Class JXAA Book l: : SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/popularsystemofpOOhart HART'S POPULAR SYSTEM OF PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY, FOR THE USE OF PUBLIC AND COMMON SCHOOLS. A NEW A\ T £> IMPROVED EDITION, ■with . CORRECTIONS FROM THE CENSUS OF 1850, V-^ATtlW NEW Y R £ ■ PUBLISHED BY DANIEL BURG ESP & CO., (LATE CADY & BURGESS.) No. 60 John Street. SOLD ET BOOKSELLERS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. HART'S GEOGRAPHY Recommendation, New York, July 15, 1851. I have long been familiar with a PRACTICAL GEO- GRAPHY by Joseph C. Hart, containing a full and well- digested arrangement of Questions on Maps, better adapted for Exercises than any other Manual used in our schools. This little work will be equally applicable to all the correct Atlases in use. I am pleased to have an opportunity to recommend this Geography to our Common School Teachers throughout the State. JOSEPH Mc KEEN, County Superintendent of Common Schools for the City and County of New York. SMITH'S IMPROVED ATLAS. Among the many School Atlases which have come under my notice, I consider Smith's Improved Atlas admirably adapted to illustrate my Geography, and in some respects better calculated ! for that purpose than any other with which I am familiar. There will be some delay in preparing the plates for the new Atlas which I propose to publish ) and, in the meantime, I cor- dially recommend Smith's as a valuable substitute, to accompany this New Edition of my Geography. JOSEPH C. HART. New York, August, 1851. METHOD OF TEACHING? BY HART'S GEOGRAPHY. What country do you live in ? A POPULAR SYSTEM OF PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY THE USE OF SCHOOLS, AND THE STUDY OF MAPS. TO WHICH IS APPENDED A FULL EXERCISE UPON THE MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. NEW A\D GREATLY IMPROVED EDITION OF "GEOGRAPHI- CAL EXERCISES FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS ON" MAPS," ADOPTED BY THE NEW YORK HIGH SCHOOLS, THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SOCIETY, AND THE PRINCIPAL COMMON SCHOOLS OF THE STATE. BY JOSEPH C. HABT. If circumstances Which lead direct^ to the door of truth, Will give you satisfaction, you may have it. ShakspeaTt. NEW YORK: 4 PUBLISHED BY DANIEL BURGESS & CO., (latk cady and burgess,) No. 60 John Street. SOLD BY BOOKSELLERS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. 1854. Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by JOSEPH C. HART, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York. 5.131 • H3 2 4- Stereotyped by Vincent Dill, Jr., No. 29 Beekman Street, N Y. LC Control Number tmp96 026025 PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT. It is now over a quarter of a century since the first edition of this popular Geography was published by the author. During that time, the system perfected by him has come into general use ; and it has continued to be preferred by our ablest teachers. This improved and corrected Abridg- ment contains, nothwithstanding the small number of its pages, a vast amount of geographical information, arranged in the most simple, sys- tematic, and practical form for classes. As an introduction to an extended course of geographical reading it is invaluable. The great and striking alterations which have recently taken place in the civil aspect of our own country, — the acquisition of new and extensive terri- tory, the creation of new States, the increase of population, the taking of the census of 1850, and similar changes in foreign countries, have induced the author thoroughly and carefully to revise his work, so as to make it con- form, as far as possible, to the present state of the Geographical world. Thus revised and improved, as a general system, it will be found a ready and convenient key to the better class of Maps and Atlases now used in our schools ; and it is one of its principal features, that the pupil, by the means herein to be obtained, can soon be taught to construct them for himself. The author has very properly rejected the multiplicity of facts, usually given under the head of Geography in school-books, as useless lumber, and therein consists a part of the originality and excellence of his system. The introduction of a finished exercise upon the State of New York, an Empire within itself, will supply much that is omitted in other Elementary Geographies, and commend itself to the Public Schools of the State. fi££~ The author will shortly publish a practical work, on the Elements of Astronomy and the Use of the Globes, which will serve as a Text-Book for Schools, upon the plan of this Geography. INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION OF THE LARGER WORK In preparing the following pages for the use of schools, I have aimed at introducing a system of pure and legitimate Geography. Independent of the want of correct information in many of the school-books which treat of this branch of study, I conceive that the authors have strayed widely from the subject, in crowding their pages, and consequently overwhelming the understandings of children, with multitudes of facts which belong to other sciences, and which are foreign, to the last degree, from that of Geography. When, with a very imperfect sketch of the branch in question, we observe notices of Botany, Chemistry, Agriculture, Geology, History, Chronology, Statistics, Theology, Politics, and other subjects of description, mingled together, and called " Geogra^/iT/," — would we suspect its true definition to be. — " the science which treats of the natural and political divisions of the earth, distinct from its productions 1" It is because children are compelled to commit this heterogeneous mixture to memory, without the opportunity of location, that the study becomes uninteresting, and is regarded with such unconquerable aversion that the pages disappear before the lessons are ac- complished, under the frequent and destructive application of manual fric- tion. And what, I would ask, is the utility of committing any elementary botik to memory, if the facts are not secured by some mental image, or it's principles by familiar illustration 1 It is practical application, after all, that makes the scholar proficient in any science. A correct delineation of the earth's surface is therefore of far greater value to the student, than the best treatise on Geography that can be written ; and he needs no other aid to make the study pleasant and profitable, than a geographical text-book, to guide him directly to its pi-ominent features. Conduct a child to the map, and he is on the very threshold of the science of Geography, and the know- ledge he obtains there will be true and permanent ; but detain him from it, and descriptions may be multiplied until his brightest days are buried in the vale of years, and a distinct idea of the subject cannot be conveyed to him. A full exercise upon the map of the State of New York has been appended, in order that children may obtain a better knowledge of the magnificence of their native State, and feel proud of her consequence. It is not intended, however, to propose a particular study of New York to teachers in other States who may adopt this treatise ; but as every child should be familiar with the Geography of his own section of the country, it is respectfully re- commended to teachers to write out an exercise on the State in which they are giving instruction, and cause it to be thoroughly understood by their pupils. Should this be deemed unnecessary by any, it is presumed a suffi- cient quantity of matter will be found in the work for general use, of a character calculated to lead to just geographical views of the Western Hemisphere ; to awaken some new ideas in the bosom of the young American, and keep his imagination at home when he would contemplate nature in her loftiest character of sublimity, and man in the enjoyment of all the blessings of the happiest government on earth. Having long tested the merits of the plan of teaching almost exclusively from maps, and being satisfied of its vast superiority, I lay the system before a discriminating public without further apology. Yll NOTICES OF HART'S GEOGRAPHY, PUBLISHED IX THE EARLY EDITIONS. New York, Septeinber, 1324. Mr. J. C. Hart. Dear Sir, — Your Book is received, and I think well of its plan and execution. I have long operated on the system of teaching Geography almost exclusively from maps, and your book at once relieves me from a very great portion of n:y labor ; I mean that of inventing the exercises at the moment when they are to be used. I know your zeal and ability ; I have witnessed your success : and you may be assured' that whatever I can do for the promotion of your views, or "the advancement of vour interest, shall be most cheerfully done. Your cordial friend, D. H. BARNES, A. M. dissociate Principal of the New York High School. EXTRACT FRCOI THE MINUTES OF THE MECHANICS INSTITUTION. Nkw York, November, 1S24. The Mechanics' School Committee, having carefully examined Hart's Geo- graphical Exercises, and for several successive months witnessed its utility exemplified in the rapid progress of the scholars of the institution under their care, in geographical knowledge, have no hesitation in recommending it as preferable to any other system which has come under their inspection. From this work extraneous and irrelevant matter is excluded, and the pupil is at once directed to the map as the true source of knowledge, as it necessarily fixes on the mind the location of the places designated, and thus impresses them permanently on the memory. A series of practical and useful lessons is intro- duced, which are doubly imprinted on the mind by the use of good maps and by the construction of others, in which the ingenuity, and, above all, the thinking powers of the pupil are brought into immediate action. The condensed tables at the end of the book, derived from authentic sources, are arranged in a lucid manner, and are sufficiently minute, not only for pupils, but for those who have made a greater proficiency in geographical science. The author has vary properly exemplified his plan by introducing a full exercise on the map of the State of New York, which is not only calculated to fasten on the minds of the scholars a minute geographical knowledge of their native State, (which not to be acquainted with, would betray a wrong course of study,) but. in connexion with the questions and facts on America at large, "to lead the pupils to just views of their country, to awaken some new ideas in the bosoms of the rising generation, and to keep their imaginations at home when they would contem- plate nature in her loftiest character and sublimity, and man in the enjoyment of the happiest government on earth." Resolved, That the School Committee, duly appreciating the merits and prac- tical utility of the "Geographical Exercises," prepared by Mr. J. C. Hart, Principal of the Mechanics' Society School, do authorise its introduction in said School, under the full conviction that it is eminently calculated to improve the Scholars in Geographical Science and the use of maps in general. COMMITTEE : James Benedict, Wm. A. Mercein, Abraham Bloodgood, Stephen B. Young, John I. Labagh, Francis T. Luqueer, Thomas Richards, Wm. I. Waldron, John Sutphen, Wm. Mandeville. John Lang, JSx-offi.cio, and President of the Mechanics' Society. Thomas R. Mercein, Chairman. Richard E. Mount, Secretary. From an inspection of the " Geographical Exercises" of J. C. Hart, I fully coincide with the respectable Committee of the Mechanics' School in their opinion of its merits. The mode of instruction upon which it is founded, I have long considered as the best that can be adopted. JOHN GRISCOM, LL. D. Associate Principal of the New York High School Vlll NOTICES. New York, September 3, 1324. Sir, — I have examined your book of Questions in Geography. The plan and execution of the work appear well calculated to answer the intended purpose. I shall adopt it for the use of the young ladies under my care, and take pleasure in recommending it to the notice of teachers in the circle of my acquaintance. Mr. J. C. Hart. W. S. CARDELL. J. C. Hakt, Esq. Dear Sir,— I have read your Outlines of Geography, and do not hesitate to say, that it is decidedly the most complete and copious hand-book for class examina- tion I have hitherto seen. I am, respectfully, ALBERT PICKET, Sen., December 16, 1824. Author of tlie School Class-Books. Joseph C. Hart, Esq. New York, October 6, 1824. Dear Sir, — I have received a copy of your "Geographical Exercises," con- taining questions for practical examination of pupils. The work appears to me judiciously compiled for a text-book. Ji constant reference to correct Maps and Globes, is the best method of acquiring a knowledge of the Earth's surface, by young persons. In disentangling the science from the auxiliary and adventitious sub- jects usually blended with it, you simplify it for juvenile minds. Be assured, once more, of my particular esteem and regard, SAMUEL L. MITCHILL, LL. D. GEOGRAPHY.— Mr. Joseph C. Hart, principal of the Mechanics' Society School, has published a small and very useful work, called " Geographical Exercises," containing questions for practical examinations, &c. To illustrate the study of maps, this little book will prove extremely useful, as a simple mode of strengthening the memory by facts. It should be in general use. M. M. Noah's N. Y. Advocate. A School Book has been laid upon our table, entitled "Geographical Exer- cises," containing questions for practical examinations on maps, by Mr. Hart, Principal of the Mechanics' Society School. The author of the treatise follows the only correct method of teaching Geography, by directing the attention of the pupil to maps and charts, without burdening his memory with useless lumber. This book is confined almost entirely to topography, and rejects the multipli- city of facts usually given under the head of Geography. The work has been introduced into our most respectable schools with extraordinary success. Professor Carter's N. Y. Statesman. HART'S ATLAS, OF FOURTEEN MAPS, Viz. : 1. The World, 8 Great Britain and Ireland, a! North America, 9. Germany, 3. United States, 10. Mediterranean Sea, 4. State of New York, 11. Asia, 5. West Indies, 12. Pacific Ocean, 6. South America, 13. Africa, 7. Europe, 14. Interior of Africa. New York High School, November, 1827. I have used HART'S ATLAS with success, and it is the best School Atlas which has come under my notice. It is clear, distinct, easy, plain ; and the maps are not, as many others are, crowded with unimportant names, so as to render them almost useless in the waste of time necessary to find the places re- quired. The author, in his perspicuous arrangement, has done much for the student in Modern Geography, and evinced a commendable industry in collect- ing and presenting to the scholar all the recent discoveries. The Trustees and Teachers of the High and Common Schools of New York, sensible of its superior merits, have adopted it as a STANDARD ; and its reasonable price will warrant its introduction into every school. D H. BARNES, Associate Principal of the New York High School HART'S GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS, TO BE COMMITTED TO MEMORY. LESSON I. What is Geography Geography is the science which describes the natural and political divisions of the Earth. What is the Earth 1 The earth is a large round body, composed of Land and Water ; and the third Planet in the Solar system. How woald you represent the figure of the Earth 1 The figure of the earth is best represented by a globe. What is a Globe \ A round, or spherical body. What is the shape of the Earth '. Its shape is an imperfect sphere; somewhat flattened at the poles, or in appearance like an orange. LESSON II. The student will study and recite with a map before him, and point out ail the examples ; invariably repeating the definition to each example After becoming proficient, he may be questioned from memory MAPS. What is a Map 1 A map is a representation of the convex sur- face of the earth, on a plane. 10 EXAMPLES. Point out the following maps. How should they he arranged with regard to each other ? North America 1 — West of Europe, and East of Asia. Europe 1 . . . West of Asia, North of Africa, and East of the U. S Africa 1 . . . South of Europe, and South- West of Asia. Asia 1 . . . . East of Europe, and West of America. United States 1 North of South America, and West of Europe. South America 3 South of North America, and West of Africa. What are the Cardinal Points of the horizon 1 The cardinal points of the horizon are North, East, South, and West. What points of the Compass do the sides of a map represent 1 The upper side of a map represents the North, the lower side the South, the right hand the East, and the left the West. What are the principal intermediate points 1 The corners of a map represent the inter- mediate points, North-east, South-east, North- west, South-west. What is the Mariner's Compass 1 It is an instrument representing the horizon equally divided into thirty-two points. LESSON III. THE EARTH. What is the diameter of the Earth 1 The diameter of the Earth is 7,950 miles at the Equator; but from the North to the South pole 37 miles less, which gives to the earth the shape of an orange. Wh%t is the circumference of the Earth % Its circumference is rather more than three DEFINITIONS. 11 times the length of the diameter, or about 25,000 miles. How many square miles are on the surface of the Earth 1 The surface of the globe, including land and water, contains nearly 200,000,000 square miles. In what time does the Earth revolve round the Sun 1 The earth makes a revolution round the Sun from West to East, in an elliptical path called its orbit, once in 365 days and a quarter. In what time does the Earth revolve on its axis 1 It revolves from West to East on a straight line passing from pole to pole, called its axis, once in 24 hours. What is the effect of the revolution of the Earth round the Sun 1 The revolution of the Earth round the Sun occasions the changes of the seasons. What is the effect of the revolution of the Earth on its axis 1 The revolution on its axis occasions the suc- cession of day and night. What is the distance of the Earth from the Sun 1 The Earth is at the distance of 96,000,000 of miles from the Sun in summer, and 94,000, 000 of miles in winter. The mean distance is 95,000,000. What are the great natural divisions of the Earth 1 The natural divisions of the earth are land and water. What are the proportions of Land and Water 1 The water covers about three-fourths of the Earth's surface, and the remaining fourth con- sists of land- 12 How are the Land and Water distributed 1 The Northern Hemisphere contains the greater proportion of Land, and the Southern half the larger quantity of Water. LESSON IV. LAND. What are the natural divisions of the Land 1 The natural divisions of the Land are Con- tinents, Islands, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Capes^ Promontories, Mountains, Plains and Valleys. What is a Continent 1 A Continent is the largest natural division of the land. How many Continents are there 1 There are two Continents : the Eastern and the Western. . What are the grand divisions of the Eastern Continent 1 The grand divisions of the Eastern Continent are Europe, Asia, and Africa. What name is given to the Western Continent 1 America is the Western Continent. What are the grand divisions of the Western Continent ! Its grand divisions are North and South America. Can you name a third Continent 1 New Holland, or Australia, the largest Island in the world, is sometimes called a Continent. Repeat the names, and point out the grand divisions of the Land 1 Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America; and to these may be added the Asiatic Islands, which are subdivided by mod- DEFINITIONS. 13 era. Geographers into Austral- Asia, the Oriental Archipelago, and Polynesia. Is not the term " Oceanica," sometimes applied to the Asiatic Islands •which you have mentioned 1 It is not generally recognized by geographers. What is an Island 1 An Island is land entirely surrounded by water. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it 1 CubaI — An Island, one of the W. Indies, S. of Florida. Ireland 1 ? An Island W. of England, and E. of America. St. Domingo 1 . . . . An Island, one of the \V. Indies, S. E. of Cuba. N. Holland or Australia 1 An Island S. of Asia, or in Austral-Asia. Borneo 1 An Island under the Equa., N. W. of N. Hoi. Iceland'? An Island E. of Greenl'd, and N. W. of Europe. Spitsbergen 1 . . . . An Island N. of Europe, in the Arctic Ocean. Nova Zembla 1 . . . . An Island North of Europe and Asia. Madagascar 1 .... An Island East of Africa, in the Indian Ocean. LESSON V. What is a Peninsula 1 A Peninsula is land almost surrounded by water ; always projecting from some larger portion of land and terminating in a point. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it ? South America 1 — Peninsula, South of North America. Mexican California 1 Peninsula, West of Mexico. Greenland '? . . Peninsula, E. of Baffin's Bay and N. E. part of America. Peninsula, Southern part of Europe. Peninsula, South of Europe and connected with Asia. Peninsula, Southern part of Asia. Peninsula, North Eastern part of Asia. Peninsula, Southern part of the United States. Peninsula, North Western part of North America. What is an Isthmus 1 An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land, join- ing the main land, to a Peninsula. Italy 1 Africa 1 . . Hindoo-stan 1 Kamptshatka 1 Florida 1 . . Alaska 1 . . 14 EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it 1 Darien or Panama 1 — Isthmus, between North and South America. Suez 1 Isthmus, between Asia and Africa. What is a Cape 1 A Cape is the extremity of a Peninsula, or a point of land which projects into the water. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it ? — Cape, at the South extremity of Greenland. Southern Cape of South America. Northern Cape of South America. Northern Cape of Africa. Cape, Southern part of Africa. Cape, Northern extremity of Asia. Cape, Eastern extremity of Africa. "Western Cape of Africa. Eastern Cape of South America. Farewell 1 Horn 1 . . Vela'' . . Bon 1 ? . . . Good Hope 1 Tamura 1 guardafui 1 De Verde 1 . St. Roqtje 1 . LESSON VI. What is a Promontory 1 A Promontory is a mountainous Cape. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it ? Wilson's 1 . — Promontory, S. E. part of the island of New-Holland. Gibraltar 1 Promontory, South part of Spain. Cape Horn 1 Promontory, on Hermit Island, South America. — (Generally said to be on Tierra del Fuego.) What is a Mountain or Hill 1 A Mountain or Hill is land which rises sud- denly to a considerable elevation above the surrounding country. What is a Range or Chain of Mountains 1 When many mountains are joined together, they are called a Range or Chain. DEFINITIONS. 15 What is a Peak 1 The top of a single mountain is called a Peak. What are Volcanoes 1 Mountains which emit fire, are Volcanoes. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it ? Andes 1 . . — Chain of mountains on the West side of South America. Pyrenees t . Chain of mountains in Europe between France and Spain. Allegany 1 . Chain of mountains, Eastern part of the United States. RockeyI . . Chain of mountains, Western part of North America. St. Elias 1 . Peak, near the North- West coast of North America. Chimborazo 1 Peak of the Andes in South America. Etna 1 . . . Volcano, in Island of Sicily. Cotopaxi 1 . Volcano, Andes, Equador, South America. Vesuvius 1 . Volcano, Italy, near Naples. What is a Plain * A Plain is an extent of level land, unbroken by hills. What is a Vale or Valley 1 A Vale or Valley is the low land between two ridges of mountains. LESSON vn. WATER. What are the natural divisions of the Water 1 The natural divisions of the Water are Oceans, Seas, Gulfs or Bays, Straits or Pas- sages, Sounds or Channels, Lakes and Rivers. What is an Ocean 1 An Ocean is the largest natural division of the Water. How many Oceans are there 1 There are five Oceans. 16 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it ? Atlantic 1 . . . . — Ocean, bet. Am. on the W. and Europe, and Af. E. Pacific 1 Ocean, West of America, and East of Asia. Indian % Ocean, South of Asia, and East of* Africa. Arctic or Northern 1 Ocean, around the North Pole. Antarctic or Southern 1 Ocean, around the South Pole. What is a Sea 1 A Sea is a smaller body of water than an ocean, and generally communicates with the ocean or another sea by means of a strait. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it ? Mediterr.' Baltic 1 Red? . Azcph 1 White 1 Irish 1 . Black 1 . North 1 Yellow 1 Egean 1 — Sea, South of Europe and North of Africa. Sea, Europe, coasted by Russia, Sweden, &c. Sea, North-East of Africa, and South- West of Arabia Sea in Russia, North of the Black Sea. Sea, indents the North part of Europe. Sea, between England and Ireland. Sea, East of Turkey in Europe. Sea, East of Great Britain and West of Denmark. Sea, North-East of China. Archipelago, East of Greece. What is an Archipelago 1 An Archipelago is a Sea of Islands. LESSON VIXJ. What is a Gulf or Bay? A Gulf or Bay is an arm of the ocean al- most enclosed by land. A Harbor is a small Bay. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it ? Biscay 1 . . — Bay, West of France, and North of Spain. Chesapeake 1 Bay, Eastern part of the United States. California 1 Gulf, East of the Peninsula of California. Mexico 1 . . Gulf, East of Mexico, and South of the United States. Hudson's 1 . Bay, in North America. DEFINITIONS; IT Guinea'? . . BengalI . . Baffin's 1 Cajipeachy 1 Sackett's 1 . Gulf, West of Africa. Bay, between Hindoo-stan and Birman Empire. Bay, West of Greenland, North America. Bay, Southern part of the Gulf of Mexico. Harbor, East end of Lake Ontario. What is a Sound or Channel 1 A Sound or Channel is a broad or expanded strait. Long Island Sound 1 .- British Channel 1 . . Channel of Tartary 1 . Bristol Channel 1 . . St. George's Channel '! EXAMPLES. Where is- -South of Connecticut and North of Long Island South of England. East of Eastern Tartary. West of England. (Properly a Bay.) West of England. What is a Strait or Passage 1 A Strait or Passage is a narrow communi- cation between two larger bodies of water. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it ? Magellan 1 —Strait, Dover! . . Strait, Gibraltar T Strait, Babelmandeb ' Strait, Hudson's 1 . Strait, Orjius! . . Strait, Pane's 1 . . Passag Bhering's 1 Strait, Davis's 1 . Strait, East River 1 Strait, Hell-Gate 1 Strait, between Patagonia and I. of Tierra del Fuego. between England and France. , between Spain and Africa, entrance to the Red Sea. entrance to Hudson's Bay- entrance to the Persian Gulf. e, between Hindoo-stan and the Island of Ceylon, between N. W. part of Am. and N. E. part of Asia, entrance to Baffin's Bay. between the Bay of New York and L. I. Sound, a dangerous part of the East-River, N. Y. LESSON IX. What is a River 1 A River is a stream of water rising in the interior of a country, and discharging itself into the sea, or running into another river. 18 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it ? What is its general course ? Where does it empty ? Missouri 1 Mississippi IIt:oson 1 Ohio 1 . Danube 1 Nile 1 . Amazon 1 Ganges 1 Wolga 1 . Tag ns 1 . Amour ] . . — River, . River, ■ River, . River, . River, . River, . River, . River, . River, . River, River, in Missouri, North America. in the Central part of the United States. in the State of New York. North of Kentucky, &c, in the United States. in Austria, &c, Europe. in the North-Eastern part of Africa. in South America. in Hindoo-stan, Asia. in Russia. in ^pain. in Eastern Tartary, Asia. St. Lawrence 1 River, in North America. What is a Lake 1 A Lake is an inland sea entirely surrounded by land, except where it receives or discharges its waters. EXAMPLES. What natural division is it ? Where is it ? -Lake, in North America, North-West of New York. Lake, in Siberia, Asia. Lake, in North America. Lake, in Western Tartary, Asia. Lake, in North America. Lake, in North America. Lake, in North America, North of Ohio, West of N. York. Lake, in Persia, Asia. Lake, in the North part of the United States. Ontario 1 .- Baikal ^ WlNNIPECK 1 Aral 1 . . Superior 1 . Huron % . . Erie'? . . Caspian 1 . Michigan 1 . LESSON X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. What are Civil, or Political divisions 1 Civil or Political divisions are those formed for the purposes of government. What are the principal Political divisions of the Earth 1 The Political divisions of the Earth are Towns, Cities, States, Republics, Kingdoms, Empires, &c. DEFINITIONS. 19 What is a Town or Village ? A town or village is a collection of houses and inhabitants. What is a City 1 A city is an incorporated town. When do Cities become capitals of countries 1 When a city is the seat of government of any particular country, it is called the Capital. Cities having central or convenient positions, are generally made capitals, or seats of govern- ment. When is a City called a Metropolis 1 When a city contains a number of inhabit- ants greater than any other in the State, it is called the chief City, or Metropolis. EXAMPLES. What Civil division is it ? Where is it ? Washington 1 . — City, Capital U. S. on the Potomac River. New York 1 . . Chief city of New York, mouth of the Hudson. Paris 1 . . . . Capital of France, on the Seine. London 1 . . . Capital of Great Britain, on the Thames. Pekin 1 . . . . Capital of China, near the Yellow Sea. St. Petersburg 1 Capital of Russia, near Gulf of Finland. Philadelphia 1 . Chief city of Pennsylvania, on the Delaware. Albany 1 . . . Capital of New York, on the Hudson. Calcutta 1 . . Capital of Hindoo-stan, on the Hoogly. Moscow 1 . . . City of Russia, near the centre. Cairo ? . . . . Capital of Egypt, on the Nile. Boston 1 . . . Capital of Massachusetts, on Boston Bay. Madrid 1 . . . Cap. of Spain, on the Manzanares, a br. of the Tagus Rome 1 .... A Capital in Italy, on the Tiber. Canton 1 . . . City of China, on the Bay of Canton. Jeddo 1 .... Capital of Japan, on the Island of Niphon. What is a State 1 A state is a certain district of country inde- pendent in its government, as it relates to the regulation of its internal affairs, but confede- rated with others under a general government. 20 hart's geography. EXAMPLES. What 'political division is it ? Where situated ? To what general government does it belong ? New York 1 . .—State, Northern part of the United States. Pennsylvania 1 State, Northern part of the United States. Ohio 1 . . . . State, Central part of the United States. Louisiana 1 . . State, Southern part of the United States. Georgia 1 . . . State, Southern part of the United States. Kentucky T . . State, Central part of the United States. Massachusetts 1 State, Eastern part of the United States. S. Carolina 1 . State, Southern part of the United States. What is a County 1 A county is a subdivision of a state. What is a Township 1 A township is a subdivision of a county. LESSON XI. What is a Republic 1 A republic is a country under a government composed of men who are chosen by the votes of the people. What is the form of government of the United States 1 The United States of North America, are under a Republican form of government, and constitute the freest country on earth. The people, as the natural consequence of their liberty, possess more general intelligence than any other nation in existence. EXAMPLES. What large civil division is it ? Where is it ? New Granada 1 — Republic, Northern part of South America. Switzerland 1 . Republic, South of Germany, in Europe. Buenos Ayres % Republic, in South America, towards the South. United States 1 Republic, in the centre of North America. DEFINITIONS. 21 France 1 . . . — Republic, in the Western part of Europe. Venezuela 1 . Republic, in the Northern part of South America. Liberia 1 . . . Republic, on the Western coast of Africa. What is a Kingdom 1 A Kingdom is the territory under the limited control of a king or queen. EXAMPLES. What large civil division is it ? Where is it ? Holland 1 . . — Kingdom, Western part of Europe. Sweden 1 . . Kingdom, in the Northern part of Europe Britain 1 . . Kingdom, West of Europe. Portugal 1 . Kingdom, South- Western part of Europe. Spain 1 . . . Kingdom, South- Western part of Europe. Netherlands 1 Kingdom, Western part of Europe, North of France What is an Empire 1 An Empire is the territory under the abso- lute or despotic dominion of an emperor. EXAMPLES. What large civil division is it ? Where is it ? Russia % China 1 Turkey * Brazil 1 Japan 1 BirmahI -Empire, Northern part of Europe and Asia. Empire, Eastern part of Asia. Empire, S. E. part of Europe, and West part Asia. Empire, Eastern part of South America. Empire, East of Asia. Empire, Southern part of Asia. LESSON XII. CIRCLES OF THE SPHERE. What are great and small Circles 1 Great circles are those which divide the globe into equal parts ; and small circles are those which divide it into unequal parts. To what use are the Circles applied \ The Circles used by Geographers are all imaginary, and do not exist in reality, but are drawn on maps and globes to assist in deter- 22 HART'S geography. mining latitude and longitude, and the position of places with accuracy. DIAGRAM, OR MAP OF THE SPHERE. NORTH . ~U r : :^^fe^.^££^^-. • / -^-Louflion.-. / \ ■||r ■J...£/Z7ice?' i CT L \ -am ? / * I ?3 = 3=^= *-j Terajperate / '■.''druhrcUc I Cuticle. S.|E/ ../$ iQi^ What is the Equator 1 The Equator is a great circle which divides the Earth into equal parts, called Northern and Southern Hemispheres. What is a Hemisphere 1 A Hemisphere is half a globe. How many Hemispheres are there 1 There may be as many Hemispheres as there are Meridians or great circles. What are Meridians 1 Meridians^are great circles which divide the DEFINITIONS. 23 Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres. They cut the Equator at right angles, and in- tersect each other at the poles. How many Meridians are there 1 Their number is unlimited. Every place has a meridan. What is Latitude 1 Latitude is distance from the Equator, and must be North or South. It extends 90° each way. What are parallels of Latitude 1 All lines or circles parallel to the Equator, are called parallels of Latitude. What are parallels 1 Lines which never approach each other. Can two great circles or meridians be parallel 1 No. Small circles, or one circle formed within another may be parallel. What is Longitude 1 Longitude is distance from a Meridian, and must be East or West. It extends 180° each way. From what meridian do the Americans count Longitude 1 The Americans count Longitude from the meridian running through the city of Wash- ington. From what meridians do the French and English count Longitude 1 The French count from the meridian of Paris, and the English from that of London or Greenwich. What meridian is most generally used ? The meridian of London or Greenwich is 24 hart's geography. most generally used by Geographers and Navi- gators. Where is Greenwich ! Greenwich is a suburb of London, where an Astronomical Observatory is maintained. EXAMPLES. Trace the meridian — and mention the Longitude either East or West from that meridian used on your map, of the following places : Iceland ! — 20° West of the meridian of Greenwich. St. Domingo ! 70° W. Cape Guard afui 1' .... 50° E. Cape Horn ! 70° W. Cape Good Hope 1 .... 20° E. Newfoundland ! .... 55° W. Madagascar! 50° E. New York ! 74° W. Mexico! 100° W. London or Greenwich ! . . 0°. — Why has London or Green, no Lon. ! What is the Longitude of the above places, counting from the meridian of Washington 1 Trace the parallel — and tell the latitude either North or South, of the following — New York 1 —41° N. of the Equator. Cape Lopatka ! 50° N. Van Dieman's Land ! . . . 42° S. Formosa! 23£° N. Cuba! 22 6 N. Cape Horn ! 56° S. London! 51J° N. Equator! 0°. — Why has the Equator no Latitude 1 Where do you find the figures on Maps which indicate the Latitude and Longitude of places ! The figures expressing the Latitude, or dis- tance of a place from the Equator, are gener- ally found on the right and left sides of maps ; and those expressing the Longitude, on the upper and lower sides. On globes and circu- DEFINITIONS. 25 lar maps the Longitude may be found on the Equator. EXAMPLES. Point to the 90° N. Latitude. 180° W. Longitude 90° S. 180° E. 70° N. 40° W. 70° S. 40° E. 45° N. 120° W. 45° S. 120° E. How many Degrees are in a circle 1 Three hundred and sixty. "What is a Degree 1 A Degree is 60 geographic miles. What is a Minute 1 A Minute is one geographic mile. What are Zones 1 Zones are certain great belts or divisions of the Earth, bounded by the tropics and polar circles. How many Zones are there 1 There are five zones. EXAMPLES. What are the boundaries of— and how many degrees are in the — Torrid Zone 1 . . . — Tropic of Cancer N. Capricon S. 47°. N. Temperate Zone 1 . Arctic Circle N. Cancer S. 43°. S. Temperate Zone 1 . Capricorn N. Antartic S. 43°. N. Frigid Zone T . . Arctic S. 23|° around the North Pole. S. Frigid Zone 1 . . . Antarctic N. 23£° around the South Pole. How are the Zones distinguished 1 The Zones are distinguished by their tem- peratures or climates. What gives name to the Torrid Zone 1 The Torrid zone received its name from the 26 hart's geography. heat caused by the direct influence of the Sun over it. What is the temperature of the Frigid Zones 1 The Frigid zones, from their remote situa- tion, and the obliquity of the Sun's rays, are extremely cold. Why are the Temperate Zones so called % The Temperate zones are so called because of the medium between the extreme severity of the Polar regions, and the burning heat of the Equatorial. GENERAL QUESTIONS ON DEFINITIONS THE MAP OF THE WORLD The pupil will not be required to answer these questions promiscuously, until he has committed the foregoing definitions thoroughly to memory, and is able to point out all the examples. What country do you live in ? In what State ? In what county ? In what city or town ? Mention the latitude and longitude of that city or town ? What is Geography ? What is the Earth"? MAP OF THE WORLD. 27 5. What is the length of its diameter ? How many square miles are on its surface ? How far are we from the sun ? In wiiat time does the earth make a revolution round the sun ? How often does it revolve on its axis ? 10. What do these revolutions occasion ? How many inhabitants are there on the earth ? (Over 800.000.000. See Tab. 4.) Into what natural divisions is the surface of the globe separated ? What proportion is land ? What proportion is water ? 15. Which hemisphere contains the greater quantity of land ? Which of water ? What are the natural divisions of the land ? What is a continent ? An island ? A peninsula ? An isthmus ? A cape ? A promontory ? A mountain ? 20. What are the natural divisions of the water ? What is an ocean ? A sea ? A gulf or bay ? A strait or passage ? A sound or channel ? A river ? A lake ? How many continents are there ? 25. How many grand divisions are on the east- ern continent ; and w T hat are their names ? What is the name of the western continent ? Where is America situated 1 Europe ? Asia ? Africa ? Austral-Asia ? In wiiat order should they be classed with re- spect to size ? — (See Table 3.) 28 hart's geography. 30. How in the order of population ? (See Table 4.) How many oceans are there ? Between what countries does the Atlantic flow ? The Pacific I Where is the Indian Ocean ? Where is the Northern or Arctic ? Where is the Southern or Antarctic ? 35. What are the principal great and small circles ? What is the equator ? What are meridians ? What is a hemisphere ? What is a map ? What is a globe ? 40. What is a zone ? How many zones are there ? Which is the largest zone ? What great circle passes through the middle of the Torrid zone ? What circles are the boundaries of the Tem- perate zones? 45. How are the Frigid zones situated ? What have the Frigid zones for their centres ? Which zone do you live in ? On what con- tinent ? Why are the zones distinguished by the names of Torrid, Frigid, and Temperate ? What large countries are in the several zones ? 50. What is latitude ? Longitude ? A degree ? A minute ? Where do you find the figures upon maps de- noting the latitude of places ? MAP OF THE WORLD. 29 Where do you find the figures expressing lon- gitude ? From what great circle do you count latitude ? 55. From what meridian do the Americans count longitude ? The French ? The Eng- lish ? What first meridian is most generally used by Geographers ? How many degrees of latitude may a place have ? Where must a place be situated to have the greatest extent of latitude ? How many degrees of longitude can a place have ? 60. Where must a place be situated to have the greatest longitude ? (Opposite the 1st merid.) Which are the cardinal points of the compass ? What direction is it from the centre of a map towards the upper side ? Towards the right hand side ? Towards the left ? Towards the lower side ? From the centre towards the right hand corner at the top ? 65. Left hand corner at the top ? Right hand corner at the bottom ? Left hand corner at the bottom ? What is a town ? A city ? A state ? A republic ? A kingdom ? An empire ? 70. Which is the largest city in the world ? (London.) What city has the greatest commerce ? (London.) 30 Which is the second commercial city in the world ? (New York.) Which is the largest city in America ? N York. What distinction is made between the chief town and the capital of a state ? 75. Is not the chief or largest town always made the capital or seat of government ? Give an example ? (See cities, pg. 47.) Are small cities ever made capitals ? Give an example ? (See cities, pg. 49.) What is the extent of America from North to South ? (9000 miles.) 80. What oceans encompass it ? To what name is America entitled among the natural divisions of land ? (Continent.) What rank in magnitude among the quar- ters ? (The first.) What are its grand divisions ? How are North and South America con- nected ? 85. How wide is the Isthmus of Darien or Panama ? (30 miles.) By whom was America discovered ? When ? (See note under Islands of N. America.) What island was first discovered ? What course did Columbus take when he set out to discover America ? (See pg. 47.) 90. How is the continent bounded ? How is North America bounded ? How is South America bounded ? Where is the broadest part of America ? Where is the narrowest part of America ? MAP OF THE WORLD. 31 95. What name is given to the southern point of America ? How is Europe bounded ? How is Asia bounded ? How is Africa bounded ? What sea separates Europe from Africa ? 100. What strait leads to that sea ? From what ocean ? What Isthmus connects Asia to Africa ? How wide is the Isthmus of Suez ? (60 miles.) What sea is between Asia and Africa ? 105. What strait separates Asia and America in their nearest approach to each other ? What large island is cut off by a strait from South America ? (Tierra del Fuego.) What is the name of that strait ? What are the North, East, South and West capes of Africa 1 What are the North, South, and West capes of Europe ? 110. What are the North, East, South and West capes of South America ? Which is the largest European island ? Where is Great Britain situated ? Which is the largest island in the world ? Where is New Holland or Australia situated ? 115. Which is the largest American island ? Where is Cuba situated '? Iceland ? What is the name of the South point of Kamptshatka ? What is the name of the South point of Hin- doo-stan ? 32 hart's geography. What is the name of the South point of Green- land ? 120. Which is the largest lake in America ? On what island is Cape Horn ? What cape in Asia, is farthest North 1 What will be your courses from the United States of North America to Cape Horn, and also to the Cape of Good Hope ? What waters will you sail over on your pas- sage ? 125. What is the population of Asia ? Europe ? Africa ? America ? {See Table 4.) Where is the point on the map which has neither latitude nor longitude ? Why ? (See Gulf of Guinea where the Equator cuts the meridian of London.) What first meridian is used on the map before you? Is America in East or West longitude ? Is any part of the Eastern continent in West longitude ? 130. Mention the countries in West longitude ? Mention the countries in East longitude ? What large countries, on both continents, have North latitude ? What large countries, and large islands, have South latitude ? What are the central latitude and longitude of — 135. North America ? Tierra del Fuego ? South America ? Cuba ? Europe ? St. Domingo ? Asia ? Iceland ? Africa ? Great Britain ? NORTH AMERICA. 34 OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY PECULIAR TO NORTH AMERICA American Eagle. Bison. Elk, or Moose Deer. Alligator. Greenland Whah Great Morse Dog of Newfoundland. Opossum. Rattle Snake. Mammoth Skeleton, N. Y NORTH AMERICA. 35 MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. Point to the Map of North America !? Where is North America ? How is North America bounded ? What are its large political divisions ? What country forms the Northern part ? 5. What the North-Eastern ? What the North-Western 1 What round Hudson's Bay ? What the Eastern ? What North of the United States ? What in the centre ? What the Southern ? 10. How is each of the following divisions bounded? Greenland ? New-Brunswick ? Russian Possessions ? Nova Scotia ? British Possessions ? United States N. A. ? Canada East ? Mexico ? Canada West ? Central America ? 15. What lake is there in North America of suf- ficient size to contain England ? (Superior.) What large bodies of water flow between North and South America ? Which is the most populous state in the United States ? (See Table 7.) What large island is at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico? What krge island is at the entrance of the Gulf of St. Laurence ? 36 hart's geography. 20. Which is the longest river in N. A., and how long is it ? {Missouri, 3,100 miles.) From its source to the sea how long is it ? (4,350 miles.) Which is the second river in N. A., and how long is it ? {Mississippi, 3,000 miles.) Which is the most important river in America ? {The Hudson.) Why ? (See note under Rivers, at page 41.) 25. Where do the Rivers Missouri and Missis- sippi and Hudson empty 1 Which is the first city in America ? Name the country of Republics ? (America.) Name the state that exhibits the boldest lakes and the grandest Natural curiosity in the world ? (New York.) MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. Point to the Map of the United States of North America 1 How are the United States bounded ? How many states are there ? ( Thirty-one.) How many territories ? (Seven.) 5. What states compose the Northern division ? What states compose the Eastern division ? What the Southern ? What are the Central States 1 What the Western States and Territories ? 10. Why do you make a new Geographical arrangement of the states ? (See pg. 37.) MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 NEW GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE STATES: Found to be necessary, by the accession of new Territories and the admis- sion of new States, which rendered the old order of naming them improper and obsolete. Rank. States. Pop. in 1850. Capitals. SIX NORTHERN STATES. 1 2 3 4 5 6 New York, . Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, . Wisconsin, . Delaware, . Total population, 3,097,394 2,311,786 489,555 397,654 305,191 91,535 Albany. Harrisburg. Trenton. Detroit. Madison. Dover. 6,693,115 SIX EASTERN STATES. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Massachusetts, . Maine, Connecticut, New Hampshire, . Vermont, Rhode Island. 994.499 583,188 370,791 317,964 314,120 147,544 Boston. Augusta. N. Haven & Hartf'd. Concord. Montpelier. Prov., Newport, &c. Total population, 2,728,106 FIVE CENTRAL STATES. 1 2 3 4 5 Ohio, .... Tennessee, . Kentucky, . Indiana, Illinois, TotaL population, 1,980,408 1,002,625 982,405 988,416 851,470 Columbus. Nashville. Frankfort. Indianapolis. Springfield. 5,805,324 TEN SOUTHERN STATES— C )NE TER. or DIST. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, . Alabama, South Carolina, . Mississippi, . Maryland, . Louisiana, . Texas, Florida, District of Columbia, Total population, 1,421,661 905,999 868,903 771,671 668,507 606,555 583,035 511,974 212,592 87,401 51,687 Eichmond. Milledgeville." : Raleigh. Montgomery. Columbia. Jackson. Annapolis. New Orleans. Austin. Tallahassee. Washington, Cap. U.S. 6,689,985 38 hart's geography. Bank. States. Pop. in 1850. Capitals. FOUR WESTERN STATES—. SIX TERRITORIES. 1 2 3 4 Missouri, Arkansas, California, . Iowa, . Territories. 682,043 209,639 165,000 192,214 Jefferson City. Little Rock. San Jose 1 Vallejo 1 Sac. 1 Iowa City. 1 2 3 4 5 6 New Mexico, Utah, . Oregon, Minnesota, . Nebraska, Indian Territory, . Other Indian Tribes, . Total population, 61,547 11,380 13,293 6,077 3,000 100,000 200,000 Sante Fe. Salt Lake City. Salem. St. Paul. Not organized. 18 Tribes, only. $38 Tribes, scattered E. ( of the Rocky Mount'ns. 1,644,193 What is the capital city of the United States, and where situated ? What city or town is the capital of each state beginning at New York, and where situated ? Which is the principal or largest town of each state, and where situated ? Which is the smallest state in sq. miles ? (R. I.) 15. Bound the states and territories separately and rapidly, beginning at New York ? What course is it from the United States to England ? Over what ocean ? 30. Which is the largest island belonging to the United States ? Which the largest bay ? Which is the longest river in the United States, and how long is it ? The second ? What is the extent of the Great Canal in New York ? (363 miles.) What waters does it connect ? MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 What was the amount of population in the United States in 1820 ? (10,000,000.) 25. What was the amount of population in the United States in 1840 ? (17,000,000.) What was the amount of population in the United States in 1850 ? (24,000,000.) Which is the first city of the United States, and what was its population in 1850 ? Where situated ? Population. New York, .... 516,000 The second 1 Philadelphia, {City and County,) 409.000 The third 1 . Baltimore, .... 169,000 The fourth 1 Boston, . 137,000 The fifth 1 . Neiv Orleans, 116,000 The sixth * . Cincinnati, 115,000 The seventh ? Brooklyn, 98,000 The eighth 1 St. Louis, 64,000 The ninth 1 . Albany, 51,000 The tenth 1 . Pittsburg, 51,000 The Cities of Charles ;on, Buffalo, Louisville, Washington and Providence, each numbering about he same population, rant in t'. le ele venth place. The State of New York has thus four of the largest cities in the United States. How many cities of the largest class has the State of New York ? Name them ? What other states have cities of the larger class ? 30. What state has one-seventh of the whole population of the U. S. ? (New York.) How many of the States have a population less than the City of New York ? (14.) Name them, and point them out rapidly ? (See Table 7.) What single state has a population greater than that of all the Eastern or " New Eng- land" states put together ? 40 hart's geography. Is the term " New England" a proper geo graphical term ? It is not generally used by good geographers, and relates only to the Colonial history of a few towns of two of the Eastern States — Massachusetts and Connecticut. It should become obsolete by disuse. 35. What is the form of government of the U. S. ? Which are the Atlantic States ? What state and territory border on the Pacific ? At sea, in lat. 28° N. and long. 88° W. what course is it to the island of Cuba ? From Cuba to N. Orleans what is your course ? 40. From New Orleans to Delaware Bay, by water, what courses ? Through what waters may you proceed from Lake Superior to the Atlantic Ocean ? How many degrees of sea- coast are claimed by the United States on the Pacific Ocean ? (17°. — See Map of North America.) Which are the longest rivers W. of the Mis- sissippi, and where do they rise and empty ? What large rivers are East of the Mississippi, and flowing into that stream ? 45. How many rivers are there in the U. S. of 500 miles in length, and upwards 1 Up. of 20. Name them, and point them out rapidly ? Which is the largest lake entirely within the boundaries of the United States ? When did the U. S. declare themselves " free and independent" of Great Britain ? (4*A of My, 1776.) How many years have since elapsed ? Note. — After having proceeded thus far to the satisfaction of the teacher, the pupil will next take up the land and water divisions in detail, and ad- here as closely as possible to the questions at the head of each section 41 RIVERS IN NORTH AMERICA. Questions. Where do they rise ? What courses do they run, and through what countries 1 Where do they empty ? What is a River ? Examples. Hudson ? — Rises in the North part of the State of New York, runs a Southerly course, and flows into New York Bay. Susquehannah ? — Rises in New York, crosses the boundary between the States of New York and Pennsylvania three times, and then takes a South course through Pennsylvania, and falls into the head of Chesapeake Bay. Miles Miles Missouri 1 . 3,100 Missouri, to the Sea, . . 4,350 Mississippi, . . 3,000 Arkansas, . 2,000 Grande del Norte, . 1,800 McKenzie's, .. 1,500 Tennessee, . . 1,200 St. Laurence, . 1,000 Columbia, and its head . 1,000 Red, . . 950 Ohio, . . 950 Platte, or Nebraska, . 800 Brazos, . 700 Colorado, W. . 700 Colorado, E. . 600 Ottawa, . 600 Cumberland, . 600 Alabama, and its head, . 600 Potomac, . 550 Lewis, . 520 James' 500 Tombigbee, 500 White, . 500 Wisconsin, . 500 Altamaha, . . 500 Clark, . 500 Appalachicola, and its ] lead, 470 Great Pedee, . 450 Santee, . 450 Susquehannah, . 450 Trinity, . 450 Savannah, . 440 Roanoak, . 400 Connecticut, . 400 Wabash 1 . Chatahoochee, Kanhawa, Des Moines, Illinois, Neuse, Delaware, Allegany, Cape Fear, . St. John, . Osage, . Hudson, or Great Sabine, Pearl, . Monongahela, Rock, . Iowa, . Flint, . Yellow-Stone, Penobscot, . Kentucky, . Kaskaskia, . St. Peter's, Shenandoah, Suwanee, Kennebec, Tar, . Scioto, Merrimac, . Androscoggin, Mohawk, Rappahanock, Genessee, Mobile, North 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 375 350 350 350 324 300 300 300 300 300 275 260 250 230 200 180 160 160 140 135 130 125 70 Do you measure the importance of a River by its length 1 The importance of a River is not always to be measured by its length. Thus, the Hudson, in the State of New York, in addition to its unsurpassed beauty and grandeur, is the common highway of a greater commerce, both internal and foreign, than any other River in America. The City of New 42 hart's geography. York, situated on its banks, alone receives and distributes two-thirds of all the Foreign merchandize imported into the entire country ; and its Exports with its Agricultural and Domestic Trade, by way of the Canals and the Hudson River, are proportionably enormous. That great city, the empo- rium of the trade of America, also pays two-thirds of the whole revenue of the United States. Although only some 300 miles in length, and navigable but half that distance, the Hudson is alike the most celebrated and the most important River in the Western World. GULFS, BAYS, SOUNDS, &c. Questions. What shores do they indent ? To what larger waters are they tributary ? What is a Gulf or Bay? A Sound? Example. Gulf of Mexico ? — Indents the south shore of the United States, and the East coast of Mexico — is nearly enclosed by the Peninsulas of East Florida and Yucatan, and is tributary to the Atlantic Ocean. Baffin's ? Lancaster Hudson's James St. Laurence Fundy Passamaquoddy Penobscot Casco Massachusetts Cape Cod Boston Harbor Blizzard Vineyard Narragansett Long Island Sound New Haven New York Bay Sackett's Harbor Quinte Green ? Georgian Saginaw Delaware Chesapeake Albemarle Pamlico Mexico Campeachy Honduras Caribbean Sea. Norton Bristol Cook's Q. Charlotte Nootka San Francisco California Panama NORTH AMERICA. 43 STRAITS, PASSAGES, &c. Questions. Between what shores are they ? What waters do they connect ? What is a Strait ? Example. Bhering's 1 — Between the North-West part of North America and the North-East extremity of Asia — connects the North Pacific Ocean with the Arctic. Davis's ? Gulf of Florida, or Cumberland Florida passage ? Hudson's Providence Channel* Belleisle Ship Channel Hell Gate & East River Windward Passage Mackinaw Leeward, or Mona ) Bhering's passage ) * See Map of the West Indies. CAPES. Questions. Where are they situated? Into what waters do they project ? What is a Cape ? Example. Cape Malabar ? — In the East part of Massachusetts — at the elbow of Cape Cod Peninsula. It projects into the Atlantic Ocean. Farewell ? Sable Cod Malabar Sandy-Hook ? May Henlopen Charles Judith Montaug Henry Hatteras 44 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Lookout ? St. Nicholas ? Fear Tiber on Carnaveral Roxa Sable 2d Beatta Flattery Disappointment Foulweather Engano Roxo Negril Men do 91110 St. Lucas Morant Portland Maize Lodo or Balize Point St. Antonio Catoche Cruz Gracias-a-Dios Francais See Map of the West Indies, for the last column of Capes. PENINSULAS. Questions. From what part of the country do they project ? What waters embrace them ? In what Capes do they terminate ? What is a Peninsula ? Example. Florida ? — Projects from the South-East extremity of the United States — is embraced by the Atlantic on the East, and the Gulf of Mexico on the West ; terminating on the South in Cape Sable. Greenland ? Labrador Nova Scotia Cape Cod Michigan Florida ? Yucatan Alaska Mexican California New Jersey NORTH AMERICA. 45 MOUNTAINS. Questions. Where are they ? In what direc- tions do the ranges extend ? What is the height ? What is a mountain ? Example. Californian M?ts. ? — Extend North and South on the "West side of North America — commencing at Cape St. Lucas, and terminating at the Arctic Ocean. — Mount St. Elias, near the Northern extremity, is 17,850 feet high. Allegany Mountains ? Green Mountains ? White Hills? . . Catskill Mountains ? Ozark Mountains ? Black Hills? . . Rocky Mountains ? Californian Mnt's. ? Mount St. Elias ? BJue Mountains ? U. States, Vermont, N. Hampshir New York, Arkansas, Missouri, N. America, W. Coast Amer., N. W. Coast, . /. of Jamaica, . Feet. 4,000 3,500 6,000 3,500 6,000 17,850 7,500 LAKES. Questions. In what part of the country are they situated ? What outlets have they ? Where do they empty ? What is a lake ? Example. Cham/plain 1 — Between the States of New York and Ver tnont — Communicates with the River St. Lawrence by Sorelle River. Superior ? Huron ? Michigan ? St. Clair ? Erie? Ontario ? Champlain ? George ? HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Oneida ? Cayuga ? Seneca ? Chatauque ? Great Bear ? Slave ? Athapescow, or Lake of the Hills ? For what are the Lakes, Erie and Champlain, particularly celebrated 1 Lake Erie is celebrated for a great Naval victory gained by the Ameri- cans over a British fleet, September 10, 1813. Lake Champlain is celebrated for a great Naval victory gained by the Americans over a British fleet, September 11, 1814. Winnipeg ? Lake of the Woods 1 Great Salt ? Borgne ? Pontchartrain ? Tezcuco ? Nicaragua ? ISLANDS. Questions. Where are they situated ? What waters surround them ? What is an island ? Example. Long Island ? — South of Connecticut — belongs to the State of New York — surrounded by Long Island Sound, Atlantic Ocean, &c. Iceland ? Melville ? Southampton ? Disco ? Martha's Vineyard ? Long? (140 miles) Manhattan or New York? Newfoundland ? Queen Charlotte's ? Anticosti ? Vancouver's ? Prince Edward's ? Manitouline ? Cape Breton ? Nantucket ? Royal ? Bermuda ? WEST INDIA ISLANDS. Group of the Great ) Antilles ? 4 in No. 5 Cuba ? (700 m. long) St. Domingo, or Hayti or Hispan- iola? (480 long) ; NORTH AMERICA. 47 Jamaica ? Porto Rico ? Group of the Virg. Is. ? St. Thomas ? Santa Cruz ? Group of the Baha- mas ? 500 in num. Bahama ? Abaco ? Eleuthera ? Providence ? Guanahani, or St. ) Salvador or Cat ?* \ G. of the Carribbee ? Guadaloupe ? Martinico 1 Barbadoes ? Trinidad ? Group of the Little Antilles ? Margaritta ? Curazoa ? What land was first discovered by Columbus 1 * San Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands, was the first land discovered by Columbus, October 12, 1492. His armament consisted of three small vessels and ninety men. His course from Spain was first Southerly to the Canary Isles, and then nearly West to America. {See page 78.) CITIES AND TOWNS. Questions. In what States are they ? How situated — on rivers, or inland ? In what direc- tion do they lie from New York ? From Wash- ington ? What is a city ? Examples. City of Neiv York ? — In the South-East part of the State of New York ; situated on Manhattan Island, at the confluence of the Hudson and East Rivers ; North-East from Washington, &c. Chief Cities, are placed at the head of the Sections. Capitals, are distinguished by the letter C. IN THE NORTHERN STATES. In New York. Pop. New York 1 . 515,507 Brooklyn, 97,838 Albany, c. . 50,763 Buffalo, . 42,261 Rochester, 36,403 Williamsburg, 30,780 In New Yor k. Pop. Troy! . 28,785 Syracuse, 22,271 IJtica, 17,565 Poughkeepsie, 13,944 Lockport, 12,323 Oswego, 12,205 m H ART 7 S GEOGRAPHY. In New York. Pop. In New York. Pop. Newburg ] . . 11,415 Owego 1 . . 7,159 Kingston, . 10,233 Ithaca, 6,909 Auburn, . 9,548 Whitestown, 6,810 Fishkill, . 9,240 Hudson, . 6,286 Schenectady, 8,921 Canandaigua, 6,143 Elmira, . 8,166 Johnstown, 6,131 Rome, 7,918 Lansingburg, 5,752 West Troy, 7,564 Plattsburg, 5,618 Black llock, 7,508 Catskill, . 5,454 Watertown, 7,201 West Point,* What is the probable number of persons in the City of New York, daily 1 Adopting the plan of European and other cities for estimating their popu- lation, the City of New York with its suburbs and the strangers doing business therein, will have a population of over three quarters of a million. Thus — New York City proper, contains 516,000 Suburbs, Cities and Villages, 150,000 Strangers, 100,000 Total, 766,000 And, upon extraordinary occasions, a million of people may be found in the city of Manhattan. New York is the first city in America, and, with the exception of London, the first commercial city in the world. It may safely be assumed that her resources and enterprise will shortly control the exchanges and commerce of the globe. What National Institution do you find at West Point 1 * West Point, on the West bank of the Hudson, is the seat of that import- ant National Institution, the U. S. Military Academy. There are two hundred and fifty Cadets, selected from all parts of the Union, who are carefully and thoroughly educated at the public expense, in military science. In Pennsylvania. Pop. In Neiv Jersey. Pop. Philadelphia 1 . 408,815 Jersey City 1 . 6,856 Pittsburg, 50.519 Trenton, c. . 6,466 Allegany, 21,262 Elizabethtown, 5,583 Heading, 15,748 Burlington, 5,399 Lancaster, 12,369 Woodbridge, . 5,368 Easton, . 8,791 Morristown, 4,995 Harrisburg, c. 7,834 Potts ville, 7,415 In Delaware. Erie, York, . Wilkesbarre, Carbondale, . 5,858 5,813 5,651 4,945 Wilmington 1 Dover, c. New Castle, . 13,979 4,278 3,088 Carlisle, 4,581 In Michigan In New Jcrsi y- Detroit 1c. 21,019 Newark 1 3S,894 Ann Arbor, 4.868 Paterson, 11,341 Jackson, . 4,147 New Brunswick, 10,019 Flint, 3,304 Camden, . . 9,598 Grand Rapids, 3,147 NORTH AMERICA. 49 In Wisconsin. MlLWAUKIE 1 . Racine City, . Kenosha City, Pop. 20,061 5,107 3,455 In Wisconsin. Janesville 1 Mineral Point, Madison, c. Pop. 3,451 2,584 1,525 IN THE EASTERN STATES In Maine. In Massachusetts. PORTLAND 1 . 20,815 Bangor, . . 14,432 Boston 1 c. Augusta, c. . Bath, 8,225 8,020 Lowell, . Salem, Gai-diner, 6,486 Roxbury, Saco, . 5,801 Worcester, Charlestown, In New Har ipshire. New Bedford, Manchester. 1 . 13.932 Cambridge, Lynn, Springfield, Taunton, Newburyport, Portsmouth, . Concord, c. . Dover, 9J3S 8,576 8,186 In Verm ont. Lawrence, Burlington 1 Bennington, . . . 6,110 3.923 Danvers, . Nantucket, Brattleboro, Rutland, . St. Alban's, . 3,816 3,715 3,567 Andover, Mai-blehead, Northampton, Middlebury, 3,517 Montpelier, c. 2,310 In Connecticut. In Rhode J sland. New Haven 1c. Providence 1 c. . . 41,512 Hartford, c. . Newport, c. . 9,563 Norwich, Bristol, c. 4,616 New London, S. Kingston, c. 3,807 Bridgeport, E. Greenwich, c. . 2,358 Danbury, How many Capitals has Rhode Island 1 {Five.) Name them. IN THE CENTRAL STATES. In Ohio. In Indiana. Cincinnati 1 . 115.436 New Albany 1 Columbus, c. 18,183 Indianopolis, c. Cleveland, 17,034 Madison, . Dayton, . 10.977 Lafayette, Zanesville, 7.929 Fort Wayne, . Chilicothe, 7,100 Charleston, Xenia, 7,055 Evansville, Steubenville, . 6,139 Lawrenceburg, 50 HART 7 S GEOGRAPHY. In Illinois. Pop. In Tennessee. Pop. Nashville 1 c. 10,000 Chicago 1 . . . 29,963 Memphis, 8,841 Quincy, . 6,901 Knoxville, 2,076 Galena, . Peoria, 6,004 5,562 In Kentucky. Springfield, c 4,533 Louisville % . 43,196 Alton, 3,875 Lexington, 10,000 Waukegon, 2,947 CoAington, 9,408 Belleville, 2,941 Newport, 5,895 Jacksonville, 2,745 Maysville, 4,255 Rushville, . . . 2,609 Frankfort, c. 3,000 IN THE SOUTHERN STATES. In Virginia. In Florida. Richmond 1 c. . . 27,482 St. Augustine 1 . 4,000 Norfolk, . . 14,326 Pensacola, 3,000 Petersburg, . 14,010 Tallahassee, c. 2,000 Wheeling, . 11,391 St. Mark's, . 2,000 Alexandria,* 8,752 Apalachicola, . 1,500 Portsmouth, 8,122 Lynchburg, 8,071 In Alabama. Fredericksburg, 4,062 Mobile \ 20,513 * Re-ceded to Va. by Dist. of Col. Montgomery, c. . Tuscaloosa, Huntsville, Blakely, . 4,874 In Maryland. Baltimore 1 . . . 169,048 Havre-de-Grace, . . 6,105 4,000 2,863 2,000 Frederick, . . . 6,028 In Mississippi. Annapolis, c.f • • 3,011 Natchez 1 10,000 In North Carolina. Vicksburg, 5,000 Wilmington % . . 5,000 Jackson, c. . 3,000 Raleigh, c. . 4,518 In Louisiana. Fayetteville, . . . 4,285 Newbern, . . . 4,000 New Orleans 1 c. 116,348 In South Carolina. Lafayette, Baton Rouge, . 14,211 3,905 Charleston 1 . . 42,985 Columbia, c. . . 6,060 In Texas. Georgetown, . . . 4,000 Galveston 1 . 4,177 Hamburg, . . . 3,000 San Antonio, . 3,343 Beaufort, .... 2,000 Houston, 2,396 In Georgia. Austin, c. 1,000 Savannah 1 . . . 15,000 District of Columb ia. Augusta, . . . 8,000 Columbus, . . . 5,942 Washington 1 c. U. S . 40,001 Milledgeville, c. 2,216 Georgetown, . 8,366 What National Institution do you find in Annapolis 1 t Annapolis, on the Severn, is the seat of a new but very important National Institution, called the United States Naval Academy, for the edu- cation of young Naval officers. NORTH AMERICA. 51 IN THE WESTERN STATES. In Missouri. Pop. In Arkansas. Pop. St. Louis 1 . 64,252 Little Rock 1 c. 2,174 Lexington, 3,732 Booneville, 2.326 In Minnesota. St. Charles, 2,000 Jefferson City, c. . 2,000 St. PaulI c. 1,112 In Iowa. In New Mexico. Burlington City 1 5,300 Santa Fe 1 c. 4,846 Iowa City, c. 3,000 Muscatine, 2,539 In Oregon. In California Portland 1 821 Oregon City, c. Astoria, .... 697 San Francisco 1 . 25,000 Sacramento, c. 6,820 Los Angelos, . 1,610 In Utah. San Jose, c. . 1,000 Vallejo, c. 500 Salt Lake City 1 c. . 4,000 IN THE BRITISH PROVINCES. In New Brunswick. In Canada East, L. C. Montreal 1 . . 35,000 St. John 1 13,000 Quebec, c. . . . 30,000 St. Andrew's, . 4,000 Fredericton, c. 3,000 In Canada West, U. C. Toronto 1 c. . . 12,000 In Cape Breton. Kingston, . . . 6,000 Sydney 1c. • . 1,000 In Nova Scotia. In Newfoundland. Halifax l c. . . 18,000 St. John's, c. 20,000 MEXICAN STATES. WEST INDIES. Mexico 1 c. . 150,000 In Jamaica. Puebla, . . 70,000 Kingston 1 30,000 Cxuadalaxara, . . 60,000 Spanish Town, c. . 5,000 San Luis Potosi, . 50,000 Oaxaca, . . 40,000 In Cuba. Vera Cruz, . 10,000 Havana 1c. 125,000 Tampico, 7,000 Principe, .... 40,000 Matamoros, 4,000 Matanzas, 20,000 Acapulco, . . . 4,000 In Hayti. Port au Prince 1c . 20.000 In Central America. San Domingo, . 12^000 Cape Haytien, 12,000 Guatemala 1 c. . . 25,000 San Salvador, c. . 15,000 In Porto Rico. Nicaragua, c. . 10,000 San Juan 1c . 30,000 52 DIAGRAMS, MAPS, &c. RECAPITULATION. The Teacher will greatly accelerate the progress of his students by intro- ducing the following among the exercises as they proceed. A convenient number of pupils will be designated in turn, to construct what is required with chalk upon a large black board, without lettering ; and the remainder of the class will prepare the Maps upon slates against the day of Geogra- phical recitation. The Maps must be drawn upon as large a scale as the slate or board will admit. A recapitulation of the lessons which have pre- ceded will then take place upon the blanks, and the instructer will correct such inaccuracies as may appear in the delineation. 1. Draw a large circle, and represent within it the principal great and small circles ; and answer all the questions relative to the sphere which are found under Definitions. (See Diagram at Page 22.) 2. Draw the outline of North America, and insert the boundaries of the large political divisions. 3. Draw the outline of the State of New York, and within it insert the counties, rivers, towns, lakes, canals, islands, &e. 4. Draw the outlines of the- several States and Territories, separately, and insert their rivers and towns. 5. Draw the outlines of the Eastern division of States together, and re- present the rivers and towns of each State. 6. Draw the outlines of the United States collectively, and insert the principal rivers, capitals, chief towns, lakes, &c. 7. If the pupils are of proper age, and possess sufficient ability, they will draw the maps of the State of New York, and the United States, upon paper, and letter and color them under the direction of the teacher. SOUTH AMERICA 54 OBJECTS OF NATURAL, HISTORY PECULIAR TO SOUTH AMERICA. Three-toed Sloth. Armadillo. Brazilian, or Striated Monk Turtle, of the Gallipagos Islands. Anacon Electric Eel. Condor Toucan. SOUTH AMERICA. 55 MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. Point to the Map of South America ? Where is South America ? What natural division of land is it ? What are its boundaries ? 5. What are the large political subdivisions of South America ? What are the boundaries of — New Granada ? Uruguay ? Venezuela ? Paraguay ? Equador ? Peru ? Guiana ? Bolivia ? Brazil ? Chili ? Buenos Ayres ? Patagonia ? What civil divisions are on the North ? What on the East ? What on the South ? 15. What on the West ? What in the centre ? Which is the largest South American Island ? What river in South America is said to be the longest in the world ? Among what mountains does it rise ? What is its length ? (4,000 miles.) 20. How long is it, including its source, the Apurimac ? (4,700 miles.) What other river is also called the source of the Amazon? (Tunguragua.) What is the latitude of the mouth of the Amazon 1 Why ? What mountains are on the Western side of this large American peninsula ? 56 hart's geography. What is the extent of the Andes ? (4,500 m.) 25. What peak among the Andes is the most elevated in all America ? [Chimborazo.) What is its altitude ? (4 miles.) Which is the most noted strait in South America ? How long is it ? (300 miles.) What island does it separate from the main ? 30. What capes are on the North, East, South, and West extremities of South America ? What rivers are tributary to the Amazon ? How many rivers are there in South America, whose length is upwards of 1000 miles ? {Eleven.) Name them, and point them out rapidly ? What islands lie along the North coast of South America ? 35. What capes are at the entrance of the La Plata ? Through what part of South America does the Equator pass ? What is the first city in South America ? Its situation and population ? The second \ . The third 1 The fourth % . The fifth 1 The sixth 1 The seventh 1 . The eighth * . The ninth 1 The tenth 1 . What are the latitudes and longitudes of the four extremities of South America ? Rio de Janeiro, . pop. 200,000 Bahia, or St. Salvador, . . " . 160,00( Buenos Ayres, . 100,000 Quito, . 70,000 Santiago, . 65,000 Pernambuco, 62,000 Lima, 60.000 Bogota, 40,000 Cuzco, 40,000 La Paz, . 40,ooe SOUTH AMERICA. 57 What courses will you sail, and what waters will you navigate, on your passage from La Guayra to Lima ? 40. What is the capital of ea.ch of the divisions of South America, and where situated ? What direction is South America from the United States of North America ? How much of South America does Brazil claim ? {One-third.) What is the population of South America ? {See Table 6.) What coast of South America is called the Spanish Main ? {The North.) 45. How many peaks of the Andes in Chili are 20,000 feet in height ? {See Mountains.) Which is the highest volcanic mountain in the world ? {Cotopaxi.) How high is it ? (19,000 feet.) Where is the island of Juan Fernandes ? For what is Juan Fernandes remarkable ? 50. Which is the only kingly government on this continent of Republics ? {Brazil.) How many miles would the passage from New York to India, or China, be shortened by a canal passage through the Isthmus of Darien? (12,500 miles.) From N. Y. to Chagres, what courses and over what waters ? Over what land to Panama ? From Panama to San Francisco ; from San Francisco to Canton ; from Canton to the Cape of Good Hope, and thence home, what courses and through what seas ? 58 hart's geography. RIVERS. Questions. Where do they rise ? What courses do they run, and through what countries ? Where do they empty ? Amazon 7 . Amazon, and its head, La Plata and its head, Madeira, Negro, Orinoco, Tocantins, . Paraguay, . Miles. 4,000 4,700 2,450 1,800 1,400 1,380 1,200 1,200 Araguay 7 . St. Francisco, Parana,* Pilcomayo, . Magdalena, Uruguay, . Vermejo, Salado, Miles. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 800 800 700 600 GULFS, BAYS, &c. Questions. What shores do they indent ? To what larger waters are they tributary ? Darien ? Guayaquil ? All Saints ? Archip. de Chonos ? St. Matthias ? Archip. de Toledo ? St. George ? Paria ? Bonaventura ? Venezuela ? STRAITS. Questions. Between what shores are they ? What waters do they connect ? Le Maire ? Carlos ? Magellan ? SOUTH AMERICA. 59 CAPES. Questions. Where are they situated? what waters do theij project ? Be la Vela ? St. Roque ? Santa Maria ? St. Antonio ? Into Blanco ? Tres Montes ? Pilares i Horn ? PENINSULAS. Questions. From what country do they pro- ject ? What waters embrace them ? South America ? St. Joseph ? Tres Montes ? MOUNTAINS. Questions. In what direction do the ranges extend ? Where do they commence and terminate ? Where are the peaks ? How high are they ? Feet. Andes chain 1 . West Coast S. A. from 10 to 20,000 Quito city 1 Equador, 10,000 Antisana peak 1 do. . 19,000 Cotopaxi volcano 1 do. . 19.000 Pitchinca volcano 1 do. . 16,000 Chiniborazo peak 1 do. . 21.500 Potosi city 1 Bolivia, . 11,000 Chilian peak 1 . Chili, . 20.000 Manflos peak 1 . do. . 20.000 Tupungato peak 1 do. . 20.000 Descabezado peak 1 do. . 20.000 Blacquillo peak 1 do. . 20,000 Longavi peak 1 . do. . 20,000 Corcobado peak 1 Patagonia, . 20,000 60 hart's geography. LAKES. Questions. Where are they ? What their out lets ? Where do they empty ? Maracaybo ? Titicaca ? ISLANDS. Questions. Where are they situated ? What water surround them ? Group of the Little ) Gallipagos Group ? Antilles ? $ Madre de Dios ? Trinidad ? Tierra del Fuego ? Juan de Marajo ? Falkland Group ? South Shetland ? Great Falkland ? Solidad ? Georgia ? Staten Land ? Chiloe" ? Juan Fernandes ? Hermit ? CITIES, &c. Questions. In what countries are they ? How situated — on rivers or inland ? What direction from Lima ? From St. Salvador ? From Montevideo ? In New Granada. Pop. Bogota 1 ? c. . 40,000 Popayan, .... 25,000 In New Granada. Pop. Carthagena! . . . 18,000 Panama, .... 12,000 SOUTH AMERICA. 61 In Venezuela. Pop. In Uraguay, or Banda Oriental. Caraccas 1 c. . 23,000 Pop. Maracaybo, . 20,000 Monte Video 1 c. . 12,000 Cuniana, . . 12,000 In Equador. In Paraguay. Assumption 1c. . . 10,000 Quito 1 c. . 70,000 Guayaquil, . 20,000 In Peru. Cuenca, . 20,000 Lima! c. . 60,000 In Guiana. Cuzco, . 40,000 , Arequipa, . 35,000 Georgetown 1 c. . . 20,000 Guamanga, . 25,000 Paramaribo, c. . 20,000 Cayenne, c. . . 5,000 In Boliva. In Brazil. La Paz 1 . . 40,000 Potosi, . 35,000 Rio de Janeiro 1 c. 260,000 Oropesa, . . 25,000 Bahia, 160,000 La Plata, or ) Pernainbuco, . 62,000 30,000 Chuquisaca, c. $ . 18,000 Para, 20,000 In Chili. In Buenos Ayres, or . Argentine St. Iago ! c. . . 65,000 Republic. Valparaiso, Concepcion, . 26,000 . 10,500 Buenos Ayres 1 c. 100,000 Coquhnbo, . 10,000 R,apid Travelling on the Map, by Land and Water. What course will you take — through what countries — and over what waters 1 From New York to . . Albany ? From Albany . . to . . Buffalo ? From Buffalo . . to . . Cleveland ? From Cleveland . . to . . Cincinnati ? From Cincinnati . to . . St. Louis ? From St. Louis . . to . . New Orleans ? From New Orleans . to . . New York ? From New York . to . . Philadelphia ? From Philadelphia . to . , Baltimore ? 62 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. From Baltimore . . to . . Norfolk ? From Norfolk . . . to . . Boston ? From Boston . . to . . Providence ? From Providence . to . . New Have i. ? From New Haven . to . . Brooklyn ? From Brooklyn . . to . . New York From New York . to . . Cuba ? From Cuba . . . to . . Rio Janeiro ? From Rio Janeiro . to . . Valparaiso 1 From Valparaiso . . to . . Sandwich Is. ? From Sandwich Is. . to . . St. Francisco ? From St. Francisco . to . . Astoria ? From Astoria . . . to . . Java ? From Java . . . . to . . Acapulco ? From Acapulco . . to . . Panama ? From Panama . to . . Jamaica ? From Jamaica . to . . St. Domingo ? From St. Domingo . to . . New Orleans ? From New Orleans to . . Cuba ? From Cuba . . . to . . New York ? MAPS. 1. Draw the outline of South America upon a large scale; insert the boundaries of the divisions, rivers, towns, lakes, &c. 2. Draw the map of the "Western Hemisphere upon paper ; insert boundaries, rivers, capitals, and chief towns ; letter the map, and finish it by coloring. EUROPE 64 OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY PECULIAR TO EUROPE. Reindeer. Ibex. Wild Boar. Lynx. Hedgehog. Merino Sheep. Tamed Buffalo. Swan. Falcon. EUROPE. 65 MAP OF EUROPE. Point to the Map of Europe ? Where is Europe ? What are its boundaries ? What are the political subdivisions of Europe ? 5. What are the boundaries of — Norway ? Switzerland ? Sweden ? Austria ? Russia ? Portugal ? Great Britain ? Spain ? Denmark ? Italy ? Holland ? Turkey ? Germany ? Greece 1 Prussia ? Belgium ? France ? 15. What governments are on the North ? What governments are in the centre ? What on the South ? What in the West ? What countries in Europe are peninsulas ? Which is the largest European island ? What city is the capital of each of the govern- ments of Europe, and where situated ? 20. Which is the largest country in Europe ? Which is the smallest ? (Repiib. of St. Marino.) Where is the Republic of St. Marino ? San Marino is a Republic in Italy, containing only 7,600 inhabitants. It has one town, San Marino, containing a population of 5,500, and four small villages. It is the smallest state in Europe and one of the most ancient. Area 22 square miles. It is under the protection of the Pope of Rome. Where is the Ionian Republic ? Of what islands does it consist ? [See Islands.) 6Q HART'S geography. 25. What is the capital of that republic ? (Corfu.) Which are the largest islands in the Mediter- ranean Sea ? What mountains, rivers, and seas, form the eastern boundary of Europe ? What is the length of Europe, from Lisbon to the Uralian mountains ? (3,300 miles.) What is the breadth of Europe from Cape North to Cape Matapan ? (2,500 miles.) 30. Which is the principal city of Europe ? Where is it situated, and what is its population ? The second 1 . The third 1 . The fourth'? . The fifth 1 . The sixth 1 . The seventh 1 The eighth'? . The ninth 1 . The tenth 3 . The eleventh 1 The twelfth 1 The thirteenth 1 The fourteenth 1 The fifteenth 1 London, Paris, Constantinople, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vienna, Manchester, Naples, Berlin, Liverpool, Glasgow, Lisbon, Dublin, Madrid, Amsterdam, pop. 2,560,000 910,000 500,000 470,000 385,000 360,000 360,000 350,000 291,000 287,000 285,000 250,000 240,000 236,000 207,000 en- 45. Which is the largest sea belonging tirely to Europe ? Where is the Baltic Sea ? In what direction will you sail from England to the United States of North America ? What towns in England and France are nearest each other ? (Dover and Calais.) How wide is the Strait of Dover ? (22 miles.) 50. What capes are there in the North of Europe ? On what island is Cape North ? (Mageroe.) EUROPE. 67 What rivers of Europe run into the waters of the Arctic Ocean ? 40. In what direction do the other quarters or grand divisions of the world lie from Europe? Which is the largest Danish island 1 {Iceland.) What country of North America belongs to Denmark ? {Greenland.) What is the population of Europe ? See Tab. 9. What straits are at the entrance of the Baltic Sea ? 45. What waters will you navigate on your passage from London to Constantinople ? Where is the " Canal Royal" of Languedoc ? {In France.) What waters does it unite ? How long is it ? (140 miles.) How wide is the isthmus of Corinth ? (5 or 6 miles.) 50. What countries in Europe border on the Atlantic ? What countries of Europe are washed by the Mediterranean ? What is the length of the Mediterranean Sea from East to West ? (2,000 miles.) Which are the principal islands in the Baltic Sea ? What clusters of islands do you find in the vicinity of Scotland ? ho. Sailing from New York to Gibraltar, what group of islands do you pass, and what is your course ? What wind would be ahead ? Mention the lat. and long, of the largest island of the Azores ? 68 hart's geography. Is Germany a distinct country of Europe ? It is not : It is a Confederation of several States. (See Table 12.) What are the principal States of Germany and their capitals ? (See Map of Germany.) The German Territories consist of 38 independent States : including about one-third of Austria, the greater part of Prussia, part of Denmark, part of the Netherlands, and the remainder of small independent States, governed by native German princes, together with the four free cities, Ham- burg, Frankfort, Bremen, and Lubeck. The confederation is represented by an assembly, called the Germanic Diet. The sessions are held at Frankfort, on the river Mayne, which has been declared the permanent seat of the Diet, and may, therefore, be con- sidered the capital of Germany. The principal States thus rank in population : — States. 1. German Austria, 2. German Prussia, 3. Kingdom of Bavaria, 4. Kingdom of Hanover, 5. Kingdom of "Wurtemburg, 6. Kingdom of Saxony, What city may be called the capital of Ger- many ? (Frankfort.) 60. What countries are called Great Britain ? What river forms part of the boundary be- tween England and Scotland ? (Tweed.) What part of England is called Wales ? Where is the rock of Gibraltar ? What is the name of the South part of Norway ? 65. What are the North and West capes of Spain ? What is the South- West cape of Portugal ? What is the North cape of France ? What are the names of the North and South and West extremities of Europe? What water washes the North coast of Spain and the West coast of France ? Population. Capitals. 11,714,000 Vienna. 10,908,000 Berlin. 4,339,000 Munich. 1,748,000 Hanover. 1,667,000 Stuttgard 1,666,000 Dresden. EUROPE. by 70. At sea, in latitude 45° North, and longitude 10° West, what direct course is it to Lon- don ? What wind would be ahead ? Point to longitude 18° East, and latitude 40° North, and say where it is ? Where are the islands of Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla ? What rivers are tributary to the Baltic Sea ? Which is the highest and most celebrated vol- canic mountain in Europe ? {Etna.) 75. What mountains form the natural bound- ary between France and Spain ? What large bodies of water sourround Europe ? Point out, rapidly, ten of the largest rivers in Europe ? What are the situations of the largest seas of Europe ? What sea separates Europe from Africa ? 80. What is the climate of the North part of Europe? {Cold.) What is the climate of the Southern part of Europe? {Temperate.) What waters separate England from the con- tinent ? Which is the largest Italian island ? By what strait is it separated from the Penin- sula ? 85. How wide is the Strait of Messina ? {From 2 to 5 miles.) How many and what republics are there in Europe? {Three.) How many and what kingdoms ? ( Twenty.) 70 hart's geography. How many and what empires ? ( Three,) Will you name them ? Europe contains three empires, Russia, Austria, and Turkey ; twenty king- doms, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Great Britain, France, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Bavaria, Wurtemburg, Hanover, Saxony, Hun- gary, Lornbardo-Venetian, Galicia, Bohemia, Illyria, Sardinia, and Naples ; three republics, Switzerland, the Ionian, and St. Marino : together with the Sovereignty of Greece. 90. At what place does Europe make the nearest approach to Africa ? How does Europe rank in size and population among the grand divisions of the globe ? {See Tables 3 and 4.) What are the States of Italy and their capitals ? Italy, which consists of eight independent governments, may be divided into three parts, Northern, Central, and Southern, in the following order : States. N. 1. Kingdom of Sardinia, including the island, 2. Duchy of Parma, .... 3. Duchy of Modena, .... d. 4. Popedom, or the Ecclesiastical State, 5. Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 6. Duchy of Lucca, .... 7. Republic of St. Marino, 5. 8. K'm. of Naples, or the Two Sicilies, What capitals will you find on or near the Tagus ? What is the name of the coast of the Mediter- ranean East of Candia ? (Levant.) What are the principal States of Austria, and their capitals ? The following are the principal States of Austria. Those marked [*] belong also to the German part of the empire. States. 1. Arch -Duchy of Austria,* . 2. Kingdom of Hungary, 3. Lornbardo-Venetian Kingdom, 4. Kingdom of Galicia, 6. Kingdom of Bohemia,* Population. Capitals. 4,087,000 Turin. 466,000 Parma. 403,000 Modena. 2,733,000 Rome. 1,481,000 Florence. 166,000 Lucca. 7,600 St. Marino 7,957,000 Naples. Population. Capitals. . 2,191,000 . Vienna. . 12,506,000 . Buda. . 4,629.000 . Milan. . 4,643,000 . Lemberg. . 4,129,000 . Prague. EUROPE. 71 RIVERS. Questions. Where do they rise ? What courses do they run, and through what countries ? Where do they empty ? Miles. Miles. WolgaS .... 2,000 Oder 1 400 Danube, 1,800 Bog, . . 400 Dnieper, 1,200 Ebro, . 400 Don, . . 1,000 Drave, 380 Rhine. 950 Dwina, N. . 350 Elbe, . 720 Garronne, . 350 Dwina, W. 625 Guadiana, . 350 Loire, 620 Theiss, &50 Tagus, 600 Guadalquiver, 320 Save, . 590 Pruth, 300 Vistula, 550 Bug, . 250 Rhone, 530 Mayne, 230 Petchora, . 500 Shannon, 22(3 Seine, 500 Thames, 210 Duero, 500 Weser, 200 Dniester, 500 Tiber, 150 SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. Questions. What shores do they indent ? To what larger waters are they tributary ? Petchora ? White Sea ? Mezen ? Archangel ? Onega ? Candalax ? Waranger 1 North Sea, or Ger- man Ocean ? Baltic Sea ? Bothnia ? Finland ? Riga? Dantzic ? 72 hart's GEOGRAPHY. Zuyder Zee ? Mediterranean Sea? Forth ? Lyons ? The Minch ? Genoa ? Solway ? Tuscan Sea? Irish Sea ? Naples ? Cardigan ? Tarento ? St. George's ? Venice or Adri- > atic Sea ? £ Bristol ? British ? Ionian Sea ? Donegal ? Grecian Ar chip el- } Galway ? ago, or Egean > Dundalk ? Sea? S Foyle ? Sea of Azof? Dublin ? Black Sea ? Biscay ? Sea of Marmora ? STRAITS. Questions. Between what countries are they ? What waters do they connect ? Waygat ? Scaggerac ? Port Patrick ? Dover ? Bosphoros or Constantinople ? Kattegat ? Great Belt ? Little Belt ? Elsinore ? Gibraltar ? Bonifacio ? Messina ? Euripo or Negro- pont? Dardenelles or Hellespont ? Jennicale ? EUROPE. 73 CAPES. Questions. Where waters do the?/ project ? Canin ? Sviatoi ? Nord or North ? La Hogue ? Ortegal ? Finisterre ? Naze? Skaw ? Roca? Espichel ? St. Vincent ? Gibraltar or Europa ? Spartivento ? Rizzuto ? are they ? Into what Leuca ? Matapan ? Duncansby ? Kinnaird's ? Flamboro' ? Start ? Lizard ? Cornwall or Land's End? V g. Wrath ? The Butt ? Malin ? Cansore ? Clear ? Slyne ? MOUNTAINS. Questions. In what directions do the ranges* extend ? Where do they commence and termi- nate ? Where are the peaks ? What the alti- tude ? Feet. Ural chain ^ . Dofrefield chain 1 . North Cape 1 . Carpathian chain 1 The Alps'? . . Russia, . Norway and Sweden, . . Isle of Mageroe, . . Austria, fyc. . N. Italy, fyc. . 7,000 . 7,000 . 1,300 . 6 to 8,000 10 to 14,000 74 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Mont Blanc 1 The Appenines 1 The Pyrenees 1 Mont Perdu 1 Cantabrian Mountains ! Promontory of Gibraltar Grampian Mountains 1 Snafield peak 1 Snoefiel peak 1 Monte Rotondo 1 . Olimpo 1 Peak of the Alps, Italy, France and Spain, P. of the Pyrenees, Spain, . do. Scotland, Isle of Man, Iceland, Corsica, Turkey N. of Larissa, 5 or 5 to Feet. 15,700 6,000 10,000 11,000 8,000 1,540 4,000 3,500 7,000 8,600 6,500 What did the ancients believe concerning Olympus 1 Olimpo, aneiently Olympus, 19 miles N. of Larissa, was supposed by the ancients to be the highest mountain on the globe. They imagined the heavens to rest on its summit, and that it was the residence of the gods or heathen deities. VOLCANOES. Feet. Pico? Pico Is. . . 9,000 Hecla? Iceland, . . 5,000 Vesuvius ? . . . . Italy near Naples, 4,000 Etna? Sicily, . . . 11,000 Psiloriti or Ida ? . . Candia, . . 5,000 Stromboli ? ... Stromboli Is. . 3,000 What are Volcanoes 1 LAKES. Questions. Where are they ? What are their cutlets ? Where do they empty ? Wener ? Constance or Onega ? Boden ? Geneva ? Ladoga ? EUROPE. 75 ISLANDS. Questions. In what direction are they situa- ted from the nearest coast ? What waters sur- round them ? Nova Zembla ? Spitsbergen ? Mageroe ? Luffoden Isles ? Iceland ? Faroe Group ? Zetland Group ? Orkney Group ? Hebrides ? Great Britain ? Ireland ? Man? Anglesea ? Zealand ? Funen ? Rugen ? Bornholm ? Oland ? Gothland ? Aland ? Retusari or Kronstadt ? Dago? Osel or Ezel ? Texel ? Azores or Western Isles ? Fayal ? Balearic Group ? Majorca ? Minorca ? Ivica ? Corsica ? Sardinia ? Lipari Group ? Sicily ? Malta ? 'Ionian Isles ? Corfu? Paxo? Santa Maura ? Ithaca or Teaki ? Cephalonia ? Zante* ? Cerigo ? Crete or Candia ? Negropont ? Rhodes ? Cyprus ? Note. Some of the last mentioned islands are considered Asiatic, but axe mentioned here for the convenience of the pupil. 76 hart's geography. What Islands form the Ionian Republic 1 Name them 1 Corfu and the six following islands in the list constitute the Ionian Re- public, or the Republic of the Seven Islands. In 1815 they were placed under the protection of Great Britain by the Congress of Vienna, inhabitants, (about 200,400 in number) are mostly Greeks. The PENINSULAS. Questions. From what part of the country do they project ? What waters embrace them ? In what capes do they terminate ? Norway and ) Turkey ? Sweden ? \ Denmark ? Italy ? Morea ? Spain and Por- ) Krimea ? tugal ? CITIES, &c Questions. In what governments are they? How situated, on rivers or inland ? In what direction do they lie from Paris ? From St Petersburg ? From Constantinople ? In Russia. Pop. St. Petersburg 1 c. Moscow, . Odessa, . Riga, . Cronstadt, 470,000 385,000 69,000 67,000 50,000 In Poland. Warsaw 1 c. Cracow, . 140,000 37,000 In Sweden. Stockholm 1c. Gottcnburg, Carlscrona, Upsal, . 84,000 29,000 12,000 5,000 In Norway. Christiana 1 c. . Bergen, . Drontheim, Christiansand, Pop. 23,000 22,000 12,000 8,000 In Denmark. Copenhagen! c. . Flensborg, Sleswick, 119,000 14,000 11,000 In Belgium. Brussels 1c. Ghent, Antwerp, Liege, Bruges, 104,000 92,000 77,000 63,000 44,000 EUROPE. 77 In Holland. Pop. In Suritzerland. Pop. Amsterdam 1 . 207,000 Geneva 1 28,009 Rotterdam, 74,000 Basle, . . . 20,000 The Hague, c. 59,000 Berne, c. 20,000 Leyden, . 36,000 Zurich, c. . 12,000 Utrecht, .... 36,000 Lucerne, c. . 7,000 Groningen, 30,000 In Sardinia. In Germany. Turin 1 c. . 104,000 Genoa, 98,000 See note, pg. 6b. Alessandria, 36.000 Hamburg 1 154,000 Cagliari, .... 26,000 Munich, . 107,000 In the Roman States. Dresden, . 70,000 Frankfort, c. 65,000 Rome 1c. 149,000 Bremen, . 58,000 Bologna, . 69,000 Leipsic, . 48,000 Ravenna, . ... 16,000 Lubeck, 47,000 Stuttgard, 38,000 In the Two Sicilie s. Altona, . Hanover, Kiel, 26,000 24.000 11,000 Naples T c. . Palermo, . Messina, . 350,000 140,000 83,008 Catania, . 52,000 In Prussia. Syracuse, 17,000 Berlin 1 c. . 291,000 Breslau, . 89,000 In the small Italian S tates. Konigsberg, Cologne, . Dantzic, . Magdeburg, 68,000 66,000 . 56,000 51,000 Florence 1 c. Leghorn, Parma, c. Modena, c. . 98,000 76,000 36,000 27,000 Lucca, c. 24,000 In Austria. San Marino, c. 5,500 Vienna 1 c. . Milan, 360,000 185,000 In France. Prague, . 108.000 Paris T c. . 910,000 Venice, . 97,000 Marseilles, . 170,000 Pesth, 65,000 Lyons, 147.000 Trieste, . 51,000 Bordeaux, 95,000 Verona, . 49,000 Rouen, . 92,800 Buda, 4i;ooo Nantz, 75,000 Lintz, . 23,000 Lisle, . 72,000 Strasbourg, . 50.000 In Turkey. Metz, 43^000 Constantinople 1 c. . 500,000 Havre, Rochelle, . 30;00Q 15,000 Adrianople, . 90,000 Salonica, . » . . 65,000 In Spain. Buchorest, . 60,000 Sophia, . . 50,000 Madrid 1c. . 236,000 Barcelona, . 120,000 In Greece. Seville, . . 91,000 Valencia, 66,000 Athens 1 c. . 17,000 Malaga, . . 65,000 78 hart's geography. In Spain. Pop. In England. Pop. Granada, 60,000 Hull, . 53,000 Cadiz, 59,000 Portsmouth, 53,000 Saragossa, 43,000 Bath, . 51,000 Palos,* • Brighton, Plymouth, 47,600 37,000 In Portugal. Southampton, . 27,000 Lisbon % c. 250,000 York, 26,000 Oporto, . Coiinbra, 80,000 20,000 In Scotland. Elva, 17,000 Glasgow 1 285,000 Braga, St. Ubes, 15,000 Edinburg, c. 162,000 15,000 Paisley, . 50,000 Dundee, . 45,000 In England. Aberdeen, . 41,000 London 1 c. 2,560,000 Greenock, . 30,000 Manchester, 360,000 In Ireland. Liverpool, 287,000 Birmingham, 190,000 Dublin 1 c. . 240,000 Bristol, 117,000 Cork, 107,000 Leeds, 72,000 Belfast, . . 70,000 Sheffield, 68,000 Limerick, . 67,000 Newcastle, 65,000 Galway, . . 33,000 Norwich, 62,000 Waterford, . 30,000 Nottingham, 53,000 Londonderry, . . 14,000 How many Capitals and Cantons has Switzerland 1 The Diet or Assembly of Switzerland meets in rotation at Berne, Zurich, and Lucerne. This republic consists of twenty-two cantons, confederated under the government of" a general Diet for the common security of all. From what port did Columbus sail 1 * Palos, at the mouth of the river Tinto, in Spain, is the port from which Columbus sailed, in 1492, on the celebrated voyage in which he discovered America. (See pg. 47.) CAPITALS OF ISLANDS. What is the capital of the island of Islands. Capitals. Iceland ? Reikiavik West. Is. or Azores ? . . . . Fayal Majorca ? Palma Minorca ? Port Mahon Ivica? Ivica EUROPE. 79 Islands. Capitals. Corsica ? ....... Ajacgio Malta ? La Valetta Candia? Candia Rhodes ? Rhodes Negropont ? Negropont Scio? Scio Corfu? ........ Corfu Paxo ? Porto Gai Santa Maura ? ..... Santa Maura Ithaca? Vathi Cephalonia ? Argostoli Zante ? Zante Cerigo ? Cerigo Rapid Travelling on the Map, by Land and Watek. "What is your course — through what countries — and over what waters 7 From London . . to . New York ? From New York From Liverpool From Malaga . From Trieste . . to . . . to . . . to . . . to . Liverpool ? Malaga ? Trieste ? Cairo ? From Cairo . . to . Gibraltar ? From Gibraltar . . to . Seville ? From Seville . . . to . Madrid ? From Madrid . . . to . Paris ? From Paris . . to . Moscow ? From Moscow From St. Petersbi . to . irg to . St. Petersburg ? Dublin ? From Dublin . , . to . Amsterdam ? From Amsterdam . to . Cape North ? 80 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. From Cape North to Rome? From Rome . . . to Naples ? From Naples . . to Hamburg ? From Hamburg . From Berlin . . From Constantinople From Bordeaux . to to to to Berlin ? Constantinople ? Bordeaux ? Havre ? From Havre . . to Galway ? From Gal way . . From Philadelphia to to Philadelphia ? Stockholm ? From Stockholm to Cadiz ? From Cadiz . . to Florence 1 From Florence . to . Buda ? From Buda . . to Athens ? From Athens . . to Venice ? From Venice . . to Boston ? From Boston . . to Madeira ? From Madeira . . From Copenhagen From Madeira to . to to Copenhagen ? Madeira ? New York ? MAPS. 1. Draw the outlines of the following countries upon the black board and slates ; insert the rivers and towns, and prepare for an examination on as many countries, either separately or in connection, as the teacher may direct. Russia Denmark Norway and Sweden Germany Prussia Switzerland Austria Italy Holland France Belgium Spain and Portugal Turkey Great Britain and Ireland 2. Draw the entire outline of Europe ; delineate the rivers, and insert the capitals, chief cities, lakes, islands, &c. ; and in recapitulating the exer- cises, point out the situations of all the civil and natural divisions. 3. Delineate the N. and S. coasts of the Mediterranean Sea ; mark the countries on its borders, and insert all the islands. 4. Construct the map of Europe upon paper, and letter and color it under the direction of tho teacher. ASIA. 82 OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY PECULIAR TO ASIA. Arabian Courser. Rhinoceros. Elephant. Boa Constrictor. Camel. Tiger. Dromedary, Leopard. Pheasant. Peacock. ASIA. 83 MAP OF ASIA. Point to the map of Asia ? Where is Asia ? What are the boundaries of Asia ? What is the longitude of the Eastern ex- tremity ? 5. What is the longitude of the Western ? What is the latitude of the Northern ex- tremity ? What is the latitude of the Southern ? Point out the countries of Asia ? What are the boundaries of — Siberia or Asiatic ) Arabia ? Russia ? ) Persia ? Chinese Empire ? Hindoo-stan ? Independent or ) Birman Empire ? Western Tartary ? ) Empire of Japan ? Turkey ? Afghani-stan ? 20. What country forms the Northern part ? What countries form the Eastern part ? What country forms the Central part ? What countries form the Western part ? What countries form the Southern part ? 25. In what zones does Asia lie ? What countries of Asia are in each of those zones ? Which is the largest Asiatic island ? What group of Asiatic islands are denominated the Fifth Grand Division of the globe ? (See Islands and Map of the Pacific Ocean.) 84 hart's geography. What three principal islands form the empire of Japan ? The empire of Japan consists of the islands of Niphon, Ximo or Kiusiu, and Sikoke. 30. What is the capital of each political divi- sion of Asia ? (See Cities.) Where are those capitals situated ? Which are the two largest countries of Asia ? How much of Asia belongs to Russia ? (One-third.) How much forms the Chinese empire ? (One-third.) 35. How much remains for the rest of Asia ? What seas in Asia are properly lakes ? What rivers are tributary to the sea of Aral ? What quality is peculiar to the waters of the Caspian and Aral ? (Salt.) In what direction does Asia lie from the other grand divisions of the globe ? 40. What is the length of Asia from West to East ? (7,500 miles.) What is its bread tli from North to South ? (5,250 miles.) What are the natural boundaries of Asia on the West ? What part of Asia is called India ? (Southern.) What country is called India within the Bur- rampooter ? (Hindoo-stan.) 45. What country is called India beyond the Burrampooter ? (Birmah, fyc.) What are the principal islands of the Oriental Archipelago ? (See map of the Pacific.) ASIA. 85 What are the principal islands of Austral- Asia ? What are the principal islands of the Poly- nesia ? (See Isla?uls and Map of the Pacific.) What are nearly all the Asiatic Islands you have named, sometimes improperly called ? Oceanica and Malaysia. The use of these names leads to confusion of Geographical terms, and they are therefore not adopted by good Geo- graphers. 50. What countries of Asia are peninsulas ? Which is the largest peninsula attached to Asia ? (Africa.) By what isthmus is Africa joined to Asia ? How wide is it ? (60 miles.) What isthmus connects the peninsula of Malacca with the main land ? (Kraw.) 55. How wide is the isthmus of Kraw ? (70 m.) What part of Asiatic Russia is called Sibe- ria ? That part of Asiatic Russia which lies East of the Ural Mountains, is called Siberia, and is divided into three great governments ; Tobolski in the "West, Tomsk in the centre, and Irkutsk in the East. The remainder of Asiatic Russia lies in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea, and its two principal governments are Astracan and Orenburg. Government. Population. Capitals. Orenburg, . . . . 1,771,000 . . . Orenburg. Tomsk, 1,077,000 . . . Tomsk. Tobolski, 685,000 . . . Tobolsk. Irkutsk, 507,000 . . . Irkutsk. Astracan, 259,000 . . . Astracan. There are forty-four millions of slaves in Asiatic and European Russia ; 21,000,000 being the absolute property of the Emperor, and 23,000,000 the property of individuals. One proprietor alone possesses 110,000. What are the three great governments of Siberia ? What two other principal governments of Asiatic Russia lie near the Caspian Sea ? What are the capitals of the five great govern- ments of Asiatic Russia ? 86 hart's geography. 60. What oceans are contiguous to Asia ? What ocean is on the North ? What ocean is on the South ? What ocean separates Asia from America ? How wide is the Pacific Ocean ? (10,000 m.) 65. In what part of Asia are the highest mount- ains yet discovered ? (See Mountains.) What is the name of the range ? What name is given to the highest peak ? How high is it ? (5 miles.) How many peaks of the Himmaleh mountains are said to be upwards of 19,000 feet in - height ? (25.) 70. What capes are on the north of Asia ? What cape has the highest latitude ? In what part does Asia approach nearest to America ? What rivers of Asia are tributary to the Arctic Ocean ? What is the amount of population in Asia ? 75. Which is the first city of Asia? Where is it situated, and what is its population ? Pekin, . . . pop. 1,500,000 The second 1 . . . . Canton, 1,200,000 The third'? . . . . King-le-Ching, . . . 1,100,000 The fourth 1 .... Hang-chew, .... 1.000,000 The fifth'? .... Jeddo, '750,000 The sixth 1 . . . . Benares, 630,000 The seventh 1 . . . Meaco, 500,000 The eighth % . Nankin, 400,000 The ninth'? .... Madras, 400,000 The tenth 1 .... Calcutta, 380,000 80. In connection with the city of Jeddo, what have you to say in regard to the uncertainty of the population of other places in Asia ? The population of Jeddo has generally heen estimated at 1,000,000. The Japanese stated to Golownin, who visited the empire in 1812, that it ex- ASIA. 87 ceeded 10,000,000 ; that the principal streets alone contained near o00,000 houses, averaging upwards of thirty persons each ; and that there were 36,000 blind men in the city. It is generally stated by persons who have travelled through various parts of Asia, that a crowded population is ap- parent ', but as no two agree in the precise amount of inhabitants of any section of that country, it is extremely difficult to arrive at just conclusions. As an instance of the disagreement of travellers upon this point, it is stated, that Ispahan, at a recent date, contained 1,100,000 inhabitants ; Chardin, in 1686, gave the population at 600,000 ; Oliver, in 1796, at only 50,000 ; in 1800, it was stated at 100,000 ; Morier, in 1808, gave it at 400,000, but in his second journey at only 60,000 ! Kinneir states it at 200,000, which is probably more than double its present population. How does Asia rank in size with the other grand divisions of the globe ? (See Table 3.) How does Asia rank in population % (See Tab. 4.) Which are the largest lakes in Asia ? Which are five of the longest rivers, and where do they rise and empty ? 85. Is the Wolga an Asiatic river ? It is sometimes said to be entirely in Europe. Formerly it was a part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. By what seas and gulfs is the Eastern shore of Asia indented ? What waters indent the Southern shore ? What rivers are tributary to the waters of the Indian Ocean ? What is the extent of the imperial canal in China ? (650 miles.) 90. What artificial boundary has China on the North ? The great wall which bounds China Proper on the North, is a most stu- pendous work of art. It was built by the Chinese, 214 years before the Christian era, to prevent the incursions of the Tartars, and extends 1,250 miles, over mountains and rivers. What is the extent of the great wall ? For what purpose was it built ? What river runs through lake Baikal ? Angara. What name is applied to the Eastern coast of Hindoo-stan ? (Coromandel.) 05 hart's geography. 95. What to the Western ? {Malabar.) What are the length and breadth of New Holland 1 (See Islands.) What waters will you navigate, and what will be your courses, in passing from Suez to Bussorah ? From Bussorah to Jeddo ? From Jeddo to New York ? In what part of Turkey is Palestine, or the Holy Land ? (South-Western.) Where is the desert called the Steppe of Issim ? Cobi ? Shamo ? 100. What part of the Chinese empire is called China Proper ? What part is called Eastern Tartary ? What part of the Chinese empire is called Thibet ? What are the boundaries and capital of China ? Of Thibet? Has Eastern Tartary a distinct capital ? None. 105. Is any city known as the capital of Arabia ? (None.) Which is the chief city of Arabia ? (Sana.) Which is the chief city of Turkey ? (Aleppo.) Is any city in Asia known as its capital ? None. What city in Europe is the capital of Turkey in Asia ? (Constantinople.) 110. What other government in Asia has its capital in Europe ? (Russia.) What is the name of that capital ? (St. Petersburg.) What part of Hindoo-stan is possessed by the British ? ASIA. 89 What is the capital of British India ? {Calcutta.) What is the nominal capital of the interior, and the residence of the Great Mogul ? The British possess the East and West coasts of Hindoo-stan, and their influence extends to a considerable degree over a large part of the Penin- sula. They also claim Bootan and Nepaul on the North, which were included in Thibet. The capital of the interior is Delhi, on the river Jumnah. It is the residence of the Great Mogul or Emperor of India, whose authority, however, is merely nominal, as he is in fact reduced to humiliating dependence on a foreign power. Great Britain, under the pretence of extending civilization, but with a rapacity that has no parallel in modern history, has wrested the country and conquered 94,000,000 of the Asiatics by the cannon and the bayonet ; and she now contemplates a farther conquest, by the invasion of the country of the Afghans, for the like purpose of rendering it tributary. What will be your course — through what countries — and over what waters— From Pekin . . . to . Calcutta ? From Calcutta . to . Canton ? From Canton . to . Singapore ? From Singapore . to . Madras ? From Madras . . to . Suez ? From Suez . . . to . Delhi ? From Delhi . . to . Bagdad ? From Bagdad , . to . Ispahan ? From Ispahan . . to . Smyrna ? From Smyrna . to . Jerusalem ? From Jerusalem . to . Tyre? From Tyre . . . to . Mecca ? From Mecca . . to . Jeddo ? From Jed do . to . Bombay ? From Bombay . to . Cape of Good H.? From Bombay . to . Cape Horn ? From Cape Hon 1 . to . Australia ? From Australia to . New York ? From New York : . to . Canton ? 90 hart's geography. RIVERS. Questions. Where do they rise ? What courses do they run, and through what countries ? Where do they empty ? Miles. Miles. Ofeel . 2,700 Ganges'? .... 1.500 Yenisei, 2.600 Burrampooter, 1.500 Kiang-ku, . 2.300 Indus, 1.200 Amour, 2.200 Irrawady, . 1.200 Lena, .... 2,100 Tigris, 1,146 Wolga, {See pg. 87.) 2,000 Sihon, 800 Hoang-ho or Yellow, . 2,000 Irtish, 640 Euphrates, . 1.800 Jihon, 500 Cambodia, . 1,700 Oural, 500 SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. Questions. What shores do they indent ? To what large waters are they tributary ? Kara Sea ? Obe Sea ? Anadir ? Kamptshatka ? Okhotsk, or Lama Sea ? Japan Sea ? Yellow Sea ? Canton ? Ton quin ? China Sea ? Siam ? Bengal ? Arabian Sea ? Cambay ? Persian ? Red Sea, or Arabian Gulf? Levant ? Carpentaria ? Botany ? Java Sea ? ASIA. 91 STRAITS. Questions. Between what shores are they ? What waters do they connect ? Bhering's ? Channel of Tartary ? Korea ? Macassar ? Malacca ? Sunda ? Palk's ? Ormus ? Babelmandeb ? Torre's ? Bass' ? Cook's ? Dardanelles ? Constantinople ? CAPES. Questions. Where are they situated ? what waters do they project ? Tamura ? Dondra ? Lopatka ? York ? Comorin ? Wilson's Promon Ras ? tory ? Java Head ? Maria Van Die man 1 Pedro ? Into MOUNTAINS. Questions. In what directions do the ranges extend ? Where do they commence and terminate ? Where are the peaks ? What is the altitude ? Feet. Himmaleh Mountains 1 . . . Hindon-stan and Thibet, . 20,000 Dhawala-giri, oi- White Mountain 1 Highest Pk. of the Himmaleh, 27,000 Altaian chain '!.... Siberia and East Tartary, . 10,000 92 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Feet. . Volcano, Kamptshaika, . 9,600 . Russia, W. of the Casj. ian, . Highest of the Caucasian, . 17,000 . Persia S. of Caspian Sea, . 10,000 Do. W. of do. . 9,500 . Hind. Coromandel, . 4,000 . Hind. Malabar, . 4,000 . Korea, . . 4,500 . Owyhee, . 18,400 . Otaheite, . 10,900 . Sumatra, . 14,000 Do. . . 12,500 . New Zealand, . 15,300 Avatsha 1 Caucasian chain 1 Elburus Peak 1 Demavend Peak 1 Mount Ararat 1 Eastern Gauts 1 Western Gauts 1 Chain of Korea 1 Kaah Mountain 1 Otaheitean Peak 1 Mount Ophir 1 Suniatran Volcano 1 Mount Eginont 1 What mountain is reputed to be the highest in the world 1 Dhawala-giri, or the White Mountain, or as it is sometimes called Kan- tel-peak, is said to be the most lofty mountain yet discovered on the globe. It is, however, doubted by some authors whether the Himmaleh mountains are more elevated than the Andes of South America, as the method used to ascertain their altitude was of questionable accuracy. There are Twenty- five peaks said to be upwards of 19,000 feet high. LAKES Questions. Where are they ? What are their outlets ? Where do they empty ? Caspian Sea ? Baikal ? Aral Sea ? Asphaltites ? What peculiarities distinguish lake Asphaltites 1 There are several names by which lake Asphaltites is distinguished ; as lake Bitumen, or Asphaltites, Salt Sea, lakes Sirbon, Bahheret-Lut, or sea of Lot, Dead Sea, and, anciently, sea of Sodom. It is situated in Palestine, and receives the river Jordan on the North, and several other smaller rivers ; but sends not, like other lakes, a tribute to the ocean. The waters of this lake are uncommonly transparent, and unusually salt ; sulphur and bitumen are found on its shores, and large quantities of asphaltum, or mineral pitch, float on its surface. This celebrated sea has recently been thoroughly ex- plored by an American exploring party, under the command of Lieut. Lynch of the U. S. Navy. ASIA. 93 PENINSULAS. Questions. From what part of the country do they project ? What waters embrace them ? In wliat capes do they terminate ? Kamptshatka ? Malacca ? Korea ? Hindoo-stan ? Birmah, &c. ? Arabia ? ISLANDS Questions. In what directions are they situa- ted from the nearest coast ? What waters sur- round them ? To what clusters do they belong ? (See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) Lekoo or Loochoo ? Formoso ? Aleutian Group or Fox Islands or Northern Archip. ? Oonalaska ? Bhering's ? Kurile Group ? Tchoka or Seg- halien ? Jesso ? Japan Empire 1 Niphon ? Sikoke ? Ximo or Kiusiu ? Leoo-Keoo Group ? Macao ? Hainan ? Mergui's Archipel. 1 Andaman Group ? Great Andaman ? Little Andaman ? Nicobar Group ? Ceylon ? Lacadive Group ? Maldive Group ? Socotra ? 94 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. ORIENTAL ARCHIPELAGO. (See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) Borneo ? Philipine Group ? Luzon or Luconia ? Magindanao ? Palawan ? Celebesian Group ? Celebes, or Ma- cassar ? Moluccas, or Spice Islands ? Gilolo ? Sunda Group, or ) Sumatran Chain ? \ Sumatra ? Banca ? Java ? What remarkable tree was reported to grow in the Island of Java 1 The Upas or Poison Tree, was said to grow in the centre of the island of Java, and to destroy, by its noxious effluvia, all animal and vegetable life, for twelve miles round it. It is ascertained, however, that this tree does not exist, and consequently the account of it, originally published in Holland ia 1780, proves to be an imposture. AUSTRAL-ASIA. This division of the Asiatic Islands is called the FIFTH GRAND DIVISION OF THE GLOBE. (See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) New Holland or Australia ? 2,900 by 2,700 miles. Papua or N. Guinea ? Van Dieman's land ? New Ireland ? New Britain ? New Georgia or Solomon's ? New Hebrides ? New Caledonia ? New Zealand ? ASIA. 95 POLYNESIA, THE REGION OF MANY ISLANDS (See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) Caroline Group ? Pelew Group ? Navigator's Group ? Friendly Isles ? Society Group ? Otaheite ? Ladrone Group ? Sandwich Group ? Owyhee ? Marquesas Group ? Madison's or Nooaheva ? CITIES AND TOWNS. Questions. In what governments are they ? How situated, on rivers or inland ? In what direction do they lie from Jeddo ? From Aleppo ? From Cape Comorin ? From Cape Tamura ? In Russia. Astracan 1 c. Orenburg, c. Tobolsk, c. Irkutsk, c. Tomsk, c. In China. Pekin 1 c. . Canton, King-le-Ching, Hang-Cheou, Nankin, Pop. 31,000 20,000 15,000 15,000 10,000 1,500.000 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 400,000 In Chinise Tartary. Cashgarl .... 24,000 In Thibet. . 24,000 In Japan. Jeddo 1 c. Meaco, Nangasacki, In Birmah. Umerapoora 1 Rangoon, Ava, c. Pegu, Aracan, Prome, In Hindoo-stan. Benares 1 Madras, . Calcutta, c. Patna, Bombay, . Pop. 750,000 500,000 50,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 10,000 8,000 5,000 630,000 400,000 380,000 300,000 230,000 9b HART 7 S GEOGRAPHY. ' In Hindoo-stan. Pop. In Turkey. Pop. Delhi, 200,000 Damascus 1 120,000 Lucknow, 200,000 Smyrna, . 120,000 Dacca, .... 200,000 Aleppo, . 70,000 Hyderabad, 200,000 Bagdad, . 70,000 Surat, .... 157,000 Bussorah, Harnah, . 60,000 44,000 In Siam. Diarbekir, 40,000 Bang-Koic 2c. . 50,000 Mosul, . Erzeroum, 35,000 20,000 In Anam. In Arabia. Sai-gon 1 180,000 Kesho, .... 150,000 Sana 1 ? . 40,000 Hue, Together with the Asiatic Austral- Asia, >■ and American coasts on the Polynesia, } Together > and Amerk ) Pacific. AFRICA. 100 OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY PECULIAR TO AFRICA. Lion. Hippopotamus. Zebra. «*4-r:*vft$^ Crocodile. Porcupine. Cameleopard. Common Monkey, Baboon. Ostrich. Orang-outang. AFRICA. 101 MAP OF AFRICA. Point to the map of Africa ? Where is Africa ? What natural division is it ? What are its boundaries ? Into what grand divisions may Africa be sub- divided ? 5. What countries form the Northern part ? What countries form the Western part ? What countries form the Southern part ? What countries form the Eastern part ? What countries form the Central part ? NORTHERN AFRICA. 10. What are the boundaries and capital of — Countries. Capitals. Morocco ? Morocco, Algeria ? Algiers, Tunis ? Tunis, Tripoli ? Tripoli, Barca ? Berne, Fezzan ? Mourzouk, Egypt ? Cairo, WESTERN AFRICA. 1 5. What are the boundaries and capital of— Countries. Capitals. Country of Foulahs, &c. ? . . . Goumel, $*c. Foota Jallo ? Teemhoo, 102 hart's geography. Countries. Sierra Leone ? Liberia ? . Ashantee ? Dahomey ? Benin? . Biafra? . Loango ? Congo ? Angola ? Benguela ? Zimbebas? (Desert, Capitals. Free Town. Monrovia. Coomassie. Abomey. Benin. Biafra. Loango. St. Salvador. St. Panlde Loando. Benguela. SOUTHERN AFRICA. 30. What are the boundaries and capital of- Countries. Capitals. Ho tentot Country ? Letdkoo. Colony of the Cape ) Q T of Good Hope? 5 • • • • La P e Iown - Caffraria? Port Natal. EASTERN AFRICA. 35. What are the boundaries and capital of — Countries. Capitals. Mocaranga or Mo- j .... zimbao _ nomotapa I ) Mozambique ? Mozambique. Quiloa ? Quiloa. Melinda ? , . Melinda. Magadoxo ? Magadoxo. AFRICA. 103 Countries. Capitals. Ajan ? Ajan. Berbera ? Berbera. Adel? .......... Adel. Abyssinia? Gondar. Nubia ? Senadr. CENTRAL AFRICA. 45. What are the boundaries and capital of — Countries. Capitals. Za'ara, or The > Great Desert? y * * * " " Bornou ? . Bomou. Begherme ? Begherme. Bergoo ? Wara. Darfur? ........ Cobbe. Houssa ? ........ Houssa. Timbuctoo ? Timbuctoo. Bambarra ? Sego. Soudan, or Nigritia ? {Regions N. of the M'ts. of the Moon.) Ethiopia ? {Regions S. of the Mountains of the Moon.) 55. In what direction does Africa lie from the other quarters of the globe ? In what direction from the United States of North America ? What are the four extremities of Africa ? What is the lengh of Africa from Cape Serrel in the North, to Cape Aguillas in the South ? (4,980 miles.) 104 What is its breadth from Cape Verde in the West, to Cape Guardafui in the East ? (4,500 miles.) 60. In how many zones does Africa lie ? Through what part of Africa does the Equator pass 1 Which is the largest island near Africa ? What clusters of islands lie off the North- West coast of Africa ? How is Africa separated from Europe ? 65. At what place do they approach nearest ? What towns in Europe and Africa are nearest each other ? {Gibraltar and Ceuta.) What neck of land prevents Africa from being* an island ? What sea lies between Africa and Arabia ? What is the extent of the great desert of Za'ara from East to W^est ? (3,000 miles.) 70. What is its extent from North to South ? (1,000 miles;) What countries are comprehended under the name of Sene Gambia 1 The countries included between the rivers Senegal and Gambia, inhabited by the Foulah, Jaloff, and many other distinct nations, are distinguished by the general name of Sene-Gambia. Among what- mountains do the rivers Senegal, Gambia, and Niger rise ? {Kong.) What mountains in Africa gave name to the Atlantic ocean ? {Atlas.) How wide is the Atlantic Ocean 1 (3,000 m.) 75. What river passes through lake Dembea ? {Blue.) AFRICA. 105 What rivers empty into the Gulf of Guinea ? What is that part of Egypt called which is embraced by the mouths of the Nile ? Delta. Sailing down the Nile from the 20th degree of North latitude, what towns do you pass ? Starting from Cairo, by what waters and courses will you reach the city of New York? 80. By what waters and courses will you pro- ceed from Tripoli to Suez ? What cities do you find on the northern coast of Africa ? What lakes are in Africa ? (See Lakes.) Is Cape Serrel or Cape Bon the more north- erly ? Is the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Aguillas the more southerly ? 85. What chains of mountains extend through the centre of Africa ? What rivers empty into the Atlantic Ocean ? What cluster of islands do you find in the channel of Mozambique ? What islands lie East of Madagascar ? What is the amount of population in Africa ? 90. How does Africa rank in size with the other grand divisions of the globe ? How in population ? (See Tables 3 and 4.) What river in America has the same parallel of latitude with the Cape of Good Hope ? Which is the first city of Africa ? Where is it situated, and what is the amount of its population ? The second 1 . The third 1 . The fourth 1 . The fifth 1 . The sixth 1 . The seventh 1 The eighth 1 . The ninth 1 . The tenth 1 . 106 hart's geography. Pop. Cairo, . . . . . . 240,000 Tunis, 120,000 MequineZy 100,000 Fez, 88,000 Morocco, 80,000 Alexandria, .... 40,000 Algiers, 40,000 Damictta, 30,000 Tripoli, 25,000 Constantia, .... 25,000 100. Where is the desert of Cimbebas ? What channel separates the island of Mada- gascar from the main ? How wide is the channel of Mozambique ? (270 miles.) What rivers form the head branches of the Nile? What cities are situated at the mouths of the Nile? 105. How many and what islands compose the cluster of the Cape Verde ? (See Islands.) How many and what islands form the Comora ? How many and what islands form the Canary ? How many and what islands form the Madei- ra ? Where is the point on the map of Africa which has neither longitude nor latitude ? 110. Why? Point to the prominent capes on all the coasts of Africa, and name them. What capes are on the island of Mada- gascar ? What mountains are in Madagascar ? What mountains are in Southern Africa ? AFRICA. 107 115. In latitude 20° South, and longitude 5° West, are you on land or sea, and what will be your direct course to the Cape of Good Hope ? In latitude 25° North, and longitude 5° East, where are you ? From that point, what would be the direct course of a caravan to the town of Nun ? What are the great features of Africa ? {Deserts.) What countries border on the Red Sea ? 120. How is the coast of Guinea divided ? What mountains in Africa are the most ele- vated ? {See Mountains.) What is the altitude of the mountains of Geesh ? What are the length and breadth of Madagas- car 1 (See Isla?ids.) How does it rank among the large islands of the world? (Third.) 125. Where is lake Tchad ? What river flows into it ? ( Yeou.) What is the course of the Niger, and where does it empty ? Up to what year was the course of that river a mystery ? (1830.) Point to the island of St. Helena, and say for what it is celebrated ? (See Islands.) 130. Where is the land of Hotentots ? Where is Nigritia, or land of Negroes ? Where is Liberia, or the republic of blacks ? What course is it from Liberia to New York ? 108 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. RIVERS. Questions. Where do they rise ? What courses do they run, and through what countries ? Where do they empty ? Miles. Miles. Nile, and its head 1 2,500 Senegal 1 . 1,000 White, or Bahr-el-Abiad, Orange, . 900 Blue, or Bahr-el-Azrek, Gambia, . . . 700 Tecazze, Zaire, or Congo, Niger, ... 2,000 Yeou, .... SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. Questions. What shores do they indent ? To what larger waters are they tributary ? Mediterranean Sea ? Benin ? Sidra ? Arabian Gulf, or Guinea ? Red Sea ? Bight of Biafra ? Delagoa ? STRAITS Questions. Between what shores are they? What waters do they connect ? Gibraltar ? Mozambique ? Babel man deb ? AFRICA. 109 CAPES. Questions. Where are they ? Into what waters do they project ? Bon? Serrel ? Spartel ? Bianco ? Good Hope ? Aguillas ? Natal ? Corrientes ? Verde ? Delgado ? Palmas ? Guardafui ? Negro ? Voltas ? Ambro ? St. Mary ? ] MOUNTAINS. Questions. In what directions do the ranges* extend ? Where do they commence and terminate ? Where are the veaks 1 What is the altitude ? Geesh Mountains 1 . Atlas Chain'! . Kong Mountains 1 . Mountains of the Moon 1 Lupata Mountains 1 Brenas Mountains 1 Nieuwveld, or Snowy Mountains 1 Peak of Teneriffe 1 lied Mountains 1 . Abyssinia, . Morocco, Central Africa, Bo. . Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Do. Teneriffe, Madagascar, Feet. 15,000 12,500 10,000 12,300 11.000 110 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. LAKES. Questions. Where are they ? What are their outlets ? Where do they empty ? Dibbe ? Bahr-Heimed ? Fittre ? Bahr-Dwi ? Dembea ? Tchad ? Maravi ? ISLANDS. Questions. In what directions are they situa- ted from the nearest coast ? What waters sur- round them ? The Delta ? Sal? Madeira Group ? Bonavista ? Madeira ? > Mayo ? Porto Santo ? Fogo? Canary Group ? Brava ? Teneriffe ? St. Helena ? Fuerte- Ventura ? Madagascar ? o America, Austral-Asia Total ,2m., and Asiatic Islands, 30 m., . population of the Earth, .... 55,000.000 32,000,000 816,000,000 Table 5. — Countries of North America. Countries. Population. Capitals United States, Mexico, . West Indies, Centi-al America, British America, Russian America, Republic, Republic, Colonies, Republics. Colonies, Colonies, Indians in N. A., estimated at Total of North America, 24,000,000 7,500,000 3.270,000 2,000.000 1,450^00 50.000 1,730,000 Washington. Mexico Havana, &c. St. Salvador, &c. Quebec, &c. 40,000,000 Table 6. — Countries of South America. Countries. Population. Capitals. 1 Brazil, . Empire, 6,000.000 Rio de Janeiro. 2 Peru. . Republic, 1,700,000 Lima. 3 New Granada, Republic, 1,687,000 Bogota. 4 Chili, . Republic, 1.250.000 St. lago. 5 Bolivia. Republic, 1,030,000 Chuquisaca. ti Argentine, . Republic, 1,000,000 Buenos Ayres. 7 Venezuela, . Republic, 900,000 Caraccas. 8 Equador, Republic, 600,000 Quito. 9 Paraguay, . Dictatorship, 300,000 Assumption. Monte Video. 10 Ban da Oriental, . Republic, 200,000 11 Guiana, Colonies, 183,000 Geo. Par. & Cayenne. 12 Patagonia Indians, ith America, 150,000 Total of Soi 15,000,000 TABLES. 129 Table 7. — Showing the Rank of the United States according to their Population, and the Capital of each State, So e D ft States. Pop. in 1850. Capitals. 1 New York, 3,097,394 Albany. 2 Pennsylvania, 2.311,786 Harrisburg. 3 Ohio, . 1,980,408 Columbus. 4 Virginia, . 1.421,661 Richmond. 5 Tennessee, 1,002,625 Nashville. 6 Massachusetts, 994,499 Boston. 7 Indiana, 988,416 Indianapolis. 8 Kentucky, . 982,405 Frankfort. 9 Georgia, 905,999 Milledgeville. 10 North Carolina, 868,903 Raleigh. 11 Illinois, 851,470 Springfield. 12 Alabama, . 771,671 Montgomery. 13 Missouri, . 682,043 Jefferson City. 14 South Carolina, 668,507 Columbia. 15 Mississippi, 606,555 Jackson. 16 Maine, 583,188 Augusta. 17 Maryland, . 583.035 Annapolis. 18 Louisiana, . 511,974 New Orleans. 19 New Jersey, 489,555 Trenton. 20 Michigan, . 397,654 Detroit. 21 Connecticut, 370,791 2 Capitals. 22 New Hampshire 317,964 Concord. 23 Vermont, . 314,120 Montpelier. 24 Wisconsin, 305,191 Madison. 25 Texas, 212,592 Austin. 26 Arkansas, . 209,639 Little Rock. 27 [owa, . 192,214 Iowa City. 28 California, . 165,000 3 Capitals. 29 Rhode Island, . 147,544 5 Capitals. 30 Delaware, . 91,535 Dover. 31 Florida, 87,401 Tallahassee. Territories &c< 146,984 300,000 Indians in U. S. and Ter., Total Pop. United States, 56 Tribes in all. 23,560,723 Washington City. 130 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Table 8. — Territories of the United States, ac- cording to their Population ; and the Indian Tribes. % Territories. Pop. in 1850. Capitals. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 New Mexico, District of Columbia, Oregon, Utah, Minnesota, . Nebraska, . Indian Territory, Indians, E . of Rocky Mount ains, 61,547 51,687 13,293 11,380 6,077 3,000 100,000 200,000 Santa Fe. Washington. Salem. Salt Lake City. St. Paul. Not organized. 18 Tribes, emigrants. 38 Tribes, scattered. Total Territory & Indians, 446,984 Table 9. — Countries of Europe according to Population. Countries. Population. Capitals. 1 Russia, . . . Empire, 49,000,000 St. Petersburg. 2 Austria, . . . Empire, 37,000,000 Vienna. 3 France, . . . Republic, 34,000,000 Paris. 4 Britain and Ireland, Kingdom, 25,000,000 London. 5 Italian States, . King., &c. 17,000,000 Naples, R ome, &c 6 Germany, (proper,) Confed., 14,000,000 Frankfort. 7 Prussia, . . . Kingdom, 14,000,000 Berlin. 8 Spain, . . . Kingdom, 12,000,000 Madrid. 9 Turkey, . . . Empire, 9,500,000 Constantinople. 10 Belgium, . . Kingdom, 4,000,000 Brussels. 11 Sweden & Norway, Kingdom, 4,000,000 Stockholm. 12 Portugal, . . Kingdom, 3,500,000 Lisbon. 13 Holland, . . Kingdom, 3,000,000 The Hague. 14 Denmark, . . Kingdom, 2,000,000 Copenhagen. 15 Switzerland, . . Republic, 2,000,000 Berne, &c. lb Greece, . . . Kingdom, Total population of Europe, 1,000,000 Athens. 231,000,000 TABLES. 131 Table 10. — Countries of Asia, according their supposed Population. to 9f Countries. Population. Capitals. 1 Chinese Empire, 168,000,000 Pekin. 2 liindoo-stan, . . Colonies, 150,000,000 Calcutta. 3 Japan, .... Empire, 25,000,000 Jeddo. 4 Turkey in A. or Ottoman Empire, 12,000,000 Constantinople. 5 Birman Empire, Anam, &c, . 11,000,000 Ava, &c 6 Arabia, . . . Tribes, 10,000,000 Mecca, &c. 7 Persia. . . . Despot., 9,000,000 Teheran. 8 Afghani-stan, &c, . Tribes, 6,000,000 Cabul, &c. 9 Independent Tartary, . Tribes, 5,000,000 Bokhara. 10 Russia in Asia, . . Despot., 4,000,000 St. Petersburg. 11 Austral-Asia, . . Colonies, 2,000,000 Sydney. Asiatic Islands, Total pop. in Asia & Islands, 30,000,000 432,000,000 Table 11. — Shoiving the number of Children receiving Education, in proportion to the Pop. of several countries in America and Europe. 1 New York, One in 3.6 15 Bavaria, . One in 8.0 2 Ohio, . One in 4.0 16 Holland, . One in 8.3 3 Massachusetts, One in 4.0 17 Scotland, . One in 10.0 4 Connecticut, . One in 4.0 18 Austria, . One in 10.0 5 Saxony, One in 5.3 19 Belgium, . One in 10.7 6 Bohemia, One in 5.7 20 Lombardy, . . One in 12 7 Baden, . One in 6.0 21 Ireland, . One in 13.0 8 Maine, . One in 6.0 22 France, . One in 13.3 9 New Hampshire, . One in 6.0 23 Switzerland, . One in 13.6 10 Vermont, One in 6.0 24 Indiana, . One in 17.0 11 Rhode Island, One in 6.0 25 Spain, . Venetian Pro v., . One in 17.6 12 Prussia, One in 7.0 26 . One in 30.0 13 Denmark, One in 7.0 27 South Carolina, . One in 64.0 14 Sweden & Norway, One in 7.0 28 Russia, . One in 772.0 The above Table, drawn from authentic sources, small as it is, is one of the most instructive and valuable in the statistics of Education. An inspection will reform several errors, repeated in many elementary works, and copied from one into another and believed, without investigation. Thus, Scotland, Prussia, and the "New England" States, heretofore supposed to pay more attention toeduca- tion than other countries, will be found behind others that were considered much lower down in the scale. New York, which stands at the head of this list, as she does in all other great national qualities, has now, (1851), even a greater appreciation, — standing at three and four-tenths, instead of the number above given by Don Ramon de la Sagra, of Spain. The Table is partly taken from a work of that gentleman, who, within a few years, visited many States where common schools were established, for the purpose of devising a plan of elementary education for his own country. 132 HART'S GEOGRAPHY. Table 12. — Showing the 38 States composing the German Confederation. German Austria, German Prussia, Bavaria, . Hanover, . Wurtemburg, . Saxony, . Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Cassel, . Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Holstein, Nassau, Empire, Kingdom, Kingdom, Kingdom, Kingdom, Kingdom, G. Duchy, G. Duchy, Electorate, Duchy, Duchy, Duchy, Luxemburg & Limburg, G. Duchy, Brunswick, . . G. Duchy, Oldenburg & Kniphausen, G. D., Saxe Weimar, . . G. Duchy, Saxe Meiningen, . . Duchy, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, . Duchy, Saxe-Altenburg, . . Duchy, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, G. Duchy, Lippe-Detmold, . Principality, Reuss, (younger), Principality, Rudolstadt, . . Principality, Anhault Dessau, . . Duchy, Waldeck, . . Principality, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Pr. , Bernburg, . . . Duchy, Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen , Prin . , Kothen, .... Duchy, Reuss, (elder), . Principality, Schaumburg-Lippe, Principality, Hesse-Homburg, . Landgravate, Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Prin., Liechtenstein, Principality, Hamburg, . . Republic, Frankfort, . . Republic, Bremen, . Republic, Lubeck, . . Republic, Total of the Confed. States, say 11,714,000 10,908,000 4,339,000 1,748,000 1,667,000 1,666,000 1,227,000 793,000 722,000 479,000 477,000 388,000 332,000 269,000 267,000 246,000 149,000 140,000 122,000 88,000 83,000 72,000 66,000 61,000 56,000 56,000 47,000 43,000 40,000 32,000 28,000 23,000 20,000 7,000 154,000 65,000 58,000 47.000 Vienna Berlin. Munich. Hanover. Stuttgard. Dresden. Carlsruhe. Darmstadt. Cassel. Schwerin. Kiel. Wisbaden. Luxemburg. Brunswick. Oldenburg. Weimar. Meiningen. Gotha. Altenburg. Strelitz. Detmold. Schleiz. Rudolstadt. Dessau Arolsen. Sondershausen Bernburg. Sigmaringen. Kb'then. Greiz. Buckburg. Homburg. Hechingen. Vadutz. Hamburg, Frankfort Bremen, Lubeck, Free City Free City Free City Free City 38,000,000 Frankfort, on the Mayno To Germany Proper, . . .... 14,000,000 To other States, (see Table 9, and pages 68 and 70,) . 24,000,000 Total as above, 38,000,000 TABLES. 133 Table 13. — List of Cities and Towns in the United States, whose Population, by the Census of 1850, was 10,000 and upwards. PC E PC Cities, &c. States. Population. 1 New York, .... New York, .... 515,507 2 Philadelphia, {city fy county.) Pennsylvania, 408,815 3 Baltimore, .... Maryland, . 169,048 4 Boston, Massachusetts, 136,871 5 New Orleans, Louisiania, . 116,348 6 Cincinnati, . Ohio, . 115,436 7 Brooklyn, . New York, . 97,838 8 St. Louis, . . Missouri, 64,252 9 Albany, New York, . 50,763 10 Pittsburg, . Pennsylvania, 50,519 11 Louisville, . Kentucky, . 43,196 12 Charleston, . South Carolina, 42,985 13 Buffalo, New York, . 42,261 14 Providence, . Rhode Island, 41,512 15 Washington, . Dist. Columbia, 40,001 16 Newark, New Jersey, 38,894 17 Rochester, . New York, . 36,403 18 Lowell, Massachusetts, 33,383 19 Williamsburg, New York, . 30,780 20 Chicago, . Illinois, 29,963 21 Troy, . . Richmond, . New York, . 28,785 22 . Virginia, 27,482 23 San Francisco, California, . 25,000 24 Syracuse, New York, . 22,271 25 Allegany, . Pennsylvania, 21,262 26 Detroit, Michigan, . 21,019 27 Portland, Maine, 20,815 28 Mobile, New Haven, . Alabama, . 20.513 29 Connecticut, 20,345 30 Salem, Massachusetts, 20.264 31 Milwaukie, . Wisconsin, . 20,061 32 Roxbury, . Massachusetts, 18.364 33 Columbus, . Ohio, . 18,183 34 Worcester, . Massachusetts, 17.867 35 Utica, New York, . 17.565 36 Charlestown, Massachusetts, 17.216 37 Cleveland, . Ohio, . 17.034 38 New Bedford, Massachusetts, 16.443 39 Reading, Pennsylvania, 15.748 40 Cambridge, Massachusetts, 15,215 41 Savannah, . Georgia, 15,000 42 Bangor, • Maine, 14,432 134 hart's geography. PC | E Cities, &c. States. Population. 43 Norfolk, .... Virginia, .... 14,326 44 Lynn, . Massachusetts, 14,257 45 Lafayette, . Louisiana, . 14.211 46 Petersburg, Virginia, 14,010 47 Wilmington, Delaware, . 13,979 48 Poughkeepsie, New York, . 13,944 49 Manchester, New Hampshire, 13.932 50 Hartford, Connecticut, 13,555 51 Lancaster, . Pennsylvania, New York, . 12,369 52 Lockport, . 12,323 53 Oswego, New York, . 12,205 54 Springfield, New burg, . Massachusetts, 11,766 55 New York, 11,415 56 Wheeling, . Virginia, 11,391 57 Paterson, New Jersey, 11,341 5S Dayton, Ohio, . 10,977 59 Taunton, Massachusetts, 10,441 60 Norwich, Connecticut, 10,265 61 Kingston, . New York, . 10,233 62 New Brunswick, New Jersey, 10,019 63 Nashville, . Tennessee, . 10,000 64 Lexington, . Kentucky, . 10,000 65 Natchez, Mississippi, 10,000 The population of five of the above Cities and Tovns, given in round num. bers, is estimated. THE END. DANIEL BURGESS Revised ni.d IlJKstnited Edition, e*lnl>racing Ancient Geography, with a large and valuable Map of the Roman Empire (Atlas bound in stiff covers). Smith's Introductory Arithmetic. Smith's Practical and. Mental Arithmetic and Key. Smith's J*ew Arithmetic and Key. BY ASA SMITH. Smith's Illustrated Astronomy. Smith's Abridged " Smith's Illustrated M In Spanish Language. D. B. TOWER'S SERIES. Tourer's Speller and Complete Fnunciator. Tower's First Header, or, Gradual Primer, Enlarged and Illustrated. Tower's Second Header, or, Introduction *o Gradual Reader, En- larged and Illustrated, Tower's Third lieader, or, Gradual Reader, Enlarged. . Tower's Fourth Reader, or. Sequel to the Gradual Reader. Tower's Fifth Reader, or, N. A. Second Class Reader, Enlarged. Tower's Sixth Reader, or, N. A. First Class Reader. Toner's Elements of Grammar* Tower's Grnrtmar and Sequel* Tower's Algebra, and Key. Arnold's English and French Arithmetics. Ackerman's Natural History. Claggett's Expositor and Elocution made Easy* Guernsey's United states, Juvenile and Advanced. Hart's Geographical Questions and Atlas. Mayhew's Practical Book-keeping and Blanks. mayhew's Key to Do. fflayhew on Popular Education. Vaughan's Speller, Refiner, and Reader, In Two Parts Ri cord's Youth's Grammar. Eafever's Modern Builder's Guide. Gould's House-Carpenter's and Joiner's Assistant* PI" '-us for Churches. With 20 Designs by Eminent Architects.