fellows' Hall, a building thirty by sixty feet, was laid with imposing ceremonies, and the dedication took place Aug. 3, 1874. At the dedication the ofiicers of the lodge were Samuel C. Hurd, N. G. ; Augustus Schaub, V. G.; D. A. Bohlkin, R. S. ; E. J. Hill, P. S. ; Jacob Freund, Treas. ; J. S. Wilson, sitting P. G. ; Jacob Zennes, Albert Smith, and Samuel W. Owens, trustees. On July 29, 1872, St. Timothy's Hall, a massive structure of stone and wood, seven stories in height, was totally destroyed by fire, causing a loss of thirty thousand dollars. It was opened in 1854 by Rev. Dr. L. Van Bokkelen as a military school, and for some years sustained an enviable reputation. At the time of the fire it was occupied as a summer boarding- house. An adjoining storehcttise for goods was also swept away by the flames. A cavalry company called the" Maryland Mounted Guard" was organized in April, 1861, with headquar- ters at Catonsville. Its officers were Talbot J. Taylor, captain ; William Parker, first lieutenant; B. D. Mul- likin, second lieutenant; O. C. Zell, third lieutenant. The company numbered thirty-two members, all of whom were men in the prime of life. The Argils is the title of a semi-monthly paper published at Catonsville by Edwin G. Farber, editor, and Eugene Carrington, business manager. It began in August, 1881, and is "devoted to music, the drama, and general information." Among the most prominent citizens of this section of the county is Anthony Kennedy, who was formerly one of the leaders in Maryland politics, and occupied many positions of public trust and responsibilit)-. Mr. Kennedy is a native of Baltimore, and was born in 1811. His father, John Kennedy, bprn in London- derry, Ireland, was of Scotch descent, and came to this country while a boy with his elder brothers, Andrew and Anthony, who became very prosperous merchants of Philadelphia before the Revolutionary war, and contributed largely of their means towards the assist- ance of the States in their struggle against Great Britain. A branch house was established in Balti- more, which they placed in charge of their younger brother John, who subsequently married Ann Clayton, ' daughter of Philip Pendleton, of Berkeley County, HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Va. He died at an advanced age, leaving four sons, — John P., Andrew, Pliilip P., and Anthony Kennedy,— all born in Baltimore. When ten years of age Anthony Kennedy removed with his father to | an estate inherited by his mother in Virginia, and received his education at Jefi'erson Academy, at Charlestown, Jefi'erson Co., in that State. After his graduation he commenced the study of the law, but abandoned it to engage in other pursuits, and marry- ing early in life, turned his attention to agriculture and the improvement of his property, in which he always took much interest. In those days it was almost impossible for a Virginia country gentleman of position to avoid participation in active politics, and it was not long before Mr. Kennedy was drawn into the service of the Whig party, becoming one of its leaders in this section of the State, and represent- ing his county in the Legislature from 1838 to 1842. ' He also filled for more than ten years the position of | magistrate on the bench of the County Court under the old constitution, a position which at that time was one of dignity and honor. In 1847 he was unan- imously nominated by a Whig convention over several prominent competitors for Congress in the then Tenth District, comprising the six upper counties of the Valley of Virginia, at that time represented by the Hon. Henry Bedinger, and only failed of an election by a small vote, after a hotly-contested canvass upon . the issues of that period. In 1850 he was tendered i by Mr. Fillmore the consulship to Cuba, as the sue- j cessor of Gen. Campbell, of South Carolina, but de- clined the appointment, and in the following year married his second wife. Miss Hughes, daughter of the late Christopher Hughes, and took up his perma- nent residence in Baltimore. His ability at once gave him prominence and influence in State politics, and in 1856 he was elected to the House of Delegates from Baltimore, and was chosen by the General Assembly i United States senator from Maryland for a full term, • from 1857 to 1863,to succeed the Hon. Thomas G. Pratt. He made an excellent record in that body, serving on the committees on Naval Affairs, District of Colum- bia, Private Land Claims, and other committees, and commanding the respect and esteem both of his con- stituents and associates by his conscientious and able } discharge of duty. He became an earnest supporter of Mr. Buchanan's administration, and has ever since beeq a member of the Democratic party. In 1867 he was elected to the Constitutional Convention from Baltimore County, and took a leading part in the i framing of that important instrument. Since that period Mr. Kennedy has withdrawn entirely from ac- tive participation in political afl'airs, residing quietly on his farm near Ellicott City, a calm but not unin- terested observer of passing events. St. Timothy's P. E, Churcll. — The corner-stone of St. Timothy's Protestant Episcopal church was laid Sept. 12, 1844, and the building was consecrated June 5, 1851, by the late liight Rev. Bishop Whittingham, assisted by Rev. A. A. Miller and Rev. Dr. Van Bok- kelen, the pa.stor. Rev. Messrs. Hall, Leakin, and Baker were also present. The church is of stone, in the Gothic style, and cost ten thousand dollars, of which amount five thousand dollars was subscribed by John Glenn, of Baltimore City. Its dimensions are twenty-eight by one hundred feet, and it will seat four hundred and fifty persons. The stained-glass windows are very rich, and the organ is remarkable for its power and delicacy. The present rector of St. Timothy's is Rev. T. W. Prunnett. On Feb. 13, 1870, a Sunday-school chapel attached to the church was dedicated. It is fifty-five feet long and twenty-eight wide, and cost two thousand eight hundred dollars. One of its features is a stained-glass window, de- signed as a memorial of eight deceased children of members of the congregation. The corner-stone of an African Methodist Episco- pal church was laid by Bishop Paine Sept. 20, 1880. This church is the one formerly occupied by Rev. John F. Goucher, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at the corner of Mulberry and Gilmor Streets, ordered removed by the mayor. It was bought by the Catons- ville congregation, taken down, removed, and re- erected on its present site. Mount de Sales, the Academy of the Visitation, a school for young ladies, under the charge of the Sis- ters of the Visitation, was opened Sept. 1, 1852, and is now known all over North America as one of the foremost educational institutions on this continent. It is situated upon a high ridge just east of Catons- ville, commanding a view of an immense expanse of land and water. Its walls and towers are visible from every point of the compass for miles. Contiguous to it is the Catholic church of St. Agnes, the corner- stone of which was laid Oct. 28, 1852, by the Most Reverend Archbishop Kenrick, assisted by Revs. H. B. Coskery, Augustine Verst, Stanislaus Ferk, Edward Caton, and B. J. McManus. The church was conse- crated Aug. 21, 1853. It is Gothic in style of archi- tecture, thirty-four by sixty feet, and built of the rough stone of the neighborhood. The lot was do- nated by Dr. Augustine Piggott, and the building committee were Messrs. Piggott, Somerville, Fus- ting, Boyce, and Lynch. Rev. John C. Lyon died suddenly at his residence in Catonsville, May 21, 1868, in the sixty-seventh year of his age. He was the founder of the German Methodist Church in America, and had been a min- ister for forty years. He was a man of fine intellect, an excellent scholar and linguist, and was celebrated as a powerful doctrinal preacher. As theological au- thor and translator he was extensively known in this country and Europe. The extensive curled hair and bristle manufactory of William Wilkens & Co. is situated on the Frederick road, a few hundred yards west of the city limits. In 1847 the late William Wilkens located his estab- lishment at this [>oint, which has been enlarged time FIRST DISTRICT. 823 and again, until now a tliriving village crowns the location, which was but a few years ago a barren plat of ground. The factory employs about seven hundred operatives, and turns out about forty thousand pounds of manufactured goods per week. The elegant residence of Louis Wilkens, the son of William Wilkens and one of the members of the firm, is situated on the Frederick road, about five miles from Baltimore, in a region of country full of historic associations and abounding in beautiful scenery. It lies in the centre of the district, midway between the Patapsco and Gwynn's Falls. Spring Grove Asylum for the Insane.— The Maryland State Asyliyii for the Insane, situated near Catonsville, was founded by an act of Assembly of the 20th of January, 1798, which, after reciting that " there are frequently in many parts of this State, poor, distempered persons, who languish long in pain and misery under various distempers of body and mind, and who cannot have the benefit of regular advice, attendance, etc., but at an expense which they are unable to defray," directed the treasurer of the Western Shore to pay to the mayor of the city of Balti- more the sum of eight thousand dollars for the estab- lishment of a hospital. In furtherance of this purpose, on the 20th of February following, the City Council passed "an ordinance for the establishment of a hospital for the relief of indigent sick persons and for the reception of and care of lunatics," by which the mayor was authorized, " by and with the advice and consent" of Jeremiah Yellott, Richard Lawson, and Alexander McKim, to purchase a suitable site and erect a hospi- tal thereon. In pursuance of this authority a tract of land at the present intersection of East Monument Street and Broadway, containing about six and one-quarter acres, was purchased from Jeremiah Yellott on the 18th of May, 1798, for the sum of six hundred pounds, and the erection of the hospital was begun under the su- perintendence of the mayor and Messrs. Yellott, Law- son, and McKim. In the following year the General Assembly appropriated the sum of three thousand dollars for the completion of the hospital, the erection of which was also aided from time to time by, private contributions from the citizens of Baltimore. It was many years, however, before the institution was entirely completed, and in the mean time it passed through numerous changes of management and experienced many vicissitudes of fortune. In 1817 a committee of the State Senate was ap- pointed to investigate the affairs.of the hospital, and in their report took occasion to refer at some length to the history of the institution. They said that " Some time after the purchase" (of the site from Jeremiah Yellott) " a house was built on the lot, but the ordinances of the city of Baltimore are silent as to this subject and afford no light to show how any additional funds were raised, nor do they provide any system of government for the institution, or in any manner that the committee are aware of provide for the application of the building to the purpose con- templated by the Legislature in making the above appropriation. The committee are inlbrmed, how- ever, that seventeen thousand dollars was added to the appropriation of the State, partly by private do- nations, but principally by the corporation of the city of Baltimore. Your committee are led to believe that no precise or definite system for the government of the institution was adopted or practiced, but that its uses were designated by the various circumstances of the moment and the occasional temper and views of the corporation of the city of Baltimore. It is, your committee believe, not to be doubted that the institution, thus loosely and casually managed, was productive of very little benefit, even as a local estab- lishment, and was nearly, if not entirely, useless as a common State hospital." This " loose" and "casual" management continued until 1808, when the City Council passed an ordinance leasing the hospital to Drs. Colin Mackenzie and James Smyth for the term of fifteen years. Some exception seems to have been taken to the fact that the institution was designated in the ordinance as the " City Hospital," as well as to the proprietary manner in which the municipal authorities had seen fit to deal with it from the date of its foundation. Little notice, however, was taken of this objection or of the State's interest, and the City Council proceeded to contract with Drs. Smith and Mackenzie without reference to the commonwealth's claim of superior title. The ordinance was approved on the 25th of June, 1808, and required the lessees to covenant " that the said buildings be exclusively appropriated as an hos- pital or infirmary for the reception of maniacs and diseased persons of every description, and that they will receive all city patients that may be placed under their care, or sent to the said hospital by the commis- sioners of health or other persons authorized by the corporation, and provide for them board, nurses, and medical attendance, at the rate of fifty cents each per diem ; or, should the number exceed thirty, at such lesser sum as shall be agreed on between them and the commissioners of health ; or it shall be optional with the mayor to furnish all necessary nurses, sup- plies, provisions, and medicines for the said patients, which the said lessees shall cause to be faithfully administered ; the corporation, in case of the death of any of their patients, to defray the funeral expenses." The lessees further covenanted that they would " use their best endeavors to obtain from the Legislature of the State of Maryland a grant of a sum of money, or a law authorizing a lottery to raise a sum, for erecting additional buildings and improvements on the said grounds for the purposes aforesaid ; and if they were successful, that all moneys so obtained should be faithfully laid out and expended in erecting such buildings and improvements as should be approved 824 niSTOllY OV BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. by the mayor and the visitors to tht' h(is|)ital, to lie appointed as hereafter directed." The visitors were to be elected annually by a joint ballot of both branches of the City Council, and were re On March 0, 18M,g flonr-Diill near Franklin was burned. The build- ing belougeil to B. A. Vickors, whoso loM was twonty-two thousand dol- lars. It was leased and operated by McConkey A- I'nrr, who lost five ■thousand doltai-s on their stock. Wetheredsville.— This is a thriving village situa- ted on Gwynn's Falls, five miles from the city of Baltimore, and has a population of 316. The stream takes its name from Mr. Gwynn, ancestor of Hon. Charles J. M. Gwynn, attorney-general of Maryland, who had a mill upon the Falls. Wetheredsville is sur- rounded by bold and romantic hill scenery, through which the stream rushes with impetuous force. It was first built up by the Franklin Company, com- posed of William Wilson & Sons, the Leverings, Henry Payson, James Dall, and others, who erected a factory and paper-mill about the year 1812. In 1829 they sold the property out to the Wethered Brothers, who changed it into a woolen-mill. For many years their goods seldom failed at the State fairs to take the highest premiums over the exhibits of Northern and Eastern manufacturers. A great freshet, which carried away the Powhatan dam, covering fifty acres, damaged the Wethered mills to the extent of one hundred thousand dollars. The name of Wetheredsville, as distinguished from the adjacent village of Franklin, was conferred upon the place in compliment to Hon. John Wethered. The Ashland Manufacturing Company, of which William J. Dickey is president, and William A. Dickey superintendent, was organized i>y Mr. Weth- ered. The mills are just below the village, and em- ploy two hundred and ten hands in the manufacture of cotton yarn and warp, which are sent to Philadel- phia to be made into linseys, ginghams, etc. There are three mills, with forty-nine looms, operated by steam and water-power. On Dec. 7, 1854, the Ash- land cotton-factory was burned to the ground. The building was the property of the Wethered Brothers, but the machinery and stock belonged to the com- pany. On Sept. 9, 1873, the Ashland woolen-mill was also destroyed by fire. There are Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian churches in the village. The Methodist Episcopal church is a handsome edifice of rubble stone, built in 1849 upon a lot presented by the Wethered Broth- ers. It has a library connected with it, and a school free from denominational control. Constitution Lodge, No. 78, I. O. O. F., which was chartered Jan. 16, 1852, and Ashland Division, No. 10, Sons of Temperance, are the local societies. Sam- uel Wethered, one of the founders of the mills, died June 17, 1878. Mont Alto Church. — Mont Alto Presbyterian church is situated on the Franklin road, about five and a half miles from the city. That entire region of country was improved some fifty years ago by W. H. Freeman, who built the village of Franklin and the turnpike road. A Presbyterian church was at that time erected, but after being used by different sects it fell into decay. The present Mont Alto church was partially erected by another denomination and was sold to the Presbyterians, who commenced services in it on Oct. 1, 1876. For a year previous they had wor- "MEADC RESIDENCE O POWHATAN, BA ^RIVI." i. B. HOLTON, »RE CO., MD. U, Evirts, ruHi: .-MEADOW FARM. RESIDENCE^°!:,H-^B.HOLTON, JtmJMGU FIRST DISTRICT. shiped in the public school-house at Wetheredsville, the leading families of the congregation being those of Gen. Jesse Lazear, William J. Dickey, George F. Loomis, and E. D. Freeman. Here the services were conducted by ministers of the Baltimore Presbytery, and by Rev. J. G. Hamner, evangelist, of the Presby- tery, to whom the building up of the church is largely due. The first pastor of Mont Alto was Rev. C. P. Coit, of New York, who was followed by Rev. J. W. Mcllvaine, and he by Rev. S. S. Shriver, the ])resent pastor, who took charge May 1, 1877. The church cost five thousand dollars, of which amount fifteen hundred dollars was subscribed by the Presby- terian Association of Baltimore City. Immediately in front of Mount Alto church is the magnificent stock farm of Hart Benton Holton, familiarly known in this section as "The Meadows." Mr. Holton, the genial proprietor of this fine estate, was born about seven miles from Elkton, Cecil Co., Md., Oct. 13, 1835. He is the son of Thomas Holton, whose father came to this' country from Ireland in the latter part of the last century and settled at Oxford, Chester Co., Pa. His mother was Mary Alexander, a descendant of a Scotch family which settled in Cecil County early in the eight- eenth century and became identified with the in- terests and history of that locality. Mr. Holton attended the public schools in the vicinity of his home when very young, and finished his education at Hopewell Academy, Chester, Pa. At the early age of eighteen he taught school, and continued that oc- cupation for four years, during which time his charac- ter was strengthened and solidified, and his habits of thought and action systematized. He then removed to Baltimore, and entered into the employ of James S. Gary, a leading manufacturer in Maryland. He soon acquired a thorough knowledge of the business, and rose rapidly in the estimation of his employer. He was subsequently, in 1862, transferred from Bal- timore to Howard County, where he became superin- tendent of the Gary Manufacturing Company, in which he was a large stockholder. He married Pa- melia A. Gary, the daughter of James S. Gary, Aug. 27, 1861. At the breaking out of the civil war he became a zealous supporter of the Union, and jn 1862 was chosen by the Unconditional Union party to represent Howard County in the Senate of Mary- land. He served in that body until 1867, and won an enviable reputation as an energetic and intelligent business member. Upon all party questi()ns he voted with his party, but he was an ac{iv6^ ad'VOOate of such enterprises as he deemed conducive to the interests of the State, no matter with which party they origin- ated, and the passage of the charter of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad was mainly due to his advo- cacy and vote, as was also the charter for the State Agricultural Association, by means of which it ac- quired its fine grounds at Pimlico. Mr. Holton had no taste for public life, and upon the expiration of his term of service in the Senate he abandoned politics and devoted his attention entirely to his private business. He imbibed a fondness for farming in his youth in Cecil County, and he deter- mined, if opportunity offered in later life, he would gratify his inclination. Having become po.ssessed of a handsome estate in Baltimore County, he began the raising of improved breeds of horses. In 1877 he re- moved to "The Meadows," and has since then de- voted himself exclusively to its improvement and the supervision of his splendid collection of horses. "The Meadows" is in the First District of Baltimore County, about six miles from Baltimore City, and one mile from the village of Powhatan. It contains three hundred and thirty-six acres of beautifully rolling land, and is a fair illustration of what may be accom- plished by energy and good taste. The mansion- house or residence of Mr. Holton is a very handsome building of the modern composite style of architec- ture, and embellished with all the luxurious acces- sories which a cultivated taste can suggest. The grounds about the house are simply but tastefully laid out, and the whole suggests the home of a cul- tured country gentleman. The farm is a model of neatness and cleanliness. The fields in grass present the appearance of closely-shaven lawns. Not a this- tle or brier is to be seen, and the aspect of the grain- fields denotes the most careful and intelligent culti- vation. Mr. Holton has given much time and study to the improved breed of trotting-horses, and has one of the finest stock-farms in this country. He con- siders the Hambletonian strain of horses the best for breeding, and he has secured several of the finest specimens of these animals for this purpose. Mr. Holton's stables are in keeping with the gen- eral management of the estate. That set apart for his trotting-horses is one hundred and sixty feet in length by fifty feet wide, with a hallway running the entire length twelve feet in width. The box-stalls are on either side of the hallway, and are spacious and lux- uriously fitted for horses. The building has a nice wood floor throughout, and a stream of fresh spring- water is conveyed through pipes to the anteroom. Besides the accommodations for blooded horses, there is outside stabling for one hundred and twenty ani- mals. The barn, which is a short distance from the stable, is one hundred feet long by sixty feet wide, and is provided with all the modern improvements for handling and raising grain and agricultural produce. Mr. Holton has been engaged in stock-raising but a j short time, and has already found it very profitable. i He seldom enters his horses at the trotting courses of the country, though he sometimes exhibits them at agricultural fairs. He raises horses to .sell, and con- siders it far more profitable than racing. He and his family are Presbyterians in religious belief, and are members of the Mont Alto Churcii, which is imme- diately in front of "The Meadows," on the road to Powhatan. Mr. Holton is pleasant in manner, refined 830 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. in his tastes, youthful in appearance, and in the prime of life and usefulness. Though no politician, he takes a lively interest in the questions of the day, and especially in matters which may affect beneficially the interests of his county. He is and always has been a steady advocate of public improvements, be- lieving that they arc an advantage to the whole com- munity, and that the people are entitled to them when there is a restsonable probability of their proving beneficial. Other Churches, Etc.— On Sept. 7, 1857, the new Methodist Episcopal church at Grove Chapel, a short distance from the city, was dedicated, Kevs. Thomas Sewell and Isaac P. Cook conducting the services. Aug. 19, 1867, the corner-stone was laid of the Evangelical Lutheran church and school-house on the Frederick road, near Calverton. The attending ministers were Revs. L. D. Meir, J. H. Brandan, C. H. A. Schloegel, and C. A. Stork. Two thousand per- sons witnessed the ceremonies. The corner-stone of the Methodist Episcopal Church South church, near the first toll-gate on the Frederick road, was laid Oct. 17, 1869. The clergy taking part were Rev. Drs. Huston, Poisal, Linn, and Hall, the latter the pastor of the new church. It was erected mainly through the efl^orts of Charles Shipley. On Sunday, June 9, 1870, the congregation of Zion German Lutheran Church bade farewell to the edifice in which they had worshiped and consolidated with St. John's Reformed Church, on the Frederick road. Oct. 17, 1870, the new Methodist Protestant church situated on the Baltimore County side of Ellicott City was dedicated by the pastor, Rev. William J. Floyd, and Rev. J. J. Murray. April 21, 1872, the corner-stone of a new Evangel- ical church was laid at Mont Alto. Rev. Franklin Wilson made the church a gift of the ground upon which it stands. schools are numerous, and are well attended. The McDonogh Institute and Woodstock College are in this district. 'Water-power is abundant on the Pa- ■ tapsco Falls. Randallstown, Harrisonville, North Branch, Rockdale, Granite, Powhatan, Elysville, and Alberton are the principal villages. SCHOOLS FOR 1881. ' TllUSTKES. School No. 1. — Benj. ZiDimerniiin. H. Clay Rldgely, aDd Jolin Kolp. No. 2.— Gerard Emmart, Phineae Hartley, and Israel R. Heacock. No. 3.— John T. Isaac, Philip N. Troxell, and Nimrod Gosnell. No. 4.— Geo. W. Bailey, Wm. C. Odell, and JustuB H. Eliler«. No. 6.— Andrew Harvey, Wm. W. Frozier, and Tlios. Birkett. No. e.^Chas. Griswold, John Frederick, and Levi Biddlngcr. No. 7.— John Williams, Wm. P. Bennett, and Wm. 0. Underwood. No. 8.— Ur. T. W. Jamison, Caleb J. East, and Matliias Hohman. No. 9.— Thomas C. Worthington, Stephen Griffin, and Edward S. W. No. 10.— Henry S. Courey, 1 gerding. . Stansfleld, and Henry C. Lutt- Tkac CHAPTER XLVIII. SECOND DISTRICT. The Second District is in the western part of the county, adjoining Howard and Carroll Counties, which bound it on the west. It is bounded on the north by the Fourth District, on the east by the Third District, and on the south by the First District. It has an area of 44.79 square miles, and a population of 3760. In 1870 the population was 3127. The "\\' estcrn Mary- land Railroad runs along its eastern border, and the Baltimore and Ohio along its western side. The Lib- erty turnpike passes through it from east to west for a distance of seven and a half miles. The surface is rolling and the soil fertile. Large and well-cultivated farms are numerous. Great quantities of granite are obtained in the southern .section, and extensive chrome mines are worked in the western iiart. Churches and No. 1.— Alice A. Jean, Harrisonville. No. 2. — - — , Randallstown. No. 3.— Silas Berryman, Granite. No. 4.— Nalilla Hall, Harrisonville. No. 5. — Robert B. Chapman, Randallstown. No. 6.— L. D. Bullette, Beistei«town. No. 7. — James A. Zepp, Powhatan. No. 8.— Belle Chapman, Rockdale. No. 9. — George Harrison, Harrisonville. No. 10 —Kathleen McVeigh, North Branch. Teachees of Coloued Schools. No. 1.— Henry W. Hewlett, Buudallstowu. No. 2.— Addison L. Minor, Granite. Granite. — This village of two hundred inhabitants is in the southwestern section of the district, distant fourteen miles from Baltimore City. It takes its name from the great granite-quarries in the vicinity, from which a first-class quality of building-stone is obtained in inexhaustible quantity. The population is mostly engaged in quarrying, which is furnishing steady work and good pay. There is a connecting line of railroad between the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road and the quarries. With the Granite Presby- terian Church there has been united Mount Paran charge, whose church was opened to public worship in 1815. The Granite Church was organized in 1848. Its pastors have been T. B. Spottswood, J. P. Carter, T. W. Simpson, B. F. Meyers, Henry Matthews, N. F. Chapman, and Robert H. Williams. Two present members of the United States Senate, Henry G. Davis, of West Virginia, and Arthur P. Gorman, of Maryland, were pupils in the Mount Paran Sunday- school. The corner-stone of the Methodist Episcopal church was laid June 7, 1878, Rev. Win. E. Curley, pastor in charge, conducting the services. The build- ing committee were J. B. Sumwalt, Dr. George W. Bailey, Louis Ehler, John T. Isaacs, B. J. Dorsey, and Rev. J. H. C. Dosh. The edifice is of stone, thirty by forty feet, and is surrounded by a burial-ground. Randallstown is on the Liberty road, about seven miles distant from the city, and has a population of 150. It has a Methodist Episcopal churdi (Mount SECOND DISTRICT. Olivet) and a German Lutheran church. It was for- merly reached by the Baltimore and Kandallstown Horse Railway, which was offered for sale Feb. 3, 1874, but withdrawn on a bid of thirteen thousand dol- lars. The road proved unprofitable, and was after- wards sold and the rails taken up. Rev. J. Shrigly opened a free church in Randallstown Sept. 12, 1853. The McDonogh Institute and Farm-School. — John McDonogh, a native of Baltimore, but a citi- zen of New Orleans from the time of the cession of Louisiana to the United States, died on the 27th of October, 1850, at his residence at McDonoghville, near Algiers, opposite New Orleans. The value of his property at the time of his death was estimated at two million dollars. By his will the bulk of this es- tate was bequeathed to the two cities of Baltimore, Md., and New Orleans, La., in trust for the purpose of establishing at or near both places farm-schools for the education of the children of poor parents of both cities who otherwise could not obtain educational ad- vantages. The City Council of Baltimore passed a resolution on the 9th of January, 1851, accepting the legacy on behalf of Baltimore, and pledged the faith of the city that it would " abide by and comply with the wishes and directions of the said McDonogh, as expressed in his last will and testament." Many of the provisions of the will it was impossi- ble CO carry out; others ojierated in a way very differ- ent from that designed, and entailed heavy charges on the estate. Much tedious and expensive litigation } grew out of the condition of the property, and out of the various successive attempts made to set aside the will or to establish the validity of codicils to it. The last important suit of the latter kind (that of Moses Fox, involving over three hundred thousand dollars) was not finally decided until 1872. It was found necessary and expedient to divide the estate, and the city of Baltimore proceeded to sell the portion falling to her, in order that the funds might be invested in some more manageable and profitable shape. While the estate was in process of liquidation the war put a stop to all progress and materially lessened the value of the real property yet unsold. After the close of the war the agents of Baltimore continued their la- bors, and in 1868 the present board was constituted. .Mr. McDonogh contemplated an endowment of $3,000,000 for the organization of the school near Baltimore, but the fund realized up to the present time amounts only to .$878,170.05. In July, 1872, the trustees, finding themselves for the first time free from serious litigation, purchased the present site for the location of the school. The farm contains eight hundred and thirty-five acres, well watered and wooded, lying on the Western Maryland Railroad, twelve miles from Baltimore, in the Second District. The improvements at the time of the purchase con- -sisted of a large brick dwelling-house and customary outhouses. All necessary repairs and improvements were made, and an addition of sixty feet front made to the main building. The school was opened Nov. 21, 1873, with twenty-one pupils. W. Allen is the principal, and is assisted by D. C. Lyle, S. H. Lee Sellers, and H. L. Gantt. A new building is progressing rapidly under the superintendence of Messrs. S. H. & J. F. Adams, builders, and Messrs. Dixon & Carson, architects. The structure, which is of brick, dressed with granite strips, brownstone, and terra-cotta, is composed of a centre building, ninety feet frontage, having a base- ment and three stories, and two wings seventy-three feet front each, with two stories and basement. The entire frontage of the building is two hundred and thirty-six feet. There is to be another wing in the rear of the centre building, which has not been com- menced as yet. Connecting this wing and the centre building will be an annex, which will be surmounted by a tower. The tower building will contain the staircases and the large water-tank, which will hold ten thousand gallons. Above the tank in the tower will be the observatory. Brownstone steps and porch are in front of the centre building, and lead into a vestibule. On one .side is the reception-room, and on the other the clerk's office. Adjoining this latter on the front is the principal's room, and adjoining the reception-room is the matron's room. Handsome circular bay windows of brownstone and terra-cotta will project from each of these rooms, and serving and clothes-rooms are also on this floor. A large hall runs directly through the centre building to the stair- case hall in the tower building. Corridors run at right angles to this hall through the wings. Large verandas are located back of the centre building, and also around the back of the wings, and lead to the class-rooms. The fund has been largely increased by the economical management and judicious in- vestments of the trustees. The principal of five hundred thousand dollars of the amount bequeathed cannot be used, and is set apart as a permanent fund. The terms of admission to the school are regulated by the board of trustees, who have sought to conform, in the rule established on this subject, to the wishes of the founder. Applicants for admis- sion must be " poor boys, of good character, of re- spectable associations in life, residents of the city of Baltimore." Appointments are made for the current scholastic year only, all of them terminating on the 1st of June next succeeding the date of entrance, but those who improve their opportunities are eligible for reappointment at the end of that time. The pu- pils enter at an average age of twelve years, and may remain until they are sixteen years of age. Special merit may win an additional year of residence. The number of scholars during 1880-81 was fifty-one. The trustees are Samuel H. Tagart, president ; Wil- liam A. Stewart, vice-president; H. Clay Dallam, secretary and agent ; David L. Bartlett, German H. Hunt, Charles H. Mercer, and Robert T. Baldwin. 832 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Harrisonville.— This place is si I ii:iti. I (.III lio Liberty turupilve, twelve miles from l!aliiiii"iv ( 'iiy ami fifteen from Towsoiitown. It contains rruU>iaiii Ivpiscopal, Methodist Episcopal, Presbvteriiin, liaptist, and Cath- olic churciies. The latter church was dedicated by Archbishop Gibbons on September 11, 1881. The public school building is forty feet square, built of granite, and is an ornament to the village. Mount Paran Lodge, No. 162. A. F. and A. M ; Shiloh Lodge, No. Ill, I. O. O. F. ; Beulah Encampment, No. 30, I. O. O. F. ; and Wheatland Grange, No. 64, Patrons of Husbandry, are the established orders. V. W. Ro- seman is Master, and W. ('. O'Dell secretary of Wheat- land Grange. Among the oldest and most estimable citizens of this district is Rezin Hammond Worthington, who was born June 28, 1794, and resides with his son, Thomas C. Worthington, on his farm near Harrisonville, Bal- timore Co. His father, Thomas Worthington, was born May 2, 1739, and was married, the first time, on Aug. 21, 1761, to Elizabeth Hammond. He was the second time married, April 9, 1786, to Marcella, daughter of Joshua and Mary Owings, by whom Rezin Hammond was born. She was born July 5, 1748. John Worth- ington, the paternal grandfather of Rezin H., was 1 born in England, Jan. 12, 1689, and died Dec. 12, '] 1763. The subject of this sketch first attended school some twelve months in Frederick County, and subsequently one about five miles from his home in Baltimore County. During the civil war he was a prominent Democrat, and in 1864 was arrested by the Federal military authorities and incarcerated for a short period. In the war of 1812, Mr. \Vorth- ington responded to the general call for volunteers, and although ju.st recovering from a broken leg, he departed for Baltimore to assist in the deiense of that city. After the death of Gen. Ross he was discharged on account of his limb. He has been a successful farmer, and has been twice married. By his first wife he had only one child, Thomas Chew Worthington, with whom he resides. By his second wife he had nine children, four sous (all deceased) and five daugh- ters. Mr. Worthington's fine estate of thirty-five hun- dred acres lies in the northern part of the district. I Although in his eighty-eighth year he is a man of wonderful memory, with a great knowledge of Amer- ican history, and well read in the current events of the day. He is a fine type of the old-school gentle- < man, whose dignity and courtesy are specially pro- verbial in the State of Maryland. Powhatan. — This attractive village is situated at the terminus of the Baltimore and Powhatan Rail- way, four and a half miles from the city, where the First, Second, and Third Districts join. It has a pop- ulation of 300. There are a Methodist Episcopal and a Presbyterian church, a public school, Powhatan Lodge, No. 23, Independent Order of Mechanics, and Asbestos Grange, No. 172, Patrons of Husbandry. Patapsco Mission of the Methodist Protestant Church is two and a half miles beyond the village, and was dedicated Oct. 17, 1869, Rev. R. S. Norris officiating. The Methodist Episcopal church in the village was destroyed by a wind-storm on March 29, 1873. It had just been finished, and the builders were on the premises when the disaster occurred, nar- rowly escaping with their lives. The wind knocked into a heap of d6bris what had been a handsome frame chapel thirty-six by fifty-five feet, and played many curious pranks in the neighborhood. Revs. W. T. D. Clemm and J. J. Haslup were the joint pastors of the church at the time, and by appeals to the mill operatives and help from various city congregations they were able soon to rebuild it. Powhatan had been for many years famous as a manufacturing centre, but the mills suffered severely in the panic of 1873, when work was suspended. On Oct. 31, 1876, both of them, the Powhatan and the Pocahontas, were sold by order of Robert Moore, trustee, at auction, and were purchased for thirty-five thousand dollars by William Bayne and Charles M. Roache for the estate. The Powhatan mill is one hundred and forty by forty-five feet, five stories high. The Pocahontas mill is two hundred and forty-four by forty-five feet, three stories high. In February, 1877, Messrs. Ross Campbell & Co., of Baltimore City, took charge of the mills and set them at work again, producing a superior quality of drills and sheetings. They run one hundred looms and four thousand spindles. The resumption of work infused new life into the village and was made the occasion of public rejoicing. Rockdale. — This is a village of 200 inhabitants on the Liberty turnpike, five miles from the city. The Windsor road also passes through it. April 23, 1848, a new Baptist church was dedicated, a great throng being present from the factories and the surrounding country. The edifice was erected by Rev. Franklin Wilson entirely at his own expense. There are two Methodist Episcopal churches in the village, one of which is attended bv a congregation of colored peo- pie. Elysville and Alberton.— Tliese two villages are virtually one. The former is the railroad station and the latter the seat of a heavy cotton manufacturing business. It extends on both sides of the Patapsco, and a portion of Elysville is in Howard County. The town is eighteen miles distant from Baltimore by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, but only about twelve miles by the country roads. The great cotton-mills are the property of the firm of James S. Gary & Son, who also own a large store and nearly the whole town of Alberton, comprising seventy houses, occupied by their operatives. The entire area of their property is eight hundred and twenty acres, making a tract of land over a mile and a quarter square. James S. Gary gave the place and the mills the name of Al- berton, in honor of his son, James Albert Gary. The factory and ncarlv all of the bouses are built of 7^ ^^r^.'^^^z^ THIRD DISTRICT. stone. The factory proper is three hundred and forty feet long, fifty feet wide, and four stories high. The first story is used as a carding department, the second as a spinning department, the third as a weaving de- partment, and the fourth as the dressing department. From eiglit thousand to nine thousand spindles and two hundred and twenty-eight looms are used in the factory, and all the machinery is of the newest and most approved character. The preparing department, a stone building sixty-eight by tliirty-two feet, is situated some distance from the main building, with which it is connected by an iron gangway eighty feet in length. In the rear of the mill is the drying de- l>artment, a brick building thirty-two by fifty feet and three stories high. Adjacent to this is the cotton- house, where the raw material is received and stored, which is a building having a capacity of about fifteen hundred bales of cotton. The firm have also a gas- house near the factory, and manufacture the gas con- sumed in the mill and other buildings. All of the buildings are constructed upon a harmonious style of architecture, and present a neat and tasteful appear- ance. The factory is said to be as well arranged in all its departments as any similar institution in the South. The town covers an area of about eighteen or twenty acres. About three acres are embraced within the factory inclosure. The lawn around the factory and the mansion is handsomely embellished with or- namental shade-trees, rare flowers, and macadamized walks, three fountains of pure water adding to the beauty of the scene. Among the more prominent improvements at the place is the construction of an immense reservoir at an elevation of one hundred and seventy-eight feet above the town, which has a capacity of seventy thousand gallons, foe supplying water to the inhabi- tants and for use in case of fire. The entire value of the town and improvements is estimated at about six hundred thousand dollars. The principal fabrics manufactured at the factory are cotton ducking and drills, and the Alberton brands of these articles are favorably and extensively known throughout the country. The town has schools, churches, etc., and is a live, active place.' The corner-stone of St. Joseph's Catholic church at Elysville was laid June 1, 1879. The edifice is of Gothic architecture, fifty-four by seventy-five feet, and is built upon a lot donated by James A. Gary. In return for this handsome gift, Mr. Gary was pre- sented by the Catholic operatives with a gold-headed cane. Woodstock College, under the direction of the So- ciety of Jesus, was established in this district in 1869 by the transfer of the scholasticate of the order for- 1 On Oct. 30, 1849, there was sold at auction aU the propelty of the Okisko manufacturing company, consisting of a tliree-story granite fac- tory building, and a number of houses for workmen, at Klysville, or " Ellisville." as it was tiien spelt. Mr. Hugh Eli became the purchaser at a bid of twenty thousand dollars. merly connected with Georgetown College, D. C. The establishment of the Jesuits in Maryland dates back to the settlement by Lord Baltimore in 1634. Wood- stock College is a general house of study, embracing a thorough course of philosophy and theology lasting seven years. The faculty consists of Rev. Joseph Perron, rector, and twelve professors selected by the superior-general of the order from the most learned of his subordinates. The college building is situated upon a high hill overlooking the Patapsco River, four hundred feet above the sea, and about a quarter of a mile from Woodstock Station, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, twenty-five miles from Baltimore. The property embraces two hundred acres partly under cultivation. The buildings occupy a fine pla- teau on a hill surrounded by ornamental grounds. The main edifice is of granite from the quarries near by, and is built in the form of the letter H, three stories high, and three hundred and ten feet in its greatest length, with wings each one hundred and sixty-seven feet long. It contains two hundred rooms. The library occupies half of one of the wings, and contains about twenty thousand volumes of rare and valuable books, embracing complete sets of the Greek and Latin fathers, and original parchment manuscripts of the Scriptures in the Hebrew language. The chapel is very beautiful, finished in the Roman style with frescoes and pilasters. Over the altar is a copy by Brumidi of Murillo's " Holy Family." The altar rail is from a church in San Domingo, and is over three hundred years old. In the basement are work- shops where several industries are carried on, and a thoroughly-equipped printing-oflice, where the daily lectures of the professors are printed. At the end of the year they are bound, and each student is pre- sented with a copy. A cabinet and laboratory are fitted up with the best styles of apparatus for the use of the students of science. The college is one of the most important institutions in America for the train- ing of young men for the priesthood. On April 9, 1879, Rev. Angelo M. Paresco died at Woodstock College, aged sixty-two years. In 1861 he was appointed Provincial Superior of the Jesuits, and the college was completed under his administra- tion. He became its first rector, and when disease had forced him to retire from active duty his counsel was daily sought by his successors. He was a man of commanding intellect and abstruse scholarship in philosophy, science, and theology. CHAPTER XLIX. THIRD DISTRICT. The Third District is a very large and important one, having an area of 39.55 square miles and a popu- lation of 8761. In 1870 it was 6149. It adjoins Balti- more City on the northwest, between the Ninth and 834 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Second Districts, which bound it on the east and west, j On the south it is bounded by tlie city and the First District, and on the north Ijy the Fourtli and Eightli , Districts. Tlie Western Maryhmd, the Northern Central, and the Green Spring Branch Railroads, and 1 the Arlington and Pimlico branch of the Western Maryland Railroad intersect the district. The Balti- more and Keisterstown turnpike passes through it and as far out as Pikesville, eight miles distant from the city limits; each side of the road is like a contin- uous village. The Baltimore and Pikesville Horse Railway extends to the latter town, while the Balti- more, Calverton and Powhatan Railway crosses the southern part of the district. The Liberty road, the old Liberty road, the Pimlico road, the old Court road, the Falls turnpike, and numerous avenues, together with the railroads, afford all the necessary facilities of communication in every direction. Near to the city the whole region is taken up with elegant resi- dences of wealthy citizens, and farther out is a suc- cession of grand old homesteads and farms, whose broad and well-tilled acres yield luxuriantly of the I fruits of the soil. A generous hospitality is exercised j by the proprietors of these splendid estates, and the tone of society is highly refined. The surface of the district is undulating, with numerous bold elevations, i Gwynn's Falls border it on the west, and Jones' Falls j on the east, and numerous other tributary streams 1 assist in fertilizing and rendering more picturesque the ; beautiful valleys. Among the towns and villages are j Pikesville, Mount Washington, Woodberry, Howard- j ville, Green Springs, Calverton, Druid Park Heights, j Mount Carroll, Highland Park, Clifton, and Arling- ton. Woodberry, Mount Washington, and Calverton embrace mills and factories, and Clifton is one of the finest suburbs of Baltimore. Druid Hill Park, Mount St. Agnes Agademy, and Mount Hope Asylum for the lusane are all within this district. Here also are the Pimlico Fair Grounds, and the race-course and buildings of the Maryland Jockey Club. SCHOOLS FOR 1881. TEACUEIia. No. 1.— Addie Moruingbtar, Pikesville. No. 2— Elias U. Keed, principal, Pikesville; Rebecca Sheridan, assis- tant. No. 3. — John S. Stansbury, Arlington. No. 4. — E. G. Cover, principal, 175 CarroUton Avenue ; Louisa Caseell and Ida Barton, assistants. No. 5.— Ira S. Tallin, principal, Woodberry; Rachel E. Prill, Anna Cullington, Belle Bankhead, Anna Pilson, and Adelaide Dough- erty, assistants. No. 6.— Jeanette (!ole, Brooklandville. No. 7.— T. R. Wolfe, Stevenson's Station. No. 8.— Perley R. Lovejoy, principal. Mount Washington; Nora Pat- Tkaciiers or Coloukd Schools. No. 2. — Jennie Massio, Stevenson's Station. No. 3.— James H. Scott, OU North Dallas Street. No. 4.— S. R. Hughes, 493 Pennsylvania Avenue. Trustees. School No. 1.— Charles L. Rogers, Dr. J. T. Councilman, and Thomas No. 2.— P. II. Walker, Samuel B. Mettam, and Henry Davis. No. 3.— Joshua Parsons, Albert Gallagher, and Frank Sanderson. No. 4.— William Carmichael, Alexander Megary, and William H. Ca»- sell. No. 5.— James E. Hooper, Robert Poole, and Thomas McCreo. No. 0, — George Scott, Angnst Hoffman, and Eli S. Kclley. No. 7.— D. W. Cross, Adolphus D. Cook, and William Stump. No. 8.— H. W. Huntmiller, Dr. J. S. Bowen, and John M. Carter. Pikesville is situated on the Keisterstown turnpike, eight miles from Baltimore and one mile from Pikes- ville Station of the Western Maryland Railroad. The cars of the Baltimore and Pikesville Horse Railway run to the village. The population is about 175. The location is admirable for residences, and the land is fertile. Pikesville was a military post, the United States arsenal established in 1819 being now in charge of the State, to whom it was given by the government. It is an enclosure of fourteen and a half acres of good land, abundantly shaded by fine old trees of different varieties, and is fitted up with officers' quarters, bar- racks, a largo magazine, stables, offices, and, in brief, all the outbuildings necessary for an arsenal. With one or two unimportant exceptions all the houses are built of brick and painted yellow. Mount Hope Retreat, an institution for the insane, conducted by the Sisters of Charity, under the supervision of Drs. Stokes and Thompson, is within two miles of the vil- lage. There are one Methodi.st Episcopal church, one Protestant Episcopal, a Baptist, and a Catholic, sev- eral public schools, a Catholic parochial school, and a private academy of high repute. The orders are Waverly Lodge, No. 52, Knights of Pythias, Mount Zion Lodge, No. 87, I. O. O. F. (chartered April 7, 1853), and Garrison Forest Grange, No. 15, Patrons of Husbandry, Geo. H. Elder, Master; C. B. Rogers, Overseer ; and F. Sanderson, Secretary. Charles Lyon Rogers was born Dec. 16, 1831, on the old Von Kapp property, at that time a part of Baltimore County, but now Newington Park, in Bal- timore City. He was the son of Micajah Rogers, who came to Baltimore from Massachusetts in 1816. His father's family settled in the vicinity of Boston at an early period in the history of the colonies, and many of the descendants still reside in and near that city. The mother of Mr. Rogers was Mary Lyon, the daughter of Maj. Robert Lyon and Susan Lyon. Maj. Lyon was the son of Dr. William Lyon, a Scotch- man, who came to this country in the eighteenth cen- tury, and for some years practiced medicine in Balti- more, but subsequently purchased a tract of land in Baltimore County, known as Wester Ogle, and removed to it, upon a portion of which Mr. Rogers now resides. Dr. Lyon was a physician of prominence in Baltimore during the last century. His office bordered on the City Spring, at that time the most fashionable portion of the town, and it is said he presented to the First Presbyterian Church the land on which the United States court-house now stands. Mr. Rogers obtained his education at Sandy Spring, Montgoinory Co., Mil., but at an early age manifested ^ ^^^i.^-^^ a O a O E Oi • o 2 u Si 2 Q 9 ^ CO THIRD DISTRICT. such strong predilections for agriculture that he was | taken from school and put to work on Wester Ogle, the estate where three generations of his family had lived and died. In this way he acquired a thorough, practical knowledge of the occupation he had elected to pursue in life, and doubtless the training he re- ceived was of incalculable advantage to him when by inheritance he assumed control of that portion of Wester Ogle known as " Forest View." He married Rebecca Grogan, May 18, 1848, and by her has had ten children, three of whom — C. Lyon Rogers, Ken- nedy Grogan Rogers, and James Lyon Rogers — are now living. Forest View, the present residence of Mr. Rogers, is in the Third District of Baltimore County, about nine miles from the city, and one and a half miles from Pikesville. It is beautifully located amid gently swelling hills and smiling valleys in a region noted for its fertility and the refinement and culture of its people. The place embraces about two hundred and five acres of land, all, with the exception of a splendid grove of old forest-trees, under the highest state of cultivation. The dwelling-house is a substantial structure luxuriously fitted, and suggesting in its ap- pearance and surroundings the old-time hospitality for which Maryland farmers and planters are so justly proverbial. The barns and outhouses are all of the most durable character, and possessed of every con- venience which the march of improvement has so lavishly introduced into this branch of industry. Mr. Rogers when he began farming on his own ac- count was not content to sit down and do simply as his ancestors had done before him. He is a man of excellent judgment and more than ordinary intelli- gence, and he saw that to follow in the old ruts was to drop behind and be distanced by his neighbors in the race of life. He studied the character of the soil he had to till, and the changes of climate, together with the best manner of producing crops with the minimum of exhaustion. He kept himself abreast of the scientific information which was multiplying with the rapid increase of journals devoted to the science of agriculture; he advocated and aided in promoting all associations and combinations which had for their object the elevation of the agricultural classes and improvement in tillage. He has always been one of the most active members of the State Agricultural Association, and when the Grange movement was in- augurated to protect the farmer from the exactions of the middlemen and corporations he became one of its most energetic supporters. He is a Past Master in his own Grange, Master of the County Grange, and a member of the Maryland State Grange, and has a profound belief in the efficacy and useftilness of the order if managed in accordance with the principles upon which it was founded. The advantages he has derived from his practical study of farming are mani- fest in the condition of Forest View, which, for per- fect tillage and excellent management, will compare with any estate in Baltimore County. Mr. Rogers is also a member of the Independent Order of Odd-Fel- lows. In politics he has always been a conservative Democrat. He has never sought public office, — in fact, has always had a distaste for it, — but during his whole life he has taken an active interest in politics, and has been fearless in the expression of his political opin- ions at the polls, even when many more prominent men of his party have failed to assert themselves, es- pecially during the civil war, when terrorism and military domination prevailed to some extent at the elections in Baltimore County. He was a first lieu- tenant in the Garrison Forest Rangers, a troop raised in his neighborhood at the breaking out of the civil war, and because of his connection with this organi- zation was persecuted to some extent by the ruffians and hangers-on which attach themselves to all suc- cessful parties, though he does not attribute his troubles at that time either to the party leaders or the military authorities. He has filled a number of minor positions of trust but not of profit, and has filled them well. By thrift and intelligence he has greatly added to his inheritance, and is to-day one of the most pros- perous and influential gentlemen in his neighborhood. He has given special attention to the raising of an improved breed of cattle known as the Holsteins, celebrated for their milking qualities, and has been very successful. His herd took the premium at the last State fair for their purity and excellence. Mr. Rogers is striking in appearance, genial and courteous in manner, and devotedly attached to home-life and its responsibilities and pleasures. Pikesville Catholic Church.— The first building . used for a Catholic church in the vicinity of Pikes- ville was erected on the premises of William George Read, then living near that place. Rev. Dr. White, who had been pastor of the cathedral, was invited by Mr. and Mrs. Read to take up his residence in their family, and officiate in the chapel, and was appointed by the archbishop to take charge of it. The congre- ! gation soon became too large for the chapel erected 1 by Mr. Read, and two acres of ground were purchased j near the Beisterstown pike, opposite the United States ; arsenal, and the erection of a new edifice commenced. The corner-stone was laid on the 16tli of July, 1848, by Rev. Alexius Elder, Dr. White preaching the ser- mon. Rev. Father White remained in charge of the congregation till the fall of 1857, when he was suc- ceeded by Rev. F'ather Meyers, who, after a pastorate : of two and a half year.s, was followed by Rev. E. Q. S. Waldron, who has remained in charge of the parish { from that time till the present, a period of more than I twenty years. ! The church was dedicated Sept. 10, 1849, by Arch- bishop Eccleston, under the patronage of St. Charles ; Borromeo. On the night of Nov. 17, 1856, it was robbed of nearly all the valuable vessels of the altar, \ the priestly vestments, carpets, etc. St. Mark's P. E, Church.— The Protestant Epis- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. copal Church is known as "St. Mark's on the Hill," and the congregation was organized in 1876 by a few families who resided at too great a distance to attend the parish church of St. Thomas. The building had been erected by the Presbyterians in 1869 as a place of worship, tliey selling it to the Southern Methodists, from whose hands it passed into those of the Episco- palians. The site had been given by James Howard McHenry to the Presbyterians, who gave the church the name of his estate, "Sudbrook." The Episcopa- lians added to the edifice a large chancel, a belfry, and a bell ; and in 1878 built a rectory at a cost of three thousand dollars. Since its opening the rector of St. Mark's has been Rev. Richard Whittingham, a brother of the late bishop of this diocese. The present war- dens are Charles Rodgers and Eugene Blackford; Vestry, C. K. Harrison, Dr. J. B. Councilman, Dr. J. Pattison, P. H. Walker, Adgate Duer, and Z. Feel- meyer. There is a chapel of ease under construction at Arlington for the use of this congregation. PikesviUe Baptist Church.— The congregation of Pikesville Baptist Church was organized in September, 1835, the corner-stone of the church edifice having been laid in the preceding October. Rev. Joseph Mettam has been in charge since that time to the present. He was ordained Sept. 24, 1835, by Elders John Ely, John F. Jones, and John Healy. A Sun- day-school was instituted in the same year. Waverly Lodge, No. 52, Knights of Pythias, is lo- cated at Pikesville. It received its charter Feb. 11, 1870, having among its charter-members T. A. Schwatka, Nathaniel Watts, Asbury Watts, Philip Watts, George C. Winterode, Franklin Slade, Caleb Butt, George W. Evans, and John Joyce. The present officers are : P. C, B. B. Gemmell ; C. C, John W. Wagner; V. C, Thomas Keely; Prelate, Arthur Chenewith ; M. of E., A. Watts ; M. of F., George W. Bowersox ; K. of R. S., N. Watts; M. of A., Gilbert Bunn ; J. G., Henry Debus. The lodge holds its meetings in the Odd-Fellows' Hall, and financially is in a very flourishing condition, and is one of the foremost lodges of the county. Mount Zion Lodge, No. 87, I. 0. 0. F., was in- stituted April 17, 1853, with the following charter- members : John S. Gibbons, John L. Turner, Joshua Caven, Thomas Parish, Washington Buckman, and William Hook. The officers for 1881 are Edward Lockard, N. G. ; John Rodgers, V. G. ; Chas. Bush and Philip Watts, secretaries ; and Henry Davis, treas- urer. The Odd-Fellows' Hall, a tasteful building, was erected in 1855 at a cost of sixteen hundred dol- lars, and was dedicated in the (iill of that year. The lodge has one hundred and thirty members. On March 17, 1813, Rev. George Ralph died at Pomona, near Pikesville, aged sixty years. He was distinguished as a teacher and as a clergyman, and shortly before his death he had been appointed to the chair of rhetoric in the University of Maryland. Woodberry. — This bustling manufacturing town. having a population of 980, is on the Northern Cen- tral Railway, two miles distant from the city. The name is derived from that of an old miller, who many years ago had a grist-mill on Jones' Falls, to which the people of the surrounding country carried their grain to be ground. The beautiful situation and its advantages for a manufacturing centre attracted the attention of capitalists, and now it is the seat of very extensive cotton and iron manufactures, and fairly hums with prosperous industry, giving employment to some three thousand operatives, who reside in Woodberry and the adjacent villages of Hampden and Sweet Air, and at the Clipper Mills, all of which are claimed as offshoots of Woodberry. In this vicinity there are fully six thousand people dependent upon the mills and factories. The water-power of Jones' Falls undoubtedly had much to do with causing the' erection of the original establishments, but they have grown too vast to depend upon it, and it is now merely used as an auxiliary to steam. Standing upon any one of the verdure-clad eminences of the neighborhood a glorious view may be had of smiling villages and great factories, that house and feed and employ a happy and thrifty population. Prior to 1847 the late Horatio N. Gambrill owned and operated the old Woodberry Mill, and in that year the firm of Gam- brill & Carroll ran that and the White Hall and Mount Vernon factories in the production of cotton duck. Wm. E. Hooper was also associated with Mr. Gambrill, and the business grew so rapidly that the Park Mill was built. When they dissolved partner- ship, Mr. Gambrill erected the huge Druid Mills in 1865, fitted them up with the most improved ma- chinery, and sent to the market a quality of cotton duck that quickly obtained a world-wide reputation. Mr. Gambrill was born in Anne Arundel County, Md., Dec. 1, 1810. After serving an apprenticeship with the Savage Manufacturing Company, he became the superintendent of the spinning and carding-rooms of their mills; he later became superintendent of Jericho Mills, Baltimore County. In 1836 he began business for himself, engaging in the manufacture of cotton yarns at Stony Works, near Baltimore. In 1839, with others, he built Whitehall Factory, with five looms. In 1842 he purch.ased the Woodberry property, and the following year built the Woodberry Mills, of which he soon doubled the capacity. In 1847 he erected the Laurel Mill on Jones' Falls, and soon afterwards the Mount Vernon Mills, No. 1. He subsequently built the mills known as Clipper, Park, i and Druid, the last of which he was operating with his sons for a number of years previous to his death, I which occurred Aug. 30, 1880. The origin of the great cotton-duck interest in Baltimore is undoubtedly due to Mr. Gambrill, and he was largely instru- j mental in developing what has grown to be not only I the leading manufacture of this county, but one of the greatest industries in the world. These mills are now operated by his successors, the THIRD DISTRICT. 837 firm of Gambrill, Sons & Co. This is the proper place to say that at least one-half of all the cotton (luck used in tlie world is made at Woodberry, and the manufacturers have made their brands such a guarantee for the superiority of the article that they are virtually without competition. Mr. Hooper estab- lished the firm of William E. Hooper & Sons, whose properties now comprise the Woodberry, Park, Clip- per, and Meadow Mills, the latter erected in 1877 for the manufacture of seine twines. Messrs. Poole & Hunt have their extensive machine-shops at this place, ernploying 700 hands, and turning out every- thing in the line of iron manufacture. Altogether there is about ten millions of dollars invested in the mills, factories, and attached property in this vicinity. The comfortable condition of the mill employes, and the harmonious relations existing between them and their employers are not the result of chance, but of a comprehensive system founded upon mutuality of interests and confidence. The controlling idea is to furnish the operatives with pleasant homes at the smallest possible cost to them, and it has been carried into execution with remarkable success. All of the mill-owners hav« erected neat cottages, in which due regard to sanitary arrangements has been paid, and which are rented to the hands as nearly as possible at the rate of one dollar per room per month. Each cottage has a small strip of land adjoining, to be used as a garden. They are mostly occupied by separate families, each member of which working in the mills pays his or her proportion of rent, which is deducted from the pay-rolls. A few years ago the Messrs. Hooper erected, at a cost of thirty-five thousand dol- lars, a hotel for unmarried women and girls in their employ. Wages of operatives run from twelve up to seventy-five dollars per month, and it is no uncom- mon thing for a family to save, without stinting them- selves, five hundred dollars in from three to five years. Thrift, sobriety, and neatness characterize all the sur- roundings, and this cluster of manufactures is fre- quently spoken of as an illustration of the truth that capital and labor may go peacefully hand in hand. Strikes are unheard of, and the only labor demonstra- tion that has taken place in many years was a re- joicing, on Feb. 19, 1874, over the passage by the Maryland Legislature of a law forbidding the em- ployment of children under sixteen years of age longer than ten hours a day. In 1872 the question of incorporating in one town the villages of Woodberry, Hampden, and Sweet Air was discussed, but the pro- ject was abandoned as being too expensive, altlrough the proposed town would have included 12,000 in- habitants, and would have been the most important municipal corporation in Maryland outside of Balti- more. Although Hampden and Sweet Air are partially within the Ninth District, they should receive men- tion here because of their close connection with Woodberry and the manufacturing interests of wiiich it is the focus. They are handsome villages, the for- mer of 2962 and the latter ol 970 inhabitants, accord- ing to the census of 1880, mostly occupied by mill employ6s, although there is quite a number of fine residences of gentlemen having country estates. Events in their history are recorded with those in the Woodberry annals. The latter town has churches of various denominations, public and private schools, a market-house, and a public hall. The societies are J Druid Lodge, No. .53, Knights of Pythias; Pickering Lodge, A. F. and A. M. ; Hampden Lodge, No. 24, L O. O. F.; Alpha Lodge, No. 11, Independent Order of Mechanics; Bias Lodge, No. 23, ofHeptasophs; and Dennison Post, No. 8, Grand Army of the Republic. In 1872 a weekly newspaper, the Waverly Gazette, was established by Messrs. Gambrill & Gross. It was pub- lished for a short time and sold to William Baker, he transferring it in 1874 to F. L. Morling, who changed its title to that of the Woodberry News. He has made a sprightly and valuable paper of it, devoting it especially to the growth and prosperity of the com- munity in which it is published. On May 12, 1867, the corner-stone of the Catholic Church of St. Thomas Aquinas, between Hampden and Woodberry, was laid, and on its completion Rev. J. Malloy was appointed to its charge. It was dedi- cated June 18, 1871, by Archbishop Spalding. It is a pure Gothic edifice 100 feet long and 60 feet wide, and cost $20,000. Connected'with it is a commodious parsonage. On March 11, 1874, the feast of St. Thomas Aquinas, a festival took place under the di- rection of the pastor. Rev. Francis P. Duggan, and was attended by thousands of people from the coun- try around. The Methodist Episcopal church at Hampden was dedicated, with services by Rev. Dr. J. J. G. Webster and Rev. Thomas Ward. It is situated opposite the Hampden reservoir, and has a front of fifty and a depth of seventy feet. On July 2, 1867, the corner-stone of the new Meth- odist Episcopal church was laid at the northern end of Woodberry, on an eminence adjoining the resi- dence of Mr. Poole. Rev. Drs. Henry Slicer, Long- acre, and Lanahan, ofiiciated. It was dedicated Dec. 18, 1870, Bishop Ames, and Rev. Messrs. J. B. Stitt, David H. Carroll, and Thomas Eddy conducting the exercises. On this occasion sixteen thousand dollars was raised in a few moments to free the church from debt. It is a splendid structure of bluestone, in Gothic architecture, one hundred and three by forty- five feet, and seats seven hundred persons. May 6, 1872, the corner-stone of the Sweet Air Mission chapel of the United Brethren in Christ was laid by Rev. S. A. Colstock, presiding elder. On Sept. 12, 1873, was laid by Bishop Whittingham the corner-stone of the Protestant Episcopal church, midway between Woodberry and Hampden. It is known as St. Mary's, and was erected on the sjiot where stood the old frame church which was burned 838 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. during the occupation of Woodberry by Federal troops in 1861, and for which the government made payment. The congregation worshiped in the school- room of Col. John Prentiss, at Medfield, until the new church was built. The site for the church and a parochial school was the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Henrj' Mankin. Rev. George C. Stokes was the rector. The factory boarding-house for the unmarried fe- male employes of William E. Hooper & Sons was formally opened Nov. 27, 1873. On Dec. 6, 1874, the Woodberry Baptist church was dedicated, the congregation having been officially recognized by the Baptist Council on the previous 20th of April. At the dedication the services were participated in by Rev. Dr. J. W. M. Williams, Rev. O. F. Fliijpo, and Rev. G. W. Sunderlin, of the Bap- tist Church, Rev. Franklin Wilson, and Rev. Mr. Lane. The church is a frame structure, sixty by thirty feet. The first pastor was Rev. Dr. J. H. Barnes, and the building committee were D. B. Wil- hehn, John Freeland, Harrison Watson, and William Davis. On Feb. 22, 1S74, the Methodist Protestant church between Hampden and Woodberry was dedicated, with services by Rev. S. B. Southerland, J. T. Murray, and W. H. Lane. May 27, 1877, the Hampden Presbyterian church was dedicated, with services conducted by Rev. Dr. J. C. Backus, Rev. R. H." Fulton, and Rev. John Fox, the pastor. It is a Gothic structure, built of Balti- more County marble, sixty by forty feet, and cost sixteen thousand dollars. The building committee were Rev. Dr. Backus, Robert Poole, J. C. Ammidon, T. D. Anderson, and William B. Canfield. The site Wiis donated by Mr. Anderson. A fine hall for the use of the Young Men's Chris- tian Association of Woodberry was dedicated at Hamp- den, on Feb. 8, 1880, by Henry P. Adams, general secretary of the association. Dr. James Carey Thomas, and Revs. John Fox and H. E. Johnson. Mary Orem died at the advanced age of one hun- dred and five, in February, 1881. Her death took place at the residence of her son-in-law, Mr. Ephraim Hare, in Hampden. Mrs. Orem had resided in the neighborhood of Woodberry for over a half-century. Her maiden name was Mary Peake. She was born April 22, 1776. Her father was an Englishman named Robert Peake, who came to this country with the British army, deserted, and went as a drummer in the American army at the age of sixteen years. She mar- ried Cooper Orem in 1805. Mrs. Orem had twenty- five grandchildren, and fifty-one great-grandchildren. She was familiar with many of the events of the Revo- lution, and her husband served in the war of 1812. In 1865 the first building association was started by Messrs. William J. Hooper, L. P. D. Newman, F. L. Morling, and Henry Mankins, the capital stock of which, one hundred and four thousand dollars, was taken by the citizens in less than a month, and the result was in less than five years over one hundred persons were living in their own houses, all paid for by loans from the association. Poole & Hunt's. — Thirty years ago, in the year 1851, the firm of Poole & Hunt was established, and from what was then a modest beginning, their ma- chine-shops have grown to dimensions not excelled elsewhere in the United States. Robert Poole had previously been connected with the Lanvale and the Savage factories; and in 1843 he and William Fergu- son, as the firm of Poole & Ferguson, were manu- facturers of machinery on North Street, in Baltimore City. Mr. Ferguson retired in 1851, and German H. Hunt then became a member of the new firm. In 1853 their works in the city were destroyed by fire, and they decided to rebuild at Woodberry, although until 1858 they continued an auxiliary establishment in Baltimore. The Woodberry works, known as the Union Machine-Shops, employ 700 men and lead the iron manufacturing industry in Maryland. They turn out portableand stationary steam-engines, steam-boilers of all dimensions, the Leffel American double turbine water-wheel, circular and gang saw-mills, Ebaugh's patent crusher for minerals, mining machinery, grist- mills, flouring-mill machinery, presses, shafting, pul- leys and hangers, machinery for white-lead works, cotton-seed and other oil mills. The factory premises cover twenty acres of ground, upon which are the iron foundry, pattern and machine-shops, melting- house, brass foundry, storage lofts, and all the other buildings connected with the immense business done. Specimens of the work of the firm are to be seen in the iron columns .supporting the dome of the Capitol at Washington, and the columns of the custom-house at New Orleans. They have constructed several of the iron-pile light-houses which the government has set up for the aid of navigation. More than seven thou- sand of their LefTel's turbine water-wheels are now. in use, and they have daily orders for them. The elegant residence of Robert Poole is on beautiful grounds bounded by Union Avenue, and Cross and Sycamore Streets. It is situated east of Jones' Falls and in the Ninth District. Its location and surround- ings are among the most delightful in the county, and from Mr. Poole's mansion a splendid view is ob- tained of the country around. Mount Vernon Mills. — These mills are located on Jones' Falls, just below the village of Hampden, and are the property of the Mount Vernon Manufacturing Company. They produce cotton duck and felting, the latter being used in making paper, and give em- ployment to a sufficient number of operatives to make up a village of 800 inhabitants. The company was organized in 1847, having then one mill, to which a second was added in 1853, the two running ten thou- sand spindles. The value of buildings, plant, etc., is four hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and they turn out about one million dollars' worth of goods annually. The late Wm. Kennedy was president of v^^ THIRD DISTRICT. 839 the company from the time of its organization until his death, Oct. 4, 1873, and was succeeded by his son- in-law, Col. W. M. Boone, who died Jan. 23, 1879. No. 1 mill was burned to the ground June 20, 1873, involving a loss of two hundred and fifteen thousand dollars, but by the following September a new and very much larger structure was erected. Albert H. Carroll is now the superintendent of the mills, and Richard Cromwell is president of the company. His father, David Carroll, one of the proprietors of Mount Vernon Mills, died July 30, 1881, in the seventy-first year of his age. Mr. Carroll was born May 30, 1811, at Elkridge, Anne Arundel (now Howard) County, where he spent his youth, receiving what education the country schools could afford. On Feb. 21, 1881, the ground was broken at Mount Vernon for the erection of a new cotton-duck mill. This mill is intended for an addition to the northern end of the old Mount Vernon mill, one hundred and seventy by fifty-five feet, and three stories high, with a packing-house eighty by forty-five feet. The build- ing when completed will cost, with the machinery, be- tween three and four hundred thousand dollars. This mill, with the other Mount Vernon mills, will give em- ployment to .sixteen hundred hands. North of the mill now being constructed (1881), and close to the Mount Vernon Methodist Episcopal church, on a high loca- tion, Mr. Carroll commenced the work of a large res- ervoir, the supply of water for which is to be forced from Jones' Falls. This reservoir is intended for pro- tection against fire to Hampden village and vicinity. Prior to 1847 there was a silk-factory on Jones' Falls, near Mount Vernon, and in that year it was bought by Mason & Johnson, who converted it into an establishment for the manufacture of ravens and duck, using two thousand spindles. On Feb. 25, 1855, the mill, then owned and operated by L. D. Tongs & Co., was destroyed by fire, causing a loss of over seventy thousand dollars. The Northern Central Railway Company have very extensive shops at Mount Vernon, giving employment to about five hundred hands. All the wood and iron work and painting of rolling-stock, both for the North- ern Central and Baltimore and Potomac roads, is done here. On March 20, 1879, the Methodist Episcopal church at Mount Vernon was dedicated. The clergymen participating were Revs. W. S. Edwards, D. S. Mon- roe, Arthur Foster, J. W. Cadden, J. B. Stitt, and Peter Vondersmith, the pastor. The church is built of Falls road granite, seats six hundred and fifty persons, and cost twenty thousand dollars. The lot was presented by David S. Carroll, one of the owners of the mills. Mount Vernon Cemetery was dedicated June 4, 1852. Revs. Wm. S. Plummer, B. H. Nadal, Thomas Atkinson, and G. W. Musgrave ofliciated. Woodlawn Cemetery is situated at Lake Roland, and was the former residence of Hiram Woods. Mount Washington. — This village is situated on the Northern Central Railway, five miles from Balti- more, is partly in the Third and partly in the Ninth District, and has a population of 1061. The sur- rounding.s are hilly and romantic, and the neighbor- hood is much in demand for summer resorts. The churches are the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Catholic), St. John's (Protestant Episcopal), one Presbyterian, and one Methodist Episcopal. Mount St. Agnes Academy is clo.se by, and in the neighborhood are the Bare Hill Copper-Mines. In the town are a public hall, three public schools, aseminary foryoung ladies, and Champion Lodge, No. 84, Knights of Pythias. Henry Moore Ewing, M.D., was born in Little Britain township, Lancaster Co., Pa., Oct. 5, 1832. His paternal ancestors were Scotch-Irish, his father, Kirkpatrick Ewing, being de.scended, on his mother's side, from the Campbells of Scotland. The mother of Dr. Ewing, Malvina Moore, is a descendant of the Moores of Moore Orchard. Her father was the vic- tim of a lamentable plot in his own family, which occasioned at the time great scandal, some of his rela- tives having conspired to defraud him of his inheri- tance by shutting him up in a private mad-house in Baltimore City. A timely exposure prevented any evil consequences, and the conspiracy recoiled on the heads of its authors. Dr. Ewing attended the public schools of Lancaster County when very young, and at the age of eleven was sent to Strasburg Academy, where he pursued his studies for two years. His parents then removed to Franklin, and he was matric- ulated at Franklin College. He cho.se the healing art as his profession, and entered the office of Dr. Benjamin Sides, a distinguished physician of Lan- caster County, where he fitted himself for the severer duties of the lecture-room. In 1855 he began a thor- ough course of study in the University of Pennsyl- vania, and graduated from that institution in 1857. The only event of note which occurred during his stay at the university was the death of Dr. Elisha K. Kane, the great Arctic explorer. The news was re- ceived with profound regret by the students, and in addition to the imposing obsequies which accompanied the remains in Baltimore and other cities, the univer- sity went into mourning for her favorite son, the stu- dents wearing crape on their arms for thirty days. Dr. Ewing, after graduation, came immediately to Baltimore County, and in July, 1857, settled at Mount Washington, where he has ever since remained. He may be said to have literally grown up with the town. Mount Washington at that time was an obscure little village with one factory and a few operatives; it is now a beautiful suburban town with a thrifty popu- lation, and the surrounding hills crowned with ele- gant private residences, not the least beautiful among which are the dwelling and grounds of the doctor. On the 16th of November, 1858, Dr. E\Ying married Margaret Ann Johnson, daughter of Dr. Samuel Johnson, of Harford Countv, Md., bv whom he has 840 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. had ten children, five of whom are living, as follows: Ella J., William J., Frank Kirk, Henry Purcell, and Guy Ewing. Dr. Ewing's ancestors, as may be inferred, were Presbyterians of the strictest character, but he and his immediate family are consistent members of the Episcopal Church. In politics the doctor has always been a Democrat. He hiis taken a lively interest in public affairs, but has never sought office. He belongs to the Knights of Pythias, has passed all its chairs, and is a Past Chancellor. He is at pres- ent, and has been for some years, treasurer of the Democratic E.xecutive Committee of the county, and was for si.t years physician to the almshouse. He has also been frequently one of the trustees of the public schools. In all enterprises for the benefit of the county or town in which he resides he has mani- fested a practical interest, and his quiet influence has been of imi)ortance in shaping the character of the little hill-bound town so near the great city of Balti- more. His career is a fair illustration of what may be accomplished by thrift, energy, and probity. He began with little beyond his professional acquire- ments, and has built up a large practice, a beautiful house, and an excellent n.ame among his neighbors. Dr. Ewing is a member of the Academy of Medicine of Baltimore, and a member of the Medical and Chi- rurgical Society. His parents, at an advanced age, are still living in Baltimore County. By his ability, suav- ity of manner, integrity, and industry, he has built up a most successful practice, and is one of the leading practitioners of the county. On March 16, 1810, the Washington Cotton Manu- facturing Company informed the public that their works were in operation. It is said to have been the first cotton-mill in Maryland driven by water-power, and started with two hundred and eighty-eight spin- dles. Its dyer was engaged from Europe. The par value of the shares was fifty dollars, and they were sold by John Hagerty, treasurer. Its manager and proprietor, Thomas H. Fulton, who also owned the Phoenix Factory, died Jan. 12, 1851. All the old mill property is now owned by William E. Hooper & Sons, who have converted it into a factory running fifteen hundred spindles. On May 30, 1855, the corner-stone of St. John's German Reformed church was laid, with services con- ducted by Revs. Elias Heiner, A. P. Freese, J. G. Ganterbine, William B. Stewart, and B. Kurtz. This church is now occupied by the Methodists. May 5, 1856, Mount Washington Female College was dedicated. Rev. Dr. Heiner, Rev. Dr. J. T. Smith, Rev. Dr. Johns, and Prof. L. H. Steiner par- ticipated. It was a large four-story brick building, which, with its furniture, cost thirty thousand dollars. On Dec. 15, 1860, the college, twenty-oue acres of land, and tlje adjoining church were purchased at auction by Rev. George L. Stalcy for fifteen thousand four hundred dollars. On April 18, 1808, the whole j property was sold again to Rev. A. S. Vaughan, for- merly president of Catawba College, North Carolina, for twenty thousand dollars. Two years later it was once more on the market, and was purchased for nineteen thousand dollars by Rev. J. A. McCauley, Rev. J. W. Hedges, and Dr. J. J. Moran, on the part of a joint stock company, who continued its use as a female educational institution. In 1867, Mr. Charles M. Dougherty bought it for the Sisters of Mercy, who opened on the premises a day and boarding-school for young ladies. On April 29, 1869, the corner-stone of St. John's Episcopal church was laid, and on October 3d follow- ing it was opened for divine service by the rector. Rev. George C. Stokes. Mount Washington Presbyterian church was dedi- cated May 23, 1878. Rev. Dr. W. U. Murkland preached the sermon. The church is connected with the Southern Presbyterian Assembly, is a handsome frame edifice, and cost four thousand five hundred dollars. Champion Lodge, No. 84, Knights of Pythias, was established in 1870 by the following charter-mem- bers : N. M. Ewing, Joseph Jenkins, Jacob Eusor, Wm. J. Johnson, T. Williams, Lewis Stansey, and others. The officers for 1881 are Levi Haines, C. C. ; John Smith, P. C. ; Wm. Wellman, Prelate ; Adam Reiber, M. A. ; Wm. J. Johns, K. R. S. ; Joseph Jen- kins, M. E. ; J. Ensor, M. F. The corner-stone of Mount St. Agnes Academy was laid June 10, 1872, by the Very Rev. J. Dougherty, administrator of the archdiocese, assisted by others of the clergy. The academy is in charge of twenty- two Sisters of Mercy, and averages about a hundred pupils, who come from every part of the land. It is a stately edifice of marble and brick, crowning a lofty hill, and is seventy-six by forty-six feet, with a near building nineteen by twenty-three. Calverton.— On May 3, 1820, J. Meredith, as trus- tee, offered for sale "Calverton," the late residence of D. A. Smith, Esq., then about two and a half miles from the city, on the Frederick turnpike, embracing three hundred and twenty acres. On this spot arose the village of four hundred people and the extensive stock-yards, where an immense traffic in cattle is car- ried on. On Jan. 17, 1881, the certificate of incorpo- ration of the Calverton Stock and Droveyard Com- pany of Baltimore County was filed in court at Towsontown, by Joseph J. Martin, Alfred S. Rosen- thal, August Rieser, and Lewis Myers. The capital stock is two hundred thousand dollars. Calverton is one of the greatest cattle-markets of the Southern States, and the business is increasing annually. In 1879 was commenced the erection of St. Edward's Catholic church, a beautiful edifice of ninety by forty feet, on a lot one hundred and sixty-eight by one hundred and fifty-seven feet. The lower portion of the building is devoted to education, and the chapel is above. It was erected under the supervision of cfr^^^ C^-L^ L. ^ Cc<:-^^C^ RESIDENCE OF THOMAS CRADOCK, KEISTERSIOWN SOAD, BALTIUORE CO., MD. THIRD DISTRICT. 841 its pastor, Rev. O. B. Corrigan. and was consecrated Sept. 19, 1880, by Archbishop Gibbons. Hebrew Orphan Asylum.— In February, 1872, a meeting of Israelites of Baltimore was called by the Hebrew Benevolent Society, for the purpose of in- itiating active measures for the establishment of a home for orphans, and on the 25th of that month a large number of prominent citizens assembled at Raine's Hall. The object of the meeting secured the hearty indorsement of the assembly, and a tem- porary organization was effected by the selection of the following officers: Emanuel Hess, president; Moses Cohen, treasurer; William Schloss, secretary. These gentlemen, with Messrs. Joseph Friedenwald, Abraham Nachman, and A. S. Adler, were appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws and to prepare for permanent organization, and on the 26th of May the following permanent officers were elected : Alfred J. Ulman, president; Joel Gutman, vice-president ; Wil- liam Schloss, treasurer ; Moses Cohen, Dr. A. Frie- denwald, Henry Soimeborn, Bernard Cohn, Goody Rosenfeld, Moses R. Walter, Jonas Goldsmith, Lewis Sinsheimer, Lewis Rosenburg, Jacob Meyer, Alex- ander Frank, and David Ambach, directors. Subse- quently David Weisenfeld was elected secretary. On the 11th of June, 1872, the institution was incor- porated under the name of the " Hebrew Orphan Asylum of. Baltimore City." The sum of eighteen thousand dollars was raised by the 27th of June, and on the 1st of November Mr. and Mrs. William S. Rayner presented the institution with a handsome and capacious building and grounds, situated at Cal- verton Heights, formerly used as the Baltimore County almshouse. On the 18th of May the institu- tution was dedicated with imposing ceremonies and formally opened with twelve orphans. On the 12th of November, 1874, the whole building was consumed by fire, but prompt steps were taken to repair the loss, and on the 22d of October, 1876, the present asylum building was dedicated.' The new building, with its outfit and equipments, cost fifty-four thou- sand dollars, and to clear off the indebtedness of seventeen thousand dollars a fair was held at the Concordia Opera-House, from the 10th to the 20th of November, 1878, by which the handsome sum of twenty-nine thousand dollars was realized. The institution at present shelters thirty-five children, ;uily to t«? held in Bal- timore Town Thursday, Friday, and Saturday in October yearly, the commissioners of 8)iid town hereby give notice that whoever brings to said fair on the fifth day thereof the best steer shall receive eight pounds current money of the realm; also a bounty of forty shillings over and above the said eight pounds; the said steer afterwards on the same day to be ran for by any horse, mare, or gelding not e.\ceeding five yeai-s old, three heats, a quarter of a mile each heat." The owner of the winning horse to be entitled to the steer or eight pounds in money, at his option. On the third day a white shift was run for by negro girls. All persons were exempted from arrest on the day of the fair, except for a felony or breach of the peace. The old-time fairs at last began to be attended with considerable disorder, and the following address, issued on the 16th of April, 1775, by the Committee of Ob- servation for Baltimore County, shows that it had be- come high time to abolish them : "The Commitlee of Observation for Baltimore County, reflecting on the many mischii'fa and disorders usually attending the fairs held in Biiltinioro Town, and willing iji all things strictly to observe the rcgula- THIRD DISTRICT. tione of the Ckintinental Congress, who in the eighth resohitioii have ad- vised to discountenance and discourage every species of extravagance and dissipation, especially horae-racing, cock-flgliting, etc., unanimously re- commend to the good people of the county not to attend, or suffer their families to attend, or in any way encourage the approaching fair at Bal- timore Town, and desire that no oue would eiect booths or in any man- ner prepare for holding the said fair. In making this request, they felt persuaded that the inhabitants of the town in particular would see the propriety of the measure and the necessity of enforcing it, as the fairs have lieen a nuisance long before complained of by them, as serving for no other purpose than debauching the morals of their children and ser- vants, affording an opportunity for perpetrating thefts, encouraging riots, drunkenness, gaming, and the vilest immoralities." Oil the 3d of March, 1786, a number of gentlemen of Baltimore, as well as from other portions of the State, met at Grant's Tavern, and organized a society with more comprehensive agricultural objects. Harry Dorsey Gough was made president, and Zebulon Hol- lingsworth secretary. A feature of this society was the reading of essays on experiments in different branches of agriculture. Among those participating in the organization were Daniel Bowley, Richard Ridgely, Benjamin Nicholson, and Samuel Purviance. This association was succeeded in 1818 by another, which was instituted by the agriculturists of the sev- eral counties of Maryland at Gadsby's Tavern, and numbered as its members Robert Smith, John Mc- Henry, Henry Maynardier, John F. Mercer, William Campbell, John S. Mason, Robert Smith, Tench Tilghman, John E. Howard, Jr., Judge Hanson, Geo. Calvert, Thomas S. Lee, Dr. James Stewart, Edward Lloyd, Robert Goldsborough, Samuel Owings, Rich- ard Frisby, William E. Williams, and J. E. Howard. At this meeting the following officers were elected: Robert Smith, president; Edward Lloyd, vice-presi- dent; John Eager Howard, Jr., secretary; James E. Cox, treasurer ; Joseph Haskins, of Easton, assistant treasurer ; Ezekiel Forman, assistant secretary ; Cura- tors for the Eastern Shore, Robert H. Goldsborough, Nicholas Hammond, Tench Tilghman, Robert Moore, William B. Smith, and Thomas Emory ; Curators for the Western Shore, George Calvert, Richard Caton, .Tames Sterett, James Stewart, Henry Wilkins, and Elisha De Butts. Hon. Robert H. Goldsborough was elected president of the Board of Curators, and Geo. Calvert vice-president. This society was called the " Maryland Agricultural Society," and provided in its organic law for subordinate or auxiliary societies in the counties of the State. The meetings were semi-annual. At the exhibition, June 7, 1820, Gen. Ridgely, William Patterson, Henry Thompson, Wil- liam Gibson, George Rusk, and others, exhibited a great variety of fine cattle, some full-blooded and -some mixed, of the Alderney, Devonshire, and best Dutch and Irish breeds. The exhibition of ma- chinery was also extensive and interesting, and em- braced plow.s, a threshing-machine worked by hand, and capable of cleaning about sixty bushels of wheat a day, various wheat-fans, a straw-cutter, described as "simple in its mechanism and powerful in its execu- tion," a turnip and potato-cutter, calculated to pre- 54 pare with ease these roots for stock, a mill for grind- ing corn for cattle and worked by hand, a turnip- drill, a machine for sowing clover " with exactness, facility, and economy," an "American Cultivator," for keeping clear and in good condition corn, pota- toes, and all drill crops, and a great variety of other valuable implements of husbandry. There were also on exhibition samples of wheat from the neighbor- hood of the Black Sea ; from Smyrna, Ireland, and Tuscany ; barley from England, and rye from Smyrna. The farmers exhibited every variety of cereals and vegetables, butter, cheese, etc. The semi-annual ad- dress was delivered by the president, Robert Smith. A fair and cattle show was held by the society on the 7th and 8th of June, 1821, at the Maryland Tavern, four miles from Baltimore, on the Frederick road. At this fair there were farmers present with exhibits from every part of Maryland, and also from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Delaware. The com- mittee on horses consisted of Edward Lloyd, Robert Lyon, and Frisby Tilghman ; on asses and mules, Edward Lloyd, Robert Lyon, and James Nabb ; on neat cattle, bulls and cows, Edward Lloyd, J. Wooden, of John, Roger Brooke, and James Nabb ; on oxen, Roger Brooke, William Gibson, and John Yellott, Jr. ; on hogs, George Calvert, James Stewart, and B. W. Hall ; on sheep, Samuel Owings, Thomas Emory, and W. R. Stewart; on implements of hus- bandry, John Mason, J. H. Powell, and Samuel Owings. Robert Smith was re-elected president, and Edward Lloyd vice-president in this year. The Baltimore County Agricultural Association held its first meeting at Govanstown on the 19th and 20th of October, 1841. This fair had at that time the feature common to English fairs, the sale of cattle, etc. The annual exhibitions were held at Govanstown for some years. On the 24th of November, 1845, the Maryland Farmers' Club was organized at the office of John Glenn, in Baltimore, a constitution was adopted, and Professors Bear, of Sykesville, and Du- catel, of Baltimore, were appointed geologists. Sam- uel Sands was elected corresponding, and Daniel Bowly recording secretary. It was not until 1848 that a permanent organization was formed and grounds purchased and improved for the purpose of holding fairs in the county. On the 5th of September, 1848, a general conven- tion of gentlemen interested in agricultural pursuits was held in Baltimore, at the Maryland Institute. This convention was called to order by Charles B. Calvert, who had been instrumental in assembling the convention, and who nominated Judge John Glenn, then the president of the Maryland Farmers' Club, as chairman. An organization was effected of the " Maryland Agricultutal and Mechanical Asso- ciation" by the election of the following officers: President, Charles B. Calvert, of Prince George's County ; Vice-Presidents, H. G. S. Key, John G. Chap- man, Horace Capron, G. W. Weems, John N. Som- HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. erville, Charles Carvell, of Howard ; Allen Bowie Davis, David W. Naill, William Dodge, Dr. Samuel P. Smith, George Patterson, William M. Carey, Alexander Norris, Rev. James Mclntyre, G. S. Hal- liday, James T. Earle, N. Goldsborough, T. R. Stew- art, Dr. J. E. Muse, W. H. Jones, and J. Stevens, all of Maryland ; Joseph H. Bradley, of the District of Columbia ; Joseph C. Halcomb, of Delaware ; J. W. Ware, of Virginia; and Adron Clements, of Pennsyl- vania ; Corresponding Secretary, Samuel Sands; Treasurer, James McNeal, Jr. ; Curators, W. W. Bowie, N. B. Worthington, J. Carroll Walsh, James B. Cox, and Charles R. Howard, of Baltimore City, and Mortair Goldsborough. The early growth of the society was slow and discouraging, and it is stated that, owing to the want of funds to offer adequate premiums and defray the expenses of the first exhibi- tion, its energetic president hesitated to announce a " cattle show" for the first year. It was not done until Judge John Glenn, with his characteristic lib- erality and public spirit, ottered to guarantee the suc- cess of the exhibition, -and to a.ssume on his personal responsibility the payment of any deficiency, either in premiums or expenses, which might result from the lack of funds. It was under these auspices that the first State Agricultural Fair was held at " Fair- mount Garden," on North Broadway, commencing Nov. 9, 1848, and lasting two days. The fair was en- tirely successful, and was gratifying to the oflicers and the citizens of the State generally. There was a fine display of stock, agricultural productions, farm implements, etc. Wilson M. Carey, of Baltimore County, delivered the annual address. The second exhibition, in the fall of 1849, was held in "Carroll's Woods." The grounds covered about six acres, and were near the present Mount Clare shops of the Bal- timore and Ohio Railroad. They were inclosed, and were arranged for the convenience of exhibitors, with pens for sheep and hogs, and two or three hundred stalls for cattle. In the centre a building was erected, 109 feet long by 30 feet wide, devoted to the products of the dairy, honey, fruits, flowers, vegetables, bacon, hams, and household manufactures. This second ex- hibition was attended by President Zachary Taylor. The address was delivered by the Hon. James Alfred Pearce, United States senator from Maryland. The fair lasted three days, and was more successful than the preceding one. The third annual " Cattle Show and Agricultural and Horticultural Exhibition" was also held in " Carroll's Woods," Oct. 23, 1850. The annual address was delivered by the Hon. Wil- loughby Newton, of Westmoreland County, Virginia. The success of these agricultural fairs stimulated the merchants and business men, hotel-keepers, and other citizens who had theretofore manifested little interest in their welfare, and they oflered liberally to assist the managers in their work. On the 28th of May, 1851, a meeting was held in Baltimore, at which it was resolved to raise twenty-five thousand dollars in shares of fifty dollars each, to be invested for ten years in a property a few hundred yards north of the city limits, at the then terminus of Charles Street Avenue, and about midway between the York turn- pike and the Falls road. These grounds have been covered by the march of improvement with streets and residences, but some famous exhibitions were held there, and during the civil war they were known as Camp Bradford, where the government recruited and mustered in many thousands of Union soldiers. When the Agricultural Society prepared to occupy the grounds, it was agreed that the cost of the improve- ments should not exceed five thousand dollars. A committee was appointed to procure subscriptions, and a meeting of the subscribers was held on June 12, 1851. It was reported to this meeting that six hundred and forty-four shares had been taken, whose value amounted to thirty-two thousand five hundred dollars, or seven thousand five hundred dollars more than had been asked for. At this meeting the share- holders formed an association, and appointed five trustees to purchase and hold the property and carry out the objects of the society. The committee con- sisted of Chauncey Brooks, Johns Hopkins, Zenus Barnum, Alexander Murdoch, and William Devries, who collected the subscriptions, purchased the prop- erty, and made the necessary improvements for the use of the State Agricultural Association. The fourth annual exhibition was held in 1851, on the newly-ac- quired Charles Street grounds, which were substan- tially inclosed and provided with all buildings neces- sary for the purpose of the exhibition. The annual address was delivered by the Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, United States senator from Illinois. The exhibition was remarkably successful, and the display of stock was said to exceed any collection ever exhibited in this country up to that period. The fifth exhibition was held in October, 1852. This was also very successful. The oration was delivered by B. R. Johnson, the commissioner from the State of New York to the World's Fair in London. The sixth exhibition was held in 1853, and lasted three days. The President of the United States, Franklin Pierce, visited the grounds, and was received by Charles B. Calvert and Col. John Carroll Walsh, of Harford County. Chauncy P. Halcomb, of Delaware, deliv- ered the annual address. The seventh annual fair was held Oct. 2, 1854, and continued four days. Chas. B. Calvert, who had been annually elected president since the formation of the society, declined a re-elec- tion, and James T. Earle, of Queen Anne's County, was chosen in his place. Rev. Stuart Robinson de- livered the annual address. The eighth annual ex- hibition was held in 1855. Hon. E. F. Chambers delivered the annual address. This exhibition was a brilliant one, more than fifty splendid horses being upon the trotting course at the same time. The light artillery from Fort McHenry, under command of Maj. French, exhibited one afternoon the rapidity of their THIRD DISTRICT. 84T evolutions and firing. More than twenty thousand people visited the grounds and witnessed the military display. The ninth annual exhibition was held in 1856. Ramsey McHenry, of Harford County, was elected l)resident in place of Jas. T. Earle, who declined re- election. Mr. Earle delivered theannual address. The tenth annual exhibition was held in 1857. John Merrynian,of Hayflelds, was elected president in place of Ramsey McHenry, who declined a re-election. The address was delivered by Rev. Dr. Balch, in the absence of B. Johnson Barbour, of Orange Co., Va., who had been invited, and could not attend on account of sick- ness. Three members of President Buchanan's cab- inet — Hons. Howell Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury, John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, and Jacob Thomp- son, Secretary of the Interior — attended the exhibition and received much attention. The eleventh annual exhibition was held in 1858. At this fair Denton Oll'ult, the celebrated horse-tamer, was present and exliibitnl his skill. The Frederick County Agricul- tural Society offered the State society the use of its grounds for the next exhibition, and also offered to pay any deficiency in the receipts necessary to defray the expenses. These terms were accepted, and the twelfth annual exhibition, in 1859, was held upon the old armory grounds at Frederick City, the county so- ciety co-operating. The exhibition was successful, and realized more than enough to pay all expenses. Rev. John G. Morris, D.D., of Baltimore, delivered an address upon " the Connection between Agriculture and Natural History." The thirteenth annual exhi- bition was held in 1860, at the Charles Street grounds, and lasted five days. The General Assembly rendered timely assistance by passing the bill making the ap- ])ropriation previously asked for. The exhibition was not successful, in consequence of stormy weather. It was the last held by the society. In 1861 affairs were revolutionized by the war, and the soldiers of the government occupied the grounds of the society until the return of peace, when they were sold by trustees for building purposes and the proceeds distributed among the stockholders. On the 14th of November, 1866, John Merryman, of Hayfields, called a meeting in Baltimore City of the old. .stockholders and others, at which A. Bowie Davis presided. At this meeting a new agricultural society was formed, and Ross Winans was elected president. A committee, consisting of John Merry- man, William H. Purnell, and George R. Dennis, was appointed to obtain a charter from the next General Assembly. By the act of 1867, ch. 128, " The Maryland State Agricultural and Mechanical Association was chartered, with twenty-nine corpora- tors, consisting mainly of leading agriculturists from the different counties of the State. This new charter conferred ample powers and privileges upon the asso- ciation and appropriated twenty-five thousand dollars to purchase ground for holding the exhibitions. The corporators were appointed the trustees to hold the property in trust for the benefit of the association, with a provision that should the society at any time dissolve, or hold no exhibitions for three successive years, the trustees should convey the property to the I State. The association also made application to the City Council of Baltimore for an appropriation of j twenty-five thousand dollars (contingent upon its ob- taining private ..subscriptions to the same amount) to aid it in the purchase and improvement of suitable grounds. An ordinance was passed and approved June 2, 1868, making the appropriation asked for. ! The conditions of the ordinance not being acceptable, I the City Council repealed it by an ordinance approved March 24, 1868, which provided for an appropriation of twenty-five thousand dollars to the " Maryland Agricultural and Mechanical Association," to be in- vested in land and improvements suitable for the pur- poses of that association, which land and improve- ments were to be held by trustees to be appointed by the mayor, and were to revert to the city of Balti- more exclusively in the event of the extinction of said association, the amount to be paid to the associa- tion upon the order of the trustees. The following trustees were subsequently appointed by the mayor: Dr. John R. Crozier, William H. Jillard, Henry W. Jenkins, John A. Robb, and William Emmet Banks, upon whose order the city appropriation of twenty- five thousand dollars was paid to the association. Ross Winans having declined to serve as president, the association organized in the same year, with Wil- liam Devries as president, and a vice-president from each county and one from the city, as follows : Balti- more City, Henry M. Warfield ; Baltimore County, W. Gilmor, Jr. ; Alleghany, Dr. S. P. Smith ; Anne Arundel, Dr. R. S. Stewart; Carroll, S.T. C. Brown; Caroline, Daniel Fields; Calvert, T. B. H.Turner; Cecil, W. M. Knight; Charles, John W. Jenkins; Dorchester, Col. James Wallace ; Frederick, Col. George R. Dennis; Harford, Ramsey McHenry ; How- ard, John Lee Carroll ; Kent, D. C. Blakiston ; Mont- gomery, A. Bowie Davis; Prince George's, Charles B.Calvert; Queen Anne's, Dr. W. H. DeCourcey; Somerset, Dr. George R. Dennis; St. Mary's, Col. Chapman Billingslea; Talbot, Col. Edward Lloyd; Washington, William Dodge ; Worcester, W. J. Aydelotte. Edmund Law Rogers was elected corre- sponding secretary, and Benjamin H. Waring general secretary. The executive committee was constituted of the president and the corresponding secretary ex officio, John Merryman, chairman, Oden Bowie, James T. Earle, Edward Wilkins, Edward Shriver, Charles M. Dougherty, A. B. Worthington, Ezra Whitman, and E. G. Ulery. The committee on improvement of the fair grounds was William Devries, Oden Bowie, and John Merryman, on the part of the association, William H. Jillard, on the part of the city, and Jo- seph H. Rieman, as the representative of the citizen subscribers. Gen. John Ellicott was engineer and architect, and Col. Walter H. Jenifer, marshal. HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. The association held numerous meetings to consider the purchase of grounds for the holding of the State fairs. The three principal sites proposed wore the Herring Run race-course, the Linthicum estate, four miles distant from the city, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and the Pimlico property, three miles from the northwestern limits of the city. After a great deal of discussion at protracted meetings, the advocates of Pimlico triumphed, and the location, embracing seventy acres, was purchased from Robert •Wylie for twenty-three thousand five hundred and forty dollars. Seven additional acres were subse- quently purchased for three thousand dollars. The total cost of the grounds and the necessary improve- ments was fixed at one hundred thousand dollars, and to make up the deficit subscriptions were invited. The first fair at Pimlico commenced Oct. 26, 1869, and lasted three days. It was moderately successful, but the same thing cannot be said of its successors of 1870-72. Most of the counties of the State had agri- cultural associations of their own, which gave annual exhibitions, and the farmers naturally preferred to exhibit at the fairs pf their own neighborhood, in which they were personally interested. The State fairs at Pimlico consequently became comparative failures. The last was held in 1881. The society to avoid the surrender of its property under the terms of its charter, has often adopted the plan of coalescing with some one of the county societies and joining in its ex- hibition. That policy was maintained from 1873 to 1881, and the Pimlico grounds have been leased to the Maryland Jockey Club. Horse-Racing and Jockey Clubs.— Horse-racing was always a fiivorite amusement in Maryland. So common in fact were scrub and quarter races at every gathering of the people that they had to be prohibited by special act of the General Assembly, on Sundays, on Saturday afternoons, and at Quaker meetings. Regular matched races between pedigreed horses, in the English style, were frequent in most of the prin- cipal towns and villages in the province from a very early period. The purses varied in amount for many years from fifteen to forty pounds, and the best horses were entered for the matches. The races were pa- tronized by the Governors of the province, and were encouraged by many of the most distinguished char- acters of the time. Governors, counselors, legislators, clergymen, and gentlemen were engaged in the fas- cinating sports of the turf, and it is particularly pleas- ing to recur to these "piping times," when the blooded horse held such a high place in the estimation of the people, when men the most distinguished for their wealth, their talents, or patriotism were seen vying with each other in the importation and raising of blooded stock. Before the Revolution the aristocracy of Mary- land rivaled the nobility of the mother-country in the sports of the turf and other similar amusements. Col. Benjamin Tasker was at the head of the turf in Maryland, and in 1752 vanquished his distinguislied competitor in the colonies, the princely Col. Bird, of Virginia. Col. Tasker, with his unequaled Selima, by the celebrated Godolphin Arabian, perhaps the only one of his get ever imported, at Gloucester, Va., beat Col. Bird's Tryall, that defied the whole conti- nent, in a match for five hundred pouud.s, four miles. Tasker's Selima was invincible on the turf, and became equally distinguished as a breeder, as, with her sire in England, " her blood flows in the veins of almost every race-horse of distinction that has ever run in this country from her day to the present."' It has been stated that Col. Tasker had such an un- interrupted career of success, both in Maryland and Virginia, that Maryland-bred horses were excluded from the Jockey Club purses in the latter colony. To evade the regulation he sent his mares to foal in Vir- ginia, and in the course of a few years successfully renewed his contests with Virginia-bred horses. Prince George's County was then, as it is now, " the race-horse region," and Bel Air, the famous seat of Governor Samuel Ogle, and afterwards of Benjamin Tasker, was the finest stock-farm in America, and its stately mansion a model of liberality, aristocratic ease, and convenience, not surpassed by any in the province. Gov. Ogle was one of the earliest to import thoroughbred English stallions,^ and his example 1 *' She is supposed to have beeu own sister to Babrabam. She was the dam of tlie niatiailess Sclini, Brent's Ebony, ' reniarltable for speed and bottom' (the dam of Chatham and Nantoalie), her own sister Stella, never trained, but the best brood mare of her time (the dam of Primrose and Thistle, by imp. Dove, botli famed winnera, and of Harmony, by imp. Figure, the tleetest animal of her day), and the g. g. grandam of the famed Cincinuatus, Tulip, and Tippoo Saib, by Lindsay's Arabian, etc. Of Selima's produce, Seliui, Ebony, and Stella were got by imp. Othello (son of Crab), Black Selima (Bellair's grandam), by imp. Fearnaugbt (sou of Kegnliis), Ariel, Partner (Mark Antony's sire), und a brood mare by imp. Traveler {sun ..f Cioffs riirtiic-r), uii^l ..f Hal,i;iliani by imp. Ju- niper (sou of Babncliun riiijii >. Iiiiii ,11. ii ml..: l.v .^rlim, Ogle's Badger, and amuij^: . :. v ;. 1, l-y Ameri- can Eclipse; f'roin r .1 i i , ; , . , i .. i.. l.i-viathan, and sire of Collect..]. - 1. .^ I .. . ,..i, - ~ i 1:... i.i,,l I, .i... -[..indsire to Annette (by imported Sliaik), the dam uf the Maid nf the Oaks and Nancy Air ; from which haveitprung Marshal Duroc (sire to Count Piper), Cinderella (Celeste's dam), Goliah, Medoc, Midas, Transport, Little Ve- nus, Bertrand Junior, Julia, and others of renown ; the famed gelding Cumberland, also by Partner; more recently Virginia Cade, grandsire to Amanda, dam of Duroc (sire to American Eclipse and Sir Lovcll), ances- tor to Gohanna, Annette, Mary Randolph, etc.; from Black Selima, Bel- lair, and his famed descendants, Minerva, Surprise, Haynie's Maria, Cup Bearer, Timoleou, Sally Walker, Sir William, Muckle Johu, Henry, Alice Giey, Trilie, etc. ; from the Traveler mare, the famed Tulip (an extraoi^ dinary runner, by Lindsay's Arabian, her dam by imp. Othello), Edeliu'a Floretta, etc.. besides others of fame unnecessary to recapitulate." — Amer- icmi Tjirf Itegieter, vol. vi. p. 56. -' During his administration (1732 to 1742, and 1747 to 1752) he im- ported the laiiiuus Spat li, presented to him by Lord Baltimore, then at the Ilea. I. . I ih. Iiii, I Wales' party iu Parliament. Gov. Sharpe im- porte.1 II h !. ntliello, sou of Crab, dam of the Hampton Court I In: 1 .. were the earliest imported stallions of re- nown in .11 II.. 1,1, L .J ilj..ll,ji;ot Samuel Galloway's Selim out of Tasker's Selima, wliicli was the Lest horse of his time, and mauy other famous racers. Governor Eden also imported some fine blooded stock. In this the " golden age" of the turf in Maryland its most prominent patrons were Dr. Hammond, of Aunapolis, Col. B. Tasker, Col. Edward Lloyd, Charles Ridgely, of Hampton, Governors Samuel Ogle, H. Sharpe, Robert Eden, Benjamin Ogle, George Plater, Samuel Galloway, Walter Bowie, Fitzlmgh, Daniel Dnlany, Charles Carroll of CarroUton, the Duckettg. DilVJiUs, and uiuiiy others of equal prominence. THIRD DISTRICT. was soon followed by others. The Maryland Jockey Club wiis formed in 1745, and from this time the turf in Maryland became more fashionable; and Annapolis, the abode of elegance and refinement, was resorted to from all sections of the province at its regular race- meetings. The usual subscription-purse at Annapolis was one hundred guineas. The races lasted a week, and were invariably closed with a ball at the As- sembly - Rooms, while Hallam & Henry's dramatic company generally managed to be on hand. Those races were great gatherings always. The ladies were present in force, and many fine old Virginia gentle- men used to drive up in their coaches and bet their negroes on the result.' Courts were adjourned and schools dismissed when the hour for the race arrived, and the negroes were apt to get or contrive a holi- day. Endurance rather than extraordinary speed was the fj^uality expected of the racers. They were wanted for service far more than for dash. The idea of entering two-year-old colts never occurred to our people, but, on the contrary, horses of the cla.ss now styled " aged" were matched, as a rule, in four-mile heat races. Public races began in Baltimore at a very early, period, and were, in fact, contemporaneous with those held at Annapolis, Chestertown, Upper Marlborough, and other large towns in the province. At one time there was a track at Whetstone Point (now Locust Point), and another on grounds owned by Col. John Eager Howard in the vicinity of Pine Street and the Lexington Market. At the latter point the commissioners of Baltimore Town were authorized to hold a fair in 1747, and racing was of course one of the attractions of the occasion. Two years later, on the .30th of September, 1749, there was a spirited contest on the Baltimore course between Governor Samuel Ogle's bay gelding and Col. Plater's gray stallion, which was won by the former. There was another race on the same day, in which there were six contestants, which was won by Mr. Water's horse Parrott. 1 Judging from tho accoant-books of Washington he i at Annapolis in grand style, and while there used to spend his money like a '* gentleman." He was a constant contributor, too, to the famous Annapolis "clntjs," of which there were a great many. He bet on the horses and bet on cards. He went to the theatre and took his friends with him, and he apparently enjoyed himself to the full. The following ija transcript of his acconntof expenses at the Annapolis races In 1702: '* Travelling expenses, £2 10a. lid. ; servants in trip, 17«. ; snndry tickets to the play there, £1 ; sundry tickets to the ball there, 12». ; two boxes of claret, £25 in Maryland currency, £20 14«.; horse, £50 in Maryland currency, £40 ; charity, £2 3«. ; cash lost on the races, £1 6s. ; cash paid for a hat for Miss Cnstis, £44<. ; cash to Miss Custis, at Annapolis, £2 I4j " This was an unusually large amount of money for Washington to spend even after he had deducted " £13 won at cards." The next year the races took place two weeks earlier, and Washington was promptly on hand in his post-chaise with four horses and his retinue of servants and money to spend, though with not so large an amount as he scattered the year before. His account this year stood ; " For travelling expenses £4 16s. lod.; snndry play tickets, £5 16«. ; ticket to the boll, 6«.; card and racing, £3 16«.; servants, £1 15a. Zd." He was probably restrained by the presence of young Sir. Custis, who made his first sppearance at the races, and who«e expenses amounted to £'J, not itemi7.ed. At the fair held on these grounds, commencing May 1, 17-51, there was a noted race of two miles and a half, for sixty guineas, between Ignatius Diggen's bay hor.se Vendome and Harrison's gray horse Beau. The race was won by Vendome. In August, 1700, a most extraordinary race, terminating in Baltimore, but starting at Frederick Town, took place. The whole distance run was seventy-five or eighty milts; the contest was between a large horse mounted by a man and a small mare mounted by a boy. It was won by the horse in exactly eleven hours. Races were con- tinued on this course for a number of years, the pre- miums being gradually increased from five pounds to twelve and fifteen hundred pounds.^ In 1820, Martin Potter established the first regular course near Baltimore, the course near the Lexington Market having been a part of the fair grounds, and the racing entirely under the management of its officers. The new course was located on the Phila- delphia turnpike, about three miles from the city, to the right of the residence of the late Judge Kell, and for some years was a fashionable resort for the lovers of the turf. John Ridgely, of Hampton, R. Stockton, of the great stage-coach firm of Stf>ckton, Falls & Co., and many other gentlemen, long since deceased, were among its patrons. It was on this ground that the celebrated mare Flying Childers made the extraordi- nary time that gave her such celebrity in the racing world. After a few years the course was abandoned, and another track was made near the water, at Canton, known as " Potter's course," which subsequently passed into the hands of the late James Kendall. Here for some years the principal racing men and the swiftest steeds in the country were in the habit of meeting, and it was here that the great horses Boston and Blue Dick, owned by James Long, of Washington, and Col. W. R. Johnson, of Virginia, became famous. The site of this course is now owned by the Canton Company. The last occasion on which it was used for public purposes was during the Harrison campaign of 1840, when it was the scene of the great Whig rally of that year. Another course, established in 1831 by the Jockey Club on the old Frederick road, known as the "Central," was the most prominent and popular of all the race-courses about Baltimore, and here for many years the most noted thoroughbreds ap- peared. The last great contest on this course was between the horse Indu.stry, belonging to Col. Juke, of Wash- ington, and a bright bay gelding raised in Maryland, and owned at that time by Martin Potter. These were at that time the two most prominent four-mile horses in the country, and more money changed hands on the result than had ever been known before. The * One of the famous Maryland racers of those days was the Cnb mare, foaled in 1762 on the farm of John Lee GilHon, of Harford County. She was by Dr. Hamilton's imported horse Figuje out of an imported mare called Cub. She won many victories, and was finally killed on the race- course by collision with another horse. 850 HTSTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. late John S. Skinner, who was postmaster of Balti- more at tlie tiirie, and also editor of the American TurJ Re.(;ister, was one of the judges of this race, as was also the late Col. John Campbell. After some years the "Central" was abandoned, and Col. John Campbell, of Baltimore, and James Garritson, of Norfolk, Va., purchased the course at Tinionium, about seven miles from Baltimore', which in the course of a few years was in its turn deserted. Col. Campbell had in the mean time added to his stables the great horse Wagner, who had beaten Sarah Bladen at New Orleans for the largest purse ever known, on which occasion entire cotton crops, plan- tations, slaves, etc., changed bands. Although Col. Campbell raised his stock in Kentucky, on account of the superiority of the celebrated blue grass of that State, he determined to have a course near Baltimore, where he resided. In 1858, therefore, in conjunction with Mr. Wm. McFaren, Col. Campbell purchased the Herring Run property, on the Philadelphia road, and inaugurated the course which afterwards bore the name of the stream that ran through it. It was here that such celebrities as Boston, Blue Dick, Brown Dick, Sue Washington, Wild Irishman, Rube, Red Eye, High- lander. Little Arthur, Jacob Gamble, Lena Spilman, and others added new laurels to their fame. Col. Campbell's prolonged absence in the South with his Maryland and Kentucky stables caused the track to fall into disuse as far as racing was concerned, and it has since been mainly employed for trotting i)ur- poses. H^ Racing Associations and Clubs.-^n 1823 an " as.sociation" was formed at Barnum's Hotel "for the improvement in the breed of horses." The first offi- cers of the association were: President, Thomas Ten- ant; Vice-Presidents, Edward Lloyd, Samuel Sprigg, Frisby Tilgman, Joseph Gales, Wm. H. Winder; Treasurer, B. I. Cohen; Secretary. E. L. Finley; Managers, John S. Skinner, W. G. D. Worthington, James Howard, Thomas Kell, James Clark, B. D. Mullikin, Jas. L. Hawkins, John Thomas, Jacob G. Davies, Wm. Frick, John McPherson (of Frederick), | and Charles Worthington; Committee of Elections, John Glenn, U. S. Heath, John Merriman, Charles Tiernan, and S. C. Leakin. This organization was called the "Maryland Association for the Improve- ment of the Breed of Horses," and the first races occurred on the Canton course, commencing the 21st of October, 1823, and continued for three days. The principal race, four-mile heats, took place on the third day, between Gen. Winn's sorrel horse Sumpter, Col. Johnson's mare Betsy Richards, and Mr. Howard's brown horse Jim Crack, for a purse of one thousand dollars. The race was won by Col. Johnson's mare; first heat in eight minutes and five seconds, second heat in eight minutes and eight seconds. "The Maryland Association for the Improvement of Horses" wius merged into tlie Maryland Jockey I Club, formed in Baltimore in 1829-30. The rules and regulations of this club went into force on the 3d of June, 1830. The rules provided for the election of a president, two vice-presidents, a corresponding secretary, a recording secretary, a treasurer, and five stewards, with two meetings annually, to be called the Spring and Fall Meetings, the Spring Meeting commencing on the last Tuesday in May, and the Fall Meeting on the last Tuesday in October. The I officers of the club were: President, Gen. T. M. For- man; First Vice-President, Henry Thompson; Sec- I ond Vice-President, S. W. Smith ; Treasurer, B. I. Cohen ; Recording Secretary, John Thoma.s ; Corre- j spending Secretary, J, S. Skinner; Stewards, C. S. W. Dorsey, J. G. Davies, U. S. Heath, W. Hindman, J. S. Donnell ; Timers, John Glenn, John Ridgely, and Lyde Goodwin. The course adopted by the club was known as the "Central," about five miles from Balti- more, on the old Frederick road. It was well adapted in all respects to the purposes of the club. The course was slightly undulating throughout, calculated to give relief to the horses, with two perfectly straight parallel quarter stretches, and the whole line in full iview from any part of the stand. The first meeting of the club was held on the 25th of October, 1831. The first day's programme com- prised a two-mile heat race for a purse of three hun- dred dollars, and was won by Virginia Taylor, who beat Celeste, Malinda, Bachelor, and Gen. Brooke.' The stakes on the second day amounted to four thou- sand dollars, and the entries were Col. Johnson's Virginia Taylor, Col. Winn's James Cropper, Dr. Minge's Eliza Reiley, J. C. Stevens' Black Maria, Gen. Irwin's Busaris, and Mr. White's Collin. The amount of the purse, together with the concourse as- sembled to witness the race, gave to it an interest scarcely inferior to that excited by the contest be- tween Henry and Eclipse. Trotting races closed the fall season of the club. One item of the week's amusement was the introduction of a new feature in the history of racing in Maryland, a grand ball, at which the beauty and fashion of the whole country was represented. The managers of the ball were S. Moore, C. Carroll, J. G. Davies, S. W. Smith, H. V. Somerville, H. E. Ballard, J. S. Donnell, G. Russell, Joshua Barney, J. R. Fennick, C. G. Ridgely, C. R. Carroll, M. C. Payne, John Ridgely, George Cook, R. Gilmor, Jr., J. S. Nicholas, and H. Pinkney. The importation of horses from England had so improved the breed of racers that the highest qualities of endurance and swiftness had been developed. The blood of the Arabian Godolphin, Flying Childers, the Darley Arabian, Eclipse, and of Barbs and Turks, mingled in double tides in the veins of Maryland horses, and in this way a long line of magnificent thoroughbreds were raised in the State. Among them were Badger, a descendant of Flying Childers, and a Barb mare, owned by B. Ogle, Esq., Brilliant, a descendant of the Godolphin Arabian, the iirojierty o O to O W > THIRD DISTRICT. of James Ringgold, of Annapolis, Chatham, Timo- leon, Don Carlos, Sussex, King Hiram, Spark, Lib- erty, Sterling, Selim, Fenella, Aristotle, Cincinnatus, Young Ebony, Tom Jones, Dolly Chester, Nancy Bywell, Othello, Bell-Air, Hamlet, Oscar, True Briton, Yorick, Lee Boo, Post Boy, Oscar, Florella, many of them raised and run by Sir Robert Eden, Col. Tiisker, Governor Ogle, Col. Lloyd, Mr. Galloway, and the Ridgelys, Taylors, Formans, Duckets, the Bowies, and other early supporters of the turf. This period has been termed "the golden age of the American turf." About this time Marylanders owned the whole or a moiety of such racers as Polly Hop- kins, Sally Walker, Bet.sy Robinson, Kate Kearney, P'lorida, the Duke of Orleans, Sussex, Dashall, and others. The Central course, under the management of the club, became in a few years one of the princi- pal courses in the Union, and races continued to be run over the course until the club was dissolved by the civil war of 1860. On the 14tb of May, 1870, a meeting was held in Barnum's City Hotel, composed of leading merchants and bankers of the city and influential gentlemen from various parts of the State, for the purpose of organizing the " Maryland Jockey Club." On motion of Governor Bowie, who had been mainly instru- mental in calling the meeting, Dr. J. Hanson Thomas was called to the chair, and Henry E. Johnson ap- pointed secretary. A committee of five, consisting of Governor Bowie, W. W. Glenn, Alexander D. Brown, E. Law Rogers, and James L. McLane, was appointed to suggest permanent officers of the organization. The committee reported in favor of a president, two vice-presidents, one from the Eastern and one from the Western Shore, a clerk of the course, secretary, treasurer, and five race stewards, the stewards to have sole control of all races and the course, to appoint judges, timers, etc. On motion, the following commit- tee was appointed to nominate officers: John Merry- man, Philip T. George, and Dr. McPherson, and the following officers were nominated and elected : Presi- dent, Governor Oden Bowie ; Vice-Presidents, Wash- ington Booth and Col. Edward Lloyd ; Secretary, James L. McLane ; Treasurer, Henry Elliott John- ston ; Race Stewards, J. D. Kremmelburg, F. M. Hall, George Small, and F. B. Loney. In the remarks made by Governor Bowie, he stated that the " Mary- land Jockey Club" originated at Saratoga in 1868, when thirty subscribers were obtained at one thou- sand dollars ench for the first race, the " Dinner-Table Stakes." The officers of the Jerome Park course had ottered a bonus of five thousand dollars, provided the raoe was run over their course ; but the offer was de- clined and Baltimore named as the place. At a subsequent meeting on June 21st, at Barnum's Hotel, a constitution was adopted, and the arrange- ment made by a committee with the Maryland Agri- cultural and Mechanical Association for the use of their race-course at Pimlico was confirmed. The main feature of this arrangement was the payment by the Jockey Club of the sum of ten thousand dol- lars for the use of the grounds for ten years, the so- ciety granting to the club for that sum the exclusive use of the grounds for the months of May and Oc- tober, and at all times for improvements. The elec- tion of permanent officers for the year resulted in the re-election of the provisional officers heretofore named and the following executive committee : William Devries, T. H. Morris, J. Hanson Thomas, Jacob Brandt, Jr., Robert Garrett, Edward Patterson, Jr., John Ellicott, and F. Raine. At another meet- ing, which was held on the 4th of July, Edmund Law Rogers was elected superintendent, and J. D. Fer- guson, clerk. The first meeting of the Maryland Jockey Club was held on the Pimlico course, commencing Oct. 25, 1870. It was estimated that twelve thousand persons witnessed the races on the first day. The club was chartered by an act of the Legislature at the session of 1871-72, and it became necessary to reorganize under that charter. A general meeting of the club was held May 1, 1872, at their office. No. 25 St. Paul Street, for that purpose. The reorganization was ef- fected, and the following officers were chosen : Presi- dent, ex-Governor Oden Bowie ; Vice-President, Col. Edward Lloyd; Secretary, J. D. Ferguson; Treas- urer, Henry E. Johnston ; Executive Committee, J. L. McLane, J. Hanson Thomas, William Young, E. A. Clabaugh, Alexander D. Brown, Frank M. Hall, Louis McLane, Edward Patterson, Jr., E. Law Rogers, and John Lee Carroll. The club was by this time an assured success. It had paid ten thousand dollars to the agricultural society, had made all necessary improvements, including grand stands, judges' stand, stables, quarters for attendants, etc., and had two hundred and fifty members. The Jockey Club is composed of gentlemen gener- ally the descendants of the old patrons of the turf, and its races have always been distinguished by the fairness of decision, the becoming order on the grounds, the large attendance of ladies and gentle- men from every part of the country, and the fleetness of the thoroughbred horses that contend for its liberal premiums. It is now in the eleventh year of its ac- tive existence, is established on a firm basis with a high character, and will no doubt continue to attract to Pimlico semi-annually the lovers of the turf. In May, 1881, the Western Maryland Railroad com- pleted a branch road running from the main stem at Arlington to the Pimlico grounds. The road is a mile and a quarter long, and the cars stop at a plat- form erected close to the grand stand. The time from Hillen Station to Pimlico is about twenty-five minutes. The completion of this improvement offers excellent facilities for reaching Pimlico, as the Western Mary- land Road will always during the races make ample provision for the accommodation of the public. The club has made an arrangement with the railroad com- 852 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. pany by which the fare is limited to fifty cents for the round trip. ! "The Plains" is the name given to the Sander- son estate of one hundred and sixty-nine acres, lying on the Reisterstown turnpike, six miles from Baltimore. This farm has been in the Sanderson family over thirty years, and belongs to the heirs of Thomas Sanderson, who married Hannah A. Pierson. It is now cultivated by their son, Francis Sanderson, and is one of the finest estates in the county. Situated near Highland Park is the beautiful coun- try residence of Jesse Slinglulf. Mr. Slinglutl'is the head of the present firm of SlinglutT & Co.', and was born in Carroll County, Md., in 1814. The ' name Slingluff means devouring wolf, as stated by Prof. Vilmar, of Geissen, in his book of names. The ancestors of the family were Dunkers, or German Baptists, who settled in the duchy of Hanan, in Hesse-Darmstadt, and in the principality of Waldeck- Pyrmont. Their religious principles made them non- combatants, and in the latter part of the seventeenth century one branch of the family was driven out of Germany by the invading French armies. They took refuge in London, and Luther Slingluff, or Schlinglof, as the name was then spelt, emigrated to this country, and settled in the neighborhood of Philadelphia about the year 1720 as former and weaver, pursuits frequently combined in those days. He was an asso- ciate judge under the Penn colonial administration. Among his friends and neighbors were the ancestors of the Keysers, the Rittenhouses, the StoufFers, the Weavers, and other families well known in Baltimore to this day. During the war of the Revolution they remained quietly at home, except when their houses were plundered, after the battle of Germantown, by. the British and Hessians under Knyphausen. Jesse Slingluff', the founder of the Maryland family of that name, was born near Philadelphia, Jan. 1, 1775. He married Elizabeth Deardorff, of York County, Pa., in 1799, having removed to Baltimore in 1793, where he and Charles Bohn went into the flour and commis- sion business as Bohn & Slingluff, at the corner of Howard and Market (now Baltimore) Street. They were careful business men and accumulated wealth. Mr. Bohn retired from the firm, and Mr. Slingluff brought in his brother-in-law, Derrick Fahnestock. During the war of 1812 he bought a valuable landed estate in Wakefield Valley, Carroll County, to which he removed his family. He did not inherit the non- belligerent principles of his progenitors, for he was a member of Capt. Thompson's troop of American horse. As Mr. Slingluff" advanced in years he withdrew from the business, which was continued by his eldest son, Charles Deardorff Slingluff, and Lot Ensey, under the style of Ensey & Slingluff, which, upon the entry of the present Jesse Slingluff into it, was changed to that of C. D. Slingluff & Son. In the mean time the busi- ness had been removed to North Howard Street, and the old stand was occupied by Stevenson & Slingluff, dry-goods merchants. In the year 1868 the grocery business was abandoned by C. D. Slingluff, who en- tered into partnership with his brother Jesse, under the title of Slingluff & Co., manufacturers of oil of vitriol and pho.si)hates, they erecting the Chesapeake Chemical Works. Charles D. Slingluff, the eldest son of the first Jesse, was born in Baltimore in 1800, and married Eliza M. Haines, of Carroll County. He died in 1871, being succeeded in the firm by his son, Charles Bohn Slingluff, at present one of the commissioners of the Fire Department of Baltimore. His business integ- rity brought him a considerable fortune. He was a stanch Democrat, and when his party was in power he held such public positions as trustee of the alms- house, member of the Water Board, and manager of the House of Refuge. As a candidate for the City Council he was defeated by the Know-Nothings. Upton Slingluff', the youngest son of the first Jesse, was born in 1818, at Avalon, Carroll County, and died in 1854, on his farm in Green Spring Valley, Baltimore County. He married first, Anna V. Land- street, daughter of John Landstreet, and secondly, Mary F. Cockey, daughter of Maj. Joseph Cockey. He founded the firm of Slingluff & Stevenson, but ill health caused him to relinquish business life. The present Jesse Slingluff came to Baltimore as a young man, after having been educated at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg. He was for a while in the dry- goods store of T. E. Hambleton, then in the grocery business with his brother, then a partner in the hard- ware firm of James W. Curley & Co., and finally he com- menced the manufacture of chemicals, in partnership with Dr. Pierce Butler Wilson. In a few years Dr. Wilson retired, and the existing firm of Slingluff & Co. was established. Besides Jesse Slingluff', it now com- prises Charles D. Slingluff, Dr. Frank Slingluff', and Charles B. Slingluff. They are very large manufac- turers. Jesse SlingluflT has been president of the Com- mercial and Farmers' Bank since 1853. He married Frances E. Cross, daughter of Trueman Cross, cashier of that bank, whose wife was a daughter of Charles Bohn, its second president (when it was known as the German Bank), and head of the original firm of Bohn & Slingluff. He is surrounded by a large number of grown children, some of them well known in Balti- more. C. Bohn Slingluff" and Fielder C. Slingluff are attorneys-at-law, as is also Horace Slingluff". One of his daughters married Joseph Hunter, teller of the Farmers' and Merchants' National Bank, and his second daughter is the wife of Ezra B. Whitman, president of the Baltimore Plow Company. The oldest sister of Jesse Slingluff", Sarah A., married Thomas E. Hambleton, a dry-goods merchant, and afterwards president of the Maryland Fire Insurance Company, whose sons, John A. and Thomas Ed- ward, are the bankers and brokers. Jesse Slingluff resides at his countrv home, " Beech Hill," Baltimore THIRD DISTRICT. 853 County, paying daily visits to his counting-room and factory, and giving his personal attention to business. The Highland Park Hotel, which was built by three land companies, was first opened to guests on the 15th of May, 1874. This costly structure is five hundred feet above tide-water at Highland Park, one mile from Baltimore, and a half-mile from Druid Hill Park, on the Liberty turnpike. The eminence u])on which it is located is extensive and highly im- ]iroved by handsome country residences and tastefully planned grounds. Highland Park is regularly laid out into streets with forty neat cottages built upon them, from which there is a fine view of the city, bay, and surrounding villas. The hotel is built of wood and stone, with a slate roof, and is of the Renaissance style of architecture. It is six stories high, the cen- tral building being capped by an octagonal dome, to the top of which, one hundred feet from the floor, runs a spiral staircase of polished ash and walnut. It has a double Mansard roof, convex on the main building and concave on the wings, and is finished with highly ornamental French slate. The building contains two hundred and fifty first-class bedrooms. The stated original cost of the hotel, furniture, and groun.ls Miiiuuiits to $400,000. Mount Hope Retreat, — This institution, which is now situated on the Hookstown road, in Baltimore County, about six miles from the city, was founded in October, 1840, at Mount St. Vincent by the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph. The institution remained at Mount St. Vincent until May, 1844, when the property known as Hount Hope College was pur- chased. This property was situated at the head of Eutaw Street, on North Avenue, and had been pur- chased in 1828 and refitted for the use of the educa- tional institution mentioned. When purchased by Mount Hope College the property consisted of a building seventy feet in length, known at that time as the " Banking-House," and which was surrounded by a beautiful grove of forest-trees. Its title of the " Banking- House" was derived from its original use for banking purposes during the prevalence of fever epidemics, when many of the citizens of Baltimore had taken refuge in the country and were afraid to venture far into the town. It was probably erected about 1800, in which year, as will be seen under the head of the United States Bank, a banking-house was ordered to be built outside of Baltimore, in the country, on account of the alarm created by the yellow fever. In 1858 the present site of the Mount Hope Hospital was purchased, and the construction of the buildings was begun soon afterwards. The institution is intended especially for the reception and care of the insane, but receives patients of every description, whether suftering from mental or physical disorders. It is surrounded by a fine estate of more than three hundred acres, and is one of the most complete and magnificent edifices of the kind either in this country or in Europe. Another of the most prominent families of the Third District is that of Joseph Smith, Jr. Mr. Smith was born on Smithfield farm, in Baltimore Co., Md., Aug. 14, 1814. His earliest lispings were probably mingled with the mutterings of the strug- gle then at its height between Great Britain and this country, and his mother bore him in her arms to the hillside to listen to the roar of the cannon as it c^^sJiu^cUr.^' belched forth its death-dealing freight at the battle of North Point. He was the son of Joseph and Rebecca Smith. The former was born in Smithfield, Yorkshire, England, Nov. 1, 1766, and was the son of a manu- facturer in that town. He came to this country early in life and settled in the vicinity of Baltimore, in which place he married Rebecca Herring, a daughter of Ludwig Herring, a German, who for many years was a prominent contractor in this city, and who be- came somewhat famous for the daring he displayed in laying bricks upon the ramparts of Fort McHenry while the withering fire of the British was poured upon that fortification, Sept. 12, 1814. Mr. Smith received his early education at the little log school-house after the quaint fashion which pre- vailed at that early date. He went to school three months in winter, when nothing could bo done on the 854 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. farm, and worked the balance of the year. The old log hut near Pimlico where he received the rudiments is still standing, within a stone's throw of Wellwood Farm, his present handsome residence. When four- teen years of age Mr. Smith went to Baltimore and entered the book-store of George H. McDowell. He was always studious and never lost an opportunity for adding to his store of knowledge, and despite early obstacles managed to acquire a good education. His close attention to his duties attracted the notice of outside parties, and in 1833, at the solicitation of Samuel Wyman & Co., he became a salesman in their dry-goods house. In 1836 he entered the dry-goods jobbing trade, in the firm of William P. Stewart & Co., of which Tiffany, Duvall & Co. were partners. This venture was unsuccessful, and after the affairs of the partnership were adjusted he connected himself with Samuel G. Wyman and William S. Appleton in the domestic dry-goods commission business, under the firm-name of Wyman, Appleton & Co. In 1853, Mr. Smith having amassed a competency, purchased his present beautiful home and retired from business. Wellwood Farm, the place upon which he now resides, was formerly owned by Samuel Jones, a commissary in the Irish rebellion, who made his escape to this country at the time of its tragic suppression. He was a brother of Talbott Jones, one of the originators of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the water-works and the gas-works in this city. Mr. Smith was married June i), 1840, by Rev. John Mason Duncan, to Sarah Jane Boggs, daughter of William and Caroline Boggs, of Baltimore. His wife lived but two years, and he never married again. In politics he was a Whig until the nominatiou of Mr. Buchanan. Becoming impressed at that time with the eritir:il coiKlitidii nf the rountry he voted for the Democratir ramliilatc, willi tlie hope that his election would slciii the tiiriiiit "t rivil strife which was pre- cipitated upon the country four years later. Mr. Smith was a State-rights' man, and sympathized with the South during the struggle, but is convinced that the true strength and importance of the country will be assured by a firm union of the States. During the terrible bank riots in Baltimore he was a member of the Eutaw Infantry, which organization aided materially in their suppression. He was also for many years an officer in the City Guards. Though quite young he participated in the reception extended by the city of Baltimore to Gen. Lafayette, and has a very vivid recollection of the many memorable inci- dents connected with that event. He has always been a strong advocate of public enterprises when he was convinced they would result in benefit to the com- munity. Mr. Smith has traveled over many of tlic United Stales, and is well informed as to their character- istics and distinctive features. He is a hospitable gentleman, and highly esteemed by his neighbors and friends. CHAPTER L. In area the Fourth District is the fifth largest in the county, and holds the position of sixth in point of population. It comprises .57.18 square miles, and had a population in 1880 of 4294. In 1870 the population was 4167. It is bounded on the west by Carroll County, on the east by the Eighth District, on the north by the Fifth District, and on the south by the Second and Third Districts. The Western Maryland Railroad runs in a northwesterly direction through it from Owings' Mills to Finksburg. The Baltimore and Reisterstown turnpike ends at Reisterstown, nearly in the centre of the district, and from thence the Hanover road is a continuation of the route into Pennsylvania. The Baltimore and Hanover Rail- road, which was completed in 1880, strikes off from the Western Maryland Railroad near Emory Grove Station. The Westminster turnpike, the Garrison road, the Dover road, the Nicodemus road, and vari- ous others open up all the localities of the district to travel. It is a very notable division of the county because of its early settlement by some of the first families of Maryland, and the relation of the old estates in the hands of their descendants through all the mutations which history records. St. Thomas' parish, which is situated in this district, was the second parish of the Episcopal Church in the present Baltimore County, and Worthington Valley is still largely in the possession of the heirs of the pioneers of that name, who entered upon it prior to the be- ginning of the eighteenth century. The Patapsco Falls, Western Run, McGill's Run, Timber Run, and Cook's Branch irrigate the country. The principal villages are Reisterstown, Owings' Mill, Fowblesburg, Woodensburg, and Mantua Mills. Emory Grove Camp-ground of the Methodist Episcopal Church is annually the scene of great religious gatherings, and the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South has its camping-ground near Finksburg Station. In this district are the very valuable chrome- mines owned and operated by the Tyson Mining Company of Baltimore City, the yield of which is immense. On "The Caves" property of Gen. John Carroll are extensive banks of iron ore, which have been worked for many years. The surface of the Fourth District averages an elevation of 1700 feet above the sea, and the characteristics of the country are high plateaus separated by upland valleys. Many of the farms are great manors that are highly culti- vated and produce the best qualities of Southern wheat. SCHOOLS FOR 1881. Teachers. No. 1.— Frank T. NewbcUe, Uppercoe. No. 2. — George Prer)itel, WootJeimbnrg. No. '.i —Sally N. (.'ollilis. Einc.r.v Grove. FOURTH DISTRICT. , I'araoiiB, Eugenia No. 5.— E. E. Ijams, principal, Reisterstown; Alic L. Jones, and Mary Y. Parliison, assistants. No. 6. — George Fisher, Reisterstown. No. 7.— Thomas B. Arnold. 0«ings' Mills. No. 8.— Annie I. Houck, Mantua Mills. Teachers of Colored Schools. No. 1.— Richard Fry, Woodensl.urg. No. 2. — Richard Riggs, Reisterstown. No. 3.— W. T. Merchant, Owings' Mills. Trustees. School No. 1. — Henry Fringer, Jesse Uppercoo, and Jacob Algire. No. 2.— Wni. Bushey, Alanson F. Shipley, and John B. Slade. No. 3.— Dr. James J. Given, Wm. Akehurst, and Amos Naylor. No. 4.— Edward Worthington, Henry Davis, and Joshua Tracoy. No. 6.— Dr. I. N. Dickson, H. Berryman, and Caleb Dorsey (committee). No. 6.— Henry H. Gore, David Uhler, and William Gore. No. 7.— Dr.W. H. H. Campbell, John T. Marshall,and John T. Logsdon. No. 8.— George Chilcoat, Charles Wheeler, and William T. Cox. Reisterstown. — This town is the centre of the dis- trict. It is located upon the turnpike road, sixteen miles from Baltimore City, and has a population of six hundred. It derives its name from a man named Keister, who was one of the original settlers of the neighborhood. It has one public and three private schools and three seminaries. Several of the secret orders have lodges in the town. Syracuse Lodge, No. 55, Knights of Pythias, was instituted March 24, 1870, and had as charter-members Andrew Banks, William F. Weather,. J. C. Norris, S. W. Starr, J. N. Dickson, W. M. A. Slade, John Whiteford, George W. Eihler, R. T. Beckley, William P. Cole, M. W. Weather, John E. Crout, William A. Russell, and H. F. Emich. There is a lodge of the Independent Order of Me- chanics, and one of the Independent Order of Odd- Fellows. The Church of the Sacred Heart, Roman Catholic, which is within half a mile of the town, was dedi- cated on May 21, 1877. The ceremonies were con- ducted by Vicar-General Dubrenie, of the archdiocese of Baltimore, and Revs. P. L. Chappelle, John Ryan, S. Dungan, and E. L. S. Waldron, the rector of the new church. The corner-stone had been laid on Nov. 23, 1873. The church grounds comprise nine acres, of which three were presented by P. Dyer, of Reisterstown. The congregation of the Trinity Lutheran Church was organized in August, 18.55, and worshiped in the Odd-Fellows' Hall until the erection of its own church edifice, the corner-stone of which was laid July 8, 1866. The church was dedicated in the following December, the Rev. Dr. Howe being the pastor at tliat time. His successors have been Revs. William Hcileg, John Graybell, G. R. Focht, Jacob Martin, and Christian Leply, the latter of whom is the present incumbent. The Harmon Episcopal Lutheran Sun- day-school is connected with this church. In 1867 some fifty members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church at Reisterstown withdrew from the Con- ference and connected themselves with the Church South. The Rev. J. P. Etchin.son was called to take charge of the new congregation, which soon erected a fine brick church edifice, the dedication taking place on Jan. 17, 1868. The pastors since Mr. Etch- inson have been Revs. G. H. Zimmerman, A. Esker- idge, A. Q. Flaharty, L. R. Jones, John Landstreet, J. A. Register, William A. McDonald, and Charles M. Brown. The congregation has aided largely in erecting several chapels in the vicinity. West Point Chapel is two miles west of Reisterstown, and is now supplied from this source with regular services. Carroll Chapel, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was dedicated May 14, 1870. Rev. Richard Norris ofliciated, and the debt of the chapel was paid off by a subscription which realized six hundred dollars. In 1859 the Reisterstown Riflemen were organized as one of the consequences of the John Brown raid, and on Jan. 13, 1861, the ladies of the neighborhood pre- sented the corps with a handsome flag. The presenta- tion address was made by Miss Ella Kemp, and Capt. Richard I. Worthington, in reply, accepting the colors in behalf of the company, made a strongly Southern speech. In July, 1852, James Hungerford commenced the publication of the Baltimore County Whir/ at Reisters- town, in the interest of the Whig party. In February, 1877, the People's Voice, which had been published at Union Bridge, Carroll Co., since 1875, was removed to Reisterstown by the proprietors, Messrs. N. N. Nock and B. H. Scott. In the following May Mr. Scott purchased the interest of Mr. Nock. In the fall of 1879 the Voice was converted into a Democratic pajier ; it now has a large and steadily-growing circulation. Ionic Lodge, No. 145, A. F. and A. M., was organ- ized Feb. 23, 1869, by the following charter-members: S. W. Starr, William F. Wheeler, J. C. Norris, W. D. Cole, John Whiteford, G. H. Zimmerman, Andrew Banks, L. A. J. Lamotte, A. J. Berger, J. M. Wheeler, and George McK. Teal. The present officers are : Master, J. N. Dickson; Senior Master, William F. Hoy; Junior Master, John E. Crout; Secretary, George Prechtel ; Treasurer, John Gies. Henry Clay Lodge, No. 81, I. O. O. F., was organ- ized July 15, 1852. The charter-members were Abijah Miller, AVilliam Nace, H. B. Schroeder, John Gies, George W. Fisher, and H. O. Devries. The lodge built a hall at an expense of fifteen hundred dollars. This lodge has one hundred and sixty members, and the officers for 1881 are Daniel Vondersmith, P. G. ; E. H.- Scott, N. G. ; D. G. Shook, V. G. ; George W. Stockdale, Rec. Sec. ; H. F. Emich, P. S. ; N. S. Merritt, Treas. Mantua Grange, No. 169, of the Patrons of Hus- bandry, was organized in 1877, and the hall was erected in 1879, at a cost of fifteen hundred dollars. The officers are : Master, Charles W. Semmes ; Over- seer, George Chilcoat; Secretary, Dr. James G. Given ; Treasurer, Aquilla Chilcoat. Franklin Permanent Building Association was or- ganized in 1876. This institution has been very suc- cessful, and is now numbered as among the first of 850 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. the kind in the State. The officers are: President, Cornelius Cook; Vice-President, Nimrod Tingling; Secretary, Dr. James Gore; Assistant Secretary, Arthur A.Rich; Treasurer, Robert Connor; Board of Directors, John F. Gore, S. H. Cooper, P. M. Conrad, Aaron Worver, C. O. Dor.sey, F. J. Ying- ling, Arthur A. Rich ; Solicitor, Edward W. Rich. Fulton Lodge, No. 21, of the Independent Order of Mechanics, and Golden Rule Encampment of the Good Templars are also located at Reisterstown. Hon. Andrew Banks, one of the most prominent citizens of Baltimore County, and the only son of Daniel B. and Margaret S. Banks, was born in Balti- more on the 14th of January, 1838. His father in early life was in the dry-goods business in Baltimore, and subsequently became largely interested in the Union Manufacturing Company at Ellicott's Mills. He was a successful merchant, and by his energies aided largely in the promotion of the business interests of Baltimore. He died Jan. 28, 1875. His wife, Marga- ret Sherwood Whilelock, was the daughter of George Whilelock, of Wilmington, Del. She was born Nov. 2, 1805, and died March 7, 1871. She had eight chil- dren, — seven daughters and one son, Andrew, the subject of this sketch. Andrew Banks was educated at Baltimore City Col- lege, afterwards at St. Mary's, completing his academ- ical course at Dickinson College, Pennsylvania. He subsequently commenced the study of medicine, but was obliged to abandon it by ill health and to seek restoration by a voyage to South America, for which he sailed in the bark " Emily," Capt. Etchburg, in the latter part of 18.56. They reached the river La Platte in January, 1857, when they encountered a violent storm, by which the vessel was wrecked off the mouth of the river, Mr. Banks barely escaping with his life. Returning to Maryland with restored health, Mr. Banks turned his attention to agriculture, and commenced the cultivation of the " Chatsworth" es- tate patented in 1769 by his father's maternal grand- father, Daniel Bower, near Reisterstown, in Baltimore County, where he still resides, and soon became known as a model farmer. Daniel Bower was a burgo- master of Strasburg, and emigrated to Maryland before 1769. His great intelligence and ability, however, did not fail to attract popular attention, and in 1872 he was elected as one of the delegates of Baltimore County to the Lower House of the General Assembly, of which Hon. A. P. Gorman was Speaker, and where Mr. Banks was made a member of several prominent com- mittees and rendered valuable service to the general public and to his constituents. In 1874, on the death of Hon. Robert Fowler, he was re elected to fill the vacancy, defeating his opponent by a majority of 890 votes. In 1876 his time was occupied with the set- tlement of his father's estate, but in the following year he was again elected to the General Assembly, his term expiring on the 1st of January, 1880. In public life Mr. Banks has always been consist- ently faithful to the trusts reposed in his hands, and public approval has been testified by the repeated official honors that have been given him. Unwaver- ing in his fidelity to Democratic principles, even in the gloomiest hour of disaster, and unswervingly loj'al to the party organization by which those prin- ciples are given practical operation and effect, Mr. Banks is nevertheless too broad in his political charity to be partisan, and too manly and generous to cher- ish resentment or harbor prejudice, and in official sta- tion never forgets that he is the representative of the people and not of a party. Many and important business interests have en- gaged Mr. Banks' attention, and in their manage- ment he has shown the same energy, zeal, and ability that have characterized him in public life. After his father's retirement from the presidency of the Union Manufacturing Company he was chosen a member of its board of directors, and still retains that position ; he is also a director in the Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad, a director of the Baltimore and Reisters- town Turnpike Company, and was elected president of the Maryland Tubing Transportation Company on the organization of that important enterprise. As a Mason and Odd-Fellow, he has been honored with some of the most prominent positions in those orders, and has been and is an influential member of sev- eral other benevolent associations. Mr. Banks was brought up in the Episcopal Church, but is extremely liberal in his religious views, and in his charities, which are large and systematic, knows no difference in creed or sect. On the 21st of November, 1860, he married Re- becca E. Godwin, by whom he has had six children, four boys and two girls. Although still in the very prime of life, Mr. Banks has won, both in public and private stations, a repu- tation and a position which far older men might envy, and which promise for the future a career of ever- increasing honor and usefulness. Death of Bishop Emory. — Rev. John Emory, bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was killed on Dec. 6, 1835, by an accident which happened to him as he was driving from his home, at Reisterstown, to Baltimore. He had left home before daylight on the morning of that day, and it has always been .supposed that when he wiis about five miles from the city he got out of the carriage for the purpose of ad- justing the harness, and that the horse kicked him. The horse dragged the vehicle down to a tavern on the joad a few miles out of the city, where it was stopped, and in a short time afterwards a wagoner arrived who reported that there was a dead man lying in the road. The body was brought to the taven, and it was found that, although the skull was dreadfully fractured and the brain protruding from the wound, the sufferer was not quite dead. He was recognized as Bishop Emory by a physician who had been called in, FOURTH DISTRICT. 857 and he lingered until seven o'clock in the evening, when his spirit passed away. He was insensible dur- ing the whole time, and could give no account of the manner in which he received his injuries. Owings' Mills, in the extreme southeastern corner of the Fourth District, on the Western Maryland Railroad, twelve and a half miles from Baltimore, has a population of 300. Gwynn's Falls and the Westminster turnpike pass through it. Pleasant Hill Methodist Episcopal church is within the village. St. Thomas' Parish, which has a very interesting history, is principally within the confines of this dis- trict, and the old church and cemetery are near the village of Owings' Mills. The parish was carved out of St. Paul's, and owes its existence to an act of As- sembly passed in October, 1742. It was at first a sort of mission of St. Paul's parish, which found it neces- sary to erect " a chapel of ease" for the accommoda- tion of the Forest inhabitants, or residents of Garrison Forest, who could not conveniently attend the church in Baltimore Town. The proposition to make it an independent parish was first suggested by the rector and vestry of St. Paul's in a memorial to the General Assembly presented in 1742. In accordance with their wishes an act was passed empowering William Hamilton, Christopher Gist, Samuel Owings, Christo- pher Randall, and Nicholas Haile to receive subscrip- tions for the purchase of two acres of land where most convenient, and to build a chapel thereon ; and in case such voluntary contributions should not prove sufficient, an assessment on the new parish was granted which was not to exceed £133 6s. 8(1.^ or about $354.70, in any one year, nor be continued for more than three years. The act further provided that at the death of the Rev. Benedict Bourdillon, the then pastor of St. Paul's, the hundred of Soldiers' Delight and Back River Upper Hundred (being all of St. Paul's parish north of the old court-road leading from thePatapsco Falls to Joppa) should be forever separated from St. Paul's parish and erected into the said new parish to be called St. Thomas'. The event on which its becoming a parish was con- tingent soon occurred, for on the 5th of January, 1745, Mr. Bourdillon died, and at that date, therefore, according to the provisions of the act, St. Thomas' became a separate and independent parish. The territory of St. Thomas' parish then extended from the south line separating it from St. Paul's, as stated above, to the Pennsylvania line on the north, and from the line separating Baltimore County from Anne Arundel and Frederick, on the west, to the Big Gun- powder Falls on the east, and on the northeast to the Western Run, Piney Run, and a line northwest in the same direction, separating it from St. John's par- ish, now St. James'. Before Mr. Bourdillon's death, however, in 1743, the site of the chapel was selected, and two acres of ground were purchased from Chris- topher Gist for four pounds. It was on this land that St. Thomas' church was then erected and still stands. The deed conveying the land to the vestry was ac- knowledged July 19, 1743, before T. Sheredine and Charles Ridgely, two justices for the county. Dur- ing this and the following year some progress was made in the erection of the chapel edifice.' The walls were carried up and the roof covered in. The bricks of which it was built were brought over from England, but, falling short somewhat of the requisite number, the gable ends could not be carried up to a point by four or five feet. The edifice is fifty-six feet long by thirty-six feet in breadth. It is a spacious building for its day, and admirably well built, as the walls are still standing. At this period the inhabi- tants north of the church were few and scattered, and the wild forests of the vicinity still sheltered Indians, bears, wolves, and deer. The beautiful tract of coun- try four miles to the north of the church, now known as Worthington Valley, was patented in 1740 by Samuel Worthington, who first cleared it. On the 4th of February, 1745, the parishioners as- sembled at the churc'h and elected Nathaniel Stinch- comb, John Gill, William Cockcy,' Joshua Owings, John Hamilton, iiiiil i m '.il;( A-lniian vestrymen, and Peter Goswell and Cmru'liii^ Howard'* church war- dens. Christopher Randall was at the same time appointed register, with a salary of £5 currency per annum. It had been provided by the act of Assembly of 1702 that there should always be six vestrymen and two church wardens; but before proceeding to act they were required to take the following oath : " I, , do solemnly swear and declare that I will justly and truly execute the office of a vestryman (or church warden) in this parish according to my best skill and knowledge, without prejudice, favor, or aflection." • Besides this, after 1716 they were required to take an oath of allegiance in these words : " I, , do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear allegiance to His Majesty King George, so help me God." In addition to these two oaths there was also to be taken what was called the oath of " abhorrency," thus : " I, , do swear that I do from my heart abhor, detest, ami abjure as impious and heretical that daniuable doctrine and position tliat princes excommuoicated or deposed by the Pope, or any authority of the See of Kome, may be deposed or murdered by their subjects, or any other whatsoever; and I do declare that no foreign prince or prelate, State or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, supe- riority, or authority ecclesiastical or spiritual within the kingdom of Great Britain or any of the dominions thereto belonging, so help me Cod." Next came the oath of abjuration, which provided for the abjuring of any one who might lay claim to the throne of Great Britain other than the king actually reigning, and promising support to him and the Prot- estant succession in his line. To this oath every ves- ■ The names of the first subscribers for the erection of the church will be found in the sketch of St. Paul's parish. •; Died in 1757. ' He died Juno H, 1777. HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. tryinan and church warden had to subscribe, to the following declaration : I jbelievotliatthereisnot f e Lorii'8 Slipper, in the elemonts of Ijread iisecrutioii tlieifdf by any person wliat- Such r tl c l\ i and declarations to be taken and sub.,v-..uv,J < ^ time wiien the first vestry of St. Thomas' was organized, and the autograph signatures of all the church officers from that date to 1776 are still to be seen subscribed to them in the old church records. Among the one hundred and ten persons whose signatures are thus preserved are found the Gills, the Cockeys, the Owings, the Howards, the Gists, the Worthingtons, the Johnsons, the Bosleys, the Dorseys, the Walkers, and the Cradocks, with many others whose families still remain, as well as others whose names are now extinct within the limits of the parish. On the same day that they were elected (4th of February, 1745) the vestrymen and wardens held their first meeting, and the Eev. Thomas Cradock presented his letters mandate from His Excellency, Thomas Bladen, Esq., Governor of the province, dated Jan. 14, 1745, appointing him to exercise the office of minister in St. Thomas' parish. At that time, as had indeed been the case in the province since 1692, the appointment of a minister to a parish was not in the hands of the parish, nor in the hands of the vestry, as it now is, but was at the disposal of the proprietary of the province, who gen- erally exercised it through his Governor. Indeed, by his charter the proprietary held the appointment of ministers of all denominations, and no church of any denomination could have a minister except by the Governor's appointment, which was the case until 1776, with the exception of the brief period between 1692 and 1714. Eev. Thomas Cradock was born in 171S, at Wolver- ham, in Bedfordshire, England, one of the estates of the Duke of Bedford. He was brought up by the duke, and ordained deacon Sept. 20, 1741, and licensed master of the free school of Trentham, in Stafford- shire. He remained in Trentham until Sept. 25, 1743, when he was ordained presbyter, and the following day licensed by the Bishop of Litchfield to be curate of Blurton and occasional assistant at Kingsbury, Warwickshire. That connection, however, did not long continue, as, an attachment having sprung up between a sister of the Duke of Bedford's lady and himself, he was induced by his friends to emigrate to Maryland. On the 21st of February, 1744, he received a license from the Bishop of London to be a minister in the province of Maryland, and during the same year he came over. On his arrival he became chap- lain to the commissioners who met that year at Lan- caster, Pa., to form a treaty with the Indians. It is said that the Duke of Bedford's influence with Lord Baltimore procured him the promise of a good parish for Cradock. His patron doubtless looked forward to the episcopate for him, as at that time the appoint- ment of bishops for the American colonies was very warmly pressed in England;' but from motives of state policy no bishop for the colonies was permitted to be appointed, and the duke's intentions in respect to the episcopate for Thomxs Cradock were never realized. Mr. Cradock's salary on taking charge of the parish was small. The clergy then were supported by a tax of forty pounds of tobacco on every white male and every .servant over sixteen years of age, which was collected and paid over by the sheriff" of the county; and this tax was collected from all residents of the parish, whether they were members of the Church of England or not. The number of taxables this year (1745) amounted to about six hundred and seventy-five, yielding some three hundred and twenty- five dollars. St. Thomas' was then a northwestern frontier parish, but the frontier parishes were at this time, in prospect at least, better than those on the bay shore, where the land was becoming exhausted by the incessant strain of tobacco culture, and from which the planters were beginning to remove into the in- terior. Thus while the elder parishes were in some instances diminishing in pojiulation, the new ones were becoming more populous every year. And so rapidly did the settlements extend in St. Thomas' that at Mr. Cradock's death the salary was more than four times as large as when he entered upon his ministry. In little more than a year after his induction into his parish, on March 31, 1746, Mr. Cradock was mar- ried by Rev. Thomas Chase, of St. Paul's, to Catha- rine, daughter of John Eisteau, high sheriff" of the county. Mr. Eisteau was a Huguenot who had fled to Maryland from France upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and strong in his Protestant predi- lections, he was so much pleased by the marriage of his daughter to a Protestant clergyman that he pre- sented her with a farm, a part of his estate, which would otherwise have descended to her brother. This farm, which is about ten miles from Baltimore, on the Reisterstown road, and a mile and a half south of the church, Mr. Cradock called Trentham, doubtless after the place of that name in England, where he had been master of the free school. It was his residence during his lifetime, and is now (1881) the residence of his grandson. Dr. Thomas Cradock.^ 1 In the " Historical Collections of the Episcopal Chnrch," page 141, it is staled that the necessity of a bishop over the churchmen o( America waa now (IMO) again publicly alluded to. Bishop (afterwards Archbishop) Lecker "depicts in lively colors the inconveniences suffered in America, and pleaded with affectionate earnestness for a resident bishop there al the only remedy for its manifold spiritual privations." The privations were indeed great. None could be ordained to the work of the ministry without going to England, confirmations could not bo administered, and there was no one to effectively oversee the clergy or church or exercise discipline. The Governor of the province, by Lord Baltimore's authority, could appoint a clergyman to a parish, but there his authority ended. He had no power to remove him for any cause or control him in any ' In 1749, William Worthington, one of the vestry, died, and in 1777 his daughter Ann married Dr. John Cradock, the second bod of Bev. TluiuiuB Cnidock. FOURTH DISTRICT. On the 28th of May, 1745, the vestry agreed with Col. Wm. Hammond " for leveling the church floor ] with earth, within three hricks of the water table, the said floor to be well rammed and hardened ;" he was also to floor a part of the church with brick, for which he wa.s to have twenty shillings per thousand, and on the brick to lay a floor of pine-plank on sleepers of red or Spanish oak, and also to build five pews of panel-work. On the 18th of June they engaged Col. Hammond to build a brick vestry-house, sixteen feet by twelve in the clear. The floor was to be laid with brick, the roof to be covered with cypress shin- gles, the doors, windows, bo.xing, and barge boards to be of pine-plank and painted; the whole to be done for the sum of twenty-four pounds. Col. Ham- j mond failing in part to fulfill his first contract, the i vestry, on the 20th of January, 1846, engaged Wm. Cromwell to build the entire set of pews in the church and to make the communion-table, rails and banis- ters, and the chaficel. the banisters to be of walnut and handsomely turned. For this the vestry were to pay one hundred and forty pounds and find the ma- terials. On the 3d of March, 1746, the cliurch warden was I allowed eighteen shillings for furnishing the com- munion during the year. On the 19th of July the vestry engaged Col. Hammond to paint with red the [ window-shutters, doors, window-frames, and cornice " twice over in the best workmanlike manner," for which he was to have eleven pounds current money, he allowing five pounds thereof, " provided he is seated in a pew at the discretion of the rector." On the 7th of October, 1746, the pews, nineteen in num- ber, were finished and accepted. The pews were made after the fashion of that day, nearly square, having seats on three sides, with high straight backs as high j as the neck of the person seated. In 1747, Mr. Cradock opened a classical school, | which was celebrated in its day, and among his scholars were Lee, of St. Mary's, Barnes, of Charles, 1 the Spriggs and Bowies, of Prince George's, the Dulanys, of Anne Arundel, and the celebrated Col. i Cresap. It was a legal requirement that every vestry should meet at least once a month, and from these meetings '• no vestryman could absent himself without a valid I excuse under a penalty of not over one hundred ' pounds of tobacco, recoverable before a single magis- trate. Sunday duties were imposed upon vestries by the General Assembly from time to time, some of j which were rather civil than ecclesia-stical. Such were the nomination of inspectors of tobacco, the I annual return for taxation of the list of bachelors in ' the parish, the taking cognizance of violations of the ' Sabbath, of disorderly houses, and of lewdness, forni- cation, and adultery. All of these came before the ' ve-stry, which, however, could do no more than ad- monish the oflenders; if further punishment were necessary it was inflicted by the court of county ju.«- tices, to which the vestry was required to report such cases.' On the 6th of February, 1753, it was ordered that two of the ve-trymen of St. Thomas' should meet two of the vestrymen of St. James' to settle the limits and extent of the run commonly called the Western Eun, and that the Rev. Mr. Cradock should give notice thereof to the Rev. Mr. Deans. This shows that the Western Run, whatever might be settled as to its ex- tent, was then the dividing line between the two parishes. After Braddock's defeat in 1755 the raids of the Indians created great alarm through all this region, and it is probably at this time that we hear of the pari.shioners of St. Thomas' burnishing their arms and preparing their ammunition on Saturday evening, and the next day placing their guns in the corners of the pews during service. In 1762 the population of the parish had so ex- tended and increa.sed that the two hundreds, Soldiers' Delight and Back River Upper, originally composing it, had been divided, so that it comprehended Dela- ware, Pipe Creek, and part of Middlesex Hundreds, Delaware being on the forks of the Patapsco and northwest of Soldiers' Delight, and Pipe Creek north- west of Upper Back River Hundred. The part of Middlesex included in the parish was ea.st of the road leading south from the church and south of the Green Spring Valley. These hundreds were much what our election districts now are. In 1766 the taxables in St. Thomas' parish numbered 1522. About 1763, Rev. Thomas Cradock was afflicted with a most remarkaVile paralysis, which continued until his death, some six or seven years afterwards. His whole body was so paralyzed that he was unable to change the position of his limbs, and yet his mind retained its full vigor and activity. During all this time he rarely failed to fulfill his appointments, al- though he had to be carried to the church and placed in a chair. He could not stand, and if his head hap- pened to sway over on his shoulder, the sexton had to come and place it in its upright position. His ser- mons at this time were dictated to an amanuensis, and for some years George Howard, a brother of Col. John Eager Howard, one of the young gentle- men educated by Mr. Cradock, was employed in this 1 Under dat* of April 16, 1750, the parish records contain this entry : *' A greed to have a quart of rum and sugar equivalent on each vestry day, and as much diet as will give the vestry a dinner, at the parish expense." The 8e.\tou was to provide the dinner, and to have for it eight shillings each time. But on Jan. 7, 1752, it was ordered "that each and warden in his turn 6nd a dinner and a quart of mm and suga take off the great scandal and charge the parish has labored under." In May, 1751. it was ordered that the sexton should provide quantity of water every Sunday, for which he was to receive three pounds per annum. Tliis recalls the fact that the churches during the early history of the province were generally located near some fine spring of water, to wtiich, especially in the summer season, resort was ver>' common tioth before and after service. But there was no such spring near St. Thomas', and hence the necessity of the order above cited. St. Thomas' was situated on a hill, probably the highest eminence within some miles around. ThA church could thus be seen in every direction 860 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. capacity, and at his death Mr. Cradock's own sons performed tliat task for him.' Mr. Cradock died on the 7th of May, 1770, after an incumbency of a little more than twenty-five years, and wsis buried in St. Thomas' churchyard.^ He left a widow, two sons, and a daughter. His widow survived him twenty-five years, and died Aug. 20, 1795, aged sixty-seven. Mr. Cradock was succeeded by the Rev. William Edwinston, who left the parish on" the 10th of Sep- tember, 1775, on account of his intense Toryism. During his incumbency, in 1771, a movement was made towards building a chapel in the forks of the Patapsco, wliere Mr. Cradock and his son Arthur had been accustomed to hold service. Two acres of land were given for this purpose to the parish by John Welch, and conveyed to Abel Brown, Robert Tevis, Edward Dorsey, and John Elder, trustees, March 3, 1771, and Oct. 12, 1773, Robert Tevis and John Elder were appointed a committee by the vestry, and fifty pounds were allowed them to put seats in the " chapel on the forks of the Falls." The third rector of St. Thomas' was Rev. Thomas Hopkinson, who entered upon his duties on the 10th of December, 1775, but remained only a year, and tradition reports that the parish had no reason to regret his departure. While he was pastor, on the 11th of June, 1776, the old oaths of ofiice for qualifying vestrymen and other church officers were set aside, and Thomas Cradock, who had been elected vestryman on the previous Easter Mon- day, was qualified according to the resolves of the Provincial Convention of Maryland. Allegiance to the king of Great Britain was thus virtually re- nounced by the vestry of St. Thomas' twenty-three days before the adoption of the declaration of inde- pendence at Philadelphia. On the (ith of June, 1779, after an interval of more than two years, a vestry was elected under the pro- visions of an act of the General Assembly entitled "An Act for the establishment of select vestries," passed at its March session. The act of 1692, as sub- sequently modified and amended, had been done away with by the Revolution, and both clergy and people of the church seem to have supposed that nothing could be done by them in any church capacity except under the authority of civil enactment. But now 1 On Feb. 23, 1769, Mr. Cradock met with another severe affliction in the loss of his son Arthur. He was horn July 19, 1747, and was conse- quently in the twenty-second year of his age. He was a youth of un- blemished character and of exemplary piety. 2 The following is the inscription on his tombstone : " Here lieth the Rev. Thomas Cradock, first rector of St. Thomas* parish, wlio died May 7, 1770, in the 52d year of his age. " No pompous marble to thy name we raise, This hunible stone bespeaks deserving praise ; Whene'er we viewed thee o'er the sacred page. Thy words persuasive did our hearts engage ; Parental fondness did thy life attend, Tlie tender husband and the warmest friend. The good, the just with thee alone could vie, Who court not life, nor yet afraid to die; Faith, Virtue, Honor did on thee combine, Happy the man who leads a life like thine." that the above-mentioned act was passed a meeting of parishioners was held, and the following-named gentlemen were elected vestrymen : Samuel Worth- ington, Robert Tevis, John Cockey Owings, Charles Walker, Dr. John Cradock, and Capt. Benjamin Nicholson. Charles Carnanand Dr. Thomas Cradock were chosen church wardens. The oath of office for vestrymen under the new' act was the same as the old one, but for all the other oaths and declarations the A.ssembly substituted the following " oath to gov- ernment" : " I, , do swear that I do not hold my- self bound to yield any allegiance or obedience to the king of Great Britain, his heirs or successors, and that; I will be true and faithful to the State of Maryland, and will, to the utmost of my power, support, main- tain, and defend the freedom and independence thereof and the government as now established against all open enemies and secret and traitorous conspiracies, and will use my utmost endeavors to disclose and make known to the Governor or some one of the judges or justices thereof all treasons, traitorous conspiracies, attempts, or combinations against the State or government thereof which shall come to my knowledge, so help me God." The parish was, however, without a minister from the time of Mr. Hopkinson's departure until the 25th of April, when Mr. West, rector of St. Paul's, con- sented to officiate every third Sunday. On the 10th of April, 1782, Rev. John Andrews, D.D., agreed to give half of his time to the parish of St. Thomas, he being at the same time rector of St. James', adjoining St. Thomas' on the northeast. While in charge of the parish Mr. Andrews established a flourishing classical boarding-school of about thirty-five pupils. During the second year of his rectorship, in May, 1783, soon after the commencement of Washington College, Chestertown, Kent Co., the clergy then pres- ent agreed to invite their brethren in the ministry to meet in the following August in Annapolis. This invitation was well responded to, and at this meeting it was determined to hold another in the same city on the 22d of June, 1784, at which each clergyman should be attended by a lay delegate. At this conven- tion Dr. Andrews was present, as was also Dr. John Cradock,' the lay delegate of St. Thomas'. Here the Episcopal Church of Maryland, which up to the time of the Revolution had been known as the Established Church of England in the colony, was fully organ- ized as the Protestant Episcopal Church of Maryland, independent of all foreign jurisdiction, and in May, 1792, Rev. Thomas John Claggett, D.D., was elected the first bishop. Dr. Andrews being called to Philadelphia, April 10, 1785, the parish was left without a regular rector for the next eight years. During that time services were not entirely discontinued, the rectors of St. Paul's 3 He was the second son of tlie first rector of the parish, and for fifteen years was one of the vestrymen. He wasa patriot during the Revolution, and died Oct. 4, 1794, aged forty-five years. FOURTH DISTRICT. 861 and St. James' occasionally ofBciating, and there being lay reading for a time by Edward Langworthy, afterwards a distinguished scholar of Baltimore. At last, on the 3d of June, 1793, Rev. Thomas Fitch Oliver was elected rector, and continued in the par- ish until his death, Oct. 5, 1797. To encourage Mr. Oliver in his new pastorate, only two weeks after his induction, on the 17th of June, the vestry met and resolved to open a subscription for building a parson- age, and the following donations were made and the parsonage begun : Samuel Owings, four acres of land to build the parsonage on ; James Howard, £12 ; Thomas Cradock, £10; Charles Walker, £5; Thomas Harvey, £4; Joseph Jones, William Stacey, John Bond, John Cockey, of Thomas, and Thomas B. Ddr- sey, £3 each, and other small sums. Mr. Oliver re- ceived as a salary "two hundred and sixty-six dollars per annum, and as much more as the pews would rent for." He supported himself and family mainly by a school which he establi-hed at his house.' He was suc- ceeded, after a vacancy of eighteen months, on April 8, 1799, by Kev. John Coleman, whose pastorate lasted until Dec. 8, 1804, when he resigned the rectorship. He died Jan. 21-, 1816, aged fifty-eight years, leaving a widow, who died in 1832, and one daughter. On the 1st of October, 1805, Rev. John Armstrong was elected rector, but was requested by the vestry to resign on the 4th of December, 1808, on account of the views expressed in one of his sermons, and was succeeded, Dec. 28, 1813, by Rev. John Chandler, who, however, remained only one year. In the mean time, to de- fray the expenses incurred by the vestry in new im- provements, a lottery was authorized in 1806 by the General Assembly, and the following gentlemen were appointed by the vestry managers : Dr. John Crom- well, Samuel Owings, Bryan Philpot, Dr. T. C. Walker, Moses Brown, Kensey Johns, John T. Worth- ington, and Robert N. Moale. After another vacancy of three years and ten months. Rev. Joseph Jackson was elected rector, Nov. 18, 1818, but his connection with the pari.sh continued only for about a year. On the 3d of June, 1816, the corner-stone of St. John's church, about six miles north of St. Thomas' church, was laid, and on Dec. 1, 1820, Charles C. Austin was elected to the rectorship of the latter church, which he held till his death, Feb. 9, 1849. In the Diocesan Convention of 1843 the old chapel of ease, on the forks of the Patapsco Falls, was constituted a parish church, under the name of the Church of the Holy Trinity, and some of the former territory of St. Thomas' given to it, and in the convention of 1844 a part of the territory of St. Thomas', lying in Carroll County, was erected into the parish of the Ascension. Mr. Austin was suc- ceeded. May 14, 1849, by Rev. Jacob B. Morss, who resigned Nov. 13, 1850, and was followed by Rev. John Joseph Nicholson. In May, 1851, the Church of the Holy Communion was established, about three miles west of Reisterstown, and on Dec. 5, 1852, Rev. William F. Lockwood commenced his services as rector of St. Thomas' parish, which incumbency he retains up to this time. From the foregoing sketch of St. Thomas' parish it will be seen that the rectors and vacancies in the parish have been -as follows : Years. Moutht^. 1. Rev. Thomas Cradock, A.M., from Feb. 4, 1745, to May 7, 1770 2.'> 6 2. William Kdnii-ston, A.M., from May 9,1770, to Sept. 10, Hoc. 10, 177.'), to Dec. ral :•,, 1780, to April 3, i'l"lO?i782, April 10, :::;;;?&r.coiema„om. .Inne 3, 1793, to Oct. 5, 7. Tho 8. Join 9. John Clin 7th 10. Joseph .1: 1799, to Dec. 8, 1804.. t, to Dec. 28, 1814.. ths. , to Nov. 2, 1819 1 One of his daughtei cliusetts. 55 : Judge Story, of 1 The children of Rev. Thomas Cradock were Arthur, born July 19,^747 ; John, born Jan. 25, 1749; Thomas, May :^0, 1752; and, Ann, Feb. 21, 1755. The eldest son, Arthur, was educated for the miuistry, and was re- markable for his earnestiK'SS and zeal. He had already commenced church work under his fatlier's direction, and expected in a few mouths to repair to Eugland for orders, when he was seized with a fatal illness, aud died on the 23d of February, 17G9, in the 22d year of his age. He is said to have been a poet of considerable promise. His remains rest beside those of his father in St. Thomas' churchyard. John, the second son, was a member of the medical profession. In 1775 he became a member of St. Thomas' vestry, and was annually re-elected for some fif- teen years. He was a delegate from the parish to the fii-st Genei-al Con- vention of the churcli in Maryland, and frequently afterwards to the Diocesan Conventions. He was active in the Revulutiouary cause.and a member of the " Committee of Observation" in 1774-75, previous to the organization of the State government. He served one year in the flying corps of Gen. Washington, in which he held a major's commission. He died on the 4th of October, 1794, iu the forty-fifth year of his age, at his farm,attlieheiidofthe Western Run Valley, which was subsequently the residence of Mr. Kendig. He married Ann, the daughter of 'Winiam Worthington, who died on the 22d of February, 1809, in the forty-ninth year of her age. Their children were Mary, born 1778, who married Stephen Cromwell and removed to Kentucky, but afterwards returned to Trentham, where she died in 1820, aged forty-two; Katharine, born 1779, who married Dr. Thomas C. Walker, and died iu 1842, at the age of sixty-three, leaving two sous; Arthur, born in 1782, who died a bach- elor iu 1821 ; KUzabelh,born in 1784, who married Fayette Johnson, and died in 1816; Ann, boru in 1786, who married a Mr. Bosley, of Ken- Thomas, the third son of the Rev. Dr. Cradock, died ou the 19th of October, 1821. His father took great pains with his education, and he early became extremely proficielit in classical literature. He had been intended for the ministry, but ou coming of age ho chose the profession of medicine. He was for forty ycara au active vestryman, often a dele- gate to Diocesan Conventions, and one of the delegates to the first General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. Ho 862 HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. was an earnest patriot during the Revolution, and at the age of twenty- three watt a nienilier of tlio County Comniittuo of Observation. After tlie Revolution lie became affianced to a daugliter of the Rev. Dr. Smith, then president of Washington College, but refusing to concur in the doctor's election to the episcopate wlien nominated by the clergy, the match was broken off. The altaclinient, however, was mutual, and Dr. Gradock remuiued unmarried, and retained the lady's miniature to the day of his death. He was a distinguished and able pliysician, and lived and died at Trentham, which he inherited from his father. Ann, the only daughter of Rev. Dr. Cradock, was named after her father's mother, and nnirried Charles Walker. She died on the 2d of September, 1800, in the fifty-first year of her age. Other Notable Families. Among the names which occur most promineiKly in the early liistory of St. Thomas' parish are those of the Worthingtons, the Owing.-, the Howards, the Nicholsons, the Gills, the Walkers, the Deyes,the Philpots, the Risteans, and the Pindells. The Worthingtons appear to have settled originally in Anne Arundel Couuty, where the family were members of Westminster parish. Capt. Job n Woi thington is the oldest of the name with whom we meet in the Westminster parish records, in which we find the following brief reference to the family genealogy : "Capt. John Worthiugtoti married Sarah , and bad .l„bn,b..iH .I.n I-', u'--', Tl,-.ii,as, Jan. 8, 1691, wlio married Elizabeth Itblgi-lv, n. r: i i , \\,lli. April. 1GU4, who marriedSarah . and li.ul .ll.u i \ \ ,_ i 1 7JJ; and Arterma (?), Jau. 6, 17:111; s^imh, .Inn. M, li " ' l.iil n, i 2(1, 17UI ; and Sarah Hanson, .■-<■],[ it, i ,i> .; Pond, on the IkMlkin Cn.'k of Patapsco River." Williai St. Thomas' parish (Baltimore Couuty) about 1740, ol which he vestryman for several years, and where he died in 1749. He left Sami in 1777 John Cradpck. Samuel, according Anne Arundel Couuty, and own as the Worthington Val- junty. two thousand acres of Cniilock, the second sou of Rev. Thonia* to the Rev. Dr. Ethan Allen, was born i was one of the first settlers of wliat is ki ley, iu the Fourth District of Baltimore ( which hatl been patented to his father in niu. Iu 1756 he was a church warden, and subsequently a vestryman. He was a stanch patriot dur- ing the Uevolution, and in 1774 was a niendier of the Couuty Committee of Obseivation In 1781 lie was a delegate to the General Assembly, to which he was elected at several subsequent periods. He died on the 7th of April, 1815, iu the eighty-second year of his age. He was twice married, aud was the father of twenty-three children, nineteen of whom — nine sous and ten danghtere— survived him. His eldest son was John ToUey Worthington, who died on Sept. 8, 1834, in the seveuty-fouith year of his age. In 1788 he became a vestryman of St. Thomas', and was frequently re-elected to that position until 1816, when the church of St. Johu's in the Valley was erected, with which he was subsequently connected. In 1801 he reprcseuted the county in the State Senate. His estate was valued, at the time of his death, at half a million of dollars. His residence was at the head of tlio Western Run Valley. He left a widow, who survived him a few years, and a married daughter, the wife of John T. H. Worthington, whose son, John Tolley, inherited the larger portion of his grandfather's landed estate, and now resides on it at Montmorency. Charles Worthington, the fourth son of Samuel Worth- ington, died in July, 1847, at the ago of seventy-seven. He was fur many years a member of St. Thomas' vestry , and i nherited a part of his father's landed estate in the Western Run Valley. He left two married daugh- ters and four unmarried sons. The Walkeis were also among the early residents of St. Thomas' parish, aud trace their origin in Maryland to Drs. James and George Walker, both of whom at first settled in Anne Arundel County, where they practiced their profession. James "lived on the hill across the Patapsco, south from Fort McHeury," while George after a time settled at Chatsworth, and was appointed one of the commissioners to lay off Baltimore Town, with which his fortunes were thenceforth connected until his death iu 1744. Dr. James Walker was born at Peterhead, Scotland, in 1705, and died in 1769. On the '^6th of March, 1731, he married Susannah, daughter of John Gardner, of Patapsco, by whom be had ten children,— Wary, born June 16, 1732, died Nov. 3, 1773; John, born Feb. 20, 1734, died Feb. li, 1794; George, born April 3, 1736, died young; Susannah, born Feb. 0, 1738, died July 13, 1787; James, born July 29, 17 JO, died March, ISIO; Margaret, born July 19, 1742, died Sept. : Charles, born Nov. 9, 1744, died Nov. 15,1825; Agues, born July 25, 1746; Mary, born Nov. 22, 1748, died Oct. 25, 1824 ; Catha- rine, born Feb. 16, 1754, died Dec. 19, 1787. Charles Walker, the fourth son, was born at his father's residence In Anne Arundel County. He was educated with a view to mercantile pur- suits, but a country life appears to have been more to his taste, and he settled in the vicinity of Owings' Mills, and married Ann Cradock, the only daughter of the first rector of St. Thomas'. Soon after his marriage be removed to Woodburn, near the upper end of the Western Run Val- ley, where ho resided until his death. He became a vestryman of St. Thomas' before the Revolution, and continued to hold this oflice until the erection of the church of St John's in the Valley, the site of which was donated by him. He was an ardent Whig dmihg the Revolution, and active in the American cause. He was the father of thirteen chil- dren. His sister Susannah married Rev. Dr. William West, recb.r of St. Paul's. Dr. Thomas C. Walker, the son of Charles Walker, was born June 16, 1773. He was married Feb. 17, 1818, by the Rev. John Armstrong, to Katharine, daughter of Dr. John Cradock, who wsia a son of Rev. Thomas Cradock. The children of this marriage were Thomas Cradock Walker, born May 16, 1819, and John Cradock Walker, who was born Sept. 2, 1821, and die n in u i i...i James Winchester, March 21, 1793; K l ■ '. u 177G; Deborah, born Nov. 14, 1777, who married !•' ( n ^i " In, 1799; Frances, born Sept. 30, 1779, who niarrioil l: l .Inly 2, 1801; Rachel, born Aug. 27, 1781, died Oct. I'.i, 17-, Mi.i. tin March 29, 1784, who married Richard Ci-omwell, Feb. 0, ISUO; Auu, born Dec. 20, 1785, who married George Winchester; and Beale, born Nov. 17, 1791, who married Elea- uora Magrnder. The date at which the Howards settled in Baltimore County is not known, but it was probably about 1686-«6, when Joshua, the first of the family in America, obtained a grant of land in the county. He married Joanna O'CarroU, whose father had a short time previously emigrated from Ireland. Cornelius, one of his sons by this lady, was the first church warden when St. Thomas' parish was organized, and was a vestry- man for many years. In 1765, as the owner of the land lying immedi- ately to the west of Baltimore Town, he added to the town that part of the present city south of Saratoga Street, and between Forest (now 2 N BS -. " § ^ ^ I :; o 2 a g FOURTH DISTRICT. Mention has bctn made of the fact tliat the nai Cliarles) und Lilwrty Streets, including Pr«ll «nd Conwny Streets on tli« «oti.. nu wife, Ruth Eager, to whom he »«s named on the s+th of ^^ phjipott oocnrs in tlto earl V records of St. Thomas January, l7.iS, WHS • liidy of considerable fvrlnue, «od " inherited the . . "^ . ... .. .,.",, ™,, .. ., Uud lying west and north of Baltimore Town." His death ocvurieil on the I4th of June, 1777. in the seventy-first year of his age, and her death, at the age of sereniy-tive, on the I7th of XoTeml>er, 17?»6. Their chil- dren were George, born Kor. 12, 1740, died Sept. 10, 1766; Rarhel, U>rn May 5, 1743, died Deceral*r, 1750; Joshua, bom Sept. 29, 1745. died Oct. IS, 1767; Buth.Kim 1747, who married Charlts Elder, Feb, 14, 1766; Rachel, lorn Oct. 14. 1749; John K»ser. born June 24, 1752; (Njrnelius. born I>ec. 2, 17,M, dietl unmarried ; James, Iwm July S, 1757, and died un- married July 11, 1SU6; Violetta, U>rn Sept. 22. 1769, who married Joseph West, Dec. 9, 17S4 ; Philip, liorn Sept. IT. 1762, dieil .\vig. 14, 17&4 ; Anne, born Julyl0.1765,diedDec.3palStateCunreution,audiu 1792 to the General Con- | Tention. John Kager»-as born at the family residence, about a mile and a half suulheast of the clinn;^, ou the heightssouMl of Green Spring Valley, { in the year in which the building of St. Thomas* cliurch was commenced. : He was A member of the vestry in 1775 and 177B ; was also a member I of the " Ojunty Committee of Obserration," and of the committee to i license suits at law. Alter his severe wound, received at the battle of ] Kutaw, •• lie was confined to his room and bed for nearly a year at the r^-sideuce of bis friend. Dr. TU >nins Gradock, who declined any compen- sation for his nietlicail atteiitUnce or living, both ftom personal frieml- ship and motives of patriotism." At the conclusion of the war he mar- ried Jliirgxret Chew, daughter of Beiuamin Chew, of Philadelphia, and soon Mdei wni\ls remttveil t-- Baltimore Town. John Risleau, high sheriff of Baltimore Ctounty, and the first of his name in the c^ninty, was a French' Huguenot who had found an asylum in Maryland after the revocation of the Edict of Kantes. Bis daughter Katharine msirriol Rev. Thomas Cradock, first rector of St. Thomas', and his son George married Francis Todd on tlie 7th of August, 1757. Their children were Katharine, l*ru June 17, 1758; Eleanor, born Jan. 15, 176"; Thomas, born Jan. 16, 1763; John, April 14, 1764; Frances, July £6, 1767 ; and Rebecca, Iwrn Dec 5, 17T0, who married Betaleel Wells, May 19, 179ij. On the 25th of January, 17S5, John Talbot Ristean mar- ried Kliubeth Deuuy, by whom he had six children,— William Mc- Laughlin, born Feb. IS. 1791; John Talbot, Feb. 22, 1793; Thomas Cra- dock, Dec 23, 1793; Charles Walker, July U, 1797; Robert Carman, March 2, 1799; and Ueujamin Denny, Nor. 24, ISOO. The Prindells were residents of this section of the county some years before the fbnuation of St. Thomas' parish. The name appears as cart- as 1732, and on the 15th of Febniary in that year John Prindell married Eleanor, daughter of Richard and Mary Bond. The Gills were originally members of St. Paul's parish, and the name is to be found on the records of Ihsit church as early as 1695. John Gill, son of Stephen and Eliialieth Gill, was born ou the 2d of October, 1709, and dietl on the l:ith"of January, 1797. He was a member of the first vestry of St. Thomas', and lived about two miles and a half uorth of the church. He had six suns and five ilaughters, and many of his descendants still reside within the limits of the old parish. The Deyes also hold a prominent place in the early as well as the late history of St. Thomas'. Thomas Cockey Deye, whose death occurred on the 7th of May, 1S07, was one of the church wardens in 1755. In the following year he nas elected delegate to the General Assembly, and was a member of that body uhtil the Revolution, being at one time Speaker of the House. In 1774 he was one of the county committee seut to the convention at Annapolis to propose measures in support of the Boston patriots. He lecommended the appointment of Count}- Commit- tees of Observation in 1776,;and was himself a menilwr of the Baltimore County committee. He was a member of the convention « hich framed the Maryland constitution of 1776, and in 17SI was elected to the House of Delegates. His resldeuce >as on the York road, not far from the present village of Te.tas. He wa.s never married. Judge Beitjamin Nicholson was also at one time a i^ident of St Thomas' parish, and iu 1775 was a member of the vestry. After the Revolution, Bryan Pbilpott, Jr., son of the Baltimore merchant of tliat name, sot- piuish and Worthington's Valley. The family came to this country from Stamfoni, Eusrland. and Rryan Philpott was for several years prior to the Revolution a prominent and succes,l, IT'.i.'i, aged 07 years." " John Moale, of this parish, wlio departed tliis life the lotli of May, 1740, aged 44 yeare." •' Jolin Moale, son of Kiihaiil and Elizabeth Moale, was born in Kin- ton paii.-ili, n > 11 I 1 . I I. 1. III.:, Oct. 30, 1077; emigrated to America in 1719; main . 1:. 1. , I, .iii,-r of Gen. John Hammond, of Severn Eiver, A]. Ill 1 7. I J . , ,i . M.i.v 10, 1740, and was interred in the family burial-grooiiU uu M..alL-B i'uuit, from which his remains were removed to St. Thomas' by his descendants," " William Stacy, who departed this life the 19th day of Jannary, aged fifty-two years one month and fourteen days," "Thomas B, Coekey, born October the 2d, 1787; died April 27, 1868," "Mary Ann, consort of Thomas B, Coekey, and danghter of John and Ann Wortiiingtou. Born 25tli February, 1791 ; died rilst of December, 1859," " Mary, consort of Stephen Cromwell, born 2l8t February, 1778; died 30th March, 1820. Erected to her memory by her son, Joseph W. Crom- " Maria North, wife of Eli Simkins, and daughter of Robert North Carnan. Born December D, 1792; died May I, 1872." "Eli Simkins, who died IStli of May, 1817, aged 29 years and 4 , of Decrliili. : ITi.i \ 1 "' yi..ilS." I "Belli... I. I I II I .l..>liuaTevis, who was born 2:idof May, I 1794, ami Uli hi. ..t s..,. r, l.s2o." j ■ October 1 18, 1885," "Elizabeth, wife of Henry Fenny, who departed this 1795, aged 50 years." "Dr, John Cradock, second son of the Rev, Thomas Cradock and Catherine, his wife, who departed Uiis life on the 4th day of October, 1794, in the 45th year of his age." "Ann, relict of Dr, John Cradock, who departed this life on tho 22d day of February, 1H09, in the 49th year of her age," " Arthur, son of Dr, John Cradock and Ann, his wife, who died on the 5th day of October, 1821, in the 39th year of his age." "Erected by the heirs of Randal U. Moale, at his request, to the memory of his father, John Moule, who departed this life July 5th, Anno Domini 1798, in the C7Hi year of his age," "Eliaibeth Moale, daughter of John anil Kaohcl Moule, who died August ye 2l8t, I7:i7, aged 3 yeai-s 7 months and 28 days," "John George Walker. Born July 6th, 1787; died October 18th, 1822." " Charles Arthur, A,B„ son of Charles and Ann Walker, who died October 27th, 1SI5, in the 20th year of his age. Also, his sister Eliza- beth Hulso Walker. Boru December lOtli, 1780; died January 3l8t, 1830." "Agnes Anna Walko Susanna A. Walker. Born Septcmlier 3d, 1775 ; died May 12th, 1822. Also, Margaret Walker, died July ."i, 1819, in her 36th year." " George William Johnson. Born 17th January, 1794 ; died 26th Oc- tober, lK:i:i," "Friiiiii- I 111, .11 l; III J I Mu Ii,l792; died 26th April, 18.58." "Mr>. I .: I I n I I . I I |. i,ii,|,a J. Hall.liorn on the lOtb ofSepi..,iil. ;. I .. . ii -,. I .lanuary, 18J6. Aged 62 years." "Dr Ml 1. I .1 II .11, I. Ill Ml. iv-r. Died March. 1855." "Col. Sanunl .-Moal.-. born 4lh of ,Ianuary, 1773; died 21st February, 1867, Aged 84 years." " Thomas North, son of Robert and Frances North, who departed this life on February 27th, 1751 or 17.')6. Aged eighteen years and eleven " Captain Robert North, of this parish, who departed this life March the 2l8t, 1748, in the 5l8t year of his age," " Frances North, wife of Robert North, who departi-.l this life July 2Sth, 1745, in the 30tli year of her age," It was at some time during the fir.st quarter of the eighteenth century that the Worthington family settled in the beautiful valley to which they have given their name. One of the early members of the family was John Worthington, whose second wife was Mary Hammond. Their son Samuel was born in 1734, and was married the first time to Mary Tolley, who was born March 21, 1740, and died Oct. 4, 1777. She was the daughter of Walter Tolley, of Joppa. Samuel's children by his first wife were twelve in number, of whom eight sons and three daughters grew up to manhood and womanhood, — John Tolley, Comfort Dorsey, Walter, Charles, Vachel, Ann, Martha, Ed- win, Thomas, James, and Samuel. He was the second time married, to Miss Martha Garrettson, born Aug. 18, 1753, and who died Dec. 31, 1831. By her he had twelve children, of whom eleven grew up to maturity, — nine daughters and two sons, — Garrett,, Nicholas, Charlotte, Sallie, Elizabeth, Ellen, Martha, Kittei, and Susan, the names of two not ascertained. Sam- uel Worthington died in April, 1815. Charles Worth- ington, of Samuel, by Samuel's first wife, was born Sept. 22, 1770, and married in January, 1803, Susan Johns, daughter of Eichard Johns, whose father's name was also Richard Johns, and whose family came from Wales. Richard Johns, father of Susan, mar- ried a Sarah Weems, by whom he had six children. Susan was born Jan. 11, 1781, and died March 10, 1843. Richard Johns (the elder) married Ann Worth- ington, a daughter of John Tolley Worthington, by whom he had five children. Charles Worthington, of Samuel, had nine children, — Mary, Samuel, Richard, John, Sallie, Kinsey, Benjamin J., Rosetta, and Ed- ward. He was a zealous member of St. Thomas' P. E. Church, and his father, Samuel, wiis one of the com- mittee to erect the church edifice. In politics he was an ardent Whig, and a warm admirer of Henry Clay. He belonged to the Masonic order. He received a good practical liinglish education, and devoted his life to agricultural pursuits, in which he was eminently successful. He was very active in politics, but ac- cepted no office for himself, preferring to aid his friend^. A man of great influence in the county, he stood in the highest esteem of his fellow-citizens. He died .July 15, 1847, universally lamented. Richard CHARLES WORTHINGTON FOURTH DISTRICT. Johns, father of Susan Worthington, was born Jan. 12, 1752, and died Jan 6, 1806, and his wife, Sarah C. Weems, died June 21, 1793. Samuel, father of Charles Worthington, of Samuel, w'as a member of the Legis- lature after the Revolutionary war. Benjamin I., son of Charles Worthington, of Samuel, lives in the east- ern part of the district, and has a splendid plantation of over eight hundred acres. He is a public-spirited citizen, and one of the most successful of Baltimore County's noted farmers. St. John's in the Valley. — " St. John's Church in the Valley," as it is called, was originally erected in 1816, by contributions from the members of several religious denominations residing in and near Reis- ferstowu. It was intended as a " free church," but the trustees filially determined to devote it to the Episcopal Church. The corner-stone was laid by Bishop Kemp, June 3, 1816, and the edifice was con- .secrated by him Nov. 13, 1818, by the name of St. John's church. To distinguish it from St. John's church in St. John's parish, in Baltimore County, it is called St. John's Church in the Valley. It is situ- ated near Reisterstown, six miles north of St. Thomas' church, and one mile southeast of Dover road, near the head of the Western Run Valley, on two acres of land donated by Charles Walker, of Woodburn. The old church was erected under the superinten- dence of a committee composed of Charles Walker, John T. Worthington, Charles Worthington, and Kinsey Johns, was built of limestone, and cost .about $5000. The principal subscribers were John T. Worthington, Charles AVorthington, and Kinsey Johns, S400 each ; Walter Worthington, $250; Eliza- beth Philpot, Hickman Johnson, and Fayette John- son, $200 each; Elisha S. Johnson, John T. H. Worthington, and Richard Johns, $100 each ; Ed- ward Gill, Sr. and Jr., $80 ; and other smaller sums, making the first subscriptions amount to $3250. In 1820 the church was organized as an independent congregation under the general act of Assembly passed in 1804, and Hickman Johnson, John Tolly Worthington, Edward Gill, John Johns, Charles Worthington, Walter Worthington, John George Walker, and Kensey Johns were elected the first vestry. At this time (May 22, 1820) Rev. Charles C. I Austin, the rector of St. Thomas' parish, became the ] rector of St. John's Church, with a stipulated salary ! of three hundred and twenty dollars for the first year. He ofiiciated every other Sunday. Preaching and divine service, however, had been conducted for twenty years by the Rev. Mr. Coleman and subse- quent rectors of St. Thomas' parish, in the old school situated across the road nearly opposite to St. John's church. The old house previous to the late civil war was occupied for many years by " Hagar," a very old colored woman and faithful servant of the Walkers, to whom they gave it during her life. Before 1834 a ! wing built of stone, two stories high, was erected at the northwest end of the church and used as an academy. A school (known as the Huntingdon Academy) was continued here for several years, and received an appropriation from the State of some $400. In 1834, Mr. Austin gave up his rectorship of the church, and the vestry advertised for a teacher and a minister. At the Diocesan Convention of 1829, St. John's was admitted into union with it, and after Mr. Austin's resignation the church was without a minister for two years. On May 5, 1836, Rev. John P. Robinson, rector of Sherwood Chapel, was elected rector, to give one-half his time to St. John's. He was succeeded in 1842 by Rev. George Fitzhugh Worthington, the rector of Sherwood chapel, who was to give half his services for two years. He was followed on Oct. 14, 1844, by Rev. William Nelson Pendleton, then rector of Sherwood Chapel, and in charge of St. Luke's Academy, in Baltimore City. For two years he gave his services to the church every other Sunday. He was a native of Virginia, and graduated at West Point in 1830, and in 1831-32 was Professor of Mathematics at that institution. He resigned the lieutenancy of Fourth Artillery, Oct. 31, 1833, was chosen professor of Bristol College, Penn- sylvania, in the same year ; of Delaware College, New- ark, Del., in 18.37-38; became a clergyman of the Episcopal Church in 1837-38 ; and rector of the Epis- copal Diocesan School, Alexandria, Va., in 1839^4. In 1847 he became rector of All Saints' parish, in Frederick, Md., and continued in charge of it until July, 1853, when he returned to Virginia. Upon the breaking out of the late civil war he was elected cap- tain of a battery in Gen. Joe Johnston's army, in July, 1861 ; was colonel of reserve artillery at Ma- nassas, 1863 ; became chief of artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia with the rank of brigadier- general, and surrendered with Gen. Lee, April 9, 1865. It is said that on discharging his pieces in battle he commonly used the following order, "Lord have mercy on your souls! Fire!" He is the author of "Science a Witness for the Bible," published in 1860. Mr. Pendleton was succeeded in the rectorship of St. John's Church, on Jan. 3, 1847, by Rev. Henry Woods, who was the first pastor who gave his whole time to the church. His health failing, he resigned at the end of the year. In 1842 or '43, John Johns built at his own expense a very commodious stone parsonage of two stories, with a basement and attic, containing ten rooms, for the use of the rector of St. John's, and put up a substantial stone wall around the entire church lot. In 1850 he also gave the church a wood-lot containing thirteen acres, about a mile distant from it. On Feb. 1, 1848, Rev. Ethan Allen became the rector, and the Diocesan Conven- tion of 1854 changed the independent organization of the charge and made it a parish, by the name of Western Run parish. It w^as bounded as follows: " Beginning where the Reisterstown and Westmin- ster turnpike crosses the Carroll County line, and running southeasterly with that road to the seven- niSTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. teenth milestoiio ; tlu'iicc southwardly, parallel to the ! road through Keislerslowii, to the lane leading to the brickyard below the town ; thence east with a straight line to the Protestant Methodist Ridge meet- ing-house ; thence north with the Falls road to Sha- wan; thence with a straight line to the northeast boundary of Dr. Lewis Griffith's farm; thence west- wardly to the Black Rock road, and with said road to the county road, and southwardly with the county line to the place of beginning." During the rectorship of Rev. A. J. Berger, on Christmas Day in 1867, the church was destroyed by fire. The vestry-room was saved. Tlie congregation immediately proceeded to build a new church on the same site, and the following building committee was | appointed to superintend the work: Benjamin I. > Worthingtou, Rev. A. J. Berger, rector, and Samuel W. Starr. The design was furnished by Messrs. Shorb & Leister, of Westminster, Carroll County, I and the masonry was done by William P. Cole. The corner-stone of the new church was laid on Aug. 17, 1869, by the rector. Rev. A. J. Berger, assisted by Rev. William T. Johnston and Rev. George C. Stokes, and the edifice was consecrated with imposing cere- i monies by Bishop Pinkney, D.D., LL.D., Oct. 16, i 1873. The church is a semi-Gothic structure, forty j by seventy-five feet, and cost twelve thousand dollars, I the greater part of which was the contribution of I Benjamin I. Worthington. It is constructed of lime- stone, with dressed granite finish, and is one of the handsomest church edifices in the county. At the ; time of the consecration Rev. Arthur J. Rich was | rector, and he was succeeded by Rev. William Mur- phy. Rev. John Tennent is the present incumbent, i The vestrymen in 1867, when the first church was burned, were Benjamin I. Worthington, Edward Worthington, Samuel W. Starr, John Tolly Johns, Amos Jollifle, Richard Johns, and John Tolly Worth- ington ; the present vestrymen are Benjamin I. Worthington, Edward Worthington, Edward P. Phil- pot, Charles W. Semmes, Lewis Griffith, and Edward A. Cockey. Montrose Protestant Episcopal church, situated near the Hanover turnpike, about three miles north of Reisterstown, was erected through the munificence of Franklin Anderson. It was built on his estate in 1854, and is constructed of stone in the Grecian style of architecture, with tower and bell. "The other places of worship within the limits of Western Run parish," says Dr. Ethan Allen in 1854, " are the Dutch stone church, the Baptist Black Rock \ meeting-house, built of stone in 1826 or '27, the Dover chapel, built also of stone by the Episcopal Methodists in 1842, the Mount Gilian church of the Protestant Methodists, built about 1832, and the Methodist Ei)iscopal chapel at Reisterstown." Among the early .settlers of this portion of Balti- more County were the Lowe family. John Lowe, about the middle of the lust century, lived on the farm now owned by P. F. Lowe, fourteen miles from Baltimore. He married Flora Dorsey. Their son, Nicholas Lowe, was born in 1763, and served in the Continental army in the latter part of the Revolu- tionary war. He married Titura Baker, daughter of Zebedee Baker, by whom he had seven children, — Merab, married to Samuel Meliron ; Amos, married to Elizabeth Weller; Jeremiah; Ralph; Asenath, married to Thomas Worrel ; Jane, married to James Johnson ; and Alfred. Of these, Ralph and Amos served in the war of 1S12, and were at the defense of Baltimore when invaded by the British. Alfred Lowe, the youngest child, was born on the homestead May 18, 1805. He received a good common-school education. His parents were of the Baptist persua- sion, and although not a member of this church, he has contributed liberally to its support. He is a Democrat in politics, but has never been an aspirant for office. His father, Nicholas, purchased part of the land which he now owns, lying between his fiither's old tract and " Soldiers' Delight." The origin of the name " Soldiers' Delight," given to a barren tract of land in this district, arose thus : When this part of the province was a frontier, a garrison of soldiers, after a period of severe hardships, and being con- stantly harassed by the Indians in ambush, arrived at this place, and being suddenly placed in the open country and some distance from the lurking-places of the red men, were so delighted with the site that they called it "Soldiers' Delight," the name it still bears. Mr. Lowe has never married. He is a successful farmer and a public-spirited citizen of warm impulses and generous hospitality. Hannah More Academy owes its existence to the munificence of Mrs. Ann Neilson, daughter of Mr. Vanbibber, and widow of Hugh Neilson. By her will, made in 1832, she bequeathed ten thousand dol- lars for the erection of an academy on a lot of ground given by her for that purpose on the turnpike one mile southeast of Reisterstown. She lived to erect the building herself, which she called the Hannah More Academy, and for the man- agement of which a board of trustees was appointed, consisting of Rev. Dr. Henshaw, Rev. Dr. John Johns, C. Burney, R. Burney, William Vanbibber, and George D. Vanbibber. It was provided by Mrs. Neilson that religious instruction should be "the pri- mary and leading object" of the institution, and that " each day's session should commence and conclude with prayer and the reading of the Scriptures." She further directed that "an adequate portion of the Mondays and Fridays should be devoted to the re- ligious instruction of the pupils," and " enjoined" and " required" that it should be " made an express stipulation that the superintendent shall agree to con- duct a Siibbath-school." Provision was also made for a limited number of free scholarships, and the interest of four thousand dollars was appropriated towards their maintenance. s^r_« /^^x ^nv-i^y ^^ J^ %ui. FOURTH DISTRICT. 8(17 The institution was incorporated on the 20tli of March, 1838, with Rev. J. P. R. Henshaw, D.D., Rev. John Johns, D.D., Rev. Charles C. Austin, Clotworthy Burney, Sr., Washington Vanbibber, and Franklin Anderson as incorporators, under the name and style of " The Trustees of the Hannah More Academy." On the 25th of November, 1857, the academy was totally destroyed by fire, but was soon afterwards rebuilt. Permission was given by the Diocesan Convention of 1853 to organize a church in connection with the institution, and on the 29th of September in that year the corner-stone of the present church of St. Michael was laid by the Rev. Ethan Allen. It was erected on the grounds of the academy, and was con- secrated by Bishop Whittingham in July, 1854. Rev. Arthur J. Rich, D.D., the chaplain of the academy, is the rector of the church. The Church of the Holy Communion was organ- ized in 1851, by permissioii of the Diocesan Conven- tion, and is situated about three miles from Reisters- town, within tlie former limits of St. Thomas' parish. Among those connected with its organization were Messrs. Richard and G. Somerville Norris. Rev. Arthur J. Rich, D.D., was its first rector. The ancestor of the Fowble family in this country was Peter, who emigrated from Germany about the middle of the eighteenth century and settled in what is now Carroll County, Md., between Hampstead and Manchester. He had one daughter and four sous. Melchor, one of the sons, was married to Servina Uhler, by whom he had fourteen children, — eight boys and six girls, — as follows: Elizabeth, married to Joshua Cockey ; John Jacob ; Melchor ; one who died in infancy unnamed; Peter, who died in infancy; Peter again ; Thomas; Joshua Uhler; Mary, married to Henry Algier ; Catherine, married to George Al- gier; Servina, married to Conrad Ebaugh ; Margaret, married to Elijah Benson ; and Susan, married to Wil- liam Heston. Melchor, the fiither of these children, moved to the vicinity of the present village of Fow- blesburg, in the Fourth District of Baltimore County, where Peter Fowble, the seventh child, was born, July 3, 1796. He was educated in the common schools of the time. His mother's family, the Uhlers, are also of German descent, and were among the pioneers of Carroll County. Five sons of Andrew Uhler served in the war of 1812. Peter Fowble, when in the eigh- teenth year of his age, enlisted for the defense of Baltimore in 1814. He served two months, receiving from the government a bounty of 160 acres of land and a pension, which he still draws. He was in Capt. Eli Stogstill's company of Col. William Jessop's regi- ment. He was married March 20, 1823, to Nancy, daughter of Joseph and Jane Maxwell Shaw. She died Dec. 6, 1872, and he was married for the second time on Aug. 24, 1875, to Ellen Wheeler, the accom- plished daughter of Benjamin and Belinda Wheeler, by Rev. Edward Kinsey. Mr. Fowble was born when the American republic was but twenty years old, and now, in his eighty-fifth year, is as hale and vigorous as most men of half his age. He was seventy-nine years old and his bride sixty-two at the time of his second marriage. He is a man of large wealth, and by a long life of integrity and usefulness he has won the highest esteem of his fellow-citizens. In 1824 he settled on his present estate of Fairview, originally the addition to Amos Winter's resurvey, which con- sists of one hundred and fifty acres. His parents were members of the Lutheran Church, but he at- tends different churches, his wife belonging to the Methodist Episcopal. After the war of 1812 he served many years as captain in the militia. In 1852 he was one of the three assessors of the county, hav- ing for his colleagues Harry Almony and John Cur- tis. He assessed the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Tenth Districts with such success that only one ap- peal was taken. The Methodists. — The earliest reference to the re- ligious work of the Methodists within the bounds of St. Thomas' parish is found in Bishop Asbury's jour- nal, where he records, under date of Nov. 24, 1772, that " he came to his old friend Joshua Owings', the finest home for the Methodists." Bishop Asbury calls it " an agreeable house and family, and the old man an Israelite indeed. One son, Richard, was a preacher, and many people were there." At this period and for twelve years afterwards the Methodist preachers refused to baptize or to administer tiie communion, and required the members of their classes to attend the Episcopal Church of the parish, there to receive the ordinances. They still considered themselves, and were generally held to be, members of the Episcopal Church, and were regarded simply as forming one of the parties within its fold. The visit of November, 1772, was the first that Bishop Asbury made in St. Thomas' parish, and he seems to have fallen into an ecclesiastical dispute with the stalwart Episcopalians of St. Thomas'. On the 24th of February, 1773, he writes, — " 3. Went to J. D's.,' where many people at- tended. My old opponent, Mr. E.,'' met me here, but he did not appear so forward as he had been." During the early part of 1773, Bishop Asbury had monthly appointments at Mr. Owings' house. He had a class there, and he relates that " several rich people" at- tended his ministrations. On the 17th of March, 1774, he was again in the parish, and says that he " visited Mr. Joseph Cromwell, a very stiff old church- man. But as his parson (Mr. Edmiston) disagreed with him on the subject of predestination, he was much displeased with him and willing to receive us. I preached at his house in the day and expounded at night." Mr. Cromwell lived six miles northwest of St. Thomas' church, his farm adjoining that of Samuel Worthington on the west. 1 Jolin Dougliaday, \v}io in 1765, '6G, * lonias*, and lived near tlie Beaver Dan 2 Mr. Edmiston, rector of St. TIiouuib'. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. About 1774 the Presbyterians and Baptists com- menced to hold regular services in the parish. The Presbyterian.s built a wooden chapel on the Liberty road, near Mr. Worlbington's, five or six miles west of St. Thomas' church. The Baptists built what was called the " Clapboard Meeting-house," about two miles north of Reisterstown, opposite the estate subse- quently occupied by J. Ducker. When this building was ruined by waste and time they erected another, two miles farther north, on the old Hanover road, near the residence of Mr. Hustcr, but it long since disap- peared. On Sept. 29, 1806, the vestry of St. Thomas' church agreed that the chapel of the parish, which subsequently became Holy Trinity church, "maybe opened and used by the clergy of the Baptist denomi- nation, provided they are men of good and upright character, and also provided that their times of service do not interfere with the appointments of the rector of this parish." In 1785 the Methodists built the edifice known as the Stone Chapel on land purchased from Dr. Lyon, near the Reisterstown road, a little above the ninth milestone, which is believed to have been the second church building constructed by this denomination in St. Thomas' parish. In 1791 they built a brick meet- ing-house in Reisterstown, which was rebuilt in 1836. Before the erection of the first meeting-house, in 1791, the Methodists of the town and its vicinity had been accustomed to worship in a log structure belonging to the Lutherans. In 1832 a frame church was erected by members of the Methodist denomination near the residence of Joshua Gill, two miles and a half north of St. Thomas', and in 1848 Ward's Methodist chapel was built, one mile east of the North Branch of the Patapsco, on the Liberty road. Early in the present century, in the year 1810, Jeremiah Ducker moved to Reisterstown from Mont- gomery County, Md., the place of his birth, and in the war of 1812 he commanded the company of militia which was raised in this district for Gen. Stansberry's brigade of the American army, serving at the battle of Bladensburg. Subsequently he was associated with the firm of Ducker & Reister, in Reisterstown, and < when that was dissolved he and his brother. Major ] Harry H. Ducker, became partners as merchants, the latter having previously been a member of the firm of Ducker & Howard, dry -goods merchants in Balti- more City. In 1843 the two brothers gave up busi- ness and Jeremiah retired to his farm. He married Julia Ann Fisher, born in Reisterstown in 1800, and he died in 1858, leaving a large estate. Major Ducker died in 1856. George Ephraim, son of Jeremiah Ducker, was born May 31, 1831, in Reisterstown, and was educated at the Franklin Academy. He was named as a compliment to Hon. Ephraim Gaither, a prominent citizen of Montgomery County, Md., and a warm friend of the Ducker family. In 1847 he entered the employ of Slingluff, Dovrios & Co., wholesale dry-goods menliaiUs in Hnlliniore City, and in 1864 he became a partner in the firm of William Devries & Co. A handsome competence was the fruit of Mr. Ducker's attention to business, and in 1873 he retired from active life to reside upon Anna his fine estate at Reisterstown. He n K., daughter of Maj. Jacob Sanders, of Gettysburg, Pa., where she was born on May 25, 1838. Their children are Julia and Harry T. The latter is en- gaged in the house of William Devries & Co., where his father preceded him by twenty-five years. Mr. Ducker is a Democrat in politics, but has never ac- cepted any of the jiroposals made to him to become a candidate for office. TJpperco Post-Office. — Upperco is om the Baltimore and Hanover Railroad, twenty-five miles from Balti- more. Its two churches are St. Paul's Lutheran and Emory Chapel, Methodist Episcopal. CHAPTER LI. FIl'TU DISTIUCT. 'fine l<'iflli District extends over a considerable area, but t.luTc are few towns within its bordei-s and the population is sparse. It embraces 47.26 square miles, and has 2241 inhabitants. The population in 1870 was 2014. It is bounded on the west by Carroll County, on the north by the Sixth District, on the SIXTH DISTRICT. 8(i9 east by the Seventh and Eighth Districts, and on the south by the Eighth and Fourth. The Baltimore and Hanover Railroad passes through the western side of the district, affording direct communication with Baltimore City and other important points. The Hanover turnpike, the Black Rock road, the Dover road, the Manchester road, and the Falls road are the principal highways of the district. Black Rock Run, Piney Run, Grave Run, and George's Run traverse the district in a generally southerly direction, and their water-power turns a number of saw-mills, paper-mills, and flour-mills, that cause this section of the county to rank high in an industrial point of view. Henry Millender's saw-mills on the Falls and the Gorsuch mills on Black Rock Run are prominent establish- ments, and the sa'me may be said of Jacob Beckley's paper-mills and those of Thomas E. Ensor, which produce large quantities annually. The district is heavily wooded, and sends a vast amount of timber to the Baltimore market. Iq some sections the land is fertile, and in others so barren as to be of little value for agricultural purposes. On the western side of the district are some very extensive and productive farms, owned and tilled by the descendants of the pioneer families, such as the Gorsuches, the Bensons, the Millers, the Armacosts, and the Fowbles. There are great quarries of limestone, which fully supply the demand for lime as a fertilizer throughout this and the adjoining districts. The district is very well supplied with churches and schools, and every facil- ity is offered for the education of the young. It is on the northwesterly continuation of the upland coun- try, and comprises very little flat land. Wheat, corn, rye, and oats are the cereal crops, but the wealth of the district is mainly to be found in its milling and lumber interests. SCHOOLS FOB 1881. -David A. Ebaugh, Trentun. -Betlie Price, Black Rock, -rrederick S. Mjerl.v, Mount Mm No. 5.— Charles E. Markland, Butler. No. li.— N. Frank Cofiell, Butler. No. 7.— George Vi. Ebaugh, Trenloli. No. 8.— Isaac Price, BeckleysviUe. No. 9.— Daniel Bbaugli, Grave Buu Mills. Trustees. School No. 1.— Abraham S. Cooper, Richard H. Gill, and John T. Martin. No. 2. — Josiah Mallonee, Johnzey Myers, and Howard Kemp. No. 3. — Andrew Jackson, Henry Peregoy, and Alfred Kemp. No. 4.^JoshuaL. Benson, Jacob Turnbaugh, and Frank Benson. No. 5.— Charles 0. Kemp, Thomas R. Cockey. and William Merryman. No. G. — John H. Milleniter, Elijah Benson, and John K. Harvey. No. 7. — Joshua Benson, Noah Wisner, and Joshua Tracey. No. 8.— Dr. John B. Norris, David Painter, and Samuel Fair. No. 9. — George H. Hare, Henry A. Burgoyne, and Jacob Resh. No. 10.— Erastus Thompson, William U. Tracy. Trenton. — This village is in the northwestern sec- tion of the district, and is on Piney Run, twenty-one miles distant from Baltimore City. The Baltimore and Hanover Railroad ])ass(-s through it. Its popula- tion is about 75. It has a public school, which was established iu 1845. Union Chapel, of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church, was founded in 1856, and Trenton Chapel, of the same church, in 1857. The Mount Zion church of the United Brethren was opened in 1857, and in later years a Lutheran church has been establislied in the village. It also has a lodge of the Independent Order of Mechanics. Beckleysville is the most important town in the district, having a population of 400. It is twenty-five miles from Baltimore, and six miles from Freeland's Station on the Northern Central Railway. Near here are the Beckley Paper-Mills, which were estab- lished by Jacob Beckley, whose enterprises have greatly conduced to increase the population and the industry of the surrounding neighborhood. Its churches are the Lutheran and the Methodist Epis- copal. Union Lodge, No. 50, of the Knights of Pythias, was instituted Feb. 17, 1870. Mount Carmel is twenty-three miles from Balti- more City, and six miles from Parkton Station on the Northern Central Railway, and has a population of 100. The Mount Carmel Protestant Episcopal church was dedicated Nov. 30, 1851, Rev. Dr. R. S. Vint(m officiating. Cedar Grove church of the United Breth- ren in Christ and the Old Meeting-house are within a mile from the village. Black Rock Post-Office is nearly about the geo- graphical centre of the district, and has a population of 150. There are two Baptist churches and one United Brethren church, and a public school. Near the village are the Bayview Grist and Saw-Mills. Zoucksville. — This village is near Black Rock Run, and takes its name from the Zouck family, who are large hmd-owners in the vicinity. The Evangel- ical Lutheran church at Zoucksville was dedicated on June 16, 1859. Grave Run Mills. — These mills are on Grave Run, twenty-six miles from Baltimore, and the village has 160 inhabitants. There are saw-mills, grist-mills, a fulling-mill, and a paper-mill on the run. The Grave Run Methodist Episcopal church and a public school are attached to the village. Butler Post-Office is at the southern extremity of the district, seventeen miles from Baltimore City. Black Rock Methodist Episcopal church is situated here, and not far distant are the mills of J. H. Mil- lendei"'. CHAPTER LII. SIXTH DISTRICT. The Sixth District forms the northwestern corner of the county, and has an area of 38.05 square miles, and a population of 2326. The population in 1870 was 2235. It is bounded on the north by the State of Pennsylvania, on the west by Carroll County, on the 870 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. south by tlie Fifth District, and on the east by the Seventh District. The Northern Central Railway crosses its northeastern edge, and there are excellent country roads following the lines of the valleys and crossing the ridges. The land is rugged and very hilly, but in the bottoms produces large crops. The streams are numerous, including Gunpowder Falls, the West Branch, George's Run, Grave Run, and Owl Branch. The district is very picturesque, and its natural beauties confer a high value upon the hill- sites for country homes. On the falls of the Gun- powder are located the largest paper-mills in the State. At the Paper Mills Post-Office William H. Hoffman has four mills constantly running. His grandfather established at this neighborhood the first mill in the Fourth District, purchasing the ground at one dollar and a half per acre. Wheat, corn, and oats are the leading farm products. The district compares favorably with any other in the matter of schools and churches. The Hoffmans, Marshalls, and Albans are among the historic families, whose pro- genitors were the first in settling and develojiing the district. SCHOOLS FOR 1881. Teachers. No. 1.— Georgi.i Eoystoii, Paper MiMs. No. 2.— John E. Balin, New Freedom, York Co., Pa. No. 3.— Z. C. Eba»gh, Eklo. No. 4.— Isaac Shaver, Eklo. No. 5.— George P. Morris, Kreehu.ds. No. 6.— Lulu M. Weeden, New Freedom, York Co., Pa. No. 7.— Charles E. Whiteford, Freehuids. No. 8.— W. K. Ziegler, New Freedom, York Co., Pa. School No. 1.— William J. Hoffman, William A. Alban, and William F. HoffDian. No. 2. — Jacob Hoshall, Thomas E. Knsor, and John Cooper, Sr. No. 3.— Rc.iirn IJ Wi„ -li-.u, I.—,- rvnlcy, ,ind Valentine Cross. No.4.-.la ^ - -I L !. I' - "I' : :nid Edward Kelly. No.5.— lii I >i ■ >l > • \ .1 -li.iver, and James L. Gemniill. No. 6.— Ci Of J. .\|iih I «,, .1 J, \> o>M IIS, ill, d James H, McCuUongh. No. 7.— Lutljiii Williams, Kb s. H 1, iiml Joseph Shaul. No. 8.— Henry S. Baker, George Walker, and Christian Dickmeyer. Middletown is the principal town of the district, having a population of 49, but its geographical posi- tion is of more importance than the number of its inhabitants. It is twenty-seven miles from Baltimore City, and three miles from Bentley's Springs, the nearest station on the Northern Central Railway. On April 16, 1859, the corner-stone of the Lutheran church was laid. Rev. Dr. Kurtz, of Baltimore, preach- ing the sermon. On September 30th the corner-stone of the hall of Middletown Lodge, No. 92, 1. O. O. F., ■which was chartered March 1, 1855, was laid. Twenty- five hundred persons witnessed the ceremonies, which were conducted by Wm. R. Creery, Deputy Grand Master of the order in Maryland, in the absence of Grand Master Joshua Vansant. He was assisted by Joseph Thompson, Grand Warden ; John Hahn, Jr., Grand Secretary ; T. H. Dennison, Grand Marshal; and Messrs. Lewis Vogle, William H. Ruby, J. E. Mc- Cahan, and Arthur R. MiClelhm. There were nearlv five hundred Odd-Fellows present, including five lodges of that order, besides one of the Knights of Pythias. The lodges were Mount Vernon, of Pennsyl- vania, and the following of Baltimore County : Pros- pect, of PhoBnix; Hereford, of Hereford; Willet Belt Encampment, of Herelbrd; Middletown, of Mid- dletown; and Union Lodge, Knights of Pythias, of Beckleysville. The hall is a brick building, twenty- eight by fifty-five feet, and two stories high. The Union meeting-house is adjacent to Middle- town, and has two churches and one public school. Summit Grange, No. 164, of the Patrons of Hus- bandry, is located here. Near by is the Gunpowder Baptist church, which was established in 1806. Its successive pastors have been Thomas Leaman, H. J. Chandler, T. W. Hayes, E. R. Heri, H. E. Paull, J. M. Lyons, and C. L. Amy. Bentley's Springs. — This popular summer resort is on the eastern edge of the district, and is twenty- five miles from Baltimore City by the Northern Cen- tral Railway. It is owned by C. W. Bentley, of Baltimore, and has an elevation of six hundred feet above tide-water. The water is highly medicinal, that of the principal springs closely resembling the water of the Lebanon Springs of New York. Some years ago a hotel was erected, with handsomely im- proved grounds, but it was burned down on Nov. 7, 1868, causing a loss of forty thousand dollars. Rich- ard Shave, the lessee, had just vacated it for the season, and the buildings, which consisted of one large frame structure and a number of cottages, were untenanted. Mr. Bentley has leased to a company the site for the erection of a new hotel. In the vicinity are several paper-mills, whose product is shipped and materials received at Bentley's Station. To the west, at the foot of the hill, is "Sunnyside," the residence of Mr. Bentley. Grace Methodist Episcopal church and the parsonage of Bentley Springs circuit are near the station. The corner-.stone of the church was laid on Oct. 3, 1875, with Masonic honors, by Bentley Springs Lodge, No. 138, A. F. & A. M. Stephen C. Bush, Grand Marshal of the Grand Lodge, and Grand Inspector for Baltimore County, officiated. Rev. D. H. Carroll preaching the sermon. The church is thirty by forty-six feet, and is built of stone, with marble trimmings. Paper-Mills.— Paper-Mills Post-Oflice and the vil- lage of Rockdale are on the Baltimore and Hanover Railroad and the West Branch of Gunpowder Falls, twenty-five miles distant from the city. Here are lo- cated the Clipper, the Gunpowder, and the Rockdale Paper-Mills, all of which are owned by W. H. Hoff- man & Sons, who give employment for nearly the whole population, amounting to about two hundred persons. The churches are Mount Tabor Methodist Episcopal, St. Peter's Lutheran, and one of the United Brethren. There is one public school, and Spring Grange, No. 153, of the Patrons of Husbandry, of wliich J. O. Scaver is Master. ^J-<,^,..t^ , ^y^. ^::x:/7r7-z-^'^ /e^ g^^^^-^- ^ of Harford County, Md., and their son, James A. Standiford, was born Feb. 28, 1804. He was educated j at St. James' Academy and in the best schools of Baltimore City. He was for fifteen years a teacher in i the schools of Baltimore and Harford Counties and Pennsylvania, becoming celebrated for his success as an instructor of youth. He was married during Christmas week of 183() to Sarah A., daughter of Joshua and Susannah Frederick Low, of York County, Pa., who was born in Baltimore County, Feb. 22, 1819. Their living children are Adolphus M., married to Miss Mackey, daughter of Richard Mackey, of Baltimore County ; Molly Jane, married to Dr. Matthew H. Barton, of New Market, Md. ; j Rosa, and Irving. Daniel, James, Thomas, Sarah, ■ Emma, and Hannah are deceased. After his mar- riage Mr. Standiford began farming, and brought his estate up to the highest staiulard of agriculture. When but twenty-one years of age he was appointed a magistrate, and held the office for over twentj' years. Up to 1861 he was attached to the Democratic party, but he then became a Unionist and Republi- can, and in 1863 he was elected to the bench of the Orphans' Court for Baltimore County, remaining upon it for four years. Towards the completion of the Northern Central Railway he was for a few months engaged as a constructing engineer. He died Aug. 1, 1873, at his residence in New Market, bequeathing to his family a valuable estate, consist- ing of a fine farm near the village and various lots and houses in and about it. In his life Judge Standi- ford built for himself a monument of good deeds and integrity. As citizen, as magistrate, and as a judge he was honored throughout the county, and when he died the newspapers of all political parties spoke of the purity of his record. His official decisions always showed a correct knowledge of law, and his fellow- citizens frequently sought his advice on the conduct of their most delicate affairs. Hereford. — The village of Hereford is between the Northern Central Railway and the York turnpike, twenty-one miles distant from Baltimore. It has 300 inhabitants, and is the centre of a wealthy agricul- tural and grazing region, embracing numerous stock- farms. Hereford Lodge, No. 89, I. O. O. F., was chartered Feb. 9, 1855, and on May 31, 1856, its handsome hall was dedicated by Grand Master G. W. Mowbray, as- sisted by the officers of the Grand Lodge of Maryland. Besides Hereford Lodge, there were in the procession Ridgely Encampment, No. 15, and Towson Lodge, No. 79, from Towsontown, Cockeysville Lodge, No. 80, Middletown Lodge, No. 92, and Mount Vernon Lodge, No. 143, of Shrewsbury, Pa. Rev. A. S. Pig- gott delivered an address, and the ladies of Hereford presented the lodge with a valuable chandelier. Willett Bell Encampment, No. 22, I. O. O. F., and Amicitia Lodge, No. 44, Knights of Pythias, which was instituted Oct. 22, 1869, are the other societies. The Baptist Church was founded in 1840 ; its pas- tors, in succession, were Revs. H. J. Chandler, George F. Adams, A. Baush, T. W. Haynes, E. R. Hera, John Kingdon, M. P. Austen, J. W. Jones, Isaac Cole, and E. B. Waltz. There is a Methodist Episcopal Church, of which Rev. E. Richardson is minister. Wiseburg is a town on the Northern Central Rail- way, twenty-three and a half miles from Baltimore, and near the Big and the Little Falls of the Gun- powder. The population is about 50. There is a Methodist Episcopal church, the corner-stone of which was laid in May, 1871. The church was dedi- cated on Nov. 19, 1871, under the charge of Rev. Mr. Chapman. The preachers of the circuit were Rev. Messrs. Cleaver and Rudisell. In 1847 the citizen? erected a school-house by pri- vate subscriptions, and in 1874 they sold it to the school commissioners for public school purposes. SEVENTH DISTRICT. 875 The village of Wiseburg was established by John Wise, an emigrant from Germany, who came to this country about the time of the Revolutionary war. His son John married Ann Hunter, 1)V whom he had nine children. The second of these was William Wise, born Feb. 8, 1826. His education was received in the schools of the neighborhood. He was married April 12, 1855, to Miranda, daughter of Cliarles and Sarah Hicks. Their living children are Annie, Charles H., and Lavinia M. The father of William Wise gave the right of way for the railroad station at White Hall, and in the year 1832 had a grist and paper-mill. On the same site William Wise erected his paper-mill in 1865. It uses both water and steam- power, and turns out daily about a ton of wrapping- paper, for which a ready market is found near Balti- more. Mr. Wise's family are members of the Wise- burg Methodist Episcopal Church, to which he is a liberal contributor. He is a thorough and successful business man, and a public-spirited citizen who en- joys the confidence of the community. Stablersville.— This village is situated on the road leading from the York turnpike to the old York road, twenty-nine miles from Baltimore, and three miles from Parkton. The population is 100. The corner- stone of the Methodist Episcopal church was laid in 1820, and it was dedicated in 1822. Rev. E. Buhrman is pastor; a public school was erected in 1852. Mount Vernon is on the First Mine Run, a mile distant from White Hall Post-Office. It has a Metho- dist Episcopal and a Baptist church and a school. Mount Carmel.— This is a village of 100 inhabi- tants, about six miles from Parkton. On Nov. 30, 1851, Mount Carmel Episcopal church was dedicated by Rev. R. .S. Vinton. The Christiana Tragedy.— Connected with the history of the Seventh District and that of the Gor- such family is the Christiana tragedy. In the year 1848 two negro slaves named Nelson and Josh fled from Edward Gorsuch and took refuge near the little town of Christiana, Lancaster Co., Pa., and in Sep- tember, 1851, he and his son Dickinson, his nephew, Dr. Thomas G. Pearce, his nephew, Joshua Gorsuch, and Nathan Nelson and Nicholas Hutchinsset out to reclaim the fugitives. At Philadelphia they obtained the warrants and other legal papers, and were accom- panied from there by Deputy United States Marshal Henry H. Kline. On Thursday, Sept. 11, 1851, they found the fugitives at a house near Christiana, which was also occupied by a large number of other negroes. Mr. Gorsuch recognized his slaves, and called to them that if they would return with him they should be forgiven and well treated. Their companions incited them to resistance, and when the deputy marshal read the warrants and declared that he would execute the law even if it led to the spilling of blood, they set up a shout of defiance. An axe was thrown and a gun fired at Edward Gorsuch, when the marshal and his , aides discharged their pistols into the windows of j the house, and in this way a desultory skirmish was kept up for some time. A stone thrown from the window wounded Dr. Pearce in the head. Two white men, one of whom was said to be a Quaker, made their appearance in the lane in front of the house and were summoned by Marshal Kline to assist in the ar- rests, which they refused to do, warning him and his friends that they had better go home or trouble would occur. Negroes, most of them armed, arrived in squads from all directions, and Marshal Kline with his two assistants retired from the field. The three Messrs. Gorsuch and Dr. Pearce were still guarding the house to prevent the negroes from escaping, when the supposed Quaker said something to the crowd out- side, and a rush was made for them. Edward Gorsuch was knocked down and shot to death in the lane. Dickinson Gorsuch was endeavoring to cover the body of his father, but the revolver was knocked from his hand and seventy large shot were poured into his body. He staggered a hundred yards off into the edge of a wood, where some of the crowd followed and would have shot him again but for an old negro, who threw himself upon him and persuaded the others to desist. Some residents of the neighborhood came upon the scene and carried him to the house of Levi Pownall, where he was tended until his recovery. Dr. Pearce and Joshua Gorsuch took flight in another direction. The latter was overtaken by the negroes and badly beaten, but in the evening he escaped to the town of York. Dr. Pearce was concealed in the house of two ladies near by, and so escaped injury. This affair, coming at a time when the anti-slavery agitation was growing towards its culmination, created IllSTOlir OF BALTIMORE CUT AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. intense excitement. Castner Hanway was brought to trial for the murder of Mr. Gorsucii before Judge (U'wr, of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and his acquittal added fuel to the flames. Governor Lowe, of Maryland, sent Hon. John Nelson, attorney-general of Maryland, and employed Hon. James Cooper T^nitcd States senator from Pennsylvania, to assist in the prosecution, and in his next message to the Leg- islature he spoke of the trial as " a farce which only added new insult to old injury." He, however, held the jury blameless for the acquittal of Hanway, be- cause the charge of the court prohibited a conviction. On September 13th and 15th meetings of citizens of Baltimore County were held to take action in the l)reniises. Wm. H. Freeman, John Wethered, Sam- uel Worthington, Wm. Matthews, Wm. Taggart, John B. Pearce, Samuel H. Taggart, Wm. Fell Johnson, Wm. H. Hoffman, Edward S. Myers, John Merry- man, and Henry Carroll were appointed a committee to collect all the fiicts in the case and transmit them to Governor Lowe, in order that he might lay them before the President of the United States. Another committee, consisting of John B. Holmes, Levi K. Bowen, Dr. Nicholas Hutcbins, J. M. McComas, and E. Parsons, was appointed to confer with the gentle- men who had accompanied Mr. Gorsuch into Penn- sylvania. The meeting at Slader's tavern, on Septem- ber 15th, passed resolutions calling upon the people of each district of the county to elect delegates to meet at Cockeysville on October 4tli for the purpose of forming a county association, and recommending the formation of district associations " for the protec- tion of the people in their slave and other property." An indignation meeting of six thousand persons was held at Monument Square, Baltimore City, on Septem- ber 15th, at which the Hon. John H. T. Jerome pre- sided, and addresses were made by Z. Collins Lee, Coleman Yellott, Francis Gallagher, Samuel H. Tag- gart, and Col. George W. Hughes. Among the prominent men of this neighborhood was the late Albert M. Brown, who was born Sept. 6, 1825. His father. Garret, was a merchant in the city. Albert was a graduate of Princeton College, in New Jersey, in 1'845. He commenced the study of law soon after in the office of Messrs. Brown & Brune, of Baltimore, subsequently being associated with them in its practice until 1862; the next ten years he practiced elsewhere in the city, and in 1862 re- moved to the Eleventh District of Baltimore County, where be became interested in farming. He held various offices in the county, — school commissioner, magistrate, and judge of the Orphans' Court. He married the youngest daughter of Robert Howard, late of Baltimore City, and left six children (three sons and three daughters), living in the county or city. He was a man much esteemed, and a member of the Presbyterian Church. He died Oct. 28, 1880, and was buried in the family lot at Greenmount Cemetery, Baltimore. CHAPTER LIV. This is the third laj-gest district of the county, having an area of 62.86 square miles, and a popula- tion of 6000 souls, and in regard to wealth and re- sources falls below only the Ninth and Third Districts. The population in 1870 was 7059. It is the central district of the county, and is bounded on the north by the Fifth and Seventh Districts, on the east by the Ninth and Tenth, on the south by the Ninth and Third, and on the west by the Fourth and Fifth. The Northern Central Railway enters it at Lutherville, and passes through it or along its eastern border for a distance of eleven miles. The York turnpike, the Western Run turnpike, the Dulany's Valley turn- pike, the Falls road, and other roads thread the dis- trict in every direction. Gunpowder Falls, Western Run. and Piney Run are the principal streams. The surface of the country is only moderately hilly. While this district has more than the average propor- tion of good lands, its great mineral resources consti- tute the main feature of its wealth, and have been industriously developed. A deep and wide vein of the finest quality of iron ore runs north and south through the district. From this the Ashland Iron- Works are largely supplied for their product of six hundred tons of manufactured iron per week. The Oregon beds have been worked continually for thirty- three years, and those in the neighborhood of Timo- nium and Lutherville nearly as long. A superior grade of marble is found in immense quantities near Cockeysville and Texas. The Beaver Dam quarries, half a mile west of Cockeysville, furnished the huge monolithic columns for the Capitol at Washington, and it was necessary to build a railroad connection to the quarries, as the stones could not be moved by any other means. The marble for the magnificent City Hall at Baltimore came from these quarries, as also has the material for scores of fine public build- ' ings and thousands'of stately private residences. In various localities throughout the district are large • bodies of limestone. In the vicinity of Texas the railroad passes for nearly a mile between walls and over a bed of the best alum limestone. At this point a very extensive busine.ss in lime for building and fertilizing is done. The Warren Cotton- Mills are among the oldest in the State, and there are numerous paper-factories and grist and saw-mills. Churches and private and public schools are met with in every locality, and the elegance of many of the edifices bears witness to the taste and prosperity of the people. The towns and villages arc Lutherville, Cockeys- ville, Ashland, Warren, Philopolis, Priceville, Belfast, Piney Hill, Mantua, Gentsville, Oregon, Shawan, and Butler. The district is very healthful, and a few years ago there were residing uiion adjoining properties C/3 Z c-ui;;regHtion uutil luB life's end. At his death he luuvii il i[i i1 inmi for the preservation of the cinirch property ami I in i \\ards the uiaintenauce of worship in this parish. A' n i m ; Ki^ wife, Eleanor Addison Bosley, aged Quite a number of former residents of this section are buried in the Sherwood churchyard. Among them are Joseph Parks, born Feb. 16, 1801, died April 4, 1873; Elisha Parks, born Feb. 19, 1790, died Aug. 20, 1874; Ira A. Easter, pastor of Sherwood, died Jan. 10, 1840 ; Catherine Campbell, died March 31, 1853, aged seventy-six ; Ainon Bosley, born February, 1779, and Rebecca, his wife, born Jan. 14, 1779, died Sept. 23, 1853 ; and Rebecca Anderson, died Sept. 1, 1841, aged sixty. Between thirty-five and forty years ago the zeal of the Sherwood congregation in the missionary cause attracted visits from many distinguished clergy l)rominent in evangelization. Rev. Dr. N. S. Harris, secretary of the Board of Missions, Rev. Dr. J. J. Robertson, one of the earliest of foreign missionaries, and Right Rev. Bishop Jackson Kemper were among these visitors to the new rectory. During the year 1877, at the suggestion of the Rev. A. T. Pindell, the pew .system was abandoned and Sherwood was made a free church. lion. John Merryman is now the church registrar and a member of the vestry. He has been, it is said, a delegate to the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church more frequently than any other person now living. The first vestry of the church were Col. Nicholas Merryman Bosley, Nicholas R. Merryman, Thomas Love, John H. Brice, Samuel Worthington, William Jessop, Dr. John S. Buck, Joshua F. C. Cockey, and Jacob Harman. The present vestry are John Merryman, Albert T. Love, B. McLean Har- desty, George Jessop, Evans Duvall, John Crowther, Jr., Victor Buckley, and Judge J. F. Cockey. The corner-stone for a new front of the church was laid Aug. 27, 1880, by Rev. Dr. Arthur Rich. The marble was donated by Hugh Sisson, and the cost of the im- provement was five thousand five hundred dollars. Peter Mowell was born on his father's estate, .near Little Washington, Washington Co., Pa., Sept. 22, 1806. His father was Peter Mowell, and his mother Anna Catherine Helvina, both born in the neighbor- hood, and descended from German ancestors who came to Washington County early in the eighteenth century and became large land-owners. The subject of this sketch removed to Baltimore at a very early age, and began life as an iron manufacturer. In cast- ing about for an occupation he was struck with the magnificent possibilities of the iron business of the city and State, and with a prescience akin to inspira- tion determined to fit himself for the manufacture of the immense bodies of ore which the hills in the vicinity of the city disclosed. He began his career at Ellicott's furnaces, near Ellicott's Mills, and worked steadily and faithfully at his occupation. He grad- ually ro.se to the position of manager, and was subse- quently placed in charge of Ellicott's furnaces at Locust Point. About the year 1840, Mr. Mowell became one of the proprietors of the Cedar Point furnaces, established at Canton by Israel Munson, of New York. The entire ownership of these works passed into his possession shortly afterwards, and the enterprise was conducted by him with great success for more than twenty years. The furnaces prepared annually immense quantities of bloom and pig iron, and gave large returns for the capital, skill, and en- terprise of the proprietor. Mr. Mowell's fortune increased rapidly without apparent eftbrt on his part. He was a man of strict integrity, great energy, and excellent judgment, and devoted to business, believing always that the severest punishment was to be de- prived of employment; but he did not seem to pos- sess that insatiable desire for gain which dominates so many men of large fortunes. He soon became a marked man in the bu.-.iness circles of Baltimore City, and was much sought after for his sound common sense. He was made a director in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the Northern Central Railroad, the HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Chesapeake Bank, and the Peabody Fire Insurance Company, of which latter corporation he was one of the founders. Mr. Mowell was married to Elizabeth F. Abey, of Baltimore, March 12, 1826. She was the daughter of Jacob Abey and Sarah Shepherd, one of the Shepherds of Lower Maryland, whose ancestors figured conspicuously in Revolutionary annals. By her he had ten children, three of whom survived him, viz.: Joseph W. Mowell, of Glencoe; the wife of Dr. John W. Hawkins, of " Montview," Baltimore Co. ; and Ella V. Davis, of " EUenham," Baltimore Co., the last of whom has since died. The family of Mr. Mowell were Presbyterians, but late in life he con- nected himself with the Universalist Church. He purchased a handsome estate, "Glencoe," in Baltimore County, where the latter years of his life were spent, and until his death he owned a pew in the old Manor Episcopal church. In politics Mr. Mowell was an uncompromising Democrat. He was frequently solicited by his friends to accept office, and on more than one occasion was offered the mayoralty nomination by the Democratic party, but he was naturally of a quiet and retiring disposition, and invariably declined all proffers of public office. When the war broke out between the North and South his sympathies were extended to the latter, and he never became entirely reconciled to the altered condition of his own State and the rest of ' the South after the triumph of the Union armies. He was a man of vigorous intellect, and his criticisms of his political opponents were not lacking in strength or severity. But it was as the quiet, amiable compan- I ion that he was best known among his acquaintances. \ He loved to gather about him a few intimate friends ' and pass away hours in the freedom of social inter- course, but his whole nature was averse to ostentation or extravagance. Many of the charitable institutions of the city of Baltimore were materially aided by him, and his private charities, intelligently disbursed, greatly endeared him to the needy and deserving. His business career was extraordinary in that he met with [ but one serious loss during his life. Mr. Mowell died at his country-seat, "Glencoe," in Baltimore County, Nov. 7, 1869, in the sixty-fourth year of his age, his wife having died Sept. 10, 1854. Edgewood Chapel (colored), of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, was opened in 1869, with Rev. Galing White as the minister in charge. Those succeeding him have been Revs. Samuel Aquilla, Csborn Car- roll, J. Henry Valentine, George F. Wright, Richard Meredith, Washington Murray, J. L. Evans, Solomon Evans, and Alfred Young. During the war Cockeysville was quite noted as the first place where the Federal troops on their way to Washington stopped to await the repairing of the rail- road bridges which Ikiu Imcii liurncd to prevent their passagesouthafter tlhTM Ml- ni A|.iil 19, 1861. In the following June, Gcor-e W ..iiIum'jIimi, Harrison Scott, anil Alfred M.atthews were tirrosfed by order of Col. Campbell, of the Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment, and imprisoned at York on the charge of assisting to burn the bridges, but they were unconditionally re- leased by order of the Secretary of War. About the same time Charles R. Cole was arrested for using se- ditious language, but was released after a few hours of confinement. A curious incident of the war occurred in Septem- ber, 1862. Gen. Wool, then commanding the military department, had received information that there was to be a gathering favorable to the Confederate cause at the house of John White, about a mile above Cockeysville. He sent Marshal Van Nostrand with a squad of the Baltimore police to the place at mid- night of September 1st. They surrounded the house with pickets, aft'er which they marched in, and found that there was nothing more treasonable going on than a sociable party of ladies and gentlemen. The mar- shal, however, arrested James H. Buchanan, Samuel W. Worthington, Dr. E. R. Tydings, Dr. J. Davis Thompson, Duncan B. Cannon, H. P. Hayward, Richard Grason, J. T. Albert, H. Scott, Charles M. McLane, W. R. Penniman, John J. White, T. L. Worthington, T. T. Tunstall, John Merryman, and Alfred Matthews. They were hurried to Baltimore and arraigned before Gen. Wool, who accepted their assurance that the party was no political assemblage, and dismissed them to their homes. Phoenix Station, on the Northern Central Rail- way, fifteen miles from Baltimore, is the seat of an extensive cotton-factory, which employs one hundred hands. The first mills were built here by Thomas H. Fulton in 1847, who already owned the Washington Factory, at what is now called Mount Washington. He died .Ian. 12, 1851, and afterwards the factory had various owners until it was bought, on Sept. 1, 1875, for ninety-seven thousand dollars, by Robert Garrett & Sons and Joseph W. Jenkins. In 1881 the new purchasers placed the mills in operation after they had been silent for five years, and they employ over two hundred hands in the manufacture of sheetings and twills. Prospect Lodge, No. 110, I. O. O. F., was instituted in February, 1867, with Daniel Price, Henry D. Mor- ris, George W. Price, Henry Gosling, T. T. Griffy, and William Burns among its charter-members. Phoenix Methodist Protestant Church was organ- ized in 1863, and its pastors have been Rev. Mr. Mel- vern and Rev. Daniel Ironstine. Thomas Talbot Gorsuch was born in Baltimore County, Md., towards the close of the year 1801. Family tradition among the Maryland Gorsuches relates that their ancestors were four brothers who emigrated from England in the early days of the colony, and that two of the brothers settled on the Eastern and two on the Western Shore; but the records have been lost, and the line can reliably be traced back only to Thomas Gorsuch, who was born in 1714, and died in 1774. His wife was Jane Ensor, 4 (11 ^^^(-oo^ EIGHTH DISTRICT. and their sons were Thomas, John, and Lovelace. John, who married Elizabeth Merryman, resided on the property still known as the " Homestead," on the Belair road, and his sons were Robert, Joshua, Nich- olas, John M., and Dickinson. In the first quarter of this century Robert rose to some local prominence in Baltimore in connection with the city government. Joshua followed the sea, but having met with some reverses growing out of the last war with England, he gave utterance to a hasty resolution never again to sail forth from the Capes of the Chesapeake, and to keep it he abandoned the calling of his life and entered into commercial relations. He was a man rigidly exacting as regarded himself and equally so towards others, — a man of peculiar character and tem- perament, odd and eccentric. His honesty and blunt frankness were proverbial. He lived to a good old age, and left a numerous progeny. The close of his life was spent on the well-known property situated at the nineteenth milestone on the Baltimore and York turnpike. John M. Gorsuch and his brother Dickin- •son inherited a tract of seven hundred acres of land in what was then called " The Forest," on the York turnpike, and thither the former fled from Patapsco Neck on the approach of the British in 1814. Gen. Ross occupied the deserted premises as his headquar- ters, and a faithful negro slave, whose kindness had won upon the invader, succeeded in saving them from the flames. Dickinson Gorsuch married Mary Tal- bot, and spent his life on the Forest farm. He pos- sessed considerable mechanical ingenuity, and built a grist-mill, fashioning the burrs from the rocks of the adjacent hills. He also built a huge tavern, arched underground, after the style of the castles and monas- teries of the Middle Ages. In this structure, of which he was architect, master-builder, and laboring me- chanic, he sunk what for the times was a little for- tune. His sons were Edward, Thomas Talbot, and Dick- inson, the latter of whom died a bachelor. Edward possessed a sterling character. He was more a man of deeds than of words, always prepared to act up to his convictions with dauntless courage. He seemed born to lead and command. His life, after having been one of no ordinary usefulness, came to a sad and untimely end in the riot at Christiana, Lancaster Co., Pa., in 1851. Thomas Talbot, at the age of six- teen, entered into commercial life with his uncle in the city of Baltimore, but soon gave it up and weut to Asbury College with a view of ultimately qualify- ing himself for the legal profession. He read law for a short time in the office of the late Gen. Benjamin C. Howard, and his brilliant mind and habit of dili- gent application gave promise that he would rise to a lofty celebrity as a jurist, but a disease of the eyes that refused to yield to medical treatment forced him to surrender these bright prospects. After a pro- tracted period of suffering, partial relief enabled iiim to return to the life of the farm, to which he soon be- came most devotedly attached. While daily engaged in the practical work of a farmer, he studied agri- culture as a science, and became versed in all that its professors had contributed to it. His versatility was remarkable, and there seemed to be no subject of modern thought or experience of which he was not more or less a master. He aided in the formation of the Gunpowder Farmers' Club, engaging enthusiasti- cally in the friendly rivalry which its various premi- ums for the best yields of grain evoked. He was twice successful, producing of corn in one case as much as twenty-seven and a half barrels to one acre, which is believed to be the best authenticated yield in the State of Maryland. In his seventy-eighth year, after a lingering illness, he died of a pulmonary complaint which had long afflicted him. His hand was ever open to the poor, and he lived and died a trusting Christian. Warren is a manufacturing village of 678 popula- tion, on the Falls of the Gunpowder, fifteen miles distant from Baltimore, and a mile from the railroad j station at Phanix. Though the stream for ten miles of its course is known as Gunpowder Falls, the true falls of the Gunpowder River are just below Warren, i where the stream, which has its head- waters on the I other side of the Pennsylvania line, pours through romantic and rocky ravines in a succession of rapids and cascades. The rugged charm of these picturesque glens has made them a favorite subject with artists. The Warren Cotton-Factory was established prior to 18.30, and in the spring of that year the buildings, containing valuable machinery for printing and stamping, were burned down. The property and the I two hundred and twenty-three acres of land attached ' to it were valued at four hundred thousand dollars. The disaster, together with the financial depression which had rendered unprofitable the manufacture of cotton goods in the United States, caused the opera- tions of the factory to be temporarily discontinued. On Oct. 2, 1830, four-fifths of the factory and grounds ; were sold under a decree of the Baltimore County Court, Columbus O'Donnell becoming the purchaser. In July, 1864, the property was sold by the executors of the estate of the late John Sharpley for forty thousand dollars to Messrs. Morris and Baldwin, a Baltimore firm, who continue to operate the factory. The property conveyed embraced two hundred acres of land, the mill, one hundred and twenty by fifty- four feet, and machinery, a large grist-mill, saw-mill, manager's house and sixty-four dwellings, mostly of stone. The water-power is derived from a fall of eleven feet. This small village was the place where one of Bal- timore's distinguished merchants began his career as a manufacturer and laid the foundation of a successful life. The factory from a very early period always ! occupied a very prominent position among the man- ufacturing interests of the State. At one time in its eventful history it was owned and operated by Messrs. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Smith & Buchanan, one of Baltimore's conspicuous mercantile firms, who selected as its manager Charles A. Gamhrill, then a successful business man, residing in Frederick. Mr. Gambrill was born in February, 1806, on a farm on the Severn River, in Anne Arun- del County, where his early training was such as to fit him for a successful life. He developed a taste for mercantile business, and when only fifteen years old was sent to Frederick, Md., where he entered a store as clerk. He applied himself diligently to busi- ness, and by honorable conduct obtained a high repu- tation in the community. Soon after his arrival in Frederick he began bu.sincss on his own account, and marrying a daughter of Judge Augustus Shriver, one of the early settlers of the town, he became very suc- cessful. About this time, at the earnest solicitation of Messrs. Smith & Buchanan, he was induced to take charge of Warren Factory. During his residence at Warren his accomplished wife died, and he soon thereafter returned to Frederick. In 1836 he married a daughter of Col. George M. Eichelberger, of Frederick, and came to Baltimore to engage in the commission business. His repu- tation in Western Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia for honesty and industry secured for him an extensive correspondence among the farmers and millers of this section, and he rapidly rose to be one of the most prominent commission mer- chants of Baltimore. In 1844 he entered into part- nership with Charles Carroll, grandson of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and the owner of the Patapsco Flour-Mills, which gave him exclusive control of this famous brand of flour. This partnership continued until the death of Mr. Carroll in 1863, when Mr. Gambrill rented the mills and ran them upon his own account. The Patapsco Mills were owned by the es- tate of Mr. Carroll until the flood of 1868, when they were purchased by Mr. Gambrill and his nephews, Eichard G. and Patrick McGill. Upon the death of Mr. Gambrill, on Feb. 20, 1869, the property came into the hands of Messrs. Richard G. and Patrick McGill, the present owners, and is now operated under the firm-name of C. A. Gambrill & Co. In 1860, Mr. Gambrill purchased the Orange Grove Mill, now owned by the Messrs. McGill and Albert Gambrill, his son, which is also operated by C. A. Gambrill & Co. As soon as the Patapsco mill property came into the possession of Mr. Gambrill it was entirely rebuilt and improved, and to-day it is one of the most com- plete flouring establishments in the world. In 1873 steam was introduced and other improvements made, which increased the capacity of production to over two hundred thousand barrels of the finest grades of flour per annum. The Patapsco brand is a necessary household article in Baltimore, and is favorably known throughout the country. Large quantities are also sold for shipment to South America, Europe, and the West Indies. Mr. Gambrill's influence and judgment were highly appreciated and often sought in important matters; public honors he could have had, but he would never assume representative positions, except in financial and commercial institutions. He was a director in the Farmers' and Planters' Bank and the Corn and Flour Exchange, of which he was one of the incor- porators. As a business man, in many respects he was a model. The goal of his ambition was success, but he would succeed only on the basis of truth and honor. He scorned deceit and duplicity, and would not palliate false representations, either in his own employ or among his customers or correspondents. No amount of gain could allure him from the un- deviating line of rectitude. Justice and equity he regarded as the corner-stone of the temple of trade, without which it could not stand. He was also a man of genial disposition and kind heart. It was a pleas- ure for him to make others happy, and especially to bestow charity upon the needy and deserving. His home in Baltimore, which formerly stood on the site of the pre.ient Mount Vernon Methodist Episcopal church, was invested with attractions which made it a delightful abode and place of visitation. He left his commercial house an honorable reputation, which it still enjoys to the fullest extent. The Poplars meeting-house, the Warren Methodist Episcopal church, a Protestant Episcopal church, and a Baptist church are all within a radius of a mile from the mills. The Methodist Episcoj)al church was dedicated by Rev. Henry Slicer on Sept. 23, 1866. In April, 1861, the" Warren Riflemen," numbering over one hundred men, tendered their services to Gov- ernor Hicks to fill up Maryland's quota in the Federal army. Texas. — This is the name of a station and village twelve miles from Baltimore, on the Northern Central Railway. Its population is 649, and its leading in- dustry is the burning of lime from limestone, of which there are immense quarries near at hand. In July, 1881, the quarries were sold to the Ashland Iron Company. The place is also known as Ellengowan Post-Ofiice. Close to it is the county almshouse. St. Joseph's Catholic church was consecrated Oct. 31, 1852, by the Very Rev. H. B. Coskery, of the Baltimore cathedral. Rev. John Early, S. J., presi- dent of Loyola College, Baltimore, preached the ser- mon. The pastor was the Rev. Philip O'Reilly, who first labored at Texas as a missionary preacher, and mainly through whose efforts the church was erected. The building is of cut-stone, with dimensions of forty by sixty feet. It stands upon a lot which was the gift of John Clark. The consecration was attended by St. Vincent de Paul's and St. Patrick's Beneficial Societies from Baltimore City and a numerous gath- ering of church-people. The corner-stone of Hunt's Methodist Episcopal church was laid on Oct. 21, 1874, with religious and Masonic < #l..i I l,ii.,i>:i.!.,i, l.nuis Bonsall. -\V. J. Shauklin, Elij.ih Stansbury, and August Miller. -W. S. Keech, Win. H. Ruhy, and Thoni.is 0. Bniff {committee). Jackins, Jacob Baughman, and Wm. J. Johnson. , Wright, M. B. Rutnc-r, and Wm. B. Sands. NINTH DISTRICT. No. 10.— Bev. J. F. Hoff, Edward Rider, and Lewis J. liolicrla. No. 11.— George A. Smith, Clmrli'S Francis, and George liaj lie. No. 12.— .\iipist Hoeu, Charles HKUiiltoii, and Josepli A. Bolgl mo (com- mittee). No. lU,- Rev. F. P. Duggnn, James Tiiinen, and Peter Fitzgerald. Northern Suburbs. — The growth of the northern suburbs of the city in this district is one of the won- derful result.s of busine.ss enterprise and sagacity. About 1850, Henry Shirk purchased fifty acres of land, lying between Charles Street Avenue and Jones' Falls, and extending northward to the old Agricul- tural Fair Grounds. He paid three hundred and sixty dollars an acre for the land, and the majority of people thought that he might as well have thrown his money away. There was then no way of reach- ing that section except by fording .Tones' Falls or making a long circuit around by the Bel videre bridge. For many years there appeared to be no prospect that Mr. Shirk's acquisition would ever be anything but fields and commons, and up to 1871 there were not more than a dozen houses in all that section, all but one being on Charles Street Avenue. The owner of the property built a bridge across the Falls to afford access to it, which in a few years was swept away by a flood. The city contributed to a second bridge, after which a few streets were graded and some of them paved. About six years ago the work of im- provement was begun in earnest, and since then has been steadily pushed, both inside and beyond the city limits. In the mean time the ground purchased at a venture at three hundred and sixty dollars per acre has advanced to forty-five thousand dollars per acre. All through this vicinity are the finest class of resi- dences, including a few historic ones that are fast dis- appearing from the path of the march of progress. Belmont Place, at the junction of Boundary and North Avenues, was at one time a noble estate of the olden time, but is now fast going to ruin. During the civil war a fort was built on the grounds and much damage done by the military occupation. On it is the oldest monument in or around Baltimore. It is built of brick, plastered, and on it is inserted a marble slab bearing the name of Christopher Colum- bus. It was built in 1792, and was erected by the owner of the estate in memory of a favorite horse whose bones were buried beneath it, and who was named after the discoverer of America. Along the York turnpike there are many elegant country-seats, of which may be named those of the late Capt. Wm. Kennedy, Samuel Brady, the late F. W. Brune, A. G. Mott, Henry Taylor, S. G. Wyman, and I. Nevitt Steele, and "Guilford," the grand es- tate of the late Wm. McDonald, now the property of A. S. Abell, proprietor of the Baltimore Sun. " Guil- ford" extends through from Charles Street arsenal to the York road, and could hardly be purchased for a million dollars. The grounds are like those of a baronial park, and in the midst of them stands a mansion that is worthy of its surroundings. Beyond this point are the properties of D. S. Wilson, Wm. S. [ G. Baker, David M. I'errine, Wm. C. Wilson, the late ex-Gov. Bradford, (Jeorge Presstman, Edward Myers, Frederick Harrison, J. Hall Pleasants, George I Brown, Joseph H.Rieman, H.C.TurnbuU, John Ste- ! venson, J. I. Fisher, Richard J. Gittings, Dr. George [ M. Boslcy, Wm. T. Walters, and "Aigburth Vale," [ the estate of John E. Owens, the genial and world- famous comedian. Besides these, there are on Charles I Street Avenue and the avenues crossing the country [ the estates of Richard J. Capron, W. D. Brackenridge, W. H. Perot, Dr. John A. Craig, Thomas Cassard, A. J. Albert, and Wm. E. Hooper; on Woodbourne Avenue, "Tivoli," the residence of Enoch Pratt, and "Woodbourne," that of George W. Abell, of the Bal- timore Sun. Between the York and the Hillen roads lies "Montebello," a magnificent manor, which is the summer home of John W. Garrett, president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. " Homewood Villa," the beautiful residence of Wil- liam Wyman, lies on Charles Street Avenue, midway between Hampden Heights and Waverley. His whole estate comprises some one hundred and fifty acres, and is located a mile from Baltimore City. It is a part of the Cnrroll estate, formerly called "Home- wood." The old manor-house erected by Charles Carroll, yet a stately edifice, is still preserved, and is near the avenue, while to the southeast is the new mansion represented in the engraving. The grounds and site are among the finest in the suburbs of Balti- more, and abound in historic associations. Among the prominent settlers of the neighborhood is Charles Peregoy, of Woodberry. He was born in Baltimore City, July 28, 1818. His father was Nicholas Peregoy, who was a son of Charles and Ruth Peregoy, and was born Sept. 12, 1790, and married a daughter of David and Esther Buckman, of Bucks County, Pa. The present Charles Peregoy married, Nov. 10, 1840, Hannah Wall, daughter of John and Elizabeth W. Timanus, of Baltimore, and of their four children the only one living is Annie Bates, wife of Elias W. Frost, Jr., of Howard County, Md. He went South in 1834, and was in New Orleans the next year when the Seminole war broke out. He joined Gen. Gaines" regiment of volunteers, and was with the command that burned the bodies of the soldiers of the two companies of artillery under Maj. Dade, who were massacred by the Indians between Tampa Bay and Fort King, Fla. He was with Gen. Scott when he was surrounded by the Seminoles, sub- sisting for five days on half a pound of raw horse- flesh daily. He afterwards served for three years in the Sixth Infantry Regiment of the regular army, and enlisted again during the war with Mexico. Being transferred from recruiting service to the voltigeurs, he joined Capt. J. J. Archer's company at Fort Mc- Henry, and fought under Gen. Scott in all the engage- ments in the Valley of Mexico. At the storming of the heights of Chapultepec he was wounded, but re- mained with his company, and participated in the HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. capture of the City of Mexico. After liis muster out of tlie army Mr. Peregoy returned to Baltimore and went to work witii a firm of founders and macliinists, and was subsequently in the emjjloy of Poole & Hunt, at Woodberry, losing his right arm by being caught in the machinery of their shops. In his younger days he roamed extensively over the country and made a trip to Europe. He is a trustee and steward of the Methodist Epi.scopal Church at Woodberry, a member of Friendship Lodge, No. 7, Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, and a member of Pocahontas Tribe, No. 3, Improved Order of Red Men. For fourteen years he was a justice of the peace for Baltimore County, and now keeps a general merchandise establishment. Waverley,— About a mile and a half from the city, on the York turnpike, is the village of Waverley, and so near to it that they are almost continuously con- nected are those of Oxford, Peabody Heights, Home- stead, Friendship, and Hampden Heights, the latter partly in the Third District, under which head it is mentioned in this history. Waverley has a popula- tion of 3970, Hampden of 2962, Homestead of 900, and the other villages a sufficient number of inhabit- ants to make up a total of 10,000 living within a circle whose circumference is not more than three miles. The original name of Waverley was Huntington, but it was changed at the suggestion of the late Henry Tyson, then superintendent of the York Road Rail- way, when the people petitioned for a post-office and the officials of the department at Washington agreed to grant their request if they would alter the name of the village, there being already a confusing num- ber of Huntingtons on the post-office list. Mr. Tyson thought that Waverley would do very well, and the place was accordingly rechristened. It is a cozy vil- lage, peopled mostly by families whose heads are business men in the city. Neat cottages, principally on the Venetian style of architecture, line either side of the York Road Railway and turnpike, while their pleasant gardens inclose them in luxuriant bowers. The farmers of the vicinity give nearly all their at- tention to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables for the city markets. The growth of the village dates from 1866, when Messrs. A. Hoen, John Fox, Henry Taylor, A. G. Clemens, Joseph Cone, and others pur- chased a considerable tract of land between the York and Harford roads, and proceeded to divide it up into building-lots and to lay out avenues. These sites were quickly taken up, buildings were erected, and the property that had been sold for from four hun- dred to six hundred dollars per acre rose to one dollar per foot. Waverley now covers thirty acres that fif- teen years ago were used for pasture. In 1872 the citizens of Waverley resolved that they would have a town hall, and a spacious brick building, sixty by a hundred feet, was soon erected, at a cost of twelve thousand dollars. It accommodates a good library of miscellaneous literature, and is used for public meet- ings and cntortaiiiiiK'nts, lectures, fairs, balls, etc. Another manifestation of public spirit was seen in the formation of the Waverley Fire Department, which was indeed a necessity for the protection of the valu- able property of the village and its environs. It was formed on Aug. 1, 1878, on which day the erection of an engine-house was commenced. This is a building j of pressed brick with stone trimmings, and it has a tower in the centre. The oldest church is St. John's Protestant Episco- j pal, better known in former days as the Huntington j church. It stands upon the site of the old barracks and powder-magazine. In November, 1843, a meet- [ ing of some of the residents on and near the York road who were attached to the Episcopal faith was I held at the barracks, and they resolved to erect a church. The vestry was incorporated on July 10, 1844, and in the succeeding August the barracks property was purchased from the government for twelve hundred dollars. In 1845, Rev. N. A. Hewitt was selected as pastor by the congregation, and on April 22, 1847, the corner-stone of the church wa.s laid by Bishop Whittingham. It was so far com- pleted that the congregation were worshiping in it, but it was not entirely finished when it was destroyed by fire on May 1, 1858. On Sept. 16, 1858, the cor- ner-stone of a new church was laid by Bishop Whit- tingham, and this is the edifice which, with some alterations and improvements, is now standing, hav- ing been consecrated on Nov. 1, 1860, by the same bishop. It is a handsome structure of gray-stone, with a high square tower and belfry. Rev. Mr. Hewitt was succeeded as pastor by Rev. Richard C. Hall, who was in charge at the time of the consecra- tion. After him came Rev. Charles C. Adams, in 1855, and in November, 1862, he was succeeded by Rev. Wm. F. Johnson, who died in office Jan. 3, 1878, j after three days' illness. It was under his pastorate that the large additions to St. John's were made, and that the numbers of the congregation nearly doubled. He was forty-six years old, a native of Somerset County, Md., a graduate of St. James' Epis- copal College, and a student of theology under Bishop Doane. Previous to being called to St. John's he was iissistant rector of St. Paul's Church in Baltimore City, and was instrumental in founding several mis- sionary churches. In his charities he spent one-half of his very liberal private fortune. He was a man of great erudition, and of very amiable character. He made the church, the parsonage, and the school-house of St. John's one of the most beautiful groups of ec- clesiastical buildings in Maryland, and besides free- ing them from debt, he bequeathed eight thousand dollars for the foundation of an orphanage. On June 5, 1878, Rev. Dr. Thomas Richey assumed the pastorate, but resigned in a few months to accept the chair of ecclesiastical history in the General The- ological Seminary, New York. On October 1st he was succeeded by Rev. Francis Stubbs. who is the present pastor. j'^«^ ^^. vf ^^Vu^AA;,^ JtJK^ l7#>t^ y^M NINTH DISTRICT. 889 St. Ann's Catholic church is about three-fourths of a mile below Waverley, on the York road. The lot was given and the whole expense of the erection of the edifice defrayed by Capt. William Kennedy, the value of the gift amounting to fully forty thousand dollars. The church was named St. Ann's, after the patron saint of Mrs. Kennedy, who died a few weeks before the laying of the corner-stone, which took place April 15, 1873. Archbishop Bayley officiated, and among the papers placed in the corner-stone was one containing an account of the death and funeral of Mrs. Kennedy, and reciting her many charities. Capt. Kennedy did not live to see the church com- pleted, as he died on Oct. 4, 1873. It was dedicated Jan. 31, 1874, by Archbishop Bayley. Mass was celebrated by Bishop Becker, of Wilmington, Del., and the sermon was preached by Bishop Gibbons, of Richmond, Va., now Archbishop of Baltimore. The church is sixty four feet front by one hundred feet deep, and is built of granite with marble trimmings. It is under tiie chargeof Revs. W. E. Bartlett and Dominic Manly. Immediately in the rear of the church is St. Ann's Academy, a parochial school, whicli was opened on Feb. 1, 1874. On the west side of the York road, near St. Ann's church, stands St. Mary's Female Orphan Asylum, a fine four-story brick building. Homeless children are received from all parts of the archdiocese, and are placed under the care of the Sisters of Charity. The institution is under the patronage of the cathe- dral. The building was erected and consecrated in 187fi. On Aug. 6, 1872, the corner-stone of the Waverley Bajitist church was laid. Rev. Franklin Wilson, Rev. G. W. Sunderland, Rev. Mr. Watkinson, and Henry Taylor conducted the exercises. In his address Mr. Wilson said that in 1855, Frederick Harrison had opened a Baptist Sunday-school at that point, and in 1844, James Wilson, a Baltimore merchant, erected a chapel, which was open to the ministers of all evan- gelical denominations. He (Rev. Franklin Wilson) had charge of the chapel until 1847, and was followed successively by Revs. W. Wilder, Thomas Jones, J. H. Phillips, F. Britten, T. Krager, John Berg, and J. F. Stedman. The last minister was Rev. John Berg, who held the pastorate a second time. The new church was dedicated Dec. 19, 1872. It is built upon the plan of the Brooklyn Tabernacle, and is forty-two by ninety-five feet in dimensions, and cost fourteen thousand dollars. The building committee were Rev. Franklin Wilson and Messrs. Henry Taylor and Frederick Harrison. The corner-stone of the Waverley Methodist Epis- copal church was laid Sept. 8, 1872, with services by Revs. J. H. C. Dosh, D. H. Carroll, A. W. Rudisell, R. R. Murphy, and Rev. Dr. Sims. The church is tliirty-six by fifty feet, of Gothic architecture, and has a tessellated faqade. The first pastors were Revs. J. H. C. Dosh and A. W. Rudisell. On April 31, 1876, the corner-stone of the Meth- odist Protestant church (colored) was laid. The structure is a frame building twenty-two by thirty feet, and was erected under the auspices of the pastor. Rev. P. S. Henry. Waverley Lodge, No. 152, A. F. and A. M., was in- stituted in 1870. Its charter-members were James Pentland, Harry Skillman, Dr. P. H. Reische, Alex- ander Johnson, J. M. Cone, J. E. A. Cunningham, Andrew Patterson, and Henry Taylor. The officers for 1881 are R. T. Waters, W. M. ; Mr. Wilson, S. W. ; Mr. Banks, J. W. ; John W. Lloyd, Sec. ; J. C. Smith, Treas. ; George Light, S. D. ; (). P. Balson, J. D. ; Frank Stran, Tyler. The lodge meets in Waverley Hall, and has a membership of one hundred. Other orders at Waverley are Waverley Lodge, No. 42, Independent Order of Mechanics, and an organi- zation of the Knights of Honor. Dr. R. E. Jones, who is a leading citizen of Wood- berry, resides in that portion of the town which is within the Ninth District. He is of Welsh descent, one of his progenitors having been Joseph Jones, who lived in Harford County before the Revolutionary [ war. He had three sons and two daughters. His I son Joseph was born in 1765, and married Susannah j Elsrood, born in 1786. He died in 1830, and his wife in 1870. They had eight sons and five daughters, — I John, Joseph, Thomas, Eliza, James, Reuben, Wil- liam, Robert, Randolph, Sarah, Charlotte, Elizabeth, and Mary. The mother of Dr. Reuben E. Jones, Susannah Elsrood, was the daughter of Michael Els- rood, an emigrant from Germany about 1755, and who located near White Hall, in Baltimore County, about twenty miles from Baltimore City. Dr. Reuben Elsrood Jones, one of the above thirteen children, was born in the Seventh District, twenty-three miles from Baltimore, March 5, 1822. He was married Dec. 21, 1855, to Elizabeth, daughter of Enoch Dorsey, a prominent farmer, and for many years surveyor of the county, by whom he has had seven children, of whom the following four are living: Carrie, Eliza, Fannie, and Maggie. He was educated in the public schools of his neighborhood, and then attended the Man- chester Academy, in Carroll County, some two years. He studied medicine under Dr. John C. Orrick, of Hereford, and attended the Maryland University of Medicine, from which he graduated in the class of 1848-49. He first located in Manchester, Carroll Co., where he remained a year, and then removed to Middletown, Baltimore Co., where he continued until 1873, when he settled in Woodberry, and he has since resided there. He is a member of the Baptist Church, and belongs to the Masons and the Odd Fellows, of which latter he has passed all the chairs. He was a Whig until the organization of the Republican party, to which he became attached, and with which he is now identified. He served for sixteen years as one of the school commissioners of Baltimore County, being first elected in 1855, and re-elected successively HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. until 18C7, when the constitution made a change, and in 1868 he was again elected by the voice of the people over his Democratic competitor, being the only Republican chosen in this section of the State. He has a very large and lucrative practice in his pro- fession, extending miles into the country as well as to the city of Baltimore. He is recognized by the pro- fession and by the public as one of the leading and most successful physicians of the county. Peabody Heights. — This village is connected with Waverlcy, a mile distant, by a horse railway. The site was formerly " Lilliandale," the estate of William Holmes, and comprised about forty acres. It was bought on Sept. 23, 1878, by several associated capi- talists of Baltimore for about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. They gave it its name in grateful remembrance of George Peabody's bequests to Balti- more, and soon converted it into a suburban village. In 1874 the Peabody Heights Company offered to the city of Baltimore Homewood Park, a fine tract of sixteen acres on their property, on the sole condition that the city would maintain it as a public park. The municipal authorities being forbidden to expend money for park purposes beyond the city limits ex- cept by permission of the General Assembly, an act was passed by the latter body conferring the necessary privileges, but some confusion occurred in the nego- ' tiations, and eventually the plan failed by reason of the inability of the donors to execute the deeds within the time required by law. Friendship adjoins Peabody Heights on the east, but is of older date. It is partly located oh the for- mer Frisby estate, and in 1869 there were a few cot- tages near the spot where this pretty and flourishing place has since grown up. Oxford. — The growth of Oxford is contemporary with that of Waverley, like which it is a creation of the past ten years. It lies on either side of the York road, two miles from the city limits, and contiguous to it is the beautiful estate of Edward Patterson, Jr. Homestead is the farthest east of the cluster of villages, and binds upon the Harford road. As far back as 1852 a movement was made for the establish- ^ ment of a suburban village here. There was then no railway communication, however, and the project failed. In 1866 it was revived and became a success. Homestead is charmingly located within a few mo- ments' walk of Lake Clifton, the estate of Horace Ab- bott, that of the late Thomas Kelso, and President Garrett's " Montebello." It is reached by the Hall's Springs line of liorse railway. The corner-stone of an Independent Methodist church was laid Oct. 12, 1879, by Rev. A. W. Light- bourne. It stands upon the site of the old Methodist Protestant chapel, which was lorn down to make way for the improvement. The property was purchased by Mount Lebanon Church, of Baltimore City, and the new edifice was erected under the auspices of that congregation. On May 1.5, 185.3, the first services were held in the Homestead Protestant Episcopal church. Maryland Institution for the Instruction of the Slind. — This institution was incorporated in 1853, by Messrs. J. Smith HoUins, J. I. Cohen, Jr., B. F. New- comer, William George Baker, Rev. J. N. McJilton, and Hon. John Glenn. In the beginning of 1854 the following board of directors were elected : Messrs. J. H. McHenry, J. I. Cohen, Jr., W. George Baker, Jacob Trust, J. Smith HoUiris, B. F. Newcomer, W. W. Glenn, Dr. William Fisher, and Rev. J. N. Mc- Jilton. In the spring of the same year the property on West Saratoga Street, now occupied by the Boys' School of St. Paul's Church, was purchased, and on the 7th of December, 1854, the first pupil of the insti- tution was received. In 1 860 the present site, on North Avenue near Charles Street Avenue, was purchased, and in 1865 the erection of the building was com- menced ; it was completed in the summer of 1868, at a cost of less than one hundred and forty thousand dollars, and dedicated on the 20th of November in that year. This institution is a school of instruction and not an asylum ; it is supported in part by the State appropriations, entitling the State to a certain number of free scholarships, and in part by the in- terest from endowments. The number of pupils in attendance Dec. 1, 1880, was fifty-nine. The present officers of the institution are B. F. Newcomer, presi- dent ; John T. Morris, secretary ; and William J. Doyle, treasurer. F. D. Morrison is the able and efficient superintendent. Greenmount Cemetery was incorporated March 15, 1838, by Wm. Gwynn, Robert Morgan Gibbs, Fielding Lucas, Jr., John S. Skinner, John S. Laf- fitte, Samuel D. Walker, and John H. B. Latrobe. It was dedicated July 13, 1839, Hon. John P. Ken- nedy delivering the address. Greenmount was the name given to the country-seat of Robert Oliver, from whose heirs the company purchased the cemetery property. The cemetery originally consisted of sixty acres, but has since been greatly enlarged. Belair Road. — A church near Belair Road, Balti- more Co., was first built in 1857, and dedicated to St. Joseph. For imj)ortant reasons, in 1868 a new and larger church was erected in a more central locality for the convenience of the Catholics living in the neighborhood. This church was in charge of the Redemptorist Fathers of Baltimore until 1878, when it was transferred into the hands of a secular priest. A school is attached to the church, with about eighty children, who were recently placed in charge of Fran- ciscan Sisters, First German United Evangelical Cemetery,— This cemetery, comprising six acres, and costing three thousand dollars, is located opposite Mount Carmel Cemetery, on the Trappe road, three miles from the city. It is under the supervision of St. Paul's German United Evangelical Church, and was consecrated on the 15th of April, 1877. The first Q^.^a NINTH DISTRICT. interment took pla iiiK that of thu h< after the consecration, be- Bernard Berach, a young mail of twenty-t-iglit years. Notre Dame Academy.— In April, 1872, the Sisters of Notre Dame, who had been conducting a school in tlie city, purchased from D. M. Perrine and Joseph Reynolds thirty-three acres of property, two miles and a half out on Charles Street Avenue, to which the in- stitution was removed. They paid twenty -six thousand dollars for the property, and afterwards made an ad- dition of twenty acres at a further cost of forty-five thousand dollars. They have erected a building four hundred by one hundred and sixty feet, three stories high, with a Mansard roof, and environed with park- like surroundings. The school was opened in Septem- ber, 1873. Adjoining is the convent of Notre Dame, which is connected with the Church of the Sacred Heart. It was dedicated on Aug. 27, 1876. Eutaw Methodist Protestant church, three miles from the city, on the Haverford road, was dedicated on Jan. 6, 1860. It is a stone building, twenty-eight by thirty-eight feet, and the site was the gift of j Horatio Whitridge. St. Bernard's Catholic church, situated near the intersection of the Harford and Hillen roads, a mile beyond the city, was dedicated Nov. 17, 1867. It was ])reviously a small brick building, known as Sherwood chajicl, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but was purchased by the Catholics and enlarged. The corner-stone of St. Andrew's Protestant Epis- copal church was laid July 1, 1874, by Rev. Dr. Leeds, assisted by Rev. Drs. Van Antwerp and Gram- mar. The church is on the old Harford road, near where it crosses the Harford turnpike, five miles from the city. The site was the gift of Robert Moore. Govanstown.— Four miles from the city, on the York turnpike, is Govanstown, the houses of which stretch in parallel lines on either side of the road. It has a population of 1217, and its origin goes back to the last century, when the Govane family resided in the neighborhood and gave their name to the town. James Govane had a country-seat here, and died at it in June, 1784. The " Rosebank" nursery of W. D. Brackenridge is on the edge of the town, and it would be difficult to surpass in any private conservatories or gardens the floral wealth which h displays. Frederick Harrison resides at Anneslie, near Gov- anstown, Baltimore Co., Md. He comes of a family many of whose branches have been honorably promi- nent in the history of the country, and his own record is marked by events which entitle him to distinguished mention in this volume. His father, Frederick Har- rison, was lineally descended from Thomas Harrison, who was bor.n in 1626, and came to this country with his father, Richard Harrison, in 1630. Richard was the oldest of the four brothers Harrison who fled from the mother-country to these shores during the troubles which preceded the Cromwellian war. The others were Benjamin, who subsequently settled at Surry, on the James River, in Virginia, Nathaniel, and Thomas Harrison. Nathaniel settled in the val- ley of Virginia, and Thomas, a clergyman, was for a time attached to the colonial Governor Berkeley. The latter becoming offended with his preaching, caused him to leave the colony, and he returned with his family to New Haven, where he joined his brother Richard. In October, 1648, he arrived in Saybrook, and performed ministerial duties for three years, after which he returned to England, became an Oxford professor, and never revisited America. Richard Harrison settled in New Haven, and in 1664 removed to Branford, Conn., with his son Thoma.s, and died there, in 1653, a very old man. He is known in the quaint language of that period as "good man Harri- son," a term somewhat similar to the French " Vicl- lard." Thomas, the son of Richard, was, as has iieen said, born in England, in 1626. He was twice married, having issue by both marriages, and died in Branford in 1704. From him the line of descent is perfectly lineal, the fifth in the line being Frederick Harrison, Sr., who was born in 1776, serving as a quartermaster in the war of 1812, and died in 1864. He married, on the 12th of September, 1798, Zillah Hopkins, daughter of Rev. Stephen Hopkins, of Canaan, Conn., who was born in that place on the 19th of March, 1781, and died on the 22d of April, 1828, in the forty-seventh year of his age. They left a family of seven children, three sons and four daughters, Frederick Harrison, the subject of this memoir, who was born on the 22d of February, 1804, being the second .son and third child. He received his earlier education at the Dutchess County Academy, and completed it in 1826 at the West Point Military Academy. He was compelled by bad health to re- sign his cadetship, but subsequently received the appointment of United States assistant civil engineer, and repaired to Washington, and was assigned to duty with Dr. William Howard, of Baltimore, United States civil engineer, with whom he served as assis- tant until his death. Among the duties performed while acting in that capacity were the preliminary reconnoissances and survey of a canal route from Bal- timore to Washington, the reconnoissance and survey for the Charleston and Augusta Railroad, which was the first railroad for freight and passengers in opera- tion in the United States, the reconnoissance in 1827 of the route for the Baltimore and Oliio Railroad to the Ohio River, the reconnoissance and survey in 1829 and 1830 of the Michigan and Illinois Canal, and the reconnoissance of the Baltimore and Susquehanna, now the Northern Central Railway, as far as Cockeys- ville. In 1834 failing health compelled the cessation of active service, and Mr. Harrison resigned his position and went to the West Indies, visiting Havana, St. Thomas, Port an Prince, etc., where he has since 892 IIISTOIIY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. spent several winters. In 1852 he crossed the At- lantic, and spent many months in England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland ; and in 1862, with his wife and child, again visited England, crossing to the " Conti- nent," when he made the tour of Europe, spending the winter of 1864 in the island of Sicily, at Palermo and Syracuse, and returning home in 1865. Since his return Mr. Harrison has lived quietly at his country-place in Baltimore County, si)ending his winters in Nassau and Florida, and devoting himself to the care and cultivation of his fine estate. He and the members of his family are all members of the First Baptist Church of Baltimore. Mr. Harrison married the daughter of James Wil- son, the son of William Wilson, the founder of the old and well-known firm of William Wilson & Sons. His only surviving daughter is the wife of Lennox Birckhead ; their children are F. Harrison McEvers Birckhead, born Nov. 5, 1871, and Augusta Le Roy, born Dec. 3, 1874. Mr. Harrison's life has been a long and varied one, full of interesting events and incidents, and, in spite of bis rare modesty, highly useful and influential. Politics and public office have had no charm for him, but in the retirement of a quiet country life, and in the simple and earnest discharge of the duties of cifi- zen, neighbor, and friend, he has adorned with rare grace the private station, and made it what it is often said to be, but is not always, — the post of honor. Homestead Grange, No. 170, P. of H., is the only society located at Govanstown. Its officers are S. J. Buckman, Master; A. Brackenridge, Overseer ; and James Pentland, Secretary. A meeting was held on June 1, 1846, to enlist a company of volunteers for the Mexican war. Ad- dresses were delivered by James Buchanan and Wm. Meade Addison, and thirty volunteers were at once enrolled. On Feb. 3, 1856, St. Mary's Catholic church, near Govanstown, was burned to the ground. Tl)e priest's house caught fire, but the people saved it by throwing snow upon the flames. A new church was built, and on Sept. 6, 1857, was dedicated by Archbishop Kenrick. Subsequently the church was enlarged and improved, and on June 11, 1865, it was dedicated by Archbishop Spalding, assisted by Revs. John and Thomas Foley, McManus, Lyman, and Spalding. Rev. Father Courtney, who was for many years pastor of the church, died March 6, 1863. He was an accom- plished scientist, and ranked especially high as an astronomer. The Govanstown Presbyterian church was dedi- cated June 21, 1846. The pastor, Rev. J. S. Heacock, officiated, and the sermon wius preached by Rev. Dr. A. Alexander, of Princeton College. In June, 1853, Rev. H. C. Galbraith was installed as pastor. The Govanstown Methodist Episcopal church was dedicated June 2, 1850, by Revs. Henry Slicer, Joshua Wells, Isaac P. Cook, and M. B. Sweeney. The church is a stone edifice thirty by forty-five feet. The building committee were James Bryan, William Broadbent, John Burnes, William Smith, Joseph Merryman, Thomas A. Nizer, and George Hiss. Rev. Joshua Wells, who had long maintained a connection with this church, died Jan. 25, 1862, in the ninety-eighth year of his age, being at that time the oldest clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was born in 1764, and became an itin- erant preacher in 1788. He was contemporary with the pioneers of Methodism, — Wesley, Whitefield, As- bury, and Coke. The Episcopal church on Charles Street Avenue, near Govanstown, was dedicated on Dec. 2, 1858, by Bishop Whittingham. It is a beautiful stone struc- ture, and has a large and wealthy congregation. " Dumbarton Farm" is the name of the beautiful homestead of Joseph H. Rieman, and is in the Ninth District, lying on the York road, five and a half miles from Baltimore City, and one and a half south of Towsontown. It is a part of the original survey of "Friends' Discovery," and of a large tract of land owned at a very early date by Govane Howard. The mansion was erected in 1853 by Robert A. Taylor, of whom, in 1865, Mr. Rieman purchased it, with one hundred and eighty acres, to which he has since added eleven. Mr. Rieman has a large herd of the finest Jer-sey stock, in the raising of which he has been eminently successful. He was the junior partner in the old and well-known firm -of Henry Rieman & Sons, of Baltimore, but is now retired from active business. He and his family spend the winter in Baltimore, and the rest of the year on their estate, one of the finest country-seats in the county. Sheppard Asylum. — This important and useful institution, which is situated about one mile from Towsontown, between the York road and Charles Street Avenue, was founded by the munificence of Moses Sheppard, who devoted the great bulk of his fortune to this object. Moses Sheppard was born in Pennsylvania in 1773, and was the sou of parents in humble circumstances. He was of New England ex- traction, and traced his descent in a direct line from the Rev. Thomas Sheppard, the first minister of Cam- bridge, Mass., who came from the northern country after the settlement at Plymouth Rock. His parents died when he was quite young, and he found employ- ment for a time at Jericho Mills, about seventeen miles from Baltimore. From thence he came to the city, and engaged as an errand-boy in the grocery- store of John Mitchell, in Cheapside, from which position he was elevated by his employer to that of clerk. He afterwards became a partner in the estab- lishment, and subsequently, after the retirement of Mr. Mitchell, continued the business on his own ac- count. In 1820 he erected on Light Street wharf one of the first private tobacco inspection warehouses built in Baltimore. He retired from business in the full vigor of man- NINTH DISTIUCT. hood, and soon afterwards began to devote a large portion of his income to phihmthropic purposes. His charities were bestowed with ahnost literal ob- servance of the scriptural injunction, discounte- nancing display, and the almoners of his bounty were selected with a privacy almost amounting to secrecy. An utter enemy to show, parade, and osten- tation, he pursued the noiseless tenor of his way, "doing good by stealth," and rigidly enjoining that his deeds of benevolence should remain unknown to the world, and his name to the recipients of his gen- erosity. Many orphan children and young girls, thrown early upon the world, had reason to bless this secret protector and benefactor. Some he educated and supported, wholly or in part, until they were capable of maintaining themselves, to others he ad- vanced sums sufficient to enable them to begin busi- ness in a moderate way, but in nearly every case dis- pensing his charities through a medium which left those who were thus relieved in entire ignorance of their benevolent friend. He was a plain, blunt man, (juiet in his habits, vigorous in thought and speech, and concealing beneath a calm, passionless exterior the sweetest and tenderest sympathies of human na- ture. He was a true friend of the colored race, and though opposed to the sectional agitation of the slavery question, was ever ready with his purse and counsel to aid the cause of African colonization, of which association he was for many years a prominent, active, and useful member. Like many self-educated men, he was a profound and vigorous thinker, and a writer of more than ordinary talents. He was a man of considerable literary culture, but displayed espe- cial interest in theology, psychology, and intellectual philosophy. He read with avidity the best works he could obtain on those subjects, and such was his pro- ficiency in them that there were few minds so deeply versed in those departments of inquiry as not to be enlightened by his clear and logical discussion of them. He left not a few manuscript expressions of his views on many subjects, evincing great originality of thought and careful discrimination. He died at the age of eighty-four, on the 1st of February, 1857, but not until he had given legal shape and form to his design of founding an asylum for the insane. The subject had occupied his mind for many years before his death, and in 1853 an act incorporating the Siiep- pard Asylum was drawn up by Hugh Davy Evans at the request of Mr. Sheppard, and presented to the Legislature, by whic'h it was passed on the 24th of May in that year. By this act Moses Sheppard, David M. Ferine, Dr. William Riley, Archibald Sterling, Charles Howard, William M. Medcalf, and Richard H. Townsend, and their successors, were appointed trustees of the institution, and were invested with its entire management and control. The consummation of his benevolent design did not take place during his life, but on his death, in 1857, it was found that the great proportion of his fortune had been devoted to the establishment of the asylum, the amount of the endowment being about five hundred and sixty thou- sand dollars. The far-seeing mind of the founder directed that only the interest of the endowment should be employed in the execution of his design, and that the asylum should be open and free to all sects alike, except in the event of its being crowded, when it was provided that preference should be given to members of the Society of Friends. In 1858 the trustees purchased what was known as the Mount Airy Farm, belonging to the estate of Thomas Poult- ney, and containing about three hundred and seventy acres, and several years afterwards began the erec- tion of the asylum. The structure was designed by Thomas and James Dixon, of Baltimoie, the plan being furnished by Dr. D. T. Brown, of Blooming- dale Insane Asylum. It is constructed of stone and brick, has a front of three hundred and seventy-five feet, and when finished wjll accommodate one hun- dred and fifty patients. Towson is the county-seat of Baltimore County, and is seven miles north of the city, on the York turn- pike. It has a population of 1316. Here are located the court-house, the county offices, the county jail, several hotels, churches, and schools, and during terms of court, and in times of political contests, farmers' gatherings, county meetings, etc., the town has a very lively appearance, while it is at all times the centre of much activity. The county almshouse is near Cockeysville, in the Eighth District. There are many handsome cottages and other residences in the town, and the taste of the people has led to the cultivation of attractive gardens around their homes, so that in the proper season they are beautifully set off with flowers and twining plants. A considerable amount of capital is held in and around Towson, and the buildings show that a refined judgment has direc- ted large expenditures. The streets running north and south are Baltimore Avenue, Washington Ave- nue, the York road, Delaware Avenue, Virginia Ave- nue, and Jefferson Avenue. Those running east and west are Susquehanna, Chesapeake, Pennsylvania, and Alleghany Avenues. The clerk of the Baltimore County Circuit Court is William Moore Isaac. He was born March 12, 1834, near Ellicotl's Mills, in that portion of the present Howard County which was then a part of Anne Arundel. His father, Zedekiah Moore Isaac, was born in Anne Arundel County, July 12,1808, and his mother, Mary R. Ware, May 12, 1811, in that part of Balti- more County now comprised in the bounds of Carroll. His maternal ancestors, the Moores, were patriot sol- diers in the Revolution, and his paternal grandfather in the war of 1812 volunteered for the defense of Bal- timore. He was married Sept. 29, 1857, at Harrison- ville, Baltimore Co., to Ellen Penny Phillips, daugh- ter of Thomas and Amy Phillips. He was educated in the public and private schools of EUicott's Mills, 894 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. With a strong taste and preference for mathematics, he remained at school from a very early period until he was eighteen years of age. After leaving school he entered a village store as clerk, and shortly after became book-keeper for his employers, but preferring a trade, he learned that of a mason, and during much of the time he was practically learning this trade he attended to clerical work in the evenings. For five years of this time he assisted the register of wills of Howard County. On Feb. 12, 1859, he was appointed to a clerkship in the office of the First Comptroller of the United States Treasury Department by Hon. How- ell Cobb, and some four months later, at the request of Hon. Bartholomew Fuller, Fifth Auditor, was trans- ferred to his office, thus receiving a marked promo- tion. His duties were to audit claims in connection with the boundary lines of the United States, the ex- penses of the foreign consulates, and the secret ser- vice fund of the government. During that part of the term of President Buchanan intervening between his transfer to the Fifth Auditor's office and the end of Buchanan's administration, every dollar expended by the President out of the secret service fund was accounted for by showing for what purpose it was used, and vouchers were filed for its disbursement. But a great change took place immediately after Mr. Seward was made Secretary of State, and continued during the short time Mr. Isaac remained in office. A crookedness in the accounts of the consulate at Honolulu being discovered, Mr. Isaac was specially detailed to investigate the affairs, and it was upon his report that the consulate was reorganized. He was removed for political reasons, and, on returning to Maryland, Mr. Isaac began farming in Baltimore County in October, 1862. A vacancy occurring in the office of register of wills, he was appointed prin- cipal deputy by the newly-elected register, Samuel F. Butler, which'position he held during Mr. Butler's and the succeeding administration of the office, — a period of over five years. In November, 1867, he was appointed court clerk of the Circuit Court of Balti- more County by Edward H. Ady, late clerk, and re- appointed in 1873 by John Bacon, then clerk. He was appointed county school commissioner for the Second District, July 11, 1871, and reappointed in Jan- uary, 1872, when, on its reorganization, he was elected president of the board, which position he retained by successive elections until November, 1879, when he resigned, on the day previous to his election as clerk of the court. When he went into the school board the number of scholars on the rolls in the county was 5027, and when he went out it was 8118, an increase of sixty-five per cent. In 1869 the estimated value of school property was $53,011.71, and in 1880 was $224,000.18, an increase of three hundred and twenty- five per cent. In 1871 the salaries paid the teachers were $64,558.89, and in 1879 $96,146.35, an increase of fifty per cent. Mr. Isaac's object as president of the board was to give first-class accommodations, good books, and trained teachers, and the figures above j given are monuments to his good management of the j schools, which to-day, in the county, owe their high i efficiency more to his labors than to those of any other man. In 1879, Mr. Isaac was nominated and elected clerk of the Circuit Court by the Democratic party, receiv- ing nearly a thousand majority over his opponent on a combination ticket of Republicans, Temperance men, and a division of the Democrats. His adminis- tration of the office has been characterized by such efficiency as to meet with approval by many citizens and some of the newspapers that opposed his election. Mr. Isaac has ever been an unswerving Democrat in politics. He was initiated into the Odd-Fellows in Centre Lodge, No. 40, at Ellicott's Mills, March 28, 1855, and received the Encampment degrees in Jeru- salem Encampment, No. 1, Baltimore, in October, 1855. He has ever retained an active membership in both branches, and has passed all the chairs. He be- came a member of the Grand Lodge in 1858. He was initiated into the Masonic order in Patmos Lodge in January, 1856, was a member of the Mystic Circle for some years, and a charter-member and Senior Warden of Mount Moriah Lodge, of Towsontown, in February, 1865. He was its Worshipful Master seven years, and is its present treasurer. He has been for eight years Deputy (Jrand Secretary of the Maryland Grand Lodge (Masonic), and is a member of the board of managers of the Masonic Temple in Baltimore, which position he has held eight years. He received the Chapter degrees in Columbia Royal Arch Chapter, at Wash- ington, D. C. The Templar degrees were conferred on him in Maryland Commandery, No. 1, of Balti- more, of which he is a life member. From having been connected for many years with the Orphans* Courts of Baltimore and Howard Counties his atten- tion has been largely directed to testamentary matters, and he has closed up the estates of twenty-eight per- sons, either as executor or administrator. Mr. Isaac has been a successful business man, and enjoys the confidence and esteem of the public, and is one of the most public-spirited citizens of the county. The name of Towson comes from the Towson family, who in the early days of the county kept " Towson's Tavern" in this locality. The first men- tion of them on record is in 1771, when Samuel Worthington, one of the justices of the Levy Court, paid Thomas Towson the bounty on one hundred and thirteen squirrel-skins. The next is in 1796, when Thomas Stansbury was appointed supervisor of the road from Towson's Tavern to the Long Calm, and was allowed five pounds for keeping it in repair. This is now the Joppa road. In 1796, Wm. Welsh was allowed seven pounds for keeping in repair the road from Ezekiel Towson's tavern to Walter Dulany's ford on the Falls of the Gunpowder, which is now the Towson and Dulany's Valley turnpike. In 1799 the York turnpike was being laid out, and Ezekiel Uj^^-I. c NINTH DISTRICT. Towson was very much dissatisfied with the line that j luid been adopted, perhaps because it did not pass the i door of his hospitable inn, and he petitioned the Gen- eral Assembly for a change in his favor. His petition 1 recited " that he is the owner and possessor of a tract or parcel of land in Baltimore County on which there [ are considerable improvements ; that he hath for many years kept at the said place a house of public entertainment; that by the establishment of the York road in said county a considerable quantity of meadow has been destroyed and his property, materi- ally injured; and the diflerence between the road | fixed by the commissioners of review and that con- j templated by him and intended to run by his build- ings is not more than thirty-two perches." The Gen- eral Assembly, considering that Towson had a good grievance, and that he was willing to give up that portion of his lands over which the road would pass, . enacted that "The York turnpike road when altered shall pass by or near the buildings of the said Eze- kiel Towson ; that is to say, beginning for the said alteration at the place where the said turnpike road intersects the orchard of John Hopkins, and running thence with a straight line until it intersects the old York road at or near Ezekiel Towson's tavern ; thence again until it intersects the said turnpike as laid down and confirmed by the commissioners of review." In compliance with this act of the General Assem- bly the Board of Review directed the surveyor " to lay down and make a plat of the road, beginning at Towson's tavern, and running thence, passing close to the west end of Perrigo's house, until it intersects' the recorded road below Norwood's." It appears from this that the turnpike as originally surveyed was considerably west of its present location, prob- ably passing near where the county jail now stands; thence over what was then called Satter Ridge, by the gap near the Marsh family burying-ground, back of Sandy Bottom, and did not strike the present lo- cation until it reached the property then owned by Norwood, but now part of the Hampton estate, and where J. B. Parlett has for many years resided. Towson and the Towson family have produced one citizen and member who casts lustre upon the name, — Gen. Nathan Towson. He was born at Towson- town, Jan. 22, 1784, and was one of a family of twelve children. Going South, he was in Louis- iana when our govern- ment purchased it from France, and he entered one of the companies of volunteers that were formed at Natchez, Miss., to enforce the American claims in case tliere should be [any resistance by the French inhabitants. He was promoted to the coni- GEN. NATHAN TOWSON mand of the company, but in 1805 he' returned to Baltimore County, and he was engaged in farming when war was declared against England five years later. He was commissioned as captain of artillery March 15, 1812, joined Col. Winfield Scott, and went with him to Lake Erie, having raised his own com- pany. He commanded a boat-party that set out from Black Rock and captured two British armed brigs, the " Detroit" and the " Caledonia," cutting them out from under the guns of Fort Erie. In endeavoring to bring the " Caledonia" down to the American side she grounded within point-blank range of the British cannon, but Capt. Towson refused to abandon her, and through his gallant eftbrts she was saved to become subsequently one of Commodore Perry's victorious fleet. He remained with his battery at Black Rock, the advanced post of the American army, during the winter of 1812-13, and in several minor affairs dis- played his dauntless courage and his military skill. At the battle of Stony Creek he was the senior oflScer of artillery, and did great destruction with his battery. In the night he was charged by the enemy, who cap- tured his guns and dispersed the company, but in the morning he regained possession of two of the guns, and collecting a few stragglers, succeeded in render- ing them again serviceable, and drove off" a party of the British by his fire. When Col. Scott was ])romoted to be general and took command of the army, Capt. Towson was or- dered to Buffalo again, where he employed his time in drilling his battery. At the battle of Chippewa his was the only artillery engaged until after the re- treat of the British. He selected his position oppo- site the enemy's batteries, which he utterly silenced, blowing up their ammunition-wagon and causing dreadful slaughter. At the battle of Bridgewater his command suffered severely. Both his lieutenants were wounded, and of thirty-six men who served at the guns, twenty-seven were killed and wounded. At the defense of Fort Erie, when fifteen hundred of the best troops of the British army attempted its recap- ture, on Aug. 5, 1814, Capt. Towson, in conjunction with Maj. Wood and two hundred and fifty infantry, repulsed the enemy's right wing. Veterans of Euro- pean wars declared that they had never seen a more rapid and deadly artillery fire. Capt. Towson came home from the victorious war crowned with honors. Of his share in the battle of Chippewa, Gen. Scott said in his oflScial dispatch, " Towson's company was the first and last engaged, and during the whole conflict maintained that high character which they had previously won by their skill and valor." Gen. Ripley said of him, " I have no idea that there is any artillery-officer in any service superior to him in the knowledge and performance of his duty." The gallant officer was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel for his brave and efficient services. He was retained in the army and made paymaster-general. He served throughout the Mexican war, and in March, 1849, HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. was breveted major-general. He died in Washing- ton City, July 25, 1854, and his remains rest with those of his wife in the Oak Hill Cemetery, George- town. The history of the separation of Baltimore County and City and the location of the county-seat at Towson is related fully in the chapter on the addi- tions to Baltimore Town. It appears that the move- ment for separation was agitated in the county as fer back as 1835, and was to some extent prompted by the burning of the Baltimore court-house. On Feb- ruary 23d of that year a public meeting of citizens of the county was held at Brooklandville, and the fol- lowing resolutions were adopted : " let. That liy a sepaintKui of the county from the city tlic expenses of the county will be greatly diniiiii^jlied. "2.1. That tlie duration of tlio terms of our courts will be greatly abridse'I. "3d. That tlie erection of our public buildings caci be completed out of the proceeds of our share of the public property in Baltimore." After the separation had been effected the people of every possible place in the county seemed ambi- tious of the honor of having the county-seat and buildings located where they lived. At the first elec- tion for choice any locality could be voted for, and we subjoin an amu.sing list of the solicitations that were made to the voters : " l8t. The County Convention recommended the old almshouse prop- erty within tlie city limits. "2d. Charles S. Speuce offered fifteen acres on the Washington road. "3d. Messrs. Merrynum offered three acres at Clover Hill, on the line of Charles Street Avenue. "4th. Messrs. Fox, Vanhook, aiui Jackson offered at Homestead vil- lagifa lot of one hundred and sixty fec-t Iri.nt by two linnilrcd feet deep, with five acres at six buiidreil u. ll n- i . i a. i.-, .umI additional lots at eeventy-flve dollars per lot of SI M > I feet. "5th. George B.Clark, five ;i^ ;> ^ : M ■ 1 . nn. "(ith. Austin Piggolt, seven iiM. - m;, Kh 1 i . .:■ i h k road near Mo«nt '7th. Henry Mankin, t [imore, on the Sus- ear the Falls road. " 8th. Samuel Barnes, ten acres six miles from 1 quelmnna Uailroad. "9th. William Remington, five acres of Oak Grove, near the head o Charles Street, Baltimore City. " 10th. John Spear Nicholas and E. T. J. Woodward, twenty acres or the Hiuford road, two and a half miles from the city. " 11th. The heirs of Rev. .loshua Wells, Ashley Hall, twelve acres a fifteen hundred dollars per acre, on Jenkins' Lane, in the rear of Green mount Cemetery. "12ih. By Dr. Gittings, surli parts of the almshouse property as ma; be re'iuired when the almshouse is removed, as in first propositii)n. "I3th. William Fresh, seven acres near the Pikesville Arsenal. "14lh. I*en Mr. Uuby worked hiilhfully for Mr. Church. Mr. Ruby came of a race of Democrats, and from his earlyyouth was a sturdy and enthusiastic advocate and supporter of that political organization. Upon the breaking out of the war between the sections he joined the troop which burned the railroad bridges to stay the advance of the Northern troops, and was always outsjjoken in his sympathy for the people of the South, though he fully recognizes now the ad- vantage of a united country. He established the Maryland Journal at Towson- town, Jan. 1, 1865, as an uncompromising Democratic paper. The moment could hardly be said to be pro- pitious for the inauguration of such an enterprise. The successes of the Union armies were universal, and it had become apparent that the South must yield to the force of overwhelming numbers. The Repub- licans were everywhere jubilant, and in many cases men of the baser sort had taken advantage of the sit- uation to insult and maltreat the more conspicuous of those opposed to them. In Maryland especially there was a feeling of uneasiness manifest in the journalistic fraternity ; the leaders of the Democracy for the most part looked upon the struggle for su- premacy as hopeless and were apathetic, and the party itself was almost disintegrated. The establishment of a Democratic journal at such a time was fraught with peril, and required nerve iis well as ability for its successful maintenance. Mr. Ruby was fully equal to the undertaking. With little money but with untiring energy and perseverance he went to work. He soon succeeded in enlisting the sympathy and support of the Democratic party, a frail prop at the moment, but which was ultimately to develop into a powerful auxiliary. His path was not strewn with roses. He was frequently threatened with im- prisonment by the military authorities, and occasion- ally threats of a more alarming character came to his ears. Undismayed, however, he devoted himself to r* NINTH DISTRICT. the building up of his paper. Its editorial columns were devoted to the best interests of the county and State. All enterprises which promised to benefit the community were advocated and fostered. The ad- vantages of a thorougli public school system were elaborated. The Journal, grew rapidly in public favor despite some factious opposition, and to-day it has no superior among the country papers of Maryland, and will compare very favorably with many of the jour- nals in the largo cities of the cimntry. It is to be found in every Democratic household in Baltimore County, and has a large circulation in Baltimore City. To its influence may be attributed in no small degree the rise and triumph of the Democratic party in Balti- more County, and the development of Towson — a small village at the time of its first issue — is largely due to the public spirit disclosed in its columns. The Journal office is a fine stone building, handsomely fitted up, with a steam Campbell press and a number of smaller presses, and a jobbing department as well stocked as any in Maryland outside of the city of Baltimore. The paper is widely and fiivorably known in the State, as is its editor and publisher. In May, 1864, lie was married to Anne E. Whitter, of Baltimore County, by whom he has one living child, a daughter. Few men in so short a time, with such meagre re- sources beyond their own personal virtues, have ac- quired as much influence as Mr. Kuby. He numbers among his friends many of the most distinguished men in the United States, and his friendships are the result of characteristics which stamp them as durable and permanent. In religion he and his family are Episcopalians. Mr. Ruby is a Mason and an Odd- Fellovv. In the former brder he has occupied all the positions in his owiWodge at Towsontown, and has been Past ComMndWfcf Maryland Commandery, No. 1, the oldest comJRndery in the Uuited States. He has filled the highest positions in Odd-Fellowship. He was elected Grand Patriarch of the Encampment in 1866, and in 1876 he served a term as Grand Mas- ter of the order. In politics Mr. Ruby has been modest and retiring. He has strenuously advocated the principles of his party in the columns of his paper, but he has not sought ofiice, preferring the independence which admits of salutary criticism to the yoke which imposes burdensome obligations. Few men in Baltimore County are more prosperous or possessed of a larger circle of friends, and it is probably gratifying to him to reflect that his success in life has been mainly accomplished by his own ex- ertions. The Baltimore County Herald was first published in 1869. Its pre-sent editor and proprietor is Joseph B. Mitchell. It is an excellent paper in all its de- partments, and has been consistently Democratic. The Towson newspapers are published weekly, and are issued on Saturday. Joseph Burden Mitchell was born at Bainbridge, Lancaster Co., I'a., Dec. 16, 1818. His father was Joshua Mitchell, a captain of volunteers in the war of 1812, who was born in Philadelphia in 1786, being a grandson of Thomas Mitchell, one of the oldest residents of the " Quaker Oityy" where the family was established about the year 1700. His mother was Mary Sanders, who was descended from one of the oldest families of Central Pennsylvania. Joseph B. Mitchell was educated at Elizabeth Academy, Lan- caster Co., Pa., where he acquired, besides the Eng- lish branches, a practical knowledge of the German language that has been of great service to him through life. At the age of twenty-two he located at Warren, Baltimore Co., Md., and was appointed to the charge of the Warren Public School by the first Board of School Commissioners of the county. He afterwards entered into the employ of the Warren Manufacturing Company as clerk and store-keeper at their mills. In 1857 he removed to Towsontown, where he has since resided, with the exception of four years during the war, when he lived in Baltimore City, and a short time at Phoe lix, Baltimore Co. For several years he has been successfully engaged in general merchandising. He is a stanch Democrat, and for forty years has been a leader in the politics of Baltimore County. For two terms he held the office of clerk to the Board of County Commissioners, and has been a delegate to numerou.s county and State conventions. In 1867 he was appointed equity clerk HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. of the Circuit Court for Baltimore County, and held that office until 1873. In that year he was elected register of wills for a term of six years. In the contest over the site of the county-seat, after the separation of Baltimore City and County, in 18.52, Mr. Mitchell was one of those who urged Lutherville as the best location, and although Townsontown was selected, the Lutherville party still contend that events have proved that their choice was the better one. In 1876 he became editor and proprietor of the Baltimore County Herald, a weekly Democratic news- paper, which he has since raised to large circulation and much influence. In early life he was married to Amanda M. Litsinger, daughter of Joseph Litsinger, and granddaughter of Henry Litsinger, a veteran of the Revolution. On the maternal side this lady was a descendant of the Gotts of Baltimore County, an ante-Revolutionary family of considerable landed es- tate. She died in 1856, leaving one son, William Francis Mitchell, now a member of the Baltimore County bar, and Mr. Mitchell married, in 1858, Cas- sandra W. Daniels, daughter of Walter Daniels, at that time an extensive founder and machinist in Bal- timore City. There are five children of this mar- riage, — May Amanda, Joseph B., Jr., Virginia B., J. Winfield, and Edgar C. In his early years Mr. Mitchell connected himself with the Christian Church, and subsequently with the Church of God, generally known as Winnebrarians. Since his residenc: in Maryland he has been a member of the Methodist Church, and is now one of its unstationed ministers, j holding that relation to the Maryland Annual Con- ference of the Methodist Protestant Church. His avocations through life have been sufficiently varied, but as teacher, clerk, merchant, and editor he has stood well with his fellow-men, and has achieved a moderate degree of success. Churches. — Epsom M. E. chapel was opened for public worship Nov. 10, 1839, Revs. Samuel Kepler and J. Guiteau officiating. On November 21st the Sunday-school was organized, and on April 9, 1840, John Ridgely, of Hami>ton, James Howard, Dr. Jo- siah Marsh, James McLamban, Henry B. Chew, H. C. Turnbull, Joshua Stevenson, John Green, and Isaac Taylor were elected trustees, who incorporated the church. The following ministers have officiated at the church : Revs. J. W. Harris, Mr. Peterkin, R. Sewell, J. McGce, Dr. Bond, Mr. Somers, Isaac P. Cook, George P. Hay, J. Shane, Adam Stitt, Stephen Williams, N. McMuUin, Mr. Hill, R. J. Breckenridge, J. W. Richardson, N. Westermann, Mr. Pitts, J. L. Gibbons, J. C. Backus, Mr. Townsend, John Johns, John Proudfit, W. E. Wyatt, Jr., G. W. Musgrave, H. Holland, Mr. Plottner, Mr. Ycrkes, and Edward Heffner. The lot upon which the church was built was donated by Henry B. Chew, who also contributed a considerable sum in money and building materials. Other contributors wore John Ridgely, of Hampton, James Howard, KolxTt Gilnior, ..I (ilen Ellen, Dr. Josiah Marsh, and Alexander McDonald. The pres- ent brick church was built in 1871 at a cost of thirty thousand dollars. The pastors since then have been Revs. J. W. Cornelius, J. B. Stitt, C. Herbert Rich- ardson, J. B. Reil, and J. N. Davis. Epsom chapel was the centre of the circuit, and the first place of worship in Towson. On Oct. 26, 1874, the church edifice was dedicated by Bishop Ames. The Methodist Protestant congregation was organ- ized in 1861, under the supervision of Rev. Charles Littleton, and for a year it worshiped in Odd-Fellows' Hall. Since then it has made use of Epson chapel. The pastors have been Rev. Mr. Whitesides, A. D. Dick, Henry Nile, D. W. Bates, J. R. Nicholls, J. W. Gray, B. F. Benson, and A. T. Melvin, the present incumbent. The congregation of Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church was organized in 1858 under the supervision of Rev. Charles R. Howard, a brother of Mrs. Ridgely, of Hampton, who was its pastor until the new church was erected in 1860. Rev. Dr. John G. Hoff then be- came the rector, and yet remains. The new church was dedicated May 25, 1860. It is a fine edifice of limestone, and has a chapel attached, the whole cost- ing twenty-five thousand dollars. The present ve.stry are James W. Owings, John Ridgely, of Hampton, Dr. Jackson Piper, Dr. G. M. Bosley, Frederick Von Keprof, A. D. Talbot, William H. Ruby, and William S. Keech. Societies. — Towson Lodge, No. 79, 1. O. O. F., was chartered Jan. 10, 1852, with the following members: G. M. Bosley, J. W. Vanhorn, Wm. Bower, Charles R. Chew, Benjamin N. Payne, and George W. Bull. The present officers are S. M. Anderson, S. P. G. ; Joshua Frock, N. G. ; Henry Fink, V. G. The lodge erected a fine hall on the YorU ro^ in 1852 at a cost of four thousand dollars, wljK w^ destroyed by the fire of Jan. 26, 1878. It wasVebuilt on an improved plan at a cost of five thousand six hundred dollars, and was dedicated on Aug. 29, 1878. The corner- stone was laid on the previous 6th of May. The dedi- cation was attended by eight lodges and five thousand people. On Sept. 1, 1855, the hall of Henry Clay Lodge, I. O. O. F., was dedicated by Grand Master Jason Stockbridge. An address was delivered by Dr. Crane, of Baltimore. Mount Moriah Lodge, No. 116, A. F. and A. M., was organized Jan. 24, 1865, with the following char- ter-members: John R. D. Bedford, William M. Isaac, John T. Ensor, James Bruster, Henry L. Bowen, Charles R. Chew, John M. Wheeler, John Wright, R. C. McGinn, Edward Reilly, Jr., and William H. Cockey. The Worshipful Masters in succession have been J. R. D. Bedford, William M. Isaac, John Wright, William H. Ruby, R. Edwin Hook, Dr. J. M. Hawkins, William S. Kepch, an^ Thomas C. Bruir. The officers for 1881 are Thomas C. Bruff, W. >L ; George B. Cockey, S. W. ; J. Morris Wat- NINTH DISTRICT. kins, J. W. The lodge has a large and ornamental temple that cost $10,000. The corner-stone was laid Sept. 2, 1879, and the dedication took place June 9, 1880. Maryland Commandery of Knights Templar, Mount Moriah Lodge, Waverley Lodge, and King David Lodge, of Baltimore City, formed the proces- sion, and the address was delivered by Grand Master John M. Carter. The hall is a two-story edifice of pressed brick, forty-four by sixty-eight feet. The building committee were W. M. Isaac, W. H. Ruby, W. S. Keech, Edward Rider, and D. H. Emory. The corner-stone of the hall of United Sons of Towsontown Lodge, I. O. 0. F. (colored), was laid on July 3, 188L The oration was delivered by Rev. J. H. Manley. The building will be of brick, and two stories in height. The building committee were Benjamin Johnson, Jr., Benjamin Johnson, St., Charles Sheridan, Arthur E. Brent, and Gabriel Cromwell. Political Meetings. — The Union men of Balti- more County held a meeting at Towsontown, Jan. 9, 1861, and Wm. S. Keech, Jas. Malcolm, Jacob L. Caples, George Yellott, and Richard J. Gittings were appointed a committee on resolutions, who made two reports. After much exciting discussion a report was adopted which expressed attachment to the Union under the Constitution, opposed secession, favored the scheme proposed by the members of Con- gress from the Border States for the compromise of the national troubles, and indorsed the course of Governor Hicks in refusing to convene the Legisla- ture. Another meeting of the Union men of the county was held at Towsontown, Jan. 16, 1861. The resolu- tions adopted affirmed affection for the Union and the Constitution, declared that the people in forming new Territories woTfld S^le the question of slavery therein, and demanded "lat Maryland should wait for an overt act on the part of the North before com- mitting itself. The resolutions also complimented Governor Hicks, and urged Congress to do something to save the country. A convention of five delegates from each of the thirteen districts of the county met at Towson on Feb. 15, 1861, to take into consideration the prop- osition for a State convention to express the senti- ments of the people of Maryland in the existing national crisis. Charles A. Buchanan presided, and Wm. Pinkney Whyte moved the appointment of a committee on resolutions, who reported a platform avowing attachment and devotion to the Union as known to the Constitution, denouncing coercion of the seceding States, expressing a hope that the pend- ing difficulties would be honorably settled, and cen- suring Governor Hicks for his refusal to permit the people of the State, through a convention called by the Legislature, an opportunity to announce their wishes. The following were elected to represent the county in the State Convention: Wm. F. Frick, .Idliii Swann, Edward Spencer, R. M. Dennison, Robert C. Barry, R. J. Worthington, Pleasant Hunter, John Merryman, Wm. Pinkney Wliyte, D. M. Perine, James Carroll, Jr., Daniel Jenifer, Carville Stans- bury, and J. H. Luckett. Military Companies. — The Towsontown Riflemen were formed in September, 1846, under Edward C. Talbott, captain; George Pilson, first lieutentant; and James Boyd, second lieutenant. On June 15, 1861, a home guard was organized at Towsontown with the following officers : Captain, John H. Longnecker; First Lieutenant, Wm. H. Lightner; Second Lieutenant, J. M. Watkins. Previous to the war a company called the Towson Guards had existed, but it had been long disbanded when the present organization of that name was formed in August, 1877. It now numbers fifty men, mostly lawyers, clerks, and farmers of the neighbor- hood, and has a fine reputation for drill and discipline. The first captain was David G. Mcintosh, State's at- torney for Baltimore County, who was a distinguished colonel of artillery in the Confederate army. The officers now are: Captain, John Ridgely, of Hampton ; First Lieutenant, Charles B. McLean ; Second Lieu- tenant, S. C. Tomay. On June 30, 1877, the grand jury of Baltimore County brought in a presentment against Chief Justice Grason and Associate Justice Yellott, of the Circuit Court, charging them with malfeasance in office in adjourning the court, and thus cutting short an in- vestigation the grand jury were making into the finan- cial affiiirs of the county. On July 5th, Judge Yel- lott swore out against Gen. John S. Berry, foreman of the grand jury, a warrant charging him with perjury in making oath to the above declaration. The judges were tried before the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County at Annapolis, and were acquitted. On Oct. 1, 1812, the Federal Gazette advertised the sale of William Towson's lands by order of the court. In May, 1850, John A. Bowen published the first number of The Jacksonian and Baltimore Comity Ad- vertiser. After repeated difficulties in obtaining the requisite service on the mail-route from Baltimore via Govans- town to Towsontown, the Postmaster-General, on Aug. 25, 1854, made a permanent engagement with William L. Miller, of Govanstown, to carry the mail in omnibuses, leaving the Baltimore office in the morning and returning in the afternoon of each day, except Sunday. The York Road Railway was opened to Towscm- town Aug. 20, 1863. The school for colored children opened in June, 1867, with twenty-nine pupils. John H. Longnecker died Nov. 11, 1870. He had been clerk of the Baltimore County Court, was con- nected with the Union, and had held a position in the Baltimore custom-house. Dulany's Valley.— Dulany's Valley Post-Office HISTORY OF BALTIIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. is ill the Eleventh District, hut the greater portion of \ the valley itself lies within the herders of the Ninth. The Post-Office has a population of 400. The churches are Trinity (Protestant Episcopal), Wil- son's (Methodist Episcopal), Chestnut Grove (Pres- byterian), and Summerville (German Lutheran). Centennial Grange, No. 161, Patrons of Husbandry, George Merryman, Msister, is located here. The valley is perhaps the most beautiful and valuable tract of farming land in Maryland. Stretching north- east from Towsontown to the Gunpowder River, it is taken up almost entirely by the estates of the Ridge- lys, of Hanipton, the Gilmors, the Chews, and other historic families. The name is derived from Daniel Diilany, a poor but ambitious young Irishman, who it is said about the year 1730 indentured himself, or sold his services for a term of years, to pay his passage to America. On his arriving in Maryland his time was bought by a Mr. Smith, a lawyer of one of the lower counties. Dulany, or Delany, as it was then spelt, ap- pears to have been a man of education, and when his master found him poring over a Latin book by the light of the kitchen-fire, an explanation ensued, the exile was taken into the law-office as a student, and in due time he married the daughter of his benefac- tor. He became a light of the legal profession, but his son, the second Daniel Dulany, w.as even more distinguished as a lawyer. The family adhered to the crow n when the Revolu- tion commenced, and the confiscation by the Ameri- can government of the estates of all Tories deprived them of their magnificent property. Most of it was an original grant to the first Dulany, and embraced some five thousand acres. Its official name was the Valley of Jehosaphat. Just prior to the Revolution Bennet Allen, the rector of the parish of St. Anne's, Annapolis, was anxious to have another charge an- nexed to his own, in order that his income might be increased. Walter Dulany was the most prominent of a few gentlemen who frustrated Allen's desires, holding them to be scandalously avaricious, and, the quarrel getting into the public prints, Dulany, it is said, horsewhipped him in the streets of Annapolis. Allen was soon after driven to England by the vio- lence of political feeling, and he was soon followed thither by Lloyd Dulany, a brother of W^alter, whose house, now the City Hotel at Annapolis, had been attacked and his life threatened by the mob on ac- count of his Toryism. As soon as he landed in Lon- don, Allen opened an attack on the Dulany family through the newspapers, which so irritated Lloyd Dulany that he sent the minister a challenge, which was accepted. The circumstances of the duel were very tragic. The high social position of Dulany and his wife had given them the entree of London society, where she, who was a Miss Brice before mar- riage, was known as " the beautiful American." At the very time arranged for the duel tlicy were under an engagement for .some party of pleasure together, he leaving her at the door on some pretext, and promising to return in half an hour. He met Allen in Hyde Park, and was shot dead at the first fire. This happened in 1782, and Allen had such strong friends that he is believed to have escaped all pun- ishment. The widow married her own nephew, Walter Dulany, a son of the Walter of the horse- whipping episode, and after peace had been declared they returned to Maryland. This younger Walter and his brother Daniel were officers in the British army when the war opened, and they obtained orders for the West Indies on the plea that they did not wish to fight their own countrymen. This modified patriotism, however, did not save their American property from confiscation. Daniel was the ownerof the Dulany 's Valley estates. It was represented to the Maryland General Assembly by influential Whig friends of the family that he had intended to give each of his three sisters five hundred acres of land, and the Assembly permitted each of these ladies to select that quantity of land out of the confiscated property. These grants were all located in the valley, and were afterwards known as the Windsor, Epping Forest, and Springfield estates. The first was assigned to Mary Dulany (then Mrs. George Fitzhugh), the second to Catherine (who afterwards married Horatio Belt), and the third to Rebecca (who married Thomas Hanson). Mrs. Dulany, the wife of the man killed by Bennett Allen, died at Windsor, and was buried in the family graveyard. Since the days of the sisters not one of the name of Dulany has held an acre of what once constituted their noble estates, and there is none of their blood left in the valley, except in the children of Jeremiah Yellott, who married a granddaughter of Mrs. George Fitz- hugh, of Windsor. Ill luck befell all the sisters and their families. Horatio B^ wa*an unthri ty man, who died early, leaving his Sfairs in such a condition that his widow was obliged to sell what was left of the Epping estate — for a portion of it had already been sold to Joshua Marsh — to John Yellott, grand- father of the present Judge Yellott, in the year 1810. The Hansons sold Springfield prior to this time to Edward Pearce. The sisters were all distinguished for beauty and wit. Mrs. Belt lived until the year 18.30, and there are now many persons in Baltimore County who remember her as a pious, genial, and cheerful old lady. Mrs. Fitzhugh was the most bril- liant of the sisters, as she lives in tradition and the fragments of her correspondence that remain. She was of a large, handsome, and stately presence, and although she died young she left numerous children. Her own mother was Mary Grafton, who was regarded by her children with rare veneration, which they en- deavored to show by adopting her family name for a surname, hence the very common u.se of Gralton as a Christian name in this section of Baltimore County. Daniel Dulany Fitzhugh, still well remembered, was one of the sons of Marv Dulany Fitzhugh. He NINTH DISTRICT. 905 was so modest and retiring that he was hardly known except to those who came within liis home circle, but he was a man of first-rate sense and judgment. His poorer neighbors had many occasions to thank him for advice and help. In person he was tall and power- ful, with a mild and handsome countenance. His wife i was a Miss Maynardier, of Talbot County, Md., a gentle and refined lady. In the year 1818, having from motives of economy built a smaller dwelling on that part of the Windsor estate which is now the homestead of Mr. Paine, he abandoned the old man- sion, which thenceforward was never occupied by any of the family. He and his wife died in 1841, and | within a few years afterwards the whole property j passed into stranger hands. Amos Bosley paid forty- I five dollars per acre in 1836 for one hundred and | twenty-five acres at public sale, and fifty dollars per acre for twenty-eight acres at private sale. In 1844, H. M. Fitzhugh sold one hundred and twenty acres 1 to Dr. Wilson for about four thousand dollars, and in [ 1846 the homestead tract of two hundred acres to David Longnecker for sixty dollars per acre. From these figures it may be seen what has been the ad- vance in real estate in the valley during the last thirty or forty years. A famous woman who was connected with the Du- lanys and the Fitzhughs was Mrs. Rousby, of Rousby Hall. The name and the property came to her through her first husband, who died soon after their marriage, leaving her a lovely widow of twenty years with a fine estate and one infant. Among the aspirants for her hand who swarmed about Rousby Hall was Col. William Fitzhugh, whose son by his first wife became tire husband of Mary Dulany Fitz- hugh. Before the Revolution he had been an ofiicer in the British^rmy, and had served with Admiral Vernon in the attadc on Carthagena. During the Revolution he was a patriot soldier, and an intimate friend of George and Lawrence Washington. His suit for the widow's hand prospered very slowly until one day, as tradition has it, when he was about to leave Rousby Hall in his boat, the negro nurse ap- proached him with the child in her arms. Seizing the infant heiress, he jumped into his boat and pushed out midway into the stream, where he held her over the water and threatened to drown her unless the mother would promise to become his wife. She stood upon the liank and vainly implored him for mercy. At last she reluctantly consented to his terms, and they were driven to the nearest Protestant minister and «ere im mediately married. Brooklandville. — In the Green Spring Valley, on the Green Spring branch of the Northern Central Railway, nine miles from Baltimore, is Brookland- ville. The Sater Hills here inclose the valley, and the scenery is ideally picturesque. The town has a population of 200. " Brooklandwood," the manor of Alexander D. Brown, covering some two thousand acres, is in this valley, and near by are estates owned by A. S. Abell, Samuel Brady, Jr., Jesse Slingluff, O. P. Magill, T. Sturgis Davis, Thomas H. Moore, and J. R. Mordecai. Sater's church at Brooklandville is the olde-st Bap- tist church in Maryland. It was founded in the year 1742, and after flourishing for a short time it became almost extinct, but was reorganized in 1865. Among its pastors have been James L. Lodge, J. W. Jones, Isaac Cole, and E. B. Waltz, the latter of whom is the present rector. It is known that from the first days of its settlement there were in Dulany's Valley an " Ensor Orchard," an " Anderson's Hill," a "Perdue Ford," and a "Mer- edith Ford." From this may be inferred the former existence thereabouts of Ensors, Andersons, Perdue.s, and Merediths, names still to be found in other quar- ters of the county, but which, except the last, have disappeared from the places which knew them once and were called after them. Meredith's Ford, how- ever, is still known as the point where the Dulany's Valley turnpike crosses the Great Gunpowder, but the back-water of the immense dam at Loch Raven for the Baltimore City water-supply has made it a ford only in name. The great August flood of 1817 stim- ulated the eff'ort to build at Meredith's Ford a bridge across the Gunpowder, which was finished in 1820, mainly owing to the labors of John Yellott, Jr. It was partly washed out in 1822, but repaired so as to admit of travel passing over it, although it had a twist to it that was alarming to weak nerves. In 1836 it was replaced by a more substantial structure, which in its turn gave way to the existing bridge. There were some very strong objections to the erection of the first bridge ; in fact, the man who attempted in those days to improve the public highways was sure to get into trouble with his conservative neighbors. The old road from Meredith's Ford to Towsontown had the proud distinction of being the worst in the county, and that from the ford to Manor Point was nearly as bad. Passing squarely over hills that might have been turned, strewn with boulders, and inter- sected by water-breaks, it was verily a hard road to travel. In the fall, after his farm-work was over, the supervisor sallied forth to do the mending and pocket the appropriation made by the commissioners of Bal- timore County. His men and his tools were both nearly worthless, and the work, such as it was, was measured by the amount of the allowance and not by the condition of the road. Before the completion of the Northern Central Railway long strings of wagons could be seen moving along rough roads to or from the Baltimore market. Forty wagons from Hope- wells would sometimes put up at Badders' Tavern, two miles above the bridge, over night. Joshua Marsh, previously spoken of as one of the purchasers of the Dulany property when it came under the hammer, was certainly one of the original resi- dents of the valley. He was in the employ of the Dulanys, and must then have been a poor man, but HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. by liis energy and thrift he amassed money enough to buy a few of the Windsor acres, which he continued to add to, until at his death he was a very rich landed proprietor. He built for himself a very remarkable house, which still stands by the roadside, a mile and a half above the ford. He died about 1820, at a very advanced age. His wife was a Miss Harryman, a sister of the George Harryman who so frequently represented Baltimore County in the General Assem- bly. They had at least ten children, of whom two were daughters. Rebecca married Amon Bosley, and Ellen married Amos Matthews. Col. Marsh's distri- bution by will of his large property gave the home- place to his son Dennis, and to his sons Elijah and Joshua the farm now owned by their nephew, Col. D. M. Matthews. It is somewhat singular that although Joshua Marsh had eight stalwart sons, the name has completely died out of the neighborhood. His eldest son, Stephen, married, and children were born to him, but there is no trace left of them. Another son, Josiah, was married but left no children, and the remaining six died bachelors. Hon. J. F. C. Talbot, the present representative in Congress from the Sec- ond District of Maryland, is a great-grandson of Col. Marsh. Mr. Talbot, although one of the youngest, is also one of the most intelligent and industrious mem- bers of the House of Representatives. He was born on the 29th of July, 1843, near Lutherville, Balti- more Co., and received his education in the public schools of that section, where he was marked for his energy and studious habits, qualities that have since served to develop his abilities as a lawyer and legislator. He began the study of law in the office of Messrs. Wheeler & Keech, in Towson, and in 1864 cast his lot with the South, serving under its battle- flag as a private in the Second Maryland Cavalry until the close of the conflict by the surrender of Gen. Lee at Appomattox Court- House, Va. Resuming his studies after the close of the war, he was admitted to practice in 1866. Politically, Mr. Talbot has always been a zealous and consistent Democrat, and is one of the most con- spicuous men in the State, and the leader of his party in Baltimore County. This position has been accorded him not from any prestige of wealth or family, but | solely on account of his ability. His personal popu- j larity with the masses of the people, his success in harmonizing the conflicting elements and interests in his own party and in sustaining party discipline, his wisdom in council, his force, calmness, and cool cour- age, united with his experience in political life, emi- nently fit him for a political leader. After he was admitted to the bar, Mr. Talbot, in 1867, was elected by the people of Baltimore County to represent them in the Third Judicial Convention, which nominated judges for the Third Judicial Dis- trict. In 1871 he was elected district attorney for Baltimore County by a majority of twelve hundred votes, and in 1874 was defeated for the same position by Jervis Spencer. He was elected as a delegate and served in the National Democratic Conveution which assembled in St. Louis in 1876 and nominated Messrs. Tilden and Hendricks. In 1878 he was elected to Congress by five thousand majority, and in 1880 he was again re- turned to the United States House of Representatives, having been elected over Hon. Edward H. Webster, Republican, by fifteen hundred and ten majority. As a member of the Committee on Naval Aff'airs, and also of the Committee on Patents, and other impor- tant committees, he has rendered efiicient service to the country by the faithful discharge of his duty. By act of Congress he was api)ointed a member of the congressional committee on the Yorktown cele- bration, and for the erection of a monument to com- memorate the surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19, 1781. The first threshing-machine ever seen in the valley was brought there by Daniel Dulany Fitzhugh, who had bought it from the inventor at Annapolis. Under favorable circumstances it would thresh fifty bushels of wheat per day, but it had a trick of flying to pieces when it became choked up. It was erected in 1822. In 1839, Jeremiah Yellott built with his own hands the first wheat-drill ever seen in Maryland, upon the model of one that he had seen in Chester County, Pa. The Yellotts are a family well known throughout Baltimore and Harford Counties. Capt. Jeremiah Yellott was the first who came to this country, settling in Baltimore City, where he modeled, owned, and commanded the first vessel of the clipper class that ever sailed away from the cai)es of the Chesapeake. His brother, John Yellott, left Pomfret, Yorkshire, England, in 1792, and bought eleven hundred acres of land in Harford County, near the town of Belair. It was land that had been worn out bf the prevalent Maryland process of giving the'soil neither food nor rest; but Yellott was an intelligent farmer, and he soon restored the value of his property by spreading twenty-five tons of plaster of Paris over it. This was great enterprise for those days, and the neighboring farmers, who could not be made to believe in lime as a fertilizer, looked down with contempt upon what they regarded as folly. But John Yellott raised the best crops in the neighborliood, and in 1805 he sold the old farm and bought another one close by. In 1813 he moved into Dulauy's Valley and bought a part of the Epping estate from Mrs. Catherine Du- lany Belt. Three years later he sold this to his son John, and finally settled at Auburn, on the York road, now the country-seat of H. C. Turnbull. This property was designed originally for Mrs. Ridgely, widow of Capt. Charles Ridgely, founder of the great Hampton estate. She removed to Auburn after the death of her husband in order to permit Gen. Charles Ridgely to enter into possession of Hampton, it hav- ing been bequeathed to him in form of entail by his uncleon Jan. 1, 1811. The second John Yellott bought u^C € .^r /A^- UK 51. FIERCE TENTH DISTKICT. from the heirs of William Goodwin the Hickory Hill farm, in Duluny's Valley, and made it his residence. It contained five hundred and twenty-one acres, and cost him twenty-nine thousand nine hundred dollars, or about fifty-seven dollars per acre. He erected upon it what was then, and perhaps is now, the largest build- ing in the valley, — the present homestead of the Jes- sop family. He established saw and grist-mills and opened a store, and was in every way a busy and prosperous man. He had to buy some land from his father to get full possession of a water-power, and he astonished the old gentleman by offering him ninety- three dollars an acre lor it, — a very high price seventy years ago. In 1816 he bought the "Fertility" farm, now the home of Edward S. Pearce, and some prop- erty from Gen. Ridgely, so that at the time of his death, which occurred in September, 1825, he owned thirteen hundred acres of the best lands in the val- ley. He was a soldier in Capt. Bosley's company of light-horse in the war of 1812, and was chosen cap- tain when Bosley was promoted. As a road super- visor he spent as much of his own money as he did «f the county's in repairing the roads. CHAPTEK LVI. TENTH DISTRICT. The Tenth is one of the great agricultural districts of the county, and embraces within its boundaries many highly productive farms. In area it covers 48.30 square miles, and has a population of 2374, a loss of 192 since the census of 1870, when the num- ber was 2566. The district is bounded on the east by Harford County, on the south by the Eleventh Dis- trict, on the west by the Seventh and Eighth, and ori the north by the Seventh. The land is very rolling, and produces to the acre as large crops of wheat as can be found in the best regions of the State. The Northern Central Railway traverses its western border for ten miles, and through it run the old York road, the Sweet Air road, the Meredith's Ford and Jar- rettsville turnpike, and the Blue Mount road. The Little Gunpowder Falls and the Great Gunpowder and Jones' Falls on the west have a number of branches that permeate the district. Monkton and Gleiicoe are the two villages of importance. The district is well supplied with churches and school.s, Jind St. James' Episcopal church is over a hundred years old. The old families are the Carrolls, Hutchins, the Einorys, the Howards, the Slades, the Guthries, the Pcrdues, the Prices, and the Sparks, all of whose rep- resentatives now own and cultivate fine estates in this splendid farming region. The Pearce estates in this district are large in ex- tent and remarkable for the beauty of their location and the perfection to which they arfc cultivated. Gen. John Bacon Pearce was born at Clilford, on My Lady's Manor, in the Tenth Di.strict of Baltimore County, Dec. 19, 1800. His ancestors came to this country from AVales in 1764, and settled in Baltimore County, on the spot where Towsontown now stands. There were seven brothers Pearce, who together owned at one time all the land embraced between Towsontown and Cold Spring, on the York road. Five of the brothers were engaged in the Revolution- ary war, and came out of it without a scratch. All were present at the surrender of Cornwallis at York- town. William Pearce, one of the brothers, was the father of Thomas Pearce, who purchased Clifford, and made it one of the handsomest and most attractive estates in Maryland. Thomas married Elizabeth Bacon, a member of a family thoroughly identified with the history of Baltimore County, and John Bacon Pearce was the fruit of this union. Gen. Pearce obtained his educational training at the academies in Baltimore. During the war of 1812 his father, Thomas Pearce, joined the armies of his country, and was actively engaged in the battles of Bladensburg and North Point, and John Bacon, then' a boy of fourteen, was placed in charge of the family estate. Gen. Pearce, while driving a wagon from Bal- timore on the night of the bombardment of Fort Mc- Henry, witne.ssed that memorable event which has been so graphically portrayed by Key in the " Star Spangled Banner." He always described it as a mag- nificent spectacle, despite the grave apprehensions which filled his mind at the time. Gen. Pearce was married in 1832 to Miss Sophia Myers, daughter of Jacob Myers, a wholesale tobacco- dealer in Baltimore City. Her brother, Samuel Myers, a tobacco manufacturer in Richmond prior to the war, was the owner of the Libby prison which subsequently became so iamous in the annals of the late civil strife. There are in most country neighborhoods in Jlary- land representative men, dignified in demeanor, un- ostentatious in manner, endowed with a high degree of administrative capacity and clear judgments, hon- est to the core, and sympathetic in their natures, to whom their neighbors refer vexed questions affecting their domestic affairs, and whose advice they rely on with as much confidence as though it were clothed with the authority of a judicial decision. They are the unknown benefactors of mankind, whose deeds are not graven in marble or bronze, but in the hearts of their simple neighbors, who consider their recog- nition an honor and their friendship beyond all price. Such an one was Gen. Pearce. He was looked up to by the community. His neighbors sought his advice I and aid, and he gave both freely. He was ever ready to succor the needy, and those who acted upon his counsels never had occasion for regret. • He was a consistent member of the Methodist Epis- copal Church for forty years, and he and his father HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. were mainly instrusnental in building Clyranleria church. * lu politics Gen. Pearce was an Old-Line Whig up to the time of the breaking out of the civil war, when he became a conservative Union man. He engaged actively in politics, and was ever ready to serve his party, but could not be induced to accept office. He was proffered the Baltimore postmastership by Presi- dent Harrison in recognition of his party services, but declined the honor. In 1862, and again in 1864, he was elected by the Union party to represent Balti- more County in the Maryland Legislature. Though all his life averse to holding office, he did not feel at liberty to resist the pressure brought to bear upon him at this crisis in the history of the State. His legisla- tive career was marked by prudence, wisdom, and liberality, and his influence and example did much to hold in check an element which, had it been given full sway, would have worked serious damage to the interests of the State. At the close of the war he gave up all active interest in politics, and voted gen- erally with the Democratic Conservative party. ! Gen. Pearce was made captain of militia early in life, and was promoted successively through all the grades to brigadier-general, which last appointment I he received from Governor Hicks. 1 In all enterprises which had for their object the ad- I vancement of his county or State, Gen. Pearce was an energetic laborer. He was greatly interested in the construction and development of both the Baltimore : and Ohio, and the Northern Central Railroads, and was one of the founders of the present public school system of Baltimore County. He was a man of excellent business capacity, and under his management the inheritance left him by his father was greatly enlarged, and at the time of his death he was one of the wealthiest citizens in his district. His wife, a very estimable lady, died Dec. 16, 1871, and on the 17th of December, 1874, Gen. Pearce was stricken with paralysis as he arose from the dinner-table. He lingered several hours but never rallied, and was buried on his birthday, leaving [ one son and three daughters. The son, Jacob M. 1 Pearce, was married April 10, 1861, to Laura J. | Holmes, daughter of John B. Holmes, by whom he I has five children, four boys and a girl. He now re- | sides at Clifford, a splendid property which has been in the family for three generations, and which has been greatly improved by its present owner. Mr. Pearce is a model farmer, and under his intelligent and energetic care his estate has become the admira- tion of all who visit it. In spite of his wealth and I position he is not ashamed to share personally in the j cultivation of his farm, and illustrates the dignity of | labor by an example which is as valuable and com- mendable as it is rare. Mr. Pearce has inherited his father's intelligence, good judgment, and ability, and is one of the most marked and influential men in the, ' county. SCHOOLS FOR 1881. Teachers. 1. 1.— John L. Fit/patiick, White Hall. . 2.— H. Lizzie Wheeler, St. James. . 4.— William H. Henrtriclis, Suuny Brook. . 6.— William H. Morris, Swuet Air. . 6. — M. Rankin Gemmill, St. James. . 7. — Rosalie Caples, Long Green. . 8. — Charles W. Anderson, Phoenix. . 9.— Genie Wilson, Sweet Air. . 10.— Louisa McBride, Monkton. Colored Scuooi.8. No. 2.— Nanie B. Gi-ooms, Sweet Air. Trustees. A. Elliott, John Bosley, and J. M. McComa8,Jr School No, No. 2.— Nathan Nelson, Richard llutchins, and J. 91. Pearce. No. 4. — John Brown, Jackson Curry, and John Piersol. No. 5.— John Baldwin, E. A. Weakly, and Joseph Catholl. No. C— H. C. Ilntchins, Thos. Richardson, and Chris. C. Slade. Ho. T.— John Smith. Benjamin K. Shipley, and Conrad Bode. No, 8. — Jos. Smith, Thomas E. Kemp, aud Oscar Johnsou. No. 9.— Thos. Stansbury, N. H. Parker, and John Cook. Monkton. — This is a station on the Northern Cen- tral Railway, twenty miles from Baltimore, with a population of 40. A Protestant Episcopal and a Methodist Episcopal church, a public and a private school are situated here. The Methodist church is a very handsome and costly structure, and is placed upon an elevation from which it commands a view of the country for many miles around. Sweet Air Post-Office is in the south of the dis- trict, and is reached by the Sweet Air road, which connects the Meredith's Ford and the Dulany's Val- ley turnpike.s. There is a Presbyterian Church here, the pa.stor of which is Rev. D. L. Raithburn. This church was first located in Chestnut Grove, and was founded on Aug. 13, 1842, by Rev. Stephen Yerkes. The building was dedicated in 1845. The corner-stone of the mission chapel of the United Brethren in Christ was laid May 5, 1872. Glencoe Station is on the Northern Central Rail- way, seventeen miles from Baltimore. , It has an ele- vation of six hundred feet above tide-water, and on the summit of the ridge is a spacious hotel, which is very popular as a summer resort. The property is owned by Joseph Mowel. The population of the vil- lage is 125. Emmanuel Protestant Epi-scopal church. Rev. R. R. Mason rector, wa.s consecrated June 1!), 1873, by Bishop Pinkney, assisted by Bishop Johns, of Virginia, the latter preaching the consecration sermon. Henry Carroll was born in 1796, at Sweet Air, Baltimore Co., Md., and died in 1877 at Clynmalira Manor, the family estate, located in the Tenth District of the same county, which was entered upon in 1704, under the proprietary of Lord Baltimore, by his great- grandfather, Daniel Carroll, who was a brother of Charles Carroll, the father of Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Daniel Carroll was a son of the original Charles Carroll, who was a son of Daniel Carroll, of Litterluna, Ireland, and came to Maryland early in % yUpt.(Xuy4- ^(^ ^Icc^tr TENTH DISTRICT. the seventeenth century. Henry Carroll's grand- ] father was Charles Carroll, of Duddington, an estate of which a large portion is now embraced in the city of Washington. This Charles Carroll married Mary Hill, of Prince George's County, Md. One of their sons was Henry Hill Carroll, who was born at Duddington in 1768, and married Sarah A., daughter of Benjamin Rogers, of Baltimore, a near relative of the family, from whom Baltimore City purchased Druid Hill for a public park, and of this union Henry Carroll was born. He was educated at St. Mary's College, Baltimore, and was mainly engaged during his long life in farming and in supervising his large landed property. He always took an active interest in the advancement of agriculture, and was known as a scientific farmer. He was a sincere Catholic by family descent and by conviction. In 1821 he married Mary B., daughter of Samuel Ster- rett and Rebecca Sears, daughter of Isaac Sears, a member of the Boston family of that name. Their surviving children are Sarah A., who married Alex- ander ^Villchester, of Baltimore; Samuel Sterrett, who mairied Rebecca Thompson, ol Baltimore; Henry Hill, who married Mary Winchester, of Baltimore; and William Sterrett, who married Louisa Tilghman, of Talbot County, Md. Sunny Brook. — This village is on the Meredith's Ford and Jarrettsville turnpike, three miles distant from the line of the railroad. Phoenix being the near- est station. It has a population of 150. St. Philip's Catholic church and Fairview Methodist Episcopal church are at this place. Millington.— This is a small village near the cen- tre of the district. Millington Lodge, No. 166, A. F. and A. M., of which W. L. Patterson is Worthy Master, has its headquarters here. St. James is three miles from Monkton, at the in- tersection of the Sweet Air and the Old York roads. Besides St. James' Protestant Episcopal Church, a Methodist Episcopal Church is also established here, with Revs. W. T. D. Clemm and E. Richardson in charge. Manor Grange, No. '163, P. of H., has its headquarters at St. James. Two miles from the vil- lage are Wesley chapel, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and an African Methodist Episcopal church. On the Old York road, a mile distant, is Clynmalira Methodist Episcopal church, which derives its name from the estate of the Carroll family, upon which it is situated. A few years before the opening of the nineteenth century the parents of George Austen came to this country and settled at Deer Creek, Harford Co., where he was born in 1798. The family was a very old one in Kent County, England, and they were in- duced to forsake their ancestral possessions by the strong reaction against liberal principles consequent on the French Revolution and Napoleon's wars. He came of a family with whom love of liberty in the better sense was almost a passion. The grandfather of George Austen was at one time imprisoned for the too forcible expression of his opinions as to the "rights of man," words that had come to stand for rebellion and all evil works in those years .succeeding the Reign of Terror. But in all proper reverence for authority, both in person and in law, the Austens were as stanch as in their independence of thought and freedom from superstition. Their circumstances, affluent in the early days of their settlement, when they owned about a thousand acres of land, became embarrassed, and the property was sold, and the mother of George Austen, then a widow, came to Bal- timore City with a small maintenance for her young family. Compelled to' deny them the privileges of school, her own example and the strength of her character made up for the deficiency. George Aus- ten at an early age was compelled to assist by his own hard labor in the support of the family, but all his spare hours were devoted to reading and reflection, and in this way he improved a naturally powerful mind. Engaging in the manufacturing business in the city, he rapidly acquired a competence, and in 1845 was able to retire from commercial life. He purchased an estate on the western side of the Tenth District, a mile distant from Glencoe, and naming it "Felstone," after the home of his English ancestors, he there spent the last thirty years of his life. He died in 1876, and until his last illness, which was a short one, it might truly be said of him that his eye was not dim nor his natural force abated. One of his strongest characteristics was a deep sympathy for the poor and a desire to aid all who were struggling with adverse circumstances. He devoted much time, means, and energy to religious and charitable work, and, while he was a sincere Christian, there was no- thing he despised so much as cant, formalism, and pernicious pietism. St. James' P. E. Church is an olfshoot of old St. John's, once the parish church of the ancient town of Joppa, and is one of the oldest religious edifices in Baltimore County. The first mention we have of the erection of a church in this parish is to be found in the records of St. John's. Under date of Aug. 7, 1750, the vestry of St. John's took into con- sideration the building of " a chapel of ease in the forks of the Gunpowder," and appointed Rev. Hugh Deans, the rector, and Walter Tolley, one of the ves- trymen, to solicit subscriptions. The subscriptions obtained in the parish proved insuflScient for the pur- pose, and on the 23d of June, 1752, the General As- sembly passed an act empowering the justices of Bal- timore County to assess and levy three hundred pounds on the inhabitants of St. John's parish, for the purpose of purchasing one acre of land in the forks of the Gunpower River and building thereon a chapel of ease. Rev. Hugh Deans, Thomas Frank- lin, Roger Boyce, Nicholas Ruxton Gay, Thomas Gittings, John Merryman, and John Hughes were authorized to purchase the land and to contract with IlLSTOKV OF DALTLMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. workmen for the erection of the ehapel, wliich, when built, was to be deemed a cliapel of ease and kept in repair at the parisli charge. The amount appropriated by tlie act of 1752 proved insufficient, and on the 17tli of November in the fol- lowing year the General Assembly passed a supple- mentary act, which empowered the county justices to levy a further sum of 70,000 tt)s. of tobacco by two equal assessments for the completion of the church. In the mean time, in August, 1753, services were held at the residence of Nicholas Hutchin's, and the vestry of St. John's ordered ten or twelve benches to be made and kept there, and directed that Mr. Hutchins should be paid 100 lbs. of tobacco for every day's use of his house for this purpose. The inhabitants in the forks of the Gunpowder did not, however, worship long at the house of Mr. Hutchins, for it appears that the chapel was com- pleted in August, 1755, and Josias Slade was paid for acting as sexton. He was still se.^cton on the 4th of July, 1758, and received an annual salary of 400 lbs. of tobacco. On Sept. 4, 1759, the commissioners ap- pointed by the act of 1752 represented to the vestry of St. John's the necessity of an addition to the chapel of ease, and desired that an assessment of two hundred pounds of currency should be levied upon the parish for the purpose; one-half to be raised in 1760 and the other in 1761. The vestry of St. John's assented to the proposal, and the commissioners were ordered to carry it into effect, and to contract with workmen to erect an addition to the chapel of thirty feet square, and to raise the walls three feet higher. This improvement was not immediately made, for we find that in May, 1761, the commissioners requested the vestry of St. John's to add to their committee Walter Tolley and John Chamberlain to aid in the erection of the addition, and on May lOtli they met at the house of Jonas Slade to make an agreement with the workmen. On Oct. 4, 1768, repairs were ordered to be made to the chapel of ease, and a well was di- rected to be sunk, with a curb and buckets, etc., pro- vided. Four acres of land were also purchased of Jonas Slade for the use of the chapel. He had been se.xton for many years, but on July 25, 1769, Daniel Chamier, the sheriff of the county, was appointed in his place. On April 16, 1770, Henry Wetlierell and Thomas Talbo; were made church wardens, and Mr. Slade was reappointed se-xton of the chapel. In 1770 the General Assembly passed an act creat- ing fclie northwest part of St. John's parish a separate and independent parish, by the name of St. James' parish, and making the chapel its parish church. This act was to take effect on the death of the then rector, the Rev. Hugh Deans. The act dividing the parish recites that " After the death or removal of the present incumbent. Bush River Upper Hundred, Mine River Hundred, North Hundred, and that part of Middle River Upper Hundred lying north of the road leading from the main road from York to Balti- more, wliere it crosses the south branch of Gunpow- der Falls at Walter Dulany's plantation, and that part of Gunpowder Upper Hundred north of the said main road leading from the south branch to Roger Boyce's, where it intersects the Mine Run Hundred, shall be erected into a new, distinct parish, bearing the name of St. Jamais' parish. And the first Easter-Monday after such death Or removal is appointed for the freeholders of the new parish to meet at the chapel of ease, in the fork of Gunpowder River (which is to be their pari.sh church), to choose si.x vestrymen and churchwardens.'" On June 13, 1775, the vestry of St. John's ordered John Roberts, register, to build in the chapel of ease a pew three feet in width and adjoining the clerk's desk, for Benjamin Rogers. In January, 1777, Rev. Mr. Deans died, and the conditions thus took effect by which St. James' be- came a separate and independent parish. Mr. Deans left a widow, but no children. The place on which he lived is now called Kingsville, a little south of St. John's (Daly's church), on the Belair road. He was buried under the chancel in the church at Joppa. He left his estate, which was quite large, to his widow, and at her death. she left it to her niece. The latter married a Mr. Paul, who during the Revolution was a violent Tory, and at one time was near being hung as a spy. He was a dissolute husband, and spent all his wife's property and left her in want. She had no children. Mr. Deans was appointed rector of St. John's Church, in Baltimore County, on the 22d of July, 1742, and was received by the vestry on the 28th. He continued to serve St. John's and the chapel of ease till his death, when he was succeeded, after two years' vacancy, by Rev. George Hughes Worsley, who commenced officiating at St. John's on March 1, 1779, and in August of the same year agreed to preach at St. James' every third Sunday. On May 1, 1780, it was agreed that Mr. Worsley should officiate every other Sunday at Joppa, giving one Sunday in each month to St. James' and one to the congregation at Mr. Hunter's, in Joppa parish. In 1781, Mr. Worsley removed to Charles County, where, in 1784, he died. In 1782, Rev. John Andrews, D.D., became the rector of St. James' parish, in con- r Diiliinj'8 plaiitiiliou was on tlie northeast siile of the Big n- Iliver, wlifie llio liriHge crosses it, iiortlieust of Hampton, rniiili VfUnU's; and R>i{$er Bunco's vf-dB near Morrison's, at ivcr Upppr lliiuilreil was in Harford County, and extended Mtlyin ISaltimore and partly in Hiirfort lisiTviitinn for tliis linndrwl, in 1774, wer< siuh Sbule, of Baltimore Connly: and ii Stevenson, Daniel SIniw, William Slaile, 11 Baltimore Connty. Commit I and Klislia Dorscy; in 1773, Jolin Hall and of JUd.lle Kivur Upper was north of Western Ban ; the [Kiwili-r Upper con&isted of all north of the road from Du- TENTH DISTKICT. nection with St. Thomas', in Baltimore County. In 1784 he removed to Philadelpliia, and was succeeded in 1787 by Rev. John Coleman, who gave his entire time to St. James'. In 1788 he extended his services to St. Thomas', and in September; 1790, the following persons subscribed to his salary, amounting to £84.39, or about $224: Leach, Asac! llit< lii<>< K, .Ir., Isaac IIIIcliccU, .l.-lm Stowart, Henry Inlues, .lessn I'encock, Jlary Galloway, Chailes Galloway, Cliarles Gcltipey, Joseph Sutton, Jr., Isaac Sampson, of Isaac, William Iliiiil. JOphraim Rntlcdge, William Hutchhis, Stephen .>«.. \\ r 1,11, ^iiMsliUry.Sr.. Nicholas Fuller, Kdward StansLury, r. \, u, Ji-., James Andorstjn, Thomas Hutuliius, John 1 1, I. i. i,il,,,n, r,,x, Abraham Uutledge, Jr., James Elliott, James Mi.idiii;.;, I'laiii Is (.Niwford, Josliuft Kut ledge, Benjamin Merryman, James Stewart, .Sanniel Iticliaiilson, John Towser, Joshua Row, Charles Gorsucli,TllumusGoisnch. John Read, James McBoyce, Wil- liam Farrell, John Caimagli, .lacoli Strttwd, John Bacon, James Hughes, Martin Fugit, George Colenuiu, John Eutledge, Benjamin Gorsuch, Shadrach Rutledge, Mary Blaney, Richard Jones, of Rich- ard, Lnke Johnson, Daniel Shaw, Temperance Bacon, David Po- cock, Benjamin Sliarp, Thomas Hunt, Daniel Heudington, James Goodwin, Thomas A nderson, Wi] liam Roe, Thomas Galloway, Henry Kane, Alexander Maunaghan, William Hiiies, Jacob Herrington, Rachel Goodwin, Samuel Downs, Joshua Guyton, Samuel Curtis, Daniel I'eocock, Jr., John Wadsworth, Daniel Pocock, Jr., William Standiford, Abraham Guyton, John Demoss, Richard Sampson, Francis Hair, Edward Standiford, William Gwynn, William Pierce, George Foster, Joshua Meredith, Joshua Miles, Hannah Roe, Zaues Hughes, Josias Sparks, John Guyton, Elijah Merryman, Samuel Jones, John Talbolt, Isaac Gorsuch, Richard Jones, Jr., Edward Bos- nian, James Benton, of John, James Juloce, David Sampson, James Bosman, Isaac Bull, Dr. Thomas Love, William Sheppard, Benjamin Anderson, Jr., John Anderson, Capt. John Calder. On Dec. 17, 1791, Rev. Dr. Bend reports as to visit ing members of this parish : " Preached in St. James' church, of which the Rev. Mr. Coleman is rector. It being Saturday, no great number of persons assembled, but t distinguished those who were lith Mr. Elijah Merryman, that the pews had been rented some time before for some particular purpose, but as it appeared n.)t generally pleasing the plan had been afterwards re- linquished. Tills did n(»t, however, prevent me from recommending to the congregation the resignations of their pews to the vestry, as they would afford a better and nwre permanent fund for the expenses of the parish. From the same gentleman I learned that the provision made for the rector is very moderate, but that it was cheerfully accepted by Mr. Coleman, whom he mentioned with great affection and as highly acceptable to all bis congregation. From the rector himself I found that he was very well satisfied with his people; that their numbers increased under his care ; that the sacrament of baptism was properly respeited by them, anil that his communicants had become now numerous. And I also learned with great satisfaction that he spared no practicable exer- tions to promote the interests of the church." In 1791 an act was passed by the General Assembly securing to the parish the land on which the church stands. In 1768, as has already been stated, the rec- tor and vestry of St. John's parish purchased four acres of land for £30 from Josias Slade, who con- tracted to convey the same, upon which the chapel of ease was then erected. When the parish was divided, the four acres became a part of St. James' parish, but could not be conveyed to the vestry, as it was discovered that the title had never been in Mr. Slade. During the Revolution, however, the manor was confiscated, and the title being thus vested in the State, the General Assembly, by the act in question, surrendered the property to the parish. In 1792 a stene wall was put around the lot, partially inclosing the church and graveyard. In 1799, Mr. Coleman became rector of St, Thomas' parish, and officiated at St. James' only occasionally. In 1804 he returned to his own residence and again became rector of St. James'; and about 1800 Rock Spring church, or Christ church, was built. Mr. Cole- man died Jan. 21, 1816, at the age of fifty-eight years. He was suc- ceeded by Rev. Matthew .lohnson, who was ordained by Bishop Clag- gett, Oct. C, 1815. He officiated at St. James' in connection with St. John's three years, when he removed to All Saints', in Calvert County, and died there Sept. 19, 1825. Rev. John Ryder Keech became rector of St. James' in January, 1819, olticiating also at St. John's. Mr. Keech was a native of St. Mary's County, and was educated at Charlotte Hall. He prepared partly for the ministry under Dr. Davis, of Annapolis, was ordained deacon Jan. 24, 1819, by Bishop Kemp, and entered at once on the charge of St. John's and St. James', and at the convention of that year reported forty communicants in both parishes. On the 1st of Octo- ber, 18211, Bishop Kemp consecrated Christ church, near Belair, and on the 12th of October Trinity. In 1821, Mr. Keech gave up St. James' Manor church and confined his ministry to St. John's and Christ churches, the latter known os the Bock Spring church, where he con- tinued till his death, on Dec. IG, 1S61, aged about sixty-five years. Hs left a widow, two daughters, and six sons. William H. Keech, a very prominent lawyer of Towsonton, is one of his sons. Few ministers of the church were more respected or wielded more influence in their day and generation than Mr. Keech. Rev. George McElhing succeeded to the pastorate of St. James', March 18, 1821, but iu 1826 he resigned and went to Charles County for a year Upon his return, finding the parish vacant, he again became rector, and continued in charge of the church till 1829, when he removed to the Eastern Shore. He was afterwards rector of St. Ann's, at Annapolis, where he died in 1841, aged forty-one years. Rev. John Wiley became rector in 1829, and remained till 1833, when he removed to the Eastern Shore, and subsequently, in 1854, to Trinity parish, Charles County. Kev. J. McGrego Dale succeeded to the charge in 1833, but in 1836 he removed to Calvert County, where he died ia 1837. He was followed in 1836 by Kev. Mr. Holmead, who removed in 1842 to Washington City. Bev. Matthew L. Forbes became rector in 1843, and remained until May 10, 1868, when he removed to Baltimore. He was succeeded by Rev. Horatio H. Hewett, Jan. 1, 1S59, but he re- moved to Florida in 1800. Since that period the rectors have been W. A. White, from Feb. 2, 1802, to Jan. 7, 1865 ; R. K. Mason, from Novem- ber, 1865, to March 1, 1876 ; G. K. Warner, from November, 1875, to the present time. The vestrymen for 1881 are Josiah Sparks, treasurer; Dr. R. Emory, register; Jackson Wilson, William Hutchins, G. W. An- derson, Charles Street, of Harford, Dr. C. A. Rutledge, and Walter Pur- due. The wardens are John R. Rutledge and C. W. Anderson. Dulany's Valley Post-Office is on the south- eastern edge of this district. The historic valley laps over the borders of the Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Districts, but is treated of under the head of the Ninth. There is a German Lutheran church near the Post-Office. Dennis Marsh Matthews, now of Brookwood, Du- lany's Valley, Baltimore Co., Md., was born at Wood- bine, in that county, Jan. 25, 1831. He is descended on the paternal side from three brothers who emigrated from England early in the last century. One of them settled in Baltimore County, and had a son named Mordica Matthews. The hitter's son was Amos Mat- thews, whose son was the second Amos, and the father of the subject of this sketch. His mother was Ellen Marsh, whose father was Capt. Joshua Marsh, their family being also among the pioneers in the settle- ment of the county. She is the only survivor of the 912 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. family, whose name is consequently now extinct. Mr. Matthews married Hattie W. Aldridge, daugh- ter of Andrew and Margaret Aldridge, of Jefferson County, W. Va., June 1, 1875. Their children are Ellen, Aldridge, and Clyde. Mr. Matthews was a member of the General Assembly of 1874, and al- though he takes no very active part in politics, he is frequently solicited to accept office at the hands of the Democratic party, but the management of his property and participation in local enterprises occupy all his time. He was energetic in the construction of the Dulany's Valley and Towsontown turnpike and the Dulany's Valley and Sweet Air turnpike, and for a number of years has been president of the former. Governor Groome appointed him aide-de- camp on his staff with the rank of colonel, and his commission has been renewed by Governor Carroll and Governor Hamilton. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and for the past three years has been a delegate to the Maryland Diocesan Convention, representing Trinity Church, Long Green. Gunpowder Farmers' Club,— A very prominent and useful organization is the Gunpowder Farmers' Clnb, which was formed in 1870 by gentlemen residing near the Gunpowder, in the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Districts. The first meeting was called by Dickinson Gorsuch, andwas held at his house on March 19, 1870, and besides him there were present Thomas Talbot Gorsuch, Thomas H. Matthews, Aquilla Mat- thews, Isaac M. Price, and Thomas Gorsuch. The re- sults of the conference were so encouraging that two others were held, and then another on April 9, 1870, when the following members enrolled themselves: Thomas C. Bosley, T. T. GorsUch, Thomas Gorsuch, Dickinson Gorsuch, Joshua M. Gorsuch, S. M. Price, Joseph Bosley, John C. Bosley, N. E. Miles, Aquilla Matthews, Isaac M. Price, and Eli A. Matthews. At present, after the lapse of eleven years, the members are Dickinson Gorsuch, John D. Matthews, B. McG. Hardesty, W. W. Mattliews, Col. Walter Franklin, A. C. Scott, Ed. Scott, Lewis M. Bacon, Edward H. Matthews, John Bond, N. R. Miles, Samuel M. Price, Joseph Bosley, John Growther, and Thomas Gorsuch. The membership is limited to fifteen. The club has no regular president, but is governed by an executive committee. Its influence has been very beneficial. It thoroughly investigates all questions pertaining to agriculture, and makes a scientific study of all methods and improvements bearing upon the great question of economy and maximum of production. In 1875 a premium was offered by the club for the largest yield of corn on one acre, and the largest on five acres. The results were as follows for one W. W. Matthews.. Joshua M. GorsucI T. T. Gnrsuch E. II. Matthews... K.l, Scott S. M. PrU-e A.C.Scott Joseph Bosley On five acres Joseph Bosley raised an average of 24 barrels, 3 bushels, and 3 pecks ; Edward Scott, an average of 19 barrels, 4 bushels, and 3 pecks; and S. M. Price, an average of 20 barrels and 6 bushels. The premiums were awarded to T. T. Gorsuch and Joseph Bosley. William Ferguson Peerce was born in September, 1787, in the District of Columbia. The house in which he first saw the light of day stood upon the spot where St. John's church now stands. His grandfather, the first of the name in America, sailed from England for New York early in the eighteenth century, and was driven by stress of weather to the West Indies, where the vessel was wrecked on the island of St. Kitts. An incident worthy of note occurred when the ship struck the rocks. There were some women and children on board, who amid the confusion were in danger of perishing. The crew rushed for the boats with the intention of securing their own safety, but Mr. Peerce, gun in hand, planted himself at the bulwarks, and threatened instant death to any one who attempted to leave the ship until the helpless were landed. His will and courage prevailed, and all were safely lauded on the island. He purchased a sugar plantation and a number of slaves, and en- gaged successfully in the culture of cane. After some years spent on the island he sailed for America, and settled in St. Mary's County, Md., where Edward Peerce, the father of William Ferguson Peerce, was born. After the death of his father, Edward Peerce removed to the District of Columbia and bought a large tract of land extending from the site of the present White House to the navy-yard. Washing- ton was at that time in embryo, with no suggestion of its future greatness, and the land was acquired for agricultural purposes. At the close of the war of the Revolution a splendid body of land in Baltimore County, which had be- longed to Walter Dulany, a Tory during the strug- gle, was confiscated. Edward Peerce was attracted by its location and fertility, and traded his Washing- ton property for five hundred acres in Dulany's Val- ley, then and ever since known as " Springfield." He removed thither when William F. was but two years old. The wife of the former was Anne Ferguson, the daughter of a planter near Bladensburg. She was of Scotch descent, and possessed in an eminent degree the thrifty traits of that hardy race of people. Edward Peerce was a soldier in the French and Indian war and in the war of the Revolution, and underwent many hardships and privations. When the great oil discoveries were made in Pennsylvania, William F. Peerce was wont to say that they were not unexpected to him, as he had often heard his father speak of crossing Oil Creek during one of the campaigns of the Revolution, whose waters were cov- ered with a thick coating of oil, and that he had scraped it from his horse's legs with his hands after passing over. ^^^^. TEiNTH DISTRICT. t ■ William F. Peerce was educated at the schools iu tlie niiirliliorliood, and finished his studies at an acad- emy in Iliiiinid County. He selected agriculture as an nccuji:iti(in, and devoted himself principally to stock-raising and grazing.- When the war of 1812 broke out Mr. Peerce enlisted in Capt. Nicholas Bos- ley's company of Col. Stansbury's regiment, and was present at the battle of North Point. In 1834, Mr. Peerce was married to Louisa Smith, a widow, whose maiden name was also Smith, and who was the daughter of Job Smith, a very prominent citizen of Baltimore, and a descendant of one of the original settlers of the city. By her he had five children, four sons and one daughter. One of the sons is dead ; the others are Edward S., George, and Thomas Peerce. Edward S. Peerce was married to Miss Stump, Oct. 31, 1876. His wife lived but little more than two years, and he now resides on the portion of the Springfield estate where the original mansion-house stood. George and Thomas are unmarried, and live in the fine old residence built during the lifetime of William F. Peerce. His daughter was married to John Lippincott, of Baltimore, and is at present living in that city. Mr. Peerce was a prosperous man in the best sense of the term. Careful attention to business, thrift, and fair dealing were the elements in a long life of usefulness and success. He speculated in land, and at one time owned an immense body of it in Dulany's Valley and its vicinity. He interested himself in all enterprises which seemed to give assurance of benefit to the community where he lived. He was president of the Dulany Valley Turnpike Company, as also of the Meredith's Ford and Sweet Air line. He leaned to the Episcopal Church in religion, and it was through the instrumentality of himself and father that the church of that denomination was erected in the valley. He was an active vestryman, and ever alive to the interests of the parish. In politics he was an enthusiastic Old-Line Whig and an ardent admirer of Henry Clay. He never missed a primary meeting or an election, but never would accept office. When the Whig party ceased to exist he attached himself to the American or Know-Nothing organization, and at the breaking out of the civil war became an uncom- promising supporter of the Union cause. After the war he abandoned politics altogether. In character he was liberal, but ever ready to condemn any devia- tion from the .strict path of rectitude ; indeed, his most distinguishing traits were truthfulness and honesty. ] His hand was ever open to the poor, and he especially interested himself in those who appeared anxious to help themselves. A German settlement near Spring- ; field owes its prosperity almost entirely to him. He sold lots to the settlers, gave them abundant time to I pay for them, and when they were in arrears from no fault of their own released them from their obliga- j tions. Mr. Peerce was a great reader and a man of j remarkable literary taste. His memory was extraor- ■ dinary, and he had stored up in its ample chambers a perfect encyclopa'dia of knowledge, from which any historical date or event could be called forth at pleas- ure. Few men possessed more real friends or excited more genuine interest. He died Jan. 1, 1877, in the ninetieth year of his age. The family of which John Bosley is a member is numerous in this district of Baltimore County, and is /Jd^u^ cfescended from seven brothers, who emigrated from England in the last century and took up extensive possessions in this part of the State. Ezekiel Bosley lived on " My Lady's Manor," and had a son named James, who married Hannah Hughes. Tlieir son, John Bosley, was born Jan. 20, 1818, on the fine farm in the northern section of the district, about three miles from Monkton, which he now owns and on which he resides. He was the youngest of nine chil- dren,— six girls and three boys. He was married, Dec. 11, 1851, to Mary, daughter of William and Sarah Bosley Pearce. Their children are Dr. James Bosley, of kiltimore City, William P., Laura V., Hannah, and Elizabeth. Mr. Bosley attends and contributes to the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which his wife is a member. He is a Democrat, and usually takes an active part in all important public campaigns. His farm embraces two hundred acres, and like all the Bosley properties is thoroughly culti- vated. His father, James Bosley, at one time con- ducted a cloth and woolen-factory near White Hall. 914 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. mi^ ■HAKI> EMOKV. The Bosley family is famous for tlie number of good farmers that it has produced, and John Bosley is one of the most prominent of those who have earned that honorable distinction. St, James' College. — The corner-stone of the pro- posed new edifice for the college of St. James, the diocesan college of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Maryland, was laid on Oct. 15, 1859, at a site near Phcenix Station, on the Northern Central Railway. The institution was established in Washington County in 1842, but on account of its inaccessibility by railroad, the burning in 1847 of one of the princi- pal buildings, and the growing wants of the institu- tion, the trustees determined to remove it to Baltimore County. They purchased one hundred and eighty acres of land for seven thousand dollars, and ac- cepted plans for a Gothic building two hundred and eighty feet in length and fifty-five feet high, the centre structure to be eighty feet wide, the wings seventy-four feet, and the connecting buildings fifty feet, the work to cost about sixty thousand dollars. The corner-stone was laid on the date above stated by Bishop Whittingham. In the bos in the stone was placed the following paper, after it had been read by Bernard Carter : " III tlie namo of the Fatlier, aud of the Son, ami of the Holy Ghost. Anieu. The corner-stone of the new edifice of the College of St. James, in the diocese of Maryland, is laid on the Thursday after the twenty-first Sunday after Trinity, heing the 16th day of Novemher, A.n. 1859, by the Reverend Father in God William Kollinson Whittingham, Doctor of Di- vinity, Bishop of Maryland, and visitor of the College of St. James, in the presence of the rector of the college and sundry of the trustees, and many of the clergy and laity of the church here asscmhlcd for this pur- pose. The institution was formed at St. James' Hall on Monday, the 4th day of Oitobor, 1842, and was duly chartered by the General Assembly of Maryland on the 29th day of February, 1844, as the College of St. James, in Washington County, Md., where it still e.vists, and whence it is to be removed to Ihis new site on the completion of this new edifice. The College of St. James, under the oversight of its first Episcopal vis- itor, and under the charge and direction of its first rector, thus marks the opening of the eighteenth year of its life and work by this com- mencement of the new edifice in Baltimore County. In the box thus inclosed in the corner.stoue are contained a copy of the Holy Bible, a copy of tlie Book of Common Prayer, a copy of the journal of tlie convention of the diocese of Maryland in 1859, and the register of the College of St_ Jiimes for 1859, with this document duly attested. The bishop of the diocese, the rector of the college, the trustees of the same, and the clergy and laily here present, thus commit this work to the care and favor of A Imighty God, in the name, the faith, and the merits of His Eternal Son, through the grace of His Holy S]iirit. Amen. " William B, Whittixgham, Bishop of Maryland : John B. Kekfoot, rector of the College of St. James; C. E. SwoPE, William G. Harkison, J. Mason Campbell, F. W. Brune, Jk., S. G. Wyman, J. C. Passmobe, Georoe W. Coaklky, trustees." The bishop in striking the stone announced that the edifice would be known as Kemp Hall. An ad- dress was delivered by Rev. Dr. Kerfoot, and the bishop added some remarks. The Emorys have not always been residents of Bal- timore County. Thomas Emory emigrated from Eng- land at a very early date in the history of the province of Maryland and settled in Queen Anne's County. Among his descendants was Richard Emory, who married Ann, daughter of Archibald Gittings, of 1 Long Green, Baltimore. Her mother was Elizabeth, 1 a daughter of Elijah Bosley, the patentee of six hun- dred acres of land. Richard Emory and his wife lived in Baltimore County, and on March 9, 1839, 1 there was born to them a son, whom they named Richard. He was principally educated at Rev. Fred- I erick Gibson's school at Chestnut Hill. He subse- TENTH DISTRICT. 915 .lOSIAH SPARKS. quently attended the University of Maryland, and j studied medicine under Prof. Nathan R. Smith and ! Dr. W. C. Van Bibber. Completing his medical studies in 1861, he at once located at " Manor Glen," his beautiful residence in the Tenth District of the county, to practice his profession. In June, 1862, he j entered the Confederate service as surgeon, and was ! stationed at Richmond, where, with the exception of a few months, he remained until the close of the war. < Just previous to the summer of Lee at Appomattox he was transferred to the Nitre Mining Bureau, and | after the capture of Jefferson Davis he returned home ' and resumed his practice, which is now very exten- sive, embracing a large region in Baltimore and, Har- ford Counties. He was married, Jan. 4, 1870, to Agnes S., daughter of Thomas W. Hall, of Harford County, and a descendant of Col. Thomas White, father of | Bishop White, one of the first bishops of the Protest- l ant Episcopal Church in this county. They have one child, Thomas Hall Emory. Dr. Emory received the three symbolical degrees in Masonry in Mount Ararat Lodge, No. 44, of Harford County, and the Royal-' Arch and Templar degrees in Richmond during the war. He is a member and vestryman of St. James' Protestant Episcopal Church, and register of the par- ish. He is also president of the Meredith's Ford and Jarrettsville Turnpike Company. His splendid es- tate of four hundred acres is on the Little Gun- powder Falls, and adjoins the Harford County line. The Sparks family was one of the first that settled in Virginia. History records the fact that at the marriage of John Rolfe with Pocahontas, in April. 1613, among those present to witness the wedding ceremonies was Master Sparks. He had been a co- embassador with Rolfe to Powhatan, and at the mar- riage he stood up with Sir Thomas Gates (an old soldier), and with young Henry Spillman at his side. Josiah Sparks, a lineal descendant of Master Sparks, came from Virginia about 1720 and settled near New Market, in the Seventh District, where he cleared up the forest and opened the woods to civilization. His son, also named Josiah Sparks, served in Washington's army in the Revolution, and in 1794 was called out with the Maryland militia to suppress the " Whisky Insurrection" in Western Pennsylvania. He was born in 1752, and died in 1846. His son, Aaron Sparks, married Elizabeth, a daughter of Elijah Sparks, and was an orderly sergeant in the war of 1812, in Capt. Orrick's company. To Aaron and Elizabeth Sparks were born five children, of whom Josiah, the subject of this sketch, was the eldest, and was born Oct. 25, 1833, on the farm he now owns, called "Glenwood." He attended St. James' Acad- emy wl'.en under charge of that famous educator, Volney Sprague. He was married, May 14, 1863, to Maggie A., eldest daughter of John H. and Elizabeth (Wier) Scott. His wife's father, Mr. Scott, was the first conductor on the Northern Central Railroad. His children are Francis E., born Feb. 19, 1872, and Marcelena A., born June 8, 1864. Mr. Sparks is a member of St. James' Protestant Episcopal Church, and has been for several years one of its vestrymen and treasurer of the parish. He has a splendid fiirm of one huriilied and forty-five acres, and pays special HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. attention to dairying. Elijah Sparlvs at an early date bought the farm he now owns, and three others of the Sparks family purchased estates in the vicinity. Two or three others of the Sparks family went out West as pioneers, and of these Matthew was scalped by the Indians, but lived. One settled in Louisiana and became a noted planter and public man. The family is of English extraction, a collateral branch of which settled in New England shortly after the landing of the Pilgrims in 1620. The presenjt popular and efficient treasurer of Bal- timore County, Henry 0. Hutchins, was born Feb. 26, 1832, in the Tenth District, where he yet resides, with , his post-office at Monkton. He was the son of Jar- j rett Hutchins, a soldier and a commissioned officer \ of the war of 1812, and his mother's maiden name was Blary D. Harman. His great-great-grandfather, Thomas Hutchins, was an Englishman, and was among the first settlers of Maryland, having located as early as 1680 in the Tenth District, near what is now known as Sweet Air. He received a deed for his land from Lord BaltiiAorc. On the maternal side Mr. Hutchins' great-grandfather was a German emi- grant, who very early settled in Pennsylvania, in Gerraantown, now a part of Philadelphia, and was a soldier in the Continental army during the Revolu- tion, having participated in the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown. Mr. Hutchins was married, Jan. 27, 1868, to Miss Koss, daughter of David Ross, of Baltimore City, by whom he has the follow^ing children : Henry Ross, born July 19, 1871 ; Jarrett Eugene, Jan. 3, 1873; and Horace Walker, Dec. 19, 1875. Mr. Hutchins was educated at St. James' School, which he attended six years. He is a communicant of St. James' Protestant Episcopal Church, and a member of the Baltimore Agricultural Society, which was organized largely through his in- fluence. He is a Democrat in his political faith, and [ of great weight in the counsels 'of his party. He served four years as register of voters in his district, and for the same period as collector of taxes. He was elected county treasurer in 1877. Mr. Hutchins is one of Baltimore County's best farmer.s, and recogn ized as a leading spirit in all agricultural mattei-s. His beau- tiful farm, comprising one hundred and sixty acres, called "Linden Hope," lies just north of St. James', on the Old York road, where his i)aternal ancestor settled two centuries ago. The beautiful mansion of Joseph W. Mowel, rep- resented in the engraving, is at (Hencoe, on the Gun- powder Falls and Northern Central Railroad, in the western part of the district. The country here is one of the most picturesque and romantic regions in Maryland, and is extensively visited by tourists on account of its charming scenery and the salubrity of its atmosphere. Mr. Mowel's splendid estate of two hundred and twenty-four acres is one of the finest in the county, and commands the admiration of all tourists and travelers. CHAPTER LVII. ELEVENTH DL-^TIUCT. The Eleventh is next to the largest district in the county, having an area of 66.30 square miles, and a population of 4-581. In 1870 the population was 4231. The district is bounded by Harford County on the east, by the Twelfth District on the south, by the Ninth District on the west, and by the Tenth District on the north. None of the railroads enter it, but the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail- road crosses the Gunpowder River very close to its southernmost point, and the Harford and the Belair turnpikes pass through it from southwest to northeast. The Baltimore and Delta Railroad, which is being rapidly pushed to completion, will pass through the northwestern side of the district, and will have several stations within its confines. The Philadelphia turn- pike, the Northern branch of the Harford turnpike, the Sweet Air and Dulany's Valley turnpike, and a number of country roads render communication with all sections of the district speedy and easy. The Great Gunpowder and Bird Rivers penetrate the southern portion of the district, and the Little Gun- powder forms its northeastern border. The water- power is plentiful, and is used in the cotton-mills at Franklinville and the fertilizer-factory at Reckord- ville. The soil is so well watered as to be very fer- tile, and many of the people give the most of their time to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables for the Baltimore markets. Around Cub Hill there are valuable deposits of copper ore, which were smelted at the works on the Great Gunpowder until opera- tions were suspended. The shores on the Bird and Gunpowder Rivers, near where they debouch into the Chesapeake Bay, aflard excellent sport in gunning and fishing, and the inhabitants of this end of the district do a profitable business at duck-shooting in the winter and hauling their seines in the summer. SCHOOLS FOR issi. Teachers. No. 1.— W. .1. Blair, Little Gunpowder. .s — C'i.ai Ics B. Billiiigsley, Perrj- Hull. , I'.— Eniilj- lly.le. Upper Falls. 10.— II. 1.1,-iiore Patterson, Dulany's Valley. Teachers of Colored Schools. , 1.— Cotiii-liiis.!. Smith, Long Green. 2.— William Lee, Kossville. ;i.— .1 )in K. IlacUett, Greenwood. 4. — Mary F. Wilson, St. Joseph's. 1..0I No. 1.— Dr. \V. T. Allender, B. F. Taylor, and Dr. R. Brown. ■J.- Dr. D. S. Giltings, A. A.Miller, and Dr. E. W. AUvator. , '.i — Tlios. B. Gorsuch, Henry RecUord, and Benjamin F. Konrd. 4 —.lames Bush, Dr. A. S. Dahlwin, and Calvin Harlan. , h.—O. li. Ilniit, IliM.n Conncilly, and Sanjuel M. Rankin. jA^/^'tjU^V^^iL^f^- RESIDENCE AND PROPER GLENCOE, BALTIMORE CC N C O E." ' OF JOSEPH W. MOWELL, WD., 20 Miles from Baltimore. m RESIDENCE^^.^^^^^^^^, "GLtNcoE." AND PRO^jro^l;,^^ JOSEPH W. MOWELL, BNCOE. BAUT.MORE CO.. Md.. ^o MUes from Baltimore. Louk H. Everts, Publisher. L). S. GITTIJSGS. ELEVENTH DISTRICT. 917 No. 6.— J. Gleuu McComas, Wiisliiiigt.in Sli..iiimii. ami Geo. H. Riley. No.7.— John W.Shanklin, Jr., (;."-.. l.-n ,r, i l.,vi Ferguson. No. 8— Wm. Billingsley, Jniiir. l: I: , Mias. Akduirst. No. 9.— Hugh Simms, John IV l:i II i ' ii.uis. No. 10— Edwin Jessop, T1108. I\ Hi.-. HI! I L' iiu- l|. Matthews. Gunpowder Grange, No. 127, Patrons of Hus- bandry, was organized Jan. 15, 1875, by James Kob- inson, lecturer of State Grange, at " Game Cock Hall," the residence of Mr. William Gambrill, by the election of the following officers : Col. Benjamin F. Taylor, Master; Walter Gambrill, Overseer; Dr. W. T. Allender, Lecturer ; John Milke, Steward ; J. W. Jacobs, Assistant Steward ; W. H. Merrett, Chaplain ; William Gambrill, Treasurer; Daniel Schaffer, Sec- retary; William Barton, Gate-Keeper; Mrs. Abba Gambrill, Ceres; Mrs. W. H. Merrett, Pomona; Miss Emma Richardson, Flora ; Mrs. J. W. Jacobs, Lady Assistant Steward. The membership of this grange has fluctuated, at times numbering forty, at others reduced to eighteen, a majority, however, of its charter-members always remaining by it. The grange has been steadily prosperous, and has created a co-operative association and fund of its own for the purpose of co-operation in buying and selling. It has always advocated an advanced position for the order, and, through patronizing the State agency in Baltimore, has insisted upon the establishment of a general merchandise house in the Maryland metrop- olis instead of the agency. It also took the initiative in organizing the Baltimore County Grange, No. 13, and was the first to urge the establishment of a county cattle-show and fair. The officers for 1880 were as follows: Col. Benjamin F. Taylor, Master; R. Vincent, Jr., Overseer ; Dr. W. T. Allender, Lec- turer ; W. H. Merrett, Chaplain; Walter C. Gam- brill, Treasurer; Fred. Gambrill, Secretary; Alfred Crosmore, Steward ; J. W. Jacobs, Assistant Steward ; George Roeder, Gate-Keeper; Mrs. M. J. Taylor, Ceres; Mrs. William Gambrill, Pomona; Mrs. R. Vincent, Jr., Flora; Mrs. T. Pitcher, Lady Assistant Steward. Long Green Post-Oifice, or Unionville, lies be- tween the Sweet Air and Dulany's Valley turnpike and the north branch of the Harford turnpike, twelve miles from Baltimore City. It is situated on the ridge between the Long Green Valley and Dulany's Valley, and overlooks both those beautiful tracts of country. Long Green is a garden-spot of the dis- trict, and the region around it is very thickly settled, fine estates predominating. The Baltimore and Delta Railroad, when finished, will pass within a mile of Long Green. Trinity Protestant Episcopal church and Wilson Methodist Episcopal church are in the village. St. John's or Long Green Catholic church was totally destroyed by fire Feb. 25, 1855, causing a loss of three thousand dollars. On July 29th of the same year the corner-stone of a new church was laid by Archbishop Kenrick, and on July 20, 18.56, he con- secrated the edifice, which is a much larsrer and finer building than its predecessor. The corner-stone of the old church was laid May 19, 1822. Dr. David S. Gittings was born in Baltimore on the 17th of August, 1797, and was the son of Richard Gittings and Polly Gittings, nie Sterett, and the grand- son of James Gittings. He received his academical education at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., and graduated at the Maryland University of Medicine, spending two yeare in the hospitals of Edinburgh, Scotland, and London, England, commencing practice in the year 1820, in the Eleventh District of Baltimore County, where he has ever since resided. Dr. Gittings has been married three times, — his first wife was Juliana West Howard, his second was Arabella Young, and his present wife is Laura A. King. His chil- dren by his first wife were John Beale Howard, who died in infancy; Mary Sterett; Margaret West, de- cea,sed; Richard T. ; Louisa, now the wife of Joseph Cox; Davids.; John Beale Howard; and Charlotte Elizabeth, who married Dr. James E. Lindsay. The fruit of his second marriage was Bettie Bo.se Gittings, now married to William Wilson Marie. As a physician. Dr. Gittings has held high rank from the very beginning of his medical career. Gifted with an intellect of no ordinary character and trained in the best medical schools of this country and Eu- rope, he entered upon his practice with a thorough preparation that is only too rare even at the present day, and took his place at once among the foremost practitioners of the county. Succeeding years con- firmed the position won by his earlier efforts, and gave him a well-earned popularity and success. Dr. Gittings has always manifested the utmost in- terest in the public concerns of the county and State, and while not a politician in any sense of that word, has quietly lent his influence to the support of proper men and measures whenever the occasion demanded. Benevolence and liberality are prominent traits in his character, and his many charities and neighborly kindnesses have passed into a proverb. His son, Richard T. Gittings, is one of the leading lawyers of the Baltimore bar. Dr. David S. Gittings married Julianna West How- ard, July 29, 1823 ; she died Jan. 16, 1847. He mar- ried Arabella Young, Sept. 12, 1848; she died April 26, 1861. He married Laura A. King, Sept. 16, 1868, with whom he is still living. St. Joseph's Catholic Church is upon the Belair road, eight miles out of Baltimore. The old church was finished in 1855, but it proved too small for the accommodation of the congregation, and a new build- ing, a large frame structure, with sittings for 600 peo- ple, was erected in 1870. On Sept. 18, 1879, the cor- ner-stone of a Sisters' house and an addition to the parochial school was laid. Rev. Mr. Hofl^nran, of St. Alphonsus' Church, Baltimore City, officiated, assisted by Rev. J. F. Miller, pastor of St. Joseph's. The school is in charge of the Sisters of St. Francis, and the house was erected for their accommodation. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Perry Hall, or Germantown, is eleven miles distant from Baltimore, on the Belair road, and has a popu- lation of 50. Tlie Perry Hall Methodist Episcopal Church South was dedicated on May 4, 1873. Kevs. Samuel Rogers, J. A. Spangler, and T. W. Brown con- ducted the services. The lot was given by Eli Gam- brill, who was also the largest contributor to the erec- tion of the church. A German Lutheran Church is establislied at Perry Hall. Greenwood. — This village is on the Harford turn- pilce, ten miles from Baltimore, at the point where the Long Green road branches off. It has a population of 100. A Jlethodist Episcopal Church and a school- house are situated here. A mile distant, on the Gun- powder River, are the copper-works. Kingsville is on the Belair turnpike, thirteen miles from Baltimore. Its population numbers 150. St. John's Episcopal Church and a Lutheran Church and a public school are located here. St. Georg^e's Parish (now Harford County). — Ac- cording to the best evidence now attainable, St. George's parish, now in Harford but formerly in Baltimore County, would appear to have been the first parish established in the county. Owing to the loss of the church records the precise time of its or- ganization is not known, but Mr. Crampton, in his history of St. George's, calculating from a date now upon record, is induced to fix upon 1671 as the latest year from which to reckon its establishment. Local tradition points to a place called " Gravelly," near Michaelsville, about two miles east of Bush River, and fifteen miles southeast of Belair, as the point at which the first parisli church was erected in Balti- more County, and this supposition appears to be strengthened by the fact that the bridge in the vicin- ity has been called " Church Bridge" from time immemorial, and that the traces of an old grave- yard are still distinctly visible. Tradition, how- ever, is not infallible, and it may be that the first church was erected at old Baltimore, on the Bush River, which was the county-seat as early as 1683. At all events, there would appear to have been no minister in the county up to 1675, for in that year Jeremiah Eaton devised " Stokely Manor," contain- ing five hundred and fifty acres, " to the first Protest- ant minister who should settle in the county and his successors." This land formed part of what is now St. John's parish, and was given to that parish in 1719 by act of the General Assembly. Stokely Manor was about two miles south of Abington, and four or five miles northeast of Joppa, and six or seven miles from the bay. The first cliurch of St. George's was of small capacity and built of logs, as nearly all buildings were in that day, and the services appear to have been conducted at first by a lay-reader. A few years after the provision thus made by Mr. Eaton, the Rev. John Yeo removed from Calvert to Balti- more County, and undertook tlie large field in which i he appears to have been the first laborer. The pre- I cise year of his removal cannot be ascertained, but it was probably about 1680. In 1682 we find him selling his land in Patuxent, Calvert Co., and the next year purchasing a tract of land called York's Hope, in Baltimore County, not far from where Joppa subse- quently stood. In 1676 he was still in Calvert County, as is shown by a letter written by him in that year to the Archbishop of Canterbury, in which reference is made to the fact that there were at that time but three Church of England ministers in the province, and all badly supported. The places for holding public worship at this period were generally private houses, and the only church edifice existing in the county during Mr. Yeo's ministry was probably that in the parish of St. George's, already mentioned. The county was then but thinly settled, and Mr. Yeo doubtless ofiiciated in all parts of the county, — from I the Patuxent to the Susquehanna River. He died in 1686, leaving a son John, to whom his property [ was given by the court, and we hear of no minister immediately succeeding him. After his death the church was kept alive by lay-readers, who conducted the worship as provided in the Prayer Book. In 1689, less than three years after Mr. Yeo's death, occurred what is called the Protestant Revolution in Maryland, in which the government of the province passed out of Lord Baltimore's hands into those of a Protestant convention. At its request William and Mary took the government of the province under their care, and on Aug. 26, 1691, appointed Sir Lionel Copley as the first Royal Governor of Maryland. He arrived in Maryland early in 1692, and convened the Assembly at St. Mary's on May 10th, the first act passed being one recognizing the title of William and Mary, and the second an act making the Church of England the established church of the province. This latter act provided for the division of the ten counties into thirty-one parishes, and imposed a tax of forty pounds of tobacco upon all taxable persons, as a fund for the building of churches and the support of the clergy. Baltimore County then consisted of three hundreds, — Patapsco, Gunpowder, and SpesutiiB, — the whole population of the county at that time prob- ably not exceeding fifteen hundred, the larger portion of which by far was in the Patapsco and Spesutiie Hundreds. Spesutise Hundred appears to have ex- tended from Bush River to the Susquehanna, em- bracing the district in which St. George's parish had already been established, and contained about one hundred and fifty taxables, contributing according to the requirements of the act a church revenue of about six thousand pounds of tobacco, — equal to about one hundred and fifty dollars, — while the parish below (Gunpowder) would not pay half as much, and the Pa- tapsco parish about as much as both. The Gunpowder Hundred extended from Gunpowder River to the head of Middle River, and the Patapsco parish "from Middle River as far as the county extends. In 1695 ELEVENTH DISTRICT. -96, as the records show, the vestrymen of St. George's I were "William Wallace (Hollis?), Lawrence Taylor, [ John Parker, George Smith, Roger Matthews, and Thomar Cordey, and the taxables one hundred and thirty-seven. Who ministered in the parish from the death of Mr. Yeo down to May, 1703, a period of seventeen years, is not known ; and yet there doubtless was a minister a part of that time at least. From 169:2 to 1700, however, the rectorship was vacant. In 1703 we find the Rev. John Edwards ministering in the parish, to whicli, however, he gave only part of his time, as he officiated also at Copley, afterwards called St. John's parish, and St. Paul's. He died probably in 1710 or '11, as an act was passed by the General Assembly in November, 1711, " to rectify a mistake in the writing of the last will and testament of the Rev. John Edwards, late of Baltimore County, de- ceased." By the creation of Harford County in 1773, St. George's parish became a part of the new county, to which the remainder of its history more properly belongs. The incumbents or rectors of St. George's parish from its establishment until 1854 were Eev. George Yeo, from about 1680 to 1G86; vacancy from 1G8G to I7II3; Rev. John Edwards, from 1703 to 1711; Hev. George Irvine, from 1712 to 1717 ; Kev. Evan Evans, D.D., from 1718 to 1721 ; Rev. Robert Weyman, temporarily, from 1722 to 1724 ; Rev. John Humphries, from Dec. 2, 1724, to February, 1725 ; Rev. John Holbrooli, from Sept. 13, 1726, to 1726 ; Rev. Charles Smith, from Eeb. 20, 1720, to 1727 ; Eev. Stephen Williinson, from Jan. 14, 1727, to 1743; Rev. Hugh Carlisle, from 1744 to 1749 ; Eev. Andrew Lendruni, from September, 1749, to April 9, 1772; Rev. Jolin Porter, curate, from 1768 to 1709; Rev. William Edmiston, curate, from 1770 to 1772 ; Rev. Wm. West, | D.D., from April 9, 1772, to 1777; Eev. George Hughes Worsley, from 1777 to 1779; Eev. James Jones Wilnier, from 1783 to 1787; I Eev. John Ireland, from March 11, 1787, to 1795; Rev. Joliu Allen, from 1795 to 1815, with George D. Handy as assistant ; Rev. Daniel Stephens, D.D., with Havre de Grace, from Out. 15, 1815, to 1820; Eev. William Jackson, fioni Aujc. 19, 1820, to 1823; Rev. John Rey- nolds, from Dec. .S, l>i-li>. tu 1831; Rev. Robert Lloyd Goldslxjrough, from Seplemlier, 1834, to 1841; Rev. Thomas Billopp, from 1842 to 1845; Rev. Savington W. Oiamptoii, from Oct. 18, 1845, to 1854. Copley, or St. John's Parish.— The first action with reference to thi.s parish under tiie act of Assembly of 1692 is contained in the following extract from the county records of June, 1693 : "We the vesitiynit-ri of the piuish of Gunpowder hundred liaving met together at tli^ h n- i \| i Th. mas Preston, according to order of their Miijestj's.jn^ii l;,:i,i,, i ^ ..iintyand according to act of Assembly in that c;i>r 1 I hiled and agreed upon that the church of the said i.;[ii,ii i i.i In I, mil ;it Elk Neck, on Gunpowder River, on two acres of land for tilt' cliurch and churchyard. The church to be built forty feet long and twenty wide, and the said parish to be Copely "Thomas Haley, Thomas Hodor, Richard -\dams, Mosks Groom, Thomas Preston, Lawrence EicHARnsON."' The parish was called Copley, after the now Gov- ernor, and was embraced in the Gunpowder Hundred. I It will be seen from the above extract that there i was no church edifice in the parish up to this time, and I that no minister is mentioned. In the returns made to the Governor and Council in 1695-96 tlie vestry mentioned are Thos. Staley (Haley?), Capt. Thos. Preston, Richard Adams, Samuel Sicklcmore, Daniel Scott, Abraham Taylor, and the ta.xables one hundred and twenty-eight. Where there was no minister the church revenues were to be applied to the construc- tion or repair of churches, and the number of taxa- bles in Copley parish would make the revenue at that time about five thousand one hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, which, as tobacco was then valued, would be a little more than one hundred and forty dollars. On the 20th of October, 1697, Governor Nicholson issued an order to the sheriff of Baltimore County directing him to " inquire after one Bartlett, who is represented to be a person lunatic, and of no settled persuasion, but hath been signified by one of his Maj- esty's honorable council that he batli taken upon him preaching, and accordingly is atlmitted publicly to preach in otie of the parish churches in said county, and that when the said sheriH' has found out his place of residence, he go to the next justice of the peace to where said Bartlett lives and inform himself about the truth of tlie premises, and take into his custody as well the chief vestrymen where he is admitted as the said Kartlctt, and accordingly send them to the port of Annapolis to answer the premises before his Excellency in council in order to be dealt with Accordingly, on the 21st of November, 1697, "came and appeared Maj. James Maxwell, high sheriff of Baltimore County, and made his return to a certain order of this board in relation to Mr. Bartlett , a dis^tenting minister, and says that he served the order upon him, who did promise to come down with him, but hath since con- veyed himself privately away, and is not to be found. Mr. Thomas Staley (Haley?), the chief vestryman in St. John's parish in that county, being brought and examined, does say that the said Bartlett is not al- lowed anything out of the 40 lbs. per poll, and that he once shut the door agaiust him, for which he has received a great deal of ill will from the parishioners. Upon which his Excellency is pleased to say that the said Bartlett, not being in orders, he is not suffered to preach in any church, but it he has a mind to set up a private congregation he may do so, provided he first have leave from the Governor, but not otherwise. But if found acting contrary, the said Maj. Maxwell is ordered to take him into custody and bring him before his Excellency to answer." 1 These extracts show that the parish had changed its name from Copley to St. John's, that a church had been built, that there was no Church of England min- ister in the parish, and that the people were anxious to attend public worship and hear preaching. When, in 1698, the Governor ordered the sheriffs of the sev- eral counties to make returns to him " what Catholic 1 In the famous "Act concerning Religion," passed in 1649, we find the names Presbyterian, Independent, Puritan, Lutheran, Calvinist, Ana- baptist, Baptist, Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separa- tist, etc., included among the terms of reproach which were forbidden to be used, from which it would seem that persons of these faiths were already in the colony, and no doubt Bartlett was one of these. In a letter of Lord Baltimore giving an account of the state of religion in the province, dated July 19, 1677, he speaks of dissenting ministers being " maintained by a voluntary contribution of those of their own persua- sion, as others of the Presbyterians, Independents, Anabaptists, Quakers, and Romish Church are." And in speaking of the proiJortions of the different sects, he says, "The greatest part of the inhabitants, three of four, at least, do consist of Presbyterians, Independents, Anabaptists, and Quakers, those of the Church of England, as well as those of the Romish, being the lowest." This great numerical proportion, and tlie fact that the dissenters, exclusive of the Cathcdics, were able to support their churches and ministers, indicates that they must have existed in the province from very early times. At this period no dissenting min- ister could build a house of worship within half a mile of the established church, and disputes about chui-ch matters were generally referred to the Bishop of I.ond.Mi for his decision. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, iMARYLAND. priests, or dissenting ministers, or places of worship, they had in their respective counties," the sheriff of Baltimore County returned that there was "neither teacher nor preacher, Romish or Quaker, or meeting- house, or place of worship, in ye county." In 1708 the number of Catholics returned for Baltimore County was 53, and for the entire province 2974, out of a population of about 40,000. At the time | of the visitation of Rev. Dr. Bray, in 1700, there j was no minister in the parish, and it seems to have j remained without one until 1703, when Rev. John Edwards officiated in it, as well as in the adjoining parish of St. George's. In 1724 an act was passed by the General Assem- bly for establishing the county-seat at Joppa, on the Gunpowder River, in what is now Harford County, and in laying out the town an acre of ground was set apart for the parish church of St. John's, wliich was removed to this place. The church property was part of Taylor's Choice, and ran down to an oak on the bank of the Gunpowder River, near its mouth, on the east side of the easternmost branch of that stream. Samuel, son of Nicholas and Elizabeth Day, born March 1, 1730, was the first male child born in this town, as is shown by the records of the parish. At a meeting of the vestry, April fi, 1736, there were pres- ent Henry Wetherell, Jacob Bull, Daniel Scott, Lem- uel Howard, Archibald Rollo, and Thomas Giddins, vestrymen, and William Savory and John Fuller, churchwardens, and John Stokes, register. On Ajiril ' 26th, William Bradford and Walter Tolley were chosen in the place of Messrs. Wetherell and Bull, and Messrs. John Paca and George Presbury, wardens. In June Robert McLeoud was paid two hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco for glazing the church windows, and Edward Hall four hundred pounds for writing i and framing the tables of affinity. On July 6, 1736, I the vestry "agreed with WiWiam Cook to build in St. Jolin's parish cliurch nine large pews on the north side, roncliing from tlie wall to the columns, five feet wide, and one smaller one on the same side, and four smaller ones on the south side, two of the larger ones to lie on the east side of the south door. The front work to be paneled, the height to be the same as that of the clerk's pew, the seiits to be thirteen inches wide, floors to be of inch pine. Said Cook to find plank, hinges, nails, glue, etc., for two thousand pounds of tobact-o, the work to be completed by tlie 25th of December." Brian Taylor, merchant, was his security. Cook subsequently agreed to put buttresses to the church for twelve thousand pounds of tobacco. The church was of brick, and had been built some years before this, for when St. Paul's was to be built in Baltimore Town in 1730, it was specified that it should be built after the pattern of the church in Joppa. On Dec. 3, 1739, after traveling about fifteen miles on horse- back. Rev. Mr. Whitefield and his companions, who had slept the night before near the Susquehanna ferry, "baited" at Joppa, where, Mr. Whitefield ] writes, he "gave a word of exhortation to about forty peo])le in the cbiiroli," and adds, " 'J'liou iniwt ador- able Head of the Church, give it thy blessing." On May 5, 1747, Walter Tolley agreed with the vestry to make forty thousand brick, to be delivered at the church, for thirty shillings currency per thousand; and James Saye agreed to lay them at eighteen shil- lings per thousand. On Aug. 7, 1750, Rev. Hugh Deans and Mr. Tolley were authorized to receive sub- scriptions for the purpose of building a "chapel of ease in the forks of the Gunpowder," and in 1770, when St. James' parish was created out of the north- western part of St. John's, the chapel of ease was made St. James' parish church. This was to take effect upon the death of Rev. Mr. Deans, and when he died, in 1777, St. James' became a separate and independent parish. In 1773 Harford County was created out of all that portion of Baltimore County lying east of the Little Gunpowder Falls, and a large portion of St. John's parish was thus included in that county. The incumbents or rectors of St. John's parish up to this time were : Rev. John Yeo, from about IGSO to 16S6; vacancy from 16S6 to 1703; Rev. John Edwards, from 17U3 to 1711; Rev. George Ii-vine, from 171-2 to 1718; Bev. Thomas Baylye, curate, from 1714 to 1716 ; Rev. Evan Evans, D.D., from 1718 to 1721 ; Rev. William Tibbs, from 1721 to 1724; liev. John Humphreys, from 1724 to 1725 ; Rev. John Hol- brook, from 1725 to 1726; Rev. William Cawthorne, from 1720 to 1738; Rev. Benjamin Bourdilbn, from June 9, 1738, to Sept. 11, 1738; Rev. Henry Ogle, from Sept. II, 1738, to 1742; Rev. Hugh Deems, from September 7, 1742, to 1777; Rev. James Stuart, curate, from 1708 to 1771 ; Rev. Charles Woodmason. curate, from 1772 to 1773 ; Rev. George Hughes Worsley, from March 1, 1779, to 1781 ; Rev. James Jones Wilmer, from Jan. 1, 1781, to 1788 ; Bev. Levi Heath, from 1788 to 1780 ; Rev. John Coleman, from 17S9 to 1800; Rev. John Allen, fiom ISOl to 1801 ; Rev. Jas. Jones Wilmer, from ISUl lolSnS; Rev. Julm .Xlk-ii and Ri-v. J.ihn Cb-uian, officiating oc.■i.^i"lKllI^ fi. ,H !-■: I-1-H-. ];,, ,:, „^, p .^ II ,.,.;>. from 1808 to 1^1 l: I ' , 11 I: . .Matthew Join,-. I. .., I-:. , I : l: ' .• i: !•, ■ i, :-l • lo 1802 ; Rev. \\ ,lli,.iii >liiipli>, ,-. .111.^ (t..iii I- .7 1 . I- •■ -in, ,■ tlie death of Mr. K«cb the retlu.s liaM- l...-en 3hv-sis Jolin>,,ii, Julius Da- shiell, Hcnly Wroth, and Barrows. The vestrymen and church wardens of old St. John's parish from 1693 to 1797 have been as fol- lows : 1693.— VcstrviiMii, Tlmnia* Stal.y, Muses Groom, Thomas Hodge, Thonii.. I'l .1 11 l:i 111 I A ,.111,. I i.nronce Richardson. 1695.— V.-i I ~ 1 I't. Tlnmias Preston, Richard AdiiMi. -1 , , - n - ,11, Abraham Taylor. 1730.- Vi -1, , , II » 1 ,, .1. H"ll, Himiel Scott, Lemuel Honin \i 111. 1 , "1 - 1 I. urcli Wardens, Wil- I the d Robertson, John Paca, George Pres- .ard, and Daniel Scott; Church War- Miiil -, May Gnulinwder, i-ice Thomac Joseph IHon-is. 9, April 23.— Vestrymen, forrl, Walter Tolley .1 men, Thomas Franklin and Benjamin Jones, of rhumas Giltings; Church Wardens, Wm. Wright, , William Savory, viee W. Bmd- ■ Garrettson were unirried Dec. 27, 17:J.i, and Klizabeth, born Nov. 16, 1736; Thomas, 1 1 1, 1741 ; Mary, born March 21, 1740 (she M, .Ian. 17, 1759); Sophia, born March 3, ili.d July HI, 17-19, and he married Martha THOMAS GOKSUCH. ELEVENTH DISTKICT. 1740, April 7.— Vestrymen, George Presliury, John Paca, Itichard Kobin- 8on, lice liichard Caswell, Darby Heniby, and Benjamin Morris; Cliurcb Wardens, Edward Day and William Dallam. Kit-hard Cos- well, on Ang. Ist, resigned as vestryman, and John Taylor was elected in his place. 1711, niarch :iO. — Vestrymen, George Crown, Richard Dallam, vice Til. . mas Trankliu, and . . . ; Church Wardens, Thomas Gittings, Jani.-.s Maxwell. 1742, Apiil C— Vestrymen, William Young, James Maxwell, nice Wil- liam Standiford, and William Savory ; Church Wardens, Thomas Gassoway, William Bond. 1743, April 4.— Vesti7men, Luke Wiley, Daniel Macomers, vice Ilenily and Lloyd; Church Wardens, Walter ToUey and Edward Day. Joshua Harkey was chosen in the place of Day on April 16th. 1744, March 26.— Vestrymen, Walter Tulley, Thomas Gittings, vice George Brown, and Benjamin Norris; Cliurch Wardens, Edward Norris and Nicholas Kuxton Gay. 1745, April 1."..— Ve-itrymen, N. B. Gay, George Presbnry, James Scott, viir- William Young, James Maxwell, and William Dallam ; Cliurch Wiinl.ii.s, Er.di E.ickson, John Chamberlain. 174i;, ■11,11 li .1 V. imacn, John Chamberlain and B. Ericksoli, nice I>" '■' ■' I I.uke Wiley; Church Wardens, Vincent Dor- 1717, \jiil J' \iM \[iiL-ii, John Day, of Edward, John Hammond Dorsey, lleatli.-.iat Picket, vice Thomas Gittings, Walter Tolley, James Scott; Church Wardens, John Holt and John Starkey. 1748, April 11.— Vestrymen, Tliomas Gittings, John Paca, William Dal- lam, (iif N. K. liny, George Presbury, J. H. Dorsey ; Church War- .1.11- \ l: ...N .1 I William Young. 174!', ^l.i \ ' win'ii, Alexander Lawson, William Savory, nice ■ I- ,,iiii , i I i:. Erickson ; Church Wardens, EoderickClieyne, liuh.ii.; Wjliu.iU,. Lawson declined vestryman, and Walter Tolley 1760, June 4.— Vestrymen, Kichard Wilmott, George Presbury, Dice Heal hcoat Picket, and . . . .; Church Wardens, Daniel Maccomar, of William, and Samuel Smith. 1751, Easter-Monday. — Vestrymen, Roger Boyce, Benjamin Norris, John Day, of Edward, rice Tliomas Gittings, John Paca, and William Dal- lam ; Church Wardens, Godfrey Walters, William Davis. 1752, Jlarch 30.— Vestrymen, Godfrey Waters, Thomas Bayley, James Ci.Moll, lice William Savory, etc. 1753, Aiiiil 23.— Vestrymen, John Paca, John Chamberlain, Thomas W;iltli;iiii, rue Walter Tolley, George Presbury, Richard Wilmott; ' ' '. w ,.i.l, ii. ,ImIiii Howard, George Simmons. 17.'.4. 1:1 I M.I I i \ .stiymen. Col. William Young, John Howard, ui. 1 11... I. I >.,..• R. Boyce, J. Day, of Edward, and Benjamin ,N..iii-; 1 li.iiili W .11 dens, K. Cheyne, Thomas Gittings. 17.55, Easter-Jlonday. — Vestrymen, Robert Adair, rice S. Wattera, de- ceased; Church Wardens, Beale Bordley, Charles Christie. 1756, April 19.— Vestrymen, Beale Bordley, Charles Christie, John Merry- man, ni.c Messrs. Pacii, Chamberlain, and Waltham; Church War- dens, William Scott and Jacob Johns. 1767, Easter-Munday.— Vestrymen, Benjamin Norris, John Day, of Ed- wai.l. J.'S('|.b (■r.>..U, rt>_'i' 51cs8rs. Young, Howard, and James; !■ li M,.i.l. I, I -It Bishop. 175,^.11. \ I . III...M, Robert Bishop, Dixon Stansbury, nice R. .\ , I V. I-; Church Warden, Thomas Meredith. 1750, ,\(iil 1'. ill .11, i.. Eranklin, David McCullough, William Debru- ton, lice Boi dlej, etc. ; Church Wardens, B. Day and James Gittings. 1760, April 7. — Vesti-ynien, George Presbnry, John Chamberlain, vice Messrs. Norris and Gay; Church Wardens, G. Presbury, Israel Git- tings. 1761, March.— Vestrymen, Walter Tolley, George Ball, uiVe E. Bishop, etc.; Church Warden, Jamca Ristou. 1762, April 12.— Vestrymen, James Gittings, J, Preston, J. G. Howard, j J. n. Dorsey, rice Messrs. Franklin, McCulloch, Debrnler; Church , Wardens, George Presbury, Michael Daskin. [ 1763, April 4.— Vestrymen, Benjamin Ricketts, Nathan Nicholson, As- aliel Gitliiigs, rice Johu Chamberlain, G. Presbury; Church War- dens, Joseph Lewis, Archibald Buchanan. 1764, April 23.— Vestrymen, William Bradford, rice W. Tolley; Church Wardeus, R. Boyce, John Beale Howard. 1765, April 8.— Vestrymen, W. Young, W. Tolley, J. B. Howard, vice J. Gittings, J. G. Howard, J. H. Dorsey; Church Warden, E. Boyce. j 1766, Marcli 31. — Vestrymen, Thomas Gassoway Howard, George G. Pres- ' bury, Robertson Presbury, rice Messrs. Nicholson, Picket, and Git- I tings; Church Wardens, E. Boyce, R. Bishop. urn, .Tames Gittings, G. Goldsmith, rice Bradford ; I'Miy Gassoway, E. Boyce. Henry Gassoway re- I w .liter Tolley, Jr., was appointed. lohn Day, Ashel Gittings, S. Young, Zachens i.klin ; Church Wardens, John Wattors, Thomas Talb. 1769, April 18.— Vestrymen, W. Tolley, J.B. Howard, .John Walters, rice A. Gittings, G. G. Presbnry, W. R. Presbury; Church Wardens, Thomas Talbot, John Brown. 1771, April 1.— Vestrymen, Col. William Young, T. Talbot, Benjamin Rumsoy ; Church Wardens, Thomas Franklin, Johu Howard. 1772, Easter-Monday. — Vestrymen, Tliomas Franklin, J. Howard, Ed- ward Day, S. Young, J. B. Howard ; Church Wardens, Robert Bishop, Kzekiel Bosley. 1773, April 12.— Vestrymen, B. Eumsey, Alexander Cowan, rue Messrs. Young and Talbot ; Chu 1775, April.— Vestrymen, r.,, Howard, J. B.Howar.i , . 1779, June 7.— Vestrymen, . B. Il..wni.l, Tli.,uui- II 118, R. Bishop, Josias Slade. ^, li. iij, Kogers, Benj. Boyce, J. 1;. Bishop, John Stewart.i I : y, Benjamin Eumsey, J. 1 /.. t.. Onion, Col. Alexander •'..".11,- .1 I r.i.;,! . . I,.... h Wardens, John Day, of Edward, ' .| . ' 'ii.iy, resisterand clerk. ' 17.-iii, M , . I:.iiiisey, Col. Cowan, John Day, J. B. lb., .Mi, 1 .. II v,,.. ;, ,1,1, liittings, Zachariah Onion; Church Wardeus, Samuel 1.;. Usbi.iiic, James Maxwell. Messrs. Osborne and Maxwell declined taking the oaths of fidelity, etc., to the new State government. 1781, April 1 6.— Vestrymen, B. Eumsey. J. B, Howard, A. Cowan, T. G. Howard, Z. Onion, S. G. Osborne, and Maj. Taylor. 1797. — Vestrymeu, Johu Rumsey, Benjamiu Rnmsey, John G. Day, Jere- miah Foard, Ananias Divers. The present St. John's P. E. Church at Kingsville was built in 1817 by Edward Day at his own expense, and was dedicated on July 17th of that year by Bishop Kemp. It was intended to replace the old St. John's church at Joppa, which about that time had fallen into decay, having, as we have .seen, stood for more than a hundred years. The pastors have been as above stated. Cub Hill— The post-office and village of Cub Hill is on the Harford turnpike, ten miles out of Balti- more, and has a population of 150. In the vicinity are copper-ore laanks, from which large quantities have been taken to the smelting-works on the Gun- powder River, which are not now in operation. Thomas Gorsuch, the son of Charles Gorsuch and Lydia (Bosley) Gorsuch, was born in Baltimore County, on the farm now owned by his son, Thomas B. Gorsuch, in 1782, and died on the 14th of Decem- ber, 1864, in tlie eighty-secoud year of his age. His father, Charles Gorsuch, was among the earliest settlers in the neighborhood, and was a descendant of the Charles Gorsuch who in 1661 patented fifty acres oi land ou Whetstone Point, the present site of Fort McHenry. Charles Gorsuch, the father of Thomas Isaac Risteau married I: following children : Sara!., 1760; Mary, born Oct. 27, Talbot, b..rii X.iv. II, 17,'.l; , ^.ln of , Hlanch Ha J., III! ', , - : ill Coreuch, July 20, 1758. Viiclii 1 \\. iiliiii.;! .1 ill irried Priscella Bond, Nov. 17, 1757. Auquila Johns niariicd Hannah Bond, Jan. 27, 1757. Talbot Risteau married Mary Stokes, June 20, 1745. John Beall Howard, county clerk. May, 177G. Elchard Colgate, Jr, daughter married Dr. John Dale, April, 1767. HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. Gorsuch, had seven children, — four sons and three daughters,— Joshua, Joseph, Charles, and Thomas, and Sarah, Hannah, Malinda, and Rachel. Thomas Gorsuch, the subject of this memoir, mar- ried Hannah Juliet Onion, daughter of William Francis Heath Onion and Elizabeth Day, and grand- daughter of Edward and Rebecca Young, all of them being families of note and prominence in county his- tory. The Onions were connected with some of the earliest and most important industrial enterprises of j the province, Stephen Onion, a practical iron-master, • being the first representative of the Principio Iron Company in America. In the course of time he severed his connection with this company and built works of his own at the head of Gunpowder River, about a mile from Joppa, then one of the principal towns of Maryland. After his death his son Zaccheus, in 1769, offered the property for sale, which then con- sisted of two forges with four fires and two hammers, a furnace in good repair, grist and saw-mills, and be- tween eight and nine thousand acres of land, abound- ing in rich deposits of iron ore. Zaccheus, who was probably the first of the family in this neighborhood, was one of the wealthiest men in the county, and lived in great style. The old homestead was known as " Onion's Inheritance." William Francis Heath Onion had six children,— Rebecca, who married John C. Waters; John W., who married May Baker; Lloyd, who married Eliza- beth Rouse ; Agnes Maria, wJio was married twice, first to Alexander Anderson Kennard, and after his death to Edward Cowling ; Beale Howard, who was never married ; and Hannah Juliet, who, as has been said, married Thomas Gorsuch. Six children were born of this union, five sons and one daughter. The daughter Elizabeth and three sons, Thomas B., Edwin A., and Joseph H. Gorsuch, are still living. Joseph H. Gorsuch married Maggie E. Quinlan, and has five children, four sons and one daughter; Edwin A. Gor- such married Catherine S. Ashbridge, and has one daughter; Elizabeth Gorsuch married George W. Lee, and has two daughters and a son ; and the remaining son, Thomas B. Gorsuch, has never married. Hannah Juliet, wife of Thomas Gorsuch, died Aug. 15, 1861, in the fifty-fourth year of her age. Sarah Gorsuch, the sister of Thomas, and the wife cf John Riddle, died Aug. 3, 1877, in her eighty-ninth year. Her husband died May 27, 1850, aged sixty-five years. The Gorsuch family have occupied a prominent po- sition in county history from the earliest period, and have always been closely identified with the best interests of the county. Its representatives have for the most part devoted themselves to agriculture, and Thomas B. and Edwin A. Gorsuch are the owners of fine and well-cultivated farms, which formed a part of the original tnut |i;ilriitiil by their ancestors soon after the settleiiiiiii ..| ilu picvince.. The old Forks MciIi.mH-i F.piscopal meeting-house, which was built more than a century ago, and which takes its name from its situation at the forks of the Manor and Joppa road, was erected chiefly by the Gorsuch family, who gave the ground upon which it stands, and to which the descendants have made sev- eral additional donations of land. Among those who are buried in the graveyard of the old meeting-house are John Proctor, died May 27, 1872, aged seventy-five years ; Jos. Clayton, born March 1, 1778, died Feb. 9, 1854, aged seventy- five years ; Sarah Clayton, died Oct. 31, 1868, aged eighty-five; Wm. Dampman, born Jan. 20, 1812, died Sept. 22, 1876 ; Thomas Foard, born March 22, 1789, died Oct. 21, 1863 ; May Foard, born June 16, 1795, died April 9, 1869 ; Sylvester Foard, born March 11, 1817, died Feb. 26, 1877 ; John Watkins, born Feb. 26, 1803, died May 5, 1878; Jacob Stover, born Sept. 8, 1797, died Aug. 25, 1868; Henry Guyton, died Nov. 14, 1877, in his eighty-eighth year; John Bond, born Feb. 12, 1812, died Feb. 9, 1872; Edward C. Hall, died Feb. 19, 1859, in liis sixty -second year; Eliza, wife of Edward C. Hall, died April 10, 1869, in her sixty-seventh year; Dr. George W. Wilson, died Jan. 18, 1854, aged forty-one; Robert Lyon Hall, born Dec. 12, 1781, died March 24, 1847 ; Ish- mael Day, born March 20, 1792, died Dec. 27, 1873, in his eighty-second year; Charles Francis, born May 13, 1782, died Oct. 20, 1855, aged seventy-three; Wm. Ford, died April 6, 1876, aged fifty-nine years ; John W. Clayton, born Jan. 8, 1799, died Jan. 26, 1872; John Wells, died March 30, 1803, aged forty- nine years; Thomas S. Clayton, born Sept. 25, 1806, died March 5, 1873 ; James McClure, born March 10, 1798, died Jan. 30, 1839, in his forty-second year. Little Gunpowder. — On the Little Gunpowder Falls, five miles above the railroad station at Mag- nolia, is the village and post-office of Little Gunpow- der, which has a population of 250. The Philadelphia turnpike crosses the Little Gunpowder at this point. Upper Falls. — This village is within a mile of the Little Gunpowder Falls, and has a population of 100. SalemMethodistEpiscopal church and Asbury church, of the same denomination, are in the vicinity. One of the first settlements in Baltimore County, and perhaps the earliest in the Eleventh District, was made by Edward Swanson, Sept. 23, 1665, be- tween the Great and Little Gunpowder Rivers, and only a few hundred yards from where these streams unite to form the Gunpowder River proper. The present owner of the property is Col. B. F. Taylor, who was born in Baltimore City, educated at St.Tim- ' othy's Hall, Catonsville, and was a gallant Federal soldier in the civil war. He went in as an enlisted man, and rose to the rank of colonel of the Second I Maryland Regiment of Veteran Volunteers, having I been breveted for conspicuous gallantry in the as- sault upon Petersburg, April 2, 1865. At the time of j thesurrenderatAppomattox he commanded abrigade, composed of his own regiment, the Sixth New Hamp- shire, and the Eleventh New Hampshire, attached to ELEVENTH DISTRICT. the Second Division of the Ninth Corps. After the j battle of Sailor's Creek, Col. Taylor was put in charge of and conducted to the rear seven thousand Confederate prisoners, among whom were Gens. Ewell, Kershaw, Corse, Du Boise, and Eppa Hunton, and i Admiral Tucker. ] The present Taylor estate is the result of various accretions, and comprises four hundred and seventy- five acres of the finest land in Maryland. Col. Taylor's grandfather was an Irishman, who emigrated to America before the Eevolutionary war, and had a son named Robert Taylor, who bequeathed to his son the manorial estate here alluded to. Fifteen acres of it, known as " Simms' Choice," were purchased in 1673, and on March 4, 1713, there was bought an addition of one hundred and ninety-two acres, called " Pimlico," in the forks of the Gunpowder. The next imrchase was " Onion's Inheritance," a tract which had been patented to Stephen Onion, July 27, 1746, and which was bounded by the surveys of " Expecta- tion," " Richardson's Reserve," " Fortune," " Win- ley's Forest," "Pimlico," "Good Endeavor," "Fell's Swampy Moor," "Worth," and " Sicklemore Dock." The fourth purchase was " Pardoner's Discovery," which had belonged to Ananias Divers. The fifth purchase was "Federal Meadow," surveyed Nov. 21, 1800, and afterwards the property of Charles Crook, who had a mill on it, built many years before, and known as Crook's Mill. The sixth purchase was " Divers' Island," also once owned by the Ananias Divers aforesaid. It once embraced but thirteen acres, and was on the east side of the Great Gunpowder, but the course of the stream has been so deflected that it is now on the west side, and by alluvial deposits has been swollen to twenty-six acres. On Sept. 19, 1839, Robert Taylor bought the entirety of all these tracts except " Onion's Inheritance," which comprised eight hundred and forty-nine acres, and of which he only got a part, of Otho Scott, trustee of the estate of John Buck. In 1844 he added the " Peru Mills" property of forty acres, and gave the whole estate the name of " Mount Peru." Upon it there is a massive stone mansion built in 1772. Col. Taylor resides in an elegant country-house near the old mansion, and from his door can be obtained a land and water view com- prising the upper Chesapeake Bay, the majestic Gun- powder River, the shores of Cecil, Queen Anne's, and Kent County across the bay, and nearer at hand the picturesque region of the Gunpowder, Bush, and Bird Rivers. Almost within view is the location on Bush River where the first county-seat of Baltimore County was established, and close by is " Foster's Neck," which was proposed as the second site for the county- seat. In plain sight, only a mile away, is Joppa, the third county-seat, once a shipping port, whose name was known to every London merchant and trader before Baltimore Town was even so much as thought of. Just here, almost at the feet of the spectators of this broad and imperial panorama, is the channel where the adventurous Capt. John Smith sailed in 1608, " in our barge about two tons, and had in it but twelve men to perform this discovery." Joppa, on the east side of the Gunpowder River, about a mile north of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad bridge, in what is now Har- ford County, was the county-seat of Baltimore County from 1724 to 1768. In those days it was a flourishing town and the principal exporting point in the prov- ince of Maryland. But its glory departed when the county-seat was removed to Baltimore Town in 1768, and now its site is marked by but one house, which was built of English brick in 1770. In the fields are certain depressions which indicate where cellars have once been, and these and a few fragments of chimneys tell of what were once the lines of the streets. From the brier-grown and neglected cemetery some scraps of the history of the decayed town may be gathered. But one gravestone remains of the many that were erected in the last century, and the inscription upon it reads : " To the memory of David McCulloch, mer- chant in Joppa, who died the 17th day of September, 1766, aged forty-eight years." This stone is four inches thick, four feet wide, and five feet high, and it is in as good condition and its lettering is as legible as when it was put up, one hundred and fifteen years ago. There are near it four other tombs of later date, —one of Charles J. Bullis, who died Jan. 17, 1850, aged thirty-five years ; one of Ephialet Norris, who died Nov. 10, 1821, aged sixty-orie years, nine months, and seventeen days ; one of George R. Norris, who died in 1822, aged twenty-three; and one to the mem- ory of a gentleman's wife, who died in Chicago in 1849. Very curiously, no name is inscribed on this stone. What was once the site of Joppa is now the farm of James Murray, a native of Scotland and a de- scendant of the clan MacGregor. In his orchard are the cellars and foundations of the ancient court-house, St. John's church, the jails, taverns, and stores. A few yards away is the spot where stood the gallows- tree, the whipping-post, and the stocks. Along the shores of the Gunpowder are seen to this day huge piles of stone, all that remain of the substruc- tures of the wharves and warehouses of the olden time. W. Y. Day and John Beall Rumsey, whose ancestors were among the merchant princes of Joppa when it was in the height of its glory, are present residents of the neighborhood. "Foster's Neck," or " Foster's Hill," as it is now called, a property owned by Hon. John Carroll Walsh, was at one time determined upon as the county-seat of Baltimore County, but the law was re- pealed the year after it was enacted, and the location changed to Joppa. The two places are opposite each other, and are only separated by Foster's Creek. The reasons for the change were that the harbor of Joppa was the better of the two, and was more accessible to the country people, who were obliged to ride around HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUiNTY, MARYLAND. the head-waters of the creek to reach Foster's Neck. In the fall of 1781, Lafayette's army encamped on Foster's Neck while on its way south to Yorktown. During the Revolution one of the largest land- holders in this region was John Paul, the Tory. When the British naval forces sailed up the Chesa- peake to the Gunpowder, he and a man named Pick- j ett piloted them to the mills, where they took several scow-loads of flour and floated them out to the ves- \ sels in the bay. Shortly afterwards Lafayette's forces , occupied the country, and the two Tories were seized and condemned to death for giving aid and comfort to the enemy. The night before they were to be ex- ecuted John Paul asked the guard if he might be allowed to smoke. The guard consented, and par- tially freed Paul's hands, whereupon the latter burst his bonds, and in the darkness, aided by a thorough knowledge of the country, he managed, to make his escape. Pickett was hanged the next morning on the gallows-tree at Joppa, which stood very near the j present gate of Mr. Murray's farm. The popular i indignation against Paul was so strong on account of his Toryism that he was obliged to lie concealed in I a cave, which bears his name to this day, and in a few years death came to his relief. To save his large estates from the confiscation which was decreed for the property of all Tories he assigned them to a trustee, and in some unknown manner they were lost to him and to his heirs. Robert Taylor, who consolidated the Mount Peru property, was born in 1780, and died in 1869. He served in the army during the war of 1812, and was one of the defenders of Fort McHenry. While the British fleet was in the upper Chesapeake he ob- i tained leave of absence to go to Spesutia Island, ! where he had some valuable fishing apparatus that he wished to secrete in a place of safety. After hiding away his boats and nets he was seen and chased by a fbraging-party of British. They captured an old negro slave belonging to Gen. Smith, who was the only other person on the island, and frightened him i into disclosing where Gen. Smith's cattle were hid in j the swamps. They then turned their attention to j this plunder, and Mr. Taylor was suffered to ascape. The first gift for a public school in Baltimore County was made in this district. In 1725, Thomas Tolley conveyed to a trustee one hundred acres of i land, to be held in trust for free school purposes. Under the provisions of the deed a school-house was erected in 1790 on the old post road, on a site now owned by James Hawkins. The present trustee of the fund is the venerable Dr. W. T. AJlender, who sold the land, and from its jjroceeds built two school- houses, one for white and one for colored children, and had a remainder left to be applied to the salaries of teachers. Dr. Allender lives at "Mount Ararat," a pleasant estate overlooking the Gunpowder and the Chesapeake. It came into his possession through his ancestors of the Tolley family. In 1823 the United States mail between Baltimore and Philadelphia was robbed in this vicinity, on the Longchamps road. The road, or at least its name, has disappeared, but it appears to have been con- structed by Gen. Lafayette when he made his hasty march to Yorktown in 1781, in order to avoid the mile of ferriage across the Gunpowder River at Joppa, where the old turnpike crossed. The Long- champs road crossed both the Great and Little Gun- powder Rivers at fords. It left the turnpike at a point in Harford County near where the road from Magnolia to Fallston crosses the present Philadelphia turnpike, and after crossing the rivers it joined the old road again about the head of Bird River. On account of leading to the fords it was used for many years, but was abandoned when the streams were bridged, and its line is now difficult to trace. It was on this road that three robbers stopped the stage, and although the driver or^guard made a brave defense against them with his blunderbuss, they overpowered him and rifled the mail-sacks. The next morning Mr. Stokes, the contractor for carrying the mail, came up to investigate affairs, and suspicion fell upon a man named More, who lived in the neighborhood, and was found in bed at home, feigning to be suffer- ing from sickness. He was compelled to submit to an examination by Dr. Gittings, who is still living at a venerable age, and he was discovered to be badly wounded in the breast by the shot from the guard's • blunderbuss. He then confessed his participation in the crime, implicating two other men named Ward and Emmenizer. Ward was found to be wounded in the hand, and the whole party were sentenced to the penitentiary for a long term of years. A record of the robbery was cut upon a beech-tree on the side of the road, and some of the old inhabitants have a very distinct remembrance of it. On the old post-road, near the head of Bird River, are the ruins of the Red Lion Tavern, a famous hos- telry of yore, and which was probably in its day the largest and best appointed in M;iryland. It was a large building, constructed of stone and brick. In the centre, under the second story, a spacious archway broke the wall, allowing the passage of wagons to the stables beyond. It was a counterpart of many of the English inns of the seventeenth century. Tradition says that it was once kept by " the celebrated Moll Roe," but time has left no record of what she was celebrated for. Jericho, on the Little Gunpowder Falls, was founded by the Tyson family after the Revolutionary war, and in their store was once employed as clerk young Moses Shepherd, who became a millionaire and left his wealth to the Shepherd Asylum, now building near Baltimore City. He at one time ovv-ned an estate near Mount Peru, which had been settled by Stephen and Ormon Russell in November, 1745. On this property there stood, nearly a century ago, a furnace and forge and pnddling-mill, whose ruins and foun- ^(yy/in<:L cJeAA^x. ELEVENTH DISTIUUT. 925 dations are still perceptible. About 1825 a Mr. Mc- Blair established a cotton-factory at Jericho, which was rented to a Baltimore company and was destroyed by fire. Hugh Simms then rebuilt the factory, but no new machinery was ever placed in it. About 1810 a Mr. Willi.s taught school in a log house on Edward Howard's land near Bird Kiver. Ridgely's first furnace was on Whitemarsh Run, about where William Gambrill now resides, but it was perma- nently out of blast prior to 1815. The British en- camped here when marching down the old post road in pursuit of Lafayette. The malarial fever was very prevalent in their army, and mounds marking the graves of the men who fell victims to it may still be seen near the old furnace. In those days Bird River was navigable much higher up than it is now, and ' vessels ascended it to the Tolley farm, where the iron I from the furnace was hauled across, and for this privilege one hundred dollars per year was paid to the Tolleys. Ridgely's second furnace was on the Great Gunpowder, and was operated by Robert Howard, who built a frame church and dedicated it to the free religious worship of all denominations. I The foundations and walls of the furnace and rolling- j mill are as sound as ever, and only the roofing has I fallen in. This property, embracing eleven hundred ; and eighty-four acres, was purchased by the city of : Baltimore as part of the permanent water-supply, but not being needed it was sold again, and bought by Levi Furstenburg, who has repaired the Howard free church and offered it to the public. The fine bridge over the Great Gunpowder at this point was built by the county, but was turned over to the Philadelphia Turnpike Companj', whose pike crosses by it. Joshua Jessop was born in Baltimore County, June 4, 1806, and died Aug. 25, 1869. His father was Charles Jessop, who was a native of the same county, and died in 1828, in the sixty-ninth year of his age. His mother's maiden name was Mary Gorsuch ; she was also born in Baltimore County, and died in 1830, at the age of sixty-five. He married Ann C. Price, who was born April 25, 1806, and died March 1!), 1878. Their children were Charles M., who mar- ried EmmaM. Booth ; Amanda C, married to Henry Marshall; Edwin, married to Susan Haile; George W., married to Elizabeth H. Haile ; and Cecelia P., married to Charles W. Johnson. Whittaker's Furnace was built about 1810 as a spade-factory, and was subsequently purchased by Horace Abbott, who converted it into a forge for making shafts for steam-vessels. Frank Whitaker owned it afterwards, but it has been abandoned for many years. The Joppa Iron-Works were on the Great Gun- powder, not quite a mile from its embouchure, and near Divers' Island. They were operated up to the commencement of the civil war, and their product was well known in all the markets. They consisted of a large rolling-mill, nail-works, and forges. First- class vessels came up the river to the island, and the embankments for the wharves are still visible. Where the main channel of the Gunpowder once was, and where sea-going ships rode at anchor, is now a corn-field on the Mount Peru estate. One rolling- mill, an immense stone structure, abandoned more than twenty years ago, still stands, and is almost covered by the rank luxuriance of the Virginia creeper. The works were owned and operated by that Patterson family of which Madame Elizabeth Patter- son Bonaparte was a member, who sold the whole tract of one hundred and thirty-four acres, known as " Bald Hill," to the city of Baltimore for water privi- leges for twenty thousand dollars. The city resold it, and it is now the property of Levi Furstenburg. The old roads accommodated the whole volume of travel between the North and South before the days of railroads and steamboats. The Philadelphia turn- pike crosses the Great Gunpowder at the site ot Ridgely's second furnace, and crosses the Little Gun- powder at the Old Mill, now Dieter's property. Long- champs, or the Lafayette road, has already been spoken of in connection with the mail robbery upon it in 1823. Then there was the old post road that left the Philadelphia pike at J. Smith's, crossed the Great Gunpowder at Joppa Iron-Works, and running nearly parallel with the Longchamps road, met the pike again on the Little Gunpowder. There was also a post road from Joppa by way of " Taylor's Mount," the farm of W. Y. Day intersecting the other post road at R. Smith's place, then passing Ridgely's first furnace, and reaching the Philadelphia pike at J. Smith's. This was the first road built, but on account of the ferry across the Gunpowder from Joppa to " Taylor's Mount," where the river is a mile wide, the other road was built. Along the Gunpowder River are found many relics of the Indians, who had favorite camping, hunting, and fishing-grounds on its banks. At the point where the Harford turnpike crosses the Little Gunpowder Falls, sixteen miles from Baltimore, is the thriving village of Reckordville, built up by the energy and enterprise of Henry Reckord, and named in his honor. He was born May 20, 1825, in South Paris, Me., and was the son of John and El- mira Perry Reckord. The family removed to Boston when he was a child, and he was educated in the pub- lic schools of that city. At twenty years of age he went to Eastport, Me., and is said to have opened the first nail-factory in that State. In 1847 he moved to Richmond, and for nearly fourteen years was engaged in the works of the Belle Isle Iron Company. In the fall of 1860 he came to Baltimore County and pur- chased the grist and saw-mills of Wells Clayton, on the Little Gunpowder, where the town of Reckordville now is. He erected new and larger mills, and during the war took up the production of sorghum. For four years he manufactured of sorghum an average of one hundred and forty gallons daily. In 1867 he HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. established a large mill for the manufacture of ground bone and fertilizers, and now has a branch mill at Belair, Harford County. The yield of these two fac- tories is about fourteen hundred tons annually, al- though when Mr. Reckord began the business he turned out only a ton and a half for every working- day. In addition to the mills, he established a gen- eral merchandise store and a blacksmith and wheel- wright-shop, the largest on the Harford turnpike. He was married April 8, 1852, in Virginia, to Julia A., daughter of Benjamin and Hannah Cooper Lu- kens, of an old Maryland fiimily. Of their nine children, Hannah, Elmira, and Edward L. are de- ceased. John Henry Reckord, the eldest son, was born June 7, 1854, and was married June 20, 1877, to Lydia A., daughter of George H. and Mary Zimmer- man, of Baltimore City, by whom he has two chil- dren, Henry Herman and Milton Atchison. He is proprietor of the extensive store at Reckordville and postmaster of the village, and is engaged in the sale of all kinds of agricultural machinery and engines. The Reckords have had the enterprise to erect a tele- phone line between their Belair and Reckordville es- tablishments, five and a half miles distant from each other. Henry Reckord's other children are Walter P., born July 12,1857; William H., May 2], 1861 ; David Burnett, Nov. 11, 1867 ; Milton H., July 25, 1870; and Julia A., April 25, 1873. Mr. Reckord and his son employ an average force in their varied industries of forty men and over fifty horses. They have earned success by perseverance and integrity, and have increased the value of property in and around the town which Henry Reckord founded. They are zealous members of the Church of the Dis- ciples. CHAPTER LVIII. TWELFTH DISTRICT. This is the principal district of Baltimore County in size and the second in population. It covers an area of 85.72 square miles, and has 10,286 inhabitants. The number in 1870 was 8663. It is bounded on the north by the Eleventh District, on the east by Gun- powder River and the Chesapeake Bay, on the south by the Patapsco River, and on the west by Baltimore City and the Ninth District. The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad crosses the dis- trict for 19 miles. The Belair turnpike and the Phila- delphia turnpike go through it in a northeasterly di- rection. The east side of the Harford turnpike is its northwestern border, and for a distance of five miles out of the city is very thickly settled. Each side of the Belair turnpike is almost densely populated, and houses are close together on the Philadelphia road as far out as Herring Run. Clifton, the grand estate of the late Johns Hopkins, which he bequeathed to the Hopkins University, is on the east side of the Har; ford road, and adjacent to it is Lake Clifton, one of the huge reservoirs for the permanent water-supply of Baltimore City. Farther out on these roads are many pleasant farms and country residences. The quality of the soil is such as to especially favor the cultivation of vegetables and, in a lesser degree, of fruits. The lands stretching towards the numerous estuaries of the Chesapeake are mainly devoted to " truck raising," as it is called, which has proved much more profitable than the cultivation of the cereals. This part of the country is low and is pierced in every direction by excellent roads, such as the Trap road, the Old Trap road, the German Hill road, the North Point road, and the Eastern Avenue extension. Many of these roads are laid with oyster- shells, which, pulverizing under the wheels of vehicles and hoofs of horses, form a bed of unsurpsissed smooth- ■ ness and solidity. What is more particularly known as " the Shell road" leads from the city to the Back River through charming scenery at the heads of the inlets of the bay. Public resorts are numerous along I the road and on the shores, and the drive is a very popular one with the people of the city. The gunning and fishing-grounds in this district are perhaps among sportsmen the most famous in the United States. They are on what are known as the "Necks," formed by the Patapsco River, Middle , River, Back River, and Gunpowder River, where the streams make up for miles into the country, leaving tongues of land between. The water-fronts all through I here and on the islands of the upper Chesapeake are owned or leased by yacht clubs, gunning clubs, fish- ; ing clubs, or private individuals with a fancy for sport, and many of these associations have erected cozy houses for the accommodation of their members. The late fall and the winter months are the season for duck-shooting, and owing to the enforcement of ex- cellent game laws the supply of birds continues large. The ducks are attracted to these feeding-grounds by the abundance of valisueria, or wild celery, which grows on the flats near the shores. That section of the district contiguous to the eastern limits of the city is the home of a large population and the scene of important industries, especially in Canton and Highlandtown. The property of the Canton Company extends along the Patapsco River all the way down to Colegate's Creek, on the river- front, and thence across the " Neck" to Back River. Upon it are located the immense grain transfer elevator of the Northern Central Railway Company, the marine terminus and wharves of the Union Railway Company, several large petroleum-refineries, with their wharvea and railroad connections, two whisky distilleries, one of which is the largest in Maryland, Tyson's Chesapeake Iron-Furnace, Stickney's Iron-Furnace, Baker Bros. Chemical Works, and many smaller in- dustries. The river-front from Lazaretto Point to North Point, where the Patapsco empties into the ^iP^^-y-y^Y /(j-^/^t^ TWELFTH DISTKICT. Chesapeake Bay, forms the northern side of the en- trance to, the harbor of Baltimore, and from the low bluffs on which stand the Point Breeze Hotel, or tlie Sea Girt House, fifty miles of water are spread before the view, bearing on its bosom the commerce of a great seaport. Fort McHenry and the city frame the picture on the north, on the west are the shores of Anne Arundel, down to the southward and eastward the protrusion of North Point melts away into the vast expanse of the Chesapeake, while the foreground is filled up with the gray walls and bas- tions of Fort Carroll and the innumerable fleet of all classes of vessels that are constantly arriving and departing. Near the water-front is Bay View Asyliim, the almshouse of Baltimore City, a vast brick struc- ture standing upon a high eminence, and the Baltimore Insane Asylum, commanding in clear weather a view of Kent Island, both shores of the bay, and the steeples of Annapolis. In this vicinity are several very extensive breweries. Four miles from the city, on the Philadelphia turnpike, is the Herring Eun Driving Park, now the property of Thomas G. Scharf, of Baltimore City. Many famous racers have sped over this track, which, when in good order, is as fast as any in the country. A hotel building, comfortable stands, extensive stables, and all the other usual accessories of a race-course are connected with this property. " Chesterwood," the grounds of the Free Excursion Society of Baltimore, is upon Bear Creek, five miles from the city. This noble charity provides during the summer free excursions for the poor of the city, and in 1880 a wealthy and generous citizen presented the society with " Chesterwood," a beautiful property directly upon the water and shaded with a magnificent grove of old oaks. Pavilions are provided for the ac- commodation and the feeding of the thousands who are the society's beneficiaries, and in 1881 the Corn and Flour Exchange and the Stock Exchange do- nated one thousand dollars each for the construction of two creches, or nurseries, which have been named after these business institutions. M. Henri Say, the French millionaire, who had been spending nearly two years in Baltimore, having built for his use the largest private steam-yacht in the world, handed the society his check for two thousand dollars before his departure, and it was resolved to expend the money upon a cottage which shall bear his name. The Twelfth District was first settled in the " Necks" by families by the name of Green, Peregoy, Shaw, Bowen, and Bibbins, and in the forest, or upper por- tion, by the Gatches, Burgens, Borleys, Johnsons, Germans, and Parletts. SCHOOLS FOR 1881. Teachers. No. 1.— Francis Kenny, principal, 115 Elliott Street, Canton; Emma Storch, Florenco Martin, Georgia Yeates, and Georgia T. Hall, assistants. No. 2.— Lulu ChriBtiau, Oiangevillo. . 3. — Laura B. E. Phelps, Canton. . 4.— Ettie D. Brown, care of A. J. Rogei Streets. . 5. — Isadora Chenowetb, Rossville. . 6.— Margaret A. Fowler, RossTille. . 7.— John R. Tucker, Rossville. . 8.— N. Taylor Hall, Chase's Station. . 9.— Imogino Ovvi-UB, llossvilk'. T. ^h -Lidii No. 12.— Alice in. ill... No. 13.— Rozelli 1'.. I I.. .11 i.., I; . .111... No. 14.— Mary L. JloUoy, CI s. (.:,irr..lltuu Avenue. No. 15.— George E. Lang, friucipul, GiirdenviUe: , assistant. TF.ACHF.its (IF Colored Schouls. No. 1. . . No. 2.— C. R. Onlilos, Rossville. No.3.— E. H. Grasty, Chase's. No. 4.— John H. L. Coopi-r, 21S Aliceanna Street. No. 5. — James F. Williams, Rossville. Trustees. School Ni> 1.— Au;;iiaf Wies, Cliarles Green, and James Hughes. Nu, l: Ihi 11,1 iMhitill III. E.W.Januey, and William Button. Nil. N'. , ii, I II, li. F. Bond, and Justus Martell. Nil. I 1 . Ill h, Thomas B. Todd, and Joseph Rogers. Nil,.".- I 111. 111,1. lliijiii....;,iKi J. M.Gillespie. No. C— Wilson TowMs.-Tirl. William Will.ni i ~> In.y 0. Ileiskell, No, 7,— John Edwards, William Till 111 1 I: i : \ , h. las Evans No,8,— William Aslier, Thomas J I'll. 1. : , .n I lln,;, .I,in„.s, No.9,— Willi.im Menitt, Wesley Jacol.,.u,il Um.l K, nney. No. 10.— Dr. William H. Mace, William I'urter, and John S. Hayes. No. 11.— Thomas C.Biddison, Thomas B.Gatch.and Rev. Tlios. Gorsuch. No. 12, — Henry Wempe, Peter Erdman, and George Coxon. No, 13.— Louis Freund, Tobias Lntz, and John Lindenfelter, No, 14,— J, Fred, Heim, John Wetherstein, and Henry Frank, No, 15, — lohu M. Herrmati, John Gontrum, and J, Hai-man Schone, Highlandtown. — Just east of the southeastern limits of the city is the important village of High- landtown, which has a population of 644. Lombard, Pratt, Bank, Aliceanna, and Lancaster Streets and Eastern and Canton Avenues extend out to it from the city, and are rather closely built up. The exten- sive breweries in the neighborhood furnish employ- ment for a considerable proportion of the people. The Fire Department was organized Dec. 80, 187.3, as a hook-and-ladder company, with John L. Phillips president; John Baker, vice-president; Christian Kurtz, Jr., secretary ; and William Shudenburg, treasurer. The company was called " The Rescue." On Sept. 19, 1875, the corner-stone of an engine-house was laid on Main Street, in the centre of the town, and a building twenty-four by seventy-five feet was erected, and the following officers elected: President, W. Schlutenberger ; Vice-President, George Raub ; Treasurer, Frederick Heirm ; and Secretary, Fred- erick Weissner. The elevated position of Highlandtown confers its name upon it, and it has grown up in the last twelve years around an old wooden house that still stands on the brow of the hill. The multiplication of indus- tries in the suburbs and the necessity of finding homes near by for the employes account for the creation of the town. On July 16, 1868, the corner-stone of the Highland Avenue Methodist Episcopal churcli was laid. The clergy taking part in the services were Revs. Jo- HISTORY OP BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. seph France, J. H. C. Dosh, Henry Slicer, T. M. Eddy, A. R. Riley, and M. L. Smyser, the latter the first pastor of the church. The church wan dedicated on Dec. 6, 1868. St. Bridget's Catholic church was completed about 1870, and is an imposing brick struc- ture with a lofty steeple. The congregation attached to this church is so numerous, coming from both Highlandtown and Canton, that the building is fre- quently overcrowded. The pastor is Rev. William Jordan. The Catholic church of the Sacred Heart is also located at Highlandtown, and is in charge of the order of Redemptorists. Connected with it is a con- vent of the Sisters of Notre Dame, which was dedi- cated Aug. 27, 1876, by Rev. Fathers Bovie and Leibfritz. Sister Superior Beda has charge of the convent. The Maryland Hussars, a cavalry company of mili- tia, under command of Capt. John Raub, has head- quarters at Highlandtown. It was organized in 1867, and has made a highly creditable appearance in all parades. The command wears a handsome uniform copied after that of the hussars of the German array, and is usually complimented by being detailed as the escort of the Governor or commanding otEcer on the occasion of the law parades. The I. O. R., a German order, and the Order of Harugari have lodges at Highlandtown. Orangeville.— This is a post-office village on the northeastern limits of the city, and north of High- landtown. The Philadelphia turnpike passes through it, and it contains a Jewish cemetery. Canton. — That portion of Canton outside of the municipal limits of Baltimore has a population of 2084, which is rapidly increasing because of the growth of the industries located along the wharves and railroads, the extension of the commerce of the port, which calls for new pier and dock facilities, and the movement of the people irom the overcrowded streets across the city boundaries. John O'Donnell, Esq., arriving in 1785 from China with the first cargo of goods imported from that coun- try to the then Baltimore Town, gave the name of I " Canton" to that section of the present city. Forty- I four years after, in 1828-29, the Canton Company was organized as a real estate comi)any, with corpo- | rate powers to purchase not more than ten thousand acres of land adjoining the city of Baltimore, and au- thorizing them to lay it out in streets, alleys, etc., and to build upon it all manner of tenements. The cap- ital stock was divided into 12,500 shares at the par value of $65, making in the aggregate $812,500, which has all been paid. "The terms of subscription," as they are published in the Federal Gazette of April 8, 1829, " are that any subscriber shall at the time of subscribing pay to Wm. Patterson and Gideon Lee an installment of one dollar for each and every share for which such person shall subscribe, and also enter into obligation to pay the residue of his or their subscription, respect- ively, at such times as may be fixed for that purpose by the president and directors of the said company." Signers, William Patterson, Francis Price, Columbus O'Donnell, Ely Moore, Gideon Lee, Peter Cooper, and James Rumsey. In 1831 the directors were Wm. Gwynn, Slieppard C. Leakin, Ebenezer L. Finley, J. H. B. Latrobe, David Barnum, Benjamin C.Ward, Andrew Hall, and Grafton L. Dulany, of Baltimore, Peter Cooper and Gideon Lee, of New York, and Edmund Monroe and Pliny Cutler, of Boston. The third section of the charter expressly requires that a majority of the directors shall be citizens of Balti- more. By subsequent act of the Legislature the shares have been changed by making four for each share, increasing their number to 50,000, the amount of cap- ital remaining the same ($812,500), but making the value of each share $25, with $16.25 paid in. Of these shares the company owned 5000, leaving the capital at 45,000 shares at $16.25 each. It is stated in the Sun of June 11, 1850, that at one time in 1834 the stock had "reached the moderate sum of $280 per share," that " large dividends had been paid for the purpose of thus inflating;" and in 1866 the stock sold for $101. Eastern capitalists, especially in New York, have been and are now large holders of Canton stock, but many Baltimoreans have received large profits from the sale of their stock, so that there are but few Baltimoreans at present among the stockholders. At the time the Canton Company was projected this community was not ripe for an enterprise so comprehensive and far-reaching in the vast improve- ments and developments contemplated. But the scheme indicated a comprehensive insight into the future greatness of Baltimore as a commercial empo- rium ; and whatever of disappointment may have overtaken individuals in their personal hopes of for- tune, the scheme as a great undertaking for the de- velopment of a great section of the city and suburbs has been attended with wonderful success. Wharves have been built, elevators constructed, railroads find their tide-water termini, factories flourish, and enter- prise in a thousand different employments finds en- couragement arid compensation. The ^ater-front at Canton equals in every respect that at Locust Point, and the Northern Central Railway and Western Maryland Railroad, by their connection with the Union Railroad, have the same opportunities for de- velopment and commercial facilities that the Balti- more and Ohio enjoys at Locust Point. The Union Railroad, which brings the Northern Central Railway, as well as the Western Maryland Railroad, to tide-water, owes its success to the Canton Company, which subscribed for most of the stock of the road and indorsed the bonds of the company to an extent suflicient to defray the expense of its con- struction. The influence of the Canton Company in improvements is discernible all over the eastern sec- tion of the city. Liberal in aiding individual enter- prise, this company assisted many persons in estab- lishing business which otherwise would most probably TWELFTH DISTRICT. 929 have utterly failed for want of means. The future of this company may be predicted with some measure of certainty when it is remembered that here must be the depot for the anthracite coal of Pennsylvania, as well as for the bituminous and gas-coals from that State. Its shipping facilities are the best of any lo- cality in the city, while the immense grain products of Western Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the vast plains of the great West must find their outlet to the sea over the railroads that centre here. In the manufac- turing future of Baltimore Canton must occupy a very prominent place. Cheap land, most convenient ac- cess to shipping, moderate rents, as well as all the advantages offered by any other section of the city, cannot fail to make this eastern port the great location i'or large manufacturing interests. The property of the company extends to Back Kiver, and the water-front east of the Lazaretto Point on the Patapsco and on Back River is fifteen thou- sand feet in straight lines, and by extending piers and docks this could be made over thirty thousand feet of wharves. Ten years ago the company owned nineteen thousand building-lots, and the aggregate value of all its properties and funds was Sarmy of Sherman was advancing to his relief, gave rise to the hymn of " Hold the Fort." John Corse settled in Maryland, aud married Susan Coale, by whom the following children were born : William ; Cassandra, married to John Coale; James Rigby; Elizabeth, married to Joseph James; and John. William Corse was born Oct. 7, 1804, near Darling- ton, Harford Co., Md., aud was married, April 13, 1831, to Deborah S., youngest daughtejr of Robert Sinclair, of Baltimore City. Mr. Sinclair was born Sept. 22, 1772, married, on Sept. 6, 179-5, Esther Pan- coast, and died Oct. 27, 18.53. When William Corse, Sr., was twenty-two years of age he removed to New York, and there engaged in the hide and leather business. On his return to Maryland he resided first in Harford County, and then came to Baltimore County in 1838. In that year he succeeded to the ownership of the famous nurseries that had been es- tablished by his father-in-law, and in 1847 he pur- chased and added to them " Farley Hall," an estate of one hundred acres that had been the country-seat of the Bowley family. " Farley Hall" was built over a century ago, and there is now paper on its walls that was put on eighty-five years ago. Mr. Corse was a member of the Society of Friends, and attended Lombard Street meeting. He died March 8, 1869, deeply revered by all who knew him. His children were Mary W., married to Dr. Edward S. Campbell, of Philadelphia; Carrie D. ; Robert Sinclair; Dr. George F. ; Esther Sinclair, married to Maj. E. C. Gilbert, United States army ; Dr. William ; Annie C, married to Calvin Conard, of Philadelphia ; Frank ; Lucy, married to Dr. Frank K. Belts, of Philadel- phia; and Harry C, the latter deceased. The mag- nificent nurseries established by Mr. Sinclair and improved and extended by Mr. Corse are still main- tained under the firm-name of William Corse & Sons. Lauraville. — The village of Lauraville Immedi- ately adjoins Gardenville on the south, and extends to the confines of the Johns Hopkins University prop- erty at Clifton. It has a population of 197, and, like its neighbor, furnishes the city with quantities of fruits and vegetables and dairy products. For churches and schools the people depend upon those located at Gardenville and on the Belair road. Georgetown. — About 1879 a thriving village grew up at the intersection of the Belair turnpike with Erdmau Avenue, half a mile beyond the city limits, and adjoining Lauraville on the east. On July 15, 1879, a meeting of the residents was held to decide upon a name for the place. Centreville and George- town were proposed, and the latter was selected by a majority of 14 votes. The most of the people are Germans, and for several years they had been in the habit of choosing a burgomaster of the village, a cus- tom which they resolved to continue. Among the largest and most successful of the brew- vy^ yr '^^vvy ^/^v-y^/vyY TWELFTH DISTRICT. 931 ers who have great establishments on the Harford and Belair roads is John H. Vonder Horst, the son of John H. and Catherine A. Kuest Vonder Horst. He was born March 14, 1825, in Gehrde, an ancient village of Hanover, Germany, whither his ancestors had emigrated from Sweden about the middle of the sixteenth century. He came to this country when he was twenty-one years of age to seek his fortune, and found a resting-place in Baltimore City. He then entered the grocery-house of Heise & Dougherty, cor- ner of Fayette and Howard Streets, as a porter, and continued with this firm and its successors, Young, Carson & Bryan, in different positions until 1860. He had previously established a grocery-store in East Baltimore, and in 1866 he formed a partnership with Andreas Rupprecht, when they bought the property known as Richardson's oil-cloth mill on the Belair road and converted it into a brewery. Mr. Rup- precht died the next year, and since then Mr. Von- der Horst has conducted the business, associating his son with him in recent years. During his first year as a brewer he made 2800 barrels of beer. In 1874 he erected a malt-house five stories high, and in 1877 an ice-house of equal dimensions, with very deep vaults. In 1880 was finished the " Eagle Brewery," seven stories in height, the largest in Baltimore, and one of the finest and best arranged in the United States. Its capacity is one hundred thousand barrels annually, and in 1880 the product was twenty-eight thousand six hundred barrels. The cost of the ground, buildings, and machinery was three hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Vonder Horst was married in 1851 to Jo- hanna Veditz, by whom he has had one girl and four boys. The only surviving children are Henry R., who has been in partnership with his father since 1874, and John H., Jr., a merchant in San Francisco, Cal. The family are members of Mount Zion Lu- theran Church. Mr. Vonder Horst is a member of Garden Lodge, No. 114, I. 0. O. F., and of the I. O. R. M., having received his degrees in Pocahontas Lodge, No. 103, over thirty years ago. His business career has been very successful in the city to which he came a poor and friendless German youth. Lavender Hill. — Parkville, or Lavender Hill Post- Oflice, is eight miles distant from Baltimore City, and is upon the Harford turnpike. Hiss chapel, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, is located upon the Hiss estate, near the village. In October, 1854, Col. George P. Kane sold the Lavender Hill country seat, embracing sixty-three acres and improvements, to Robert Purviance, Jr., Thomas M. Williams, George H. Williams, and William Slater. Rossville.— Rossville Post-Office is at Stenimer's Run Station of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, eleven miles from Baltimore City, and has a population of 350. Locust Grove Iron- Furnace furnishes employment for 100 hands. There are two Methodist churches and one German Lutheran church. The new Methodist Episcopal church, erected in place of the old Orem chapel, jvhich had been de- stroyed by fire, was dedicated June 3, 1875, by Revs. A. D. Reese and S. B. Dunlap. On Back River Neck, a few miles from Rossville, the dwelling of Carville S. Stansbury was destroyed by fire March 24, 1865. It had belonged to the family for upwards of two hundred years, and was one of the finest mansions in the county. It was originally built of stone, and had several times been modernized. On June 27, 1861, Mr. Stansbury was entertaining at sup- per his friends, Thomas D. Johnston and John Edgar, when they were arrested by Capt. Smith, in command of the Federal troops guarding the railroad bridge. Rosedale is situated on the Philadelphia turnpike, near the head of Back River, and has a population of 300. There are Protestant Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, and German Lutheran churches at this point. Harewood. — Harewood Park is a popular summer resort, the property of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company, which was opened in the summer of 1878. It is on the tongue of land between the Bird and Gunpowder Rivers, and is al- most entirely surrounded by water. It was formerly the estate of Robert Oliver, from whose heirs it was purchased for ten thousand dollars. In Mr. Oliver's I day he had a deer-park and a pack of fox-hounds, and Harewood was the focus of sporting interests for all I the country for many miles around. St. Clement's Church. — The corner-stone of St. Clement's Protestant Episcopal church, on the Phil- adelphia turnpike, four miles from Baltimore, was laid Aug. 24, 1877, by Bishop Pinkney, assisted by Rev. Drs. Rich, Lewin, and Leeds. On May 24, 1878, the church was consecrated by Bishop Pinkney. The congregation was organized in 1875 by Rev. D. A. Van Antwerp. The church is a graceful struc- ture of frame, and cost eighteen hundred dollars. The lot upon which it stands was the gift of a lady mem- ber of the congregation. The Gatch farm, five miles out from Baltimore City, on the Belair road, has been in the family ever since it was purchased in 1737 by the progenitor of the family in this country. He emigrated from Prus- sia and settled in this part of Baltimore County in 1725, obtaining from Leonard Calvert, the Lord Pro- prietary, a passport permitting him to travel in any part of the province. His son George and several brothers indentured themselves to obtain their pass- age to America, and were very cruelly treated by the masters to whom their services were sold. Philip Gatch, son of George, was born March 2, 1751, and became the first native American itinerant preacher in the country. Before 1772, Robert Strawbridge, a local Methodist preacher from Ireland, had settled between Frederick and Baltimore towns, and he raised up three other preachei-s, Richard Owen, Sater Stephenson, and Nathan Perigo. The latter jireuched HISTORY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. upon the Gatch estates in 1772, and although the whole family were members of the Established Church, he converted them to Methodism. Philip Gatch resolved to become a preacher, and went to New Jersey, where he served as an itinerant in 1773. In July, 1774, he attended at Philadelphia the second Yearly Conference of the Methodists in America, and was received into full connection as a minister. He and Rev. William Duke were appointed the first cir- cuit-riders on the Frederick circuit, which comprised what are now the counties of Carroll, Frederick, Washington, Alleghany, Garrett, and Montgomery. On one occasion his bold language drew upon him an attack from drunken ruffians. In 1775 he and Rev. John Cooper were ordered to Kent County, Md., to preach in place of Abraham Whitworth, who had been deposed for misconduct. Here he caught the smallpox and was very near to death. Returning to Baltimore Town, he preached there and on the Fred- erick circuit. Between Frederick Town and Bladens- burg he was assailed, after preaching on Sunday, by a mob, who tarred and feathered him, and treated him so savagely that he never entirely recovered his strength. Four weeks afterwards, however, he had another appointment to preach in the same place, and he fulfilled it without molestation. In 1778 he was appointed to Sussex County, Va., and there he was once more made the victim of the popular antipathy to the new sect of Methodists, or Wesleyans. Two bullies fell upon him and beat him so severely that his life was for a long time despaired of and his eyes were permanently injured. In addition to these suflerings, his constitution had been broken by labor and exposure, forcing upon him a respite from duty. He was the more reconciled to this from the fact that the persecution of the Methodists was ceasing. On Jan. 14, 1778, he married Elizabeth, a daughter of Thomas Smith, of Powhatan County, Va. This family, like the Gatches, had forsaken the Established Church to become disciples of Wesley. Although Philip Gatch never took another appoint- ment, he had the superintendence of various circuits, and spent a considerable portion of his time in trav- eling and preaching. He was one of the leading spirits in the organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church on the system which has endured to the pres- ent day, and was one of the three persons to whom the superintendence of the work in the Southern States was confided. In 1788 he removed to Buck- ingham County, Va., and on Oct. 11, 1798, he emi- grated to what is now Clermont County, Ohio, fifteen miles from the present city of Cincinnati. Here he purchased the " Nancarrow Survey," a large tract of military reservation land, on which is now situated the thriving town of Milford. He also entered an extensive tract near Xenia. In 1802 he was a mem- ber of the convention that framed the first constitu- tion of Ohio, and the next year he was chosen by the Legislature one of the three associate judges of the Court of Common Pleas. He was twice re-elected, and he held this responsible judicial position for twenty-one years. He died at his splendid residence in Clermont County, Dec. 28, 1835, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. For a quarter of a century after re- moving to Ohio he occupied various pulpits as a local preacher, and he performed the marriage ceremony innumerable times, bridal parties coming long dis- tances to be united by the patriarchal pioneer and minister. He was the close friend of Judge John McLean, of the United States Supreme Court, and that distinguished statesman commemorated his long and honorable career by writing the " Memoirs of the Rev. Philip Gatch." The descendants of this hero of early Methodism are found in Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, and farther west, all prominent in their profes- sions, which are the bar, the bench, the ministry, the press, and the chairs of collegiate institutions. At the old homestead on the Belair road are the lineal descendants of the first of the family in this country, and here stands the time-honored " Gatch church," the first erected in the vicinity. Holy Cross Cemetery. — The Catholic cemetery of the Holy Cross, adjoining Darley Park, formerly the country-seat of Zenus Barnum, on the Harford road, was consecrated on Thursday, Aug. 16, 1863. Rev. Dr. Coskery, administrator of the archdiocese, blessed the ground, and a sermon was preached by Rev. Father Maguire. The cemetery property covers about fifteen acres, and was purchased from Col. Wm. Slater at a merely nominal price. The first improve- ment was the construction of a Gothic mortuary chapel, beneath the crypt of which several prominent persons are buried, among them Col. Slater, Rev. Michael Slattery, fifth pastor of St. Joseph's church, and Rev. James Dolan, fourth pastor of St. Patrick's church, by whom the cemetery was established. The corner-stone of the church or chapel of the Holy Cross was laid July 8, 1866. It is a stone building, thirty-three by seventj'-eight feet, and was princi- pally paid for by a bequest from Col. Slater, who left the money by his will on condition that his remains be deposited in the crypt. Baltimore Cemetery. — This cemetery is located on the county side of the boundary line of the city, on Belair Avenue. The company was organized May 10, 1850, under an act of incorporation passed at the preceding session of the Legislature. The incorpo- rators were Joshua Vanzant, Joseph Simms, Robert Howard, J. Spear Nicholas, John Murphy, Benjamin C. BarroU, Thomas R. Chiftelle, Benjamin A. Laven- der, B. C. Smith. The first officers were B. A. Lav- ender, president; J. Spear Nicholas, B. C. Smith, and R. H. Evans, managers; and George A. Frick, secre- tary. The grounds are one hundred acres in extent, and up to May, 1880, forty-one thousand seven hun- dred interments had been made in them. The pres- ent officers of the company are Francis White, presi- dent ; George A. Reed, secretary and treasurer ; Dr. TWELFTH DISTRICT. 933 Cobb Winston, R. Q. Taylor, and George A. Reed, managers; and A. Harryman, superintendent. The remains of the great tragedian, Junius Brutus Booth, and those of John Willies Booth were interred in this cemetery. Laurel Cemetery is on the Belair road, a few hun- dred yards beyond Baltimore Cemetery, and is the l)roperty of colored people. It was dedicated Nov. 19, 1851. The clergy conducting the services were Rev. John N. McJilton, Rev. Wm. Hurst, and Rev. Samuel W. Chase. The cemetery embraces twenty- eight acres. Since the war a number of bodies of colored soldiers of the Federal army who fell upon battle-fields or died in hospitals have been buried here, and the people of their race have handsomely decorated that portion of the cemetery and placed headstones at the graves. On Aug. 21, 1881, St. Peter's German Evangelical Lutheran congregation, situated near St. Joseph's post-office, about six miles from the city limits on the Belair road, dedicated a new church which replaced a frame structure erected in 1862. St. Patrick's Cemetery.— This cemetery, which was the property of St. Patrick's Catholic Church, is on the Philadelphia road, and was consecrated May 17, 1852, by Bishop Chance, assisted by Rev. Fathers Dolan, Elder, Plunkett, Ahern, Behan, O'Brien, Quig- ley, and Moriarty. The sermon was delivered by Archbishop Kenrick. Mount Carmel Cemetery is on the Trappe road, and is mainly the outgrowth of the old cemetery on Wilkes Street (Eastern Avenue), within the city limits, which was established in 1787 by East Baltimore stations of the M. E. Church, and abandoned in 1859. No interments took place in it after 1830. Lutheran Cemetery. — This cemetery, on the Har- ford roud, lieliJTigiug to Emmanuel Lutheran congre- gation, was dedicated on June 21, 1874. North Point— The battle-field of North Point is distant nine miles from the city by the North Point road. It was here, on Sept. 12, 1814, that the Mary- land militia, under command of Maj.-Gen. Smith, met and defeated " Wellington's invincibles," the flower of the British army, fresh from the capture and burning of Washington, and killed one of their chief officers. Gen. Ross. Ross is believed to have been shot down by Wells and McComas, two volun- teers in the Fifth Maryland Regiment, to whose honor the marble shaft in Ashland Square, in Balti- more City, has been erected, and the spot on the bat- tle-ground where he is supposed to have fallen is marked by a monument, the corner-stone of which was laid on July 28, 1817, by the First Mechanical Company, which had formed a company of volun- teers in the Fifth Regiment. Just where it stands the advance of the American forces under Maj. Heath was engaged, and here fell Aquilla Randall, a member of the company, and it is liis memory that the monument more especially commemorates. At the laying of the corner-stone the company attended, under command of Capt. B. C. Howard, who delivered an address. On the north side of the monument is the following inscription : On the memorable 12th of September, 1814, Aged 24 years." On the south side the inscription reads as follows : "How Beautiful is Death Wheu Earueil By On the east side, — " In the skirmish which occurred on this spot between the advanced party under Major Kichard K. Heath, of the Fifth Regiment M. M., and the front of the British column, I Major-General Boss, The Commander of the British forces, Received his mortal wound." The inscription on the west side reads: " The First Mechanical Volunteers, I Commanded By Captain Benjamin C. Howard, In the Fifth Kegiment M. M., Have erected this monument as a tribute of their respect for the memory of their gallant brother in arms." The monument shows but slight traces of the hand of time, and the inscriptions are bold and legible. 1 The corner-stone of another monument on the battle-field was laid near the North Point House on Sept. 12, 1839, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the engagement. A military and civic procession under command of Gen. George H. Stewart was formed in the city and marched down to the wharves, where passage was taken in four steamers for North Point. The corner-stone was laid with an oration by Gen. Benjamin C. Howard, an address by Gen. William McDonald, and prayer by Rev. Dr. Johns. The monument has never been erected, but there is a plain slab of stone marking the spot. Around the stone are the remains of the old intrenchments, and near by is an old log hut bearing the marks of cannon and musket-balls. On Sept. 12, 1867, the corner-stone of the Battle- Ground Methodist Episcopal Church South was laid. The addresses were delivered by Rev. Messrs. Roszel, Wilson, and Welty. The church stands upon the battle-ground, and is a frame structure thirty-two feet front by forty feet deep. On the battle-ground is also the Potapsco Neck Methodist Episcopal church. An all-day jubilee meeting took place there May 30, 1881. Rev. Isaac P. Cook gave a historical account of the church, which antedates the last war with England. It bears the marks of bullets fired during the battle. 934 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. The Mail Robberies.— On the night of March 11, 1818, the Eastern mail-stage was robbed on the Phila- delphia turnpike a few hours after it left Baltimore City. Hare and Alexander were convicted of the deed in the United States Court, and having put the driver in jeopardy of his life, they were hanged in the yard of the Baltimore jail on September 10th. On this occasion the mode of execution from a cart was changed to that of a drop or scaffold, and was so continued in subsequent hangings. May 24, 1820, the mail was again robbed on the same road, and the driver, John Heaps, was killed. Perry Hutton and Morris N. B. Hull were arrested, and sixteen thousand dollars of stolen money was recovered from them. While they were in prison they were put to what was probably the first and last test by blood ordeal in this country. Both men denied their guilt, and while there was strong evi- dence against them it was entirely circumstantial, and there was a great^desire felt that one or the other would confess. According to a superstition of the Middle Ages, if a murderer touched the corpse of his victim the blood would flow afresh, and the authori- ties connived at putting Hull and Hutton to a test somewhat of this nature. It is more than probable, however, that they merely expected that the shock would frighten one of them into a confession. A room in the jail was hung with black, and on a table was laid the body of Heaps, the breast naked and a few candles burning around it. The prisoners were brought suddenly from their cells at dead of night, and a stern voice commanded them to lay their hands upon the breast of the murdered man. Hutton was so overcome that he trembled, his teeth chattered, his knees shook, and he could barely force himself to touch the body. Hull, on the contrary, maintained his nerve, and lightfuUy and gracefully touched the corpse. Hutton did soon afterwards make a con- fession to Judge Bland, of the United States District Court, and the two highway robbers and murderers were hung on July 14, 1820. Mount Orange Cemetery. — Mount Orange Cem- etery was described in the Baltimore Srin of July 22, 1841, as being "situated at the northeast corner of the city of Baltimore," and containing "between fifty and sixty acres of land, bounded on the south by North Avenue, continued eastward into the country ; on the west by Loney's Lane, continued northward beyond the city limits. Its surface is beautifully diversified with hills, plains, and valleys." The trustees were Tobias E. Stansbury, Eobert Howard, .Tohn Spear Smith, George M. Gill, Thomas Kell, William D. Ball, Eobert St. Clair, William Loney, James L. Ridgely, Elijah Stansbury, H. R. Louderman, T. Parkin Scott, A. W. Bradford, A. S. Dungan, Robert Taylor, Samuel Boyd, and William A. Patterson. Hebrew Cemetery.— The Hebrew Cemetery, situ- ated on the " Neck" road, adjoining Mount Carmel Cemetery, contains about eight acres, and was estab- lished in 1864 under the auspices of the congregation of the Hanover Street synagogue, under the leader- ship of Rev. Dr. Benjamin Szold. The grounds were laid out by Julius Stiefel, and the gateway, eighty feet front and two stories high, in the Gothic style, was designed by E. G. Lind, of Baltimore, J. H. Hogg & Bro. being the builders. East Baltimore Public Cemetery.— In 187i5, the mayor and City Council having sold for sixteen thou- sand dollars the old Potter's Field, on Mine Bank Lane, within the city limits, purchased from H. D. Reese six acres on the Philadelphia road, opposite the four-mile stone. It is this tract which is called "East Baltimore Public Cemetery." Bay View Asylum. — Before the erection of alms- houses in Baltimore County the sick, infirm, and poor were relieved by an annual levy of tobacco. The year before Baltimore County Almshouse was built two hundred and fifty persons were relieved in the county, then including Harford County, and the amount levied averaged twelve hundred pounds of tobacco each, the levies per poll on ten thousand tax- ables being sometimes in the name of persons who had the poor in charge, but generally in the name of the persons relieved at their own houses. At the session of the General Assembly in November, 1773, an act was passed appointing Charles Ridgely, William Lux, John Moale, William Smith, and Frank Purviance, of Baltimore Town, and Andrew Buchanan, Harry Dorsey Gough, of Baltimore County, trustees for the poor of Baltimore County, with corporate power to fill their own vacancies and elect annually oue new member in the place of the one first named in suc- cession. Four thousand pounds in bills of credit were directed to be paid to the trustees of the poor for the purpose of purchasing " not exceeding one j hundred acres of land near and convenient to Balti- more Town, but not within half a mile thereof" The trustees purchased an elevated site northwest of the town, and as near as the law would allow, of Wm. Lux, containing twenty acres, for three hundred and fifty pounds, upon which excellent buildings were erected and the grounds handsomely laid out. The site stood within the square now bounded by Eutaw, Howard, Madison, and Garden Streets (Linden Ave- nue), at that time more than half a mile from the little town of Baltimore. The alms and work-houses were erected near the centre of the grounds, and near the triangle formed by Biddle, Garden, and Madison Streets, and upon which now stand many elegant resi- dences and Mount Calvary church. The buildings were constructed of brick, except the basement, which was of stone, and faced southeast, with a front of one hundred and sixty-seven feet. The centre building was forty-four feet square and elevated three stories above the basement. There were two wings of equal elevation, sixty by thirty-six feet each, with two stories, divided into halls and wards, the eastern appropriated for li'niales, and the western for males. TWELFTH DISTRICT. Except the four cells on the west end, the base- ments were appropriated for persons of color. On the 18th of September, 1776, a fire broke out in the garret of the main building, caused by accident with some flax, and as the wind was blowing freshly from the westward, the fire soon communicated to the dome and east wing, both of which were nearly consumed before the engine arrived from town. By the activity of the inmates part of the west wing was saved and most of the furniture. The main building was im- mediately rebuilt, but the wing not until some years after. In 1792 ten acres were added by purchase from Wm. Lux, for the sum of £167 13s., by the then trus- tees, Messrs. P. Hoffman, \V. McLoughlin, Alex. Mc- i Kim, David Brown, Geo. Prestmau, James McCannon, and Samuel Hollingsworth. Ten years later, when ; Howard Street was extended, the cemetery on the south side of that street was removed to these ten j acres. In the same year the management of the poor- house and funds of the poor were transferred to the justices of the Levy Court. In 1816 the Levy Court i was authorized to sell the grounds of the almshouse site and purchase other grounds in the county more suitable for the purpose, as the growth of the city had encroached upon and surrounded the old site; and in 1820 the city and county of Baltimore jointly purchased from the Mechanics' Bank of Balti- ' more the estate known as Calverton for the sum of forty-four thousand dollars. The site selected for the new almshouse was situated about two miles from town, on the Franklin road, and had formerly be- longed to Dennis A. Smith, at one time one of the most prosperous merchants of Baltimore. Mr. Smith in 181.5 had erected upon this site one of the largest j and most elegant mansions in the country, at a cost of forty thousand dollars. It was in full view of the ; Calverton road, and was approached through an im- posing gateway and porter's lodge, the whole place being arranged in the English style. It contained over three hundred acres, and the grounds around the mansion were laid out in flower-gardens, drives, etc., the beau-ideal of a superb country-seat. The house was double, with bay-windows, and a front entrance of imposing and somewhat elaborate design, the columns' at the doorway being surmounted by an elegant group of statuary. 1 About the time the mansion was ready for occu- pancy Mr. Smith failed, and it fell into the hands of the Mechanics' Bank. Large wings, forty by one hun- dred and thirty feet, were added for the male and fe- , male wards of this pauper palace, a striking commen- tary on the mutability of human affairs. These wings were connected with the main building by covered ways. The whole front was three hundred and .seventy- five feet. A bath-house, bake-house, and spacious courtyard were in the rear of the building. This i house continued to serve the purpose until 1866, when the third asylum, that of Bay View, took its place. On the ISth of April, 1866, the Calverton Asylum ' property was sold in lots at the Exchange rooms for $341,605. The present site of " Bay View Asylum" was pur- chased by authority of an ordinance of the City Coun- cil, passed in May, 1862. Previous to that time, under an ordinance of a former Council, the Goldsborough farm on Herring Run had been purchased for this purpose, and contracts had been entered into for the erection of the buildings and they were actually com- menced. But it was discovered that the location was unhealthy and unsuitable for the purpose, and the Council of 1862 passed the ordinance authorizing the purchase of the present site. The tract consists of fifty-five acres, and is bounded as follows : Commenc- ing at the intersection of Eastern Avenue and Shoir Lane; thence running in an easterly direction on the north side of Eastern Avenue extended about twenty- six hundred feet; thence northwardly to the line of the Canton Company's property ; thence westwardly on the line to Shoir Lane ; thence southward to the place of beginning. It was purchased from the Can- ton Company at one hundred and fifty dollars per acre, and was the most elevated of that company's property, commanding a fine view of the bay, from which the building took its name " Bay View." The buildings were erected under the superintendence of John S. Hogg, with William F. Marshall as architect. The building is spacious and imposing, and is sup- plied with all the modern improvements, and every convenience for the comfort of the inmates. The wings and centre building, which are three stories in height, have an aggregate front of seven hundred feet ; the top of the cupola rises to the height of one hun- dred and eighty-four feet, and the base is one hun- dred feet above tide-water. The entire cost of this building, including the selection of the first site (the Goldsborough farm) and its abandonment, the pur- chase of the present site, containing fifty-five acres, and the erection of the buildings thereon, was $724,- 415.72. The average number of inmates during 1880 was 704^, being 27^ less than the average of the preceding year. The net expenses for 1880 were $56,- 236.04, the cost per capita being $79.79t:V The board of trustees is composed of Joseph Friedenwald, president; Henry R. McNally, Simon T. Kemp, George A. Blake, and John Black, secretary; the oflB- cers of the institution are Isaiah Waggner, superin- tendent; VVilliam Henry Hiss, purveyor; James F. Bayley, clerk ; Susanna McCahan, matron ; Kate C. Read, assistant matron ; Benjamin F. Sapp, gardener; William Kaiser, engineer ; William C. Kernan, as- sistant engineer; J. Wesley Sapp, messenger, and Charles Jones, baker. The medical stafl' consists of Dr. St. George W. Teackle and Dr. George B. Rey- nolds, visiting physicians, and Dr. Joseph T. Bartlett, apothecary. The trustees of Bay View Asylum feeling the necessity of proper accommodations for the insane inmates, it was decided to build an insane asvlum, HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. and ground sufficient for the purpose was obtained from the Loney estate. The City Council appropri- ated sufficient money to erect the building, which is now (Nov. 7, 1881) nearly under roof. The building, when completed, will be ninety feet front on the wings and seventy feet in the centre, and four stories high. CHAPTEK LIX. The Thirteenth District is the smallest in the county, but near to the city limits it is densely popu- lated, and the total number of inhabitants in propor- tion to area is quite large. It comprises 13.86 square miles, and the population is 3314. In 1870 it was 2170, thus showing an increase of over seventy-five per cent, in ten years. The district is bounded on the east by the Middle Branch of the Patapsco, on the south by the Patapsco, on ihe west by the First District, and on the north by the First District and Baltimore City. The Baltimore and Ohio and the Baltimore and Potomac Railroads cross the district, both passing out of it at very nearly the same point, the Relay House, or Washington Junction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The Washington turnpike, the Harmon's Ferry road, the Annapolis road, the Sulphur Springs road, the RoUin's Ferry road, and Catonsville Avenue are the other main lines of communication. The Patapsco River, water- ing the southern side of the district, greatly enriches the land, which, as a rule, is divided up into small truck-farms for the cultivation of vegetables. The river was once navigable for seven miles above the harbor of Baltimore, and large vessels ascended it as high as Elkridge Landing to deliver cargoes of for- eign goods and receive flour, iron, and tobacco, but the stream has long since become choked up by the detritus of the valley through which it passes. Gwynn's Falls divides the district on its north- eastern side from the city, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses it on a fine iron bridge. Land companies own large tracts in the neighborhood of the municipal limits, where they have built hundreds of neat and comfortable houses, intended for the em- ployes of the many industrial establishments near by. The Mount Clare shops of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, within the city, alone employ from two thousand five hundred to three thousand hands, the majority of whom reside in this district. Along the Washington turnpike are breweries, dis- tilleries, and coal-oil refineries. The towns of the district are Mount Winans and St. Denis. SCHOOLS FOR 1881. Teachers. No. 1.— E. Glauville Comegys, St. Denis. No. 2.— Monroe Mitchell, St. Denis. No. :i. — Margaret Watson, Mount Winans. No. 4.— Mary 0. .Smith, 292 Frederick Avenue. Teachers of Colored Schools. No. 1.— Harry E. ArnolJ, 132 Druid Hill Avenue. No. 2.— Harry Wilson, 120 St. Peter Street. Trustees. School No. 1,— William T. Ramlle, Kev. P. N. Mead, and N. G. Sexton. No. 2. — George W. Wade, Wesley B. Coursey, and Christian Brandau. No. 3.— Halbert Hoffman, Patrick O'Brien. No. 4.— S. B. Sexton, G. S. Kieffer.and J. D. Bruff. Mount Winans is on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, a half-mile beyond Gwynn's Falls and the city limits. It has a population of 600, and is en- tirely the growth of the past ten years. The site formed a portion of the immense estates of the late Ro.ss and Thomas Winans, and the latter conceived the idea of founding here a village for the working-people of the neighborhood, where they might have better homes at cheaper rent than was possible in the city, and where an industrious head of a family might obtain a whole house for himself, his wife, and children. The project met with favor, and although Mr. Winans did not live to see it fully executed, he had the satis- faction of knowing that he had conferred a substan- tial benefit upon the workingmen and their families. The houses of Mount Winans are specially adapted to the circumstances of working-people, being of mod- erate size and well arranged, and the place has an appearance that speaks of industry and thrift. It has a Protestant Episcopal, a Methodist Episcopal, and a United Brethren church and a public school. New houses are now going up, and the population is fast increasing. St. Denis Post-Office is at the Relay House, or Washington Junction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, nine miles distant from the city. The Re- lay House is so named in consequence of its having been, in the early history of the road, the spot where the trains of cars between Baltimore and Ellicott's Mills changed their horses. Here the Washington branch of the railroad crosses the Patapsco River over one of the most magnificent stone viaducts in the United States, appropriately named the Thomas Via- duct, in honor of the first president of the company. It has eight arches, each about sixty feet chord, and elevated some sixty feet above the level of the stream. Its total length is seven hundred feet, and it was de- signed by Benjamin H. Latrobe. At the northern end is a large granite obelisk, erected by John Mc- Cartney, who built the viaduct, to perpetuate the names of the original projectors and directors of the road, and his own connection with it. The view from almost any point on the river, the viaduct, or the hills is truly splendid. The banks of the river are very high and steep, rising gradually into thickly- wooded hills, upon whose crests are elegant villas nestled away in a profusion of shrubbery. The valley of the Patapsco grows more bold and rugged as it de- creases in width northward, and the rocky faces of the precipices overhang the bed of the stream. Washing- ton Irving wrote graphically of the beauty of the country a quarter of a century ago, and since then an o o K a o a m < % THIRTEENTH DISTRICT. 937 increase of population and a multiplication of fine residences have diversified the scene. The railroad company have erected at the Relay House a large stone hotel in the Renaissance style of architecture, which is not only an imposing structure, but is beau- tifully set off by the beds of elegant flowers that fill the grounds. The historic interest of the vicinity centres at Elk- ridge Landing, which is in Howard County, just across the Patapsco. Vessels once came up the river to Elkridge to load tobacco for England, and it was the shipping-port for an important section of country. When the Ellicotts, about 1730, resolved to erect Hour-mills on the Patapsco, they brought their ma- chinery by boat to Elkridge Landing and transported it overland to EUicott's Mills. A town existed here in 1733, and was called Jansentown, a name which was soon afterwards changed to- the existing one. At some date prior to the Revolution, probably about 1700, the General Assembly of Maryland was in ses- sion at Elkridge Landing. On Aug. 29, 1765, the stanch patriots of the town hanged in efligy the Brit- ish stamp distributor. Between 1745 and the begin- ning of the Revolution races were held every fall and spring, and fox-hunting was the common sport of the gentry. On April 14, 1781, Lafayette crossed the Patapsco at this point with his army on the way to Yorktown. One boat was overloaded and sank, drowning nine soldiers. St. Augustine's Catholic church, on the Washing- ton turnpike, near Elkridge Landing, was dedicated April 20, 1845, by Archbishop Eccleston. Aslington Presbyterian church at Cedar Heights, near the Relay House, was dedicated on June 20, 1880. It is a frame structure, and has a seating capacity of about four hundred persons. It is under the charge of Rev. William J. Gill, of Westminster Presbyterian Church of Baltimore City. Patapsco Improvement Company.— On the south side (iltlie Patapsco River, immediately opposite that part (if tlie city of Baltimore known as Ferry Bar, are situated the lands of the Patapsco Improvement Com- pany. Enterprising citizens and capitalists, both of Baltimore and the East, have purchased large tracts of land for improvement similar to those at Canton. The chief point of operations are at Caton Branch Point, about four miles from the city. The company has a capital of $2,500,000, and is authorized to hold 12,500 acres of land, to make what improvements they may deem proper in building wharves, erecting manufactories, and undertaking ship-building. The company owns three thousand acres of land on the Patajisco and Curtis Creek. Manual Labor School for Indigent Boys.— This institution, situated near the Maiden Clioice road, between the Washington and Frederick turnpikes, about six miles from Baltimore, is the result of indi- vidual effort and subscriptions, and was incorporated in December, 1840. The farm of one hundred and forty acres was bought in March, 1841, and the first boy was received April 3d in the same year. The incorporators and first officers of the institution were Richard Lemmon, president ; George W. Norris, vice- president ; Wm. H. Beatty, treasurer ; Dr. Thomas E. Bond, secretary; Samuel G. Wyman, Charles Oilman, George S. Norris, George Norris, Edward S. Frey, W. W. Hardy, Charles M. Keyser, Joseph King, Jr., and Galloway Cheston, directors. The Manual Labor School is virtually a free boarding-school for indigent boys, whole or half orphans, of good moral character. The inmates are educated, fed, and clothed free of charge, and are instructed in the art of agriculture. When sufliciently instructed they are indentured either to farmers or mechanics, the board still exer- cising a supervision over them until they come of age. E. A. Welch is superintendent of the institution, with his wife as matron. St. Agnes' Hospital was founded in 1863, through the munificence of Charles M. Dougherty, at a site on Lanvale Street, near Greenmount Cemetery, which, in compliment to its kind patron, was called " Mount Dougherty." In 1874, however, the civil authorities thought it necessary to open streets through the hos- pital grounds, for which cause, and to secure for the benefit of the patients the pure and healthful air of the country, the present site was selected just outside of the city limits, on Maiden Choice road, southwest of St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, on property presented by Lady Stafford for charitable purposes. The hospital was erected on its present site in 1875, and is furnished with all the conveniences and com- forts of home, excellent water, steam heating, veran- das, and extensive grounds for recreation. It in fact contains all the advantages of city and country life. It is under the charge of the Sisters of Charity, and it is chiefly owing to the indefatigable efforts of Sister Mary Ann McAleer that the hospital has at- tained its present state of efliciency. The building is four hundred and twenty by two hundred feet, and in the French Gothic style of architecture, with white- brick trimmings. The corner-stone was laid in May, 1875, Rev. B. F. McManus ofliciating in the absence of Archbishop Bayley. The following names con- tain assurance of the best medical attendance to such as may take refuge here: Dr. John G. Hollyday, attending physician; Dr. Edward F. Milholland, consulting physician ; Prof. Allan Smith, consulting surgeon ; Prof F. T. Miles, consulting physician in diseases of nervous system; Dr. H. P. C. Wilson, consulting physician in diseases of the womb ; Prof. S. C. Chew, consulting physician in diseases of the throat and chest. St. Mary's Industrial School owes its existence to the zealous efforts of the late Archbishop Spalding, of Baltimore. He began to urge the establishment of such a charity very soon after assuming the duties of his station, and on the 9th of April, 1866, the institu- tion was incorporated, with the following gentlemen 938 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. as incorporators : Martin J. Spalding, Henry B. Cos- kery, Edward McColgan, James Dolan, Henry Meyers, Michael Slattery, Bernard J. McManus, John T. Gait- ley, Leonard J. Tormey, Cumberland Dugan, Thomas C. Yearly, James McDonald, and Isaac Hartman. In response to the earnest suggestions of the archbishop, a number of the leading Catholics of the city and State, together with the pastors of many of the Cath- olic churches of Baltimore, met in the basement of Calvert Hall on Monday evening. May 21, 1866, and effected the organization of St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys. Archbishop Spalding presided, and explained the object of the meeting, and remarks were also made by Rev. Fathers Dolan and McCol- gan. The sum of eighteen thou.sand dollars was sub- scribed at this meeting. A second meeting was held at the same place on June 18th, at which Archbishop Spalding presided. The following gentlemen were appointed by the archbishop as the managing and building committee: On the part of the clergy. Most Eev. Archbishop Spalding, chairman ; Very Rev. H. B. Coskery, D.D., Rev. James Dolan, Rev. Edward McColgan, and Rev. Bernard McManus ; on the part of the laity, Capt. William Kennedy, Alfred Jenkins, Charles Dougherty, and C. Oliver O'Donnell. The site of the institution was decided by the lib- erality of the late Mrs. Emily McTavish, who gener- ously bequeathed to it one hundred acres of land on the Maiden Choice road, about two miles from Bal- timore. While in Europe Archbishop Spalding was favor- ably impressed with the working of the Xaverian Brotherhood in Belgium, and invited them to take charge of the new enterprise. Some temporary build- ings were erected, and a barrack formerly used by soldiers was fitted up for the purpose of the institu- tion, and on Saturday, Sept. 8, 1866, the Xaverian Brothers took possession of the new field of labor, and the house was solemnly blessed by the arch- bishop, assisted by Rev. Father Early, Rev. Edward McColgan, Rev. Father Albino, and Rev. F. Sprugt. The first boy was admitted Oct. 3, 1860, and in a brief period the number reached forty-five, the utmost capacity of the temporary structure. The numerous applications for admission soon rendered obvious the necessity for increased accommodations, and the board of trustees accordingly authorized the con- struction of a new building, the corner-stone of which was laid by Rev. Dr. Thomas Foley on the 4th of June, 1867. On the 1st of Augu.st, 1868, the new building, constructed of granite, one hundred and thirty-six feet front, sixty-six feet deep, and five stories high, was so far completed as to permit its partial occupation. At the legislative session of 1874 the charter was so amended as to give the State and city three represen- tatives each in the board, and to authorize courts and magistrates to commit to the charge of the institu- tion "any destitute white boy, or any white boy con- victed before such court or magistrate of any offense against any law or laws of this State, provided that the parent or guardian of said boy or boys shall request that they be committed to St. Mary's Indus- trial School." The city had been accustomed to make an annual appropriation for the benefit of the institution, but in 187G it was decided by Judge Pink- ney, in the Circuit Court, that the municipal authori- ties had no legal power to make such appropriations, and the Court of Appeals affirmed this decision. Since that time all boys committed to the school by the city are paid for at a fixed rate. In 1878 the building was enlarged by the addition of a wing con- structed of granite, forty feet front by one hundred and twenty feet deep, and five stories high, contain- ing a large dining-room, kitchen, bakery, study- rooms, chapel, and large dormitory, thus rendering the institution capable of accommodating five hun- dred boys. Since the opening of the institution fourteen hundred and twenty-seven boys have been intrusted to its care, with three hundred and seventy- nine under actual charge on the Slst of December, 1880. The industrial department consists of a print- ing-office, shoe, tailor, carpenter, and blacksmith- shops, together with instruction in basket-making, bottle-covering, baking, gardening, and farming. The officers of the institution are Archbishop James Gibbons, president; Thomas S. Lee, vice-president; Thomas C. Yearley, secretary ; Edward McColgan and E. Austin Jenkins, finance committee; Thomas S. Lee, Brother Alexius (superintendent of the insti- tution), and John Wickersham, indenturing commit- tee ; Executive Committee, P. L. Chapelle, chair- man ; Cumberland Dugan, secretary ; Thomas S. Lee, Alfred H. Reiss, Isaac Hartman, E. Austin Jenkins, 0. B. Corrigan, R. W. L. Rasin, George J. Kries, John Wickersham, Dr. R. H. Goldsmith, B. I. Harris, Edward McColgan, and Brother Alexius ; City Trus- tees, Dr. John Morris, Charles J. Bonaparte, R. W. L. Rasin; State Trustees, W. E. Stewart, F. S. Hoblitzell, and James Sloan, Jr. St. James' Home for Boys is a branch of St. Mary's Industrial School ; was established for the purpose of providing a home for the inmates of the school when sent out to make their own way in the world, and for the reception of other poor boys, be- tween the ages of nine and eighteen years, who may be willing to work at such occupation as may be as- signed them, and pay certain cheap rates of board. The superintendent secures them occupations, pro- vides them with substantial board and clothes, teaches them at night, and takes charge of their wages. The whole number of boys received into the home since its opening, July 16, 1878, is one hundred and eleven ; the number in the house Dec. 1, 1880, was thirty-one. The Xaverian Brothers have charge of it, Brother Hubert being the superintendent. It is situated on the corner of High and Low Streets, in Baltimore City. INDEX. Appeals for relief, 88. ArmisteKd, Col. G., 91. Anti-slavery, 120. American, newspaper, 53, 1^8, 160, 507, 609, 612. A.ssociated Evangelical Church, 590. African Melhodist Churches, 581. Atonement P. E. Chapel, 526. All Saints' P. E. Church, 524. Ascension P. B. Church, S22. American District Telegraph, 609. Arms seized, 132. Adams Express Company, 144, 359. Army hospitals. 152. Agricultural Aid Society, 155. Appropriations for Southern relief, 166. Appeal Tax Court, 181. Assessment of property, 186. Africiin Protestant Church, 212. Assembly-rooms, 226. Ass.iciiition of firemen, 240. Aged JIi'Ti's Home, 242, 595. Ascension P. E. Church, 264. Arniistead monument, 213. Ashland Square, 281. Advantages of Baltimore as atradecenti Air-ship, 299. 386. Abrahams, Wc Anthracite coal, 391. Armstrong, Cator & Co., 414. Architechiral iron trade, 426. Abbott Iron Company, 427. Abell, George W., 444. Abell. Edwin F., 444, 484. Abel), A. S., 446, 600, 508, 618. As.-es^inents of taxes on hanks Associated Firemen's Insuranct American Fire Insurance Compan Adreon, Col. H., 495. Anierioan Union Telegraph, 508. Aged Women's Home, 595. Alexander, John H,, 648. ; T. S., 650. Associations, 668. Andrews, R. S., 669. Art and artists, 261, 674. Academy of Fine Arts, 675. Amusements, 678. .\B8euibly-rooms, 679. Actors and actresses, 680. Albangh, J. W., 689. Academy of Music, 697. Agvicultural societies, 818. Austen, George, 909. Baltimore City, founding of, 47, 107. original tracts of land, 49. commissioners of, 50. population of, 185. for national capita Baltimore City, first lo^owuer8, 53. plat of, 52. first female child in, 55. extensions, 56, 57-62. picture of, 67. tiouudaries of, 62. survey of, 51. separated from county, 63, 168. debt of, 182. first military company, 70. British threaten to attack, 77. Congress assembled in, 74. Light Dragoons, 80. charter of, 83. defense of, 86, 93. privateers, 98. Legislature met in, 116. elections in, 116, 117. growth of, 186. erected into a city, 169. schools of, 225. financial condition, 182. advantages as a trade centre, 281. situation of, 283. claims for consideration, 285. necrology, 794. Baltimore County, topography of, 14. Indians in, 32. erected into a county, and bounds of, 41. separated from city, 63, 168. court-house, 63. selection of county-seat, 63. elections in, 115. first settlement in, 40. history of, 811. Baltimore Cemetery, 932. Braddock's defeat, 37. Bridges, 67, 69, 209, 210, 212, 425. Bachelors, tax on, 38. Bushtowu, 43. Asylu ,890. Bentley Springs, 870. Butler PoBt-Offlce, 869, 883. Black Rock. 869. Beckleysville, 869. Buchanan, J. M., 718. Bench and Bar, 698. Baltimore Insurance Company, 491. Broadway Savings-Bank, 472. Burns. Francis, 463, 471. Baltimore and District of Columbia Volun- teers, 113. Baldwin, Robert T., 288. Baltimore and Bremen line of steamships, 306. Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, 351. Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad, 357. Baltimore and Delta Railroad, 359. Baltimore City Passenger Railway Company, 362. Baltimore and Catonsville Passenger Railway Company, 368. Baltimore, Calverton and Powhatan Railway Company, 369. Baltimore and Pikesville Railway Company, Baltimore and Randallstown Railway Com- pany, 370. Baltimore and Hampden Railway Company, 370. Baltimore and Hall Springs Railway Company, 370. Boyce, James, 390. Bryan, T. A., cS: Co., 396.' Bartlett, D. L., 416, 426, 441, 440, 448. Bridge.building trade, 425. Bentley, C. W., 429. Baltimore stock-yards, 446. Belt, 64. Border troubles, 64. Battles, Lexington, 71. Monmouth, 77. Germantown, 77. Long Island, 73. Bladensburg, 88. North Point, 93 Monterey, 114. Gettysburg, 144. Monocacy, 147. Brown, A., 452, 474. Baker circle, 281. Battle Monument, 97, 243, 267. Butler, Gen., takes possession of Baltimore, 131. Burning, Peggy Stewart, 72. British in Patapsco, 77. Balls, 79, 678. Burning of Washington, 88. Blockading British Channel, 112. Barney, Commodore J., 88, 104. Bowie, Oiten, 114,351. Brown, Mayor, 126. Bradford, A. W., 128, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 147, 148, 149. Browne, W. H., 233, 667. Baker, C. J., 140, 155, 415, 459, 469, 001. Bi7ant, Stratton & Sadler's Business College, 237. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 131, 147, 148, 183, 316, 366, 387, 474, 475, 505, 508, 693. Baltimore Fire Insurance Company, 483. Booth, Washington, 488. Bayley, J. R., Archbishop, 529. Barricades, 143. Baptists, 162, 552. First Church, 654. Second, 557. Third, 669. Ebenezer, 669. Mount Zion, 559. Sixth, 661. High Street, 561. Seventh, 562. Franklin Square, 563. Lee Street, 5G4. Eutaw Place, 665. German, 566. Bethany, 666. Primitive, 566. Shiloh, 666. INDEX. Baptists, Fuller Memorial Church, 566. Madison Square, 567. Seventh, 567. Firet Colored, 568. Leadenhall Street, 568. Shiloh (Colored), 568. Union, 668. Biographical sketches, 794. Abel), A. S., 6-24. Albaugh, J. W., 689. Andrews, P. S., 609. Carroll, Charles, barrister, 706. Colton, G., 634. Cradock, Thos., 841. Douglas, R. H., 384. Fisher, James I., 384. Fisller, K. A., 384. James, H., 402. Jones, H., 472. Jones, E. E., 889. Kennedy, H., 821. Kennedy, J. P., 6.52. Lindsay, G. W., 762. Merryman, John, 885. Myer, Thos. J., 395. Piper, Jackson, 899. Shoemaker, S., 360. Slagle, C. W., 379. Gist, Gen. M., 70. Kenly, Gen. John E., 133. Bradford, Gov. A. \V., 138. Grifflth, G. S., 154. Latrobe, T. C, 180. Webb, C, 183. Hopkins, Johns, 231. Holloway, Charles T., 257. Malster, William T., 304. Eeauey, William B., 305. Garrett, John W., 331. Small, George, 346. Bowie, Oden, 351. Hood, J. M., 356. Holland, John C, 308. Turner, Lewis, 381. Jenkins, T. Robert, 382. Fisher, Wagner & Mackall, 383. Abrahams, W., 380. Mayer, Charles F., 388. Boyce, J., 390. Ouiou, E. D., 391. Piatt, S. B., 394. Mason, J. D., 390. Raisin, E. W. L., 398. Baker, R. J., 398. Whitelock, W., 399. Ober, G., 400. Powell, W. S., 401. Deford, B., 403. Klees, H., 404. Bartlelt, George, 400. Gal-y, J. S., 408. Miller, D,, 411. Miller. H. C, 412. Bnlff, J. W., 413. Hodges, James, 415. Stellman, John, 417. Rieman, H., 419. Sisson, H., 421. Seeger, J., 423. Wilkins, W., 422. Wetherall, W. G., 425. Bartlett, D. L., 426. Eeeder, C, 426. Sheppard, I. A., 428. Bentley, C. W., 429. Hamill, C. W., 4.30. iographical sketches : Wilson, G. a, 431. Young, W. S., 442. Smitli, H C , 448. Baldwin, E. T., 4.->8. Baker, C. J., 459. Gunllicr, L. W., 373. Pratt, E., 464. George, I. S., 467. Burns, William F., 471. Brown, Alexander, 474. Hambleton, T. E., 477. Newcomer, B. F., 478. Seidenstricker, J. B., 485. Bresee, 0. F., 489. Adreon, Col. H., 495. Thomas, Jr., J. L., 498. Brantly, Rev. Wm. T., 502. Bitting, D.D., Eev. C. C, 504. Fuller, D.D., Rev. Richard, 56 Brewer, J. R., 639. Morrison, N. H., 665. McCoy, John W., 660. Sutro, Otto, 673. Walters, Wm. T., 675. Fisher, William A., 702. Frick, William F., 699. Wallis, Severn T., 698. Frick, Prof. C, 700. Horwitz, 0., 701. Carter, Bernard, 702. Steele, I. N., 715. Williams, G. H., 717. Stirling, Jr., A., 718. Gittings, E. J., 719. Knott, A. Leo, 720. Snowdon, S., 722. Stewart, Wm. A., 723. McKaig, T. J., 724. Erich, Dr. A. F., 739. Wilson, H. P. C, 743. Dashiell, N. L., 744. Martin, Dr. J. L., 749. Shearer, Dr. Thomas, 750. Chancellor, Dr. C. W., 751. Mclntire, Dr. James, 753. Scarff, Dr. John H., 755. Price, Dr. E. C, 756. Wilson & Sons, D., 709. Booth, W., 771. Tyson, Jr., I., 772. Keerl. Thomas M., 773. Bankard, H. N., 774. McMurray, Louis, 775. Rogers, 0. L., 836. Worthington, R. H., 832. Holton, H. B., 829. Gambrill, C. H., 836. Ewing, Dr. H. M., 839. Slingluff, Jesse, 852. Smith, Jos., Jr., 853. Philpot, E. P., 863. Worthiu^on, Charles, 864. Fowble, Peter, 867. Ducker, G. E., 868. Jordan, B. F., 871. Turner, Jas., 872. Rutledge, T. G., 873. Standiford, James A., 874. Wise, Wm., 875. Brown, Albert M., 876. Hawkins, John W., 877. Mowell, P., 879. Gambrill, C. A., 882. Peregoy, C, 887. Isaac, W. M., 893. Mcintosh, D. G., 896. j Biographical sketches : Boannan, B. R., 899. Ruby, W. H., 900. Mitchell, Jos. B., 901. Talbot, J. F. C, 906. Pearce, J. B., 007. Austin, Geo., 909. Matthews, D. M., 911. Peirce, Wm. F., 912. I Bosley, J., 913. ! Emory, B., 914. Sparks, J., 915. Hutchins, H.C., 916. Gittings, D. S., 917. Gorsuch, T., 921. Jessop, J., 925. Reckord, H.. 926. Corse, W., 930. Gorsuch, T. T., S80. Bosley, D., 884. Carroll, Henry, 908. Cockey, C. T., 843. Harrison, F., 891. Price, Ezra, 882. Baine, F., 025. Rogers, C. L., 834. I Vonderherst, J. H., 931. I Williams, J. W. N., 5.55. Wilson, Williiini, 708. Banks and bankers, 440, 469, 473. Eutaw Savings, 142. Maryland, 243, 283, 452, 784. Mechanics' National, 315,460. United States, 452. Baltimore National, 455. Union National, 456. Farmers and Merchants' National, 458, Franklin National, 459. Commercial and Farniei's' National, 461. City Bank of Baltimore, 461. Marine National, 461. Citizens' National, 462. Western National, 462. Chesapeake, 463. Second National, 463. Merchants' National, 463. Farmers and Plautera' Natioual, 464. Howard, 465. People's, 465. Commerce, 465. Old Town, 466. First National, 466. Exchange National, 466. Third National, 466. Traders' National, 467. German American, 468. German, 468. United German, 468. Central National, 468. Drovers and Mechanics' National, 468. German Central, 469. Central Savings, 469. .Savings, 4S9. Eutaw Savings, 471. Metropolitan Savings, 472. Broadway Savings, 472. Maryland Savings, 473. Miscellaneous Savings Institutions, 473. Bruwn, Alexander, & Sons, 474. Nicholson & Sons, 475. Garrett, Robert, & Sons, 475. Wilson, Colston & Co., 476. McKim & Co., 476. Hambleton, John A., & Co., 477. Safe Deposit and Trust Company, 478. Stock Board, 479. Boys' Home Society, 154. Basin, 172, 287. Burns, Wm. F., 471, 478, 501. Baltimore Female College, 226, 233. Baltimore Academy, 238. Baltimore United Fire Department, Broadway parks, 278. Boston Steamship Company, 302. Butchere, 380. Baker, R. J., 398. Boots and shoes. 405. Bartlett, George, 406, 406, 471. Bruff, J. W., iVA. Building material, 418. Bricks, 418. Bellt 420. Business notes, 431. Boarii of Trade, 4;!7. Baltimore Cn>ckery and tJlassware As! tion, 446. Baldwin, Robt. T., 446, 458, 508, 609. Baltimore, National Bank of, 455. Bresee, 0. F., 489. Brush electric light, 502. Brantly, Wm. T., 562. Bitting. D.D., Rev. C. C, 564. Benevolent institutions, 597. Baltimore Orphan Asylum, 594. Brotherhood of the P.E. Church, 598. Boys' Home Society, 600. Brewer, James R., 639. Burnap, G. W., 647. Benjamin, Park, 651. Baltimore Medical College, 739. Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 744 Baltimore Academy of Mediciue, 745. Baltimore Medical Association, 746. Booth, Washington , 771. Bankard, H. N., 774. Bare Hill Copper-Mines, 842. Brown, A. M., 876. Boarman, B. B., 898. Brooklandville, 906. Bosley, Jno., 913. Bay View Asylum, 934, 935. Copper, 30. Clays, 31. Claiborne, 32. Cecil County, 35,41. Carroll County, 42. Creeks and rivers, 14. County-seats, 42, 60, 63. Courts, 44, 71, 197, 814. City Gas Company, 502. City officers, 187. City government, 167, 179,187. Commissioners, town, 50, 167, 197. Constitution of 1864, 162. Conrt-House, 45, 60, 69, 72, 726, 729, 899. Carter, Bernard, 601, 698, 702, 723. City Hall, 174, 212. Creating Baltimore Town, 50. Commerce, 60, 82. 282, 284, 292, 370. City extension, 63. Constitutional Conventions, 63, 75. Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 68. Congress, 69. Congress Hall, 74. Confiscation of property, 7G. Catliedral. SO. City departments, 190. City charter, 83, 170. Colored troops, 144. City collector, 183. Comptroller of Baltimore, 168, 181. City commissioner, 182. City surveyor, 182. Canada, invasion of, 84. 87, 98. City Council, 116, 140, 172, 187. Cator, R. W., 441, 448. Carroll, Fort, 291. City seal, 173. City librarian, 182. City register, 173, 181, 193. Corps, 123. Civil war, 126, 335, 788, 899. Christian Commission, 153. Children's Aid Society, 154. City Spring, 213. Cator, B. F., 165, 488. Commissioners of Police, 200. Colton, George, 200,634. City passenger railways, 27S. Citizens' City Passenger Railway Company, 367. Catonsville Passenger Railway, 368. Cattle trade, 379. Conventions, 120, 127, 128, 145, 146, 147, 149, 162, 105,194. Colored voters, 898. Coffee trade. 382. Cooperage, 385. Confectionery, 396. Cotton. 406, 407. Calverton stock-yards, 446. Commercial and Farmers' National Bank, 461. City Bank of Baltimore, 461. Citizens' National Bauk, 462. Chesapeake banks, 462. Commerce, Bank of, 465. Creery monument, 272. Confederate flag, 129. prisoners, 137, 142. invasion, 142, 147. Columbian Fire Company, 251. Consuls at Baltimore, 195. City elevations, 196. Cemeteries, 934. Greenmount, 132. Cathedral, 534. Calvary, 634. Calverton, 840. Carroll, Rev. John, archbishop, 527; Catholic Churches, 526. Church of the Redeemer, P. E. Reformed, 525. Cummins Memorial P. E. Reformed Church, 625. Christ P. E. Church, 521. Carpenter, Wm. H., 508, 631, 649. Collectors of the port, 496. Carpenter, W. H., 140, 649. City College, 229. Catonsville, 151. Cradock, Thus , 841. Cockey, Chas. T., 843 Concordia Opera-House. 695. Charitable Marine Society, 692. Cock-fighting, 222. Channels of Baltimore, 288. Cradock, Rev. Thomas, 223, 861. Clipper-ships, 293. Chesapeake, pirate in, 298. I blockade of, 298. i Churches, 830, 888, 902. Canals, 312. Consolidation Coal Company, 38S. Cumberland (Pa.) Railroad, 389. ] Christiana tragedy, 875. Cathedral, 526, 530. I Councils, 529. Cemeteries, 534. Catholic Church, 2 14, 526. j St. Patrick's, 534. St. Joseph's, 536. Catholics, St. Peter's Church, 537. St. Vincent de Paul's, 537. St. Ignatius', 538. St. John's, 538. Immaculate Conception, .538. St. Lawrence's, 639. St. Martin's, 539. St. Mary's Star of the Sea, 539. St. Andrew's, 539. Pius Memorial, 640. St. Bridget's, 540. St. Alphonsus', 540. Redemptorists', 541. St. James', 541. St. Michael's, .542. Holy Cross, 643. Fourteen Holy Martyrs, 643. St. Veuceslaus', 543. St. Stanislaus', 543. St. Leo's, 543. St. Francis Xavicr's, 643. Carrier-pigeon express, 620. Christian Church, 591. Charitable institutions, 592. Convent of the Visitation, 598. (^rmelite Convent, 698. Children's Aid Society, 601. Colored Blind and Deaf Mutes, 601. Church Home, 601. Clubs, 668. Circuses, 689, 694. Carroll, Charles, barrister, 706. Chase, Samuel, 710. Clerks of courts, 729. College of Physicians and Surgeons, 738. Chancellor, Dr. C. W., 751. Collectors of taxes, 814. Caton, Richard, 821. Cockeysville, 877. Cigar-ship, 299. Charleston and Havana Steamship Company, 302. Coal, 327, 386. Cracker-bakeries, 396. Cator, R. W., 441, 464. Corn and Flour Exchange, 441. Chamber of Commerce, 443. Crockery and Glassware Association, 446. Calverton stock-yards, 446. Central National Bank, 468. Central Savings-Bank, 469. Custom-House, 496. Corporations taxed, 509. Calvert, George H., 647. Customs and manners, 763. Catonsville, 821. Carrollton, 825. ! Clifton, 842. Carroll, H., 908. Copley, or St. John's parish, 919. Cub Hill, 921. Chesterwood, 927. , Canton, 928. Corse, William, 930. Dead rivers and creeks, 17. I Division of city and county, 63. I Declaration of Independence, 73. Development of Baltimore, 81. Deford, B., 403, 466. Day, Ishmael, 148. J Debt of Baltimore, 182. Druid Hill Park, 132, 272. 1 Dancing, 222. Deptford Fire Company. 246. Docks, 303. Dry-dock, 303. INDEX. Distances from Baltimore, 309. Fell's Point, 54-60. on the Clicsapeake, 309. Fairs, 57. Fulton, C.C, 281, .508. to foreign ports, 310. French Acadians, 59. Ferries, 292. Drum Point Riiilroad, 357. Fountain Inn, 72. Ford, J. T., yacht, 299. Delta Railroad, 359. Porta, 96, 132, 143. Furniture, 418. Dry-goods trade, 410. McHenry, 84, 96, 112, 114, 119, 128, 131, Farmere and Merchants' National Bank, 458 Devriw,* (•,,.,410. 141, 142, 199, 219, 289, 290, Fish, Provost-MaiBhal, 146. Drug Excliauue, 449. Covington, 91. Fisher, William A., 222, 604, 698, 702. Der Deutsilie Correspondent, C26. Carroll, 289, 290. French spoliations, 294. Dunkers, 691. Fish, 392. Flour and milling trade, 373. Dolan's Orplians' Home, 601. Federal Hill, 120, 131, 287. Fisher, Wagner AMackall, 383. Dawes, R., 047. Marshall, 143. Farmere and Planters' National Bank, 464. Davis, G. I.. L., 051. Friendship, 890. Fireman's Insurance Company, 483. Dalrymple, E. .\., 054. Fifth District, 808. Fuller, D.D.,Eev.B., 566. Decorative Art Sodety, 07.'.. Fowble, P., 867. Frick, William F., 696, 697, 698, 699, 723. Dancing Assembly, 079. Fourth District, 864. Friendly Inn, 603. Dulany, D., 7(10, 70.S. Franklintown, 828. Free Summer Excursion Society, 603, 927. Davis, II. W., 719. First District, 820. Federal occupation, 900. Doctors, 7i9. Ford's Grand Opera-House, 696. Dasliidl, X. L., 744. Friends, 687, 886. Dental Surgery, 744. Fourth P. E. Reformed Church, 525. Geology, 20. Dispensaries, 747. First National Bank, 466. Granite, 24, 830. District history, 811. Fire-bricks, 420. Gold, 30. Dncker, G E., 868. Foreign trade of Baltimore, 309. Gist, Gen. M., 70. Dulauy'e Valley, 903, 911. First Baltimore Hose Company, 252. German settlers, 60, 66. Fell's Point Hose and Suction Company, 251. Garrett, Jno. W., 128, 130, 232, 276, 306, 33 Ellicotf s City, 24, 374. Franklin Fire Company, 251. 340, 440, 468, 476, 604. Exploration of the Chesapeake, 39. Federal Hill, 116, 287. Garrett, Bobt., 303, 332, 333, 340, 446, 458, 47 Executions, 47, 139, 140, 149, 202. Friendship Fire Company, 246. 476,508,509,698. Extensions, .56, 57, 62, 63. Ford's Opera-House, 165, 088. Garrett, T. H., 303, 333, 463, 476, 698. Elections, 03, 64, 116, 116, 124, 130, 141, 149, 150, French lady, 136. Gunboats, 138, 144, 145, 150, 293. 102, 160. Front Street Theatre, 127, 147, 262, 689. German Central Bank, 469. Exiles from Acadia, 59. Fulling-mill, 407. Grilfith, G. S., 153, 164, 156, 489, 600, 003. Episcopal Church, 44, 517. Fertilizer Exchange, 397. Glass manufacturers, 402. Emory, Bishop, 8,56. Ferguson monument, 271. German-American Bank, 468. East Baltimore Cemetery, 934. Female Union Relief Association, 163. German Bank, 468. Elcventli District, 910. Financial condition of Baltimore, 169, 182. Grain trade, 376. Erich, Dr. A.K., 7:». Ford, J. T., 205, 288, 299, 487, 495, 593, 603, 688, Graue, H. H., 155, 368. EvaUKelical churches, ,W0. 696. Gary, Jas. A., 166, 408, 471, 601. Episcopal Jlethodisf, 0:i6. Foxhunting, 222. Goveinois, 19a Ecclestun, .Samuel, Arclihishop. 528. Floods, 209, 211. Gleeson monument, 272 Emmanuel P. K. Reformed Church, 526. Floating school, 234. Geographical advantages of BUtimore, 283. Epiphany P. E. Missi.ui, 525. Fire losses, 265. (.einiin Reformed Church, 212 Emmanuel P. E. Church, 523. Federal Hill Park, 278. (.erujan Lutheran Church, 2b2 Eutaw House, 136, 473. Franklin Square, 279. &in,JiB S,408 Eutaw Savings-Bank, 142, 471. Fire companies, 205, 237, 268, 818. 1 1 un slii[ ] eii' Association, 445 Eastern City Spring, 280. Liberty, 127, 247. 11 c 449 Eutaw Place, 281. Patapsco, 240, 264. 1 1 484 Eastern Shore Steamboat Co., 301. New Market, 240, 250. Is4 Exports from Baltimore, 308. Mechanical, 244. 1 - IIS 4" Ellicotfs flour-mills, 374. Dnion, 245, 1 eiui \ 1 I mpany, 488. Elkridge Landing, 375. Friendship, -246. Germ 11 1 1 I Ellicott's musical clock, 370. Deptford, 246, Gasligl t ElysvilJe, 409. Independent, 247, Giacel 1 1 111 h, 523. Evans, H.D., 716. Vigilant, 249. German ( ilh li 4U Elysvilloand Alberton, S32. Franklin, 251. Gel man Reformed Churches, 571 Eighth District, S70. Columbian, 251. German Aged Men s Home, 605 Excliange National Bank, 400. Fell's Point Hose and Suction, 251. Gazette, 631. Episcopal Church Home, 601. Fi.st Baltimore Hose, 252. German Orphan Asylum, 397. Evans, H.D., 647. United Hose and Suction, 2.53. Gwyun, Wm., 044. Ewing, Dr. H. M., 839. Washington Hose, 253. Grifflth, Thomas M., 656. Emory, Richard, 914. Howard, 254. Glenn, Jno., 714. Exchange, 175, 293, 437, 445, 494. Watchman, 255. Gill, G. M., 716. Electors of President, 195. Lafayette Hose, 265. Gittings, R. J., 719, 723. Elevations in Baltimore, 196. Monumental Hose, 266. li,conS|..ings,.s4l. Education, 222. Western Hose, 256. 1. .' -1. 1., '1' 1' , -^n. Eaton & Barnett'B school, 237. Pioneer Hook-and-Ladder, 256. Equitable Insurance Company, 483. Mount Vernon Hook-and-Ladder, 256. '■■••'- "■' l.'iy,890. Equitable Gas Company, 502. United States Hose, 266. Electric light, 602. Paid Fire Department, 256. Freeland's Post-OtBce, 871. Gunpowder Farmei-s' Club, 912. French and Indian war, 37-60. Flags, forbidden to display, 130. Gittings, D. S., 917. ■ Fence around town, 38. presented, 132, 144. Gnupowder Grange, 917. Foster's Neck, 43, 923. Fertilizers, 397. Greenwood, 918. Founding of Baltimore, 47, 107. Fires, 142, 146, 237, '261, 408, 688, 689, 898. Gorsuch, Thomas, 921. Floods, 15. Franklin National Bank, 469. Gardenville, 929. Fifth Lord Baltimore, 51. Fire-engines, -252, 2.';s. Georgetown, 930. INDEX. Harford County, 35, 42. Henry Watson Aid Society, 599. Joppa, 43, 60, 77. Houses, 67. Home for the Aged of the M. E. Church, 699. plat of, 45, 923. Hownid'e Park, 80. Jonestown, 48, 64, 167. Hughes, Christopher, Jr., 98. House of Reformation for Colored Children, 630. Jones' Falls, 54, 6,5, 60, 208, 287. Hebrews, enfranchised, 120. Herald, 637. Johnson, Governor Thomas, 75. Harbor defenses, 90, 290. Hall.JohnE., 644. Judicial districts, 116. High schools, 229. Hewitt, John H., 646. "Jew Bill," 120. Habens corpus refiised, 131. Ilungerford, James, 040. Jails, 200, 783. . Health Department, 182. Heyen, J. T., 6.54. Johnson Square, 280. Historical Society, 205. Holliday Street Theatre, 682. Jones, Alexander, 288. House of Delegates, members of, 194, 81S. Howard Athenffium, 695. Jenkins, T. Robert, 382, 459, 698, Hotels, 613. Hoffman, David, 714. James, Henry, 462, 494, 601. Eutaw House, 136, 473. Hopkins Hospital, 746. Jones, Ale.\ander, 472, 484. Miller's, 139. Johnson, K., 713. Guy's, 142, 144. Historical notes on Baltimore County, 816. Fountain Inn. 21,5, 238. Harrisonville, 832. Jockey clubs, 848, 850. Indian Queen, 614. Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 841. Jordan, B. F., 871. Carrollton, 515. Hookstown, 842, Jessop, J., 926. Howard, 515. Howardsville, 842. Globe Inn, 515. Hook's bequest, 842. Kent Island. 32, 40. General Wayne Inn, 515. Highland Park, 853. Kent County, 41. Exchange, 515. Hannah More Academy, 866. Know-Nothing politics, 122, 123, 125. Barnum's, 515. Holy Communion,.church of, 867. Kennedy, John P., 01, 127, 140, 346, 612, 652, Eutaw, 516. Hereford, 874. 663, 679, 682. Guy's, 516. Harewood, 931. Key, F. S., 97, 042, 685. Maltby, 616. Holy Cross Cemetery, 932. Kenly, John R., 114, 133, 139, 1411, 147, US 199. Mount Vernon, 616. Hebrew Cemetery, 934. Kennedy, Anthony, 130, 652, 821. Continental, 517. Kane, G. P., 788. American, 517. arrested, 133. Kennert,617. Iron, 29, 290, 423. Knott, A. Leo, 236. Mount Clare, 517.- Indians, 32, 39. Knabe&Co.,403. Manu's, 517. Indian and French war, 37. Klees, H., 404. f:alvcrtou,517. Independence, 76. Keurick, Patrick, Anjhbishop. 52s, 047. Holtou, II. B., 829. Illumination, 80. Kelso Home, 604. Home Fire Insurance Company, 488. Insurrection, 83. Kerney, M. J., 648. Holland, John 0., :ir,8. Ice, 385. Knott, A. Leo, 720. Hospitals,152, 182. 747. Internal improvements, 312. Knights of Honor, 702. Howard Bank, 405. Ice blockade, 298. Knights of the Goldeu Eagle, 762. Ha.nlileton, John A., & Co., bankere, 477, 487. Industrial School for Girls, 154. Keerl, Thomas M., 773. Honvitz, Orville, 483, 698, 701, 723. Incorporation of Baltimore, 167. KingsviUe, 918. " Howard Fire Insurance Company, 487. Isaacs, W. M., 162. Holy Innocents' P. E. Church, 524. Inspector of public buildings, 182. Limestone, 30. Holy Comforter P. E. Church, 524. Independent Fire Company, 247. Lord Baltimore, 51. Holy Cross Catholic Church, 543. Ice-boats, 264, Jo7. Lauraville, 9:!fl. Industrial Exposition and Musical Festival, 446. Lutheran Cemetery, 933. 838. Inns, 613. Lowlands, 14. Howard, Col. J. E., 206. ImmacuLate Conception Catholic Church, 539. Land-owners, Hrst, 44, 48, 65. Hodges, James, 155, 365, 415, 448, 456. Isaac, W.M„ 893. Loyalists, 70. Holloway, Charles T., 242, 266, 257, 264. Invitations, 078. Lilfayette in Baltimore, 78, Howard Fire Company, 264. Industries, 204, 370, 4:!4. Letlers-of-marque, 103, Harlem Park, 279. Imports to Baltimore, 308. Lincoln, President, passes through Baltimore, Homes of Baltimore, 286. Independent Methodists, 585. 128. Harbor of Baltimore, 287. Infant Asylum, 698. a.s8as8inationof,150. Holland, Col. John C, 145, 3IJ8. Industrial Home, .W9. Long Green, 917. Highlandtown, 927. Indigent Sick Society, 604. Ladies' Depository, 156. Hutchins, H. C, 916. IrvingtoD, 825. List of officers in Union army during civil war. House of Reformation and Instruction for Col- Insurance, 17.5, 214, 261, 482, 489, 156. ored Children, 154. Eciuitable Society (Fire), 483. Laurel Cemetery, 933. Harrison, F.. 891. Baltimore Fire, 483. LutherviUe, 877. Homestead, 890. Firemen's, 483. Loudon Park Cemetery, 820. Horse-racing, S4K. Merchants' Mutual, 484. Loyola College, 539. Howard's Park, 214. Associated Firemen's, 484. Latrobe, F. C, 106, l.SO, 222, 260, 270, 2SS, 394, Hawkins, J. W., S77. National Fire, 4S4. 441-,, 4114, 308, ,509, 098. Housv „f Refuge, 826. Howard Fire, 487. I.iliraiics, 179, 245. Hopkins, Johns, University, 231, 288. American Fire, 487. Leather, 403. Hood, Ool. J. M., 356. Maryland Fire, 487. Liverpool steamships, 305. Herring, John Q. A., 360, 600, 603. Peabody Fire, 488. Lamps, 168. Harlem Stage Company, 362. Potomac Fire, 488. Lumbe'r trade, 392. Home Fire, 488. Lighting the streets, 168. Hair-work trade, 422. German-American Fire, 488. . Liberty Fire Company, 127, 247. Hamill, C. W., 430. Mutual Fire, 488. Locomotive, first, 319. Holy Trinity P. E. Church, 524. Washington Fire, 488. Lotteries, 173, 266, 644, 609, 672. Holy Evangelist P. E. Church, 526. National Protective Union, 489. Leather Board of Trade, 447. Hebrew synagogues, 5S,S. German Fire, 489. Lords Proprietary, 195. Home of the Friendles-s, 596. Maryland Life, 489. Lafayette Hose Company, 255. House of the Good Shepherd, 596. Lectures by Noah Webster, 224. Home for Fallen Women, 597. State Insurance Department, 490. Losses by fire, 265. INDEX. Lafayette Square, 2S0. Lumber Exctiange, 449. Little Sisters of tlie Poor, 697. Literature and literary juen, 642. LoraD, CliarleB, 051. Logan, C A , 654. Leyh, E., 054. Lanier, Sidney, 656. Libraries, 657. Latrobe, John H. B,, 715, 716. Legrand, John C, 718. Lindsay, G. W„ 702. Little Gunpowder, 922. Lutheran Churches, 568, 569, 570, 571. Lavender Hill, 931. Marble, 30, 421. Mica, 31. Murders, 47. Mobs, 67, 84, 118, 121, 124, 129. Midlands, 14. Mason and Dixon*s line, 66. Militia, 70, 77, 80, 63, 84, 97, 130, 140, 142, 817, Maryland Guard, 133. Independent Grays, 137. Mitchell, J. B., 901. Merchants' Club, 448. Minute-men, 71. uniform of, 70, 72, 77. Mayors, 174, 187. Municipal government of Baltimore, 167, 170. Mouocacy, battle of, 147. Merchants, 77, 78, 80, S3, 149, 285, 293. McDonogh monument, 270. Martial law, 139. McHenry, James, 79, 116, 291. Markets, 84, 167, 173, 205, 214. Hanover, 206. Fell's Point, 206. Lexington, 206. Cross Street, 207. Belair, 207. Richmond, 207. Cattle, 207. Centre, 205, 214, 287. Canton, 208. Broadway, 208. Hollins Stieet, 208. Lafayette, 208. Marine artillery, 86. Monuments, 933. Battle, 97, 2*3, 267, 268. Armistead, 213. Washington, 265. Wells and McComas, 267, 933. Wildey, 269. McDonogh, 270. Poe, 270. Ferguson, 271. William P. Smith, 272. Creery, 272. Gleeson, 272. Mt. Calvary Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin, 525. Maryland Insurance Department, 489. Maryland Fire Insurance Company, 487. Merchants and Manufacturers' Association, 447. Mount Vernon Square, 280. Madison Square, 281. McCoy, John W., 288, 366, 446, 484, 660, 666. Marine docks, 302. Manufactured tobacco, 372. Milling and flour trade, 373. Maryland navy, 99. Mexican war, 112, 620. Meetings, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 140, 142, 149, 903. Mount Calvary P. E. Church, 523. Mutual Fire Insurance Company, 488. McKim & Co., bankers, 476. Maryland Savings-Bank, 473. Metropolitan Savings-Bank, 472. Merchants' National Bank, 463. Marine National Bank, 461. Maine liquor law, 124. Maryland line, 81. Myer, Thomas J., 395, 441 , 472. Maryland Institute, 127, 128, 152, 166, 214. Mayer, Charles F., 388, 463. Museum, 176, 500, 680, 691. Members of the Water Board, 222. Marine Observatory, 129, 292. Members of City Council, 187. McDonogh Institute, 177, 831. Members of House of Delegates, 194, 818. Merrynian, John, 132, 364. Members of State Senate, 193, 820. Maryland Tract Society, 154. Members of Constitutional Convention, 194. Male Free School, 233. Malster, William T., 304. Mud Theatre, 137, 694. Mechanical Fire Company, 244. Monumental Hose Company, 255. Mount Vernon Hook-and-Ladder Company, 256. Methodists, 141, 148, 151, 225, 233, 261, 867. history of churches, 573. Protestant, 681. Independent, 584. Church South, 586. Mount Alto Church, 828. Morris, Eev. Jno. G., 0.55. Methodist Protestant Churches, 581. Methodist Episcopal Church South, 585. Maryland Prisoners' Aid Society, 602. Miles, G. H., 6.57. Militia, 657, 608. Morrison, N. H., 665. Maryland Institute, 667. Maryland Academy of Arts, 6f4. Monumental Theatre, 695. Music, 141, 446. 533, 671. Mowell, Peter, 879. Mount Carmel, 869. Maryland Prisoners' Aid Association, 154. Mount Hope Retreat, 853. Maryland Union Commission, 165. Maryland University of Medicine, 730. Miller, Daniel, 155, 410, 460. Maryland Penitentiary, 202. Miller, H. C, 412. Molasses trade, 419. Mount Olivet Cemetery, 826. Mount St. Joseph's College, 826. Manufactures, 204, 393, 434. Mason, James D., 396, 466, 488, 489. Millii ,414. Mantua Mills, 883. Mechanics' Bank, 315, 456. Maryland, Bank of, 243, 283, 452. Merchants' Mutual Insurance Company, 484. Maryland Life Insurance Company, 489. Mail, 491. Maryland Telephone Company, 509. Messiah Protestant Episcopal Church, 622. Marechal, Ambrose, Archbishop, 527. Maryland Journal, 607. Maryland Inebriate Society, 600. McJilton, John N., 660. Mayer, Brantz, 660. Maryland Historical Society, 668. Mercantile Library, 669. Manners and customs, 678, 763. Mud Theatre, 689. Martin, Luther, 711. McMahon, J. V. L., 713. Mayer, C.F., 714. McKaig, T. J., 724. Medical profession, 729. Medical Society, 732. Medical and Chirnrgical Society, 731, 740. Maryland College of Pharmacy, 740. Martin, Dr. J. L., 749. Mclntire, Dr. James, 763. Masonic Order, 757. McMurray, Louis, 776. Mobs and riots, 778. Mount Vernon Mill, 838. Mount Washington, 8.39. Maryland Agricultural Society, 845. Middletown, 870. Mount Vernon, 875. Mount Carmel, 875. Maryland Institution for the Blind, 890. Mcintosh, D. G., 896. Monkton, 908. Matthews, D. M., 911. Mowel, Joseph, 916. Mount Carmel Cemetery, 933. Mail robberies, 934. Mount Orange Cemetery, 934. Mount Wimins, 936. Manual Labor School, 937. Newspapers, 129, 130, 137, 139, 140, 145, 14( 149, 150, 233, 444, 493, 605, 649, 778, 78i 815, 821, 866, 900. The Sun, 53, 60, 196, 361, 362, 408, 444, 501 507, 617, 649. American, 53, 128, 150, 444, 609, 012, 013. Baltimorean, 038. Wecker, 124. Item, 638. Exchange News-Sheet and Gazette, 13' 140, 141, 145, 146, 444, 631. Commercial, 638. Every Saturday, 641. Herald, 637. News, 444, 638. Correspondent, 444, 625. Catholic Mirror, 629. Wecker, 630. Methodist Protestant, 616. Telegram, 635. Episcopal Methodist, 030. History of the Press of Baltimore, 605. Ninth District, 886. New Market, 873. New Jerusalem Church, 588. Neale, Leonard, Archbishop, 527. National Protective Union, 489. Night-watch, 168. Normal School, 231. Newcomer, B. F., M6, 440, 471, 478, 48;i. Naval stores, 385. Notion trade, 41. Nicholson & Sons, bankers, 476. National Fire Insurance Company, 4S4. Neal, John, 643. Nelson, John, 713. Necrology, 794. Notes on the county, 816. Northern suburbs, 887. Notre Dame Academy, 891. North Point, 933. Non-importation, 67, 72. North Point, battle of, 93. Naval officers, 99. National Conventions, 120. Nineteen Van Buren electors, 121. Negro jails, 144, 145. INDEX. Now Market Filu Company, 240, 250. Ni.rlhern Central Kuilroad, 147, 276, 242. Negroes voting, 16o. Ores, 29. Old Baltimore, 43. Original lot-ownere, 63. Old Defenders, 47. Oatlis of allegiance, 140, 145. Officers of Baltimore, 187. Oliver Hibernian Free Scliool, 233. Odd-Kellows, 269, 758. Observatory, 129, 292. Omnibus lines, 361. Onion, E. D., 391. Oyster and frnit-packers, 394. Ober, G., 400. Old Town Bank, 466. Our Saviour Protestant Episcopal Church, 6i Oblate Sisters of Providence, 698. Orphans' Court, 728, 814. Owings' Mills, 867. Old families, 882. Oxford, 890. Orangeville, 92S. Plat of Joppa, 44. Patriotism, 47, 69, S.?. Plat of Baltimore and Jonestown, 52. Population, 68, 59, 60, 82, 174, 180, 185, 815. Privateers, 60, 85, 98.- Prisons, CO, 46, 74. Pillory, 46, 727. Pennsylvania border troubles, 64. Poll-tax, 06. Peace and independence, 76. Pulaski's Legion, 77. Politics, 114, 119, 127, 788, 903. Paints and chemicals, 402. Pianos and musical instruments, 403. Plated ware trade, 430. Presidential electors, 195. Piatt, S. B., 394. Penitentiary, 202. Property qualifications, 115. Parks: Patterson, 87, 132, 147, 276. Druid Hill, 132, 272. Riverside, 278. Federal Hill, 278. Broadway, 278. Harlem, 279. Philopolis, 883. Provincial Councils, 629. Protestant Episcopal Churches, 517. Potomac Fire Insurance Company, 488. Peabody Fire Insurance Company, 488. Fort wardens, 118, 168, 173. Poe monument, 270. Peale's Museum, 176. Palmetto flags, 127. Presentation of flags, 132. Police, 126, 133, 136, 141, 103, 168, 196, 200. Powell, W. S., 397, 401, 415, 448. Petroleum, 385. Parr, J. M., 155. Public schools, 222. Patapsco Fire Company, 240, 264, 369. Pioneer Hook-and-Ladder Company, 256. Paid Fire Department, 256. Police and flre-alarm telegraph, 260. Public squares, 279. Park Place squares, 280. Perkins' Spring, 281. Private enterprise of Baltimore, 286. Pirate in the Chesapeake, 298. Pratt, Enoch, 139, 464, 471, 487, 488, 494. Poole & Hunt, 425. People's Bank, 465. Presbyterian Church, 146, 151, HU. First, 444. Second, .547. Third, 548. Franklin Square, 648. Fifth, 548. Sixth, 548. Broadway, .548. Franklin Street, 548. Firet United, 549. Aisquith, 549. Westminster, 549. Twelfth, 549. Central, 540. Light Street, 550. Greene Street, 560. Brown Memorial, 550. Covenanters', 000. Lafayette Square, 651. North Avonue, 561. Associated Beformed, 661. Faith Chapel, 552. First Congregational, 552. Madison Street, 562. Protestant Episcopal Church, 236, 262, 264. Press of Baltimore, 666, 900. Pony express, 619. Poor Association, 593. Peabody Institute, 662. Price, Dr. Elias C, 766. Pikesville, 834. Physicians and surgeons, 731, 738, 748. Punishments, 727. Pitts, C. H., 718. P. E. Brotherhood, 598. Protestant Infant Asylum, 598. Protection of children from cruelty and : morality, 600. Pinkney, William, 643, 711. Pierpont, John, 644. Pinkney, E. C, 644. Pinkney, F., 645. Poe, E. A., 645. Poe, W. H., 646. Piggott, Dr. A. S., 661. Pratt, R. H., 651. Powhatan, 832. Poole & Hunt, 838. Pimlico Fair Grounds, 844. Philpot, E. P., 863. Paper-mills, 870. Potomac Railroad, 351. People's Passenger Railway Company, 368. Peerce, William F., 912. Park Railway Company, 368. Provisions, 381. Porter, G. U., 440. Produce and Fish Exchange, 445. Post-Olflce, 491. Pius Memorial Catholic Church, 640. Pharmacy, 739. Parkton, 872. Phtenix, 880. Priceville, 833. Peregoy, C, 887. Peabody Heights, 890. Piper, Dr. J., 899. Pearce, J. B., 907. Patapsco Improvement Company, 937. Record, J. H., 926. Rulledge, T. G., 873. Rivers and creeks, 14. Relay House, 24. Races, 47, 222, 848, 860. Roads, 46. Revolutionary war, 66, 72, 76. Refugees, 69, 82. Riots, 67, 84, 118. 121, 124, 129, 360, 778. Rogers, C. L., 8:54. Royal Arcanum, 762. Ross, Gen., death of, 93. Ringgold, Maj.S., 113. Representation in Legislature, 114. Rieman, Henry, 419, 463. Rieman, Joseph H , 441, 461, 494, 892. Religious denominations, 617. Registering voters, 120, 162. Republican meeting broken up, 124. Raisin, R. W. L., 397, 446. Rolling roads, 46. Rogers, Commodore, 91. Reform party, 125. Recruiting for Union and Confederate armies, 129. Rieman, William J., 366, 487. Raine, F., 155, 508, 625, 698. Reaney, William B. Revenues of Baltimore, 167. Riverside Park, 278. Richmond and York River Steamboat Com- pany, 302. Removal of police commissioners, 163. Rieman, Alexander, 357. Register of Baltimore, 173, 181, 193. Reeder, Charles, 323, 426, 466. Railways, city passenger, 273. Baltimore City, 362. Citizens' Company, 367. People's Company, 368. Park Avenue Company, 368. Baltimore and Catunsville, 368. Suburban lines, 369. Baltimore, Calverton and Powhatan Com- pany, 36. Raids, 899. Redemptorists, 541. Religious institutions, 692. Reese, Rev. E. Y., 651. Roman amphitheatre, 694. Railroads, 283, 310, 314, 791. Railroad riots, 360. Rivets and spikes trade, 426. Reformed German Cliurches, 571. Richardson, G. R., 714. Rogers, B. Lyon, 72:1. Registers of wills, 728, 814. Red Men, 761, 702. Rockdale, 832. Rockland, 842. Beisterstown, 855. Rayville, 871. Ruby, W. H.,900. Rossville, 931. ), 931. liua , 5.S7. liniscenccs, 61, 682. Stone, 20. Silver, 30. Smith, Capt., 32, 39. Susquehannough Indians, 32. Sposutio Island, 41 . Settlement, first, 40, 167. Stamp Act, 47, 66. Streets, 62, 62. Ships, .57, 60, 82, 83, 99, 129. INDEX. Slillgluff, Jesse, 401. Separation, city alia county, 63. Sons of Liberty, 07. Soldiers, 70, 72, 77, 78, 83, 84, llli, 119, Salt, :!92. SeidenstricUer, John B., 365, 469, 485. Senators, 193, 195, 820. Smallwood, Gen. Wm., 74. State government organized, 76, San DAiiiugo insurrection, 82. Strieker, Gen. John, 92. Soutli American war, 112. Smallpux, 115. St. Joliii's Parisli Church, 44. Smith, Gen. S., 85. Star ^iiangled Banner, 97, 085. St. Nicholas, steamer, seized, 135. Soldiers' vote, 149, 162. Spencer, Edward, ISC, 656. Sold otiiig, 119. Slavery, 120. Secession movements, 129. Seizure of e ,132. Southern Belief Fair, 165. Sun, newspaper, 53, 60, 106, 301, 362, 408, 602, 507, 617, 649, 675. Sunday Telegram, 635. St. Stephen's P. E. Church, 523. St. Marli'B P. E. Church, 523. St. Peter's P. E. Church, 522. Sutro, 0., 446. Sisters of Charity, 144. Shoemaker, Samuel M., 144, 155, 340, 350, 415, 466, 478, 494. Seal of Baltimore, 173. Sanitary Commission, 146. Society for the Protection of Children from Cruelty and Immorality, 164. Storms and floods, 211. Spring, City, 213. Slate Normal School, 231. St. Mary's Seminary, 234. Steriili't;, A., Jr., 140, 718, 723. St. John the Baptist P. E. Church, 524. St. Luke's P. E. Church, 523. Southern Relief Association, 165. Savings-bank, 469. State senators, 193. Sisson, H., 205, 271, 365, 421, 459, 485, 489. Straw-goods trade, 431. Shoe and Leather Board of Trade, 447. Second National Bank, 403. Squares, 213, 279. Ashland, 281. Baker Circle, 281. Eastern City Spring, 280. Eutaw Place, 281. Franklin, 279. Jackson, 281. Johnson, 280. Lafayette, 280. Mount Vernon, 280. Park Place, 280. Perkins' Spring, 281. Taney Place, 280. Union, 279. Schools and colleges, 223, 228, Sl:i, 820, 855, 809, 870, 877, 927. School buildings, 229. School, floating, 234. St. Catherine's Normal School, 237. St. Peter's Male Free School, 237. Steam fire-engines, 252, 258. Salvage Corps, 261. St. Paul's P. E. Church, 262. Smith, Wm. P , monument, 272. Situation of Baltimore, 283. Ship channels, 288. Ship-building, 292. Steamboats, 300. to Southern porta, 302. lines, 302, 305. Stage-lines, 310. Small, George, 346, 466. Susquehanna River, frozen over, 349. Suburban horse-car companies, 369. Seliger & Newman, 410, 413. Smith, H. C, 415, 441, 446, 447, 448, 406, 469, 484, 488, 494. Steilman, John, 417, 487. Sugar-relining, 418. Soap and candle trade, 420. Shot trade, 420. Seeger, Jacob, 423. Spice trade, 422. Sheppard, Isaac, 428. Suffrage, 898. Stock-yards, 440. Savings-banks, 47.i. Safe Deposit and Trust Company, 478. Stock Board, 479. Snowden, Samuel, 488, 723. St. Paul's P. E. Church, 617. St. Michael's and All Angel's P. E. Churches, 624. ■ St. Barnabas' P. E. Church, 525. St. Andrew's P. E. Church, 525. St. Matthew's P. E. Mission Chapel, 525. St. James' P. E. Colored Church, 526. St. Mary's Seminary, 527. Spalding, Martin J., Archbishop, 629, 647. St. Patrick's Catholic Church, 634. St. Joseph's Catholic Church, 636. St. Vincent de Paul's Catholic Church, 537. St. Peter's Catholic Church, 637. St. Ignatius' Catholic Church, 638. St. John's Catholic Cliuixli, .v;.s. St. Lawrence■^ c.iil.i.lii i hu i . I,, :..;:). St. Martin's l';ii I ... St. Mary's Stai..i,. i'liurch,539. St. Andrew's (\itli..li i lun.Ji, >:.:i. St. Bridget's Cathulic Church, 540. St. Alphonsus' Catholic Church, 540. • St. James' Church, 541. St. Michael's Church, 542. St. Venceslaus', 543. St. Stanislaus", 543. St. Leo's, 543. St. Francis Xavier's, 643. Straw-bridge log meeting-house, 573. Synagogues, 688. SpirituaUsts, 692. St. Peter's Orphan School and Asylum, 592. Soup-houses, 592. St. Slary's Female Orphan Asylum, 694. St. Joseph's House of Industry, 597. Society for the Education of Hebrew Poor, 698. St. Anthony's Orphan Asylum, 59S. St. Vincent's Infant Asylum, 600. Sparks, Jared, 643. Shaw, Dr. Jno., 048. Seymour, Lucy, 050. Schroeder, Rev. John F., 654. Spencer, Edward, 656. Societies, 657, 668, 757, 902. Sutro, 0., 673. Suppers, 678. Steele, I. N., 698, 715. Schley, Wm., 716. Scott, T. P., 718. Stewart, Wm. A., 723. Stocks, 727. Shorifls, 728, 814. Smallpox, 733. Smith, Prof. N. R., 748. Shearer, Dr. Thomas, 750. Scarff, Dr. J. H., 755. Secret societies and ordere, 757. ■ St. Timothy's P. E. Church, 822. Spring Grove Insane Asylum, 823. St. Joseph's Monastery, 825. Second District, 830. St. Mark's P. E. Church (Baltimore County), 835. Sanderson, F. S., 852. Sliugluff, Jesse, 852. Smith, Jos., Jr., 853. St. Thomas' parish, 867. St. Johu's in the Valley, 866. Sixth District, 869. Seventh District, 871. Standiford, James A., 874. Stablersville, 875. Sherwood P. E. Church, 879. Suburbs, 887. Sheppard Asylum, 892. Sweet Air, 908. Sunny Brook, 909. St. James', 909. St. James' P. E. Church (Baltimore County), 909. St. James' College (Baltimore County), 914. Sparks, Josiah, 915. St. Joseph's Catholic Church, 917. St. George's parish, 918. St. John's, or Copley parish, 919. Sacred Heart Catholic Churcli, 929. St. Clement's Church, 931. St. Denis', 936. St. Agues' Hospital, 937. St. Mary's Industrial School, 937. St. James' Home for Boys, 938. Tobacco, 46, 48, 370. Taxes, 3.S, 70, 107, 174, l.'<3, 185, 197, 223, 469, 473, 491, 509. Teuth District, 007. Topography, 13. Tax on bachelors, 38. Taverns, 67, 224, 513. Trade, 46, 60, 82, 292, 309, 370. Telegraph, 502, 620. Towson, Gen. N., S95. Towson, 893, 894, 898. Timoniuni, 883. Texas, 882. Turner, James, 872. Trenton, 869. Third District, 833. Turnpikes, 310. Thomas, John H., 115. Temperance politics, 124. Trade facilities, 281. Theatres, 07s, 6.S0. Front Street, 127, 147, 262, 689, 690. Assembly-Roouis, 070. Academy of Music, t;97. Museum, 176, 500, cso, 091. Mud, 137, 089, 004. Fold's Opera-House, 165. Hulliday, 682, 685. Koniau Amphitheatre, 094. Howard Athena-uni, 695. Concordia Opera-House, 695. Monumental Theatre, 695. • Ford's Grand Opem-llouse, 696. Trinity P. K. Church, .522. INDEX. Tanneries, 403. Unitarian Church, 689. Walsh, Robert, 648. Tln.iiuis, .I'oliu L., 132, 1(;2, 494, 49.S. Universalist Church, 590. Wirt, Wm., 644, 712. T;irifl, :!'.»;■.. Union Orphan Asylum, 601. Wecker, 630. Tolegmi.h, 14G, 2C0. Uhler, P. E., 666. Whitfield, James, Archbishop, 528. Tane.v I'lace, 280. United States court-house, 729. Teachers, 225. Uppcrco, 808. Whittii^gham, Bishop, 139, 151, 521, 654. Topograpliical map of Baltimore, 2.SK. Upper Falls, 922. Webb, Chas , 155, 183, 365. Tow-boats, 307. Watchman Fire Company, 255. Tuiiniige of Baltimore, 307, 4!l.s. Valleys, 18. Watchman, lOS, 196. Tenniiial facilitie.i, 379. Van Buren electors, 120. Water Board, 222. Tin nei-, Lewis, 3811. Value of property in Baltimore, 18G. Water-works, 213. Thinl National Bank, 400. Vigilant Fire Company, 249. Webster, Noah, 224. Tra.lors' National Banli, 407. Vessels, tonnage, 307. Western Hose Company, 250. Taney. R. B., 712. Vouder Horst, J. H., 931. Washington Monument, 265, 266. Tyson, Isaac, Jr., 772. Wells and McComas monument, 267. 'z Talbot, J. F. C, 900. Wars, 140. Wildey monument, 269. Twelfth District, 920. Indians, 37. Woodberry, 275, 836. Thirteenth District, 936. Revolutionary, 68, 09. Williams, G. H., 665, 698, 717. of 1812, 84. Wilson, P. C, 743. nplamls, 13. Me.vicau, 112. Wilson & Sons, 769. Unirornis of soldiers, 70, 72, 77. Civil, 126. Worthington, C, 864. Utie, Nath.,41. Wliarvos, 59. 60, 82. Winans' yacht, 299. U.iion piirty, 127. Whipping-post, 46. Winans' cigar-ship, 299. Union soliliers, 129, 138. Whisky Insurrection, S3. Western Maryland Railroad, 355. Unite.) Kire DepartmeDt, 24(1. Wells iind McComas, 94. Walters, William T., 365, 468, 662, 676, 697. Unile.l States Bank, 452. Watson, Lieut.-Col. William H., 114, 351. Whitelock, W., 399, 466, 488. Unii.nliauk,462. Wards, 172, 179. Wliisky trade, 429. Union League, 142. White Hall, 872. Wilson, G. 0.. 431. Union Belief Association, 162. Woodstock College" 833. Wilson, Rev. Franklin, D.D., 507. United States Hose Company, 253. Washington Medical College, 737. Worthington, R. H., S32. Union Protestant Infirmary, 154. Wilson Sanitarium, 604. Wiseburg, 874. United Hose and Suction Company, 253. Wilson, Colston & Co., 470, 769. Wise, William, 875. Union commission, 155. Western National Bank, 462. Warren, 881. Union Fire Company, 245. Wetherall, W. G., 426. Waverly, 888. Univeisalist Church, 212. Wilkens, William, 368, 422. Uiiivirsity, Johns Hopkins, 231, 2S8. Uiiiun Square, 279. liii,.n Railroad and tunnel, 364. Winder, Gen. William H., 88. Wecker, newspaper, 124. Washington Hose Company, 253. Young Men's Christian Association, 154. Young, William S., 415, 442, 463, 487, 494. Tellott, 906. United German Bank, 468. Wallis, S. T., 12S, 130, 136, 141, 166, 198, 227, 631, Union District telegraph, 609. 055, 097, 698, 714. United Brethren. ,573. Wetherville, 828. Zoncksville, 809. H' 100 89 : <^''. 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