I- / HISTORY D KEAN r\ \J KJ INDIANA. From the Earliest Time to the Present ; with Biographical Sketches, Reminiscences, Notes, Etc.; Together with an Extended History op the Northwest, the Indiana Territory AND the State of Indiana. ii_.i_.TJ st:e^^^t-ex) . Chicago : GOODSPEED BROS. & CO., PUBLISHERS, 1885. to CHICAGO: JOHN MORRIS COMPANY, PRINTERS 118 AND 120 MONROE STREET. PREFACE. OUR history of Pike and Dubois Counties, after laontbs of per- sistent, conscientious labor, is now completed. Every impor- tant field of research has been minutely scanned by those engaged in its preparation, and no subject of universal public value has been omitted save where protracted effort failed to secure trustworthy re- sults. The impossibility of ingrafting upon the pages of this volume the vast fund of the counties' historic information, and the proper omission of many valueless details, have compelled the publishers to select such matters as are deemed of the greatest importance. Fully aware of our inability to furnish a perfect history from meager public documents, inaccurate })rivate correspondence, and numberless con- flicting traditions, we make no pretension of having prepared a work devoid of l^lemish. Through the courtesy and the generous assist- ance met with everywhere, we have been enabled to rescue fi'om oblivion the greater portion of important events that have transpired in past years. We feel assured that all thoughtful people in the counties, at i:)resent and in future, will recognize and appreciate the importance of the undertaking and the great public benefit that has been accomplished. It will be observed that a diy statement of fact has been avoided, and that the rich romance of border incident has been woven with statistical details, thus forming an attractive and graphic narrative, and lending beauty to the mechanical execution of the volume and ad- ditional value to it as a work for perusal. We claim superior excel- lence in our systematic manner of collecting material by workers in specialties; in the division of the subject matter into distinct and ap- propriate chapters; in the subdivision of the individual chapters into topics,, and in the ample and comprehensive index. We also, with pride, call the attention of the ]iublic to the superb mechanical execu- tion of the volume. While we acknowledge the existence of unavoid- able errors, we have prepared a work fully up to the standard of our promises, and as accurate and comprehensive as could be expected under the circumstances. December, 1885. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS. PART I.— HISTORY OF IJSDIAWA. CHAPTER I. PAGE. Prehistoric Races 17 Antiquities 19 Chinese, Tlie 18 Discovery by Columbus 33 Explorations l)y the Whites 37 Indians, Tlie 31 Immigration, The First 18 Immigration, The Second 20 Pyramids, etc , The 21 Relics of the Mound-Builders 23 Savage Customs 34 Tartars, The 23 Vincennes 39 Wabash River, The 39 AVhite Men, The First 37 CHAPTER II. National Policies, etc 41 American Policy, The 4(j Atrocity of the Savages 47 Burning of Hinton 48 British Policy, The 46 Clark's Expedition 52 French Scheme, Tlie 41 Gilbault, Father 65 Government of the Northwest 67 Hamilton's Career 64 Liquor and Gaming Laws 74 Missionaries, The Catholic 42 Ordinanceof 1787 70 Poutiac's War 46 Ruse Against the Indians 64 Vigo, Francis 66 CHAPTER III. Operations Against THE Indians 75 Battle at Peoria Lake 104 Campaign of Harrison 92 Cession Treaties 93 Defeat of St. Clair 79 Defensive Operations 76 Expedition of Harmer 7.T Expedition of Wayne 79 Expedition of St. Clair 78 Expedition of Williamson 78 Fort Miami, Battle of 80 Harrison and the Indians 87 Hopkins' Campaign 105 KickapooTown, Burning of 78 Maumee, Battle of 75 Massacre at Pigeon Roost 103 Mississinewa Town, Battle at 106 Oratory, Tecuraseh's 114 Prophet Town, Destruction of 100 Peace witli the Indians 106 Siege of Fort Wayne 101 Siege of Fort Harrison 103 Tecumseh Ill Tippecanoe, Battle of 98 War of 1812 101 War of 1812, Close of the 108 CHAPTER IV. Organization of Indiana Territory 82 Bank, Establishment of 120 Courts, Formation of. 120 County Officers, Appointment of 119 Corydon, the Capitol 117 PAGE. Governor Posey 117 Indiana in 1810 si Population in 181.5 us Territorial Legislature, The First 84 Western Sun, The 84 CHAPTER V. Organization of the State, etc 12^ Amendment, The Fifteenth 147 Black Hawk War 12*5 Constitution, Formation of the 121 Campaigns Against the Indians 12^ Defeat of Black Hawk 13O Exodus of the Indians 13! General Assembly, The First 122 Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of 142 Harmony Community 1.34 Indian Titles 132 Immigration 12^ Lafayette, Action at 127 Laud Sales 133 Mexican War, The 136 Slavery 144 CHAPTER VI. Indiana in the Rebellion 148 BatteTies of Light Infantry 182 Battle Record of States ' 188 Call to Arms, The 149 Colored Troops of Indiana 182 CalLsof 1864 177 Field, In the 152 Independent Cavalry Regiment 181 Morgan's Raid ." 170 Minute-STen 170 One Hundred Days' Men 176 Regiments, F'ormation of 151 Regiments, Sketch of. 1.53 Six Months' Regiments 172 CHAPTER VII. State Affairs After the Rebellion... 189 Agriculture 209 Coat 207 Divorce Laws 193 Finances 194 Geology 205 Internal Improvements 199 Indiana Horticultural Society 212 Indiana Pomological Society 213 Special Laws 190 State Bank 196 State Board of Agriculture 209 State Expositions 210 Wealth and Progress 197 CHAPTER VIII. Education and Benevolence Blind Institute, The City School System Compensation of Teachers Denominational and Private Institu- tions Deaf and Dumb Institute Enumeration of Scholars Free School System, The Funds, Management of the 215 232 218 220 230 236 219 215 217 CONTENTS. PAGE. Female Prison and Keformatory 241 House of Refuge, The 243 Insane Hospital, The 238 Northern Indiana Normal School 229 Origin of School Funds 221 Purdue University 224 PAGE. School Statistics 218 State University, The 222 State Normal School 228 State Prison, South 239 State Prison, North 240 Total School Funds 220 PART II.— HISTORY OF PIKX: COUIVTY. CHAPTER 1. Geology 245 Economic Geology 249 Fossils 246 Local Details 247 Precious Minerals 250 Paleozoic Geology 246 Surlace Features 245 Streams 245 Section of the County 246 Section at Petersburg 247 Stone and Water 250 Section at Pikesville 248 Section at Martin's Bank 249 CHAPTER II. Settlement of the County 251 Arrest of Harrisou 256 Adams Township 260 Counterfeiting 267 Clay Township 257 Early Elections 253 Early Marriages 268 Hunters and Trappers 252 Internal Improvements 266 IndiauStories 268 Jetl'erson Townshij) 253 Land Entries 257 Logan Township 257 Mound-Kuilders' Works 270 Mills and Postothces 251 Militia Musters 254 Madison Township 255 Mineral Springs, Mines, etc 258 Mouroe Township 259, Officers, The First 255 Settlers, The I'irst 251 "Snake Knob" 262 Underground Railroad 264 Voters, Listof. 264 Wild Hogs 263 Wolf Hunting 262 Washington Grange 260 CHAPTER III. Organization op the County 273 Associate Judges 289 Act of Creation 273 .Vgricultural Society 283 Auditors 287 .\cts 01 the County Board 274 Boundary 274 Collectors and Commissioners 276 Court Houses and .Jails 277 County and other Libraries 285 Corouers 286 Clerks 287 Circuit .Judges 289 County Agents 289 County Commissioners 288 Defalcations 279 Elections 291 Finances 280 Fair Receipts and Expenses 285 Justices of the Peace 289 Later Acts of the Board 278 Later l''inances 281 New Townships 276 Probate Judges 289 Population 282 Paupers, The 282 Representatives 290 Recorders 287 Sheriffs 286 Surveyors 287 Senators 290 Treasurers 287 Taxes 275 CHAPTER IV. The Benciland Bab 298 Ad Quod Damnum 307 Admitted to Practice .308 Change of Venue 301 Crime at Camp Meeting 300 Contested Election, Case of. 313 Compensation of Judges 304 Divorce Suit 307 Earlv Attorneys 305 First Grand Jurors 299 First True Bill 299 Fornication 309 Forgery, Cases of. 311 "Judge Lynch" 315 Judges, First 304 Eidnapping, Case of 309 Official Negligence 310 Probate Court, First Session 315 Record of First Court 298 Slander Suits .302 Various Cases enumerated 312 CHAPTER V. Military History 317 Aid to Soldiers and their Families 334 ' Eightieth Regiment 330 Fatalities of Regiment 323 Fifty-eighth Regiment 327 Forty-second Regiment 325 Incidents 330 Indiana Legion 331 Mexican War 319 Mustered Out 323 "Not worth a durn " 328 On "The March to the Sea" 326 One Hundred and Forty-third Regiment .333 One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Regi- ment 331 Officers of Regiment 322 Pike Countv in the War 320 Quota For Last Call 334 Revolutionary Soldiers 317 Rebellion, The Great 319 Sixty-fifth Regiment 329 Soldiers Furnished 333 Twenty-fourth Regiment 321 Twenty-seventh Band 324 CHAPTER VI. Towns and Village.* 335 Alexandria, Mrst Town 335 Alfords 355 Algiers City .358 Arcadia 3.55 Augusta 356 Arthur 356 Bank 348 Business Men 339 Commissioners, Report of. 335 Cholera .340 First Sale of Lots 336 Fires 346 CONTENTS. Til PAGE. First Flat-boat 354 Hosmer 354 Highbanks 355 Incidents 353 Liquor, Rate of Prices 338 Lodge, LO. O. F 353 Manufacturing Enterprises 338 Merchants, First 338 Otwell 356 Officers Chosen 345 Press, The 349 *^ Pikeville, Location , 353- Present Industry 351 Pleasantville 355 Petersburg, History of. 335 Surveyed, When 336 Secret Societies 346 Stendal 352 Town Council Proceedings 343 Union 353 Winslow, Location of 354 CHAPTER VII. Educational History 357 Alumni, High School 365 Blythe-Wood Academy 367 Early Schools, Primitive Character .359 First Schoolhouses 358 Free Schools Provided For 361 First Teachers 363 Hogs, Going to School 360 Incidents and Anecdotes 357 Jefferson, Schools of 362 Lockhart Schools 358 Logan, Number Pupils 362 List of School Books 361 Madison Schools 362 Monroe Schools 364 PAGE. Petersburg Schools 367 Schools in Clay 362 Schools, The First 357 Shooting Deer 360 Teachers and Their Peculiarities 364 Washington, School of 365 CHAPTER VIII. Religious History 369 Baptists, General 375 Bethlehem Congregation .371 Cumberland Presbyterian Church 370 Camp Meetings 369 First Ministers 369 Flat Creek Church 376 Lutheran Church 379 Missionary Baptists 379 Mount Pleasant Class 374 Methodist Church 372 Patoka Association 378 Pleasant Ridge Church 377 Presbyterian Church .380 Regular Baptists 376 South Fork Church 377 Sabbath Schools 373 United Brethren 374 White River Church 378 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Clay 464 .Jefferson 454 Lockhart 431 Logan 461 Madison 439 Marion 449 Monroe 468 Patoka 413 Washington 384 PART III— HISTORY OF OUBOIS COUNTY. CHAPTER I. (iEOLOGY 469 Coal Mines 474 Drainage 469 Fossils , 471 Glass Sand 473 Local Details 472 Paleozoic Geology 470 Recent Geology .'. 469 Kock Houses 471 Sandstone and Limestone 474 Section of Paint Mine 473 Section of the County 470 CHAPTER II. Settlement op the County 475 Boone Township 476 Block-houses 477 Coon Skins 482 Entries of Land 4S1 Government Survey 476 Harbison Township 481 Intoxicated Indians 482 Incident of Gen. Harrison 478 Jail at Portersville, The 479 Killing of an Indian, The 482 Land Entries 476 "Mud-hole Trace" 475 Madison Township 479 Pugilistic Propensities 481 Purchasers of Land 480 Slavery in Indiana 481 Squatters 475 Settlers, The First 475 Tousaint Dubois 478 CHAPTER III. Organization of the CIounty 483 Auditors of State 502 Attorney-Generals 505 Alterations in Boundary 484 Act of Formation 483 Associate Judges 496 Auditors 496 Agricultural Society 498 County before Creation, The 483 Commissioners' Districts 487 County Buildings 490 Clerks 495 Coroners 496 Division into Townships 487 Donations of Land, etc 489 Election Returns 499 Ciovernors of Indiana Territory 501 Governors of the State 501 Judges of the Supreme Court 505 Location of the County Seat 488 Later Public Buildings 491 Lieutenant-Governors 502 New Townships 491 Origin of the Name Dubois 484 Portersville 488 Proceedings of the Board 489 Poor Farm, The 490 Probate Judges 496 Recorders 495 Representatives 496 Railroads 497 Representatives in Congress 506 Surveyors 495 Sheriffs 495 Senators 497 Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE. Secretaries of State 502 Treasurers 495 Territorial Delegates 506 Treasurers of State 505 United States Senators 506 CHAPTER IV. History of the Bench and Bar 509 Attorneys, The Early 510 Ad Quod l)amnum 511 Court, The First. 509 Common Pleas Court 516 Destruction of the Records 512 Innovations on Old Forms 513 Judges, The First 510 Later Attorneys 510 Murder Trial, the First 517 Murder Trial, The Second 517 New Constitution, The 513 Officers, The First Court 509 Prominent Practitioners 511 Professional Character of Attorneys 514 Probate Court 5*5 Records, Perpetuation of. 512 Sundry Crimes 518 CHAPTER V. Military History 520 Additional Volunteers 535 Bounty 537 Civil War, Beginning of 523 Conscripts of 1864 536 Departure of Companies 528 Doctrine of Secession 524 Draft of 1862, The 533 Mexican Campaign, The 523 Number of Men Furnished 532 Other War Meetings 527 Public Sentiment 525 Roster of Mexican Soldiers 523 Relief for Soldiers' Families 530 Recruiting 531 Rejoicing over Victories 534 Rebel Raids.... 534 [Surrender of Fort Sumter 525 Training Days 520 Twentv-Seventh Regiment 529 Volunteer.s, The First 526 Veterans, The 536 Volunteers for the War 528 War Meetings 526 CHAPTER VI. Towns and Villages 538 Bank, Dubois County 546 Board, Members of. 550 PAGE. Birdseye ; 561 Bretzville 563 Donated, By Whom 538 Early Settlers Disappointed 554 Families, The Earliest 541 Ferdinand 55S Hook and Ladder Co. First 644 Huntingburgh 546 Holland 556 Hillham 564 Haysville 564 Ireland 559 Industries 552 Incorporated, When 549 Jasper, The Town of. 5.38 Merchants 541 Newspapers 545 Portersville 565 Postoffice Established 555 Physicians, Early 548 Schnellville 563 Shively Post No. 68 550 Settlers, First 556 Various Industries 555 CHAPTER VII. Education 566 Bonds, Sale of 571 Catholic Schools 571 Conflict of Method 573 First Teachers 570 New Sehoolliouse in Jasper 572 Public Schools 567 Pioneer Schools 569 Revenue, Other Sources of 568 Schools, Early 566 Section 16 set Apart 567 Surplus Revenue 568 Table Showing Number of Houses, Teachers, etc 571 CHAPTER VIIL Churches 574 Benedictine Sisters, The 582 Catholic Churches 579 Catholic Congregation at St. Anthony... 584 Convent 582 Congregation at Ferdinand 581 Congregation at Henryville 584 Congregation at Celestine 583 Cumberland Presbyterian,s 577 Denominations, First 574 Early Fathers Enumerated 580 Early Preachers 578 Methodist Church 577 Presbytery for Indiana 577 Rode the Circuit 574 BIOGRAPHICAL! SKETCHES. Bainbridge 585 Boone 700 Cass 087 Columbia 703 Ferdinand 670 Hall 757 Harbison 655 Jackson 771 Jefferson 716 Madison 735 Marion 749 Patoka 618 PORTRAITS. " Brittain, W. C..., 593-594 ■'Beckmann, J. H 683-684 *Bretz, W. H 557-558 r> Catholic Church 575-576 « Court House 485-486 • Fisher, Morman 521-522 <" Fleming, A. T ; 701-702 •'Haskins, N 665-666 rfVIcMahan, W. R 611-612 •Rothert, Herman 539-540 «chuhmacher,Isidor 503-504 ■oWilliams, G. P 629-630 ^ilson, N. H 647-648 HISTORY OF INDIANA; FORMER OCCUPANTS. PKEHISTORIC RACES. Scientists have ascribed to the Mound Builders varied origins and though their divergence of opinion may for a time seem incom- patible with a thorough investigation of the subject, and tend to a confusion of ideas, no doubt whatever can exist as to the compar- ative accuracy of conclusions arrived at by some of them. Like the vexed question of the Pillar Towers of Ireland, it has caused much speculation, and elicited the opinions of so many learned antiquarians, ethnologists and travelers, that it will not be found beyond the range of possibility to make deductions that may suffice to solve the problem who were the prehistoric settlers of America. To achieve this it will not be necessary to go beyond the period over which Scripture history extends, or to indulge in those airy flights of imagination so sadly identified with occasional writers of even the Christian school, and all the accepted literary exponents of modern paganism. That this continent is co-existent with the world of the ancients cannot be questioned. Every investigation, instituted under the auspices of modern civilization, confirms the fact and leaves no channel open through which the skeptic can escape the thorough refutation of his opinions. China, with its numerous living testi- monials of antiquity, with its ancient, though limited literature and its Babelish superstitions, claims a continuous history from antediluvian times; but although its continuity may be denied with every just reason, there is nothing to prevent the transmission of a hieroglyphic record of its history prior to 1656 anno Tnundi, since many traces of its early settlement survived the Deluge, and became sacred objects of the first historical epoch. This very sur- vival of a record, such as that of which the Chinese boast, is not at variance with the designs of a God who made and ruled the universe; but that an antediluvian people inhabited this continent, 18 HISTORY OF INDIANA. will not be claimed; because it is not probable, tliougli it may be possible, that a settlement in a land which may be considered a portion of the Asiatic continent, was effected by the immediate followers of the first progenitors of the human race. Therefore, on entering the study of the ancient people who raised these tumu- lus monuments over large tracts of the country, it will be just sufficient to wander back to that time when the flood-gates of heaven were swung open to hurl destruction on a wicked world; and in doing so the inquiry must be based on legendary, or rather upon many circumstantial evidences; for, so far as written narra- tive extends, there is nothing to show that a movement of people too far east resulted in a Western settlement. THE FIRST IMMIGRATION. The first and most probable sources in which the origin of the Builders must be sought, are those countries lying along the east- ern coast of Asia, which doubtless at that time stretched far beyond its present limits, and presented a continuous shore from Lopatka to Point Cambodia, holding a population comparatively civilized, and all professing some elementary form of the Boodhism of later days. Those peoples, like the Chinese of the present, were bound to live at home, and probably observed that law until after the con- fusion of languages and the dispersion of the builders of Babel in 175Y, A. M,; but subsequently, within the following century, the old Mongolians, like the new, crossed the great ocean in the very paths taken by the present representatives of the race, arrived on the same shores, which now extend a very questionable hospitality to them, and entered at once upon the colonization of the country south and east, while the Caucasian race engaged in a similar move- ment of exploration and colonization over what may be justly termed the western extension of Asia, and both peoples growing stalwart under the change, attained a moral and physical eminence to which they never could lay claim under the tropical sun which shed its beams upon the cradle of the human race. That mysterious people who, like the Brahmins of to-day, wor- shiped some transitory deity, and in after years, evidently embraced the idealization of Boodhism, as preached in Mongolia early in the 35th century of the world, together with acquiring the learning of the Confucian and Pythagorean schools of the same period, spread all over the land, and in their numerous settlements erected these raths, or mounds, and sacrificial altars whereon they received their HISTORY OF INDIANA. 19 periodical visiting gods, surrendered their bodies to natural absorp- tion or annihilation, and watched lor the return of some transmi- grated soul, the while adoring the universe, which with all beings they believed would be eternally existent. They possessed religious orders corresponding in external show at least with the Essenes or Theraputse of the pre-Christian and Christian epochs, and to the reformed Theraput;i3 or monks of the present. Every memento of their coming and their stay which has descended to us is an evi- dence of their civilized condition. The free copper found within the tumuli; the open veins of the Superior and Iron Mountain copper-mines, with all the7nodus operandi of ancient mining, such as ladders, levers, chisels, and hammer-heads, discovered by the French explorers of the Northwest and the Mississippi, are conclu- sive proofs that those prehistoric people were highly civilized, and that many flourishing colonies were spread throughout the Missis- sippi valley, while yet the mammoth, the mastodon, and a hundred otlier animals, now only known by their gigantic fossil remains, guarded the eastern shore of the continent as it were against sup- posed invasions of the Tower Builders who went west from Babel; while yet the beautiful isles of the Antilles formed an integral portion of this continent, long years before the European Northman dreamed of setting forth to the discovery of Greenland and the northern isles, and certainly at a time when all that portion of America north of latitude 45° was an ice-incumbered waste. Within the last few years great advances have been made toward the discovery of antiquities whether pertaining to remains of organic or inorganic nature. Together with many small, but telling relics of the early inhabitants of the country, the fossils of pre- historic animals have been unearthed from end to end of the land, and in districts, too, long pronounced by geologists of some repute to be without even a vestige of vertebrate fossils. Among the collected souvenirs of an age about which so very little is known, are twenty-five vertebrae averaging thirteen inches in diameter, and three vertebrte ossifled together measure nine cubical feet; a thigh-bone five feet long by twenty-eight, by twelve inches in diameter, and the sliaft fourteen by eight inches thick, the entire lot weighing 600 lbs. These fossils are presumed to belong to the cretaceous period, when the Dinosaur roamed over the country from East to West, desolating the villages of the people. This animal is said to have been sixty feet long, and when feeding in cypress and palm forests, to extend himself eighty-five feet, so that he may 20 HISTORY OF INDIANA. devour the budding tops of those great trees. Other efforts in this direction may lead to great results, and culminate probably in the discovery of a tablet engraven by some learned Mound Builder, describing in the ancient hieroglyphics of China all these men and beasts whose history excites so much speculation. The identity of the Mound Builders with the Mongolians might lead us to hope for such a consummation; nor is it beyond the range of probability, particularly in this practical age, to find the future labors of some industrious antiquarian requited by the upheaval of a tablet, written in the Tartar characters of 1700 years ago, bearing on a subject which can now be treated only on a purely circumstantial basis. THE SECOND IMMIGRATION may have begun a few centuries prior to the Christian era, and unlike the former expedition or expeditions, to have traversed north- eastern Asia to its Arctic confines, and then east to the narrow channel now known as Behring's Straits, which they crossed, and sailing up the unchanging Yukon, settled under the shadow of Mount St. Elias for many years, and pushing South commingled with their countrymen, soon acquiring the characteristics of the descendants of the first colonists. Chinese chronicles tell of such a people, who went North and were never heard of more. Circum- stances conspire to render that particular colony the carriers of a new religious faith and of an alphabetic system of a representative character to the old colonists, and they, doubtless, exercised a most beneficial influence in other respects ; because the influx of immi- grants of such culture as were the Chinese, even of that remote period, must necessarily bear very favorable results, not only in bringing in reports of their travels, but also accounts from the fatherland bearing on the latest events. With the idea of a second and important exodus there are many theorists united, one of whom says: "It is now the generally received opinion that the first inhabitants of America passed over from Asia through these straits. The number of small islands lying between both continents renders this opinion still more probable; and it is yet further confirmed by some remarkable traces of similarity in the physical conformation of the northern natives of both continents. The Esquimaux of North America, the Samoieds of Asia, and the Laplanders of Europe, are supposed to be of the same family; and this supposition is strengthened by the affinity which exists in their languages. The researches of Hum- HISTOilY OK INDIANA. 21 boldt have traced the Mexicans to the vicinity of Behring^s Straits; whence it is conjectured tliat they, as well as the Peruvians and other tribes, came originally from Asia, and were the Iliongnoos, who are, in the Chinese annals, said to have emigrated under Puno, and to have been lost in the North of Siberia." Since this theory is accepted by most antiquaries, there is every reason to believe that from the discovery of what may be called an overland route to what was then considered an eastern extension of that country which is now known as the " Celestial Empire," many caravans of emigrants passed to their new homes in the land of illimitable possibilities until the way became a well-marked trail over which the Asiatic might travel forward, and having once entered the Elysian fields never entertained an idea of returning. Thus from generation to generation the tide of immigration poured in until the slopes of the Pacific and the banks of the great inland rivers became hives of busy industry. Magnificent cities and monuments were raised at the bidding of the tribal leaders and populous settlements centered with hapi»y villages sprung up everywhere in manifestation of the power and wealth and knowl- edge of the people. The colonizing Caucasian of the historic period walked over this great country on the very ruins of a civil- ization which a thousand years before eclipsed all that of which he could boast. He walked through the wilderness of the West over buried treasures hidden under the accumulated growth of nature, nor rested until he saw, with great surprise, the remains of ancient pyramids and temples and cities, larger and evidently more beauti- ful than ancient Egypt could bring forth after its long years of uninterrupted history. The pyramids resemble those of Egypt in exterior form, and in some instances are of larger dimensions. The pyramid of Cholula is square, having each side of its base 1,335 feet in length, and its height about 172 feet. Another pyramid? situated in the north of Vera Cruz, is formed of large blocks of highly-polished porphyry, and bears upon its front hiero- glyphic inscriptions and curious sculpture. Each side of its square base is 82 feet in length, and a flight of 57 steps conducts to its summit, which is 65 feet in height. The ruins of Palenque are said to extend 20 miles along the ridge of a mountain, and the remains of an Aztec city, near the banks of the river Gila, are spread over more than a square league. Their literature consisted of hieroglyphics; but their arithmetical knowledge did not extend farther than their calculations by the aid of grains of corn. Yet, 22 HISTORY OF INDIANA. notwithstanding all their varied accomplishments, and they were evidently many, their notions of religious duty led to a most demo- niac zeal at once barbarously savage and ferociously cruel. Each visiting, god instead of bringing new life to the people, brought death to thousands; and their grotesque idols, exposed to drown the senses of the beholders in fear, wrought wretchedness rather than spiritual happiness, until, as some learned and humane Monte- zumian said, the people never approached these idols without fear, and this fear was the great animating principle, the great religious motive power which sustained the terrible religion. Their altars were sprinkled with blood drawn from their own bodies in large quantities, and on them thousands of human victims were sacri- ficed in honor of the demons whom they worshiped. The head and heart of every captive taken in war were offered up as a bloody sacrifice to the god of battles, while the victorious legions feasted on the remaining portions of the dead bodies. It has been ascer- tained that during the ceremonies attendant on the consecration of two of their temples, the number of prisoners offered up in sacri- fice was 12,210; while their own legions contributed voluntary victims to the terrible belief in large numbers. Nor did this horrible custom cease immediately after 1521, when Cortez entered the imperial city of the Montezumas; for, on being driven from it, all his troops who fell into the hands of the native soldiers were subjected to the most terrible and prolonged suffering that could be experienced in this world, and when about to yield up that spirit which is indestructible, were offered in sacrifice, their hearts and heads consecrated, and the victors allowed to feast on the yet warm flesh. A reference is made here to the period when the Montezumas ruled over Mexico, simply to gain a better idea of the hideous idolatry which took the place of the old Boodhism of the Mound Builders, and doubtless helped in a great measure to give victory to the new comers, even as the tenets of Mahometanism urged the ignorant followers of the prophet to the conquest of great nations. It was not the faith of the people who built the mounds and the pyramids and the temples, and who, 200 years before the Christian era, built the great wall of jealous China. No: rather was it that terrible faith born of the Tartar victory, which carried the great defenses of China at the point of the javelin and hatchet, who afterward marched to the very walls of Rome, under Alaric, and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 23 spread over the islands of Polynesia to the Pacific slopes of South America. THE TARTARS came there, and, like the pure Mongols of Mexico and the Missis- sippi valley, rose to a state of civilization bordering on that attained by them. Here for centuries the sons of the fierce Tartar race con- tinued to dwell in comparative peace until the all-ruling ambition of empire took in the whole country from the Pacific to the Atlan- tic, and peopled the vast territory watered by the Amazon with a race that was destined to conquer all the peoples of the Orient, and only to fall before the march of the arch-civilizing Caucasian. In course of time those fierce Tartars pushed their settlements northward, and ultimately entered the territories of the Mound Builders, putting to death all who fell within their reach, and causing the survivors of the death-dealing invasion to seek a refuge from the hordes of this semi-barbarous people in the wilds and fast- nesses of the North and Northwest. The beautiful country of the Mound Builders was now in the hands of savage invaders, the quiet, industrious people who raised the temples and pyramids were gone; and the wealth of intelligence and industry, accumulating for ages, passed into the possession of a rapacious horde, who could admire it only so far as it offered objects for plunder. Even in this the invaders were satisfied, and then having arrived at the height of their ambition, rested on their swords and entered upon the luxury and ease in the enjoyment of which they were found when the van- guard of European civilization appeared upon the scene. Mean- time the southern countries which those adventurers abandoned after having completed their conquests in the North, were soon peopled by hundreds of people, always moving from island to island and ultimately halting amid the ruins of villages deserted by those who, as legends tell, had passed eastward but never returned; and it would scarcely be a matter for surprise if those emigrants were found to be the progenitors of that race found by the Spaniards in 1532, and identical with the Araucanians, Guenches and Huil- tiches of to-day. RELICS OF THE MOUND BUILDERS. One of the most brilliant and impartial historians of the Republic stated that the valley of the Mississippi contained no monuments. So far as the word is entertained now, he was literally correct, but 24 HISTORY OF INDIANA. in some hasty effort neglected to qualify his sentence by a refer- ence to the numerous relics of antiquity to be found throughout its length and breadth, and so exposed his chapters to criticism. The valley of the Father of Waters, and indeed the country from the trap rocks of the Great Lakes southeast to the Gulf and south- west to Mexico, abound in tell-tale monuments of a race of people much farther advanced in civilization than the Montezumas of the sixteenth century. The remains of walls and fortifications found in Kentucky and Indiana, the earthworks of Yincennes and throughout the valley of the Wabash, the mounds scattered over Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Virginia, and those found in Illi- nois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, are all evidences of the univer- sality of the Chinese Mongols and of their advance toward a com- parative knowledge of man and cosmology. At the mouth of Fourteen -Mile creek, in Clark county, Indiana, there stands one of these old monuments known as the *•' Stone Fort," It is an unmistakable heirloom of a great and ancient people, and must have formed one of their most important posts. The State Geolo- gist's report, filed among the records of the State and furnished by Prof. Cox, says: "At the mouth of Fourteen-Mile creek, and about three miles from Charleston, the county-seat of Clark county, there is one of the most remarkable stone fortifications which has ever come under my notice. Accompanied by my assistant, Mr. Borden, and a number of citizens of Charleston, I visited the 'Stone Fort' for the purpose of making an examination of it. The locality selected for this fort presents many natural advantages for making it impregnable to the opposing forces of prehistoric times. It occupies the point of an elevated narrow ridge which faces the Ohio river on the east and is bordered by Fourteen-Mile creek on the west side. This creek empties into the Ohio a short distance below the fort. The top of the ridge is pear-shaped, with the part answering to the neck at the north end. This part is not over twenty feet wide, and is protected by precipitous natural walls of stone. It is 280 feet above the level of the Ohio river, and the slope is very gradual to the south. At the upper field it is 240 feet high and one hundred steps wide. At the lower timber it is 120 feet high. The bottom land at the foot of the south end is sixty feet above the river. Along the greater part of the Ohio river front there is an abrupt escarpment rock, entirely too steep to be scaled, and a similar natural barrier exists along a portion of the northwest side of the ridge, facing the creek. This natural wall HISTORY OF INDIANA. 27 is joined to the neck of an artificial wall, made by piling up, mason fashion but without mortar, loose stone, which had evidently been pried up from the carboniferous layers of rock. This made wall, at this point, is about 150 feet long. It is built along the slope of the hill and had an elevation of about 75 feet above its base, the upper ten feet being vertical. The inside of the wall is protected by a ditch. The remainder of the hill is protected by an artificial stone wall, built in the same manner, but not more than ten feet liigh. The elevation of the side wall above the creek bottom is 80 feet. Within the artificial walls is a string of mounds which rise to the height of the wall, and are protected from the washing of the hill- sides by a ditch 20 feet wide and four feet deep. The position of the artificial walls, natural clifis of bedded stone, as well as that of the ditch and mounds, are well illustrated. The top of the enclosed ridge embraces ten or twelve acres, and there are as many as five mounds that can be recognized on the flat surface, while no doubt many others existed which have been obliterated by time, and though the agency of man in his efibrts to cultivate a portion of the ground. A trench was cut into one of these mounds in search of relics. A few fragments of charcoal and decomposed bones, and a large irregular, diamond-shaped boulder, with a small circular indentation near the middle of the upper part, that was worn quite smooth by the use to which it had been put, and the small pieces of fossil coral, comprised all the articles of note which were revealed by the excavation. The earth of which the mound is made resem- bles that seen on the hillside, and was probably in most part taken from the ditch. The margin next to the ditch was protected by slabs of stone set on edge, and leaning at an angle corresponding to the slope of the mound. This stone shield was two and one-half feet wide and one foot high. At intervals along the great ditch there are channels formed between the mounds that probably served to carry off the surplus water through openings in the outer wall. On the top of the enclosed ridge, and near its narrowest part, there is one mound much larger than any of the others, and so situated as to command an extensive view up and down the Ohio river, as well as affording an unobstructed view east and west. This is designated as ' Look-out Mound.' There is near it a slight break in the cliff of rock, which furnished a narrow passage way to the Ohio river. Though the locality afforded many natural advantages for a fort or stronghold, one is compelled to admit that much skill was displayed and labor expended in making its defense as perfect as possible at 28 HISTORY OF INDIANA. all points. Stone axes, pestles, arrow-heads, spear-points, totums, charms and flint flakes have been found in great abundance in plowing the field at the foot of the old fort." From the " Stone Fort " the Professor turns his steps to Posey county, at a point on the Wabash, ten miles above the mouth, called "Bone Bank," on account of the number of human bones continually washed out from the river bank. " It is," he states " situated in a bend on the left bank of the river; and the ground is about ten feet above high-water mark, being the only land along this portion of the river that is not submerged in seasons of high water. The bank slopes gradually back from the river to a slough. This slough now seldom contains water, but no doubt at one time it was an arm of the "Wabash river, which flowed around the Bone Bank and afi'orded protection to the island home of the Mound Builders. The Wabash has been changing its bed for many years, leaving a broad extent of newly made land on the right shore, and gradually making inroads on the left shore by cutting away the Bone Bank. The stages of growth of land on the right bank of the river are well defined by the cottonwood trees, which increase in size as you go back from the river. Unless there is a change in the cur- rent of the river, all trace of the Bone Bank will be obliterated. Already within the memory of the white inhabitants, the bank has been removed to the width of several hundred yards. As the bank is cut by the current of the river it loses its support, and when the water sinks it tumbles over, carrying with it the bones of the Mound Builders and the cherished articles buried with them. No locality in the country furnishes a greater number and variety of relics than this. It has proved especially rich in pottery of quaint design and skillful workmanship. I have a number of jugs and pots and a cup found at the Bone Bank. This kind of work has been very abundant, and is still found in such quantities that we are led to conclude that its manufacture formed a leading indus- try of the inhabitants of the Bone Bank. It is not in Europe alone that we find a well-founded claim of high antiquity for the art of making hard and durable stone by a mixture of clay, lime, sand and stone; for I am convinced that this art was possessed by a race of people who inhabited this continent at a period so remote that neither tradition nor history can furnish any account of them. They belonged to the Neolithic, or polished-stone, age. They lived in towns and built mounds for sepulture and worship and pro- tected their homes by surrounding them with walls of earth and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 29 stone. In some of these mounds specimens of various kinds of pottery, in a perfect state of preservation, have from time to time been found, and fragments are so common that every student of archseologj can have a bountiful supply. Some of these fragments indicate vessels of very great size. At the Saline springs of Gal- latin I picked up fragments that indicated, by their curvature, ves- sels five to six feet in diameter, and it is probable they are frag- ments of artificial stone pans used to hold brine that was manufac- tured into salt by solar evaporation. " Now, all the pottery belonging to the Mound Builders' age, which I have seen, is composed of alluvial clay and sand, or a mix- ture of the former with pulverized fresh-water shells. A paste made of such a mixture possesses, in high degree, the properties of hydraulic Puzzuoland and Portland cement, so that vessels formed of it hardened without being burned, as is customary with modern pottery." Tlie Professor deals very aptly with this industry of the aborig- ines, and concludes a very able disquisition on the Bone Bank in its relation to the prehistoric builders. e o^ ^6^ cAtT" ElEROGLYPHICS OF THE MOUND-BUILDERS. The great circular redoubt or earth-work found two miles west ot the village of New Washington, and the " Stone Fort," on a ridge one mile west of the village of Deputy, offer a subject for the anti- quarian as deeply interesting as any of the monuments of a decayed empire so far discovered. 30 HISTORY OF INDIANA. From end to end of Indiana there are to be found many other rel- ics of the obscure past. Some of them have been unearthed and now appear among the collected antiquities at Indianapolis. Tlie highly finished sandstone pipe, the copper ax, stone axes, flint arrow-heads and magnetic plummets found a few years ago beneath the soil of Cut-Off Island near New Harmony, together with the pipes of rare workmanship and undoubted age, unearthed near Covington, all live as it were in testimony of their owner's and maker's excel- lence, and hold a share in the evidence of the partial annihilation of a race, with the complete disruption of its manners, customs and industries; and it is possible that when numbers of these relics are placed together, a key to the phonetic or rather hieroglyphic system of that remote period might be evolved. It may be asked what these hieroglyphical characters really are., Well, they are varied in form, so much so that the pipes found in the mounds of Indians, each bearing a distinct representation of some animal, may be taken for one species, used to represent the abstract ideas of the Mound Builders. The second form consists of pure hieroglyphics or phonetic characters, in which the sound is represented instead of the object; and the third, or painted form of the first, conveys to the mind that which is desired to be repre- sented. This form exists among the Cree Indians of the far North- west, at present. They, when departing from their permanent vil- lages for the distant hunting grounds, paint on the barked trees in the neighborhood the figure of a snake or eagle, or perhaps huskey dog; and this animal is supposed to guard the position until the warrior's return, or welcome any friendly tribes that may arrive there in the interim. In the case of the Mound Builders, it is un- likely that this latter extreme was resorted to, for the simple reason that the relics of their occupation are too high in the ways of art to tolerate such a barbarous science of language; but the sculptured pipes and javelins and spear-heads of the Mound Builders may be taken as a collection of graven images, each conveying a set of ideas easily understood, and perhaps sometimes or more generally used to designate the vocation, name or character of the owner. That the builders possessed an alphabet of a phonetic form, and purely hieroglyphic, can scarcely be questioned; but until one or more of the unearthed tablets, which bore all or even a portion of such characters, are raised from their centuried graves, the mystery which surrounds this people must remain, while we must dwell in a world of mere sneculation. HISTORr OF INDIANA. 31 Vigo, Jasper, Sullivan, Switzerland and Ohio counties can boast of a most liberal endowment in this relation; and when in other days the people will direct a minute inquiry, and penetrate to the very heart of the thousand cones which are scattered throughout the land, they may possibly extract the blood in the shape of metal- lic and porcelain works, with hieroglyphic tablets, while leaving the form of heart and body complete to entertain and delight un- born generations, who in their time will wonder much when they learn that an American people, living toward the close of the 59th century, could possibly indulge in such an anachronism as is im- plied in the term "New World." THE INDIANS. The origin of the Red Men, or American Indians, is a subject which interests as well as instructs. It is a favorite with the eth- nologist, even as it is one of deep concern to the ordinary reader. A review of two works lately published on the origin of the Indians treats the matter in a peculiarly reasonable light. It says: " Recently a German writer has put forward one theory on the subject, and an English writer has put forward another and directly opposite theory. The difference of opinion concerning our aborig- inals among authors who have made a profound study of races is at once curious and interesting. Blumenbach treats them in his classifications as a distinct variety of the human family; but, in the threefold division of Dr. Latham, they are ranked among the Mon- golidse. Other writers on race regard them as a branch of the great Mongolian family, which at a distant period found its way from Asia to this continent, and remained here for centuries separate from the rest of mankind, passing, meanwhile, through divers phases of barbarism and civilization. Morton, our eminent eth- nologist, and his followers, Nott and Gliddon, claim for our native Red Men an origin as distinct as the flora and fauna of this conti- nent. Prichard, whose views are apt to differ from Morton's, finds reason to believe, on comparing the American tribes together, that they must have formed a separate department of nations from the earliest period of the world. The era of their existence as a distinct and insulated people must probably be dated back to the time which separated into nations the inhabitants of tlie Old World, and gave to each its individuality and primitive language. Dr. Robert Brown, the latest authority, attributes, in his " Races of Mankind," an Asiatic origin to our aboriginals. He says that the Western In- dians not only personally resemble their nearest neighbors — the Northeastern Asiatics — but they resemble them in language and traditions. The Esquimaux on the American and the Tchuktchis on the Asiatic side understand one another perfectly. Modern an- 32 HISTORY OF INDIANA. thropologists, indeed, are disposed to think that Japan, the Kuriles, and neighboring regions, may be regarded as the original home of the greater part of the native American race. It is also admitted by them that between the tribes scattered from the Arctic sea to Cape Horn there is more uniformity of physical features than is seen in any other quarter of the globe. The weight of evidence and authority is altogether in favor of the opinion that our so- called Indians are a branch of the Mongolian family, and all addi- tional researches strengthen the opinion. The tribes of both North and South America are unquestionably homogeneous, and, in all likelihood, had their origin in Asia, though they have been altered and modified by thousands of years of total separation from the parent stock." The conclusions arrived at by the reviewer at that time, though safe, are too general to lead the reader to form any definite idea on the subject. No doubt whatever can exist, when the American In- dian is regarded as of an Asiatic origin; but there is nothing in the works or even in the review, to which these works were subjected, which might account for the vast difference in manner and form between the Red Man, as he is now known, or even as he appeared to Columbus and his successors in the field of discovery, and the comparatively civilized inhabitants of Mexico, as seen in 1521 by Cortez, and of Peru, as witnessed by Pizarro in 1532. The fact is that the pure bred Indian of the present is descended directly from the earliest inhabitants, or in other words from the survivors of that people who, on being driven from their fair possessions, re- tired to the wilderness in sorrow and reared up their children under the saddening influences of their unquenchable griefs, bequeathing them only the habits of the wild, cloud-roofed home of their de- clining years, a sullen silence, and a rude moral code. In after years these wild sons of the forest and prairie grew in numbers and in strength. Some legend told them of their present sufferings, of the station which their fathers once had known, and of the riotous race which now reveled in wealth which should be theirs. The fierce passions of the savage were aroused, and uniting their scat- tered bands marched in silence upon the villages of the Tartars, driving them onward to the capital of their Incas, and consigning their homes to the flames. Once in view of the great city, the hurrying bands halted in surprise; but Tartar cunning took in the situation and offered pledges of amity, which were sacredly ob- served. Henceforth Mexico was open to the Indians, bearing pre- cisely the same relation to them that the Hudson's Bay Company's HISTORY OF INDIANA. 33 villages do to the Northwestern Indians of the present; obtaining all, and bestowing very little. The subjection of the Mongolian race represented in North America by that branch of it to which the Tartars belonged, represented in the Southern portion of the con- tinent, seems to have taken place some five centuries before the advent of the European, while it may be concluded that the war of the races which resulted in reducing the villages erected by the Tartar hordes to ruin took place between one and two hundred ^ears later. These statements, though actually referring to events which in point of time are comparatively modern, can only be sub- stantiated by the facts that, about the periods mentioned the dead bodies of an unknown race of men were washed ashore on the Eu- ropean coasts, while previous to that time there is no account whatever in European annals of even a vestige of trans-Atlantic hu- manity being transferred by ocean currents to the gaze of a won- dering people. Towards the latter half ot the 15th century two dead bodies entirely free from decomposition, and corresponding with the Red Men as they afterward appeared to Columbus, were caf^t on the shores of the Azores, and confirmed Columbus in his be- lief in the existence of a western world and western people. Storm and flood and disease have created sad havoc in the ranks of the Indian since the occupation of the country by the white man. These natural causes have conspired to decimate the race even more than the advance of civilization, which seems not to afiect it to any material extent. In its maintenance of the same number of rep- resentatives during three centuries, and its existence in the very face of a most unceremonious, and, whenever necessary, cruel con- quest, tlie grand dispensations of the unseen Ruler of the universe is demonstrated; for, without the aborigines, savage and treach- erous MS they were, it is possible that the explorers of former times would have so many natural difficulties to contend with, that their work would be surrendered in despair, and the most fertile regions of the continent saved for the plowshares of generations yet un- born. It is questionable whether we owe the discovery of this con- tinent to the unaided scientific knowledge of Columbus, or to the dead bodies of the two Indians referred to above; nor can their ser- vices to the explorers of ancient and modern times be over-esti- mated. Their existence is embraced in the plan of the Divinity for the government of the world, and it will not form subject for surprise to learn that the same intelligence which sent a thrill of liberty into every corner of the republic, will, in the near future, 34: HISTORY OF INDIANA. devise 8ome method under which the remnant of a great and an- cient race may taste the sweets of public kindness, and feel that, after centuries of turmoil and tyranny, they have at last found a shelter amid a sympathizing people. Many have looked at the In- dian as the pessimist does at all things; they say that he was never formidable until the white man supplied him with the weapons of modern warfare; but there is no mention made of his eviction from his retired home, and the little plot of cultivated garden which formed the nucleus of a village that, if fostered instead of being destroyed, might possibly hold an Indian population of some im- portance in the economy of the nation. There is no intention what- ever to maintain that the occupation of this country by the favored races is wrong even in principle; for where any obstacle to advanc- ing civilization exists, it has to fall to the ground; but it may be said, with some truth, that the white man, instead of a policy of conciliation formed upon the power of kindness, indulged in bel- ligerency as impolitic as it was unjust. A modern writer says, when speaking of the Indian's character: "He did not exhibit that steady valor and eflBcient discipline of the American soldier; and to-day on the plains Sheridan's troopers would not hesitate to attack the bravest band, though outnumbered three to one." This piece of information applies to the European and African, as well as to the Indian. The American soldier, and particularly the troopers referred to, would not fear or shrink from a very legion of demons, even with odds against them. This mode of warfare seems strangely peculiar when compared with the military systems of civilized countries; yet, since the main object of armed men is to defend a country or a principle, and to destroy anything which may oppose itself to them, the mode of warfare pursued by the savage will be found admirably adapted to their requirements in this con- nection, and will doubtless compare favorably with the systems of the Afghans and Persians of the present, and the Caucasian people -5)f the first historic period. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. The art of hunting not only supplied the Indian with food, but, like that of war, was a means of gratifying his love of distinction. The male children, as soon as they acquired sufficient age and strength, were furnished with a bow and arrow and taught to shoot birds and other small game. Success in killing a large quadruped required years of careful study and practice, and the art was as HISTORY OF INDIANA. 35 sedulously inculcated in the minds of the rising generation as are the elements of reading, writing and arithmetic in the common schools of civilized communities. The mazes of the forest and the dense, tall grass of the prairies were the best fields for the exercise of the hunter's skill. No feet could be impressed in the yielding soil but that the tracks were the objects of the most searching scrutiny, and revealed at a glance the animal that made them, the direction it was pursuing, and the time that had elapsed since it had passed. In a forest country he selected the valleys, because they were most frequently the resort of game. The most easily taken, perhaps, of all the animals of the chase was the deer. It is endowed with a curiosity which prompts it to stop in its flight and look back at the approaching hunter, who always avails himself of this opportunity to let fly the fatal arrow. Their general councils were composed of the chiefs and old men. "When in council, they usually sat in concentric circles around the speaker, and each individual, notwithstanding the fiery passions that rankled within, preserved an exterior as immovable as if cast in bronze. Before commencing business a person appeared with the sacred pipe, and another with fire to kindle it. After being lighted it was first presented to heaven, secondly to the earth, thirdly to the presiding spirit, and lastly the several councilors, each of whom took a whifi'. These formalities were observed with as close exactness as state etiquette in civilized courts. The dwellings of the Indians were of the simplest and rudest character. On some pleasant spot by the bank of a river, or near an ever-running spring, they raised their groups of wigwams, con- structed of the bark of trees, and easily taken down and removed to another spot. The dwelling-places of the chiefs were sometimes more spacious, and constructed with greater care, but of the same materials. Skins taken in the chase served them for repose. Though principally dependent upon hunting and fishing, the uncertain supply from those sources led them to cultivate small patches of corn. Every family did everything necessary within itself, commerce, or an interchange of articles, being almost unknown to them. In cases of dispute and dissension, each Indian relied upon himself for retaliation. Blood for blood was the rule, and the relatives of the slain man were bound to obtain bloody revenge for his death. This principle gave rise, as a matter of course, to innumerable and bitter feuds, and wars of extermination where such were possible. War, indeed, rather than peace, was the Indian's 36 HISTORY OF INDIANA. glory and delight, — war, not conducted as civilization, but war where individual skill, endurance, gallantry and cruelty were prime requisites. For such a purpose as revenge the Indian would make great sacrifices, and display a patience and perseverance truly heroic; but when the excitement was over, he sank back into a listless, un- occupied, well-nigh useless savage. During the intervals of his more exciting pursuits, the Indian employed his time in decorating his person with all the refinement of paint and feathers, and in the manufacture of his arms and of canoes. These were constructed of bark, and so light that they could easily be carried on the shoulder from stream to stream. His amusements were the war-dance, ath- letic games, the narration of his exploits, and listening to the ora- tory of the chiefs; but during long periods of such existence he remained in a state of torpor, gazing listlessly upon the trees of the forests and the clouds that sailed above them ; and this vacancy imprinted an habitual gravity, and even melancholy, upon his gen- eral deportment. The main labor and drudgery of Indian communities fell upon the women. The planting, tending and gathering of the crops, making mats and baskets, carrying burdens, — in fact, all things of the kind were performed by them, thus making their condition but little better than that of slaves. Marriage was merely a matter of bargain and sale, the husband giving presents to the father of the bride. In general they had but few children. They were sub- jected to many and severe attacks of sickness, and at times famine and pestilence swept away whole tribes. EXPLORATIONS BY THE WHITES. EARLIEST EXPLORERS. The State of Indiana is bounded on the east by the meridian line which forms also the western boundary of Ohio, extending due north from the mouth of the Great Miami river: on the south by the Ohio river from the mouth of the Great Miami to the mouth of the Wabash; on the west hyaline drawn along the middle of the Wabash river from its mouth to a point where a due north line from the town of Yincennes would last touch the shore of said river, and thence directly north to Lake Michigan ; and on the north by said lake and an east and west line ten miles north of the ex- treme south end of the lake, and extending to its intersection with the aforesaid meridian, the west boundary of Ohio. These bound- aries include an area of 33,809 square miles, lying between ST'* 47' and 41° 50' north latitude, and between 7° 45' and 11° 1' west longitude from Washington. After the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, more than 150 years passed away before any portion of the territory now com- prised within the above limits was explored by Europeans, Colo- nies were established in Florida, Virginia and Nova Scotia by the principal rival governments of Europe, but not until about 1670-'2 did the first white travelers venture as far into the Northwest as Indiana or Lake Michigan. These explorers were Frenchmen by the names of Claude Alluuez and Claude Dablon, who then visited what is now the eastern part of Wisconsin, the northeastern portion of Illinois and probably that portion of this State north of the Kan- kakee river. In the following year M. Joliet, an agent of the French Colonial government, and James Marquette, a good and simple-hearted missionary who had his station at Mackinaw, ex- plored the country about Green Bay, and along Fox and Wiscon- sin rivers as far westward as the Mississippi, the banks of which they reached June 17, 1673. They descended this river to about 33° 40', but returned by way of the Illinois river and the route they came in the Lake Region. At a village among the Illinois In- dians, Marquette and his small band of adventurers were received (37) 88 HISTORY OF INDIANA. in a friendly manner and treated hospitably. They were made the honored guests at a great feast, where hominy, fish, dog meat and roast buflfalo meat were spread before them in great abundance. In 1682 LaSalle explored the West, but it is not known that he entered the region now embraced within the State of Indiana. He took formal possession, however, of all the Mississippi region in the name of the King of France, in whose honor he gave all this Mis- sissippi region, including what is now Indiana, the name " Louisi- ana." Spain at the same time laid claim to all the region about the Gulf of Mexico, and thus these two great nations were brought into collision. But the country was actually held and occupied by the great Miami confederacy of Indians, the Miamis proper (an- ciently the T wight wees) being the eastern and most powerful tribe. Their territory extended strictly from the Scioto river west to the Illinois river. Their villages were few and scattering, and their occupation was scarcely dense enough to maintain itself against in- vasion. Their settlements were occasionally visited by Christian missionaries, fur traders and adventurers, but no body of white men made any settlement sufficiently permanent for a title to national possession. Christian zeal animated France and England in mis- sionary enterprise, the former in the interests of Catholicism and the latter in the interests of Protestantism. Hence their haste to preoccupy the land and proselyte the aborigines. No doubt this ugly rivalry was often seen by Indians, and they refused to be proselyted to either branch of Christianity. The " Five Nations," farther east, comprised the Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondaguas and Senecas. In 1677 the number of warriors in this confederacy was 2,150. About 1711 the Tusca- roras retired from Carolina and joined the Iroquois, or Five Na- tions, which, after that event, became known as the " Six Nations." In 1689 hostilities broke out between the Five Nations and the colonists of Canada, and the almost constant wars in which France was engaged until the treaty of Ryswick in 1697 combined to check the grasping policy of Louis XIY., and to retard the plant- ing of French colonies in the Mississippi valley. Missionary efibrts, however, continued with more failure than success, the Jesuits allying themselves with the Indians in habits and customs, even encouraging inter-marriage between them and their white fol- lowers. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 39 OUABACHE. The Wabash was first named by the French, and spelled by them Ouabache. This river was known even before the Ohio, and was navigated as the Ouabache all the way to the Mississippi a long time before it was discovered that it was a tributary of the Ohio (Belle Riviere). In navigating the Mississippi they thought they passed the mouth of the Ouabache instead of the Ohio. In traveling from the Great Lakes to the south, the French always went by the way of the Ouabache or Illinois. VINCENNES. Francois Morgan de Yinsenne served in Canada as early as 1720 in the regiment of " De Carrignan " of the French service, and again on the lakes in the vicinity of Sault Ste. Marie in the same service under M. de Vaudriel, in 1725. It is possible that his ad- vent to Vincennes may have taken place in 1732; and in proof of this the only record is an act of sale under the joint names of him- self and Madame Vinsenne, the daughter of M. Philip Longprie, and dated Jan. 5, 1735. This document gives his military position as commandant of the post of Ouabache in the service of the French King. The will of Longprie, dated March 10, same year, bequeaths him, among other things, 408 pounds of pork, which he ordered to be kept safe until Vinsenne, who was then at Ouabache, returned to Kaskaskia, There are many other documents connected with its early settle- ment by Vinsenne, among which is a receipt for the 100 pistoles granted him as his wife's marriage dowry. In 1736 this officer was ordered to Charlevoix by D'Artagette, viceroy of the King at New Orleans, and commandant of Illinois. Here M. St. Vinsenne re- ceived his mortal wounds. The event is chronicled as follows, in the words of D'Artagette: " We have just received very bad news from Louisiana, and our war with the Chickasaws. The French have been defeated. Among the slain is M. de Vinsenne, who ceased not until his last breath to exhort his men to behave worthy of their faith and fatherland." Thus closed the career of this gallant officer, leaving a name which holds as a remembrancer the present beautiful town of Vin- cennes, changed from Vinsenne to its present orthography in 1749. Post Vincennes was settled as early as 1710 or 1711. In a letter from Father Marest to Father Germon, dated at Kaskaskia, Nov, 9, 1712, occurs this passage: ^'■Les Francois itoient itabli unfort awr 40 HISTORY OF INDIANA. lefleuve Ouabache / Us demanderent un missionaire / et le Pere Mermet leurfut envoy e. Ce Pere crut devoir travailler a la conversion des Mascoutens qui avoient fait un village sur les hords dmneme jieuve. Cest tme nation Indians qui entend la la/ngue nii/noise.^^ Translated: " The French have established a fort upon the river Wabash, and want a missionary; and Father Mermet has been sent to them. That Father believes he should labor for the conversion of the Mascoutens, who have built a vil- lage on the banks of the same river. They are a nation of Indians who understand the language of the Illinois." Mermet was therefore the first preacher of Christianity in this part of the world, and his mission was to convert the Mascoutens, a branch of the Miamis. "The way I took," says he, " was to con- found, in the presence of the whole tribe, one of these charlatans [medicine men], whose Manitou, or great spirit which he wor- shiped, was the buffalo. After leading him on insensibly to the avowal that it was not the buffalo that he worshiped, but the Man- itou, or spirit, of the buffalo, which was under the earth and ani- mated all buffaloes, which heals the sick and has all power, I asked him whether other beasts, the bear for instance, and which one of his nation worshiped, was not equally inhabited by a Manitou, which was under the earth. ' Without doubt,' said the grand medi- cine man. ' If this is so,' said I, ' men ought to have a Manitou who inhabits them.' ' Nothing more certain,' said he. ' Ought not that to convince you,' continued I, ' that you are not very reasonable? For if man upon the earth is the master of all animals, if he kills them, if he eats them, does it not follow that the Mani- tou which inhabits him must have a mastery over all other Mani- tous? Why then do you not invoke him instead of the Manitou of the bear and the buffalo, when you are sick?' This reasoning disconcerted the charlatan. But this was all the effect it produced." The result of convincing these heathen by logic, as is generally the case the world over, was only a temporary logical victory, and no change whatever was produced in the professions and practices of the Indians, ,, ' ' But the first Ctiristian (Catholic) missionary at this place whose name we find recorded in the Church annals, was Meurin, in 1849, The church building used by these early missionaries at Yin- cennes is thus described hy the " oldest inhabitants:" Fronting on Water street and running back on Church street, it was a plain HISTORY OF INDIANA. 41 building with a rou^h exterior, of upright posts, chinked and daubed, with a rough coat of cement on the outside; about 20 feet wide and 60 long; one story high, with a small belfry and an equally small bell. It was dedicated to St. Francis Xavier. This spot is now occupied by a splendid cathedral. //) «. ■■^' Yincennes has ever been a stronghold of Catholicism.] The Church there has educated and sent out many clergymen of her faith, some of whom have become bishops, or attained other high positions in ecclesiastical authority. Almost contemporaneous with the progress of the Church at Vincennes was a missionary work near the mouth of the Wea river, among the Ouiatenons, but the settlement there was broken up in early day. NATIONAL POLICIES. THE GREAT FRENCH SCHEME. Soon after the discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi by La- Salle in 1682, the government of France began to encourage the policy of establishing a line of trading posts and missionary stations extending through the West from Canada to Louisiana, and this policy was maintained, with partial success, for about 75 years. The traders persisted in importing whisky, which cancelled nearly every civilizing influence that could be brought to bear upon the Indian, and the vast distances between posts prevented that strength which can be enjoyed only by close and convenient inter- communication. Another characteristic of Indian nature was to listen attentively to all the missionary said, pretending to believe all he preached, and then offer in turn his theory of the world, of religion, etc., and because he was not listened to with the same degree of attention and pretense of belief, would go off disgusted. This was his idea of the golden rule. The river St. Joseph of Lake Michigan was called " the river Miamis" in 1679, in which year LaSalle built a small fort on its bank, near the lake shore. The principal station of the mission for the instruction of the Miamis was established on the borders of this river. The first French post within the territory of the Miamis was at the mouth of the river Miamis, on an eminence naturally fortified on two sides by the river, and on one side by a 42 HISTORY OF INDIANA. deep ditch made by a fall of water. It was of triangular form. The missionary Hennepin gives a good description of it, as he was one of the company who built it, in 1679. Says he: " We fell the trees that were on the top of the hill ; and having cleared the same from bushes for about two musket shot, we began to build a redoubt of 80 feet long and 40 feet broad, with great square pieces of timber laid one upon another, and prepared a great number of stakes of about 25 feet long to drive into the ground, to make our fort more inaccessible on the river side. "We employed the whole month of November about that work, which was very hard, though we had no other food but the bear's flesh our savage killed. These beasts are very common in that place because of the great quantity of grapes they find there; but their flesh being too fat and luscious, our men began to be weary of it and desired leave to go a hunting to kill some wild goats. M. LaSalle denied them that liberty, which caused some murmurs among them; and it was but unwill- ingly that they continued their work. This, together with the approach of winter and the apprehension that M. LaSalle had that his vessel (the Griffin) was lost, made him very melancholy, though he concealed it as much as he could. We made a cabin wherein we performed divine service every Sunday, and Father Gabriel and I, who preached alternately, took care to take such texts as were suitable to our present circumstances and fit to inspire us with courage, concord and brotherly love. * * * The fort was at last perfected, and called Fort Miamis." In the year 1711 the missionary Chardon, who was said to be very zealous and apt in the acquisition of languages, had a station on the St. Joseph about 60 miles above the mouth. Charlevoix, another distinguished missionary from France, visited a post on this river in 1721. In a letter dated at the place, Aug. 16, he says: " There is a commandant here, with a small garrison. His house, which is but a very sorry one, is called the fort, from its being sur- rounded with an indifierent palisado, which is pretty near the case in all the rest. We have here two villages of Indians, one of the Miamis and the other of the Pottawatomies, both of them mostly Christians; but as they have been for along time without any pas- tors, the missionary who has been lately sent to them will have no small difficulty in bringing them back to the exercise of their re-; ligion." He speaks also of the main commodity for which the In, dians would part with their goods, namely, spirituous liquors, which they drink and keep drunk upon as long as a supply lasted. INDIANS ATTACKING FKONTIEKSMEN. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 45 More than a century and a half has now passed since Charlevoix penned the above, without any change whatever in this trait of In- dian character. In 1765 the Miami nation, or confederacy, was composed of four tribes, whose total number of warriors was estimated at only 1,050 men. Of these about 250 were Twightwees, or Miamis proper, 300 Weas, or Ouiatenons , 300 Piankeshawsand 200 Shockeys; and at this time the principal villages of the Twightwees were situated about the head of the Mauraee river at and near the place where Fort Wayne now is. The larger Wea villages were near the banks of the Wabash river, in the vicinity of the Post Ouiatenon; and the Shockeys and Piankeshaws dwelt on the banks of the Yermil- lion and on the borders of the Wabash between Yincennes and Ouiatenon. Branches of the Pottawatomie, Shawnee, Delaware and Kickapoo tribes were permitted at different times to enter within the boundaries of the Miamis and reside for a while. The wars in which France and England were engaged, from 1688 to 1697, retarded the growth of the colonies of those nations in North America, and the efforts made by France to connect Canada and the Gulf of Mexico by a chain of trading posts and colonies naturally excited the jealousy of England and gradually laid the foundation for a struggle at arms. After several stations were estab- lished elsewhere in the West, trading posts were started at the Miami villages, which stood at the head of the Mauraee, at the Wea villages about Ouiatenon on the Wabash, and at the Piankeshaw vil- lages about the present sight of Vincennes. It is probable that before the close of the year 1719, temporary trading posts were erected at the sites of Fort Wayne, Ouiatenon and Vincennes. These points were probably often visited by French fur traders prior to 1700. In the meanwhile the English people in this country commenced also to establish military posts west of the Alleghanies, and thus matters went on until they naturally culminated in q, general war, which, being waged by the French and Indians combined on one side, was called " the French and Indian war." This war was terminated in 1763 by a treaty at Paris, by which France ceded to Great Britain all of North America east of tlie Mississippi except New Orleans and the island on which it is situated; and indeed, France had the preceding autumn, by a secret convention, ceded to Spain all the country west of that river. 46 HISTORY OF INDIANA. PONTIAO'S WAR. In 1762, after Canada and its dependencies had been surrendered to the English, Pontiac and his partisans secretly organized a pow- erful confederacy in order to crush at one blow all English power in the "West. This great scheme was skillfully projected and cau- tiously matured. The principal act in the programme was to gain admittance into the fort at Detroit, on pretense of a friendly visit, with short- ened muskets concealed under their blankets, and on a given signal suddenly break forth upon the garrison; but an inadvertent remark of an Indian woman led to a discovery of the plot, which was con- sequently averted. Pontiac and his warriors afterward made many attacks upon the English, some of which were successful, but the Indians were finally defeated in the general war. BRITISH POLICY. In 1765 the total number of French families within the limits of the Northwestern Territory did not probably exceed 600. These were in settlements about Detroit, along the river Wabash and the neighborhood of Fort Chartres on the Mississippi. Of these fami- lies, about 80 or 90 resided at Post Vincennes, 14 at Fort Ouiate- non, on the Wabash, and nine or ten at the confluence of the St. Mary and St. Joseph rivers. The colonial policy ofthe British government opposed any meas- ures which might strengthen settlements in the interior of this country, lest they become self-supporting and independent of the mother country; hence the early and rapid settlement of the North- western territory was still further retarded by the short-sighted selfishness of England. That fatal policy consisted mainly in hold- ing the land in the hands of the government and not allowing it to be subdivided and sold to settlers. But in spite of all her efi'orts in this direction, she constantly made just such efibrts as provoked the American people to rebel, and to rebel successfully, which was within 15 years after the perfect close of the French and Indian war. AMERICAN POLICY. Thomas Jefferson, the shrewd statesman and wise Governor of Virginia, saw from the first that actual occupation of Western lands was the only way to keep them out of the hands of foreigners and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 47 Indians. Therefore, directly after the conquest of Yincennes by- Clark, he engaged a scientific corps to proceed under an escort to the Mississippi, and ascertain by celestial observations the point on that river intersected by latitude 36° 30', the southern limit of the State, and to measure its distance to the Ohio. To Gen. Clark was entrusted the conduct of the military operations in that quar- ter. He was instructed to select a strong position near that point and establish there a fort and garrison ; thence to extend his conquests northward to the lakes, erecting forts at different points, which might serve as monuments of actual possession, besides affording protection to that portion of the country. Fort "Jeflerson" wa& erected and garrisoned on the Mississippi a few miles above the southern limit. The result of these operations was the addition, to the chartered limits of Virginia, of that immense region known as the " ISTorth- western Territory." The simple fact that such and such forts were established by the Americans in this vast region convinced the Brit- ish Commissioners that we had entitled ourselves to the land. But where are those " monuments " of our power now? INDIAN SAVAGEKT. As a striking example of the inhuman treatment which the early Indians were capable of giving white people, we quote the follow ing blood-curdling story from Mr. Cox' " Recollections of the Wabash Valley": On the 11th of February, 1781, a wagoner named Irvin Hinton was sent from the block-house at Louisville, Ky., to Harrodsburg for a load of provisions for the fort. Two young men, Richard Rue and George Holman, aged respectively 19 and 16 years, were sent as guards to protect the wagon from the depredations of any hostile Indians who might be lurking in the cane-brakes or ravines through which they must pass. Soon after their start a severe snow-storm set in which lasted until afternoon. Lest the melting snow might dampen the powder in their rifles, the guards fired them off, intending to reload them as soon as the storm ceased. Hinton drove the horses while Rue walked a few rods ahead and Holman about the same distance behind. As they ascended a hill about eight miles from Louisville Hinton heard some one say Whoa to the horses. Supposing that something was wrong about the wagon, he stopped and asked Holman why he had called him to halt. Holman said that he had not spoken ; Rue also denied it. 48 HISTORY OF INDIANA. but Baid that he had heard the voice distinctly. At this time a voice cried out, " I will solve the mystery for you; it was Simon Girty that cried Whoa, and he meant what he said," — at the same time emerg- ing from a sink-hole a few rods from the roadside, followed by 13 Indians, who immediately surrounded the three Kentuckians and demanded them to surrender or die instantly. The little party, making a virtue of necessity, surrendered to this renegade white man and his Indian allies. Being so near two forts, Girty made all possible speed in making fast his prisoners, selecting the lines and other parts of the harness, he prepared for an immediate flight across the Ohio. The panta- loons of the prisoners were cut off about four inches above the knees, and thus they started through the deep snow as fast as the horses could trot, leaving the wagon, containing a few empty bar- rels, standing in the road. They continued their march for sev- eral cold days, without fire at night, until they reached Wa-puc-ca- nat-ta, where they compelled their prisoners to run the gauntlet as they entered the village. Hinton first ran the gauntlet and reached the council-house after receiving several severe blows upon the head and shoulders. Rue next ran between the lines, pursued by an Indian with an uplifted tomahawk. He far outstripped his pursuer and dodged most of the blows aimed at him. Holman complaining that it was too severe a test for a worn-out stripling like himself, was allowed to run between two lines of squaws and boys, and was followed by an Indian with a long switch. The first council of the Indians did not dispose of these young men; they were waiting for tlie presence of other chiefs and war- riors. Hinton escaped, but on the afternoon of the second day he was re-captured. Now the Indians were glad that they had an occasion to indulge in the infernal joy of burning him at once. Soon after their supper, which they shared with their victim, they drove the stake into the ground, piled np the fagots in a circle around it, stripped and blackened the prisoner, tied him to the stake, and applied the torch. It was a slow fire. The war-whoop then thrilled through the dark surrounding forest like the chorus of a band of infernal spirits escaped from pandemonium, and the scalp dance was struck up by those demons in human shape, who for hours encircled their victim, brandishing their tomahawks and war clubs, and venting their execrations upon the helpless sufferer, who died about midnight from the effects of the slow heat. As soon as he fell upon the ground, the Indian who first discovered HISTORY OF INDIANA. 49 him in the woods that evening sprang in, sunk his tomahawk into his skull above the ear, and with his knife stripped off the scalp, which he bore back with him to the town as a trophy, and which was tauntingly thrust into the faces of Rue and Holman, with the question, " Can you smell the fire on the scalp of your red-headed friend? We cooked him and left him for the wolves to make a breakfast upon; that is the way we serve runaway prisoners." After a march of three days more, the prisoners, Rue and Hol- man, had to run the gauntlets again, and barely got through with their lives. It was decided that they should both be burned at the stake that night, though this decision was far from being unani- mous. The necessary preparations were made, dry sticks and brush were gathered and piled around two stakes, the faces and hands of the doomed men were blackened in the customary manner, and as the evening approached the poor wretches sat look- ing upon the setting sun for the last time. An unusual excitement was manifest in a number of chiefs who still lingered about the council-house. At a pause in the contention, a noble-looking In- dian approached the prisoners, and after speaking a few words to the guards, took Holman by the hand, lifted him to his feet, cut the cords that bound him to his fellow prisoners, removed the black from his face and hands, put his hand kindly upon his head and said: " I adopt you as my son, to till the place of the one I have lately buried ; you are now a kinsman of Logan, the white man's friend, as he has been called, but who has lately proven himself to be a terrible avenger of the wrongs inflicted upon him by the bloody Cresap and his men." With evident reluctance, Girty interpreted this to Hol- man, who was thus unexpectedly freed. But the preparations for the burning of Rue went on. Holman and Rue embraced each other most affectionately, with a sorrow too deep for description. Rue was then tied to one of the stakes; but the general contention among the Indians had not ceased. Just as the lighted fagots were about to be applied to the dry brush piled around the devoted youth, a tall, active young Shawnee, a son of the victim's captor, sprang into the ring, and cutting the cords which bound him to the stake, led him out amidst the deafening plaudits of a part of the crowd and the execrations of the rest. Re- gardless of threats, he caused water to be brought and the black to be washed from the face and hands of the prisoner, whose clothes were then returned to him, when the young brave said: "I take this young man to be my brother, in the place of one I lately lost; 50 HISTORY OF INDIANA. I loved that brother well; I will love this one, too; my old mother will be glad when I tell her that 1 have brought her a son, in place of the dear departed one. We want no more victims. The burning of Red-head [Hinton] ought to satisfy us. These innocent young men do not merit such cruel fate; I would rather die myself than see this adopted brother burned at the stake." A loud shout of approbation showed that the young Shawnee had triumphed, though dissension was manifest among the various tribes afterward. Some of them abandoned their trip to Detroit, others returded to Wa-puc-ca-nat-ta, a few turned toward the Mis- sissinewa and the Wabash towns, while a portion continued to De- troit. Holman was taken back to Wa-puc-ca-nat ta, where he re- mained most of the time of his captivity. Rue was taken first to the Mississinewa, then to the Wabash towns. Two years of his eventful captivity were spent in the region of the Wabash and Illi- nois rivers, but the last few months at Detroit; was in captivity altogether about three years and a half. Rue effected his escape in the following manner: During one of the drunken revels of the Indians near Detroit one of them lost a purse of $90; various tribes were suspected of feloniously keeping the treasure, and much ugly speculation was indulged in as to who was the thief. At length a prophet of a tribe that was not suspected was called to divine the mystery. He spread sand over a green deer-skin, watched it awhile and performed various manipulations, and professed to see that the money had been stolen and carried away by a tribe entirely different from any that had been suspicioned; but he was shrewd enough not to announce who the thief was or the tribe he belonged to, lest a war might arise. His decision quieted the belligerent uprisings threatened by the excited Indians. Rue and two other prisoners saw this display of the prophet's skill and concluded to interrogate him soon concerning their fami- lies at home. The opportunity occurred in a few days, and the In- dian seer actually astonished Rue with the accuracy with which he described his family, and added, " You all intend to make your escape, and you will effect it soon. You will meet with many trials and hardships in passing over so wild a district of country, inhabited by so many hostile nations of Indians. You will almost starve to death; but about the time you have given up all hope of finding game to sustain you in your famished condition, succor will come when you least expect it. The first game you will succeed in taking HISTORY OF INDIANA. 51 will be a male of some kind ; after that you will have plenty of game and return home in safety." The prophet kept this matter a secret for the prisoners, and the latter in a few days set oif upon their terrible journey, and had just such experience as the Indian prophet had foretold; they arrived home with their lives, but were pretty well worn out with the exposures and privations of a three weeks' journey. On the return of Holman's party of Indians to Wa-puc-ca-nat-ta, much dissatisfaction existed in regard to the manner of his release from the sentence of condemnation pronounced against him by the council. Many were in favor of recalling the council and trying him again, and this was finally agreed to. The young man was again put upon trial for his life, with a strong probability of his being condemned to the stake. Both parties worked hard for vic- tory in the final vote, which eventually proved to give a majority of one for the prisoner's acquittal. While with the Indians, Holman saw them burn at the stake a Kentuckian named Richard Hogeland, who had been taken prisoner at the defeat of Col. Crawford. They commenced burning him at nine o'clock at night, and continued roasting him until ten o'clock the next day, before he expired. During his excruciating tortures he begged for some of them to end his life and sufierings with a gun or tomahawk. Finally his cruel tormentors promised they would, and cut several deep gashes in his flesh with their tomahawks, and shoveled up hot ashes and embers and threw them into the gaping wounds. When he was dead they stripped ofi" his scalp, cut him to pieces and burnt him to ashes, which they scattered through the town to expel the evil spirits from it. After a captivity of about three years and a half, Holman saw an opportunity of going on amission for the destitute Indians, namely, of going to Harrodsburg, Ky., where he had a rich uncle, from whom they could get what supplies they wanted. They let him go with a guard, but on arriving at Louisville, where Gen. Clark was in command, he was ransomed, and he reached home only three days after the arrival of Rue. Both these men lived to a good old age, terminating their lives at their home about two miles south ot Richmond, Ind. EXPEDITIONS OF COL. GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. In the summer of 1778, Col. George Rogers Clark, a native of Albemarle county, Va., led a memorable expedition against the ancient French settlements about Kaskaskia and Post Vincennes. "With respect to the magnitude of its design, the valor and perse- verance with which it was carried on, and the memorable results which were produced by it, this expedition stands without a parallel in the early annals of the valley of the Mississippi. That portion of the West called Kentucky was occupied by Henderson & Co., who pretended to own the land and who held it at a high price. Col. Clark wished to test the validity of their claim and adjust the government of the country so as to encourage immigration. He accordingly called a meeting of the citizens at Harrodstown, to assemble June 6, 1776, and consider the claims of the company and consult with reference to the interest of the country. He did not at first publish the exact aim of this movement, lest parties would be formed in advance and block the enterprise; also, if the object of the meeting were not announced beforehand, the curiosity of the people to know what was to be proposed would bring out a much greater attendance. The meeting was held on the day appointed, and delegates were elected to treat with the government of Virginia, to see whether it would be best to become a county in that State and be protected by it, etc. Various delays on account of the remoteness of the white settlers from the older communities of Virginia and the hos- tility of Indians in every direction, prevented a consummation of this object until some time in 1778. The government of Virginia was friendly to Clark's enterprise to a certain extent, but claimed that they had not authority to do much more than to lend a little assistance for which payment should be made at some future time, as it was not certain whether Kentucky would become a part of Vir- ginia or not. Gov. Henry and a few gentlemen were individually so hearty in favor of Clark's benevolent undertaking that they assisted him all they could. Accordingly Mr. Clark organized his expedition, keeping every particular secret lest powerful parties would form in the West against him. He took in stores at Pitts- (52) GEN. GEORGE KOGEKS CLABK HISTORY OF INDIANA, 55 burg and Wheeling, proceeded down the Ohio to the " Falls," where he took possession of an island of a about seven acres, and divided it among a small number of families, for whose protection he constructed some light fortifications. At this time Post Yin- cennes comprised about 400 militia, and it was a daring undertak- ing for Col. Clark, with his small force, to go up against it and Kas- katkia, as he had planned. Indeed, some of his men, on hearing of his plan, deserted him. He conducted himself so as to gain the sympathy of the French, and through them also that of the Indians to some extent, as both these people were very bitter against the British, who had possession of the Lake Eegion. From the nature of the situation Clark concluded it was best to take Kaskaskia first. The fact that the people .regarded him as a savage rebel, he regarded as really a good thing in his favor; for after the first victory he would show them so much unexpected lenity that they would rally to his standard. In this policy he was indeed successful. He arrested a few men and put them in irons. The priest of the village, accompanied by five or six aged citizens, waited on Clark and said that the inhabitants expected to be separ- ated, perhaps never to meet again, and they begged to be permitted to assemble in their church to take leave of each other. Clark mildly replied that he had nothing against their religion, that they might continue to assemble in their church, but not venture out of town, etc. Thus, by what has since been termed the "Rarey" method of taming horses, Clark showed them he had power over them but designed them no harm, and they readily took the oath of allegiance to Virginia. After Clark's arrival at Kaskaskia it was difficult to induce the French settlers to accept the "Continental paper" introduced by him and his troops. Nor until Col. Vigo arrived there and guar- anteed its redemption would they receive it. Peltries and piastres formed the only currency, and Vigo found great difficulty in ex- plaining Clark's financial arrangements. "Their commandants never made money," was the reply to Vigo's explanation of the policy of the old Dominion. But notwithstanding the guarantees, the Continental paper fell very low in the market. Vigo had a trading establishment at Kaskaskia, where he sold cofi'ee at one dollar a pound, and all the other necessaries of life at an equally reasonable price. The unsophisticated Frenchmen were generally asked in what kind of money they would pay their little bills. 56 HISTORY OF INDIANA. "Douleur," was the general reply; and as an authority on the sub- ject says, "It took about twenty Continental dollars to purchase a silver dollar's worth of coiFee; and as the French word "douleur" sig- nifies grief or pain, perhaps no word either in the French or Eng- lish languages expressed the idea more correctly than the douleur for a Continental dollar. At any rate it was truly douleitr to the Colonel, for he never received a single dollar in exQhange for the large amount taken from him in order to sustain Clark's credit. Now, the post at Yincennes, defended by Fort Sackville, came next. The priest just mentioned, Mr. Gibault, was really friendly to "the American interest;" he had spiritual charge of the church at Yincennes, and he with several others were deputed to assemble the people there and authorize them to garrison their own fort like a free and independent people, etc. This plan had its desired effect, and the people took the oath of allegiance to the State of Yirginia and became citizens of the United States. Their style of language and conduct changed to a better hue, and they surprised the numer- ous Indians in the vicinity by displaying anew flag and informing them that their old father, the King of France, was come to life again, and was mad at them for fighting the English; and they ad- vised them to make peace with the Americans as soon as they could, otherwise they might expect to make the land very bloody, etc. The Indians concluded they would have to fall in line, and they ofiered no resistance, Capt. Leonard Helm, an American, was left in charge of this post, and Clark began to turn his atten- tion to other points. But before leaving this section of the coun- try he made treaties of peace with the Indians; this he did, how- ever, by a difierent method from what had always before been followed. By indirect methods he caused them to come to him, instead of going to them. He was convinced that inviting them to treaties was considered by them in a diflferent manner from what the whites expected, and imputed them to fear, and that giving them great presents confirmed it. He accordingly established treaties with the Piankeshaws, Ouiatenons, Kickapoos, Illinois, Kaskaskias, Peorias and branches of some other tribes that inhab- ited the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi. Upon this the General Assembly of the State of Yirginia declared all the citizens settled west of the Ohio organized into a county of that State, to be known as " Illinois " county ; but before the pro- visions of the law could be carried into efifect, Henry Hamilton, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit, collected an army of about HISTORY OF INDIANA. 67 30 regulars, 50 French volunteers and 400 Indians, went down and re-took the post Yincennes in December, 1778. No attempt was made by the population to defend the town. Capt. Helm and a man named Henry were the only Americans at the fort, the only members of the garrison. Capt. Helm was taken prisoner and a number of the French inhabitants disarmed. Col. Clark, hearing of the situation, determined to re-capture the place. He accordingly gathered together what force he could in this distant land, 170 men, and on the 5th of February, started from Kaskaskia and crossed the river of that name. The weather was very wet, and the low lands were pretty well covered with water. The march was difficult, and the Colonel had to work'hard to keep his men in spirits. He suffered them to shootgame whenever they wished and eat it like Indian war-dancers, each company by turns inviting the others to their feasts, which was the case every night. Clark waded through water as much as any of them, and thus stimu- lated the men by his example. They reached the Little Wabash on the 13th, after suffering many and great hardships. Here a camp was formed, and without waiting to discuss plans for crossing the river, Clark ordered the men to construct a vessel, and pretended that crossing the stream would be only a piece of amusement, al- though inwardly he held a different opinion. The second day afterward a reconnoitering party was sent across the river, who returned and made an encouraging report. A scaf- folding was built on the opposite shore, upon which the baggage was placed as it was tediously ferried over, and the new camping ground was a nice half acre of dry land. There were many amuse- ments, indeed, in getting across the river, which put all the men in high spirits. The succeeding two or three days they had to march through a great deal of water, having on the night of the 17th to encamp in the water, near the Big Wabash. At daybreak on the 18th they heard the signal gun at Yincennes, and at once commenced their march. Reaching the Wabash about two o'clock, they constructed rafts to cross the river on a boat-steal- ing expedition, but labored all day and night to no purpose. Oq the 19th they began to make a canoe, in which a second attempt to steal boats was made, but this expedition returned, reporting that there were two "large fires" within a mile of them. Clark sent a canoe down the river to meet the vessel that was supposed to be on her way up with the supplies, with orders to hasten forward day and night. This was their last hope, as their provisions were entirely / 58 • HISTORY OF INDIANA. gone, and starvation seemed to be hovering about them. The next day they commenced to make more canoes, when about noon the sentinel on the river brought a boat with five Frenchmen from the fort. From this party they learned that they were not as yet dis- covered. All the army crossed the river in two canoes the next dav, and as Clark had determined to reach the town that night, he ordered his men to move forward. They plunged into the water sometimes to the neck, for over three miles. Without food, benumbed with cold, up to their waists in water, covered with broken ice, the men at one time mutinied and refused to march. All the persuasions of Clark had no effect upon the half-starved and half-frozen soldiers. In one company was a small drummer boy, and also a sergeant who stood six feet two inches in socks, and stout and athletic. He was devoted to Clark. The Gen- eral mounted the little drummer on the shoulders of the stalwart sergeant and ordered him to plunge into the water, half-frozen as it was. He did so, the little boy beating the charge from his lofty perch, while Clark, sword in hand, followed them, giving the com- mand as he threw aside the floating ice, " Forward." Elated and amused with the scene, the men promptly obeyed, holding their rifles above their heads, and in spite of all the obstacles they reached the high land in perfect safety. But for this and the ensuing days of this campaign we quote from Clark's account: " This last day's march through the water was far superior to any- thing the Frenchmen had any idea of. They were backward in speaking; said that the nearest land to us was a small league, a sugar camp on the bank of the river. A canoe was sent ofi" and re- turned without finding that we could pass. I went in her myself and sounded the water and found it as deep as to my neck. I returned with a design to have the men transported on board the canoes to the sugar camp, which I knew would expend the whole day and en- suing night, as the vessels would pass slowly through the bushes. The loss of so much time to men half starved was a matter of con- sequence. I would have given now a great deal for a day's provis- ion, or for one of our horses. I returned but slowly to the troops, giving myself time to think. On our arrival all ran to hear what was the report; every eye was fixed on me; I unfortunately spoke in a serious manner to one of the officers. The whole were alarmed without knowing what I said. I viewed their confusion for about one minute; I whispered to those near me to do as I did, immedi- ately put some water in my hand, poured on powder, blackened my HISTORY OF INDIANA. 59 face, gave the war-whoop, and marched into the water without say- inoj a word. The party gazed and fell in, one after another without saying a word, like a flock of sheep. I ordered those near me to begin a favorite song of theirs; it soon passed through theline,and the whole went on cheerfully. " I now intended to have them transported across the deepest part of the water; but when about waist-deep, one of the men in- formed me that he thought he felt a path; we examined and found it so, and concluded that it kept on the highest ground, which it did, and by taking pains to follow it, we got to the sugar camp with no difficulty, where there was about half an acre of dry ground, — at least ground not under water, and there we took up our lodging. ****** " The night had been colder than any we had had, and the ice in the morning was one-half or three-quarters of an inch thick in still water; the morning was the finest. A little after sunrise I lectured the whole; what I said to them I forget, but I concluded by in- forming them that passing the plain then in full view, and reaching the opposite woods would put an end to their fatigue; that in a few hours they would have a sight of their long wished-for object; and immediately stepped into the water without waiting for any reply. A huzza took place. As we generally marched through the water in a line, before the third man entered, I called to Major Bowman, ordering him to fall in the rear of the 25 men, and put to death any man who refused to march. This met with a cry of approbation, and on we went. Getting about the middle of the plain, the water about mid-deep, I found myself sensibly failing; and as there were no trees nor bushes for the men to support them- selves by, I feared that many of the weak would be drowned. I or- dered the canoes to make the land, discharge their loading, and play backward and forward with all diligence and pick up the men ; and to encourage the party, sent some of the strongest men forward, with orders when they got to a certain distance, to pass the word back that the water was getting shallow, and when getting near the woods, to cry out land. This stratagem had its desired effect; the men exerted themselves almost beyond their abilities, the weak holding by the stronger. The water, however, did not become shallower, but continued deepening. Getting to the woods where the men expected land, the water was up to my shoulders; but gaining the woods was of great consequence; all the low men and weakly hung to the trees and floated on the old logs until they were 60 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. taken off by the canoes; the strong and tall got ashore and built fires. Many would reach the shore and fall with their bodies half in the water, not being able to support themselves without it. " This was a dry and deliglitfiil spot of ground of about ten acres. Fortunately, as if designed by Providence, a canoe of Indian squaws and children was coming up to town, and took through "this part of the plain as a nigh way ; it was discovered by our canoe-men as they were out after the other men. They gave chase and took the Indian canoe, on board of which was nearly half a quarter of buffalo, some corn, tallow, kettles, etc. This was an invaluable prize. Broth was immediately made and served out, especially to the weakly; nearly all of us got a little; but a great many gave their part to the weakly, saying something cheering to their comrades. By the afternoon, this refreshment and fine weather had greatly invigor- ated the whole party. " Crossing a narrow and deep lake in the canoes, and marching some distance, we came to a copse of timber called ' Warrior's Island.' We were now in full view of the fort and town; it was about two miles distant, with not a shrub intervening. Every man now feasted his eyes and forgot that he had suffered anything, say- ing that all which had passed was owing to good policy, and noth- ing but what a man could bear, and that a soldier had no right to think, passing from one extreme to the other, — which is common in such cases. And now stratagem was necessary. The plain between us and the town was not a perfect level; the sunken grounds were covered with water full of ducks. We observed several men within a half a mile of us shooting ducks, and sent out some of our active young Frenchmen to take one of these men prisoners without alarming the rest, which they did. The information we got from this person was similar to that which we got from those taken on the river, except that of the British having that evening completed the wall of the fort, and that there were a great many Indians in town. "Our situation was now critical. No possibility of retreat in case of defeat, and in full view of a town containing at this time more than 600 men, troops, inhabitants and Indians. The crew of the galley, though not 50 men, would have been now a re-enforcement of immense magnitude to our little army, if I may so call it, but we would not think of them. We were now in the situation that I had labored to get ourselves in. The idea of being made prisoner was foreign to almost every man, as they expected nothing but tor- ture from the savages if they fell into their hands. Our fate was HISTORY OF INDIANA. 61 now to be determined, probably in a few hours; we knew that nothing but the most daring conduct would insure success; I knew also that a number of the inhabitants wished us well. This was a favorable circumstance; and as there was but little prooability of our remaining until dark undiscovered, I determined to begin opera- tions immediately, and therefore wrote the following placard to the inhabitants: To the Inhabitants of Post VlnceTines: Gentlemen: — Being now within two miles of your village with my army, determined to take your fort this night, and not being willing to surprise you, I take this method to request such of you as are true citizens and willing to enjoy the liberty I bring you, to remain still in your houses; and those, if any there be, that are friends to the king, will instantly repair to the fort and join the hair-buyer general and fight like men; and if any such as do not go to the fort shall be discovered afterward, they may depend on severe punishment. On the contrary, those who are true friends to liberty may depend on being well treated; and I once more request them to keep out of the streets; for everyone I find in arms on my arrival I shall treat as an enemy. [Signed] G. R. Clark. " I had various ideas on the results of this letter. I knew it could do us no damage, but that it would cause the lukewarm to be decided, and encourage our friends and astonish our enemies. We anxiously viewed this messenger until he entered the town, and in a few minutes we discovered by our glasses some stir in every street we could penetrate, and great numbers running or riding out into the commons, we supposed to view us, which was the case. But what surprised us was that nothing had yet happened that had the appearance of the garrison being alarmed, — neither gun nor drum. We began to suppose that the information we got from our prisoners was false, and that the enemy had already knew of us and were prepared. A little before sunset we displayed ourselves in full view of the town, — crowds gazing at us. We were plunging ourselves into certain destruction or success ; there was no midway thought of We had but little to say to our men, except inculcat- ing an idea of the necessity of obedience, etc. We moved on slowly in full view of the town; but as it was a point of some con- sequence to us to make ourselves appear formidable, we, in leaving the covert we were in, marched and counter- marched in such a manner that we appeared numerous. Our colors were displayed to the best advantage; and as the low plain we marched through was 62 HISTORY OF INDIANA. not a perfect level, but had frequent risings in it, of 7 or 8 higher than the common level, which was covered with water; and as these risings generally rim in an oblique direction to the town, we took the advantage of one of them, marching through the water by it, which completely prevented our being numbered. We gained the heights back of the town. As there were as yet no hostile appearance, we were impatient to have the cause unriddled. Lieut. Bayley was ordered with 14 men to march and fire on the fort; the main body moved in a different direction and took possession of the strongest part of the town." Clark then sent a written order to Hamilton commanding him to surrender immediately or he would be treated as a murderer; Hamilton replied that he and his garrison were not disposed to be awed into any action unworthy of British sub- jects. After one hour more of fighting, Hamilton proposed a truce of three days for conference, on condition that each side cease all defensive work; Clark rejoined that he would "not agree to any terms other than Mr. Hamilton surrendering himself and garrison prisoners at discretion," and added that if he, Hamil- ton, wished to talk with him he could meet him immediately at the church with Capt. Helm. In less than an hour Clark dictated the terms of surrender, Feb. 24, 1779. Hamilton agreed to the total surrender because, as he there claimed in writing, he was too far from aid from his own government, and because of the "unanimity" of his officers in the surrender, and his "confidence in a generous enemy." "Of this expedition, of its results, of its importance, of the merits of those engaged in it, of their bravery, their skill, of their prudence, of their success, a volume would not more than suffice for the details. Suffice it to say that in my opinion, and I have accurately and criti- cally weighed and examined all the results produced by the con- tests in which we were engaged during the Revolutionary war, that for bravery, for hardships endured, for skill and consummate tact and prudence on the part of the commander, obedience, dis- cipline and love of country on the part of his followers, for the immense benefits acquired, and signal advantages obtained by it for the whole union, it was second to no enterprise undertaken dur- ing that struggle. I might add, second to no undertaking in an- cient or modern warfare. The whole credit of this conquest be- longs to two men; Gen. George Rogers Clark and Col. Francis Yigo. And when we consider that by it the whole territory now HISTORY OF INDIANA. 6S covered by the three great states of Indiana, Illinois and Michigan was added to the union, and so admitted to be by the British commis- sioners at the preliminaries to the treaty of peace in 1783; (and bnt for this very conquest, the boundaries of our territories west would have been the Ohio instead of the Mississippi, and so acknowledged by both our commissioners and the British at that conference;) a territory embracing upward of 2,000,000 people, the human mind is lost m the contemplation of its effects; and we can but wonder that a force of 170 men, the whole number of Clark's troops, should by this single action have produced such important results." [John Law. The next day Clark sent a detachment of 60 men up the river Wabash to intercept some boats which were laden with provisions and goods from Detroit. This force was placed under command of Capt. Helm, Major Bosseron and Major Legras, and they proceeded up the river, in three armed boats, about 120 miles, when the British boats, about seven in number, were surprised and captured without firing a gun. These boats, which had on board about $50,000 worth of goods and provisions, were manned by about 40 men, among whom was Philip Dejean, a magistrate of Detroit. The provisions were taken for the public, and distributed among the soldiery. Having organized a military government at Vincennes and appointed Capt. Helm commandant of the town. Col. Clark return- ed in the vessel to Kaskaskia, where he was joined by reinforce- ments from Kentucky under Capt. George. Meanwhile, a party of traders who were going to the falls, were killed and plundered by the Delawares of White River; the news of this disaster having reached Clark, he sent a dispatch to Capt. Helm ordering him to make war on the Delawares and use every means in his power to destroy them; to show no mercy to the men, but to save the women and children. This order was executed without delay. Their camps were attacked in every quarter where they could be found. Many fell, and others were carried to Post Vincennes and put to death. The surviving Delawares at once pleaded for mercy and appeared anxious to make some atonement for their bad con- duct. To these overtures Capt. Helm replied that Col. Clark, tlie " Big Knife," had ordered the war, and that he had no power to lay down the hatchet, but that he would suspend hostilities until a messenger could be sent to Kaskaskia. This was done, and the crafty Colonel, well understanding the Indian character, sent a 64 HISTORY OF INDIANA. message to the Delawares, telling them tliat he would not accept their friendship or treat with them for peace; but that if they could get some of the neighboring tribes to become responsible for their future conduct, he would discontinue the war and spare their lives; otherwise they must all perish. Accordingly a council was called of all the Indians in the neigh- borhood, and Clark's answer was read to the assembly. After due deliberation the Piankeshaws took on themselves to answer for the future good conduct of the Delawares, and the " Grand Door " in a long speech denounced their base conduct. This ended the war with the Delawares and secured the respect of the neighboring tribes. Clark's attention was next turned to the British post at Detroit, but being unable to obtain sufficient troops he abandoned the en- terprise. Clark's ingenious ruse against the Indians. Tradition says that when Clark captured Hamilton and his gar- rison at Fort Sackville, he took possession of the fort and kept the British flag flying, dressed his sentinels with the uniform of the British soldiery, and let everything about the premises remain as they were, so that when the Indians sympathizing with the British arrived they would walk right into the citadel, into the jaws of death. His success was perfect. Sullen and silent, with the scalp- lock of his victims hanging at his girdle, and in full expectation of his reward from Hamilton, the unwary savage, unconscious of danger and wholly ignorant of the change that had just beenefiected in his absence, passed the supposed British sentry at the gate of the fort unmolested and unchallenged; but as soon as in, a volley from the rifles of a platoon of Clark's men, drawn up and awaiting his coming, pierced their hearts and sent the unconscious savage, reek- ing with murder, to that tribunal to which he had so frequently, by order of the hair- buyer general, sent his American captives, from the infant in the cradle to the grandfather of the family, tot- tering with age and infirmity. It was a just retribution, and few men but Clark would have planned such a ruse or carried it out successfully. It is reported that fifty Indians met this fate within the fort; and probably Hamilton, a prisoner there, witnessed it all. subsequent career of HAMILTON. Henry Hamilton, who had acted as Lieutenant and Governor of the British possessions under Sir George Carleton, was sent for- HISTORY OF INDIANA. 65 ward, with two other prisoners of war, Dejean and LaMothe, to Williamsburg, Ya., early in June following, 1779. Proclamations, in his own handwriting, were found, in which he had offered a specific sum for every American scalp brought into the camp, either by his own troops or his allies, the Indians; and from this he was denominated the "hair-buyer General." This and much other tes- timony of living witnesses at the time, all showed what a savage he was. Thomas Jefferson, then Governor of Virginia, being made aware of the inhumanity of this wretch, concluded to resort to a little retaliation by way of closer confinement. Accordingly he ordered that these three prisoners be put in irons, confined in a dungeon, deprived of the use of pen, ink and paper, and be ex- cluded from all conversation except with their keeper. Major General Phillips, a British ofiicer out on parole in the vicinity of Charlottesville, where the prisoners now were, in closer confine- ment, remonstrated, and President Washington, while approving of Jefferson's course, requested a mitigation of the severe order, lest the British be goaded to desperate measures. Soon afterward Hamilton was released on parole, and he subse- quently appeared in Canada, still acting as if he had jurisdiction in the United States. GIBAULT . The faithful, self-sacrificing and patriotic services of Father Pierre Gibault in behalf of the Americans require a special notice of him in this connection. He was the parish priest at Vincennes, as well a? at Kaskaskia. He was, at an early period, a Jesuit mis- sionary to the Illinois. Had it not been for the influence of this man, Clark could not have obtained the influence of the citizens at either place. He gave all his property, to the value of 1,500 Spanish milled dollars, to the support of Col. Clark's troops, and never re- ceived a single dollar in return. So far as the records inform us, he was given 1,500 Continental paper dollars, which proved in the end entirely valueless. He modestly petitioned from the Govern- ment a small allowance of land at Cahokia, but we find no account of his ever receiving it. He was dependent upon the public in his older days, and in 1790 Winthrop Sargent "conceded" to him a lot of about "14 toises, one side to Mr. Millet, another to Mr. Yaudrey, and to two streets," — a vague description of land. 66 HISTORY OF INDIANA. VIGO. Col. Francis Yigo was born in Mondovi, in the kingdom of Sar- dinia, in 1747. He left his parents and guardians at a very early age, and enlisted in a Spanish regiment as a soldier. The regiment was ordered to Havana, and a detachment of it subsequently to New Orleans, then a Spanish post; Col. Yigo accompanied this de- tachment. But he left the army and engaged in trading with the Indians on the Arkansas and its tributaries. Next he settled at St. Louis, also a Spanish post, where he became closely connected, both in friendship and business, with the Governor of Upper Louisiana, then residing at the same place. This friendship he enjoyed, though he could only write his name; and we have many circumstantial evidences that he was a man of high intelligence, honor, purity of heart, and ability. Here he was living when Clark captured Kas- kaskia, and was extensively engaged in trading up the Missouri. A Spaniard by birth and allegiance, he was under no obligation to assist the Americans. Spain was at peace with Great Britain, and any interference by her citizens was a breach of neutrality, and subjected an individual, especially one of the high character and standing of Col. Vigo, to all the contumely, loss and vengeance which British power could inflict. But Col. Vigo did not falter. With an innate love of liberty, an attachment to Republican prin- ciples, and an ardent sympathy for an oppressed people struggling for their rights, he overlooked all personal consequences, and as soon as he learned of Clark's arrival at Kaskaskia, he crossed the line and went to Clark and tendered him his means and influence, both of which were joyfully accepted. Knowing Col. Vigo's influence with the ancient inhabitants of the country, and desirous of obtaining some information from Vincennes, from which he had not heard for several months, Col. Clark proposed to him that he might go to that place and learn the actual state of afiairs. Vigo went without hesitation, but on the Embarrass river he was seized by a party of Indians, plundered of all he possessed, and brought a prisoner before Hamilton, then in pos- session of the post, which he had a short time previously captured, holding Capt. Helm a prisoner of war. Being a Spanish subject, and consequently a non-combatant. Gov. Hamilton, although he strongly suspected the motives of the visit, dared not confine him, but admitted him to parole, on the single condition that he should daily report himself at the fort. But Hamilton was embar- HISTORr OF INDIANA. 67 rassed by his detention, being besieged by the inhabitants of the town, who loved Vigo and threatened to withdraw their support from the garrison if he would not release him. Father Gibault was the chief pleader for Yigo's release. Hamilton finally yielded, on con- dition that he, Vigo, would do no injury to the British interests on his way to St. Louis. He went to St. Louis, sure enough, doing no injury to British interests, but immediately returned to Kaskaskia and reported to Clark in detail all he had learned at Vincennes, without which knowledge Clark would have been unable to ac- complish his famous expedition to that post with final triumph. The redemption of this country from the British is due as much, probably, to Col. Vigo as Col. Clark. GOVERNMENT OF THE NORTHWEST. Col. John Todd, Lieutenant for the county of Illinois, in the spring of 1779 visited the old settlements at Vincennes and Kas- kaskia, and organized temporary civil governments in nearly all the settlements west of the Ohio. Previous to this, however, Clark had established a military government at Kaskaskia and Vincennes, appointed commandants in both places and taken up his headquar- ters at the falls of the Ohio, where he could watch the operations of the enemy and save the frontier settlements from the depreda- tions of Indian warfare. On reaching the settlements. Col. Todd issued a proclamation regulating the settlement of unoccupied lands and requiring the presentation of all claims to the lands set- tled, as the number of adventurers who would shortly overrun the country would be serious. He also organized a Court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at Vincennes, in the month of June, 1779. This Court was composed of several magistrates and presided over by Col. J. M. P. Legras, who had been appointed commandant at Vincennes. Acting from the precedents established by the early French commandants in the West, this Court began to grant tracts of land to the French and American inhabitants; and to the year 1783, it had granted to different parties about 26,000 acres of land; 22,000 more was granted in this manner by 1787, when the practice was prohibited by Gen. Harmer. These tracts varied in size from a house lot to 500 acres. Besides this loose business, the Court entered into a stupendous speculation, one not altogether creditable to its honor and dignity. The commandant and the magistrates under him suddenly adopted the opinion that they were invested A 68 HISTORY OF INDIANA. with the authority to dispose of the whole of that large region which in 1842 had been granted by the Piankeshaws to the French inhabitants of Vincennes. Accordingly a very convenient arrange- ment was entered into by which the whole tract of country men- tioned was to be divided between the members of the honorable Court. A record was made to that effect, and in order to gloss over the steal, each member took pains to be absent from Court on the day that the order was made in his favor. In the fall of 1780 La Balme, a Frenchman, made an attempt to capture the British garrison of Detroit by leading an expedition against it from Kaskaskia. At the head of 30 men he marched to Vincennes, where his force was slightly increased. From this place he proceeded to the British trading post at the head of the Maumee, where Fort Wayne now stands, plundered the British traders and Indians and then retired. While encamped on the bank of a small stream on his retreat, he was attacked by a band of Miamis, a number of his men were killed, and his expedition against Detroit was ruined. In this manner border war continued between Americans and their enemies, with varying victory, until 1783, when the treaty of Paris was concluded, resulting in the establishment of the inde- pendence of the United States. Up to this time the territory now included in Indiana belonged by conquest to the State of Yirginia; but in January, 1783, the General Assembly of that State resolved to cede to the Congress of the United States all the territory north- west of the Ohio. The conditions offered by Yirginia were accepted by Congress Dec. 20, that year, and early in 1784 the transfer was completed. In 1783 Virginia had platted the town of Clarksville, at the falls of the Ohio. The deed of cession provided that the territory should be laid out into States, containing a suita- ble extent of territory not less than 100 nor more than 150 miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances would permit; and that the States so formed shall be distinct Republican States and admitted members of the Federal Union, having the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence as the other States. The other conditions of the deed were as follows: That the necessary and reasonable expenses incurred by Yirginia in subduing any British posts, or in maintaining forts and garrisons within and for the defense, or in acquiring any part of the territory so ceded or relinquished, shall be fully reimbursed by the United States; that the French and Canadian inhabitants and other settlers of the Kas- HISTORY OF INDIANA. 69 kaskia, Post Yincennes and the" neighboring villages who have pro- fessed themselves citizens of Yirginia, shall have their titles and possessions confirmed to them, and be protected in the enjoyment of their rights and privileges; that a quantity not exceeding 150,- 000 acres of land, promised by Yirginia, shall be allowed and granted to the then Colonel, now General, George Rogers Clark, and to the officers and soldiers of his regiment, who marched with him when the posts and of Kaskaskia and Yincennes were reduced, and to the officers and soldiers that have been since incorporated into the said regiment, to be laid off in one tract, the length of which not to exceed double the breadth, in such a place on the northwest side of the Oiiio as a majority of the officers shall choose, and to be afterward divided among the officers and soldiers in due proportion according to the laws of Yirginia; that in case the quantity of good lands on the southeast side of the Ohio, upon the waters of Cumberland river, and between Green river and Ten. nessee river, which have been reserved by law for the Yirginia troops upon Continental establishment, should, from the North Carolina line, bearing in further upon the Cumberland lands than was expected, prove insufficient for their legal bounties, the defi- ciency shall be made up to the said troops in good lands to be laid off between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami, on the northwest side of the river Ohio, in such proportions as have been engaged to them by the laws of Yirginia; that all the lands within the ter- ritory so ceded to the United States, and not reserved for or appro- priated to any of the before-mentioned purposes, or disposed of in bounties to the officers and soldiers of the American army, shall be considered as a common fund for the use and benefit of such of the United States as have become, or shall become, members of the confederation or federal alliance of the said States, Yirginia included, according to their usual respective proportions in the general charge and expenditure, and shall be faithfully and hona fide dis- posed of for that purpose and for no other use or purpose whatever. After the above deed of cession had been accepted by Congress, in the spring of 1784, the matter of the future government of the territory was referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. Jeffer- son of Yirginia, Chase of Maryland and Howell of Rhode Island, which committee reported an ordinance for its government, provid- ing, among other things, that slavery should not exist in said terri- tory after 1800, except as punishment of criminals; but this article of the ordinance was rejected, and an ordinance for the temporary 70 HISTORY OF INDIANA. government of the county was adopted. In 1785 laws were passed by Congress for the disposition of lands in the territory and pro- hibiting the settlement of unappropriated lands by reckless specu- lators. But human passion is ever strong enougli to evade the law to some extent, and large associations, representing considerable means, were formed for the purpose of monopolizing the land busi- ness. Millions of acres were sold at one time by Congress to asso- ciations on the installment plan, and so far as the Indian titles could be extinguished, the work of settling and improving the lands was pushed rapidly forward. ORDINANCE OF 1787. This ordinance has a marvelous and interesting history. Con- siderable controversy has beeti indulged in as to who is entitled to the credit for framing it. This belongs, undoubtedly, to Nathan Dane; and to Rufus King and Timothy Pickering belong the credit for suggesting the proviso contained in it against slavery, and also for aids to religion and knowledge, and for assuring for- ever the common use, without charge, of the great national high- ways of the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence and their tributaries to all the citizens of the United States. To Thomas Jefferson is also due much credit, as some features of this ordinance were embraced in his ordinance of 1784. But the part taken by each in the long, laborious and eventful struggle which had so glorious a consum- mation in the ordinance, consecrating forever, by one imprescript- ible and unchangeable monument, the very heart of our country to Freedom, Knowledge, and Union, will forever honor the names of those illustrious statesmen. Mr. Jefferson had vainly tried to secure a system of government for the Northwestern territory. He was an emancipationist and favored the exclusion of slavery from the territory, but the South voted him down every time he proposed a measure of this nature. In 1787, as late as July 10, an organizing act without the anti- slavery clause was pending. This concession to the South was expected to carry it. Congress was in session in New York. On July 5, Rev. Manasseh Cutler, of Massachusetts, came into New York to lobby on the Northwestern territory. Everything seemed to fall into his hands. Events were ripe. The state of the public credit, the growing of Southern prejudice, the basis of his mission, his personal character, all combined to complete one of those sudden HISTORY OF INDIANA. 71 and marvelous revolutions of public sentiment that once in five'or ten centuries are seen to sweep over a country like the breath of the Almighty. Cutler was a graduate of Yale. He had studied and taken de- grees in the three learned professions, medicine, law, and divinity. He had published a scientific examination of the plants of New England. As a scientist in America his name stood second only to that of Franklin. He was a courtly gentleman of the old style, a man of commanding presence and of inviting face. The Southern members said they had never seen such a gentleman in the North. He came representing a Massachusetts company that desired to purchase a tract of land, now included in Ohio, for the purpose of planting a colony. It was a speculation. Government money was worth eighteen cents on the dollar. This company had collected enough to purchase 1,500,000 acres of land. Other speculators in New York made Dr. Cutler their agent, which enabled him to represent a demand for 5,500,000 acres. As this would reduce the national debt, and Jefierson's policy was to provide for the public credit, it presented a good opportunity to do something. Massachusetts then owned the territory of Maine, which she was crowding on the market. She was opposed to opening the North- western region. This fired the zeal of Virginia. The South caught the inspiration, and all exalted Dr. Cutler. The entire South ral. lied around him, Massachusetts could not vote against him, be- cause many of the constuitents of her members were interested personally in the Western speculation. Thus Cutler, making friends in the South, and doubtless using all the arts of the lobby, was enabled to command the situation. True to deeper convic- tions, he dictated one of the most compact and finished documents of wise statesmanship that has ever adorned any human law book. He borrowed from Jefierson the term "Articles of Compact," which, preceding the federal constitution, rose into the most sacred char- acter. He then followed very closely the constitution of Massa- chusetts, adopted three years before. Its most prominent points were : 1, The exclusion of slavery from the territory forever. 2, Provision for public schools, giving one township for a semi- nary and every section numbered 16 in each township; that is, one thirty-sixth of all the land for public schools. 3, A provision prohibiting the adoption of any constitution or the enactment of any law that should nullify pre-existing contracts. 72 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Be it forever remembered that this compact declared that " re- ligion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good govern- ment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of edu- cation shall always be encouraged." Dr. Cutler planted himself on this platform and would not yield. Giving his unqualified dec- laration that it was that or nothing, — that unless they could make the land desirable they did not want it, — he took his horse and buggy and started for the constitutional convention at Philadelphia. On July 13, 1787, the bill was put upon its passage, and was unani- mously adopted. Thus the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, a vast empire, were consecrated to free dom, intelligence, and morality. Thus the great heart of the nation was prepared to save the union of States, for it was this act that was the salvation of the republic and the destruction of slavery. Soon the South saw their great blunder and tried to have the compact repealed. In 1803 Congress referred it to a committee, of which John Randolph was chairman. He reported that this ordinance was a compact and opposed repeal. Thus it stood, a rock in the way of the on-rushing sea of slavery. The " Northwestern Territory " included of course what is now the State of Indiana; and Oct 5, 1787, Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair was elected by Congress Governor of this territory. Upon commencing the duties of his ofiice he was instructed to ascertain the real temper of the Indians and do all in his power to remove the causes for controversy between them and the United States, and to effect the extinguishment of Indian titles to all the land possible . The Governor took up quarters in the new settlement of Marietta, Ohio, where he immediately began the organization of the government of the territory. The first session of the General Court of the new territory was held at that place in 1788, the Judges being Samuel H. Parsons, James M. Varnum and John C. Symmes, but under the ordinance Gov. St. Clair was President of the Court. After the first session, and after the necessary laws for government were adopted. Gov. St. Clair, accompanied by the Judges, visited Kaskaskia for the purpose of organizing a civil gov- ernment there. Full instructions had been sent to Maj. Hamtramck, commandant at Yincennes, to ascertain the exact feeling and temper of the Indian tribes of the Wabash. These instructions were ac- companied by speeches to each of the tribes. A Frenchman named Antoine Gamelin was dispatched with these messages April 5, 1790, who visited nearly all the tribes on the Wabash, St. Joseph and St. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 73 Mary's rivers, but was coldly received; most of the chiefs being dissatisfied with the policy of the Americans toward them, and prejudiced through English misrepresentation. Full accounts of his adventures among the tribes reached Gov. St. Clair at Kaskas- kia in June, 1790. Being satisfied that there was no prospect of efiecting a general peace with the Indians of Indiana, he resolved to visit Gen. Harmar at his headquarters at Fort Washington and consult with him on the means of carrying an expedition against the hostile Indians; but before leaving he intrusted Winthrop Sargent, the Secretary of the Territory, with the execution of the resolutions of Congress regarding the lands and settlers on the Wabash. He directed that officer to proceed to Vincennes, lay out a county there, establish the militia and appoint the necessary civil and military officers. Accordingly Mr. Sargent went to Vin- cennes and organized Camp Knox, appointed the officers, and noti- fied the inhabitants to present their claims to lands. In establish- ing these claims the settlers found great difficulty, and concerning this matter the Secretary in his report to the President wrote as follows: " Although the lands and lots which were awarded to the inhabi- tants appeared from very good oral testimony to belong to those persons to whom they were awarded, either by original grants, pur- chase or inheritance, yet there was scarcely one case in twenty where the title was complete, owing to the desultory manner in which public business had been transacted and some other unfor- tunate causes. The original concessions by the French and British commandants were generally made upon a small scrap of paper, which it has been customary to lodge in the notary's office, who has seldom kept any book of record, but committed the most im- portant land concerns to loose sheets, which in process of time have come into possession of persons that have fraudulently de- stroyed them; or, unacquainted with their consequence, innocently lost or trifled them away. By French usage they are considered family inheritances, and often descend to women and children. In one instance, and during the government of St. Ange here, a royal notary ran off with all the public papers in his possession, as by a certificate produced to me. And I am very sorry further to observe that in the office of Mr. Le Grand, which continued from 1777 to 1787, and where should have been the vouchers for important land transactions, the records have been so falsified, and there is such gross fraud and forgery, as to invalidate all evidence and informa- tion which I might have otherwise acquired from his papers." 74: HISTORY OF INDIANA. Mr. Sargent says there were about 150 French families at Yin- cennes in 1790. The heads of all these families had been at some time vested with certain titles to a portion of the soil ; and while the Secretary was busy in straightening out these claims, he re- ceived a petition signed by 80 Americans, asking for the confirma- tion of grants of land ceded by the Court organized by Col. John Todd under the authority of Virginia, With reference to this cause. Congress, March 3, 1791, empowered the Territorial Governor, in cases where land had been actually improved and cultivated under a supposed grant for the same, to confirm to the persons who made such improvements the lands supposed to have been granted, not, however, exceeding the quantity of 400 acres to any one per- son. LIQUOR AND GAMING LAWS. The General Court in the summer of 1790, Acting Governor Sargent presiding, passed the following laws with reference to vending liquor among the Indians and others, and with reference to games of chance: 1. An act to prohibit the giving or selling intoxicating liquors to Indians residing in or coming into the Territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio, and for preventing foreigners from trading with Indians therein. 2. An act prohibiting the sale of spirituous or other intoxicat- ing liquors to soldiers in the service of the United States, being within ten miles of any military post in the territory; and to pre- vent the selling or pawning of arms, ammunition, clothing or accoutrements. 3. An act prohibiting every species of gaming for money or property, and for making void contracts and payments made in consequence thereof, and for restraining the disorderly practice of discharging arms at certain hours and places. Winthrop Sargent's administration was highly eulogized by the citizens at Vincennes, in a testimonial drawn up and signed by a committee of oflicers. He had conducted the investigation and settlement of land claims to the entire satisfaction of the residents, had upheld the principles of free government in keeping with the animus of the American Revolution, and had established in good order the machinery of a good and wise government . In the same address Major Hamtramck also received a fair share of praise for his judicious management of affairs. MILITARY HISTORY 1790-1800. EXPEDITIONS OF HARMA.R, SCOTT AND WILKINSON. Gov. St. Clair, on his arrival at Fort Washington from Kas- kaskia, had a long conversation with Gen. Ilartnar, aod concluded to send a powerful force to chastise the savages about the head- waters of the Wabash. He had been empowered by the President to call on Virginia for 1,000 troops and on Pennsylvania for 500, and he immediately availed himself of this resource, ordering 300 of the Virginia militia to muster at Fort Steuben and march with the garrison of that fort to Vincennes, and join Maj. Hamtramck, who had orders to call for aid from the militia of Vincennes, march up the Wabash, and attack any of the Indian villages which he might think he could overcome. The remaining 1,200 of the mi- litia were ordered to rendezvous at Fort Washington, and to join the regular troops at that post under command of Gen. Harmar. At this time the United States troops in the West were estimated by Gen. Harmar at 400 effective men. These, with the militia, gave him a force of 1,450 men. With this array Gen. Harmar marched from Fort Washington Sept. 30, and arriveda at the Mau- mee Oct. 17. They commenced the work of punishing the Indians, but were not very successful. The savages, it is true, received a severe scourging, but the militia behaved so badly as to be of little or no service. A detachment of 340 militia and 60 regulars, under the command of Col. Hardin, were sorely defeated on the Maumee Oct. 22. The next day the army took up the line of march for Fort Washington, which place they reached Nov. 4, having lost in the expedition 183 killed and 31 wounded; the Indians lost about as many. During the progress of this expedition Maj. Hamtramck marched up the Wabash from Vincennes, as far as the Vermillion river, and destroyed several deserted villages, but without j&nding an enemy to oppose him. Although the savages seem to have been severely punished by these expeditions, yet they refused to sue for peace, and continued their hostilities. Thereupon the inhabitants of the frontier settle- ments of Virginia took alarm, and the delegates of Ohio, Monon- (75) 76 HISTORY OF INDIANA. gahela, Harrison, Randolph, Greenbrier, Kanawha and Mont- gomery counties sent a joint memorial to the Governor of Vir- ginia, saying that the defenseless condition of the counties, form- ing a line of nearly 400 miles along the Ohio river, exposed to the hostile invasion of their Indian enemies, destitute of every kind of support, was truly alarming; for, notwithstanding all the regula- tions of the General Government in that country, they have reason to lament that they have been up to that time ineffectual for their protection; nor indeed could it be otherwise, for the garrisons kept by the Continental troops on the Ohio river, if of any use at all, must protect only the Kentucky settlements, as they immediately covered that country. They further stated in their memorial: "We beg leave to observe that we have reason to fear that the conse- quences of the defeat of our army by the Indians in the late expe- dition will be severely felt on our frontiers, as there is no doubt that the Indians will, in their turn, being flushed with victory, in- vade our settlements and exercise all their horrid murder upon the inhabitants thereof whenever the weather will permit them to travel. Then is it not better to support us where we are, be the ex- pense what it may, than to oblige such a number of your brave citizens, who have so long supported, and still continue to support, a dangerous frontier (although thousands of their relatives in the flesh have in the prosecution thereof fallen a sacrifice to savage in- ventions) to quit the country, after all they have done and suffered, when you know that a frontier must be supported somewhere?" This memorial caused the Legislature of Virginia to authorize the Governor of that State to make any defensive operations neces- sary for the temporary defense of the frontiers, until the general Government could adopt and carry out measures to suppress the hostile Indians. The Governor at once called upon the military commanding officers in the western counties of Virginia to raise by the first of March, 1791, several small companies of rangers for this purpose. At the same time Charles Scott was appointed Brigadier- General of the Kentucky militia, with authority to raise 226 vol- unteers, to protect the most exposed portions of that district. A full report of the proceedings of the Virginia Legislature being transmitted to Congress, that body constituted a local Board of "War for the district of Kentucky, consisting of five men. March 9, 1791, Gen. Henry Knox, Secretary of War, sent a letter of instruc- tions to Gen. Scott, recommending an expedition of mounted men not exceeding 750, against the Wea towns on the Wabash. With HISTORY OF INDIANA. 77 this force Gen. Scott accordingly crossed the Ohio, May 23, 1791, and reached the Wabash in about ten days. Many of the Indians, having discovered his approach, fled, but he succeeded in destroy- ing all the villages around Ouiatenon, together with several Kick- apoo towns, killing 32 warriors and taking 58 prisoners. He released a few of the most infirm prisoners, giving them a " talk," which they carried to the towns farther up the Wabash, and which the wretched condition of his horses prevented him from reaching. March 3, 1791, Congress provided for raising and equipping a regiment for the protection of the frontiers, and Gov. St, Clair was invested with the chief command of about 3,000 troops, to be raised and employed against the hostile Indians in the territory over which his jurisdiction extended. He was instructed by the Secre- tary of War to march to the Miami village and establish a strong and permanent military post there; also such posts elsewhere along the Ohio as would be in communication with Fort Washington. The post at Miami village was intended to keep the savages in that vicinity in check, and was ordered to be strong enough in its gar- rison to afford a detachment of 500 or 600 men in case of emer- gency, either to chastise any of the Wabash or other hostile Indians or capture convoys of the enemy's provisions. The Secretary of War also urged Gov. St. Clair to establish that post as the first and most important part of the campaign. In case of a previous treaty the Indians were to be conciliated upon this point if possible; and he presumed good arguments might be ofiered to induce their acquiescence. Said he: " Having commenced your march upon the main expedition, and the Indians continuing hostile, you will use every possible exertion to make them feel the effects of your superi- ority; and, after having arrived at the Miami village and put your works in a defensible state, you will seek the enemy with the whole of your remaining force, and endeavor by all possible means to strike them with great severity. -jt * * -st In order to avoid future wars, it might be proper to make the Wa- bash and thence over to the Maumee, and down the same to its mouth, at Lake Erie, the boundary between the people of the United States and the Indians (excepting so far as the same should relate to the Wyandots and Delawares), on the supposition of their continuing faithful to the treaties; but if they should join in the war against the United States, and your army be victorious, the said tribes ought to be removed without the boundary mentioned." Previous to marching a strong force to the Miami town, Gov. St. 78 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Clair, June 25, 1791, authorized Gen "Wilkinson to conduct a second expedition, not exceeding 500 mounted men, against the Indian villages on the Wabash. Accordingly Gen. Wilkinson mustered his forces and was ready July 20, to march with 525 mounted vol- unteers, well armed, and provided with 30 days' provisions, and with this force he reached the Ke-na-pa-com-a-qua village on the north bank of Eel river about six miles above its mouth, Aug, 7, where he killed six warriors and took 34 prisoners. This town, which was scattered along the river for three miles, was totally de- stroyed. Wilkinson encamped on the ruins of the town that night, and the next day he commenced his march for the Kickapoo town on the prairie, which he was unable to reach owing to the impassa- ble condition of the route which he adopted and the failing condi- tion of his horses. He reported the estimated results of the expe- dition as follows: "I have destroyed the chief town of the Ouiate- non nation, and have made prisoners of the sons and sisters of the king. I have burned a respectable Kickapoo village, and cut down at least 400 acres of corn, chiefly in the milk." EXPEDITIONS OF ST. CLAIK AND WAYNE. The Indians were greatly damaged by the expeditions of Harmar, Scott and Wilkinson, but were far from being subdued. They regarded the policy of the United States as calculated to extermi- nate them from the land; and, goaded on by the English of Detroit, enemies of the Americans, they were excited to desperation. At this time the British Government still supported garrisons at Niagara, Detroit and Michilimackinac, although it was declared by the second article of the definitive treaty of peace of 1783, that the king of Great Britain would, " with all convenient speed, and without causing any destruction or carrying away any negroes or property of the American inhabitants, withdraw all his forces,, garrisons and fleets from the United States, and from every post, place and harbor within the same." That treaty also provided that the creditors on either side should meet with no lawful impedi- ments to the recovery of the full value, in sterling money, of all hona fide debts previously contracted. The British Government claimed that the United States had broken faith in this particular understanding of the treaty, and in consequence refused to with- draw its forces from the territory. The British garrisons in the Lake Region wero a source of much annoyance to the Americans, as they afibrded anccor xo iiostile Indians, encouraging them to HISTORY OF INDIANA. 79 make raids among the Americans. Tliis state of affairs in the Territory Northwest of the Ohio continued from the commence- ment of the Revolutionary war to 1796, when under a second treaty all British soldiers were withdrawn from the country. In September, 1791, St. Clair moved from Fort Washington with about 2,000 men, and November 3, the main army, consisting of about 1,400 effective troops, moved forward to the head- waters of the Wabash, where Fort Recovery was afterward erected, and here the army encamped. About 1,200 Indians were secreted a few miles distant, awaiting a favorable opportunity to begin an attack, which they improved on the morning of Nov. 4, about half an hour before sunrise. The attack was first made upon the militia, which immediately gave way. St. Clair was defeated and he returned to Fort Washington with a broken and dispirited army, having lost 39 officers killed, and 539 men killed and missing; 22 officers and 232 men were wounded. Several pieces of artillery, and all the baggage, ammunition and provisions were left on the field of bat- tle and fell into the hands of the victorious Indians. The stores and other public property lost in the action were valued at $32,800. There were also 100 or more American women with the army of the whites, very few of whom escaped the cruel carnage of the sav- age Indians. The latter, characteristic of their brutal nature, proceeded in the flush of victory to perpetrate the most horrible acts of cruelty and brutality upon the bodies of the living and the dead Americans who fell into their hands. Believing that the whites had made war for many years merely to acquire land, tlie Indians crammed clay and sand into the eyes and down the throats of the dying and the dead! GEN. Wayne's great victory. Although no particular blame was attached to Gov. St. Clair for the loss in this expedition, yet he resigned the office of Major-Gen- erai, and was succeeded by Anthony Wayne, a distinguished officer of the Revolutionary war. Early in 1792 provisions were made by the general Government for re- organizing the army, so that it should consist of an efficient degree of strength. Wayne arrived at Pittsburg in June, where the army was to rendezvous. Here he continued actively engaged in organizing and training hia forces until October, 1793, when with an army of about 3,600 men he moved westward to Fort Washington. While Wayne was preparing for an offensive campaign, every 80 HISTORY OF INDIANA. possible means was employed to induce the hostile tribes of the Northwest to enter into a general treaty of peace with the Ameri- can Government; speeches were sent among them, and agents to make treaties were also sent, but little was accomplished. Major Hamtramck, who still remained at Yincennes, succeeded in con- cluding a general peace with the Wabash and Illinois Indians; but the tribes more immediately under the influence of the British refused to hear the sentiments of friendship that were sent among them, and tomahawked several of the messengers. Their courage had been aroused by St. Cbir's defeat, as well as by the unsuccess- ful expeditions which had preceded it, and they now felt quite pre- pared to meet a superior force under Gen. Wayne. The Indians insisted on the Ohio river as the boundary line between their lands and the lands of the United States, and felt certain that they could maintain that boundary. Maj. Gen. Scott, with about 1,600 mounted volunteers from Kentucky, joined the regular troops under Gen. Wayne July 26, 1794, and on the 28th the united forces began their march for the Indian towns on the Maumee river. Arriving at the mouth of the Auglaize, they erected Fort Defiance, and Aug. 15 the army advanced toward the British fort at the foot of the rapids of the Maumee, where, on the 20th, almost within reach of the British, the American army gained a decisive victory over the combined forces of the hostile Indians and a considerable number of the Detroit militia. The number of the enemy was estimated at 2,000, against about 900 American troops actually engaged. This horde of savages, as soon as the action began, abandoned themselves to flight and dispersed with terror and dismay, leaving Wayne's vic- torious army in full and quiet possession of the field. The Ameri- cans lost 33 killed and 100 wounded; loss of the enemy more than double this number. The army remained three days and nights on the banks of the Maumee, in front of the field of battle, during which time all the houses and cornfields were consumed and destroyed for a considera- ble distance both above and below Fort Miami, as well as within pistol shot of the British garrison, who were compelled to remain idle spectators to this general devastation and conflagration, among which were the houses, stores and property of Col. McKee, the British Indian agent and " principal stimulator of the war then existing between the United States and savages." On the return march to Fort Defiance the villages and cornfields for about 50 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 81 miles on each side of the Mauinee were destroyed, as well as those for a considerable distance around that post. Sept. 14, 1794, the army under Gen. Wayne commenced its march toward the deserted Miami villages at the confluence of St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, arriving Oct. 17, and on the follow- ing day the site of Fort Wayne was selected. The fort was com- pleted Xov. 22, and garrisoned by a strong detachment of infantry and artillery, under the command of Col. John F. Hamtramck, who gave to the new fort the name of Fort Wayne. In 1814 a new fort was built on the site of this structure. The Kentucky volunteers returned to Fort Washington and were mustered out of service. Gen. Wayne, with the Federal troops, marched to Greenville and took up his headquarters during the winter. Here, in August, 1795, after several months of active negotiation, this gallant officer succeeded in concluding a general treaty of peace with all the hos- tile tribes of the Northwestern Territory. This treaty opened the way for the flood of immigration for many years, and ultimately made the States and territories now constituting the mighty North- west. Up to the organization of the Indiana Territory there is but little history to record aside from those events connected with military afiairs. In July, 1796, as before stated, after a treaty was con- cluded between the United States and Spain, the British garrisons, with their arms, artillery and stores, were withdrawn from the posts within the boundaries of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, and a detachment of American troops, consisting of 65 men, under the command of Capt. Moses Porter, took possession of the evacuated post of Detroit in the same month. In the latter part of 1796 Winthrop Sargent went to Detroit and organized the county of Wayne, forming a part of the Indiana Territory until its division in 1805, when the Territory of Michigan was organized. TEKRITORIAL HISTORY. OKGANIZATION OF INDIANA TEKKITORY. On the final success of American arms and diplomacy in 1796, the principal town within the Territory, now the State, of Indiana was Yincennes, which at this time comprised about 50 houses, all presenting a thrifty and tidy appearance. Each house was sur- rounded by a garden fenced with poles, and peach and apple-trees grew in most of the enclosures. Garden vegetables of all kinds were cultivated with success, and corn, tobacco, wheat, barley and cotton grew in the fields around the village in abundance. During the last few years of the 18th century the condition of society at Vincennes improved wonderfully. Besides Vincennes there was a small settlement near where the town of Lawrenceburg now stands, in Dearborn county, and in the course of that year a small settlement was formed at " Armstrong's Station," on the Ohio, within the present limits of Clark county. There were of course several other smaller settlements and trading posts in the present limits of Indiana, and the number of civilized inhabitants comprised within the territory was estimated at 4,875. The Territory of Indiana was organized by Act of Congress May 7, 1800, the material parts of the ordinance of 1787 remaining in force; and the inhabitants were invested with all the rights, privi- leges and advantages granted and secured to the people by that ordinance. The seat of government was fixed at Yincennes. May 13, 1800, "Wm. Henry Harrison, a native ot Yirginia, was appoint- ed Governor of this new territory, and on the next day John Gib- son, a native of Pennsylvania and a distinguished Western pioneer, (to whom the Indian chief Logan delivered his celebrated speech in 1774), was appointed Secretary of the Territory. Soon afterward Wm. Clark, Henry Yanderburgh and John Grifiin were appointed territorial Judges. Secretary Gibson arrived at Yincennes in July, and commenced, in the absence of Gov. Harrison, the administration of government. Gov. Harrison did not arrive until Jan. 10, 1801, when he imme- diately called together the Judges of the Territory, who proceeded (88) HISTORY OF INDIANA. 83 to pass such laws as they deemed necessary for the present govern- ment of the Territory. This session began March 3, 1801. From this time to 1810 the principal subjects which attracted the attention of the people of Indiana were land speculations, the adjustment of land titles, the question of negro slavery, the purchase of Indian lands by treaties, the organization of Territorial legis- latures, the extension of the right of suffrage, the division of Indiana Territory, the movements of Aaron Burr, and the hostile views and proceedings of the Shawanee chief, Tecuniseh, and his brother, the Prophet. Up to this time the sixth article of the celebrated ordinance of 1787, prohibiting slavery in the Northwestern Territory'-, had been somewhat neglected in the execution of the law, and many French settlers still held slaves in a manner. In some instances, according to rules prescribed by Territorial legislation, slaves agreed by indentures to remain in servitude under their masters for a certain number of years; but many slaves, with whom no such contracts were made, were removed from the Indiana Territory either to the west of the Mississippi or to some of the slaveholding States. Gov. Harrison convoked a session of delegates of the Territory, elected by a popular vote, who petitioned Congress to declare the sixth article of the ordinance of 1787, prohibiting slavery, suspend- ed; but Congress never consented to grant that petition, and many other petitions of a similar import. Soon afterward some of the citizens began to take colored persons out of the Territory for the purpose of selling them, and Gov. Harrison, by a proclamation April 6, 1804, forbade it, and called upon the authorities of the Territory to assist him in preventing such removal of persons of color. During the year 1804 all the country west of the Mississippi and north of 33** was attached to Indiana Territory by Congress, but in a few months was again detached and organized into a separate ter- ritory . When it appeared from the result of a popular vote in the Terri- tory that a majority of 138 freeholders were in favor of organizing a General Assembly, Gov. Harrison, Sept. 11, 1804, issued a procla- mation declaring that the Territory had passed into the second grade of government, as contemplated by the ordinance of 1787, and fixed Thursday, Jan. 3, 1805, as the time for holding an election in the several counties of the Territory,to choose members of a House of Representatives, who should meet at Vincennes Feb. 1 and 84 HISTORY OF INDIANA. adopt measures for the organization of a Territorial Council. These delegates were elected, and met according to the proclamation, and selected ten men from whom the President of the United States, Mr. Jefferson, should appoint five to be and constitute the Legisla- tive Council of the Territory, but he declining, requested Mr. Har- rison to make the selection, which was accordingly done. Before the first session of this Council, however, was held, Michigan Ter- ritory was set off, its south line being one drawn from the southern end of Lake Michigan directly east to Lake Erie. FIBST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. The first General Assembly, or Legislature, of Indiana Territory met at Yincennes July 29, 1805, in pursuance of a gubernatorial proclamation. The members of the House of Representatives were Jesse B. Thomas, of Dearborn county; Davis Floyd, of Clark county; Benjamin Parke and John Johnson, of Knox county; Shadrach Bond and William Biggs, of St. Clair county, and George Fisher, of Randolph county. July 30 the Governor delivered his first mes- sage to "the Legislative Council and House of Representatives of the Indiana Territory." Benjamin Parke was the first delegate elected to Congress. He had emigrated from New Jersey to In- diana in 1801. THE "western sun" was the first newspaper published in the Indiana Territory, now comprising the four great States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, and the second in all that country once known as the "Northwestern Territory." It was commenced at Vincennes in 1803, by Elihu Stout, of Kentucky, and first called the Indiana Gazette, and July, 4, 1804, was changed to the Western Sun. Mr. Stout continued the paper until 1845, amid many discouragements, when he was appointed postmaster at the place, and he sold out the ofiice. INDIANA IN 1810. The events which we have just been describing really constitute the initiatory steps to the great military campaign of Gen, Harrison which ended in the "battle of Tippecanoe;" but before proceeding to an account of that brilliant affair, let us take a glance at the re- sources and strength of Indiana Territory at this time, 1810: Total population, 24,520; 33 grist mills; 14 saw mills; 3 horse mills; 18 tanneries; 28 distilleries; 3 powder mills; 1,256 looms; HISTORY OF INDIANA. 85 1,350 spinning wheels; value of manufactures — woolen, cotton hempen and flaxen cloths, $159,052; of cotton and wool spun in mills, $150,000; of nails, 30,000 pounds, $4,000; of leather tanned, $9,300; of distillery products, 35,950 gallons, $16,230; of gun- powder, 3,600 pounds, $1,800; of wine from grapes, 96 barrels, $6,000, and 5 0,000 pounds of maple sugar. During the year 1810 a Board of Commissioners was established to straighten out the confused condition into which the land-title controversy had been carried by the various and conflicting admin- istrations that had previously exercised jurisdiction in this regard. This work was attended with much labor on the part of the Commis- sioners and great dissatisfaction on the part of a few designing specu- lators, who thought no extreme of perjury too hazardous in their mad attempts to obtain lands fraudulently. In closing their report the Commissioners used the following expressive language: "We close this melancholy picture of human depravity by rendering our devout acknowledgment that, in the awful alternative in which we have been placed, of either admitting perjured testimony in sup- port of the claims before us, or having it turned against our char- acters and lives, it has as yet pleased that divine providence which rules over the affairs of men, to preserve us, both from legal mur- der and private assassination." The question of dividing the Territory of Indiana was agitated from 1806 to 1809, when Congress erected the Territory of Illinois, to comprise all that part of Indiana Territory lying west of the Wabash river and a direct line drawn from that river and Post Vincennes due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada. This occasioned some confusion in the govern- ment of Indiana, but in due time the new elections were confirmed, and the new territory started off on a journey of prosperity which this section of the United States has ever since enjoyed. From the first settlement of Vincennes for nearly half a century there occurred nothing of importance to relate, at least so far as the records inform us. The place was too isolated to grow very fast, and we suppose there was a succession of priests and com- mandants, who governed the little world around them with almost infinite power and authority, from whose decisions there was no appeal, if indeed any was ever desired. The character of society in such a place would of course grow gradually different from the parent society, assimilating more or less with that of neighboring tribes. The whites lived in peace with the Indians, each under- 86 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Standing the other's peculiarities, which remained fixed long enough for both parties to study out and understand them. The government was a mixture of the military and the civil. There was little to incite to enterprise. Speculations in money and prop- erty, and their counterpart, beggary, were both unknown ; the nec- essaries of life were easily procured, and beyond these there were but few wants to be supplied; hospitality was exercised by all, as there were no taverns; there seemed to be no use for law, judges or prisons; each district had its commandant, and the proceedings of a trial were singular. The complaining party obtained a notifi- cation from the commandant to his adversary, accompanied by a command to render justice. If this had no effect he was notified to appear before the coininandaut on a particular day and answer; and if the last notice was neglected, a sergeant and file of men were sent to bring him, — no sheriff and no costs. The convicted party would be fined and kept in prison until he rendered justice according to the decree; when extremely refractory the cat-o'-nine- tails brought him to a sense of justice. In such a state of society there was no demand for learning and science. Few could read, and still fewer write. Their disposition was nearly always to deal honestly, at least simply. Peltries were their standard of value. A brotherly love generally prevailed. But they were devoid of public spirit, enterprise or ingenuity. GOY. HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. Immediately after the organization of Indiana Territory Governor Harrison's attention was directed, by necessity as well as by in- structions from Congress, to settling affiiirs with those Indians who still held claims to lands. He entered into several treaties, by which at the close of 1805 the United States Government had ob- tained about 46,000 square miles of territory, including all the lands lying on the borders of the Ohio river between the mouth of the Wabash river and the State of Ohio. The levying of a tax, especially a poll tax, by the General Assem- bly, created considerable dissatisfaction among many of the inhabit- ants. At a meeting held Sunday, August 16, 1807, a number of Frenchmen resolved to " withdraw their confidence and support forever from those men who advocated or in any manner promoted the second grade of government." In 1807 the territorial statutes were revised and under the new code, treason, murder, arson and horse-stealing were each punish- able by death. The crime of manslaughter was punishable by the common law. Burglary and robbery were punishable by whip- ping, fine and in some cases by imprisonment not exceeding forty yea?s. Hog stealing was punishable by fine and whipping. Bigamy was punishable by fine, whipping and disfranchisement, etc. In 1804 Congress established three land offices for the sale of lands in Indiana territory; one was located at Detroit, one at Vin- cennes and one at Kaskaskia. In 1807 a fourth one was opened at Jeffersonville, Clark county; this town was first laid out in 1802, agreeably to plans suggested by Mr. Jefferson then President of the United States. Governor Harrison, according to his message to the Legislature in 1806, seemed to think that the peace then existing between the whites and the Indians was permanent; but in the same document he referred to a matter that might be a source of trouble, which in- deed it proved to be, namely, the execution of white laws among the Indians— laws to which the latter had not been a party in their enactment. The trouble was aggravated by the partiality with which the laws seem always to have been executed; the Indian (8T) 88 HISTORY OF INDIANA. was nearly always the sufferer. All along from 1805 to 1810 the Indians complained bitterly against the encroachments of the white people upon the lands that belonged to them. The invasion of their hunting grounds and the unjustifiable killing of many of their peo- ple were the sources of their discontent. An old chief, in laying the trouble of his people before Governor Harrison, said: "You call us children ; why do you not make us as happy as our fathers, the French, did? They never took from us our lands; indeed, they were common between us. They planted where they pleased, and they cut wood where they pleased; and so did we; but now if a poor Indian attempts to take a little bark from a tree to cover him from the rain, up comes a white man and threatens to shoot him, claiming the tree as his own." The Indian truly had grounds for his complaint, and the state of feeling existing among the tribes at this time was well calculated to develop a patriotic leader who should carry them all forward to victory at arms, if certain concessions were not made to them by the whites. But this golden opportunity was seized by an unworthy warrior. A brother of Tecumseh, a "prophet" named Law-le-was-i- kaw, but who assumed the name of Peras-quat-a-wah (Open Door), was the crafty Shawanee warrior who was enabled to work upon both the superstitions and the rational judgment of his fellow In- dians. He was a good orator, somewhat peculiar in his appearance and well calculated to win the attention and respect of the savages. He began by denouncing witchcraft, the use of intoxicating liquors, the custom of Indian women marrying white men, the dress of the whites and the practice of selling Indian lands to the United States. He also told the Indians that the commands of the Great Spirit re- quired them to punish with death those who practiced the arts of witchcraft and magic; that the Great Spirit had given him power to find out and expose such persons; that he had power to cure all diseases, to confound his enemies and to stay the arm of death in sickness and on the battle-field. His harangues aroused amotig some bands of Indians a high degree of superstitious excitement. An old Delaware chief named Ta-te-bock-o-she, through whose in- fluence a treaty had been made with the Delawares in 1804, was accused of witchcraft, tried, condemned and tomahawked, and his body consumed by fire. The old chief's wife, nephew ("Billy Patterson ") and an aged Indian named Joshua were next accused of witchcraft and condemned to death. The two men were burned at the stake, but the wife of Ta-te-bock-o-she was saved from THE SHAWNEE PKOPHET. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 91 death by her brother, who suddenly approached her, took her by the hand, and, without meeting any opposition from the Indians present, led her out of the council-house. He then immediately returned and checked the growing influence of the Prophet by exclaiming in a strong, earnest voice, " The Evil Spirit has come among us and we are killing each other." — \_Dillo)i's History of Indiana. When Gov. Harrison was made acquainted with these events he sent a special messenger to the Indians, strongly entreating them to renounce the Prophet and his works. This really destroyed to some extent the Prophet's influence; but in the spring of 1808, having aroused nearly all the tribes of the Lake Region, the Prophet with a large number of followers settled near the mouth of the Tippe- canoe river, at a place which afterward had the name of "Prophet's- Town." Taking advantage of his brother's influence, Tecuraseh actively engaged himself in forming the various tribes into a con- federacy. He announced publicly to all the Indians that the treaties by which the United States had acquired lands northwest of the Ohio were not made in fairness, and should be considered void. He also said that no single tribe was invested with power to sell lands without the consent of all the other tribes, and that he and his brother, the Prophet, would oppose and resist all future attempts which the white people might make to extend their set- tlements in the lands that belonged to the Indians. Early in 1808, Gov. Harrison sent a speech to the Shawanees, in which was this sentence: " My children, this business must be stopped ; I will no longer sufier it. You have called a number of men from the most distant tribes to listen to a fool, who speaks not the words of the Great Spirit but those of the devil and the British agents. My children, your conduct has much alarmed the white settlers near you. They desire that you will send away those people; and if they wish to have the impostor with them they can carry him along with them. Let him go to the lakes; he can hear the British more distinctly." This message wounded the pride of the Prophet, and he prevailed on the messenger to inform Gov. Harrison that he was not in league with the British, but was speak- ing truly the words of the Great Spirit. In the latter part of the summer of 1808, the Prophet spent sev- eral weeks at Yincennes, for the purpose of holding interviews with Gov. Harrison. At one time he told the Governor that he was a Christian and endeavored to persuade his people also to become Christians, abandon the use of liquor, be united in broth- 92 HISTORY OF INDIANA. erlj love, etc., making Mr. Harrison believe at least, that he was honest; but before long it was demonstrated that the "Prophet" was designing, cunning and unreliable; that both he and Tecumseh were enemies of the United States, and friends of the English; and that in case of a war between the Americans and English, they would join the latter. The next year the Prophet again visited Vincennes, with assurances that he was not in sympathy with the English, but the Governor was not disposed to believe him; and in a letter to the Secretary of War, in July, 1809, he said that he regarded the bands of Indians at Prophet's Town as a combination which had been produced by British intrigue and influence, in antic- ipation of a war between them and the United States. In direct opposition to Tecumseh and the prophet and in spite of all these difficulties, Gov. Harrison continued the work of extin- guishing Indian titles to lands, with very good success. By the close of 1809, the total amount of land ceded to the United States, under treaties which had been effected by Mr. Harrison, exceeded 30,000,000 a -res. From 1805 to 1807, the movements of Aaron Burr in the Ohio valley created considerable excitement in Indiana. It seemed that he intended to collect a force of men, invade Mexico and found a republic there, comprising all the country west of the Alleghany mountains. He gathered, however, but a few men, started south, and was soon arrested by the Federal authorities. But before his arrest he had abandoned his expedition and his followers had dispersed. Harrison's campaign. While the Indians were combining to prevent any further trans- fer of land to the whites, the British were using the advantage as a groundwork for a successful war upon the Americans. In the spring of 1810 the followers of the Prophet refused to receive their annuity of salt, and the officials who offered it were denounced as "American dogs," and otherwise treated in a disrespectful manner. Gov. Harrison, in July, attempted to gain the friendship of the Prophet by sending him a letter,offering to treat with him person- ally in the matter of his grievances, or to furnish means to send him, with three of his principal chiefs, to the President at Wash- ington; but the messenger was coldly received, and they returned word that they would visit Vincennes in a few days and interview the Governor. Accordingly, Aug. 12, 1810, the Shawanee chief with 70 of his principal warriors, marched up to the door of the HISTORY OF INDIANA. 93 Governor's house, and from that day until the 22d held daily inter- views with His Excellency. In all of his speeches Tecumseh was haughty, and sometimes arrogant. On the 20th he delivered that celebrated speech in which he gave the Governor the alternative of returning their lands or meeting them in battle. While the Governor was replying to this speech Tecumseh inter- rupted him with an angry exclamation, declaring that the United States, through Gov. Harrison, had "cheated and imposed on the Indians." When Tecumseh first rose, a number of his party also sprung to their feet, armed with clubs, tomahawks and spears, and made some threatening demonstrations. The Governor's guards, who stood a little way off, were marched up in haste, and the In- dians, awed by the presence of this small armed force, abandoned what seemed to be an intention to make an open attack on the Gov- ernor and his attendants. As soon as Tecumseh's remarks were interpreted, the Governor reproached him for his conduct, and com- manded him to depart instantly to his camp. On the following day Tecumseh repented of his rash act and re- quested the Governor to grant him another interview, and pro- tested against any intention of offense. The Governor consented, and the council was re-opened on the 21st, when the Shawanee chief addressed him in a respectful and dignified manner, but re- mained immovable in his policy. The Governor then requested Tecumseh to state plainly whether or not the surveyors who might be sent to survey the lands purchased at the treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, would be molested by Indians. Tecumseh replied: "Brother, when you speak of annuities to me, I look at the land and pity the women and children. I am authorized to say that they will not receive them. Brother, we want to save that piece of land. We do not wish you to take it. It is small enough for our purpose. If you do take it, you must blame yourself as the cause of the trouble between us and the tribes who sold it to you. I want the present boundary line to continue. Should you cross it, I assure you it will be productive of bad consequences." The next day the Governor, attended only by his interpreter, visited the camp of the great Shawanee, and in the course of a long interview told him that the President of the United States would not acknowledge his claims. "Well," replied the brave warrior, "as the great chief is to determine the matter, I hope the Great Spirit will put sense enough into his head to induce him to direct you to give up this land. It is true, he is sO far off he will not be ^4 HISTORY OF INDIANA. injured by the war. He may sit still in his town and drink his wine, while you and I will have to fight it out." In his message to the new territorial Legislature in 1810 Gov. Harrison called attention to the dangerous views held by Tecumseh and the Prophet, to the pernicious influence of alien enemies among the Indians, to the unsettled condition of the Indian trade and to the policy of extinguishing Indian titles to lands. The eastern settlements were separated from the western by a consider- able extent of Indian lands, and the most fertile tracts within the territory were still in the hands of the Indians. Almost entirely divested of the game from which they had drawn their subsistence, it had become of little use to them; and it was the intention of the Government to substitute for the precarious and scanty sup- plies of the chase the more certain and plentiful support of agri- culture and stock-raising. The old habit of the Indians to hunt so long as a deer could be found was so inveterate that they would not break it and resort to intelligent agriculture unless they were compelled to, and to this they would not be compelled unless they were confined to a limited extent of territory. The earnest lan- guage of the Governor's appeal was like this: "Are then those extinguishments of native title which are at once so beneficial to the Indian and the territory of the United States, to be suspended on account of the intrigues of a few individuals? Is one of the fair- est portions of the globe to remain in a state of nature, the haunt of a few wretched savages, when it seems destined by the Creator to give support to a large population, and to be the seat of civili- zation, of science and true religion?" In the same message the Governor also urged the establishment of a system of popular education. Among the acts passed by this session of the Legislature, one authorized the President and Directors of the Vincennes Public Library to raise $1,000 by lottery. Also, a petition was sent to Congress for a permanent seat of government for the Territory, and commissioners were appointed to select the site. With the beginning of the year 1811 the British agent for Indian affairs adopted measures calculated to secure the support of the savages in the war which at this time seemed almost inevitable. Meanwhile Gov. Harrison did all in his power to destroy the influ- ence of Tecumseh and his brother and break up the Indian confed- eracy which was oeing organized in the interests of Great Britain. Pioneer settlers and the Indians naturally grew more and more HISTORY OF INDIANA. 95 aggressive and intolerant, committing depredations and murders, until the Governor felt compelled to send the following speech, substantially, to the two leaders of the Indian tribes: "This is the third year that all the white people in this country have been alarmed at your proceedings ; you threaten us with war ; you invite all the tribes north and west of you to join against us, while your warriors who have lately been here deny this. The tribes on the Mississippi have sent me word that you intended to murder me and then commence a war upon my people, and your seizing the salt I recently sent up the Wabash is also sufficient evidence of such intentions on your part. My warriors are preparing themselves, not to strike you, but to defend themselves and their women and children. You shall not surprise us, as you expect to do. Your intended act is a rash one: consider well of it. What can induce you to undertake such a thing when there is so little prospect of success? Do you really think that the handful of men you have about you are able to contend with the seventeen 'fires?' or even that the whole of the tribes united could contend against the Ken- tucky 'fire' alone? I am myself of the Long 'Knife fire.' As soon as they hear my voice you will see them pouring forth their swarms of hunting-shirt men as numerous as the musquitoes on the shores of the Wabash. Take care of their stings. It is not our wish to hurt you; if we did, we certainly have power to do it. " You have also insulted the Government of the United States, by seizing the salt that was intended for other tribes. Satisfaction must be given for that also. You talk of coming to see me, attend- ed by all of your young men; but this must not be. If your inten- tions are good, you have no need to bring but a few of your young men with you. I must be plain with you. I will not suifer you to come into our settlements with such a force. My advice is that you visit the President of the United States and lay your griev- ances before him. " With respect to the lands that were purchased last fall I can enter into no negotiations with you; the affair is with the Presi- dent. If you wish to go and see him, I will supply you with the means. " The person who delivers this is one of my war officers, and is a man in whom I have entire confidence; whatever he says to you, although it may not be contained in this paper, you may believe comes from me. My friend Tecumseh, the bearer is a good man and a brave warrior; I hope you will treat him well. You are 9Q HISTORY OF INDIANA. yourself a warrior, and all such should have esteem for each other." The bearer of this speech was politely received by Tecumseh, who replied to the Governor briefly that he should visit Vincennes in a few days. Accordingly he arrived July 27, 1811, bringing with him a considerable force of Indians, which created much alarm among the inhabitants. In view of an emergency Gov. Harrison reviewed his militia — about 750 armed men — and station- ed two companies and a detachment of dragoons on the borders of the town. At this interview Tecumseh held forth that he intended no war against the United States; that he would send messengers among the Indians to prevent murders and depredations on the white settlements; that the Indians, as well as the whites, who had committed murders, ought to be forgiven; that he had set the white people an example of forgiveness, which tliey ought to follow; that it was his wish to establish a union among all the Indian tribes; that the northern tribes were united; that he was going to visit the southern Indians, and then return to the Prophet's town. He said also that he would visit the President the next spring and settle all difficulties with him, and that he hoped no attempts would be made to make settlements on the lands which had been sold to the United States, at the treaty of Fort Wayne, because the Indians wanted to keep those grounds for hunting. Tecumseh then, with about 20 of his followers, left for the South, to induce the tribes in that direction to join his confederacy. By the way, a lawsuit was instituted by Gov. Harrison against a certain "Wm. Mcintosh, for asserting that the plaintiff had cheated the Indians out of their lands, and that by so doing he had made them enemies to the United States. The defendant was a wealthy Scotch resident of Vincenoes, well educated, and a man of influence among the people opposed to Gov. Harrison's land policy. The jury rendered a verdict in favor of Harrison, assessing the damages at $4,000. In execution of the decree of Court a large quantity of the defendant's land was sold in the absence of Gov. Harrison; but some time afterward Harrison caused about two-thirds of the land to be restored to Mr. Mcintosh, and the remainder was given to some orphan children. Harrison's first movement was to erect a new fort on the Wabash river and to break up the assemblage of hostile Indians at the Prophet's town. For this purpose he ordered Col. Boyd's regiment of infantry to move from the falls of Ohio to Vincennes. When the military expedition organized by Gov, Harrison was nearly HISTORY OF INDIANA. 9T ready to march to the Prophet's town,several Indian chiefs arrived at Yincennes Sept. 25, 1811, and declared that the Indians would comply with the demands of the Governor and disperse; but this did not check the military proceedings. The army under com- mand of Harrison moved from Yincennes Sept, 26, and Oct. 3, en- countering no opposition from the enemy, encamped at the place where Fort Harrison was afterward built, and near where the city of Terre Haute now stands. On the night of the 11th a few hos- tile Indians approached the encampment and wounded one of the sentinels, which caused considerable excitement. The army was immediately drawn up in line of battle, and small detachments were sent in all directions; but the enemy could not be found. Then the Governor sent a message to Prophet's Town, requiring the Shawanees, Winnebagoes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos at that place to return to their respective tribes; he also required the Prophet to restore all the stolen horses in his possession, or to give satisfactory proof that such persons were not there, nor had lately been, under his control. To this message the Governor received no answer, unless that answer was delivered in the battle of Tip- pecanoe, The new fort on the "Wabash was finished Oct. 28, and at the re- quest of all the subordinate officers it was called "Fort Harrison," near what is now Terre Haute, This fort was garrisoned with a small number of men under Lieutenant-Colonel Miller, On the 29th the remainder of. the army, consisting of 910 men, moved toward the Prophet's town; about 270 of the troops were mounted. The regular troops, 250 in number, were under the command of Col, Boyd. With this army the Governor marched to within a half mile of the Prophet's town, when a conference was opened with a distinguished chief, in high esteem with the Prophet, and he informed Harrison that the Indians were much surprised at the approach of the army, and had already dispatched a message to him by another route. Harrison replied that he would not attack them until he had satisfied himself that they would not comply with his demands; that he would continue his encampment on the Wabash, and on the following morning would have an interview with the prophet, Harrison then resumed his march, and, after some difficulty, selected a place to encamp — a spot not very desir- able. It was a piece of dry oak land rising about ten feet above the marshy prairie in front toward the Indian town, and nearly twice that height above a similar prairie in the rear, through which 98 HISTORY OF INDIANA. and near this bank ran a small stream clothed with willow and brush wood. Toward the left flank this highland widened consid- erably, but became gradually narrower in the opposite direction, and at the distance of 150 yards terminated in an abrupt point. The two columns of infantry occupied the front and rear of this ground, about 150 yards from each other on the left, and a little more than half that distance on the right, flank. One flank was filled by two companies of mounted riflemen, 120 men, under com- mand of Major-General Wells, of the Kentucky militia, and one by Spencer's company of mounted riflemen, numbering 80 men. The front line was composed of one battalion of United States in- fantry, under command of Major Floyd, flanked on the right by two companies of militia, and on the left by one company. The rear line was composed of a battalion of United States troops, under command of Capt. Bean, acting as Major, and four companies of militia infantry under Lieutenant-Colonel Decker. The regular troops of this line joined the mounted riflemen under Gen. Wells, on the left flank, and Col. Decker's battalion formed an angle with Spencer's company on the left. Two troops of dragoons, about 60 men in all, were encamped in the rear of the left flank, and Capt. Parke's troop, which was larger than the other two, in rear of the right line. For a night attack the order of encampment was the order of battle, and each man slept opposite his post in the line. In the formation of the troops single file was adopted, in order to get as great an extension of the lines as possible. BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. No attack was made by the enemy until about 4 o'clock on the morning of Nov. 7, just after the Governor had arisen. The attack was made on the left flank. Only a single gun was fired by the sentinels or by the guard in that direction, which made no resist- ance, abandoning their posts and fleeing into camp; and the first notice which the troops of that line had of the danger was the yell of the savages within a short distance of them. But the men ■were courageous and preserved good discipline. Such of them as were awake, or easily awakened, seized arms and took their stations; others, who were more tardy, had to contend with the enemy in the doors of their tents. The storm first fell upon Capt. Barton's company of the Fourth United States Regiment, and Capt. Geiger's company of mounted riflemen, which formed the left angle of the rear line. The fire from the Indians was exceedingly severe, and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 99 men in these companies suffered considerably before relief could be brought to them. Some few Indians passed into the encampment near the angle, and one or two penetrated to some distance before they were killed. All the companies formed for action before they were fired on. The morning was dark and cloudy, and the fires of the Americans afforded only a partial light, which gave greater advantage to the enemy than to the troops, and they were there- fore extinguished. As soon as the Governor could mount his horse he rode to the angle which was attacked, where he found that Barton's company had suffered severely, and the left of Geiger's entirely broken. He immediately ordered Cook's and Wentworth's companies to march up to the center of the rear line, where were stationed a small com- pany of U. S. riflemen and the companies of Bean, Snelling and Prescott. As the General rode up he found Maj, Daviess forming the dragoons in the rear of these companies, and having ascertained that the heaviest fire proceeded from some trees 15 or 20 paces in front of these companies, he directed the Major to dislodge them with a part of the dragoons ; but unfortunately the Major's gal- lantry caused him to undertake the execution of the order with a smaller force than was required, which enabled the enemy to avoid him in front and attack his flanks. He was mortally wounded and his men driven back. Capt. Snelling, however, with his company immediately dislodged those Indians. Capt. Spencer and his 1st and 2nd Lieutenants were killed, and Capt. Warwick mortally wounded. The soldiery remained brave. Spencer had too much ground originally, and Harrison re-enforced him with a company of riflemen which had been driven from their position on the left flank. Gen. Harrison's aim was to keep the lines entire, to prevent the enemy from breaking into the camp until daylight, which would enable him to make a general and effectual charge. With this view he had re-enforced every part of the line that had suffered much, and with the approach of morning he withdrew several companies from the front and rear lines and re-enforced the right and left flanks, foreseeing that at these points the enemy would make their last effort. Maj. Wells, who had commanded the left flank, charged upon the enemy and drove them at the point of the bayonet into the marsh, where they could not be followed. Meanwhile Capt. Cook and Lieut. Larrabee marched their companies to the right flank and formed under fire of the enemy, and being there joined 100 HISTORY OF INDIANA. by the riflemen of that flank, charged upon the enemy, killing a number and putting the rest to a precipitate flight. Thus ended the famous battle of Tippecanoe, victoriously to the whites and honorably to Gen. Harrison. In this battle Mr. Harrison had about 700 efficient men, while the Indians had probably more than that. The loss of the Ameri- cans was 37 killed and 25 mortally wounded, and 126 wounded ; the Indians lost 38 killed on the field of battle, and the number of the wounded was never known. Among the whites killed were Daviess, Spencer, Owen, Warwick, Randolph, Bean and White. Standing on an eminence near by, the Prophet encouraged his warriors to battle by singing a favorite war-song. He told them that they would gain an easy victory, and that the bullets of their enemies would be made harmless by the Great Spirit. Being informed during the engagement that some of the Indians were killed, he said that his warriors must fight on and they would soon be victorious. Immediately after their defeat the surviving Indians lost faith in their great (?) Proph- et, returned to their respective tribes, and thus the confederacy was destroyed. The Prophet, with a very few followers, then took up his residence among a small band of Wyandots encamped on Wild-Cat creek. His famous town, with all its possessions, was destroyed the next day, Nov. 8. On the 18th the American army returned to Yincennes, where most of the troops were discharged. The Territorial Legislature, being in session, adopted resolutions complimentary to Gov. Harri- son and the officers and men under him, and made preparations for a reception and celebration. Capt. Logan, the eloquent Shawanee chief who assisted our forces so materially, died in the latter part of November, 1812, from the effects of a wound received in a skirmish with a recon- noitering party of hostile Indians accompanied by a white man in the British service, Nov. 22. In that skirmish the white man was killed, and Winamac, a Pottawatomie chief of some distinction, fell by the rifle of Logan. The latter was mortally wounded, when lie retreated with two warriors of his tribe, Capt. Johnny and Bright-Horn, to the camp of Gen. Winchester, where he soon after- ward died. He was buried with the honors of war. WAR OF 1812 WITH GREAT BRITAIN. The victory recently gained by the Americans at the battle of Tippecanoe insured perfect peace for a time, but only a short time as the more extensive schemes of the British had so far ripened as to compel the United States again to declare war against them. Tecumseh had fled to Maiden, Canada, where, counseled by the English, he continued to excite the tribes against the Americans. As soon as this war with Great Britain was declared (June 18, 1812), the Indians, as was expected, commenced again to commit depredations. During the summer of 1812 several points along the Lake Region succumbed to theBritish, as Detroit, under Gen. Hull, Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), commanded by Capt. Heald under Gen. Hull, the post at Mackinac, etc. In the early part of September, 1812, parties of hostile Indians began to assemble in considerable numbers in the vicinity of Forts Wayne and Harrison, with a view to reducing them. Capt. Rhea, at this time, had command of Fort Wayne, but his drinking pro- pensities rather disqualified him for emergencies. For two weeks the fort was in great jeopardy. An express had been sent to Gen. Harrison for reinforcements, but many days passed without any tidings of expected assistance. At length, one day, Maj. Wm. Oliver and four friendly Indians arrived at the fort on horseback. One of the Indians was the celebrated Logan. They had come in defiance of " 500 Indians," had "broken their ranks" and reached the fort in safety. Oliver reported that Harrison was aware of the situation and was raising men for a re-enforcement. Ohio was also raising volunteers; 800 were then assembled at St. Mary's, Ohio, 60 miles south of Fort Wayne, and would march to the relief of the fort in three or four days, or as soon as they were joined by re- enforcements from Kentucky. Oliver prepared a letter, announcing to Gen. Harrison his safe ar- rival at the besieged fort, and giving an account of its beleaguered situation, which he dispatched by his friendly Shawanees, while he concluded to take his chances at the fort. Brave Logan and his companions started with the message, but had scarcely left the fort when they were discovered and pursued by the hostile Indians, yet passing the Indian lines in safety, they were soon out of reach. The Indians now began a furious attack upon the fort; but the little garrison, with Oliver to cheer them on, bravely met the assault, re- pelling the attack day after day, until the army approached to their relief. During this siege the commanding oflicer, whose habits of (ion 102 HISTORY OF INDIANA. intemperance rendered him unfit for the command, was confined in the " black hole," while the junior oflScer assumed charge. This course was approved bj the General, on his arrival, but Capt. Rhea received very little censure, probably on account of his valuable ser- vices in the Revolutionary war. Sept. 6, 1812, Harrison moved forward with his army to the re- lief of Fort Wayne; the next day he reached a point within three miles of St. Mary's river; the next day he reached the river and was joined at evening by 200 mounted volunteers, under Col. Rich- ard M. Johnson; the next day at "Shane's Crossing" on the St. Mary's they were joined by 800 men from Ohio, under Cols. Adams and Hawkins. At this place Chief Logan and four other Indians ofiered their services as spies to Gen. Harrison, and were accepted. Logan was immediately disguised and sent forward. Passing through the lines of the hostile Indians,he ascertained their number to be about 1,500, and entering the fort, he encouraged the solaiers to hold out, as relief was at hand. Gen. Harrison's force at this time was about 3,500. After an early breakfast Friday morning they were under march- ing orders; it had rained and the guns were damp; theywere dis- charged and reloaded; but that day only one Indian was encount- erer! ; preparations were made at night for an expected attack by the Indians, but no attack came; the next day, Sept. 10, they ex- pected to fight their way to Fort "Wayne, but in that they were hap- pily disappointed; and "At the first grey of the morning," as Bryce eloquently observes, " the distant halloos of the disappointed sav- ages revealed to the anxious inmates of the fort the glorious news of the approach of the army. Great clouds of dust could be seen from the fort, rolling up in the distance, as the valiant soldiery under Gen. Harrison moved forward to the rescue of the garrison and the brave boys of Kentucky and Ohio." This siege of Fort Wayne of course occasioned great loss to the few settlers who had gathered around the fort. At the time of its commencement quite a little village had clustered around the mili- tary works, but during the siege most of their improvements and crops were destroyed by the savages. Every building out of the reach of the guns of the fort was leveled to the ground, and thus the in- fant settlement was destroyed. During this siege the garrison lost but three men, while the Indians lost 25. Gen. Harrison had all the Indian villages for 25 miles around destroyed. Fort Wayne was nothing but a military post until about 1819. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 103 Simultaneously with the attack on Fort "Wayne the Indians also besieged Fort Harrison, which was commanded by Zachary Taylor. The Indians commenced firing upon the fort about 11 o'clock one night, when the garrison was in a rather poor plight for receiving them. The enemy succeeded in firing one of the block-houses, which contained whisky, and the whites had great difficulty in pre- venting the burning of all the barracks. The word " fire " seemed to have thrown all the men into confusion; soldiers' and citizens' wives, who had taken shelter within the fort, were crying; Indians were yelling; many of the garrison were sick and unable to be on duty; the men despaired and gave themselves up as lost; two of the strongest and apparently most reliable men jumped the pickets in the very midst of the emergency, etc., so that Capt. Taylor was at his wit's end what to do; but he gave directions as to the many details, rallied the men by a new scheme, and after about seven hours succeeded in saving themselves. The Indians drove up the horses belonging to the citizens, and as they could not catch th^m very readily, shot the whole of them in the sight of their owners, and also killed a number of the hogs belonging to the whites. They drove off all of the cattle, 65 in number, as well as the public oxen. Among many other depredations committed by the savages dur- ing this period, was the massacre of the Pigeon Roost settlement, consisting of one man, five women and 16 children; a few escaped. An unsuccessful effort was made to capture these Indians, but ■when the news of this massacre and the attack on Fort Harrison reached Yincennes, about 1,200 men, under the command of Col. Wm. Russell, of the 7th U. S. Infantry, marched forth for the re- lief of the fort and to punish the Indians. On reaching the fort the Indians had retired from the vicinity; but on the 15tli of Sep- tember a small detachment composed of 11 men, under Lieut. Rich- ardson, and acting as escort of provisions sent from Vincennes to Fort Harrison, was attacked by a party of Indians within the pres- ent limits of Sullivan county. It was reported that seven of these men were killed and one wounded. The provisions of course fell into the hands of the Indians. EXPEDITIONS AGAINST THE INDIANS. By the middle of August, through the disgraceful surrender of Gen. Hull, at Detroit, and the evacuation of Fort Dearborn and massacre of its garrison, the British and Indians were in possession of the whole N orth west. The savages, emboldened by their sue- 104 HISTORY OF INDIANA. cesses, penetrated deeper into the settlements, committing great depredations. The activity and success of the enemy aroused the people to a realization of the great danger their homes and families were in. Gov. Edwards collected a force of 350 men at Camp Kussell, and Capt. Russell came from Vincennes with about 50 more. Being oflScered and equipped, they proceeded about the middle of October on horseback, carrying with them 20 day's rations, to Peoria. Capt. Craig was sent with two boats up the Illinois, with provisions and tools to build a fort. The little army proceeded to Peoria Lake, where was located a Pottawatomie village. They arrived late at night, within a few miles of the village, without their presence being known to the Indians. Four men were sent out that night to reconnoiter the position of the village. The four brave men who volunteered for this perilous service were Thomas Carlin (afterward Governor), and Robert, Stephen aod Davis White- side, They proceeded to the village, and explored it and the ap- proaches to it thoroughly, without starting an Indian or provoking the bark of a dog. The low lands between the Indian village and the troops were covered with a rank growth of tall grass, so high and dense as to readily conceal an Indian on horseback, until within a few feet of him. The ground had become still more yielding by recent rains, rendering it almost impassable by mounted men. To prevent detection the soldiers had camped without lighting the usual camp-fires. The men lay down in their cold and cheerless camp, with many misgivings. They well remembered how the skulking savages fell upon Harrison's men at Tippecanoe during the night. To add to their fears, a gun in the hands of a soldier was carelessly discharged, raising great consternation in the camp. Through a dense fog which prevailed the following morning, the army took up its line of march for the Indian town, Capt. Judy with his corps of spies in advance. In the tall grass they came up with an Indian and his squaw, both mounted. The Indian wanted to surrender, but Judy observed that he " did not leave home to take prisoners," and instantly shot one of them. With the blood streaming from his mouth and nose, and in his agony " singing the death song," the dying Indian raised his gun, shot and mortally wounded a Mr. Wright, and in a few minutes expired! Many guns were immediately discharged at the other Indian, not then- known to be a squaw, all of which missed her. Badly scared, and her hus- band killed by her side, the agonizing wails of the squaw were heart-rending. She was taken prisoner, and afterward restored to her nation. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 105 On nearing the town a general charge was made, the Indians fleeing to the interior wilderness. Some of their warriors made a stand, when a sharp engagement occurred, but the Indians were routed. In their flight they left behind all their winter's store of provisions, which was taken, and their town burned. Some Indian children were found who had been left in the hurried flight, also some disabled adults, one of whom was in a starving condition, and with a voracious appetite partook of the bread given him. He is said to have been killed by a cowardly trooper straggling behind, after the main army had resumed its retrograde march, who wanted to be able to boast that he had killed an Indian. September 19, 1812, Gen. Harrison was put in command of the Northwestern army, then estimated at 10,000 men, with these orders: "Having provided for the protection of the western front- ier, you will retake Detroit; and, with a view to the conquest of upper Canada, you will penetrate that country as far as the force under your command will in your judgment justify." Although surrounded by many difficulties, the General began immediately to execute these instructions. In calling for volun- teers from Kentucky, however, more men offered than could be received. At this time there were about 2,000 mounted volunteers at Yincennes, under the command of Gen. Samuel Hopkins, of the Revolutionary war, who was under instructions to operate against the enemy along the Wabash and Illinois rivers. Accordingly, early in October, Gen. Hopkins moved from Yincennes towards the Kickapoo villages in the Illinois territory, with about 2,000 troops; but after four or five days' march the men and officers raised a mutiny which gradually succeeded in carrying all back to Yin- cennes. The cause of their discontent is not apparent. About the same time Col. Russell, with two small companies of U. S. rangers, commanded by Capts. Perry and Modrell, marched from the neighborhood of Yincennes to unite with a small force of mounted militia under the command of Gov. Edwards, of Illinois, and afterward to march with the united troops from Cahokia toward Lake Peoria, for the purpose of co-operating with Gen. Hopkins against the Indian towns in that vicinity; but not find- ing the latter on the ground, was compelled to retire. Immediately after the discharge of the mutinous volunteers, Gen. Hopkins began to organize another force, mainly of infantry, to reduce the Indians up the Wabash as far as the Prophet's town. These troops consisted of three regiments of Kentucky militia^ 106 HISTORY OF INDIANA. commanded by Cols. Barbour, Miller and Wilcox; a small company of regulars commanded by Capt. Zacliary Taylor; a company of rangers commanded by Capt. Beckes; and a company of scouts or spies under the command of Capt. Washburn. The main body of this army arrived at Fort Harrison Nov. 5; on the 11th it pro- ceeded up the east side of the Wabash into the heart of the Indian country, but found the villages generally deserted. Winter set- ting in severely, and the troops poorly clad, they had to return to Yincennes as rapidly as possible. With one exception the men behaved nobly, and did much damage to the enemy. That exception was the precipitate chase after an Indian by a detach- ment of men somewhat in liquor, until they found themselves sur- rounded by an overwhelming force of the enemy, and they had to retreat in disorder. At the close of this campaign Gen. Hopkins resigned his command. In the fall of 1812 Gen. Harrison assigned to Lieut. Col. John B. Campbell, of the 19th U. S. Inf., the duty of destroying the Miami villages on the Mississinewa river, with a detachment of about 600 men. Nov. 25, Lieut. Col. Campbell marched from Franklinton, according to orders, toward the scene of action, cau- tiously avoiding falling in with the Delawares, who had been ordered by Gen. Harrison to retire to the Shawanee establishment on the Auglaize river, and arriving on the Mississinewa Dec. 17, when they discovered an Indian town inhabited by Delawares and Miamis. This and three other villages were destroyed. Soon after this, the supplies growing short and the troops in a suffering condition, Campbell began to consider the propriety of returning to Ohio; but just as he was calling together his officers early one morning to deliberate on the proposition, an army of Indians rushed upon them with fury. The engagement lasted an hour, with a loss of eight killed and 42 wounded, besides about 150 horses killed. The whites, however, succeeded in defending themselves and taking a number of Indians prisoners, who proved to be Mun- sies, of Silver Heel's band. Campbell, hearing that a large force of Indians were assembled at Mississinewa village, under Tecum- seh, determined to return to Greenville. The privations of his troops and the severity of the cold compelled him to send to that place for re-enforcements and supplies. Seventeen of the men had to be carried on litters. They were met by the re-enforcement about 40 miles from Greenville. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 107 Lieut. Col. Campbell sent two messages to the Delawares, who lived on White river and who had been previously directed and requested to abandon their towns on that river and remove into Ohio. In these messages he expressed his regret at unfortunately killing some of their men, and urged them to move to the Shaw- anee settlement on the Auglaize river. He assured them that their people, in his power, would be compensated by the Government for their losses, if not found to be hostile ; and the friends of those killed satisfied by presents, if such satisfaction would be received. This advice was heeded by the main body of the Delawares and a few Miamis. The Shawanee Prophet, and some of the principal chiefs of the Miamis, retired from the country of the Wabash, and, with their destitute and suffering bands, moved to Detroit, where they were received as the friends and allies of Great Britain. On the approach of Gen. Harrison with his army in September, 1813, the British evacuated Detroit, and the Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Miamis and Kickapoos sued for peace with the United States, which was granted temporarily by Brig. Gen. Mc- Arthur, on condition of their becoming allies of the United States in case of war. In June, 1813, an expedition composed of 137 men, under com- mand of Col. Joseph Bartholomew, moved from Valonia toward the Delaware towns on the west fork of White river, to surprise and punish some hostile Indians who were supposed to be lurking about those villages. Most of these places they found deserted; some of them burnt. They had been but temporarily occupied for the purpose of collecting and carrying away corn. Col. Bartholo- mew's forces succeeded in killing one or two Indians and destroy- ing considerable corn, and they returned to Valonia on the 21st of this month. July 1, 1813, Col. William Russell, of the 7th U. S., organized a force of 573 effective men at Valonia and marched to the Indian villages about the mouth of the Mississinewa. His experience was much like that of Col. Bartholomew, who had just preceded him. He had rainy weather, suffered many losses, found the villages de- serted, destroyed stores of corn, etc. The Colonel reported that he went to every place where he expected to find the enemy, but they nearly always seemed to have fled the country. The march from Valonia to the mouth of the Mississinewa and return was about 250 miles. Several smaller expeditions helped to "checker" the surrounding 108 HISTORY OF INDIANA. country, and find that the Indians were very careful to keep them- selves out of sight, and thus closed this series of campaigns. CLOSE OF THE WAR. The war with England closed on the 24th of December, 1814, when a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent. The 9th article of the treaty required the United States to put an end to hostilities with all tribes or nations of Indians with whom they had been at war; to restore to such tribes or nations respectively all the rights and possessions to which they were entitled in 1811, before the war, on condition that such Indians should agree to desist from all hostilities against the United States. But in February, just before the treaty was sanctioned by our Government, there were signs of Indians accumulating arms and ammunition, and a cautionary order was therefore issued to have all the white forces in readiness for an attack by the Indians; but the attack was not made. During the ensuing summer and fall the United States Government ac- quainted the Indians with the provisions of the treaty, and entered into subordinate treaties of peace with the principal tribes. Just before the treaty of Spring Wells (near Detroit) was signed, the Shawanee Prophet retired to Canada, but declaring his resolu- tion to abide by any treaty which the chiefs might sign. Some time afterward he returned to the Shawanee settlement in Ohio, and lastly to the west of the Mississippi, where he died, in 1834. The British Government allowed him a pension from 1813 until his death. His brother Tecumseh was killed at the battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 1813, by a Mr, Wheatty, as we are positively in- formed by Mr. A. J. James, now a resident of La Harpe township, Hancock county, 111., whose father-in-law, John Pigman, of Co- shocton county, Ohio, was an eye witness. Gen. Johnson has gener- ally had the credit of killing Tecumseh. TECUMSEH. TECUMSEH. If one should inquire who has been the greatest Indian, the most noted, the " principal Indian " in North America since its discov- ery by Columbus, we would be obliged to answer, Tecumseh. For all those qualities which elevate a man far above his race; for talent, tact, skill and bravery as a warrior; for high-minded, honorable and chivalrous bearing as a man; in a word, for all those elements of greatness which place him a long way above his fellows in savage life, the name and fame of Tecnmseh will go down to posterity in the West as one of the most celebrated of the aborigines of this continent, — as one who had no equal among the tribes that dwelt in the country drained by the Mississippi. Born to command him- self, he used all the appliances that would stimulate the courage and nerve the valor of his followers. Always in the front rank of battle, his followers blindly followed his lead, and as his war-cry rang clear above the din and noise of the battle-field, the Shawnee warriors, as they rushed on to victory or the grave, rallied around him, foemen worthy of the steel of the most gallant commander that ever entered the lists in defense of his altar or his home. The tribe to which Tecumseh, or Tecumtha, as some write it, be- longed, was the Shawnee, or Shawanee. The tradition of the nation, held that they originally came from the Gulf of Mexico; that they wended their way up the Mississippi and the Ohio, and settled at or near the present site of Shawneetown, 111., whence they removed to the upper Wabash. In the latter place, at any rate, they were found early in the 18th century, and were known as the " bravest of the brave." This tribe has uniformly been the bitter enemy of the white man, and in every contest with our people has exhibited a degree of skill and strategy that should characterize the most dangerous foe. Tecumseh's notoriety and that of his brother, the Prophet, mutu- ally served to establish and strengthen each other. While the Prophet had unlimited power, spiritual and temporal, he distributed his greatness in all the departments of Indian life with a kind of fanaticism that magnetically aroused the religious and superstitious passions, not only of his own followers, but also of all the tribes in (111) 112 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. this part of the country; but Tecuraseh concentrated his greatness upon the more practical and business affairs of military conquest. It is doubted whether he was really a sincere believer in the preten- sions of his fanatic brother; if he did not believe in the pretentious feature of them he had the shrewdness to keep his unbelief to him- self, knowing that religious fanaticism was one of the strongest im- pulses to reckless bravery. During his sojourn in the Northwestern Territory, it was Tecum- seh's uppermost desire of life to confederate all the Indian tribes of the country together against the whites, to maintain their choice hunting-grounds. All his public policy converged toward this sin- gle end. In his vast scheme he comprised even all the Indians in the Gulf country, — all in America west of the Alleghany moun- tains. He held, as a subordinate principle, that the Great Spirit had given the Indian race all these hunting-grounds to keep in common, and that no Indian or tribe could cede any portion of the land to the whites without the consent of all the tribes. Hence, in all his councils with the whites he ever maintained that the treaties were null and void. When he met Harrison at Yincennes in council the last time, and, as he was invited by that General to take a seat with him on the platform, he hesitated; Harrison insisted, saying that it was the "wish of their Great Father, the President of the United States, that he should do so." The chief paused a moment, raised his tall and commanding form to its greatest height, surveyed the troops and crowd around him, fixed his keen eyes upon Gov, Harrison, and then turning them to the sky above, and pointing toward heaven with his sinewy arm in a manner indicative of supreme contempt for the paternity assigned him, said in clarion tones: " My father? The sun is my father, the earth is my mother, and on her bosom I will recline." He then stretched himself, with his war- riors, on the green sward. The effect was electrical, and for some moments there was perfect silence. The Governor, then, through an interpreter, told him that he un- derstood he had some complaints to make and redress to ask, etc., and that he wished to investigate the matter and make restitution wherever it might be decided it should be done. As soon as the Governor was through with this introductory speech, the stately warrior arose, tall, athletic, manly, dignified and graceful, and with a voice at first low, but distinct and musical, commenced a reply. As he warmed up with his subject his clear tones might be heard, HISTORY OF INDIANA. 113 as if " trurapet-tongued," to the utmost limits of the assembly. The most perfect silence prevailed, except when his warriors gave their guttural assent to some eloquent recital of the red man's wrong and the white man's injustice. Tecumseh recited the wrongs which his race had suffered from che time of the massacre of the Moravian Indians to the present; said he did not know how he could ever again be the friend of the white man ; that the Great Spirit had given to the Indian all the land from the Miami to the Mississippi, and from the lakes to the Ohio, as a common property to all the tribes in these borderg, and that the land could not and should not be sold without the consent of all; that all the tribes on the continent formed but one aation ; that if the United States would not give up the lands they had bought of the Miamis and the other tribes, those united with him were determined to annihi- late those tribes; that they were determined to have no more chiefs, but in future to be governed by their warriors; that unless the whites ceased their encroachments upon Indian lands, the fate of the Indians was sealed; they had been driven from the banks of the Delaware across the Alleghanies, and their possessions on the Wabash and the Illinois were now to be taken from them; that in a few years they would not have ground enough to bury their war- riors on this side of the "Father of Waters ;" that all would perish, all their possessions taken from them by fraud or force, unless they stopped the progress of the white man westward; that it must be a war of races in which one or the other must perish; that their iribes had been driven toward the setting sun like a galloping horse (ne-kat a-kush-e ka-top-o-lin-to). The Shawnee lano^uas-e, in which this most eminent Indian states- man spoke, excelled all other aboriginal . tongues in its musical ar- ticulation; and the effect of Tecumseh' s oratory on this occasion can be more easily imagined than described. Gov. Harrison, although as brave a soldier and General as any American, was over- come by this speech. He well knew Tecumseh's power and influ- ence among all the tribes, knew his bravery, courage and determi- nation, and knew that he meant what he said. When Tecumseh was done speaking there was a stillness throughout the assembly which was really painful ; not a whisper was heard, and all eyes were turned from the speaker toward Gov. Harrison, who after a few moments came to himself, and recollecting many of the absurd statements of the great Indian orator, began a reply which was more logical, if not so eloquent. The Shawnees were attentive uo- 114 HISTORY OF INDIANA. til Harrison's interpreter began to translate his speech to the Mia- mis and Pottawatomies, when Tecumseh and his warriors sprang to their feet, brandishing their war-clubs and tomahawks. "Tell him," said Tecumseh, addressing the interpreter in Shawnee, " he lies," The interpreter undertook to convey this message to the Governor in smoother language, but Tecumseh noticed the effort and remonstrated, " No, no; tell him he lies." The warriors began to grow more excited, when Secretary Gibson ordered the Ameri- can troops in arms to advance. This allayed the rising storm, and as soon as Tecumseh's " He lies " was literally interpreted to the Governor, the latter told Tecumseh through the interpreter to tell Tecumseh he would hold no further council with him. Thus the assembly was broken up, and one can hardly imagine a more exciting scene. It would constitute the finest subject for a historical painting to adorn the rotunda of the capitol. The next day Tecumseh requested another interview with the Governor, which was granted on condition that he should make an apology to the Governor for his language the day before. This he made through the interpreter. Measures for defense and protection were taken, however, lest there should be another outbreak. Two com- panies of militia were ordered from the country, and the one in town added to them, while the Governor and his friends went into council fully armed and prepared for any contingency. On this oc- casion the conduct of Tecumseh was entirely different from that of the day before. Firm and intrepid, showing not the slightest fear or alarm, surrounded with a military force four times his own, he preserved the utmost composure and equanimity. No one would have supposed that he could have been the principal actor in the thrilling scene of the previous day. He claimed that half the Americans were in sympathy with him. He also said that whites had informed him that Gov. Harrison had purchased land from the Indians without any authority from the Government; that he, Harrison, had but two years more to remain in office, and that if he, Tecumseh, could prevail upon the Indians who sold the lands not to receive their annuities for that time, and the present Gover- nor displaced by a good man as his successor, the latter would re- store to the Indians all the lands purchased from them. The Wyandots, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Ottawasand the Win- nebagoes, through their respective spokesmen, declared their adherence to the great Shawnee warrior and statesman. Gov. Harri- son then told them that he would send Tecumseh's speech to thePresi- HISTORYOF INDIANA. 115 dent of the United States and return the answer to the Indians as soon as it was received. Tecumseh then declared that he and his allies were determined that the old boundary line should continue; and that if the whites crossed it, it would be at their peril. Gov. Harrison re- plied that he would be equally plain with him and state that the President would never allow that the lands on the Wabash were the property of any other tribes than those who had occupied them since the white people first came to America; and as the title to the lands lately purchased was derived from those tribes by a fair purchase, he might rest assured that the right of the United States would be supported by the sword. " So be it," was the stern and haughty reply of the Shawnee chieftan, as he and his braves took leave of the Governor and wended their way in Indian file to their camping ground. Thus ended the last conference on earth between the chivalrous Tecumseh and the hero of the battle of Tippecanoe. The bones of the first lie bleaching on the battle-field of the Thames, and those of the last in a mausoleum on the banks of the Ohio; each strug- gled for the mastery of his race, ap<3 each no doubt was equally honest and patriotic in his purposes. The weak yielded to the strong, the defenseless to the powerful, and the hunting-ground of the Shawnee is all occupied by his enemy. Tecumseh, with four of his braves, immediately embarked in a birch canoe, descended the Wabash, and went on to the South to unite the tribes of that country in a general system of self-defense against the encroachment of the whites. His emblem was a dis- jointed snake, with the motto, "Join or die!" In union alone was strength. Before Tecumseh left the Prophet's town at the mouth of the Tippecanoe river, on his excursion to the South, he had a definite understanding with his brother and the chieftains of the other tribes in the Wabash country, that they should preserve perfect peace with the whites until his arrangements were completed for a con- federacy of the tribes on both sides of the Ohio and on the Missis- sippi river; but it seems that while he was in the South engaged in his work of uniting the tribes of that country some of the North- ern tribes showed signs of fight and precipitated Harrison into that campaign which ended in the battle of Tippecanoe and the total route of the Indians. Tecumseh, on his return from the South, learning what had happened, was overcome with chagrin, disappoint- ment and anger, and accused his brother of duplicity and coward- 116 HISTORY OF INDIANA. ice; indeed, it is said that be never forgave him to the day of his death. A short time afterward, on the breaking out of the war of Great Britain, he joined Proctor, at Maiden, with a party of his warriors, and finally suffered the fate mentioned on page 108. CIVIL MATTERS 1812-'5. Owing to the absence of Gov. Harrison on military duty, John Gibson, the Secretary of the Territory, acted in the administration of civil affairs. In his message to the Legislature convening on the 1st of February, 1813, he said, substantially: " Did I possess the abilities of Cicero or Demosthenes, I could not portray in more glowing colors our foreign and domestic politi- cal situation than it is already experienced within our own breasts. The United States have been compelled, by frequent acts of injus- tice, to declare war against England. For a detail of the causes of this war I would refer to the message of President Madison; it does honor to his head and heart. Although not an admirer of war, I am glad to see our little but inimitable navy riding triumph- ant on the seas, but chagrined to find that our armies by land are so little successful. The spirit of '76 appears to have fled from our continent, or, if not fled, is at least asleep, for it appears not to pervade our armies generally. At your last assemblage our politi- cal horizon seemed clear, and our infant Territory bid fair for rapid and rising grandeur; but, alas, the scene has changed; and whether this change, as respects our Territory, has been owing to an over anxiety in us t© extend our dominions, or to a wish for retaliation by our foes, or to a foreign influence, I shall not say. The Indians^ our former neighbors and friends, have become our most inveterate foes. Our former frontiers are now our wilds, and our inner settle- ments have become frontiers. Some of our best citizens, and old men worn down with age, and helpless women and innocent babes, have fallen victims to savage cruelty. I have done my duty as well as I can, and hope that the interposition of Providence will protect us." The many complaints made about the Territorial Government Mr. Gibson said, were caused more by default of officers than of the law. Said he: ',' It is an old and, I believe, correct adage, that ' good officers make good soldiers.' This evil having taken root, I do not know how it can be eradicated; but it may be remedied. In place of men searching after and accepting commissions before they HISTORY OF INDIANA. 117 are even tolerably qualified, thereby subjecting themselves to ridi- cule and their country to ruin, barely for the name of the thing, I think may be remedied by a previous examination." During this session of the Legislature the seat of the Territorial Government was declared to be at Corydon, and immediately acting Governor Gibson prorogued the Legislature to meet at that place, the first Monday of December, 1813. During this j'ear the Terri- tory was almost defenseless; Indian outrages were of common occurrence, but no general outbreak was made. The militia-men were armed with rifles and long knives, and many of the rangers carried tomahawks. In 1813 Thomas Posey, who was at that time a Senator in Con- gress from Tennessee, and who had been officer of the army of the Revolution, was appointed Governor of Indiana Territory, to suc- ceed Gen. Harrison. He arrived in Yincennes and entered upon the discharge of his duties May 25, 1813. During this year several expeditions against the Indian settlements were set on foot. In his first message to the Legislature the following December, at Corydon, Gov. Posey said: " The present crisis is awful, and big with great events. Our land and nation is involved in the common calamity of war; but we are under the protecting care of the benefi- cent Being,who has on a former occasion brought us safely through an arduous struggle and placed us on a foundation of independence, freedom and happiness. He will not suffer to be taken from us what He, in His great wisdom has thought proper to confer and bless us with, if we make a wise and virtuous use of His good gifts. •» * * Although our affairs, at the commencement of the war, wore a gloomy aspect, they have brightened, and promise a certainty of success, if properly directed and conducted, of which I have no doubt, as the President and heads of departments of the general Government are men of undoubted patriotism, talents and experience, and who have grown old in the service of their country. * * * It must be obvious to every thinking man that we were forced into the war. Every measure consistent with honor, both before and since the declaration of war, has tried to be on amicable terms with our enemy, * * -sfr Yqu who reside in various parts of the Territory have it in your power to understand what will tend to its local and general advantage. The judiciary system would require a revisal and amendment. The militia law is very defective and requires your immediate attention. It is necessary to have 118 HISTORY OF INDIANA. good roads and highways in as many directions through the Terri- tory as the circumstances and situation of the inhabitants will admit; it would contribute very much to promote the settlement and improvement of the Territory. Attention to education is highly necessary. There is an appropriation made by Congress, in lands, for the purpose of establishing public schools. It comes now with- in your province to carry into operation the design of the appro- priation." This Legislature passed several very necessary laws for the wel- fare of the settlements, and the following year, as Gen. Harrison was generally successful in his military campaigns in the North- west, the settlements in Indiana began to increase and improve. The fear of danger from Indians had in a great measure subsided, and the tide of immigration began again to flow. In January, 1814, about a thousand Miamis assembled at Fort Wayne for the purpose of obtaining food to prevent starvation. They met with ample hospitality, and their example was speedily followed by others. These, with other acts of kindness, won the lasting friend- ship of the Indians, many of whom had fought in the interests of Great Britain. General treaties between the United States and the Northwestern tribes were subsequently concluded, and the way was fully opened for the improvement and settlement of the lands, POPULATION IN 1815. The population of the Territory of Indiana, as given in the official returns to the Legislature of 1815, was as follows, by counties: COUNTIES. White males of 21 and over. TOTAL. Wayne... 1,225 6,407 Franklin 1,430 7,370 Dearborn 902 4,424 Switzerland 377 1,8:52 Jefferson--- 874 4,270 Clark 1,387 7,150 Washington 1,420 7,317 Harrison 1,056 6,975 Knox 1,391. o- 8,068 Gibson 1,100 5,3o0 Posey 320 1,619 Warrick 280 l,41o Perry 350 1,720 Grand Totals 12,112 63,897 GENERAL VIEW. The well-known ordinance of 1787 conferred many " rights and privileges " upon the inhabitants of the Northwestern Territory, and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 119 consequently upon the people of Indiana Territory, but after all it came far short of conferring as many privileges as are enjoyed at the present day by our Territories. They did not have a full form of Republican government. A freehold estate in 500 acres of land was one of the necessary qualifications of each member of the legis- lative council of the Territory ; every member of the Territorial House of Representatives was required to hold, in his own right, 200 acres of land; and the privilege of voting for members of the House of Representatives was restricted to those inhabitants who, in addi- tion to other qualifications, owned severally at least 50 acres of land. The Governor of the the Territory was invested with the power of appointing officers of the Territorial militia, Judges of the inferior Courts, Clerks of the Courts, Justices of the Peace, Sherifis, Coroners, County Treasurers and County Surveyors. He was also authorized to divide the Territory into districts; to apportion among the several counties the members of the House of Represent- atives; to prevent the passage of any Territorial law; and to con- vene and dissolve the General Assembly whenever he thought best. None of the Governors, however, ever exercised these extraordinary powers arbitrarily. Nevertheless, the people were constantly agi- tating the question of extending the right of sufirage. Five years after the organization of the Territory, the Legislative Council, in reply to the Governor's Message, said: "Although we are not as completely independent in our legislative capacity as we would wish to be, yet we are sensible that we must wait with patience for that period of time when our population will burst the trammels of a Territorial government, and we shall assume the character more consonant to Republicanism. * * * The confidence which our fellow citizens have uniformly had in your administration has been such that they have hitherto had no reason to be jealous of the un- limited power which you possess over our legislative proceedings. "We, however, cannot help regretting that such powers have been lodged in the hands of any one, especially when it is recol- lected to what dangerous lengths the exercise of those powers may be extended." After repeated petitions the people of Indiana were empowered by Congress to elect the members of the Legislative Council by popu- lar vote. This act was passed in 1809, and defined what was known as the property qualification of voters. These qualifications were abolished by Congress in 1811, which extended the right of voting for members of the General Assembly and for a Territorial delegate 120 HISTORY OF INDIANA. to Congress to every free white male person who had attained the age of twenty -one years, and who, having paid a county or Terri- torial tax, was a resident of the Territory and had resided in it for a year. In 1814 the voting qualification in Indiana was defined by Congress, " to every free white male person having a freehold in the Territory, and being a resident of the same." The House of Representatives was authorized by Congress to lay off the Territory into five districts, in each of which the qualified voters were em- powered to elect a member of the Legislative Council. The division was made, one to two counties in each district. At the session in August, 1814, the Territory was also divided into three judicial circuits, and provisions were made for holding courts in the same. The Governor was empowered to appoint a presiding Judge in each circuit, and two Associate Judges of the circuit court in each county. Their compensation was fixed at $700 per annum. The same year the General Assembly granted charters to two banking institutions, the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Madi- son and the Bank ofYincennes. The first was authorized to raise a capital of $750,000, and the other $500,000. On the organization of the State these banks were merged into the State Bank and its branches. Here we close the history of the Territory of Indiana. OEGANIZATION OF THE STATE. The last regular session of the Territorial Legislature was held at Corydon, convening in December, 1815. The message of Governor Posey congratulated the people of the Territory upon the general successof the settlements and the great increase of immigration, recommended light taxes and a careful attention to the promotion of education and the improvement of the State roads and highways. He also recommended a revision of the territorial laws and an amendment of the militia system. Several laws were passed pre- paratory to a State Government, and December 14, 1815, a me- morial to Congress was adopted praying for the authority to adopt a constitution and State Government. Mr. Jennings,the Territorial delegate, laid this memorial before Congress on the 28th, and April 19, 1816, the President approved the bill creating the State of In- diana. Accordingly, May 30 following, a general election was held for a constitutional convention, which met at Corydon June 10 to 29, Johathan Jennings presiding and Wm. Hendricks acting as Secretary. "The convention that formed the first constitution of the State of Indiana was composed mainly of clear-minded, unpretending men of common sense, whose patriotism was unquestionable and whose morals were fair. Their familiarity with the theories of the Declaration of American Independence, their Territorial experience under the provisions of the ordinance of 1787, and their knowledge of the principles of the constitution of the United States were sufficient, when combined, to lighten materially their labors in the great work of forming a constitution for a new State. With such landmarks in view, the labors of similar conventions in other States and Ter- ritories have been rendered comparatively light. In the clearness and conciseness of its style, in the comprehensive and just pro- visions which it made for the maintainance of civil and religious liberty, in its mandates, which were designed to protect the rights of the people collectively and individually, and to provide for the public welfare, the constitution that was formed for Indiana in 1816 was not inferior to any of the State constitutions which were in ex- istence at that time." — Dillon'' s History of Indiana. (121) 122 HISTORY OF INDIANA, The first State election took place on the first Monday of August, 1816, and Jonathan Jennings was elected Governor, and Christo- pher Harrison, Lieut. Governor. Wm. Hendricks was elected to represent the new State in the House of Representatives of the United States. The first General Assembly elected under the new constitution began its session at Corydon, Nov. 4, 1816. John Paul was called to the chair of the Senate pro tem., and Isaac Blackford was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives. Among other things in the new Governor's message were the following remarks: "The result of your deliberation will be con- sidered as indicative of its future character as well as of the future happiness and prosperity of its citizens. In the commencement of the State government the shackles of the colonial should be for- gotten in our exertions to prove, by happy experience, that a uni- form adherence to the first principles of our Government and a virtuous exercise of its powers will best secure efficiency to its measures and stabilit}' to its character. Without a frequent recur- rence to those principles, the administration of the Government will imperceptibly become more and more arduous, until the sim- plicity of our Republican institutions may eventually be lost in dangerous expedients and political design. Under every free gov- ernment the happiness of the citizens must be identified with their morals; and while a constitutional exercise of their rights shall continue to have its due weight in discharge of the duties required of the constituted authorities of the State, too much attention can- not be bestowed to the encouragement and promotion of every moral virtue, and to the enactment of laws calculated to restrain the vicious, and prescribe punishment for every crime commensu- rate with its enormity. In measuring, however, to each crime its adequate punishment, it will be well to recollect that the certainty of punishment has generally the surest effect to prevent crime; while punishments unnecessarily severe too often produce the ac- quittal of the guilty and disappoint one of the greatest objects of legislation and good government. * * * The dissemination of useful knowledge will be indispensably necessary as a support to morals and as a restraint to vice; and on this subject it will only be necessary to direct your attention to the plan of education as prescribed by the constitution. * * ^ j recommend to your consideration the propriety of providing by law, to prevent more efiectually any unlawful attempts to seize and carry into bondage OPKMJSG AN I^i- HISTORY OF INDIANA. 125 persons of color legally entitled to their freedom ; and at the same time, as far as practicable, to prevent those who rightfully owe ser- vice to the citizens of any other State or Territory from seeking within the limits of this State a refuge from the possession of their lawful owners. Such a measure will tend to secure those who are free from any unlawful attempts (to enslave them) and secures the riffhts of the citizens of the other States and Territories as far as ought reasonably to be expected." This session of the Legislature elected James Noble and Waller Taylor to the Senate of the United States; Robert A. New was elected Secretary of State; W. H. Lilley, Auditor of State; and Daniel C. Lane, Treasurer of State. The session adjourned Janu- ary 3, 1817. As the history of the State of Indiana from this time forward is best given by topics, we will proceed to give them in the chronolog- ical order of their origin. The happy close of the war with Great Britain in 1814 was fol- lowed by a great rush of immigrants to the great Territory of the Northwest, including the new States, all now recently cleared of the enemy; and by 1820 the State of Indiana had more than doubled her population, having at this time 147,178, and by 1825 nearly doubled this again, that is to say, a round quarter of a mil- lion, — a growth more rapid probably than that of any other section in this country since the days of Columbus. The period lS25-'30 was a prosperous time for the young State. Immigration continued to be rapid, the crops were generally good and the hopes of the people raised higher than they had ever been before. Accompanying this immigration, however, were paupers and indolent people, who threatened to be so numerous as to become a serious burden. On this subject Governor Ray called for legislative action, but the Legislature scarcely knew what to do and they deferred action. BLACK HAWK WAR In 1830 there still lingered within the bounds of the State two tribes of Indians, whose growing indolence, intemperate habits, dependence upon their neighbors for the bread of life, diminished prospects of living by the chase, continued perpetration of murders and other outrages of dangerous precedent, primitive igno- rance and unrestrained exhibitions of savage customs before the children of the settlers, combined to make them subjects for a more rigid government. The removal of the Indians west of the Missis- sippi was a melancholy but necessary duty. The time having arrived for the emigration of the Pottawatomies, according to the stipulations contained in their treaty with the United States, they evinced that reluctance common among aboriginal tribes on leav- ing the homes of their childhood and the graves of their ancestors. Love of country is a principle planted in the bosoms of all man- kind. The Laplander and the Esquimaux of the frozen north,, who feed on seals, moose and the meat of the polar bear, would not exchange their country for the sunny clime of "Araby the blest." Color and shades of complexion have nothing to do with the heart's best, warmest emotions. Then we should not wonder that the Pottawatomie, on leaving his home on the Wabash, felt as sad as -^schines did when ostracised from his native land, laved by the waters of the classic Scamander; and the noble and eloquent Nas- waw-kay, on leaving the encampment on Crooked creek, felt his banishment as keenly as Cicero when thrust from the bosom of his beloved Rome, for which he had spent the best eiforts of his life, and for which he died. On Sunday morning, May 18, 1832, the people on the west side of the Wabash were thrown into a state of great consternation, on account of a report that a large body of hostile Indians had approached within 15 miles of Lafayette and killed two men. The alarm soon spread throughout Tippecanoe, Warren, Vermillion, Fountain, Montgomery, and adjoining counties. Several brave commandants of companies on the west side of the Wabash in Tippecanoe county, raised troops to go and meet the enemy, and dispatched an express to Gen. Walker with a req uest that he should (126) HISTORY OF INDIANA. 127 make a call upon the militia of the county to equip themselves instantly and march to the aid of their bleeding countrymen. Thereupon Gen, Walker, Col. Davis, Lieut-Col. Jenners, Capt. Brown, of the artillery, and various other gallant spirits mounted their war steeds and proceeded to the army, and thence upon a scout to the Grand Prairie to discover, if possible, the number, intention and situation of the Indians. Over 300 old men, women and children flocked precipitately to Lafayette and the surrounding country east of the Wabash. A remarkable event occurred in this stampede, as follows: A man, wife and seven children resided on the edge of the Grand Prairie, west of Lafayette, in a locality considered particu- larly dangerous. On hearing of this alarm he made hurried preparations to fly with his family to Lafayette for safety. Imag- ine his surprise and chagrin when his wife told him she would not go one step; that she did not believe in being scared at trifles, and in her opinion there was not an Indian within 100 miles of them. Importunity proved unavailing, and the disconsolate and frightened husband and father took all the children except the youngest, bade his wife and babe a long and solemn farewell, never expecting to see them again, unless perhaps he might find their mangled re- mains, minus their scalps. On arriving at Lafayette, his acquaint- ances rallied and berated him for abandoning his wife and child in that way, but he met their jibes with a stoical indifierence, avowing^ that he should not be held responsible for their obstinacy. As the shades of the first evening drew on, the wife felt lonely; and the chirping of the frogs and the notes of the whippoorwill only intensified her loneliness, until she half wished she had accom- panied the rest of the family in their flight. She remained in the house a .ew hours without striking a light, and then concluded that " discretion was the better part of valor," took her babe and some bed-clothes, fastened the cabin door, and hastened to a sink- hole in the woods, in which she afterward said that she and her babe slept soundly until sunrise next morning. Lafayette literally boiled over with people and patriotism. A meeting was held at the court-house, speeches were made by patriotic individuals, and to allay the fear.? of the women an armed police was immediately ordered, to be called the " Lafayette Guards." Thos. T. Benbridge was elected Captain, and John Cox, Lieutenant. Capt. Benbridge yielded the active drill of his guards to the Lieutenant, who had served two years in the war of 1812. After 128 HISTORY OF INDIANA. the meeting adjourned, the guards were paraded on the green where Purdue's block now stands, and put through sundry evolu- tions by Lieut. Cox, who proved to be an expert drill officer, and whose clear, shrill voice rung out on the night air as he marched and counter-marched the troops from where the paper-mill stands to Main street ferry, and over the suburbs, generally. Every old gun and sword that could be found was brought into requisition, with a new shine on them. Gen. Walker, Colonels Davis and Jenners, and other officers joined in a call of the people of Tippecanoe county for volunteers to march to the frontier settlements. A large meeting of the citizens assembled in the public square in the town, and over 300 volunteers mostly mounted men, left for the scene of action, with an alacrity that would have done credit to veterans. The first night they camped nine miles west of Lafayette, near Grand Prairie. They placed sentinels for the night and retired to rest. A few of the subaltern officers very injudiciously concluded to try what effect a false alarm would have upon the sleeping sol- diers, and a few of them withdrew to a neighboring thicket, and thence made a charge upon the picket guards, who , after hailing them and receiving no countersign, fired ofi" their guns and ran for the Colonel's marquee in the center of the encampment. The aroused Colonels and staff" sprang to their feet, shouting "To arms! to arms!" and the obedient, though panic-stricken soldiers seized their guns and demanded to be led against the invading foe. A wild scene of disorder ensued, and amid the din of arms and loud commands of the officers the raw militia felt that they had already got into the red jaws of battle. One of the alarm sentinels, in running to the center of the encampment, leaped over a blazing camp fire, and alighted full upon the breast and stomach of a sleeping lawyer, who was, no doubt, at that moment dreaming of vested and contingent remainders, rich clients and good fees, which in legal parlance was suddenly estopped by the hob-nails in the stogas of the scared sentinel. As soon as the counselor's vitality and consciousness sufficiently returned, ho put in some strong demurrers to the con- duct of the affi'ighted picket men, averring that he would greatly prefer being wounded by the enemy to being run over by a cowardly booby. Next morning the organizers of the ruse were severely reprimanded. May 28, 1832, Governor Noble ordered General Walker to call out his whole command, if necessary, and supply arras, horses and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 129 provisions, even though it be necessary to seize them. The next day four baggage wagons, loaded with camp equipments, stores, provisions and other articles, were sent to the little army, who were thus provided for a campaign of five or six weeks. The following Thursday a squad of cavalry, under Colonel Sigler, passed through Lafayette on the way to the hostile region ; and on the 13th of June Colonel Russell, commandant of the lOth Regiment, Indiana Militia, passed through Lafayette with 340 mounted volunteers from the counties of Marion, Hendricks and Johnson. Also, several com- panies of volunteers from Montgomery, Fountain and Warren counties, hastened to the relief of the frontier settlers. The troops from Lafayette marched to Sugar creek, and after a short time, there being no probability of finding any of the enemy, were ordered to return, They all did so except about 45 horsemen, who volunteered to cross Hickory creek, where the Indians had com- mitted their depredations. They organized a company by electing Samuel McGeorge, a soldier of the war of 1812, Captain, and Amos Allen and Andrew W. Ingraham, Lieutenants. Crossing Hickory creek, they marched as far as O'Plein river without meeting with opposition. Finding no enemy here they concluded to return. On the first night of their march home they encamped on the open prairie, posting sentinels, as usual. About ten o'clock it began to rain, and it was with diflBculty that the sen- tinels kept their guns dry. Capt. I. H. Cox and a man named Fox had been posted as sentinels within 1.5 or 20 paces of each other. Cox drew the skirt of his overcoat over his gun-lock to keep it dry; Fox, perceiving this motion, and in the darkness taking him for an Indian, fired upon him and fractured his thigh-bone. Several sol- diers immediately ran toward the place where the flash of the gun had been seen ; but when they cocked and leveled their guns on the figure which had fired at Cox, the wounded man caused them to desist by crying, " Don't shoot him, it was a sentinel who shot me." The next day the wounded man was left behind the company in care of four men, who, as soon as possible, removed him on a litter to Col. Moore's company of Illinois militia, then encamped on the O'Plein, where Joliet now stands. Although the main body returned to Lafayette in eight or nine days, yet the alarm among the people was so great that they could not be induced to return to their farms for some time. The pres- ence of the hostiles was hourly expected by the frontier settlements of Indiana, from Yinceunes to La Porte. In Clinton county the 130 HISTORY OF INDIANA. inhabitants gathered within the forts and prepared for a regular siege, while our neighbors at C raw fords ville were suddenly astounded by the arrival of a courier at full speed with the announce- ment that the Indians, more than a thousand in number, were then crossing the Nine-Mile prairie about twelve miles north of town, killing and scalping all. The strongest houses were immediately put in a condition of defense, and sentinels were placed at the prin- cipal points in the direction of the enemy. Scouts were sent out to reconnoitre, and messengers were dispatched in different directions to announce the danger to the farmers, and to urge them to hasten with their families into town, and to assist in fighting the moment- arily expected savages. At night-fall the scouts brought in the news that the Indians had not crossed the Wabash, but were hourly expected at Lafayette. The citizens of "Warren, Fountain and Ver- million counties were alike terrified by exaggerated stories of Indian massacres, and immediately prepared for defense. It turned out that the Indians were not within 100 miles of these temporary forts; but this by no means proved a want of courage in the citizens. After some time had elapsed, a portion of the troops were marched back into Tippecanoe county and honorably discharged; but the settlers were still loth for a long time to return to their farms. Assured by published reports that the Miamis and Potta- watomies did not intend to join the hostiles, the people by degrees recovered from the panic and began to attend to their neglected crops. During this time there was actual war in Illinois. Black Hawk and his warriors, well nigh surrounded by a well-disciplined foe, attempted to cross to the west bank of the Mississippi, but after being chased up into Wisconsin and to the Mississippi again, he was in a final battle taken captive. A few years after his liberation, about 1837 or 1838, he died, on the banks of the Des Moines river, in Iowa, in what is now the county of Davis, where his remains were deposited above ground, in the usual Indian style. His re- mains were afterward stolen and carried away, but they were re- covered by the Governor of Iowa and placed in the museum of the Historical Society at Burlington, where they were finally destroyed by fire. LAST EXODUS OF THE INDIANS. In July, 1837, Col. Abel C. Pepper convened the Pottawatomie nation of Indians at Lake Ke-waw-naj for the purpose of remov- ing them west of the Mississippi. That fall a small party of some 80 or 90 Pottawatomies was conducted west of the Mississippi river by George Proffit, Esq. Among the number were Ke-waw- nay, Nebash, Nas-waw-kay, Pash-po-ho and many other leading men of the nation. The regular emigration of these poor Indians, about 1,000 in number, took place under Col. Pepper and Gen. Tip- ton in the summer of 1838. It was a sad and mournful spectacle to witness these children of the forest slowly retiring from the home of their childhood, that contained not only the graves of their revered ancestors, but also many endearing scenes to which their memories would ever recur as sunny spots along their pathway through the wilderness. They felt that they were bidding farewell to the hills, valleys and streams of their infancy; the more exciting hunting-grounds of their ad- vanced youth, as well as the stern and bloody battle-fields where they had contended in riper manhood, on which they had received wounds, and where many of their friends and loved relatives had fallen covered with gore and with glory. All these they were leav- ing behind them, to be desecrated by the plowshare of the white man. As they cast mournful glances back toward these loved scenes that were rapidly fading in the distance, tears fell from the cheek of the downcast warrior, old men trembled, matrons wept, the swarthy maiden's cheek turned pale, and sighs and half-sup- pressed sobs escaped from the mo-tley groups as they passed along, some on foot, some on horseback, and others in wagons, — sad as a funeral procession. Several of the aged warriors were seen to cast glances toward the sky, as if they were imploring aid from the spirits of their departed heroes, who were looking down upon them from the clouds, or from the Great Spirit, who would ultimately redress the wrongs of the red man, whose broken bow had fallen from his hand, and whose sad heart was bleeding within him. Ever and anon one of the party would start out into the brush and break back to their old encampments on Eel river and on the Tippe- (131) 132 ' HISTORY OF INDIANA. canoe, declaring that they would rather die than be banished from their country. Thus, scores of discontented emigrants returned from different points on their journey; and it was several years before they could be induced to join their countrymen west of the Mississippi. Several years after the removal of the Pottawatomies the Miami nation was removed to their Western home, by coercive means, un- der an escort of United States troops. They were a proud and once powerful nation, but at the time of their removal were far inferior, in point of numbers, to the Pottawatomie guests whom they had permitted to settle and hunt upon their lands, and fish in their lakes and rivers after they had been driven southward by powerful and warlike tribes who inhabited the shores of the North- ern lakes. INDIAN TITLES. In 1831 a joint resolution of the Legislature of Indiana, request- ing an appropriation by Congress for the extinguishment of the Indian title to lands within the State, was forwarded to that body? which granted the request. The Secretary of War, by authority, appointed a committee of three citizens to carry into effect the pro- visions of the recent law. The Miamis were surrounded on all sides by American settlers, and were situated almost in the heart of the State on the line of the canal then being made. The chiefs were called to a council for the purpose of making a treaty; they promptly came, but peremptorily refused to go westward or sell the remainder of their land. The Pottawatomies sold about 6,000,000 acres in Indiana, Illinois and Michigan, including all their claim in this State. In 1838 a treaty was concluded with the Miami Indians through the good offices of Col. A. C. Pepper, the Indian agent, by which a considerable of the most desirable portion of their reserve was ceded to the United States. LAND SALES. As an example of the manner in which land speculators were treated bj the early Indianians, we cite the following instances from Cox's '' iiecollections of the Wabash Valley." At Crawfordsville, Dec. 24, 1824, many parties were present from the eastern and southern portions of the State, as well as from Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee and even Pennsylvania, to attend a land sale. There was but little bidding against each other. The settlers, or " squatters," as they were called by the speculators, had arranged matters among themselves to their general satisfaction. If, upon comparing numbers, it appeared that two were after the same tract of land, one would ask the other what he would take not to bid against him ; if neither would consent to be bought off they would retire and cast lots, and the lucky one would enter the tract at Congress price, $1.25 an acre, and the other would enter the second choice on his list. If a speculator made a bid, or showed a disposition to take a settler's claim from him, he soon saw the white of a score of eyes glaring at him, and he would " crawfish" out of the crowd at the first opportunity. The settlers made it definitely known to foreign capitalists that they would enter the tracts of land they had settled upon before allowing the latter to come in with their speculations. The land was sold in tiers of townships, beginning at the southern part of the district and continuing north until all had been ofl'ered at public sale. This plan was persisted in, although it kept many on the ground for several days waiting, who desired to purchase land in the northern part of the district. In 1827 a regular Indian scare was gotten up to keep specu- lators away for a short time. A man who owned a claim on Tippe- canoe river, near Pretty prairie, fearing that some one of the numerous land hunters constantly scouring the country might enter the land he had settled upon before he could raise the money to buy it, and seeing one day a cavalcade of land hunters riding toward where his land lay, mounted his horse and darted off at full speed to meet them, swinging his hat and shouting at the top of his voice, '' Indians! Indians! the woods are full of Indians, (133) 134 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. mnrdering and scalping all before them !" They paused a moment, but as the terrified horseman still urged his jaded animal and cried, "Help! Longlois, Cicots, help!" they turned and fled like a troop of retreating cavalry, hastening to the thickest settlements and giving the alarm, which spread like fire among stubble until the whole frontier region was shocked with the startling cry. The squatter who fabricated the story and started this false alarm took a cir- cuitous route home that evening, and while others were busy building temporary block -houses and rubbing up their guns to meet the Indians, he was quietly gathering up money and slipped down to Crawfordsville and entered his land, chuckling to himself, " There's a Yankee trick for you, done up by a Hoosier." HAEMONY COMMUNITY. In 1814 a society of Germans under Frederick Rappe, who had originally come from Wirtemberg, Germany, and more recently from Pennsylvania, founded a settlement on the Wabash about 50 miles above its mouth. They were industrious, frugal and honest Lutherans. They purchased a large quantity of land and laid oflT a town, to which they gave the name of "Harmony," afterward called "New Harmony." They erected a church and a public school-house, opened farms, planted orchards and vineyards, built fl^ouring mills, established a house of public entertainment, a public store, and carried on all the arts of peace with skill and regularity. Their property was " in common," according to the custom of an- cient Christians at Jerusalem, hut the governing power, both tem- poral and spiritual, was vested in Frederick Rappe, the elder, who was regarded as the founder of the society. By the year 1821 the society numbered about 900. Every individual of proper age con- tributed his proper share of labor. There were neither spendthrifts, idlers nor drunkards, and during the whole 17 years of their sojourn in America there was not a single lawsuit among them. Every controversy arising among them was settled by arbitration, expla- nation and compromise before sunset of the day, literally according to the injunction of the apostle of the New Testament. About 1825 the town of Harmony and a considerable quantity of land adjoining was sold to Robert Owen, father of David Dale Owen, the State Geologist, and of Robert Dale Owen, of later notoriety. He was a radical philosopher from Scotland, who had become distinguished for his philanthropy and opposition to HISTORY OF INDIANA. 135 Christianity. He charged the latter with teaching false notions regarding human responsibility — notions which have since been clothed in the language of physiology, mental philosophy, etc. Said he: " That which has hitherto been called wickedness in our fellow men has proceeded from one of two distinct causes, or from some combination of those causes. They are what are termed bad or wicked, " 1. Because they are born with faculties or propensities which, render them more liable, under the same circumstances, than other men, to commit such actions as are usually denominated wicked; or, " 2, Because they have been placed by birth or other events in particular countries, — have been influenced from infancy by par- ents, plaj^mates and others, and have been surrounded by those circumstances which gradually and necessarily trained them in the habits and sentiments called wicked ; or, " 3. They have become wicked in consequence of some particu- lar combination of these causes. " If it should be asked. Whence then has wickedness pro- ceeded ? I reply, Solely from the ignorance of our forefathers. " Every society which exists at present, as well as every society which history records, has been formed and governed on a belief in the following notions, assumed as first principles: " 1. That it is in the power of every individual to form his own character. Hence the various systems called by the name of religion, codes of law, and punishments; hence, also, the angry passions entertained by individuals and nations toward each other. "2. That the affections are at the command of the _ individual. Hence insincerit}^ and degradation of character ; hence the miseries of domestic life, and more than one-half of all the crimes of man- kind. " 3. That it is necessary a large portion of mankind should ex- ist in ignorance and poverty in order to secure to the remaining part such a degree of happiness as they now enjoy. Hence a system of counteraction in the pursuits of men, a general opposition among individuals to the interests of each other, and the necessary effects of such a system, — ignorance, poverty and vice. THE MEXICAN WAR During the administration of Gov. "Whitcomb the war with Mexico occurred, which resulted in annexing to the United States vast tracts of land in the south and west. Indiana contributed her full ratio to the troops in that war, and with a remarkable spirit of promptness and patriotism adopted all measures to sustain the gen- eral Government. These new acquisitions of territory re-opened the discussion of the slavery question, and Governor Whitcomb expressed his opposition to a further extension of the " national sin." The causes which led to a declaration of war against Mexico in 1846, must be sought for as far back as the year 1830, when the present State of Texas formed a province of New and Independent Mexico. During the years immediately preceding 1830, Moses Austin, of Connecticut, obtained a liberal grant of lands from the established Government, and on his death his son was treated in an equally liberal manner. The glowing accounts rendered by Aus- tin, and the vivid picture of Elysian fields drawn by visiting jour- nalists, soon resulted in the influx of a large tide of immigrants, nor did the movement to the Southwest cease until 1830. The Mexican province held a prosperous population, comprising 10,000 American citizens. The rapacious Government of the Mexicans looked with' greed and jealousy upon their eastern province, and, under the presidency of Gen. Santa Anna, enacted such measures, both unjust and oppressive, as would meet their design of goading the people of Texas on to revolution, and thus afford an opportu- nity for the infliction of punishment upon subjects whose only crime was industry and its accompaniment, prosperity. Precisely in keeping with the course pursued by the British toward the col- onists of the Eastern States in the last century, Santa Anna's Government met the remonstrances of the colonists of Texas with threats; and they, secure in their consciousness of right quietly issued their declaration of independence, and proved its literal meaning on the field of Gonzales in 1835, having with a force of (136) HISTORY OF INDIANA. 137 500 men forced the Mexican army of 1,000 to fly for refuge to their strongholds. Battle after battle followed, bringing victory always to the Colonists, and ultimately resulting in the total rout of the Mexican army and the evacuation of Texas. The routed army after a short term of rest reorganized, and reappeared in the Terri- tory, 8,000 strong. On April 21, a division of this large force under Santa Anna encountered the Texans under General Samuel Houston on the banks of the San Jacinto, and though Houston could only oppose 800 men to the Mexican legions, the latter were driven from the field,nor could they reform their scattered ranks until their General was captured next day and forced to sign the declaration of 1835. The signature of Santa Anna, though ignored by the Congress of the Mexican Kepublic, and consequently left unratified on the part of Mexico, was effected in so much, that after the sec- ond defeat of the army of that Republic all the hostilities of an , important nature ceased, the Republic of Texas was recognized by the powers, and subsequently became an integral part of the United States, July 4:, 1846. At this period General Herrera was pres- ident of Mexico. He was a man of peace, of common sense, and very patriotic; and he thus entertained, or pretended to enter- tain, the great neighboring Republic in high esteem. For this reason he grew unpopular with his people, and General Paredes was called to the presidential chair, which he continued to occupy until the breaking out of actual hostilities with the United States, when Gen. Santa Anna was elected thereto. President Polk, aware of the state of feeling in Mexico, ordered Gen. Zachary Taylor, in command of the troops in the Southwest, to proceed to Texas, and post himself as near to the Mexican border as he deemed prudent. At the same time an American squadron was dispatched to the vicinity, in the Gulf of Mexico. In November, Genera] Taylor had taken his position at Corpus Christi, a Texan settlement on a bay of the same name, with about 4,000 men. On the 13th of January, 1846, the President ordered him to advance with his forces to the Rio Grande; accordingly he proceeded, and in March stationed himself on the north bank of that river, wadi- in cannon-shot of the Mexican town of Matamoras. Here he hastily erected a fortress, called Fort Brown. The territory ly- ing between the river Xueces and the Rio Grande river, about 120 miles in width, was claimed both by Texas and Mexico; ac- cording to the latter, therefore, General Taylor had actually invaded her Territory, and had thus committed an open 138 HISTORY OF INDIANA. act of war. On the 26th of April, the Mexican General, Ampudia, gave notice to this effect to General Taylor, and on the same day a party of American dragoons, sixty-three in number, being on the north side of the Rio Grande, were attacked, and, after the loss of sixteen men killed and wounded, were forced to surrender. Their commander. Captain Thornton, only escaped. The Mexican forces had now crossed the river above Matamoras and were supposed to meditate an attack on Point Isabel, where Taylor had established a depot of supplies for his army. On the 1st of May, this officer left a small number of troops at Fort Brown, and marched with his chief forces, twenty-three hundred men, to the defense of Point Isabel. Having garrisoned this place, he set out on his return. On the 8th of May, about noon, he met the Mexican army, six thousand strong, drawn up in battle array, on the prairie near Palo Alto. The Americans at once advanced to the attack, and, after an action of five hours, in which their artillery was very effective, drove the enemy before them, and encamped upon the field. The Mexican loss was about one hundred killed; that ot the Americans, four killed and forty wounded. Major Ringgold, of the artillery, an officer of great merit, was mortally wounded. The next day, as the Americans advanced, they again met the enemy in a strong position near Resaca de la Palma, three miles from Fort Brown. An action commenced, and was fiercely contested, the artillery on both sides being served with great vigor. At last the Mexicans gave way, and fled in confusion. General de la Yega having fallen into the hands of the Americans. They also abandoned their guns and a large quantity of ammunition to the victors. The remain- ing Mexican soldiers speedily crossed the Rio Grande, and the next day the Americans took up their position at Fort Brown. This little fort, in the absence of General Taylor, had gallantly sustained an almost uninterrupted attack of several days from the Mexican batteries of Matamoras. When the news of the capture of Captain Thornton's party was spread over the United States, it produced great excitement. The President addressed a message to Congress, then in session, declar- ing " that war with Mexico existed by her own act;" and that body, May, 1846, placed ten millions of dollars at the President's dispo- sal, and authorized him to accept the services of fifty thousand volunteers. A great part of the summer of 1846 was spent in prep- aration for the war, it being resolved to invade Mexico at several points. In pursuance of this plan, General Taylor, who had taken HISTORY OF INDIANA. 139 possession of Matamoras, abandoned by the enemy in May, marched northward in the enemy's country in August, and on the 19th of September he appeared before Monterey, capital of the Mexican State of New Leon. His army, after having garrisoned several places along his route, amounted to six thousand men. Tlie attack began on the 21st, and after a succession of assaults, during the period of four days, the Mexicans capitulated, leaving the town in possession of the Americans. In October, General Taylor terminated an armistice into which he had entered with the Mexican General, and again commenced offensive operations. Various towns and fortresses of the enemy now rapidly fell into our possession. In November, Saltillo, the capital of the State of Coahuila was occupied by the division of General A¥orth; in December, General Patterson took possession of Victoria, the capital of Taraaulipas, and nearly at the same period. Commodore Perry captured the fort of Tampico. Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, with the whole territory of the State had been subjugated by General Harney, after a march of one thousand miles through the wilderness. Events of a startling char- acter had taken place at still earlier dates along the Pacific coast. On the 4th of July, Captain Fremoi:t, having repeatedly defeated su- perior Mexican forces with the small band under his command, de- clared California independent of Mexico. Other important places in this region had yielded to the American naval force, and in Au- gust, 1846, the whole of California was in the undisputed occupa- tion of the Americans. The year 1847 opened with still more brilliant victories on the part of our armies. By the drawing off of a large part of General Taylor's troops for a meditated attack on Vera Cruz, he was left with a comparatively small force to meet the great body of Mexican troops, now marching upon him, under command of the celebrated Santa Anna, who had again become President of Mexico. Ascertaining the advance of tliis powerful army, twenty thou- sand strong, and consisting of the best of the Mexican soldiers, General Taylor took up his position at Buena Vista, a valley a few miles from Saltillo. His whole troops numbered only four thousand seven hundred and fifty-nine, and here, on the 23d of February, he was vigorously attacked by the Mexicans. The battle was very severe, and continued nearly the whole day, when the Mexicans fled from the field in disorder, with a loss of nearly two thousand men. ' Santa Anna speedily withdrew, and thus abandoned tlie region of 140 HISTORY OF INDIANA. the Rio Grande to the complete occupation of our troops. This left our forces at liberty to prosecute the grand enterprise of the cam- paign, the capture of the strong town of Yera Cruz, with its re- nowned castle of San Juan d'UUoa. On the 9th of March, 1847, General Scott landed near the city with an army of twelve thousand men, and on the 18th commenced an attack. For four days and nights an almost incessant shower of shot and shells was poured upon the devoted town, while the batteries of the castle and the city replied with terrible energy. At last, as the Americans were pre- paring for an assault, the Governor of the city offered to surrender, and on the 26th the American flag floated triumphantly from the walls of the castle and the city. General Scott now prepared to march upon the city of Mexico, the capital of the country, situated two hundred miles in the interior, and approached only through a series of rugged passes and mountain fastnesses, rendered still more formidable by several strong fortresses. On the 8th ot April the army commenced their march. At Oerro Gordo, Santa Anna had posted himself with fifteen thousand men. On the 18th the Amer- icans began the daring attack, and by midday every intrenchment of the enemy had been carried. The loss of the Mexicans in this remarkable battle, besides one thousand killed and wounded, was three thousand prisoners, forty-three pieces of cannon, five thousand stand of arms, and all their amunitious and mate- rials of war. The loss of the Americans was four hundred and thirty-one in killed and wounded. The next day our forces advanced, and, capturing fortress after fortress, came on the 18th of August within ten miles of Mexico, a city of two hun- dred thousand inhabitants, and situated in one of the most beautiful valleys in the world. On the 20th they attacked and carried the strong batteries of Oontreras, garrisoned by 7,000 men, in an impetuous assault, which lasted but seventeen minutes. On the same day an attack was made by the Americans on the fortified post of Churubusco, four miles northeast of Oontreras Here nearly the entire Mexican army — more than 20,000 in number — were posted; but they were defeated at every point, and obliged to seek a retreat in the city, or the still remaining fortress of Chapul- tepec. While preparations were being made on the 21st by Gen- eral Scott, to level his batteries against the city, prior to summon- ing it to surrender, he received propositions from the enemy, which terminated in an armistice. This ceased on the 7th of September. On the 8th the outer defense of Chapultepec was successfully HISTORY OF INDIANA. 141 stormed bj General Worth, though he lost one-fourth of his men in the desperate struggle. The castle of Chapul tepee, situated on an abrupt and rocky eminence, 150 feet above the surrounding country, presented a most formidable object of attack. On the 12th, however, the batteries were opened against it, and on the next day the citadel was carried by storm. The Mexicans still strug- gled along the great causeway leading to the city, as the Americans advanced, but before nightfal a part of our array was within the gates of the city. Santa Anna and the officers of the Government fled, and the next morning, at seven o'clock, the flag of the Ameri- cans floated from the national palace of Mexico. This conquest of the capital was the great and final achievement of the war. The Mexican republic was in fact prostrate, her sea-coast and chief cities being in the occupation of our troops. On the 2d of Feb- ruary, 1848, terms of peace were agreed upon by the American commissioner and the Mexican Government, this treaty being rati- fied by the Mexican Congress on the 30th of May following, and by the United States soon after. President Polk proclaimed peace on the 4th of July, 1848. In the preceding sketch we have given only a mere outline of the war with Mexico. We have necessarily passed over many interesting events, and have not even named many of our soldiers who performed gallant and important ser- vices. General Taylor's successful operations in the region of the Rio Grande were duly honored by the people of the United States, by bestowing upon him the Presidency. General Scott's campaign, from the attack on Vera Cruz, to the surrender of the city of Mexico, was far more remarkable, and, in a military point of view, must be considered as one of the most brilliant of modern times. It is true the Mexicans are not to be ranked with the great nations of the earth; with a population of seven or eight millions, they have little more than a million of the white race, the rest being half-civ- ilized Indians and mestizos, that is, those of mixed blood. Their government is inefficient, and the people divided among them- selves. Their soldiers often fought bravely, but they were badly officered. While, therefore, we may consider the conquest of so extensive and populous a country, in so short a time, and attended with such constant superiority even to the greater numbers of the enemy, as highly gratifying evidence of the courage and capacity of our army, still we must not, in judging of our achievements, fail to consider the real weakness of the nation whom we vanquished. 142 HISTORY OF INDIANA. One thing we may certainly dwell upon with satisfaction — the ad- mirable example, not only as a soldier, but as a man, set by our com- mander. Gen. Scott, who seems, in the midst of war and the ordinary license of the camp, always to have preserved the virtue, kindness, and humanity belonging to a stfite of peace. These qualities secured to, him the respect, confidence and good- will even of the enemy he had conquered. Among the Generals who efiectually aided General Scott in this remarkable campaign, we must not omit to mention the names of Generals Wool, Twiggs, Shields, Worth, Smith, and Quitman, who generally added to the high qualities of soldiers the still more estimable characteristics of good men. The treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo stipulated that the disputed territory between the N^ueces and the Rio Grande should belong to the United States, and it now forms a part of Texas, as has been already stated; that the United States should assume and pay the debts due from Mexico to American citizens, to the amount of $3,500,000; and that, in consideration of the sum of $15,000,000 to be paid by the United States to Mexico, the latter should relinquish to the former the whole of New Mexico and Upper California. The soldiers of Indiana who served in this war were formed into five regiments of volunteers, numbered respectively, 1st, 2d, 3rd, 4th and 5th. The fact that companies of the three first-named reg- iments served at times with the men of Illinois, the New York volunteers, the Palmettos of South Carolina, and United States marines, under Gen. James Shields, makes for them a history; be- cause the campaigns of the Rio Grande and Chihuahua, the siege of Vera Cruz, the desperate encouQter at Cerro Gordo, the tragic contests in the valley, at Contreras and Churubusco, the storming of Chapultepec, and the planting of the stars and stripes upon every turret and spire within the conquered city of Mexico, were all carried out by the gallant troops under the favorite old General, and consequently each of them shared with him in the glories at- tached to such exploits. The other regiments under Cols. Gorman and Lane participated in the contests of the period under other com- manders. The 4th Regiment of Indiana Volunteers, comprising ten companies, was formally organized at Jeffersonville, Indiana, by Capt. R. C. Gatlin, June 15, 1847, and on the 16th elected Major Willis A. Gorman, of the 3rd Regiment, to the Colonelcy; Ebenezer Dumont, Lieutenant-Colonel, and W. McCoy, Major. On the 27th of June the regiment left Jefiersouville for the front, and HISTORY OF INDIANA, 143 subsequently was assigned to Brigadier-General Lane's command, which then comprised a battery of five pieces from the 3rd Regi- ment U. S. Artillery; a battery of two pieces from the 2nd Regiment U. S. Rrtillery, the 4:th Regiment of Indiana Volunteers and the 4:th Regiment of Ohio, with a squadron of mounted Louisianians and detachments of recruits for the U. S. army. The troops of this brigade won signal honors at Fasso de Ovegas, August 10, 1847; National Bridge, on the 12th; Cerro Gordo, on the 15th; Las Ani- mas, on the 19th, under Maj. F, T. Lally, of General Lane's staff, and afterward under Lane, directly, took a very prominent part in the siege of Fuebla, which began on the 15th of September and terminated on the 12th of October. At Atlixco, October 19th; Tlascala, November 10th; Matamoras and Pass Galajara, Novem- ber 23rd and 24th; Guerrilla Ranehe, December 5th; JSTapaloncan, December 10th, the Indiana volunteers of the 4th Regiment per- formed gallant service, and carried the campaign into the following year, representing their State at St. Martin's, February 27, 1848; Cholula, March 26tli; Matacordera, February 19th; Sequalteplan, February 25th; and on the cessation of hostilities reported at Madison, Indiana, for discharge, July 11, 1848; while the 5th In- diana Regiment, under Col. J. H. Lane, underwent a similar round of duty during its service with other brigades, and gained some celebrity at Vera Cruz, Churubusco and with the troops of Illinois under Gen. Shields at Chapultepec. This war cost the people of the United States sixty-six millions of dollars. This very large amount was not paid away for the at- tainment of mere glory; there was something else at stake, and this something proved to be a country larger and more fertile than the France of the Napoleons, and more steady and sensible than the France of the Republic. It was the defense of the great Lone Star State, the humiliation and chastisement of a quarrelsome neighbor. SLAVERY. We have already referred to the prohibition of slavery in the Northwestern Territory, and Indiana Territory by the ordinance of 1787; to the imperfection in the execution of this ordinance and the troubles which the authorities encountered; and the complete estab- lishment of the principles of freedom on the organization of the State. The next item of significance in this connection is the following lan- guage in the message of Gov. Ray to the Legislature of 1828: "Since our last separation, while we have witnessed with anxious solicitude the belligerent operations of another hemisphere, the cross contend- ing against the crescent, and the prospect of a general rupture among the legitimates of other quarters of the globe, our attention has been arrested by proceedings in 'our own country truly dangerous to liberty, seriously premeditated, and disgraceful to its authors if agitated only to tamper with the American people. If such ex- periments as we see attempted in certain deluded quarters do not fall with a burst of thunder upon the heads of their seditious pro- jectors, then indeed the Republic has begun to experience the days of its degeneracy. The union of these States is the people's only sure charter for their liberties and independence. Dissolve it and each State will soon be in a condition as deplorable as Alexander's conquered countries after they were divided amongst his victorious military captains." In pursuance of a joint resolution of the Legislature of 1850, a block of native marble was procured and forwarded to Washington, to be placed in the monument then in the course of erection at the National Capital in memory of George Washington. In the absence of any legislative instruction concerning the inscription upon this emblem of Indiana's loyalty, Gov. Wright ordered the following words to be inscribed upon it: Indiana Knows No NoKTH, No South, Nothing but the Union. Within a dozen years thereafter this noble State demonstrated to the world her loy- alty to the Union and the principles of freedom by the sacrifice of blood and treasure which she made. In keeping with this senti- ment Gov. Wright indorsed the compromise measures of Congress on the slavery question, remarking in his message that " Indiana takes her stand in the ranks, not of Southern destiny, nor yet of (144) SCENE ON THE WABASH RIVER. HISTOKY OF INDIANA, 147 Northern destiny: she plants herself on the basis of the Consti- tution and takes her stand in the ranks of American destiny." FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT. At the session of the Legislature in January, 1869, the subject of ratifying the fifteenth amendment to the Federal Constitution, allowing negro sufi'rage, came up with such persistency that neither party dared to undertake any other business lest it be checkmated in some way, and being at a dead lock on this matter, they adjourn- ed in March without having done much important business. The Democrats, as well as a portion of the conservative Republicans, opposed its consideration strongly on the ground that it would be unfair to vote on the question until the people of the State had had an opportunity of expressing their views at the polls; but most of the Kepublicans resolved to push the measure tiirough, while the Democrats resolved to resign in a body and leave the Legislature without a quorum. Accordingly, on March 4, 17 Senators and 36 Representatives resigned, leaving both houses without a quorum. As the early adjournment of the Legislature left the benevolent institutions of the State unprovided for, the Governor convened that body in extra session as soon as possible, and after the neces- sary appropriations were made, on the 19th of May the fifteenth amendment came up; but in anticipation of this the Democratic members had all resigned and claimed that there was no quorum present. There was a quorum, however, of Senators in office, though some of them refused to vote, declaring that they were no longer Senators; but the president of that body decided that as he had not been informed of their resignation by the Governor, they were still members. A vote was taken and the ratifying resolution was adopted. .When the resolution came up in the House, the chair decided that, although the Democratic members had resigned^ there was a quorum of the de-facto members present, and the House proceeded to pass the resolution. This decision of the chair was afterward sustained by the Supreme Court. At the next regular session of the Legislature, in 1871, the Democrats undertook to repeal the ratification, and the Republican members resigned to prevent it. The Democrats, as the Republi- cans did on the previous occasion, proceeded to pass their resolu- tion of repeal; but while the process was under way, before the House Committee had time to report on the matter, 34 Republican members resigned, thereby pi-eveuting its passage and putting a stop to further legislation. INDIANA m THE WAR. The events of the earlier years of this State have been reviewed down to that period in the nation's history when the Republic de- manded a first sacrifice from the newly erected States; to the time when the very safety of the glorious heritage, bequeathed by the fathers as a rich legacy, was threatened with a fate worse than death — a life under laws that harbored the slave — a civil defiance of the first principles of the Constitution. Indiana was among the first to respond to the summons of patri- otism, and register itself on the national roll of honor, even as she was among the first to join in that song of joy which greeted a Re- public made doubly glorious within a century by the dual victory which won liberty for itself, and next bestowed the precious boon upon the colored slave. The fall of Fort Sumter was a signal for the uprising of the State. The news of the calamity was flashed to Indianapolis on the 14th of April, 1861, and early the next morning the electric wire brought the welcome message to Washington: — Executive Department of Indiana, ) Indianapolis, April 15, 1861. f To Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States: — On behalf of the State of Indiana, I tender to you for the defense of the Nation, and to uphold the au- thority of the Government, ten thousand men. OLIVER P. MORTON, Governor of Indiana. This may be considered the first official act of Governor Morton, who had just entered on the duties of his exalted position. The State was in an almost helpless condition, and yet the faith of the " War Governor " was prophetic, when, after a short consultation with the members of the Executive Council, he relied on the fidelity of ten thousand men and promised their services to the Protectorate at Washington. This will be more apparent when the military condition of the State at the beginning of 1861 is considered. At that time the armories contained less than five hundred stand of serviceable small arras, eight pieces of cannon which might be use- ful in a museum of antiquities, with sundry weapons which would merely do credit to the aborigines of one hundred years ago. The financial condition of the State was even worse than the military. (148) HISTORY OF INDIANA. 149 The sum of $10,368.58 in trust funds was the amount of cash in the hands of the Treasurer, and this was, to all intents and purposes ^unavailable to meet the emergency, since it could not be devoted to the military requirements of the day. This state of affairs was dispiriting in the extreme, and would doubtless have militated against the ultimate success of any other man than Morton ; yet he overleaped everv difficulty, nor did the fearful realization of Floyd'^ treason, discovered during his visit to Washington, damp his indomitable courage and energy, but with rare persistence he urged the claims of his State, and for his exertions was requited with an order for five thousand muskets. The order was not exe- cuted until hostilities were actually entered upon, and consequently for some days succeeding the publication of the President's procla- mation the people labored under a feeling of terrible anxiety min- gled with uncertainty, amid the confusion which followed the crim- inal negligence that permitted the disbandment of the magnificent corps d' arinee (51,000 men) of 1832 two years later in 1834:, Great numbers of the people maintained their equanamity with the result of beholding within a brief space of time every square mile of their State represented by soldiers prepared to fight to the bitter end vn defense of cherished institutions, and for the extension of the prin- ciple of human liberty to all States and classes within the limits of the threatened Union. This, their zeal, was not animated by hos- tility to the slave holders of the Southern States, but rather by a fraternal spirit, akin to that which urges the eldest brother to cor- rect the persistent follies of his juniors, and thus lead them from crime to the maintenance of family honor; in this correction, to draw them away from all that was cruel, diabolical and inhuman in the Republic, to all that is gentle, holy and sublime therein. Many of the raw troops were not only unimated by a patriotic feeling, but also by that beautiful idealization of the poet, who in his un- conscious Republicanism, said: " I would not have a slave to till my ground, To carry me, to fan me while I sleep, And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth That sinews bought and sold have ever earned No: dear as freedom is — and, in my heart's Just estimation, prized above all price — I had much rather be myself the slave, And wear the bonds, than fasten them on him." Thus animated, it is not a matter for surprise to find the first call to arms issued by the President, and calling for 75,000 men, 150 HISTORY OF INDIANA. answered nobly by the people of Indiana. The quota of troops to be furnished by the State on the first call was 4,683 men for three years' service from April 15, 1860. On the 16th of April, Gov- ernor Morton issued his proclamation calling on all citizens of the State, who had the welfare of the Republic at heart, to organize themselves into six regiments in defense of their rights, and in opposition to the varied acts of rebellion, charged by him against the Southern Confederates. To this end, the Hon. Lewis Wallace, a soldier of the Mexican campaign was appointed Adjutant-General, Col. Thomas A. Morris of the United States Military Academy, Quartermaster-General, and Isaiah Mansur, a merchant of Indian- apolis, Commissary-General. These general officers converted the grounds and buildings of the State Board of Agriculture into a military headquarters, and designated the position Camp Morton, as the beginning of the many honors which were to follow the pop- ular Governor throughout his future career. Now the people, im- bued with confidence in their Government and leaders, rose to the grandeur of American freemen, and with an enthusiasm never equaled hitherto, flocked to the standard of the nation; so that within a few days (19th April) 2,400 men were ranked beneath their regimental banners, until as the official report testifies, the anxious question, passing from mouth to mouth, was, " Which of us will be allowed to go? " It seemed as if Indiana was about to monopolize the honors of the period, and place the 75.000 men demanded of the Union by the President, at his disposition. Even now under the genial sway of guaranteed peace, the features of Indiana's veterans flush with righteous pride when these days — re- membrances of heroic sacrifice — are named, and freemen, still un- born, will read their history only to be blessed and glorified in the possession of such truly, noble progenitors. Nor were the ladies of the State unmindful of their duties. Everywhere they partook of the general enthusiasm, and made it practical so far as in their power, by embroidering and presenting standards and regimental colors, organizing aid and relief societies, and by many other acts of patriotism and humanity inherent in the high nature of woman. During the days set apart by the military authorities for the or- ganization of the regiments, the financiers of the State were en- gaged in the reception of munificent grants of money from pri- vate citizens, while the money merchants within and without the State ofiered large loans to the recognized Legislature without even imposing a condition of payment. This most practical generosity HISTORY OF INDIANA, 151 strengthened the hands of the Executive, and within a very few days Indiana had passed the crucial test, recovered some of her military prestige lost in 1834, and so was prepared to vie with the other and wealthier States in making sacrifices for the public welfare. On the 20th of April, Messrs, I. S. Dobbs and Alvis D. Gall re- ceived their appointments as Medical Inspectors of the Division, while Major T. J. Wood arrived at headquarters from Washington to receive the newly organized regiments into the service of the Union. At the moment this formal proceeding took place, Morton, unable to restrain the patriotic ardor of the people, telegraphed to the capitol that he could place six regiments of infantry at the dis- posal of the General Government within six days, if such a pro- ceeding were acceptable; but in consequence of the wires being cut between the State and Federal capitols, no answer came. Taking advantage of the little doubt which may have had existence in re- gard to future action in the matter and in the absence of general orders, he gave expression to an intention of placing the volunteers in camp, and in his message to the Legislature, who assembled three days later, he clearly laid down the principle of immediate action and strong measures, recommending a note of $1,000,000 for there- organization of the volunteers, for the purchase of arms and supplies, and for the punishment of treason. The message was received most enthusiastically. The assembly recognized the great points made by the Governor, and not only yielded to them in toto, but also made the following grand appropriations: General military purposes $1,000,000 Purchase of arms 500,000 Contingent military expenses 100,000 Organization and support of militia for two years 140,000 These appropriations, together with the laws enacted during the session of the Assembly, speak for the men of Indiana. The celerity with which these laws were put in force, the diligince and economy exercised by the officers, entrusted with their administration, and that systematic genius, under which all the machinery of Govern- ment seemed to work in harmony, — all, all, tended to make for the • State a spring-time of noble deeds, when seeds might be cast along her fertile fields and in the streets of her villages of industry to grow up at once and blossom in the ray of fame, and after to bloom throughout the ages. Within three days after the opening of the extra session of the Legislature (27th April) six new regiments were organized, and commissioned for three months' service. These reg- 152 HISTORY OF INDIANA, iments, notwithstanding the fact that the first six regiments were already mustered into the general service, were known as "The First Brigade, Indiana Yoliinteers," and with the simple object of making the way of the future student of a brilliant history clear, were numbered respectively Sixth Regiment, commanded by Col. T. T. Crittenden. Seventh " " " " Ebenezer Dumont. Eighth " " " " W. P. Bfenton. Ninth " " " " E. H. Milroy. Tenth " " " " T. T. Reynolds. Eleventh " " " " Lewis Wallace. The idea of these numbers was suggested by the fact that the military representation of Indiana in the Mexican Campaign was one brigade of five regiments, and to observe consecutiveness the regiments comprised in the first division of volunteers were thus numbered, and the entire force placed under Brigadier General T. A. Morris, with the following stafi*: John Love, Major; Cyrus C* Hines, Aid-de-camp; and J. A. Stein, Assistant Adjutant General. To follow the fortunes of these volunteers through all the vicissi- tudes of war would prove a special work; yet their valor and endur- ance during their first term of service deserved a notice of even more value than that of the historian, since a commander's opinion has to be taken as the basis upon which the chronicler may expatiate. Therefore the following dispatch, dated from the headquarters of the Army of Occupation, Beverly Camp, W. Virginia, July 21, 1861, must be taken as one of the first evidences of their utility and valor: — "Governor O. P. Morton, Indianapolis, Indiana- Governor : — I have directed the three months' regiments from Indiana to move to Indianapolis, there to be mustered out and reorganized for three years' service. I cannot permit them to return to you without again expressing my high appreciation of the distinguished valor and endurance of the Indiana troops, and my hope that but a short time will elapse before I have the pleasure of knowing that they are again ready for the field. ******* I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, George B. McClellan, Major-Oeneral, U. 8- A, On the return of the troops to Indianapolis, July 29, Brigadier . Morris issued a lengthy, logical and well-deserved congratulatory address, from which one paragraph may be extracted to characterize HISTORY OF INDIANA. 153 the whole. After passing a glowing eulogium on their military qualities and on that unexcelled gallantry displayed at Laurel Hill, Phillipi and Carrick's Ford, he says: — " Soldiers ! You have now returned to the friends whose prayers went with you to the field of strife. They welcome you with pride and exultation. Your State and country acknowledge the value of your labors. May your future career be as your past has been, — honorable to yourselves and serviceable to your country." The six regiments forming Morris' brigade, together with one composed of the surplus volunteers, for whom there was no regi- ment in April, now formed a division of seven regiments, all reor- ganized for three years' service, between the 20th August and 20th September, with the exception of the new or 12th, which was ac- cepted for one year's service from May 11th, under command of Colonel John M. Wallace, and reorganized May 17, 1862, for three years' service under Col. "W". H. Link, who, with 172 officers and men, received their mortal wounds during the Richmond (Ken- tucky) engagement, three months after its reorganization. The 13th Kegiment, under Col. Jeremiah Sullivan, was mus- tered into the United States in 1861 and joined Gen. McClellan's command at Rich Mountain on the 10th July. The day following it was present under Gen. Rosencrans and lost eight men killed; three successive days it was engaged under Gen. I. I. Reynolds, and won its laurels at Cheat Mountain summit, where it participated in the decisive victory over Gen. Lee. The llrTH Regiment, organized in 1861 for one year's service, and reorganized on the 7th of June at Terre Haute for three years' ser- vice. Commanded by Col. Kimball and showing a muster roll of 1,134 men, it was one of the finest, as it was the first, three years' regiment organized in the State, with varying fortunes attached to its never ending round of duty from Cheat Mountain, September, 1861, to Morton's Ford in 186-1, and during the movement South in May of that year to the last of its labors, the battle of Cold Har- bor. The 15th Regiment, reorganized at La Fayette 14th June, 1861, under Col. G. D. Wagner, moved on Rich Mountain on the 11th of July in time to participate in the complete rout of the enemy. On the promotion of Col. Wagner, Lieutenant-Col. G. A. Wood became Colonel of the regiment, November, 1862, and during the first days of January, 1863, took a distinguished part in the severe action of Stone River. From this period down to the battle of Mis- sion Ridge it was in a series of destructive engagements, and was, 154 HISTORY OF INDIANA. after enduring terrible hardships, ordered to Chattanooga, and thence to Indianapolis, where it was mustered out the 18th June, 1864, — four days after the expiration of its term of service. The 16th Regiment, organized under Col. P. A. Hackleman at Kichmond for one year's service, after participating in many minor military events, was mustered out at Washington, D.C., on the 14th of May, 1862. Col. Hackleman was killed at the battle of luka, and Lieutenant-Col. Thomas I. Lucas succeeded to the command. It was reorganized at Indianapolis for three years' service, May 27, 1862, and took a conspicuous part in all the brilliant engagements of the war down to June, 1865, when it was mustered ont at New Orleans. The survivors, numbering 365 rank and file, returned to Indianapolis the 10th of July amid the rejoicing of the populace. The 17th Regiment was mustered into service at Indianapolis the 12th of June, 1861, for three years, under Col. Hascall, who on being promoted Brigadier General in March, 1862, left the Colonelcy to devolve on Lieutenant Colonel John T. Wilder. This regiment participated in the many exploits of Gen. Reynold's army from Green Brier in 1862, to Macon in 1865, under G^n. Wilson. Returning to Indianapolis the 16th of August, in possession of a brilliant record, the regiment was disbanded. The 18th Regiment, under Colonel Thomas Pattison, was organ- ized at Indianapolis, and mustered into service on the 16th of August, 1861. Under Gen. Pope it gained some distinction at Blackwater, and succeeded in retaining a reputation made there, by its gallantry at Pea Ridge, February, 1862, down to the moment when it planted the regimental flag on the arsenal of Augusta, Georgia, where it was disbanded August 28, 1865. The 19th Regiment, mustered into three years' service at the State capital July 29, 1861, was ordered to join the army of the Potomac, and reported its arrival at Washington, August 9. Two days later it took part in the battle of Lewinsville, under Colonel Solomon Meredith. Occupying Falls Church in September, 1861, it continued to maintain a most enviable place of honor on the military roll until its consolidation with the 20th Regiment, October, 1864, under Colonel William Orr, formerly its Lieutenant Colonel. The 20th Regiment of La Fayette was organized in July, 1861, mustered into three years' service at Indianapolis on the 22d of the same month, and reached the front at Cockeysville, Maryland, twelve days later. Throughout aJ Its iirilliant actions from Hat- teras Bank, on the 4th of October, to Clover Hill, 9th of April, 1865, HISTORY OF INDIANA. 155 including the saving of the United States ship Congress^ at New- port I*^ews, it added daily some new name to its escutcheon. This regiment was mustered out at Louisville in July, 1865, and return- ing to Indianapolis was welcomed by the great war Governor of their State. Tlie 21sT Hegiment was mustered into service under Colonel I. W. McMilhxn, July 2i, 1861, and reported at the front the third day of August. It was tlie first regiment to enter New Orleans. The fortunes of this regiment were as varied as its services, so that its name and fame, grown from the blood shed by its members, are destined to live and flourish. In December, 1863, the regiment was reorganized, and on the 19th February, 1864, many of its veterans returned to their State, where Morton received them with that spirit of proud gratitude which he was capable of showing to those who deserve honor for honors won. The 22d Regiment, under Colonel Jeff. C. Davis, left Indian- apolis the 15th of August, and was attached to Fremont's Corps at St. Louis on the 17th. From the day it moved to the support of Colonel Mulligan at Lexington, to the last victory, won under General Sherman at Bentonville, on the 19tli of March, 1865, it gained a high military reputation. After the fall of Johnston's southern army, this regiment was mustered out, and arrived at Indianapolis on the 16tli June. The 23d Battalion, commanded by Colonel W. L. Sanderson, was mustered in at New Albany, the 29th July, 1861, and moved to the front early in August. From its unfortunate marine ex- periences before Fort Henry to Bentonville it won unusual honors, and after its disbandment at Louisville, returned to Indianapolis July 24, 1865, where Governor Morton and General Sherman reviewed and complimented the gallant survivors. The 24th Battalion, under Colonel Alvin P. Hovey, was mustered at Vincennes the 31st of July, 1861. Proceeding imme- diately to the front it joined Fremont's command, and participated under many Generals in important affairs during the war. Three hundred and ten men and officers returned to their State in August, 1865, and were received with marked honors by the people and Executive. The 25th Regiment, of Evansville mustered into service there for three years under Col. J. C. Veatch, arrived at St. Louis on the 26th of August, 1861. During the war this regiment was present at 18 battles and skirmishes, sustaining therein a loss of 352 men 156 HISTORY OF INDIANA. and officers. Mustered out at Louisville, July 17, 1865, it returned to Indianapolis on the 21st amid universal rejoicing. The 26th Battalion, under W. M. Wheatlej, left Indianapolis for the front the 7th of September, 1861, and after a brilliant cam- paign under Fremont, Grant, Heron and Smith, may be said to disband the 18th of September, 1865, when the non-veterans and recruits were reviewed by Morton at the State capital. The 27th Regiment, under Col. Silas Colgrove, moved from Indianapolis to Washington City, September 15th, 1861, and in October was allied to Gen. Banks' army. From Winchester Heights, the 9th of March 1862, through all the affairs of General Sherman's campaign, it acted a gallant and faithful part, and was disbanded immediately after returning to their State. The 28th or 1st Cavalry was mustered into service at Evans- villeon the 20th of August, 1861, under Col. Conrad Baker. From the skirmish at Ironton, on the 12th of September, wherein three companies under Col. Gavin captured a position held by a few rebels, to the battle of the Wilderness, the First Cavalry per- formed prodigies of valor. In June and July, 1865, the troops were mustered out at Indianapolis. The 29th Battalion of La Porte, under Col. J. F. Miller, left on the 5th of October, 1861, and reaching Camp Kevin, Kentucky, on the 9th, was allied to Rosseau's Brigade, serving with McCook's division at Shiloh, with Buell's army in Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky, with Rosencrans at Murfreesboro, at Decatur, Alabama, and at Dalton, Georgia. The Twenty-ninth won many laurels, and had its Colonel promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. This officer was succeeded in the command by Lieutenant-Col. D.M.Dunn. The 30th Regiment of Fort Wayne, under Col. Sion S. Bass, proceeded to the front via Indianapolis, and joined General Rosseau at Camp Nevin on the 9th of October, 1861. At Shiloh, Col. Bass received a mortal wound, and died a few days later at Paducah, leaving the Colonelcy to devolve upon Lieutenant-Col. J. B. Dodge. In October 1865, it formed a battalion of General Sheri- dan's army of observation in Texas. The 31st Regiment, organized at Terre Haute, under Col. Charles Cruft, in September 1861, was mustered in, and left in a few days for Kentucky. Present at the redaction of Fort Donelson on the 13th, 14th, and 15th of February, 1862, its list of killed and wounded proves its desperate fighting qualities. The organization HISTORY OF INDIANA. 157 was subjected to many changes, but in all its phases maintained a fair fame won on many battle fields. Like the former regiment, it passed into Gen. Sheridan's Army of Observation, and held the district of Green Lake, Texas. The 32d Regiment op German Infantry, under Col. August Willich, organized at Indianapolis, mustered on the 24th of August, 1861, served with distinction throughout the campaign. Col. "Willich was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, andLieut.- Col. Henry You Trebra commissioned to act, under whose com- mand the regiment passed into General Sheridan's Army, hold- ing the post of' Salado Creek, until the withdrawal of the corps of observation in Texas. The 33d Regiment of Indianapolis possesses a military history of no small proportions. The mere facts that it was mustered in under Col. John Coburn, the 16th of September, won a series of distinctions throughout the war district :and was mustered out at Louisville, July 21, 1865, taken with its name as one of the most powerful regiments engaged in the war, are sufficient here. The 34:TH Battalion, organized at Anderson on the 16th Sep- tember, 1861, under Col. Ashbury Steele, appeared among the in- vesting battalions before New Madrid on the 30th of March, 1862. From the distinguished part it took in that siege, down to the 13th of May, 1865, when at Palmetto Ranche, near Palo Alto, it fought for hours against fearful odds the last battle of the war for the Union. Afterwards it marched 250 miles up the Rio Grande, and was the first regiment to reoccupy the position, so long in Southern hands, of Ringold barracks. In 1865 it garrisoned Bea- consville as part of the Army of Observation. The 35th or First Irish Regiment, was organized at Indian- apolis, and mustered into service on the 11th of December, 1861, under Col. John C. Walker. At Nashville, on the 22d of May, 1862, it was joined by the organized portion of the Sixty-first or Second Irish Regiment, and unassigned recruits. Col. Mullen now became Lieut.-Colonel of the 35th, and shortly after, its Colonel. From the pursuit of Gen. Bragg through Kentucky and the affair at Perryville on the 8th of October, 1862, to the terrible hand to hand combat at Kenesaw mountain, on the night of the 20th of June, 1864, and again from the conclusion of the Atlanta campaign to September, 1865, with Gen. Sheridan's army, when it was mus- tered out, it won for itself a name of reckless daring and unsur- passed gallantry. 158 HISTORY OF INDIANA. The 36th Regiment, of Richmond, Ind., under Col. William Grose, mnstered into service for three years on the 16th of Sep- tember, 1861, went immediately to the front, and shared the for- tunes of the Army of the Ohio until the 27th of February, 1862, when a forward movement led to its presence on the battle-field of Shiloh. Following up the honors won at Shiloh, it participated in some of the most important actions of the war, and was, in October, 1865, transferred to Gen. Sheridan's army. Col. Grose was pro- moted in 1864 to the position of Brigadier-General, and the Colonelcy devolved on Oliver H. P. Carey, formerly Lieut.-Colonel of the regiment. The 37th Battalion, of Lawrenceburg, commanded by Col. Geo. W. Hazzard, organized the 18th of September, 1861, left for the seat of war early in October. From the eventful battle of Stone river, in December, 1862, to its participation in Sherman's march through Georgia, it gained for itself a splendid reputation. This regiment returned to, and was present at, Indianapolis, on the 30th of July, 1865, where a public reception was tendered to men and officers on the grounds of the Capitol. The 38th Regiment, under Col. Benjamin F. Scribner, was mus- tered in at New Albany, on the 18th of September, 1861, and in a few days were en route for the front. To follow its continual round of duty, is without the limits of this sketch; therefore, it will suffice to say, that on every well-fought field, at least from February, 1862, until its dissolution, on the 15th of July, 1865, it earned an enviable renown, and drew from Gov. Morton, on return- ing to Indianapolis the 18th of the same month, a congratulatory address couched in the highest terms of praise. The 39th Regiment, ok Eighth Cavalry, was mustered in as an infantry regiment, under Col. T. J, Harrison, on the 28th of August, 1861, at the State capital. Leaving immediately for the front it took a conspicuous part in all the engagements up to April, 1863, when it was reorganized as a cavalry regiment. The record of this organization sparkles with great deeds which men will extol while language lives; its services to the Union cannot be over esti- mated, or the memory of its daring deeds be forgotten by the un- happy people who raised the tumult, which culminated in their second shame. The 40th Regiment, of Lafayette, under Col. W. C. Wilson, subsequently commanded by Col. J. W. Blake, and again by Col. Henry Learning, was organized on the 30th of December, 1861, and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 159 at once proceeded to the front,where some time was necessarily spent in the Camp of Instruction at Bardstown, Kentucky. In February, 1862, it joined in Buell's forward movement. During the war the regiment shared in all its hardships, participated in all its honors, and like many other brave commands took service under Gen. Sheridan in his Army of Occupation, holding the post of Port Lavaca, Texas, until peace brooded over the land. The 4:1st Regiment ob Second Cavalry, the first complete regi- ment of horse ever raised in the State, was organized on the 3d of September, 1861, at Indianapolis, under Col. John A. Bridgland, and December 16 moved to the front. Its first war experience was gained en route to Corinth on the 9th of April, 1862, and at Pea Ridge on the 15th. Gallatin, Vinegar Hill, and Perryville, and Talbot Station followed in succession, each battle bringing to the cavalry untold honors. In May, 1861, it entered upon a glorious career under Gen. Sherman in his Atlanta campaign, and again under Gen. Wilson in the raid through Alabama during April, 1865. On the 22d of July, after a brilliant career, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville, and returned at once to Indianapolis for discharge. The 42d, under Col J. G. Jones, mustered into service at Evans- ville, October 9, 1861, and having participated in the principal military afiairs of the period, Wartrace, Mission Ridge, Altoona, Kenesaw, Savannah, Charlestown and Bentonville, was discharged at Indianapolis on the 25th of July, 1865. The 43d Battalion was mustered in on the 27th of September, 1861, under Col. George K. Steele, and left Terre Haute enroute to the front within a few days. Later it was alUed to Gen. Pope's corps, and afterwards served with Commodore Foote's marines in the reduction of Fort Pillow. It was the first Union regiment to enter Memphis. From that period until the close of the war it was distinguished for its unexcelled qualifications as a military body, and fully deserved the encomiums passed upon it on its return to Indianapolis in March, 1865. The 41:Th or the Regiment of the 10th Congressional District was organized at Fort Wayne on the 24th of October, 1861, under Col. Hugh B. Reed. Two months later it was ordered to the front, and arriving in Kentucky, was attached to Gen. Cruft's Brigade, then quartered at Calhoun. After years of faithful service it was mustered out at Chattanooga, the 14th of September, 1865. The 45th, or Third Cavalry, comprised ten companies 160 HISTORY OF INDIANA. organized at different periods and for varied services in 1861- '62, under Colonel Scott Carter and George H. Chapman. The distinguished name won by the Third Cavalry is established in every village within the State. Let it suffice to add that after its brilliant participation in Gen. Sheridan's raid down the James' river canal, it was mustered out at Indianapolis on the 7th of Au- gust, 1865. The 46th Regiment, organized at Logansport under Colonel Graham N. Fitch, arrived in Kentucky the 16th of February, 1862, and a little later became attached to Gen. Pope's array, then quar- tered at Commerce. The capture of Fort Pillow, and its career under Generals Curtis, Palmer, Hovey, Gorman, Grant, Sherman, Banks and Burbridge are as truly worthy of applause as ever fell to the lot of a regiment. The command was mustered out at Louis- ville on the 4th of September, 1865. The 47th was organized at Anderson, under Col. I. P. Slack, early in October, 1862. Arriving at Bardstown, Kentucky, on the 21st of December, it was attached to Gen. Buell's army; but within two months was assigned to Gen. Pope, under whom it proved the first regiment to enter Fort Thompson near New Madrid. In 1864 the command visited Indianapolis on veteran furlough and was enthu- siastically received by Governor Morton and the people. Return- ing to the front it engaged heartily in Gen. Banks' company. In December, Col. Slack received his commission as Brigadier-General, and was succeeded on the regimental command by Col. J. A. Mc- Laughton ; at Shreveport under General Heron it received the sub- mission of General Price and his army, and there also was it mus- tered out of service on the 23d of October, 1865. The 48th Regiment, organized at Goshen the 6th of December, 1861, under Col. Norman Eddy, entered on its duties during the siege of Corinth in May, and again in October, 1862. The record of this battalion may be said to be unsurpassed in its every feature, so that the grand ovation extended to the returned soldiers in 1865 at Indianapolis, is not a matter for surprise. The 49th Regiment, organized at Jeifersonville, under Col. J. "W. Ray, and mustered in on the 21st of November, 1861, for service, left en route for the camp at Bardstown. A month later it arrived at the unfortunate camp-ground of Cumberland Ford, where dis- ease carried off a number of gallant soldiers. The regiment, how- ever, survived the dreadful scourge and won its laurels on many HISTORY OF INDIANA. 161 a well -fought field until September, 1865, when it was mustered out at Louisville. The 50th Regiment, under Col. Cyrus L. Dunham, organized during the month of September, 1861, at Seymour, left en route to Bardstown for a course of miJitary instruction. On the 20th of August, 1862, a detachment of the 50th, under Capt. Atkinson, was attacked by Morgan's Cavalry near Edgefield Junction ; but the gallant few repulsed their oft-repeated onsets and finally drove them from the field. The regiment underwent many changes in organization, and may be said to muster out on the 10th of Septem- ber, 1865. The 51sT Regiment, under Col. Abel. D. Streight, left Indianap- olis on the 14th of December, 1861, for the South. After a short course of instruction at Bardstown, the regiment joined General Buell's and acted with great eifect during the campaign in Ken- tucky and Tennessee. Ultimately it became a participator in the work of the Fourth Corps, or Army of Occupation, and held the post of San Antonio until peace was doubly assured. The 52d Regiment was partially raised at Rushville, and the organization completed at Indianapolis, where it was consolidated with the Railway Brigade, or 56th Regiment, on the 2d of Feb- ruary, 1862. Going to the front immediately after, it served with marked distinction throughout the war, and was mustered out at Montgomery on the 10th of September, 1865. Returning to Indian- apolis six days later, it was welcomed by Gov. Morton and a most enthusiastic reception accorded to it. The 53rd Battalion was raised at New Albany, and with the addition of recruits raised at Rockport formed a standard regi- ment, under command of Col. W. Q. Gresham. Its first duty was that of guarding the rebels confined on Camp Morton, but on going to the front it made for itself an endurable name. It was mus- tered out in July, 1865, and returned to Indiananoplis on the 25th of the same month. The 54th Regiment was raised at Indianapolis on the 10th of June, 1862, for three months' service under Col. D. G.Rose. The succeeding two months saw it in charge of the prisoners at Camp Morton, and in August it was pushed forward to aid in the defense of Kentucky against the Confederate General, Kirby Smith. The remainder of its short term of service was given to the cause. On the muster out of the three months' service regiment it was reorgan- 162 HISTORY OF INDIANA. ized for one year's service and gained some distinction, after which it was mustered out in 1863 at New Orleans. The 65th Eegiment, organized for three months' service, retains the brief history applicable to the first organization of the 54th. It was mustered in on the 16th of June, 1862, under Col. J. R. Mahon, disbanded on the expiration of its term and was not reor- ganized. The 56th Regiment, referred to in the sketch of the 52nd, was designed to be composed of railroad men, marshalled under J. M. Smith as Colonel, but owing to the fact that many railroaders had already volunteered into other regiments, Col. Smith's volunteers were incorporated with the 52nd, and this number left blank in the army list. The 57th Battalion, actually organized by two ministers of the gospel,— the Rev. I. W. T. McMullen and Rev. F.' A. Hardin, of Richmond, Ind,, mustered into service on the 18th of Novem- ber, 1861, under the former named reverend gentleman as Colonel, who was, however, succeeded by Col. Cyrus C. Haynes, and he in turn by G. W. Leonard, Willis Blanch and John S. McGrath, the latter holding command until the conclusion of the war. The history of this battalion is extensive, and if participation in a num- ber of battles with the display of rare gallantry wins fame, the 57th may rest assured of its possession of this fragile yet coveted prize. Like many other regiments it concluded its military labors in the service of General Sheridan, and held the post of Port Lavaca in conjunction with another regiment until peace dwelt in the land. The 58th Regiment, of Princeton, was organized there early in October, 1861, and was mustered into service under the Colonelcy of Henry M. Carr. In December it was ordered to join Gen- eral Buell's army, after which it took a share in the various actions of the war, and was mustered out on the 25th of July, 1865, at Louisville, having gained a place on the roll of honor. The 59th Battalion was raised under a commission issued by Gov. Morton to Jesse I. Alexander, creating him Colonel. Owing to the peculiarities hampering its organization. Col. Alexander could not succeed in having his regiment prepared to muster in before the 17th of February, 1862. However, on that day the equipment was complete, and on the 18th it left en route to Commerce, where on its arrival, it was incorporated under General Pope's command. The list of its casualties speaks a history, — no less than 793 men were lost during the campaign. The regiment, after a term char- HISTORY OF INDIANA. 163 acterized "by distinguished service, was mustered out at Louisville on the 17th of July, 1865. The 60th Eegiment was partially organized under Lieut .-Col. Eichard Owen at Evansville daring November 1861, and perfected at Camp Morton during March, 1862. Its first experience was its gallant resistance to Bragg's army investing Munfordsville, which culminated in the unconditional surrender of its first seven com- panies on the 14th of September. An exchange of prisoners took place in November, wJiich enabled it to joine the remaining com- panies in the field. The subsequent record is excellent, and forms, as it were, a monument to their fidelity and heroism. The main portion of this battalion was mustered out at Indianapolis, on the 21st of March, 1865. The 61sT was partially organized in December, 1861, under Col. B. F. Mullen. The failure of thorough organization on the 22d of May, 1862, led the men and officers to agree to incorporation with the 35th Regiment of Yolunteers. The 62d Battalion, raised under a commission issued to Wil- liam Jones, of Rockport, authorizing him to organize this regiment in the First Congressional District was so unsuccessful that consoli- dation with the 53d Regiment was resolved upon. The 63d Regiment, of Covington, under James McManomy, Commandant ot Camp, and J. S. "Williams, Adjutant, was partially organized on the 31st of December, 1861, and may be considered on duty from its very formation. After guarding prisoners at Camp Morton and Lafayette, and engaging in battle on Manassas Plains on the 30th of August following, the few companies sent out in February, 1862, returned to Indianapolis to find six new companies raised under the call of July, 1862, ready to embrace the fortunes of the 63d. So strengthened, the regiment went forth to battle, and continued to lead in the paths of honor and fidelity until mustered out in May and June, 1865. The 64th Regiment failed in organization as an artillery corps; but orders received from the War Department prohibiting the con- solidation of independent batteries, put a stop to any further move in the matter. However, an infantry regiment bearing the same number was afterward organized. The 65rH was mustered in at Princeton and Evansville, in July and August, 1862, under Col. J. W. Foster, and left at once eit route for the front. The record of this battalion is creditable, not only to its members, but also to the State which claimed it. Its 164 HISTORY OF INDIANA. last action during the war was on the 18th and 20th of February, 1865, at Fort Anderson and Town creek, after which, on the 22d June, it was disbanded at Greensboro. The 66th Regiment partially organized at New Albany, under Commandant Roger Martin, was ordered to leave for Kentucky on the 19th of August, 1862, for the defense of that State against the incursions of Kirby Smith. After a brilliant career it was mus- tered out at Washington on the 3d of June, 1865, after which it returned to Indianapolis to receive the thanks of a grateful people. The 6Tth Regiment was organized within the Third Congressional District under Col. Frank Emerson, and was ordered to Louisville on the 20th of August, 1862, whence it marched to Munfordville, only to share the same fate with the other gallant regiments en- gaged against Gen. Bragg's advance. Its roll of honor extends down the years of civil disturbance, — always adding garlands, un- til Peace called a truce in the fascinating race after fame, and insured a term of rest, wherein its members could think on comrades forever vanished, and temper the sad thought with the sublime mem- ories born of that chivalrous fight for the maintenance and integri- ty of a great Republic. At Galveston on the 19th of July, 1865, the gallant 67th Regiment was mustered out, and returning within a ^ew days to its State received the enthusiastic ovations of her citi- zens. The 68th Regiment, organized at Greensburg under Major Ben- jamin C. Shaw, was accepted for general service the 19th of August, 1862, under Col. Edward A. King, with Major Shaw as Lieutenant Colonel; on the 25th its arrival at Lebanon was reported and with- in a few days it appeared at the defense of Munfordville; but shar- ing in the fate of all the defenders, it surrendered unconditionally to Gen. Bragg and did not participate further in the actions of that year, nor until after the exchange of prisoners in 1863. From this period it may lay claim to an enviable history extending to the end of the war, when it was disembodied. The 69th Regiment, of Richmond, Ind., under Col. A. Bickle, left for the front on the 20th ot August, 1862, and ten days later made a very brilliant stand at Richmond, Kentucky, against the advance of Gen. Kirby Smith, losing in the engagement two hundred and eighteen men and officers together with its liberty. After an exchange of prisoners the regiment was reorganized under Col. T. W. Bennett and took the field in December, 1862, under HISTORY OF INDIANA. 1(55 Generals Sheldon, Morgan and Sherman of Grant's army, Chick- asaw, Vicksburg, Blakely and many other names testify to the valor of the 69th. The remnant of the regiment was in January, 1865, formed into a battalion under Oran Perry, and was mustered out in July following. The 70th Regiment was organized at Indianapolis on the 12th of August, 1SG2, under Col. B. Harrison, and leaving for Louisville on the 13th, shared in the honors of Bruce's division at Franklin and Russellville. The record of the regiment is brimful of honor. It was mustered out at Washington, June 8, 1865, and received at Indianapolis with public honors. The 71sT OR Sixth Cavalry was organized as an infantry regi- ment, at Terre Haute, and mustered into general service at Indian- apolis on the 18th of August, 1862, under Lieut. -Col. Melville D. Topping. Twelve days later it was engaged outside Richmond, Kentucky, losing two hundred and fifteen officers and men, includ- ing Col. Topping and Major Conklin, together with three hundred and forty-seven prisoners, only 225 escaping death and capture. After an exchange of prisoners the regiment was re-formed under Col. I. Bittle, but on the 28th of December it surrendered to Gen. J. H. Morgan, who attacked its position at Muldraugh's Hill with a force of 1,000 Confederates. During September and October, 1863, it was organized as a cavalry regiment, won distinction throughout its career, and was mustered out the 15th of September, 1865, at Murfreesboro. The 77th Regiment was organized at Lafayette, and leftenroute to Lebanon, Kentucky, on the 17th of August, 1862. Under Col. Miller it won a series of honors, and mustered out at Nashville on the 26th of June, 1865. The 73rd Regiment, under Col. Gilbert Hathaway, was mustered in at South Bend on the 16th of August, 1862, and proceeded im- mediately to the front. Day's Gap, Crooked Creek, and the high eulogies of Generals Rosencrans and Granger speak its long and brilliant history, nor were the welcoming shouts of a great people and the congratulations of Gov. Morton, tendered to the regiment on its return home, in July, 1865, necessary to sustain its well won reputation. The 74th Regiment, partially organized at Fort Wayne and made almost complete at Indianapolis, left for the seat of war on the 22d of August, 1862, under Col. Charles W. Chapman. The desperate opposition to Gen. Bragg, and the magniticent defeat of Morgan, 166 HISTORY OF INDIANA. together with the battles of Dallas, Chattahoochie river, Kenesaw and Atlanta, where Lieut. Col. Myron Baker was killed, all bear evi- dence of its never surpassed gallantry. It was mustered out of ser- vice on the 9th of June, 1865, at Washington. On the return of the regiment to Indianapolis, the war Governor and people tendered it special honors, and gave expression to the admiration and regard in which it was held. The 75th Regiment was organized within the Eleventh Congress- ional District, and left Wabash, on the 21st of August, 1862, for the front, under Col. I. W. Petit. It was tlie first regiment to enter Tullahoma, and one of the last engaged in the battles of the Repub- lic. After the submission of Gen. Johnson's army, it was mustered out at Washington, on the 8th of June 1865. The 76th Battalion was solely organized for thirty days' service under Colonel James Gavin, for the purpose of pursuing the rebel guerrilas, who plundered Newburg on the 13th July, 1862. It was organized and equipped within forty-eight hours, and during its term of service gained the name, " The Avengers of Newburg." The 77th, or Fourth Cavalry, was organized at the State capi- tal in August, 1862, under Colonel Isaac P. Gray. It carved its way to fame over twenty battlefields, and retired from service at Edgefield, on the 29th June, 1865. Tlie 79th Regiment was mustered in at Indianapolis on the 2nd September, 1862, under Colonel Fred Knefler. Its history may be termed a record of battles, as the great numbers of battles, from 1862 to the conclusion of hostilities, were participated in by it. The regiment received its discharge on the 11th June, 1865, at Indianapolis. During its continued round of field duty it captured eighteen guns and over one thousand prisoners. The 80th Regiment was organized within the First Congress- ional District under Col. C. Denby, and equipped at Indianapolis, when, on the 8th of September, 1862, it left for the front. During its term it lost only two prisoners; but its list of casualties sums up 325 men and ofiicers killed and wounded. The regiment may be said to muster out on the 22nd of June, 1865, at Saulsbury. The 81sT Regiment, of New Albany, under Colonel W. W. Caldwell, was organized on the 29th August, 1862, and proceeded at once to join Buell's headquarters, and join in the pursuit of General Bragg. Throughout the terrific actions of the war its mfluence was felt, nor did its labors cease until it aided in driving the rebels across the Tennessee. It was disembodied at Nashville HISTORY OF INDIANA. 167 on the ISth June, 1865, and returned to Indianapolis on the 15th, to receive the well-merited congratulations of Governor Morton and the people. The 82nd Regiment, under Colonel Morton C. Hunter, was mustered in at Madison, Ind., on the 30th August, 1862, and leaving immediately for the seat of war, participated in many of the great battles down to the return of peace. It was mustered out at Washington on the 9th June, 1865, and soon returned to its State to receive a grand recognition of its faithful service. The 83rd Regiment, of Lawrenceburg, under Colonel Ben. J. Spooner, was organized in September, 1862, and soon left eii rotite to the Mississippi. Its subsequent history, the fact of its being under fire for a total term of 4,800 hours, and its wanderings over 6,285 miles, leave nothing to be said in its defense. Master of a thousand honors, it was mustered out at Louisville, on the 15th July, 1865, and returned home to enjoy a well-merited repose. The 84th Regiment was mustered in at Richmond, Ind., on the 8th September, 1862, under Colonel Nelson Trusler. Its first military duty was on the defenses of Covington, in Kentucky, and Cincinnati; but after a short time its labors became more con- genial, and tended to the great disadvantage of the slaveholding enemy on many well-contested fields. This, like the other State regiments, won many distinctions, and retired from the service on the 11th of June, 1865, at Nashville. The 85th Regiment was mustered at Terre IIaute,'*ander Colonel John P. Bayard, on the 2d September, 1862. On the 4th March, 1863, it shared in the unfortunate affair at Thompson's Station, when in common with the other re^riments forming Coburn's Bri- gade, it surrendered to the overpowering forces of the rebel General, Forrest. In June, 1863, after an exchange, it again took the field, and won a large portion of that renown accorded to Indiana. It was mustered out on the 12th of June, 1865. The 86th Regiment, of La Fayette, left for Kentucky on the 26th August, 1862, under Colonel OrvilleS. Hamilton, and shared in the duties assigned to the 84th. Its record is very creditable, particu- larly that portion dealing with the battles of Nashville on the 15th and 16th December, 1864. It was mustered out on the 6th of June, 1865, and reported within a few days at Indianapolis for discharge. The 87th Regiment, organized at South Bend, under Colonels Kline G. Sherlock and N. Gleason, was accepted at Indianapolis on the 31st of August, 1862, and left on the same day en route to 168 HISTORY OF INDIANA. the front. From Springfield and Perryville on the 6th and 8th of October, 1862, to Mission Ridge, on the 25th of November, 1863, thence through the Atlanta campaign to the surrender of the South- ern armies, it upheld a gallant name, and met with a true and en- thusiastic welcome- home on the 21st of June, 1865, with a list of absent comrades aggregating 451. The 88th Regiment, organized within the Fourth Congressional District, under Col, Geo. Humphrey, entered the service on the 29th of August, 1862, and presently was found among the front ranks in war. It passed through the campaign in brilliant form down to the time of Gen. Johnson's surrender to Gen. Grant, after which, on the ^h of June, 1865, it was mustered out at Washing- ton. The 89th Regiment, formed from the material of the Eleventh Congressional District, was mustered in at Indianapolis, on the 28th of August, 1862, under Col. Chas. D. Murray, and after an exceedingly brilliant campaign was discharged by Gov. Morton on the 4th of August, 1865. The 90th Regiment, or Fifth Cavalry, was organized at Indianapolis under the Colonelcy of Felix W. Graham, between August and November, 1862. The different companies, joining headquarters at Louisville on the 11th of March, 1863, engaged in observing the movements of the enemy in the vicinity of Cumber- land river until the 19th of April, when a first and successful brush was had with the rebels. The regiment had been in 22 en- gagements during the term of service, captured 640 prisoners, and claimed a list of casualties mounting up to the number of 829. It was mustered out on the 16th of June, 1865, at Pulaski. The 91sT Battalion, of seven companies, was mustered into service at Evansville, the 1st of October, 1862, under Lieut-Colonel John Mehringer, and in ten days later left for the front. In 1863 the regiment was completed, and thenceforth took a very prominent position in the prosecution of the war. During its ser- vice it lost 81 men, and retired from the field on the 26th of June, 1865. The 92d Regiment failed in organizing. The 93d Regiment was mustered in at Madison, Ind., on the 20th of October, 1862, under Col. De Witt C. Thomas and Lieut.- Col. Geo. W. Carr. On the 9th of November it began a move- ment south, and ultimately allied itself to Buckland's Brigade of HISTORY OF INDIANA. 169 Gen, Sherman's. On the 14th of May it was among the first reo^i- ments to enter Jackson, the capital of Mississippi; was next pres- ent at the assault on Yicksburg, and made a stirring campaign down to the storming of Fort Blakely on the 9th of April, 1865. It was discharged on the 11th of August, that year, at Indianapo- lis, after receiving a public ovation. The 94th and 95th Regiments, authorized to be formed within the Fourth and Fifth Congressional Districts, respectively, were only partially organized, and so the few companies that could be mustered were incorporated with other regiments. The 96th Regiment could only bring together three companies, in the Sixth Congressional District, and these becoming incorpo- rated with the 99th then in process of formation at South Bend, the number was left blank. The 97th Regiment, raised in the Seventh Congressional Dis- trict, was mustered into service at Terre Haute, on the 20th of September, 1861, under Col. Robert F. Catterson. Reaching the front within a few days, it was assigned a position near Memphis, and subsequently joined in Gen. Grant's movement on Vicksburg, by overland route. After a succession of great exploits with the several armies to which it was attached, it completed its list of battles at Bentonville, on the 21st of March, 1865, and was dis- embodied at Washington on the 9th of June following. During its term of service the regiment lost 341 men, including the three Ensigns killed during the assaults on rebel positions along the Augusta Railway, from the 15th to the 27th of June, 1864. The 98th Regiment, authorized to be raised within the Eighth Congressional District, failed in its organization, and the number was left blank in the army list. The two companies answering to the call of July, 1862, were consolidated with the 100th Regiment then being organized at Fort "Wayne. The 99th Battalion, recruited within the Ninth Congressional District, completed its muster on the 21st of October, 1862, under Col. Alex. Fawler, and reported for service a few daj's later at Memphis, where it was assigned to the 16th Army Corps. The va- ried vicissitudes through which this regiment passed and its remark- able gallantry upon all occasions, have gained for it a fair fame. It was disembodied on the 5th of June, 1865, at "Washington, and returned to Indianapolis on the 11th of the same month. The 100th Regiment, recruited from the Eighth and Tenth Congressional Districts, under Col. Sandford J. Stoughton, mustered 1^<^ HISTORY OF INDIANA. into the service on the 10th of September, left for the front on the 11th of November, and became attached to the Army of Tennessee on the 26th of that month, 1862. The regiment participated in twenty-live battles, together with skirmishing during fully one-third of its term of service, and claimed a list of casualties mounting up to four hundred and sixty-four. It was mustered out of the ser- vice at Washington on the 9th of June, and reported at Indianapolis for discharge on the Idth of June, 1865. The lOlsT Regiment was mustered into service at Wabash on the 7th of September, 1862, under Col. William Garver, and pro- ceeded immediately to Covington, Kentucky. Its early experiences were gained in the pursuit ofBragg's army and John Morgan's cavalry, and these experiences tendered to render the regiment one of the most valuable in the war for the Republic. From the defeat of John Morgan at Milton on the 18th of March, 1863, to the fall of Savannah on the 23rd of September, 1863, the regiment won many honors, and retired from the service on the 25th of June, 1865, at Indianapolis. THE MORGAN RAID REGIMENTS — MINUTE MEN. The 102d Regiment, organized under Col. Benjamin M. Gregory from companies of the Indiana Legion, and numbering six hun- dred and twenty-three men and officers, left Indianapolis for the front early in July, and reported at North Yernon on the 12th of July, 1863, and having completed a round of duty, returned to In- dianapolis on the 17th to be discharged. The 103d, comprising seven companies from Hendricks county, two from Marion and one from Wayne counties, numbering 681 men and officers, under Col. Lawrence S. Shuler, was contemporary with the 102d Regiment, varying only m its service by being mus- tered out one day before, or on the 16th of July, 1863. The 104th Regiment of Minute Men was recruited from mem- bers of the Legion of Decatur, La Fayette, Madison, Marion and Rush counties. It comprised 714 men and officers under the command of Col. James Gavin, and was organized within forty hours after the issue of Governor Morton's call for minute men to protect Indiana and Kentucky against the raids of Gen. John H Morgan's rebel forces. After Morgan's escape into Ohio the command returned and was mustered out on the 18th of July, 1863. The lOStli Regiment consisted of seven companies of the Legion and three of Minute Men, furnished by Hancock, Union, Randolph, HISTORY OF INDIANA. 171 Putnam, Wayne, Clinton and Madison counties. The command numbered seven hundred and thirteen men and officers, under Col. Sherlock, and took a leading part in the pursuit of Morgan. Re- turning on the 18th of July to Indianapolis it was mustered out. The 106th Regiment, under Col. Isaac P. Gray, consisted of one company of the Legion and nine companies of Minute Men, aggregating seven hundred and ninety-two men and officers. The counties of Wayne, Randolph, Hancock, Howard, and Marion were represented in its rank and file. Like the other regiments organized to repel Morgan, it was disembodied in July, 1863. The 107th Regiment, under Col. De Witt C. Rngg, was organ- ized in the city of Indianapolis from the companies' Legion, or Ward Guards. The successes of this proraj^tly organized regiment were unquestioned. The 108th Regiment comprised five companies of Minute Men, from Tippecanoe county, two from Hancock, and one from each of the counties known as Carroll, Montgomery and Wayne, aggregat- ing 710 men and officers, and all under the command of Col. W. C. Wilson. After performing the only duties presented, it returned from Cincinnati on the 18th of July, and was mustered out. The 109th Regiment, composed of Minute Men from Coles county, 111., La Porte, Hamilton, Miami and Randolph counties, Ind., showed a roster of 709 officers and men, under Col. J. R. Mahon. Morgan having escaped from Ohio, its duties were at an end, and returning to Indianapolis was mustered out on the 17th of July, 1863, after seven days' service. The 110th Regiment of Minute Men comprised volunteers from Henry, Madison, Delaware, Cass, and Monroe counties. The men were ready and willing, if not really anxious to go to the front. But happily the swift-winged Morgan was driven away, and conse- quently the regiment was not called to the field. The 111th Regiment, furnished by Montgomery, Lafayette, Rush, Miami, Monroe, Delaware and Hamilton counties, number- ing 733 men and officers, under Col. Robert Canover, was not requisitioned. The 112th Regiment was formed from nine companies of Min- ute Men, and the Mitchell Light Infantry Company of the Legion. Its strength was 703 men and officers, under Col. Hiram F. Brax- ton. Lawrence, Washington, Monroe and Orange counties were represented on its roster, and the historic names of North Vernon and Sunman's Station on its banner. Returninoj from the South 172 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. after seven days' service, it was mustered out on the 17th of July, 1863. The 11 3th Regiment, furnished by Daviess, Martin, "Washington, and Monroe counties, comprised 526 rank and file under Col. Geo. "W". Burge. Like the 112th, it was assigned to Gen. Hughes' Brigade, and defended North Vernon against the repeated attacks of John H. Morgan's forces. The 114:TH Regiment was wholly organized in Johnson county, under Col. Lambertson, and participated in the afiair of North Vernon. Returning on the 21st of July, 1863, with its brief but faithful record, it was disembodied at Indianapolis, 11 days after its organization. All these regiments were brought into existence to meet an emergency, and it must be confessed, that had not a sense of duty, military instinct and love of country animated these regi- ments, the rebel General, John H. Morton, and his 6,000 cavalry would doubtless have carried destruction as far as the very capital of their State. SIX- months' regiments. The 115th Regiment, organized at Indianapolis in answer to the call of the President in June, 1863, was mustered into service on the 17th of August, under Col. J. R. Mahon. Its service was short but brilliant, and received its discharge at Indianapolis the 10th of February, 1864. The 116th Regiment, mustered in on the 17th of August, 1863, moved to Detroit, Michigan, on the 30th, under Col. Charles Wise. During October it was ordered to Nicholasville, Kentucky, where it was assigned to Col. Mahon's Brigade, and with Gen. "Willcox's entire command, joined in the forward movement to Cumberland Gap. After a term on severe duty it returned to Lafayette and there was disembodied on the 24th of February, 1864, whither Gov. Morton hastened, to share in the ceremonies of welcome. , The 117th Regiment of Indianapolis was mustered into service on the 17th of September, 1863, under Col. Thomas J. Brady. After surmounting every obstacle opposed to it, it returned on the 6th of February, 1864, and was treated to a public reception on the 9th. The 118th Regiment, whose organization was completed on the 3d of September, 1863, under Col. Geo. W. Jackson, joined the 116th at Nicholasville, and sharing in its fortunes, returned to the HISTORY OF INDIANA. 173 State capital on the 14th of February, 1864. Its casualties were comprised in a list of 15 killed and wounded. The 119th, or Seventh Cavalry, was recruited under Col. John P. C. Shanks, and its organization completed on the 1st of Octo- ber, 1863. The rank and file numbered 1,213, divided into twelve companies. On the Tth of December its arrival at Louisville was reported, and on the 14th it entered on active service. After the well-fought battle of Guntown, Mississippi, on the 10th of June, 1864, although it only brought defeat to our arms. General Grier- son addressed the Seventh Cavalry, saying: " Your General con- gratulates you upon your noble conduct during the late expedition. Fighting against overwhelming numbers, under adverse circum- stances, your prompt obedience to orders and unflinching courage commanding the admiration of all, made even defeat almost a vic- tory. For hours on foot you repulsed the charges of the enemies' in- fantry, and again in the saddle you met his cavalry and turned his assaults into confusion. Your heroic perseverance saved hundreds of your fellow-soldiers from capture. You have been faithful to your honorable reputation, and have fully justified the confidence, and merited the high esteem of your commander." Early in 1865, a number of these troops, returning from impris- onment in Southern bastiles, were lost on the steamer " Sultana." The survivors of the campaign continued in the service for a long period after the restoration of peace, and finally mustered out. The 120th Regiment. In September, 1863, Gov, Morton re- ceived authority from the War Department to organize eleven regi- ments within the State for three years' service. By April, 1864, this organization was complete, and being transferred to the com- mand of Brigadier-General Alvin P. Hovey, were formed by him into a division for service with the Army of Tennessee. Of those regiments, the 120th occupied a very prominent place, both on ac- count of its numbers, its perfect discipline and high reputation. It was mustered in at Columbus, and was in all the great battles of the latter years of the war. It won high praise from friend and foe, and retired with its bright roll of honor, after the success of Right and Justice was accomplished. The 121st, or Ninth Cavalry, was mustered in March 1, 1864, under Col. George W. Jackson, at Indianapolis, and tliougb not , numerically strong, was so well equipped and possessed such excel- lent material that on the 3rd of May it was ordered to the front. The record of the 121st, though extending over a brief period, is 174 HISTORY OF INDIANA. pregnant with deeds of war of a high character. On the 26th of April, 1865, these troops, while returning from their labors in the South, lost 55 men, owing to the explosion of the engines of the steamer " Sultana." The return of the 386 survivors, on the 5th of September, 1865, was hailed with joy, and proved how well and dearly the citizens of Indiana loved their soldiers. The 122d Regiment ordered to be raised in the Third Congres- sional District, owing to very few men being then at home, failed in organization^ and the regimental number became a blank. The 123d Regiment was furnished by the Fourth and Seventh Congressional Districts during the winter of 1863-'64, and mus- tered, March 9, 1864, at Greensburg, under Col. John C. McQuis- ton. The command left for the front the same day, and after win- ning rare distinction during the last years of the campaign, par-' ticularly in its gallantry at Atlanta, and its daring movement to escape Forrest's 15,000 rebel horsemen near Franklin, this regi- ment was discharged on the 30th of August, 1865, at Indianapolis, being mustered out on the 25th, at Raleigh, North Carolina. The 124th Regiment completed its organization by assuming three companies raised for the 125th Regiment (which was intended to be cavalry), and was mustered in at Richmond, on the 10th of March, 1864, under Colonel James Burgess, and reported at Louis- ville within nine days. From Buzzard's Roost, on the 8th of May, 1864, under General Schofield, Lost Mountain in June, and the capture of Decatur, on the 15th July, to the 21st March, 1865, in its grand advance under General Sherman from Atlanta to the coast, the regiment won many laurel wreaths, and after a brilliant campaign, was mustered out at Greensboro on the 31st August, 1865. The 125th, or Tenth Cavalry, was partially organized during November and December, 1862, at Yincennes, and in February, 1863, completed its numbers and equipment at Columbus, under Colonel T. M. Pace. Early in May its arrival in Nashville was reported, and presently assigned active service. During September and October it engaged rebel contingents under Forrest and Hood, and later in the battles of Nashville, Reynold's Hill and Sugar Creek, and in 1865 Flint River, Courtland and Mount Hope. The explosion of the Stdtaria occasioned the loss of thirty-five men with Captain Gafiney and Lieutenants Twigg and Reeves, and in a collision on the Nashville & Louisville railroad, May, 1864, lost five men killed and several wounded. After a term of service un- HISTORY OF INDIANA. 175 surpassed for its utility aud character it was disembodied at Vicks- burg, Mississippi, on the 31st August, 1865, and returning to Indianapolis early in September, was welcomed by the Executive and people. The 126th, or Eleventh Cavalry, was organized at Indian- apolis under Colonel Robert R. Stewart, on the 1st of March, 1864, and left in May for Tennessee. It took a very conspicuous part in the defeat of Hood near Nashville, joining in the pursuit as far as Gravelly Springs, Alabama, where it was dismounted and assigned infantry duty. In June, 1865, it was remounted at St, Louis, and moved to Fort Riley, Kansas, and thence to Leavenworth, where it was mustered out on the 19th September, 1865. The 127th, or Twelfth Cavalry, was partially organized at Kendallville, in December, 1863, and perfected at the same place, under Colonel Edward Anderson, in April, 1864. Reaching the front in May, it went into active service, took a prominent part in the march through Alabama and Georgia, and after a service bril- liant in all its parts, retired from the field, after discharge, on the 22d of November, 1865. The 128th Regiment was raised in the Tenth Congressional Dis- trict of the period, and mustered at Michigan City, under Colonel R. P. De Hart, on the 18th March, 1861-. On the 25th it was reported at the front, and assigned at once to Schofield's Division. The battles of Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Lost Mountain, Kenesaw, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Dalton, Brentwood Hills, Nashville. and the six days' skirmish of Columbia, were all participated in by the 128th, and it continued in service long after the termination of hostilities, holding the post of Raleigh, North Carolina. The 129th Regiment was, like the former, mustered in at Michigan City about the same time, under Colonel Charles Case, and moving to the front on the 7th April, 1861r, shared in the for- tunes of the 12Sth until August 29, 1865, when it was disembodied at Charlotte, Notrh Carolina. The 130tu Regiment, mustered at Kokomo on the 12tli March, 1864, under Colonel C. S, Parrish, left en route to the seat of war on the 16th, and was assigned to the Second Brigade, First Division, Twenty-third Army Corps, at Nashville, on the 19th. During the war it made for itself a brilliant history, and returned to Indian- apolis with its well- won honors on the 13th DecemDer, 1865. The 131sT, or Thirteenth Cavalry, under Colonel G. M L. Johnson, was the last mounted regiment recruited within the State. 176 HISTORY OF INDIANA. It left Indianapolis on the SOtli of April, 1864:, in infantry trim, and gained its first honors on the Ist of October in its magnificent defense of Huntsville, Alabama, against the rebel division of General Buford, following a line of first-rate military conduct to the end. In January, 1865, the regiment was remounted, won some distinction in its modern form, and was mustered out at Vicksburg on the 18th of J^ovember, 1865. The morale and services of the regiment were such that Its Colonel was promoted Brevet Brigadier-General in consideration of its merited honors. THE ONE HUNDRED-DAYS VOLUNTEERS. Governor Morton, in obedience to the offer made under his auspices to the general Government to raise volunteer regiments for one hun- dred days' service, issued his call on the 23rd of April, 1864. This movement suggested itself to the inventive genius of the war Gov- ernor as a most important step toward the subjection or annihila- tion of the military supporters of slavery within a year, and thus conclude a war, which, notwithstanding its holy claims to the name of Battles for Freedom, was becoming too protracted, and proving too detrimental to the best interests of the Union. In answer to the esteemed Governor's call eight regiments came forward, and formed The Grand Division of the Volunteers. The 132d Regiment, under Col. S. C. Vance, was furnished by Indianapolis, Shelbyville, Franklin and Danville, and leaving on the IStliof May, 1864, reached the front where it joined the forces acting in Tennessee. The 133d Regiment, raised at Richmond on the 17th of May, 1864, under Col. R. N. Hudson, comprised nine companies, and followed the 132d. The 134th Regiment, comprising seven companies, was organ- ized at Indianapolis on the 25th of May, 1864, under Col. James Gavin, and proceeded immediately to the front. The 135th Regiment was raised from the volunteers of Bedford, Koblesville and Goshen, with seven companies from the First Con- gressional District, under Col. W. C. Wilson, on the 25th of May, 1864, and left at once en route to the South. The 136th Regiment comprised ten companies, raised in the same districts as those contributing to the 135th, under CoL J. W. Foster, and left for Tennessee on the 24th of May, 1864. The 137th Regiment, under Col. E. J. Robinson, comprising volunteers from Kokomo, Zanesville, Medora, Sullivan, Rockville, HISTORY OF INDIANA. 177 and Owen and Lawrence counties, ]efte7i route to Tennessee on the 28tli of May, 1864, having completed organization the day previous. The 138th Regiment was formed of seven companies from the Ninth, with three from the Eleventh Congressional District (un- reformed), and mustered in at Indianapolis on the 27th of May, 1861, under Col. J. H. Shaimon. This fine regiment was re- ported at the front within a few days. The 139th Regiment, under Col. Geo. Humphrey, was raised from volunteers furnished by Kendallville, Lawrenceburg, Elizaville, Knightstowu, Connersville, Newcastle, Portland, Vevay, New Albany, Metamora, Columbia City, New Haven and New Phila- delphia. It was constituted a regiment on the 8th of June, 1864, and appeared among the defenders in Tennessee during that month. All these regiments gained distinction, and won an enviable po- sition in the glorious history of the war and the no less glorious one of their own State in its relation thereto. the president's call of JULY, 1864. The 140th Regiment was organized with many others, in response to the call of the nation. Under its Colonel, Thomas J. Brady, it pro- ceeded to the South on the 15th of November, 1864. Havinff taken a most prominent part in all the desperate struggles, round Nash- ville and Murfreesboro in 1864, to Town Creek Bridge on the 20th of February, 1865, and completed a continuous round of severe duty to the end, arrived at Indianapolis for discharge on the 21st of July, where Governor Morton received it with marked honors. The 14 1 ST Regiment was only partially raised, and its few com- panies were incorporated with Col. Brady's command. The 142d Regiment was recruited at Fort Wayne, under Col. I. M. Comparet, and was mustered into service at Indianapolis on the d of November, 1864. After a steady and exceedingly effective service, it returned to Indianapolis on the I6th of July, 1865. the president's call of DECEMBER, 1864, Was answered by Indiana in the most material terms. No less than fourteen serviceable regiments were placed at the disposal of the General Government. The 143d Regiment was mustered in, under Col J. T. Grill, on the 21st February, 1865, reported at Nashville on the 24th, and af- ter a brief but brilliant service returned to the State on the 21st October, 1865. 178 HISTORY OF INDIANA. The 144th Regiment, under Col. G. W. Riddle, was mustered in on the 6th March, 1865, left on the 9th for Harper's Ferry, took an effective part In the close of the carapaigu and reported at Indian- apolis for discharge on the 9th August, 1865. The 145th Regiment, under Col. W, A. Adams, left Indianapolis on the 18th of February, 1865, and joining Gen. Steadman's division at Chattanooga on the 23d was sent on active service. Its duties were discharged with rare fidelity until mustered out in January, 1866. The 146th Regiment, under Col. M. C. Welsh, left Indianapolis on the 11th of March en route to Harper's Ferry, where it was ^b- signed to the army of the Shenandoah. The duties ot this regiment were severe and continuous, to the period of its muster out at Bal- timore on the 31st of August, 1865. The 147th Regiment, comprised among other volunteers from Benton, Lafayette and Henry counties, organized under Col. Milton Peden on the 13th of March, 1865, at Indianapolis. It shared a fortune similar to that of the 146th, and returned for discharge on the 9th of August, 1865. The 148th Regiment, under Col. N. R. Ruckle, left the State capital on the 28th of February, 1865, and reporting at Nashville, was sent on guard and garrison duty into the heart of Tennessee. Returning to Indianapolis on the 8th of September, it received a final discharge. The 149th Regiment was organized at Indianapolis by Col. W. H. Fairbanks, and left on the 3d of March, 1865, for Tennessee, where it had the honor of receiving the surrender of the rebel forces, and military stores of Generals Roddy and Polk. The reg- iment was welcomed home by Morton on the 29th of September. The 150th Regiment, under Col. M. B. Taylor, mustered in on the 9th of March, 1865, left for the South on the 13th and reported at Harper's Ferry on the 17th. This regiment did guard duty at Charleston, Winchester, Stevenson Station, Gordon's Springs, and after a service characterized by utility, returned on the 9th of August to Indianapolis for discharge. The 151sT Regiment, under Col. J. Healy, arrived at Nashville on the 9th of March, 1865. On the 14th a movement on Tullahoma was undertaken, and three months later returned to Nashville for garrison duty to the close of the war. It was mustered out on the 22d of September, 1865. The 152d Regiment was organized at Indianapolis, under Col. HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 181 W. W Griswold, and left for Harper's Ferry on the 18th of March, 1865. It was attached to the provisional divisions of Shenandoah Army, and engaged until the 1st of September, when it was dis- charged at Indianapolis. The 153d Regiment was organized at Indianapolis on the 1st of March, 1865, under Col. O, H. P. Carey. It reported at Louis- ville, and by order of Gen. Palmer, was held on service in Ken- tucky, where it was occupied in the exciting but very dangerous pastime of fighting Southern guerrillas. Later it was posted at Louisville, until mustered out on the 4th of September, 1865. The 154th Regiment, organized under Col. Frank "Wilcox, left Indianapolis under Major Simpson, for Parkersburg, W. Virginia, on the 28th of April, 1S65, It was assigned to guard and garrison duty until its discharge on the 4th of August, 1865. The 155th Regiment, recruited throughout the State, left on the 26th of April for Washington, and was afterward assigned to a provisional Brigade of the Ninth Army Corps at Alexandria. The companies of this regiment were scattered over the country, — at Dover, Centreville, Wilmington, and Salisbury, but becoming re- united on the 4th of August, 1865, it was mustered out at Dover, Delaware, The 156th Battalion, under Lieut.-Colonel Charles M. Smith, left en route to the Shenandoah Valley on the 27th of April, 1865, where it continued doing guard duty to the period of its muster out the 4th of August, 1865, at Winchester, Virginia. On the return of these regiments to Indianapolis, Gov. Morton and the people received them with all that characteristic cordiality and enthusiasm peculiarly their own. independent cavalry company of INDIANA VOLUNTEERS. The people of Crawford county, animated with that inspiriting patriotism which the war drew forth, organized this mounted com- pany on the 25th of July, 1863, and placed it at the disposal of the Government, and it was mustered into service by order of the War Secretary, on the 13th of August, 1863, under Captain L. Lamb. To the close of the year it engaged in the laudable pursuit of arresting deserters and enforcing the draft; however, on the 18th of January, 1864, it was reconstituted and incorporated with the Thirteenth Cavalry, with which it continued to serve until the treason of Americans against America was conquered. 182 HISTORY OF INDIANA. OUR COLORED TROOPS. The 28th Regiment of Colored Troops was recruited through- out the State of Indiana, and under Lieut.-Colonel Charles S. Russell, left Indianapolis for the front on the 24th of April, 1864. The regiment acted very well in its first engagement with the rebels at White House, Virginia, and again with Gen. Sheridan's Cavalry, in the swamps of the Chickahominy. In the battle of the " Crater," it lost half its roster; but their place was soon filled by other colored recruits from the State, and Russell promoted to the Colonelcy, and afterward to Brevet Brigadier-General, when he was succeeded in the command by Major Thomas H, Logan. During the few months of its active service it accumulated quite a history, and was ultimately discharged, on the 8th of January, 1866, at Indianapolis. batteries of light artillery. First Battery, organized at Evansville, under Captain Martin Klauss, and mustered in on the 16th of August, 1861, joined Gen. Fremont's army immediately, and entering readily upon its salu- tary course, aided in the capture of 950 rebels and their position at Blackwater creek. On March the 6th, 1862 at Elkhorn Tavern, and on the 8th at Pea Ridge, the battery performed good service. Port Gibson, Champion Hill, Jackson, the Teche country, Sabine Cross Roads, Grand Encore, all tell of its efficacy. In 1864 it was subjected to reorganization, when Lawrence Jacoby was raised to the Captiancy, vice Klauss resigned. After a long term of useful service, it was mustered out at Indianapolis on the 18th of August, 1865. Second Battery was organized, under Captain D. G. Rabb, at Indianapolis on the 9th of August, 1861, and one month later pro- ceeded to the front. It participated in the campaign against Col. Coffee's irregular troops and the rebellious Indians of the Cherokee nation. From Lone Jack, Missouri, to Jenkin's Ferry and Fort Smith it won signal honors until its reorganization in 1864, and even after, to June, 1865, it maintained a very fair reputation. The Third Battery, under Capt, W. W. Frybarger, was organ- ized and mustered in at Connersville on the 24th of August, 1861, and proceeded immediately to join Fremont's Army of the Mis- souri. Moon's Mill, Kirksville, Meridian, Fort de Russy, Alex- andria, Round Lake, Tupelo, Clinton and Tallahatchie are names HISTORY OF INDIANA, 183 which may be engraven on its guns. It participated in the affairs before Nashville on the 15th and 16th of December, 1864, when General Hood's Army was put to route, and at Fort Blakely, out- side Mobile, after which it returned home to report for discharge, August 21, 1865. The Fourth Battery, recruited in La Porte, Porter and Lake counties, reported at the front early in October, 1861, and at once assumed a prominent place in the army of Gen. Buell. Again under Rosencrans and McCook and under General Sheridan at Stone River, the services of this battery were much praised, and it retained its well-earned reputation to the very day of its muster out — the 1st of August, 1865. Its first organization was completed Tinder Capt. A. K. Bush, and reorganized in Oct., 1864, under Capt B. F. Johnson. The Fifth Battery was furnished by La Porte, Allen, Whitley and Noble counties, organized under Capt. Peter Simonson, and mus- tered into service on the 22d of November, 1861. It comprised four six pounders, two being rifled cannon, and two twelve-pounder Howitzers with a force of 158 men. Reporting at Camp Gil* bert, Louisville, on the 29th, it was shortly after assigned to the division of Gen. Mitchell, at Bacon Creek. During its term, it served in twenty battles and numerous petty actions, losing its Cap- tain at Pine Mountain. The total loss accruing to the battery was 84 men and officers and four guns. It was mustered out on the 20th of July, 1864. The Sixth Battery was recruited at Evansville, under Captain Frederick Behr, and left, on the 2d of Oct., 1861, for the front, reporting at Henderson, Kentucky, a few days after. Early in 1862 it joined Gen. Sherman's army at Paducah, and participated in the battle of Shiloh, on the 6th of April. Its history grew in brilliancy until the era of peace insured a cessation of its great labors. The Seventh Battery comprised volunteers from Terre Haute, Arcadia, Evansville, Salem, Lawrenceburg, Columbus, Vin- cennes and Indianapolis, under Samuel J. Harris as its first Captain, who was succeeded by G. R. Shallow and O. H. Mor- gan after its reorganization. From the siege of Corinth to the capture of Atlanta it performed vast services, and returned to Indianapolis on the 11 th of July, 1865, to be received by the peo- ple and hear its history from the lips of the veteran patriot and Governor of the State. 184 HISTORY OF INDIANA. The Eighth Batteky, under Captain G. T. Cochran, arrived at the front on the 26th of February, 1862, and subsequently entered upon its real duties at the siege of Corinth. It served with dis- tinction throughout, and concluded a well-made campaign under Will Stokes, who was appointed Captain of the companies with which it was consolidated in March, 1865. The Ninth Battery. The organization of this battery was perfected at Indianapolis, on the 1st of January, 1862, under Capt. ]S[. S. Thompson. Moving to the front it participated in the aftairs of Shiloh, Corinth, Queen's Hill, Meridian, Fort Dick Taylor, Fort de Russy, Henderson's Hill, Pleasant Hill, Cotile Landing, Bayou Rapids, Mansura, Chicot, and many others, winning a name in each engagement. The explosion of the steamer Eclipse at Johnson- ville, above Paducah, on Jan. 27, 1865, resulted in the destruction of 58 men, leaving only ten to represent the battery. The survivors reached Indianapolis on the 6th of March, and were mustered out. ' The Tenth Battery was recruited at Lafayette, and mustered in under Capt. Jerome B. Cox, in January, 1861. Having passed through the Kentucky campaign against Gen. Bragg, it partici- pated in many of the great engagements, and finally returned to report for discharge on the 6th of July, 1864, having, in the mean- time, won a very fair fame. The Eleventh Battery was organized at Lafayette, and mus- tered in at Indianapolis under Capt. Arnold Sutermeister, on the 17th of December, 1861. On most of the principal battle-fields, from Shiloh, in 1862, to the capture of Atlanta, it maintained a high reputation for military excellence, and after consolidation with the Eighteenth, mustered out on the 7th of June, 1865. The Twelfth Battery was recruited at Jeffersonville and sub- sequently mustered in at Indianapolis. On the 6th of March, 1862, it reached !Nashville, having been previously assigned to Buell's Army. In April its Captain, G. W. Sterling, resigned, and the position devolved on Capt. James E. White, who, in turn, was suc- ceeded by James A. Dunwoody. The record of the battery holds a first place in the history of the period, and enabled both men and oflficers to look back with pride upon the battle-fields of the land. It was ordered home in June, 1865, and on reaching Indianapolis, on the 1st of July, was mustered out on the 7th of that month. The Thirteenth Battery was organized under Captain Sewell Coulson, during the winter of 1861, at Indianapolis, and proceeded to the front in February, 1862. During the subsequent months it HISTORY OF INDIANA. 185 was occupied in the pursuit of John H. Morgan's raiders, and aided effectively in driving them from Kentucky. This artillery company returned from the South on the 4th of July, 1865, and were discharged the day following. The Fourteenth Battery, recruited in "Wabash, Miami, Lafay- ette, and Huntington counties, under Captain M. H. Kidd, and Lieutenant J. W. fl. McGuire, left Indianapolis on the 11th of April, 1862, and within a few months one portion of it was cap- tured at Lexington by Gen. Forrest's great cavalry command. The main battery lost two guns and two men at Guntown, on the Mis- sissippi, but proved more successful at Nashville and Mobile. It arrived home on the 29th of August, 1865, received a public wel- come, and its final discharge. The Fifteenth Battery, under Captain I. C. H. Von Sehlin, was retained on duty from the date of its organization, at Indian- apolis, until the 5th of July, 1862, when it was moved to Harper's Ferry. Two months later the gallant defense of Maryland Heights was set at naught by the rebel Stonewall Jackson, and the entire garrison surrendered. Being paroled, it was reorganized at Indian- apolis, and appeared again in the field in March, 1863, where it won a splendid renown on every well-fought field to the close of the war. It was mustered out on the 24th of June, 1865. The Sixteenth Battery was organized at Lafayette, under Capt. Charles A. Naylor, and on the 1st of June, 1862, left for Washington. Moving to the front with Gen. Pope's command, it participated m the battle of Slaughter Mountain, on the 9th of August, and South Mountain, and Antietam, under Gen. McClel- lan. This battery was engaged in a large number of general en- gagements and flying column affairs, won a very favorable record, and returned on the 5th of July, 1865. The Seventeenth Battery, under Capt. Milton L. Miner, was mustered in at Indianapolis, on the 20th of May, 1862, left for the front on the 5th of July, and subsequently engaged in the Gettys- burg expedition, was present at Harper's Ferry, July 6, 1863, and at Opequan on the 19th of September. Fisher's Hill, New Mar- ket, and Cedar Creek brought it additional honors, and won from Gen. Sheridan a tribute of praise for its service on these battle grounds. Ordered from Winchester to Indianapolis it was mus- tered out there on the 3d of July, 1865. The Eighteenth Battery, under Capt. Eli Lilly, left for the 186 HISTORY OF INDIANA. front in August, 1862, but did not take a leading part in the cam- paign until 1863, when, under Gen. Rosencrans, it appeared prom- inent at Hoover's Gap. From this period to the affairs of West Point and Macon, it performed first-class service, and returned to its State ox\ the 25th of June, 1865. The Nineteenth Battery was mustered into service at Indian- apolis, on the 5th of August, 1862, under Capt. S. J. Harris, and proceeded immediately afterward to the front, where it participated in the campaign against Gen. Bragg. It was present at every post of danger to the end of the war, when, after the surrender of John- son's army, it returned to Indianapolis. Reaching that city on the 6th of June, 1865, it was treated to a public reception and received the congratulations of Gov. Morton. Four days later it was discharged. The Twentieth Battery, organized under Capt. Frank A. Rose, left the State capital on the 17th of December, 1862, for the front, and reported immediately at Henderson, Kentucky. Subsequently Captain Rose resigned, and, in 1863, under Capt. Osborn, turned over its guns to the 11th Indiana Battery, and was assigned to the charge of siege guns at Nashville. Gov. Morton had the battery supplied with new field pieces, and by the 5th of October, 1863, it was again in the field, where it won many honors under Sherman, and continued to exercise a great influence until its return on the 23d of June, 1865. The Twenty-first Battery recruited at Indianapolis, under the direction of Captain W. W. Andrew, left on the 9th of September, 1862, for Covington, Kentucky, to aid in its defense against the advancing forces of Gen. Kirby Smith. It was engaged in numerous military affairs and may be said to acquire many honors, although its record is stained with the names of seven deserters. The battery was discharged on the 21st of June, 1865. The Twenty-second Battery was mustered in at Indianapolis on the 15th of December, 1862, under Capt. B. F. Denning, and moved at once to the front. It took a very conspicuous part in the pursuit of Morgan's Cavalry, and in many other affairsi. It threw the first shot into Atlanta, and lost its Captain, who was killed in the skirmish line, on the 1st of July. While the list of casualties numbers only 35, that of desertions numbers 87. This battery was received with public honors on its return, the 25th of June, 1865, and mustered out on the 7th of the same month. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 187 The Twenty-third Battery, recruited in October 1862, and mustered in on the 8th of November, under Oapt. I. II. Mjers, pro- ceeded south, after having rendered very efficient services at home in guarding the camps of rebel prisoners. In July, 1865, the battery took an active part, under General Boyle's command, in routing and capturing the raiders at Brandenburgh, and subsequently to the close of the war performed very brilliant exploits, reaching Indianapolis in June, 1865. It was discharged on the 27th of that month. The Twenty-fourth Battery, under Capt. I. A. Simms, was enrolled for service on the 29th of November, 1862; remained at Indianapolis on duty until the 13th of March, 1863, when it left for the field. From its participation in the Cumberland River campaign, to its last engagement at Columbia, Tennessee, it aided materially in bringing victory to the Union ranks and made for itself a widespread fame. Arriving at Indianapolis on the 28th of July, it was publicly received, and in five days later disembodied. The Twenty-fifth Battery was recruited in September and Oc- tober, 1864, and mustered into service for one year, under Capt. Frederick C. Sturm. December 13th, it reported at Nashville, and took a prominent part in the defeat of Gen. Hood's army. Its duties until July, 1865, were continuous, when it returned to report for final discharge. The Twenty-sixth Battery, or "Wilder's Battery," was re- cruited under Capt. I. T. Wilder, of Greensburg, in May, 1861; but was not mustered in as an artillery company. Incorporating itself with a regiment then forming at Indianapolis it was mustered as company "A," of the 17th Infantry, with Wilder as Lieutenant- Colonel of the regiment. Subsequently, at Elk Water, Virginia, it was converted into the "First Independent Battery," and became known as " Rigby's Battery." The record of this battery is as brilliant as any won during the war. On every field it has won a distinct reputation; it was well worthy the enthusiastic reception given to it on its return to Indianapolis on the 11th and 12th of July, 1865. During its term of service it was subject to many transmutations; but in every phase of its brief history, areputation for gallantry and patriotism was maintained which now forms a living testimonial to its services to the public. The total number of battles in the " War of the Rebellion " in which the patriotic citizens of the great and noble State of Indiana were more or less engaged, was as follows: 188 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Locality. No. of Battles. Locality. No. of Battles. Virginia 90 Maryland 7 Tennessee 51 Texas 3 Georgia., 41 South Carolina 2 Mississippi 24 Indian Territory 2 Arkansas 19 Pennsylvania 1 Kentucky 16 Ohio , 1 Louisana 15 Indiana 1 Missouri 9 North Carolina 8 Total 308 The regiments sent forth to the defense of the Republic in the hour of its greatest peril, when a host of her own sons, blinded by some unholy infatuation, leaped to arms that they might trample npon the liberty-giving principles of the nation, have been passed in very brief review. The authorities chosen for the dates, names, and figures are the records of the State, and the main subject is based upon the actions of those 267,000 gallant men of Indiana who rushed to arms in defense of all for which their lathers bled, leaving their wives and children and homes in the guardianship of a truly paternal Government. The relation of Indiana to the Republic was then established; for when the population of the State, at the time her sons went forth to participate in war for the maintenance of the Union, is brought into comparison with all other States and countries, it will be apparent that the sacrifices made by Indiana from 1861-'65 equal, if not actually exceed, the noblest of those recorded in the history of ancient or modern times. Unprepared for the terrible inundation of modern wickedness, which threatened to deluge the country in a sea of blood and rob, a people of their richest, their most prized inheritance, the State rose above all precedent, and under the benign infiuence of patriot- ism, guided by the well-directed zeal of a wise Governor and Government, sent into the field an army that in numbers was gigantic, and in moral and physical excellence never equaled It is laid down in the ofiicial reports, furnished to the War De- partment, that over 200,000 troops were specially organized to aid in crushing the legions of the slave-holder; that no less than 50,000 militia were armed to defend the State, and that the large, but abso- lutely necessary number of commissions issued was 17,114. All this proves the scientific skill and military economy exercised by the Governor, and brought to the aid of the people in a most terri- ble emergency; for he, with some prophetic sense of the gravity of the situation, saw that unless the greatest powers of the Union were put forth to crush the least justifiable and most pernicious HISTORY OF INDIANA. 189 of all rebellions holding a place in the record of nations, the best blood of the country would flow in a vain attempt to avert a catas- trophe which, if prolonged for many years, would result in at least the moral and commercial ruin of the country. The part which Indiana took in the war against the Rebellion is one of which the citizens of the State may well be proud. In the number of troops furnished, and in the amount of voluntary con- tributions rendered, Indiana, in proportion and wealth, stands equal to any of her sister States. " It is also a subject of gratitude and thankfulness," said Gov. Morton, in his message to the Legis- lature, " that, while the number of troops furnished by Indiana alone in this great contest would have done credit to a first-class nation, measured by the standard of previous wars, not a single battery or battalion from this State has brought reproach upon the national flag, and no disaster of the war can be traced to any want of fidelity, courage or efliciency on the part of any Indiana officer. The endurance, heroism, intelligence and skill of the officers and soldiers sent forth by Indiana to do battle for the Union, have shed a luster on our beloved State, of which any people might justly be proud. Without claiming superiority over our loyal sister States, it is but justice to the brave men who have represented us on almost every battle-field of the war, to say that their deeds have placed Indiana in the front rank of those heroic States which rushed to the rescue of the imperiled Government of the nation. The total number of troops furnished by the State for all terras of service exceeds 200,000 men, much the greater portion of them being for three years; and in addition thereto not less than 50,000 State militia have from time to time been called into active service to repel rebel raids and defend our southern border from inva- sion." AFTER THE WAR. In 1867 the Legislature comprised 91 Republicans and 59 Dem- ocrats. Soon after the commencement of the session. Gov. Morton resigned his office in consequence of having been elected to the U. S. Senate, and Lieut-Go v. Conrad Baker assumed the Executive chair during the remainder of Morton's term. This Legislature, by a very decisive vote, ratified the 14:th amendment to the Federal Constitution, constituting all persons born in the country or sub- ject to its jurisdiction, citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside, without regard to race or color; reduc- 190 HISTORY OF INDIANA. ing the Congressional representation in any State in which there should be a restriction of the exercise of the elective franchise on account of race or color; disfranchising persons therein named who shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States; and declaring that the validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, shall not be questioned. This Legislature also passed an act providing for the registry of votes, the punishment of fraudulent practices at elections, and for the apportionment and compensation of a Board of Registration; this Board to consist, in each township, of two freeholders appointed by the County Commissioners, together with the trustee of such township; in cities the freeholders are to be appointed in each ward by the city council. The measures of this law are very strict, and are faithfully executed. No cries of fraud in elections are heard in connection with Indiana, This Legislature also divided the State into eleven Congressional Districts and apportioned their representation; enacted a law for the protection and indemnity of all officers and soldiers of the United States and soldiers of the Indiana Legion, for acts done in the military service of the United States, and in the military ser- vice of the State, and in enforcing the laws and preserving the peace of the country; made definite appropriations to the several benevolent institutions of the State, and adopted several measures for the encouragement of education, etc. In 1868, Indiana was the first in the field of national politics, both the principal parties holding State conventions early in the year. The Democrats nominated T. A, Hendricks for Governor, and denounced in their platform the reconstruction policy of the Kepublicans; recommended that United States treasury notes be substituted for national bank currency; denied that the General Government had a right to interfere with the question of sufirage in any of the States, and opposed negro suffrage, etc. ; while the Republicans nominated Conrad Baker for Governor, defended its reconstruction policy, opposed a further contraction of the currency, etc. The campaign was an exciting one, and Mr. Baker was elected Governor by a majority of only 961. In the Presidential election that soon followed the State gave Grant 9,572 more than Seymour. During 1868 Indiana ])resented claims to the Government for about three and a half millions dollars for expenses incurred in the war, and $1,958,917.94 was allowed. Also, this year, a legislative HISTORY OF INDIANA. 193 commission reported that $413,599.48 were allowed to parties suf- fering loss by the Morgan raid. This year Governor Baker obtained a site for the House of Refuge. (See a subsequent page.) The Soldiers' and Seamen's Home, near Knightstown, originally established by private enter- prise and benevolence, and adopted by the Legislature of the previous year, was in a good condition. Up to that date the insti- tution had afforded relief and temporary subsistence to 400 men who had been disabled in the war. A substantial brick building: had been built for the home, while the old buildings were used for an orphans' department, in which were gathered 86 children of deceased soldiers. DIYORCE LAWS. By some mistake or liberal design, the early statute laws of Indiana on the subject of divorce were rather more loose than those of most other States in this Union; and this subject had been a matter of so much jest among the public, that in 1870 the Governor recommended to the Legislature a reform in this direction, which was pretty effectually carried out. Since that time divorces can be granted only for the following causes : 1. Adultery. 2. Impo- tency existing at the time of marriage. 3. Abandonment for two years. 4. Cruel and inhuman treatment of one party by the other. 5. Habitual drunkenness of either party, or the failure of the hus- band to make reasonable provision for the family. 6 The failure of the husband to make reasonable provision for the family for a period of two years. 7. The conviction of either party of an infamous crime. FINANCIAL. Were it not for political government the pioneers would have got along without money much longer than they did. The pressure of governmental needs was somewhat in advance of the monetary income of the first settlers, and the little taxation required to carry on the government seemed great and even oppressive, especially at certain periods. In November, 1821, Gov. Jennings convened the Legislature in extra session to provide for the payment of interest on the State debt and a part of the principal, amounting to $20,000. It was thought that a sufficient amount would be realized in the notes of the State bank and its branches, although they were considerably depreciatedo Said the Governor: " It will be oppressive if the State^ after the paper of this institution (State bank) was author- ized to be circulated in revenue, should be prevented by any assign, ment of the evidences of existing debt, from discharging at least so much of that debt with the paper of the bank as will absorb the collections of the present year; especially when their notes, after being made receivable by the agents of the State, became greatly depreciated by great mismanagement on the part of the bank itself. It ought not to be expected that a public loss to the State should be avoided by resorting to any measures which would not comport with correct views of public justice; nor should it be anticipated that the treasury of the United States would ultimately adopt measures to secure an uncertain debt which would inter- fere with arrangements calculated to adjust the demand against the State without producing any additional embarrassment." The state of the public debt was indeed embarrassing, as the bonds which had been executed in its behalf had been assigned. The exciting cause of this proceeding consisted in the machinations of unprincipled speculators. Whatever disposition the principal bank may have made of the funds deposited by the United States, the connection of interest between the steam-mill company and the bank, and the extraordinary accommodations, as well as their amount, effected by arrangements of the steam-mill agency and some of the officers of the bank, were among the principal causes which (194) HISTORY OF INDIANA. 195 had prostrated the paper circulating medium of the State, so far as it was dependent on the State bank and its branches. An abnormal state of affairs like this very naturally produced a blind disburse- ment of the fund to some extent, and this disbursement would be called by almost every one an " unwise administration," During the first 16 years of this century, the belligerent condi- tion of Europe called for agricultural supplies from America, and the consequent high price of grain justified even the remote pio- neers of Indiana in undertaking the tedious transportation of the products of the soil which the times forced upon them. The large disbursements made by the general Government among the peo- ple naturally engendered a rage for speculation; numerous banks with fictitious capital were established; immense issues of paper were made; and the circulating medium of the country was in- creased fourfold in the course of two or three yearSo This infla- tion produced the consequences which always follow such a scheme, namely, unfounded visions of wealth and splendor and the wild investments which result in ruin to the many and wealth to the few. The year 1821 was consequently one of great financial panic, and was the first experienced by the early settlers of the "West. In 1822 the new Governor, William Hendricks, took a hopeful view of the situation, referring particularly to the " agricultural and social happiness of the State." The crops were abundant this year, immigration was setting in heavily and everything seemed to have an upward look. But the customs of the white race still com- pelling them to patronize European industries, combined with the remoteness of the surplus produce of Indiana from European mar- kets, constituted a serious drawback to the accumulation of wealth. Such a state of things naturally changed the habits of the people to some extent, at least for a short time, assimilating them to those of more primitive tribes. This change of custom, however, was not severe and protracted enough to change the intelligent and social nature of the people, and they arose to their normal height on the very first opportunity. In 1822-'3, before speculation started up again, the surplus money was invested mainly in domestic manufactories instead of other and wilder commercial enterprises. Home manufactories were what the people needed to make them more independent. They not only gave employment to thousands whose services were before that valueless, but also created a market for a great portion 196 HISTORY OF INDIANA. of the surplus produce of the farmers. A part of the surphis cap- ital, however, was also sunk in internal improvements, some of which were unsuccessful for a time, but eventually proved remu- . nerative. Noah Noble occupied the Executive chair of the State from 1831 to 1837, commencing his duties amid peculiar embarrassments. The crops of 1832 were short, Asiatic cholera came sweeping along the Ohio and into the interior of the State, and the Black Hawk war raged in the Northwest,— all these at once, and yet the work of internal improvements was actually begun. STATE BANK. The State bank of Indiana was established by law January 28, 1834. The act of the Legislature, by its own terms, ceased to be a law, Januarv 1, 1857. At the time of its organization in 1834, its outstanding circulation was $4,208,725, with a debt due to the insti- tution, principally from citizens of the State, of $6,095,368. During the years 1857-'58 the bank redeemed nearly its entire circulation, providing for the redemption of all outstanding obligations; at this time it had collected from most of its debtors the money which they owed. The amounts of the State's interest in the stock of the bank was $1,390,000, and the money thus invested was procured by the issue of five per cent bonds, the last of which was payable July 1, 1866. The nominal profits of the bank were $2,780,604.36. By the law creating the sinking fund, that fund was appropriated, first, to pay the principal and interest on the bonds; secondly, the expenses of the Commissioners; and lastly the cause of common-school educa- tion. , J T, -A' The stock in all the branches authorized was subscribed by indi- viduals, and the installment paid as required by the charter. The loan authorized for the payment on the stock allotted to the State, amounting to $500,000, was obtained at a premium of 1.05 per per cent, on five per cent, stock, making the sum of over $5,000 on the amount borrowed. In 1836 we find that the State bank was doing good service; agricultural products were abundant, and the market was good; consequently the people were in the full enjoy- ment of all the blessings of a free government. By the year 1843 the State was experiencing the disasters and embarassment consequent upon a system of over-banking, and its natural progeny, over-trading and deceptive speculation. Such a state of things tends to relax the hand of industry by creating false HISTORY OF INDIANA. 197 notions of wealth, and tempt to sudden acquisitions by means as delu- sive in their results as they are contrary to a primary law of nature. The people began more than ever to see the necessity of falling back upon that branch of industry for which Indiana, especially at that time, was particularly fitted, namely, agriculture, as the true and lasting source of substantial wealth. Gov. Whitcomb, 1843-'49, succeeded well in maintaining the credit of the State. Measures of compromise between the State and its creditors were adopted by which, ultimately, the public works, although incomplete, were given in payment for the claims against the Government. At the close of his term. Gov. Whitcomb was elected to the Senate of the United States, and from December, 1848, to Decem- ber, 1849, Lieut-Gov. Paris C. Dunning was acting Governor. In 1851 a general banking law was adopted which gave a new impetus to the commerce of the State, and opened the way for a broader volume of general trade; but this law was the source of many abuses; currency was expanded, a delusive idea of wealth again prevailed, and as a consequence, a great deal of damaging speculation was indulged in. In 1857 the charter of the State bank expired, and the large gains to the State in that institution were directed to the promotion of common-school education. WEALTH AND PROGRESS. During the war of the Rebellion the financial condition of the people was of course like that of the other Northern States generally. 1870 found the State in a very prosperous condition. October 31 of this year, the date of the fiscal report, there was a surplus of $373,249 in the treasury. The receipts of the year amounted to $3,605,639, and the disbursements to $2,943,600, leaving a balance of $1,035,288. The total debt of the State in November, 1871, was $3,937,821. At the present time the principal articles of export from the State are flour and pork. Nearly all the wheat raised within the State is manufactured into flour within its limits, especially in the north- ern part. The pork business is the leading one in the southern part of the State. When we take into consideration the vast extent of railroad lines in this State, in connection with the agricultural and mineral resources, both developed and undeveloped, as already noted, we can 198 HISTORY OF INDIANA. see what a substantial foundation exists for the future welfare of this great commonwealth. Almost every portion of the State is coming up equally. The disposition to monopolize does not exist to a greater degree than is desirable or necessary for healthy compe- tition. Speculators in flour, pork and other commodities appeared during the war, but generally came to ruin at their own game. The agricultural community here is an independent one, under- standing its rights, and " knowing them will maintain them." Indiana is more a manufacturing State, also, than many imagine. It probably has the greatest wagon and carriage manufactory in the world. In 1875 the total number of manufacturing establishments in this State was 16,812; number of steam engines, 3,684, with a total horse-power of 114,961; the total horse-power of water wheels, 38,614; number of hands employed in the manufactories, 86,402; capital employed, is $117,462,161 ; wages paid, $35,461,987; cost of material, $104,321,632; value of products, $301,304,271. These figures are on an average about twice what they were only five years previously, at which time they were about double what they were ten years before that. In manufacturing enterprise, it is said that Indiana, in proportion to her population, is considerably in advance of Illinois and Michigan. In 1870 the assessed valuation of the real estate in Indiana was $460,120,974; of personal estate, $203,334,070; true valuation of both, $1,268,180,543. According to the evidences of increase at that time, the value of taxable property in this State must be double the foregoing figures. This is utterly astonishing, especially when ws consider what a large matter it is to double the elements of a large and wealthy State, compared with its increase in infancy. The taxation for State purposes in 1870 amounted to $2,943,078; for county purposes, $4,654,476; and for municipal purposes, $3,193,577. The total county debt of Indiana in 1870 was $1,127,- 269, and the total debt of towns, cities, etc., was $2,523,934. In the compilation of this statistical matter we have before us the statistics of every element of progress in Indiana, in the U. S. Census Reports ; but as it would be really improper for us further to burden these pages with tables or columns of large numbers, we will conclude by remarking that if any one wishes further details in these matters, he can readily find them in the Census Reports of the Government in any city or village in the country. Besides, almost any one can obtain, free of charge, from his representative in HISTORY OF INDIA.NA. 199 Congress, all these and other public documents in which he may be interested. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. This subject began to be agitated as early as 1818, during the administration of Governor Jennings, who, as well as all the Governors succeeding him to 1843, made it a special point in their messages to the Legislature to urge the adoption of measures for the construction of highways and canals and the improvement of the navigation of rivers. Gov. Hendricks in 1822 specified as the most important improvement the navigation of the Falls of the Ohio, the Wabash and White rivers, and other streams, and the construction of the National and other roads through the State. In 1826 Governor Ray considered the construction of roads and canals as a necessity to place the State on an equal financial footing with the older States East, and in 1829 he added: "This subject can never grow irksome, since it must be the source of the bless-} ings of civilized life. To secure its benefits is a duty enjoined upon the Legislature by the obligations of the social compact." In 1830 the people became much excited over the project of con- necting the streams of the country by " The National New York & Mississippi railroad." The National road and the Michigan and Ohio turnpike were enterprises in which the people and Legis- lature of Indiana were interested. The latter had already been the cause of much bitter controversy, and its location was then the subject of contention. In 1832 the work of internal improvements fairly commenced, despite the partial failure of the crops, the Black Hawk war and the Asiatic cholera. Several war parties invaded the Western settlements, exciting great alarm and some suffering. This year the canal commissioners completed the task assigned them and had negotiated the canal bonds in New York city, to the amount of $100,000, at a premium of 13^ per cent., on terms honorable to the State and advantageous to the work. Before the close of tnis year $54,000 were spent for the improvement of the Michigan road, and $52,000 were realized from the sale of lands appropriated for its construction. In 1832, 32 miles of the Wabash and Erie canal was placed under contract and work commenced. A communication was addressed to the Governor of Ohio, requesting him to call the attention of the Legislature of that State to the subject of the «xtension of the canal from the Indiana line through Ohio to the 200 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Lake. In compliance with this request, Governor Lucas promptly laid the subject before the Legislature of the State, and, in a spirit of courtesy, resolutions were adopted by that body, stipulating that if Ohio should ultimately decline to undertake the completion of that portion of the work within her limits before the time fixed by the act of Congress for the completion of the canal, she would, on just and equitable terras, enable Indiana to avail herself of the bene- fit of the lands granted, by authorizing her to sell them and invest the proceeds in the stock of a company to be incorporated by Ohio; and that she would give Indiana notice of her final determination on or before January 1, 1838. The Legislature of Ohio also authorized and invited the agent of the State of Indiana to select, survey and set apart the lands lying within that State. In keeping with this policy Governor Noble, in 1834, said: "With a view of engaging in works of internal improvement, the propriety of adopting a general plan or system, having reference to the several portions of the State, and the connection of one with the other, naturally suggests itself. No work should be commenced but such as would be of acknowledged public utility, and when completed would form a branch of some general system. In view of this object, the policy of organizing a Board of Public Works is again respectfully suggested." The Governor also called favorable atten- tion to the Lawrenceburg & Indianapolis railway, for which a charter had been granted. In 1835 the Wabash & Erie canal was pushed rapidly forward. The middle division, extending from the St. Joseph dam to the forks of the Wabash, about 32 miles, was completed, for about $232,000, including all repairs. Upon this portion of the line nav- igation was opened on July 4, which day the citizens assembled "to witness the mingling of the waters of the St. Joseph with those of the Wabash, uniting the waters of the northern chain of lakes with those of the Gulf of Mexico in the South." On other parts of the line the work progressed with speed, and the sale of canal lands was unusually active In 1836 the first meeting of the State Board of Internal Im- provement was convened and entered upon the discharge of its numerous and responsible duties. Having assigned to each mem- ber the direction and superintendence of a portion of the work, the next duty to be performed preparatory to the various spheres of active service, was that of procuring the requisite number of engineers. A delegation was sent to the Eastern cities, but returned HISTORY OF INDIANA. 201 without engaging an Engineer-in-Cbief for the roads and railways, and without the desired number for the subordinate station; but after considerable delay the Board was fully organized and put in operation. Under their management work on public improve- ■ments was successful; the canal progressed steadily; the naviga- tion of the middle division, from Fort Wayne to Huntington, was uninterrupted; 16 miles of the line between Huntington and La Fontaine creek were filled with water this year and made ready for navigation ; and the remaining 20 miles were completed, except a portion of the locks; from La Fontaine creek to Logansport prog- ress was made; the line from Georgetown to Lafayette was placed under contract; about 30 miles of the Whitewater canal, extending from Lawrenceburg through the beautiful valley of the White- water to Brook ville, were also placed under contract, as also 23 miles of the Central canal, passing through Indianapolis, on which work was commenced; also about 20 miles of the southern divis- ion of this work, extending from Evansville into the interior, were also contracted for; and on the line of the Cross-Cut canal, from Terre Haute to the intersection of the Central canal, near the mouth of Eel river, a commencement was also made on all the heavy sections. All this in 1836. Early in this year a party of engineers was organized, and directed to examine into the practicability of the Michigan & Erie canal line, then proposed. The report of their operations favored its expediency. A party of engineers was also fitted out, who entered upon the field of service of the Madison & Lafayette railroad, and contracts were let for its construction from Madison to Vernon, on which work was vigorously commenced. Also, con- tracts were let for grading and bridging the New Albany & Vin- cennes road from the former point to Paoli, about 40 miles. Other roads were also undertaken and surveyed, so that indeed a stupendous system of internal improvement was undertaken, and as Gov. Noble truly remarked, upon the issue of that vast enter- prise the State of Indiana staked her fortune. She had gone too far to retreat. In 1837, when Gov. Wallace took the Executive chair, the reaction consequent upon '"over work" by the State in the internal improvement scheme began to be felt by the people. They feared a State debt was being incurred from which they could never be extricated; but the Governor did all he could throughout the term of his administration to keep up the courage of the citizens. He 202 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. told them that the astonishing success so far, surpassed even the hopes of the most sanguine, and that the flattering auspices of the future were sufficient to dispel every doubt and quiet every fear. Notwithstanding all his efibrts, however, the construction of pub- lic works continued to decline, and inhislast message he exclaimed: " Never before — I speak it advisedly — never before have you wit- nessed a period in our local history that more urgently called for the exercise of all the soundest and best attributes of grave and patriotic legislators than the present. * * -x- "pj^g truth is — and it would be folly to conceal it — we have our hands full — full to overflowing; and therefore, to sustain ourselves, to preserve the credit and character of the State unimpaired, and to continue her hitherto unexampled march to wealth and distinction, we have not an hour of time, nor a dollar of money, nor a hand employed in labor, to squander and dissipate upon mere objects of idleness, or taste, or amusement." The State had borrowed $3,827,000 for internal improvement pur- poses, of wliich $1,327,000 was for the "Wabash & Erie canal and the remainder for other works. The five per cent, interest on debts — about $200,000 — which the State had to pay, had become burdensome, as her resources for this purpose were only two, besides direct taxation, and they were small, namely, the interest on the balances due for canal lands, and the proceeds of the third installment of the surplus revenue, both amounting, in 1838, to about $45,000. In August, 1839, all work ceased on these improvements, with one or two exceptions, and most of the contracts were surrendered to the State. This was done according to an act of the Legislature providing for the compensation of contractors by the issue of treasury notes. In addition to this state of afiairs, the Legisla- ture of 1839 had made no provision for the payment of interest on the State debt incurred for internal improvements. Concerning this situation Gov. Bigger, in 1840, said that either to go ahead with the works or to abandon them altogether would be equally ruinous to the State, the implication being that the people should wait a little while for a breathing spell and then take hold again. Of course much individual indebtedness was created during the progress of the work on internal improvement. When operations ceased in 1839, and prices fell at the same time, the people were left in a great measure without the means of commanding money to pay their debts. This condition of private enterprise more than HISTORY OF INDIANA. 203 ever rendered direct taxation inexpedient. Hence it became the policy of Gov. Bigger to provide the means of paying the interest on the State debt without increasing the rate of taxation, and to continue that portion of the public works that could be immedi- ately completed, and from which the earliest returns could be expected. In 1840 the system embraced ten different works, the most im- portant of which was the Wabash & Erie canal. The aggregate length of the lines embraced in the system was 1,160 miles, and of this only 140 miles had been completed. The amount expended had reached the sum of $5,600,000, and it required at least $14,000,- 000 to complete them. Although the crops of 1841 were very remunerative, this perquisite alone was not sufficient to raise the State again up to the level of going ahead with her gigantic works. We should here state in detail the amount of work completed and of money expended on the various works up to this time, 1841, which were as follows: 1. The Wabash & Erie canal, from the State line to Tippe- canoe, 129 miles in length, completed and navigable for the whole length, at a cost of $2,041,012. This sum includes the cost of the steamboat lock afterward completed at Delphi. 2. The extension of the Wabash & Erie canal from the mouth of the Tippecanoe to Terre Haute, over 104 miles. The estimated cost of this work was $1,500,000; and the amount expended for the same $408,855. The navigation was at this period opened as far down as Lafayette, and a part of the work done in the neighbor- hood of Covington. 3. The cross-cut canal from Terre Haute to Central canal, 49 miles in length; estimated cost, $718,672; amount expended, $420,679; and at this time no part of the course was navigable. 4. The White Water canal, from Lawrenceburg to the mouth of Nettle creek, 7Q^ miles; estimated cost, $1,675,738; amount expended to that date, $1,099,867; and 31 miles of the work was navigable, extending from the Ohio river to Brookville. 5. The Central canal, from the Wabash & Erie canal, to Indianapolis, including the feeder bend at Muncietown, 124 miles in length; total estimated cost, $2,299,853; amount expended, $568,046 ; eight miles completed at that date, and other portions nearly done. 204 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 6. Central canal, from Indianapolis to Evansville on the Ohio river, 194 miles in length; total estimated cost, $3,532,394; amount expended, $831,302, 19 miles of which was completed at that date, at the southern end, and 16 miles, extending south from Indianau- olis, were nearly completed. 7. Erie & Michigan canal, 182 miles in length; estimated cost, $2,624,823; amount expended, $156,394. No part of this work finished. 8. The Madison & Indianapolis railroad, over 85 miles in length; total estimated cost, $2,046,600; amount expended, $1,493,- 013. Road finished and in operation for about 28 miles; grad- ing nearly finished for 27 miles in addition, extending to Eden- burg. 9. Indianapolis & Lafayette turnpike road, 73 miles in length; total estimated cost, $593, 737; amount expended, $72,118. The bridging and most of the grading was done on 27 miles, from Crawfordsville to Lafayette. 10. New Albany & Vincennes turnpike road, 105 miles in length; estimated cost, $1,127,295; amount expended, $654,411. Forty-one miles graded and macadamized, extending from New Albany to Paoli, and 27 miles in addition partly graded. 11. Jefferson ville & Crawfordsville road, over 164 miles long; total estimated cost, $1,651,800; amount expended, $372,737. Forty-five miles were partly graded and bridged, extending from Jeffersonville to Salem, and from Greencastle north. 12. Improvement of the Wabash rapids, undertaken jointly by Indiana and Illinois; estimated cost to Indiana, $102,500; amount expended by Indiana, $9,539. Grand totals: Length of roads and canals, 1,289 miles, only 281 of which have been finished; estimated cost of all the works, $19,914,424; amount expended, $8,164,528. The State debt at this time amounted to $18,469,146. The two principal causes which aggravated the embarrassment of the State at this juncture were, first, paying most of the interest out of the money borrowed, and, secondly, selling bonds on credit. The first error subjected the State to the payment of compound interest, and the people, not feeling the pressure of taxes to discharge the interest, natu- rally became inattentive to the public policy pursued. Postpone- ment of the payment of interest is demoralizing in every way. During this period the State was held up in an unpleasant manner before the gaze of the worlds but be it to the credit of this great HISTORY OF INDIANA. 205 and glorious State, she would not repudiate, as many other States and municipalities have done. By the year 1850, the so-called "internal improvement" system having been abandoned, private capital and ambition pushed for- ward various "public works." During this year about 400 miles of plank road were completed, at a cost of $1,200 to $1,500 per mile, and about 1,200 miles more were surveyed and in progress. There were in the State at this time 212 miles of railroad in suc- cessful operation, of which 121 were completed this year. More than 1,000 miles of railroad were surveyed and in progress. An attempt was made during the session of the Legislature in 1869 to re-burden the State with the old canal debt, and the matter was considerably agitated in the canvass of 1870. The subject of the Wabash & Erie canal was lightly touched in the Republican plat- form, occasioning considerable discussion, which probably had some effect on the election in the fall. That election resulted in an average majority in the State of about 2,864 for the Democracy. It being claimed that the Legislature had no authority under the constitution to tax the people for the purpose of aiding in the con- struction of railroads, the Supreme Court, in Aoril, 1871, decided adversely to such a claim. GEOLOGY. In 1869 the development of mineral resources in the State attracted considerable attention. Rich mines of iron and coal were discovered, as also fine quarries of building stone. The Yincennes railroad passed through some of the richest portions of the mineral region, the engineers of which had accurately determined the quality of richness of the ores. Near Brooklyn, about 20 miles from Indianapolis, is a fine formation of sandstone, yielding good material for buildings in the city; indeed, it is considered the best building stone in the State. The limestone formation at Gosport, continuing 12 miles from that point, is of great variety, and includes the finest and most durable building stone in the world. Portions of it are susceptible only to the chisel; other portions are soft and can be worked with the ordinary tools. At the end of this limestone formation there commences a sandstone series of strata which extends seven miles farther, to a point about 60 miles from Indianapolis. Here an extensive coal bed is reached consisting of seven distinct veins. The first is about two feet thick, the next three feet, another four feet, and the others of various thicknesses. 206 HISTORY OF INDIANA. These beds are all easily worked, having a natural drain, and they yield heavy profits. In the whole of the southwestern part of the State and for 300 miles up the Wabash, coal exists in good quality and abundance. The scholars, statesmen and philanthropists of Indiana work- ed hard and long for the appointment of a State Geologist, with sufficient support to enable him to make a thorough geological survey of the State. A partial survey was made as early as lS37-'8y by David Dale Owen, State Geologist, but nothing more was done until 1869, when Prof. Edward T. Cox was appointed State Geolo- gist. For 20 years previous to this date the Governors urged and insisted in all their messages that a thorough survey should be made, but almost, if not quite, in vain. In 1852, Dr. Ryland T. Brown delivered an able address on this subject before the Legis- lature, showing how much coal, iron, building stone, etc., there were probably; in the State, but the exact localities and qualities not ascertained, and how millions of money could be saved to the State by the expenditure of a few thousand dollars; but "they answered the Doctor in the negative. It must have been because they hadn't time to pass the bill. They were very busy. They had to pass all sorts of regulations concerning the negro. They had to protect a good many white people from marrying negroes. And as they didn't need any labor in the State, if it was ' colored,' they had to make regulations to shut out all of that kind of labor, and to take steps to put out all that unfortunately got in, and they didn't have time to consider the scheme proposed by the white people" — W. W. Clayton. In 1853, the State Board of Agriculture employed Dr. Brown to make a partial examination of the geology of the State, at a salary of $500 a year, and to this Board the credit is due for the final success of the philanthropists, who in 1869 had the pleasure of witnessing the passage of a Legislative act " to provide for a Depart- ment of Geology and Natural Science, in connection with the State Board of Agriculture." Under this act Governor Baker immedi- ately appointed Prof. Edward T. Cox the State Geologist, who has made an able and exhaustive report of the agricultural, mineral and manufacturing resources of this State, world-wide in its celeb- rity, and a work of which the people of Indiana may be very proud. We can scarcely give even the substance of his report in a work like this, because it is of necessity deeply scientific and made \ip entirely of local detail. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 207 COAL. The coal measures, says Prof. E. T. Cox, cover an area of about 6,500 square miles, in the southwestern part of the State, and extend from Warren county on the north to the Ohio river on the south, a distance of about 150 miles. This area comprises the fol- lowing counties: Warren, Fountain, Parke, Yermillion, Vigo, Clay, Sullivan, Greene, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Gibson, Pike, Dubois, Vanderburg, Warrick, Spencer, Perry and a small part of Crawford, Monroe, Putnam and Montgomery. This coal is all bituminous, but is divisible into three well-marked varieties: caking-coal, non-caking-coal or block coal and cannel coal. The total depth of the seams or measures is from 600 to 800 feet, with 12 to 14 distinct seams of coal; but these are not all to be found throughout the area; the seams range from one foot to eleven feet in thickness. The caking coal prevails in the western portion of the area described, and has from three to four workable seams, ranging from three and a half to eleven feet in thickness. At most of the places where these are worked the coal is mined by adits driven in on the face of the ridges, and the deepest shafts in the State are less than 300 feet, the average depth for successful mining not being over 75 feet. This is a bright, black, sometimes glossy, coal, makes good coke and contains a very large percentage of pure illuminating gas. One pound will yield about 4J- cubic feet of gas, with a power equal to 15 standard sperm candles. The average calculated calorific power of the caking coals is 7,745 heat units, pure carbon being 8,080. Both in the northern and southern portions of the field, the caking coals present similar good qualities, and are a great source of private and public wealth. The block coal prevails in the eastern part of the field and has an area of about 450 square miles. This is excellent, in its raw state, for making pig iron. It is indeed peculiarly fitted for metal- lurgical purposes. It has a laminated structure with carbonaceous matter, like charcoal, between the lamina, with slaty cleavage, and it rings under the stroke of the hammer. It is " free-burning," makes an open fire, and without caking, swelling, scafibl ding in the furnace or changing form, burns like hickory wood until it is con- sumed to a white ash and leaves no clinkers. It is likewise valuable for generating steam and for household uses. Many of the principal railway lines in the State are using it in preference to any other coal, as it does not burn out the fire-boxes, and gives as little trouble as wood. 208 HISTORY OF INDIANA. There are eiglit distinct seams of block coal in this zone, three of which are workable, having an average thickness of four feet. In some places this coal is mined by adits, but generally from shafts, 40 to 80 feet deep. The seams are crossed by cleavage lines, and the coal is usually mined without powder, and may be taken out in blocks weighing a ton or more. When entries or rooms are driven angling across the cleavage lines, the walls of the mine present a zigzag, notched appearance resembling a Virginia worm fence. In 1871 there were about 24 block coal mines in operation, and about 1,500 tons were mined daily. Since that time this industry has vastly increased. This coal consists of 81^ to 8S^ percent, of carbon, and not quite three fourths of one per cent, of sulphur. Calculated calorific power equal to 8,283 heat units. This coal also is equally good both in the northern and southern parts of the field. The great Indiana coal field is within 150 miles of Chicago or Michigan City, by railroad, from which ports the Lake Superior specular and red hematite ores are landed from vessels that are able to run in a direct course from the ore banks. Considering the proximity of the vast quantities of iron in Michigan and Missouri one can readily see what a glorious future awaits Indiana in respect to manufactories. Of the cannel coal, one of the finest seams to be found in the country is in Daviess county, this State. Here it is three and a half feet thick, underlaid by one and a half feet of a beautiful, jet- black caking coal. There is no clay, shale or other foreign matter intervening, and fragments of the caking coal are often found adhering to the cannel. There is no gradual change from one to the other, and the character of each is homogeneous throughout. The cannel coal makes a delightful fire in open grates, and does not pop and throw off scales into the room, as is usual with this kind of coal. This coal is well adapted to the manufacture of illuminating gas, in respect to both quantity and high illuminating power. One ton of 2,000 pounds of this coal yields 10,400 feet of gas, while the best Pennsylvania coal yields but 8,680 cubic feet. This gas has an illuminating power of 25 candles, while the best Pennsylvania coal gas has that of only 17 candles. Cannel coal is also found in great abundance in Perry, Greene, Parke and Fountain counties, where its commercial value has already been demonstrated. Numerous deposits of bog iron ore are found in the northern part of the State, and clay iron-stones and impure carbonates and brown HISTORY OF INDIANA. 209 oxides are found scattered in the vicinity of the coal field. In some places the beds are quite thick and of considerable commercial value. An abundance of excellent lime is also found in Indiana, espe- cially in Huntington county, where many large kilns are kept in profitable operation. AGRICULTURAL. In 1852 the Legislature passed an act authorizing the organization of county and district agricultural societies, and also establishing a State Board, the provisions of which act are substantially as follows: 1. Thirty or more persons in any one or two counties organizing into a society for the improvement of agriculture, adopting a consti- tution and by-laws agreeable to the regulations pi-escribed by the State Board, and appointing the proper officers and raising a sum of $50 for its own treasury, shall be entitled to the same amount from the fund arising from show licenses in their respective counties. 2. These societies shall offer annual premiums for improvement of soils, tillage, crops, manures, productions, stock, articles of domestic industry, and such other articles, productions and improve- ments as they may deem proper; they shall encourage, by grant of rewards, agricultural andhousehold manufacturing interests, and so regulate the premiums that small farmers will have equal opportunity with the large; and they shall pay special attention to cost and profit of the inventions and improvements, requiring an exact, detailed statement of the processes competing for rewards. 3. They shall publish in a newspaper annually their list of awards and an abstract of their treasurers' accounts, and they shall report in full to the State Board their proceedings. Failing to do the latter they shall receive no payment from their county funds. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. The act of Feb. 17, 1852, also established a State Board of Agri- culture, with perpetual succession; its annual meetings to be held at Indianapolis on the first Thursday after the first Monday in January, when the reports of the county societies are to be received and agricultural interests discussed and determined upon; it shall make an annual report to the Legislature of receipts, expenses, proceedings, etc., of its own meeting as well as of those of the local 210 HISTORY OF INDIANA. societies; it shall hold State fairs, at such times and places as they „ay deem proper; >nay hold two meetings a year, cert>fymg to he State Auditor their expenses, who shall draw h.s warrant upon the Treasurer for the same. . In 1861 the State Board adopted certain rules embracmg ten sections, for the government of local societies, but m 1868 they werrfound inexpedient and abandoned. It adopted a resolution admitting delegates from the local societies. THE EXPOSITION. As the Board found great difficulty in doing justice to exhibitors without an adequate building, the members went earnest y to work in the fall of 1872 to get up an interest m the matter. They ;po::ted a committee o1 five to confer with the Counci^r c.t.eus of Indianapolis as to the best mode to be dev sed fo. a more thorough and complete exhibition of the industries of the State The esnlt of the conference was that the time had arrived for a regular "exposition," like that of the older States. At the Jana- ary meeting in 1873, Hon. Thomas Dowling, of Terre Haute, ZorTed fof the committee that they found a general interest m Zente prise, not only at the capital, but also throughout the State A sub-committei was appointed who devised plans and !p cficationsforthe necessary structure, taking le-ns mainly from the Kentucky Exposition building at Louisville, All the members of the State Board were in favor of proceeding with he huTdin. except Mr. Poole, who feared that, as the interest of the tl eZpS were somekat conflicting, and the Expositmn being the more exciting show, it would swallow up the State and county ''The Exposition was opened Sept. 10, 1873, when Hon. John Sutherland! President of the Board, the Mayor of Indianapolis I a"r Morton and Gov. Hendricks delivered addressee Senal. Morton took the high ground that the money spent for an -pos^ tion is spent as strictly for educational purposes as that which goes directly ^nto the common school. The exposition is not a mere s^ow to be idly gazed upon, but an industrial school where one tZidluiy and'learn. He thought that Indiana had less untUl- aWe land than any other State in the Union; 'was as .,ch a ^ and yielded a greater variety of products; and f-t Indiana wa9 the most prosperous agricultural community in the United States. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 211 The State had nearly 3,700 miles of railroad, not counting side- track, with 400 miles more under contract for building. In 15 or 18 months one can go from Indianapolis to every county in the State by railroad. Indiana has 6,500 square miles of coal field? 450 of which contain block coal, the best in the United States for manufacturing purposes. On the subject of cheap transportation, he said: " By the census of 1870, Pennsylvania had, of domestic animals of all kinds, 4,006,- 589, and Indiana, 4,511,094. Pennsylvania had grain to the amount of 60,460,000 bushels, while Indiana had 79,350,454. The value of the farm products of Pennsylvania was estimated to be $183,946,- 000; those of Indiana, $122,914,000. Thus you see that while Indiana had 505,000 head of live stock more, and 19,000,000 bushels of grain more than Pennsylvania, yet the products of Penn- sylvania are estimated at $183,946,000, on account of her greater proximity to market, while those of Indiana are estimated at only $122,914,000. Thus you can understand the importance of cheap transportation to Indiana. " Let us see how the question of transportation affects us on the other hand, with reference to the manufacturer of Bessemer steel. Of the 174,000 tons of iron ore used in the blast furnaces of Pitts- burg last year, 84,000 tons came from Lake Superior, 64,000 tons from Iron Mountain, Missouri, 20,000 tons from Lake Champlain, and less than 5,000 tons from the home mines of Pennsylvania. They cannot manufacture their iron with the coal they have in Pennsylvania without coking it. We have coal in Indiana with which we can, in its raw state, make the best of iron; while we are 250 miles nearer Lake Superior than Pittsburg, and 430 miles nearer to Iron Mountain. So that the question of transportation determines the fact that Indiana must become the great center for the manufacture of Bessemer steel." "What we want in this country is diversified labor.'' The grand hall of the Exposition buildings is on elevated ground at the head of Alabama street, and commands a fine view of the city. The structure is of brick, 308 feet long by 150 in width, and two stories high. Its elevated galleries extend quite around the building, under the roof, thus aflfording visitors an opportunity to secure the most commanding view to be had in the city. The lower floor of the grand hall is occupied by the mechanical, geologi- cal and miscellaneous departments, and by the offices of the Board, which extend along the entire front. The second floor, which is HISTORY OF INDIANA. aDfroached by three wide stairways, accommodates tl,e toe art, ZZ and other departments of light mechanics, and :s bnU.antly U "h ed by windows and skylights. But as we are here entermg he description of a subject magniflcent to behold we enter a delri^ti"' too vast to complete, and we may as well stop here as ''"^L'p^esidents of the State Fairs have been: Oo.^^.^^ 1852-'4; Gen. Jos. Orr, 1855; Dr. A. C. Stevenson, IbM- 8 &. U. Wagne ; 1859-60; D. T. HoUoway, 1861; Jas. D. W.lhams 1862 1870 '1- A. D. Hamrick, 1863, 1867-'9; Stearns F.sher, 186i- 6, Join S^cherland, 1872.'4; Wm. Crim, 1875. Secretane^: John B Dillon, 1852-'3, 1855, 1858- '9; Ignatius Brown, 1856- 7 , W-^^ U^,^ XS^'yl^'Xt Lafayett; 1853; Mad.on 185^1; Kew Albany 1859; Fort Wayne, 1865; and Terre Haute, 1867. in m I t^-e was no fair. The gate and entry receipts increased from S.4- 651 in 1852 to $45,330 in 1874. On the opening of the Exposition, Oct. 7, 1874, addresses were deUveerby ^President of the Board, Hon. John Sutherland and by Govs. Hendricks, Bigler and Pollock. Yvon's celebrated paintL, the " Great Republic," was unveiled with great ceremony, and many distinguished guests were present to witness it. Tirexhibitionofl875 showed that the plate gl^^^ '™>" *« southern part of the State was equal to the toest French plate; that he flrce blowers made in the eastern part of the State was of a worldwide reputation; that the State has within its bounds the Trgest wagon manufactory in the world; that in other parts of the Statrthere were all sorts and sizes of manufactories, mc uding rolh fuTmUlsand blast furnaces, and in the western part coal was mined and lipped at the rate of 2,500 tons a day from one vicinity; and many Xr facts, which " would astonish the citizens of Indiana themselves even more than the rest of the world. INDIANA HOETICCLTDKAL SOOIETT. This society was organized in 1842, thus taking the J^ad 'n the West. At this time Henry Ward Beecher was a -^'d^^'^f/^f ^^^ I^lis enga^d not only as a minister but also as editor of the Zd^^ Farmer and Mener, and 1^- '"^''^^ -"-^^.^r Bive in the interests of horticulture, floriculture and farming. Prominent among his pioneer co-laborers were Judge Goburn, HISTORY OF INDIANA. 213 Aaron Aldridge, Capt. James Sigarson, D. V. Culley, Reuben Ragan, Stephen Hampton, Cornelius RatlifF, Joshua Lindley, Abner Pope and many others. In the autumn of this year the society held an exhibition, probably the first in the State, if not in the West, in the hall of the new State house. The only pre- mium offered was a set of silver teaspoons for the best seedling apple, which was won by Reuben Ragan, of Putnam county, for an apple christened on this occasion the " Osceola." The society gave great encouragement to the introduction of new varieties of fruit, especially of the pear, as the soil and cli- mate of Indiana were well adapted to this fruit. But the bright horizon which seemed to be at this time looming up all around the field of the young society's operations wassuddenlj^ and thoroughly darkened by the swarm of noxious insects, diseases, blasts of win- ter and the great distance to market. The prospects of the cause scarcely justified a continuation of the expense of assembling from remote parts of the State, and the meetings of the society therefore soon dwindled away until the organization itself became quite extinct. But when, in 1852 and afterward, railroads began to traverse the State in all directions, the Legislature provided for the organization of a State Board of Agriculture, whose scope was not only agri- culture but also horticulture and the mechanic and household arts. The rapid growth of the State soon necessitated a difierentiation of this body, and in the autumn of 1860, at Indianapolis, there was organized the INDIANA POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. October 18, Reuben Ragan was elected President and Wra H. Loomis, of Marion county, Secretary. The constitution adopted provided for biennial meetings in January, at Indianapolis. At the first regular meeting, Jan. 9, 1861, a committee-man for each congressional district was appointed, all of them together to be known as the " State Fruit Committee," and twenty-five members were enrolled during this session. At the regular meeting in 1863 the constitution was so amended as to provide for annual sessions, and the address of the newly elected President, Hon. I. G. D. Nel- son, of Allen county, urged the establishment of an agricultural college. He continued in the good cause until his work was crowned with- success. 2^4 HISTORY OF INDIANA. In 1864 there was but little done on account of the exhaust- ive demands of the great war; and the descent of mercury 60 m eighteen hours did so much mischief as to increase the d'^courage- mfnt to the verge of despair. The title of the society was at thi meeting, Jan., 1864 changed to that of the Indiana Horticultural ^°Thf first several meetings of the society were mostly devoted to revision of fruit lists; and although the good work, from its vast- ness and complication, became somewhat monotonous, it has been no exception in this respect to the law that all the g- -^ -f most productive labors o£ mankind require perseverance and toiL In 1866, George M. Beeler, who had so indefatigably served as secretary for several years, saw himself hastening to his grave, and showed his love for the cause of fruit culture by bequeathing to the society the sum of $1,000. This year also the State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction was induced to take a eoW <>f *« Society's transactions for each of the township libraries in the btate, and this enabled the Society to bind its volume ot proceedings in a substantial manner. „„„„„ At the meeting in 1867 many valuable and interesting papers were presented, the office of corresponding secretary was created and the subject of Legislative aid was discussed. The State Board of Agriculture placed the management of the horticultural depart- ment of the State fair in the care of the Society. The report for 1868 shows for the first time a balance on hand, after paying expenses, the balance being $61.55. Up to this time the SoVetylad to take care of itself,-mee,ing current expenses do in. its own printing and binding, " boarding and clothing itself and difl-using annually an amount of knowledge utterly incalcu- lable Durifg the year called meetings were held at Salem, in the peach and grape season, and evenings during the State fair, which waTheld in Terre Haute the previous fall. The State now assumed The cost of printing and binding, but the volume ot transactions was not quite so valuable as that of the former year. Inl8?0$160was given to this Society by the State Board o Agriculture, to be distributed as prizes for essays, which object i's faithfully carried out. The practice has since then been con- *'Tn'l8Tl the Horticultural Society brought out the best volume of papers and proceedings it ever has had published. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 216 In 1872 the office of corresponding secretary was discontinued; the appropriation by the State Board of Agriculture diverted to the payment of premiums on small fruits given at a show held the previous summer; results of the exhibition not entirely satisfac- tory. In 1873 the State officials refused to publish the discussions of the members of the Horticultural Society, and the Legislature appropriated $500 for the purpose for each of the ensuing two years. In 1875 the Legislature enacted a law requiring that one of the trustees of Purdue University shall be selected by the Horticultu- ral Society. The aggregate annual membership of this society from its organ- ization in 1860 to 1875 was 1,225. EDUCATION. The subject of education has been referred to in almost every gubernatorial message from the organization of the Territory to the present time. It is indeed the most favorite enterprise of the Hoosier State. In the first survey of Western lands, Congress set apart a section of land in every township, generally the 16th, for school purposes, the disposition of the land to be in hands of the residents of the respective townships. Besides this, to this State were given two entire townships for the use of a State Seminary, to be under the control of the Legislature. Also, the State con- stitution provides that all fines for the breach of law and all com- mutations for militia service be appropriated to the use of county seminaries. In 1825 the common-school lands amounted to 680,207 acres, estimated at $2 an acre, and valued therefore at $1,216,044. At this time the seminary at Bloomington, supported in part by one of these township grants, was very flourishing. The common schools, however, were in rather a poor condition. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. In 1852 the free-school system was fully established, which has resulted in placing Indiana in the lead of this great nation. Al- though this is a pleasant subject, it is a very large one to treat in a condensed notice, as this has to be. The free-school system of Indiana first became practically oper- ative the first Monday of April, 1853, when the township trustees 216 HISTORY OF INDIANA. for school purposes were elected through the State. The law com- mitted to them the charge of all the educational affairs in their respective townships. As it was feared by the opponents of the law that it would not be possible to select men in all the town- ships capable of executing the school laws satisfactorily, the people were thereby awakened to the necessity of electing their very best men ; and although, of course, many blunders have been made by trustees, the operation of the law has tended to elevate the adult population as well as the youth; and Indiana still adheres to the policy of appointing its best men to educational positions. The result is a grand surprise to all old fogies, who indeed scarcely dare to appear such any longer. To instruct the people in the new law and set the educational machinery going, a pamphlet of over 60 pages, embracing the law, with notes and explanations, was issued from the office of a super- intendent of public instruction, and distributed freely throughout the State. The first duty of the Board of Trustees was to establish and conveniently locate a sufficient number of schools for the edu-* cation of all the children of their township. But where were the school-houses, and what were they? Previously they had been erected by single districts, but under this law districts were abol- ished, their lines obliterated, and houses previously built by dis- tricts became the property of the township, and all the houses were to be built at the expense of the township by an appropriation of township funds by the trustees. In some townships there was not a single school-house of any kind, and in others there were a few old, leaky, dilapidated log cabins, wholly unfit for use even in sum- mer, and in " winter worse than nothing." Before the people could be tolerably accommodated with schools at least 3,500 school-houses had to be erected in the State. By a general law, enacted in conformity to the constitution of 1852, each township was made a municipal corporation, and every voter in the township a member of the corporation ; the Board of Trustees constituted the township legislature as well as the execu- tive body, the whole body of voters, however, exercising direct con- trol through frequent meetings called by the trustees. Special taxes and every other matter of importance were directly voted upon. Some tax-payers, who were opposed to special townships' taxes, retarded the progress of schools by refusing to pay their assess- ment. Contracts for building school-houses were given up, houses HISTORY OF INDIANA. 217 half finished were abandoned, and in many townships all school operations were suspended. In some of them, indeed, a rumor was circulated by the enemies of the law that the entire school law from beginning to end had been declared by the Supreme Court uncon- stitutional and void; and the Trustees, believing this, actually dis- missed their schools and considered themselves out of office. Hon. W. C. Larrabee, the (first) Superintendent of Public Instruction, corrected this error as soon as possible. But while the voting of special taxes was doubted on a constitu- tional point, it became evident that it was weak in a practical point; for in many townships the opponents of the system voted down every proposition for the erection of school-houses. Another serious obstacle was the great deficiency in the number of qualified teachers. To meet the newly created want, the law authorized the appointment of deputies in each county to examine and license persons to teach, leaving it in their judgment to lower the standard of qualification suflficiently to enable them to license as many as were needed to supply all the schools. It was therefore found necessary to employ many " unqualified " teachers, especially in the remote rural districts. But the progress of the times enabled the Legislature of 1853 to erect a standard of qualifica- tion and give to the county commissioners the authority to license teachers; and in order to supply every school with a teacher, while there might not be a sufficient number of properly qualified teach- ers, the commissioners were authorized to grant temporary licenses to take charge of particular schools not needing a high grade of teachers. In 1854 the available common-school fund consisted of the con- gressional township fund, the surplus revenue fund, the saline fund, the bank tax fund and miscellaneous fund, amounting in all to $2,460,000. This amount, from many sources, was subsequently increased to a very great extent. The common-school fund was intrusted to the several counties of the State, which were held responsible for the preservation thereof and for the payment of the annual interest thereon. The fund was managed by the auditors and treasurers of the several counties, for which these oflficers were allowed one-tenth of the income. It was loaned out to the citizens of the county in sums not exceeding $300, on real estate security. The common-school fund was thus consolidated and the proceeds equally distributed each year to all the townships, cities and towns 218 HISTORY OF INDIANA. of the State, in proportion to the number of children. This phase of the law met with considerable opposition in 1854. The provisions of the law for the establishment of township libraries was promptly carried into effect, and much time, labor and thought were devoted to the selection of books, special atten- tion being paid to historical works. The greatest need in 185-1: was for qualified teachers; but never- theless the progress of public education during this and following years was very great. School-houses were erected, many of them being fine structures, well furnished, and the libraries were consid- erably enlarged. The city school system of Indiana received a heavy set-back in 1858, by a decision of the Supreme Court of the State, that the law authorizing cities and townships to levy a tax additional to the State tax was not in conformity with that clause in the Constitu- tion which required uniformity in taxation. The schools were stopped for want of adequate funds. For a few weeks in each year thereafter the feeble " uniform " supply from the State fund en- abled the people to open the schools, but considering the returns the public realizes for so small an outlay in educational matters, this proved more expensive than ever. Private schools increased, but the attendance was small. Thus the interests of popular edu- cation languished for years. But since the revival of the free schools, the State fund has grown to vast proportions, and the schools of this intelligent and enterprising commonwealth compare favorably with those of any other portion of the United States. There is no occasion to present all the statistics of school prog- ress in this State from the first to the present time, but some interest will be taken in the latest statistics, which we take from the Qth Biennial Report (for ] 877-'8) by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Hon. James H. Smart. This report, by the way, is a volume of 480 octavo pages, and is free to all who desire a copy. The rapid, substantial and permanent increase which Indiana enjoys in her school interests is thus set forth in the above report. Length Total of School No of Attendance School Am't Paid Year. in Days. Teachers. at School. Enumeration. Teachers. 1855 61 4,016 206,994 445,791 $ 239,924 1860 65 7,649 303,744 495,019 481,020 1865 66 9,493 402,812 557,092 1,020,440 1870 97 11,826 462,527 619,627 1,810,866 1875 130 13,133 502,362 667,736 2,830,747 1878 129 13,676 512,535 699,153 3,065,968 HISTORY OF INDIANA. ^19 The increase of school population during the past ten years has been as follows: Total in 1868, 592,865. Increase for year ending Increase for year ending Sept. 1,1869 17,699 May 1, 1874 13 922 " 1,1870 9,063 " 1,1875 13 373 " 1,1871 ,... . 3,101 " 1,1876 11,494 " 1,1872 8,811 " 1,1877 15,476 May 1, 1873 (8 months) 8,903 " 1, 1878 4 447 Total, 1878 699,153 No. of white males 354,271; females 333,033 687,304 " "colored" 5,937; " 5,913 11,849 699,153 Twenty-nine per cent, of the above are in the 49 cities and 212 incorporated towns, and 71 per cent, in the 1,011 townships. The number of white males enrolled in the schools in 1878 was 267,315, and of white females, 237,739; total, 505,054; of colored males, 3,794; females, 3,687; total, 7,481; grand total, 512,535. The average number enrolled in each district varies from 51 to 56, and the average daily attendance from 32 to 35; but many children reported as absent attend parochial or private schools. Seventy- three per cent, of the white children and 63 per cent, of the colored, in the State, are enrolled in the schools. The number of days taught vary materially in the diflferent town- ships, and on this point State Superintendent Smart iterates: "As long as the schools of some of our townships are kept open bat 60 days and others 220 days, we do not have a uniform system, — such as was contemplated by the constitution. The school law requires the trustee of a township to maintain each of the schools in his corporation an equal length of time. This provision cannot be so easily applied to the various counties of the State, for the reason that there is a variation in the density of the population, in the wealth of the people, and the amount of the township funds. I think, however, there is scarcely a township trustee in the State who cannot, under the present law, if he chooses to do so, bring his schools up to an average of six months. I think it would be wise to require each township trustee to levy a sufficient local tax to maintain the schools at least six months of the year, provided this can be done without increasing the local tax beyond the amount now permitted by law. This would tend to bring the poorer schools up to the standard of the best, and would thus unify the system, and make it indeed a common-school system." 220 HISTORY OF INDIANA. The State, however, averages six and a half months school per year to each district. The number of school districts in the State in 1878 was 9,380, in all but 34 of which school was taught during that year. There are 396 district and 151 township graded schools. Number of white male teachers, 7,977, and of female, 5,699; colored, male, 62, and fem.ale, 43; grand total, 13,781. For the ten years ending with 1878 there was an increase of 409 male teachers and 811 female teachers. All these teachers, except about 200, attend normal institutes, — a showing which probably surpasses that of any other State in this respect. The average daily compensation of teachers throughout the State in 1878 was as follows: In townships, males, $1.90; females, $1.70; in towns, males, $3.09; females, $1.81; in cities, males, $4.06; females, $2.29. In 1878 there were 89 stone school-houses, 1,724 brick, 7,608 frame, and 124 log; total, 9,545, valued at $11,536,647.39. And lastly, and best of all, we are happy to state that Indiana has a larger school fund than any other State in the Union. In 1872, according to the statistics before us, it was larger than that of any other State by $2,000,000! the figures being as follows: Indiana $8,437,593.47 Michigan $2,500,214.91 Ohio 6,614,816.50 Missouri 2,525,252.52 Illinois 6,348,538.32 Minnesota 2,471,199.31 New York 2,880,017.01 Wisconsin 2,237,414.37 Connecticut 2,809,770.70 Massachusetts 2,210,864.09 Iowa 4,274,581.93 Arkansas 2,000,000.00 Nearly all the rest of the States have less than a million dollars in their school fund. In 1872 the common -school fund of Indiana consisted of the following: Non-negotiable bonds $3,591,316.15 Escheated estates 17.866.55 Common-school fund, 1,666,^24.50 Sinking fund, last distrib- Sinking fund, at 8 per cent 569,139.94 ution 67,068.72 Congressional township Sinking fund undistrib- fund , 2,281,076.69 uted 100,165.92 Value of unsold Congres- Swamp land fund 42,418.40 sional township lands.. 94,245.00 Saline fund 5,727.66 $8,437,593 47 Bank tax fund 1,744.94 In 1878 the grand total was $8,974,455.55. The origin of the respective school funds of Indiana is as follows: 1. The " Congressional township " fund is derived from the proceeds of the 16th sections of the townships. Almost all of these HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 221 have been sold and the money put out at interest. The amount of this fund in 1877 was $2,452,936.82. 2. The " saline " fund consists of the proceeds of the sale of salt springs, and the land adjoining necessary for working them to the amount of 36 entire sections, authorized by the original act of Congress. By authority of the same act the Legislature has made these proceeds a part of the permanent school fund. 3. The " surplus revenue " fund. Under the administration of President Jackson, the national debt, contracted by the Revolutionary war and the purchase of Louisiana, was entirely discharged, and a large surplus remained in the treasury. In June, 1836, Congress distributed this money among the States in the ratio of their repre- sentation in Congress, subject to recall, and Indiana's share was $860,254. The Legislature subsequently set apart $573,502.96 of this amount to be a part of the school fund. It is not probable that the general Government will ever recall this money. 4. " Bank tax " fund. The Legislature of 1834 chartered a State Bank, of which a part of the stock was owned by the State and a part by individuals. Section 15 of the charter required an annual deduction from the dividends, equal to 12^ cents on each share not held by the State, to be set apart for common-school education. This tax finally amounted to $80,000, which now bears interest in favor of education. 5. " Sinking " fund. In order to set the State bank under good headway, the State at first borrowed $1,300,000, and out of the unapplied balances a fund was created, increased by unapplied balances also of the principal, interest and dividends of the amount lent to the individual holders of stock, for the purpose of sinking the debt of the bank; hence the name sinking fund. The 114th section of the charter provided that after the full payment of the bank's indebtedness, principal, interest and incidental expenses, the residue of said fund should be a permanent fund, appropriated to the cause of education. As the charter extended through a period of 25 years, this fund ultimately reached the handsome amount of $5,000,000. The foregoing are all interest-bearing funds; the following are additional school funds, but not productive: 6. " Seminary " fund. By order of the Legislature in 1852, all county seminaries were sold, and the net proceeds placed in the common-school fund. 222 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 7. All fines for the violation of the penal laws of the State are placed to the credit of the common-school fund 8. All recognizances of witnesses and parties indicted for crime, when forfeited, are collectible bj law and made a part of the school fund. These are reported to the office of the State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction annually. For the five years ending with 1872, they averaged about $34,000 a year. 9. Escheats. These amount to $17,865.55, which was still in the State treasury in 1872 and unapplied. 10. The "swamp-land" fund arises from the sale of certain Congressional land grants, not devoted to any particular purpose by the terms of the grant. In 1872 there was $42,418.40 of this money, subject to call by the school interests. 11. Taxes on corporations are to some extent devoted by the Constitution to school purposes, but the clause on this subject is somewhat obscure, and no funds as yet have been realized from this source. It is supposed that several large sums of money are due the common-school fund from the corporations. Constitutionally, any of the above funds may be increased, but never diminished. INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. So early as 1802 the U. S. Congress granted lands and a charter to the people of that portion of the Northwestern Territory resid- ing at Yincennes, for the erection and maintenance of a seminary of learning in that early settled district; and five years afterward an act incorporating the Yincennes University asked the Legisla- ture to appoint a Board of Trustees for the institution and order the sale of a single township in Gibson county, granted by Congress in 1802, so that the proceeds might be at once devoted to the objects of education. On this Board the following gentlemen were ap- pointed to act in the interests of the institution : William H. Har- rison, John Gibson, Thomas H. Davis, Henry Yanderburgh, Wal- ler Taylor, Benjamin Parke, Peter Jones, James Johnson, John Rice Jones, George Wallace, William Bullitt, Elias McNamee, John Badolett, Henry Hurst, Gen. W. Johnston, Francis Yigo, Jacob Kuykendall, Samuel McKee, Nathaniel Ewing, George Leech, Luke Decker, Samuel Gwathmey and John Johnson. The sale of this land was slow and the proceeds small. The members of the Board, too, were apathetic, and failing to meet, the institution fell out of existence and out of memory. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 223 In 1816 Congress granted another township in Monroe county, located within its present limits, and the foundation of a university was laid. Four years later, and after Indiana was erected into a State, an act of the local Legislature appointing another Board of Trustees and authorizing them to select a location for a university and to enter into contracts for its construction, was passed. The new Board met at Bloomington and selected a site at that place for the location of the present building, entered into a contract for the erection of the same in 1822, and in 1825 had the satisfaction of being present at the inauguration of the univ^ersity. The first session was commenced under the Rev. Baynard It. Hall, with 20 students, and when the learned professor could only boast of a salary of $150 a year; yet, on this very limited sum the gentleman worked with energy and soon brought the enterprise through all its elementary stages to the position of an academic institution. Dividing the year into two sessions of five months each, the Board acting under his advice, changed the name to the " Indiana Academy," under which title it was duly chartered. In 1827 Prof. John H. Harney was raised to the chairs of mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy, at a salary of $300 a year; and the salary of Mr. Hall raised to $400 a year. In 1828 the name was again changed by the Legislature to the " Indiana College," and the following professors appointed over the different departments; Rev. Andrew Wylie, D. D., Prof, of mental and moral philosophy and belles lettres; John II. Harney, Prof, of mathematics and natural philosophy ; and Rev. Bayard R. Hall, Prof, of ancient languages. This year, also, dispositions were made for the sale of Gibson county lands and for the erection of a new college building. This action was opposed by some legal difficulties, which after a time were overcome, and the new college building was put under construction, and continued to prosper until 1854, when it was destroyed by fire, and 9,000 volumes, with all the apparatus, were consumed The curriculum was then carried out in a temporary building, while a new struct- ure was going up. In 1873 the new college, with its additions, was completed, and the routine of studies continued. A museum of natural history, a laboratory and the Owen cabinet added, and the standard of the studies and morale generally increased in excellence and in strict- ness. Bloomington is a fine, healthful locality, on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago railway. The University buildings are in the 224: HISTORY OF INDIANA. collegiate Gothic style, simply and truly carried out. The building, fronting College avenue is 145 feet in front. It consists of a central building 60 feet by 53, with wings each 38 feet by 26, and the whole, three stories high. The new building, fronting the west, is 130 feet by 50. Buildings lighted by gas. The faculty numbers thirteen. Number of students in the col- legiate department in 1879-'80, 183; in preparatory, 169; total, 349, allowing for three counted twice. The university may now be considered on a fixed founaation, car- rying out the intention of the President, who aimed at scholarship rather than numbers, and demands the attention of eleven pro- fessors, together with the State Geologist, who is ex-officio member of the faculty, and required to lecture at intervals and look after the geological and mineralogical interests of the institution. The faculty of medicine is represented by eleven leading physicians of the neighborhood. The faculty of law requires two resident professors, and the other chairs remarkably well represented. The university received from the State annually about $15,000, and promises with the aid of other public grants and private dona- tions to vie with any other State university within the Republic. PURDUE UNIVERSITY. This is a " college for the benefit of agricultural and the mechanic arts," as provided for by act of Congress, July 2, 1862, donating lands for this purpose to the extent of 30,000 acres of the public domain to each Senator and Representative in the Federal assem- bly. Indiana having in Congress at that time thirteen members, became entitled to 390,000 acres; but as there was no Congress land in the State at this time, scrip had to be taken, and it was upon the following condition (we quote the act): " Section 4. That all moneys derived from the sale of land scrip shall be invested in the stocks of the United States, or of some other safe stocks, yielding no less than five per centum upon the par value of said stocks; and that the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which shall remain undi- minished, except so far as may be provided in section 5 of this act, and the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated by each State, which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, support and maintenance of at least one college, where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 225 classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such a manner as the Legislatures of the States may re- spectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and pro- fessions of life. " Sec. 5. That the grant of land and land scrip hereby author- ized shall be made on the following conditions, to which, as well as the provision hereinbefore contained, the previous assent of the several States shall be signified by Legislative act: '' First. If any portion of the funds invested as provided by the foregoing section, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall by any action or contingency be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever undiminished, and the annual interest shall be regularly applied, without diminution, to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act, except that a sum not exceeding ten per centum upon the amount received by any State under the pro- visions of this act may be expended for the purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms, whenever authorized by the respective Legislatures of said States. " Second. No portion of said fund, nor interest thereon, shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretence whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation or repair of any building or buildings. " Third. Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the provisions of this act, shall provide, within five years at least, not less than one college, as provided in the fourtli section of this act, or the grant to such State shall cease and said State be bound to pay the United States the amount received of any lands pre- viously sold, and that the title to purchase under the States shall be valid. " Fourth. An annual report shall be made regarding the prog- ress of each college, recording any improvements and experiments made, with their cost and result, and such other matter, including State industrial and economical statistics, as may be supposed use- ful, one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail free, by each, to all other colleges which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secretary of the Interior. "Fifth. When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised to double the minimum price in consequence of railroad 226 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. grants, that they shall be computed to the States at the maximum price, and the number of acres proportionately diminished. "Sixth. No State, while in a condition of rebellion or insur- rection against the Government of the United States, shall be entitled to the benefits of this act. "Seventh. JS^o State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless it shall express its acceptance thereof by its Legislature within two years from the date of its approval by the President." The foregoing act was approved by the President, July 2, 1862. It seemed that this law, amid the din of arms with the great Rebel- lion, was about to pass altogether unnoticed by the next General Assembly, January, 1863, had not Gov. Morton's attention been called to it by a delegation of citizens from Tippecanoe county, who visited him in the interest of Battle Ground. He thereupon sent a special message to the Legislature, upon the subject, and then public attention was excited to it everywhere, and several localities competed for the institution ; indeed, the rivalry was so great that this session failed to act in the matter at all, and would have failed to accept of the grant within the two years prescribed in the last clause quoted above, had not Congress, by a supplementary act, extended the time two years longer. March 6, 1865, the Legislature accepted the conditions ol the national gift, and organized the Board of " Trustees of the Indiana Agricultural College." This Board, by authority, sold the scrip April 9, 1867, for $212,238.50, which sum, by compounding, has increased to nearly $400,000, and is invested in U. S. bonds. Not until the special session of May, 1869, was the locality for this col- lege selected, when John Purdue, of Lafayette, offered $150,000 and Tippecanoe county $50,000 more, and the title of the institution changed to " Purdue University." Donations were also made by the Battle Ground Institute and the Battle Ground Institute of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The building was located on a 100-acre tract near Chauncey, which Purdue gave in addition to his magnificent donation, and to which 86|- acres more have since been added on the north. The boarding-house, dormitory, the laboratory, boiler and gas house, a frame armory and gymnasium, stable with shed and work-shop are all to the north of the gravel road, and form a group of build- ings within a circle of 600 feet. The boiler and gas house occupy a rather central position, and supply steam and gas to the boarding- house, dormitory and laboratory. A description of these buildings HISTORY OF INDIANA. 227 may be apropos. The boarding-house is a brick structure, in the modern Italian style, planked by a turret at each of the front angles and measuring 120 feet front by 68 feet deep. The dormitory is a quadrangular edifice, in the plain Elizabethan style, four stories hiofh, arranged to accommodate 125 students. Like the other build- ings, it is heated by steam and lighted by gas. Bathing accommo- dations are in each end of all the stories. The laboratory is almost a duplicate of a similar department in Brown University, R. I. It is a much smaller building than the boarding-house, but yet suffi- ciently large to meet the requirements. A collection of minerals, fossils and antiquities, purchased from Mr. Richard Owen, former President of the institution, occupies the temporary cabinet or museum, pending the construction of a new building. The military hall and gymnasium is 100 feet frontage by 50 feet deep, and only one story high. The uses to which this hall is devoted are exer- cises in physical and military drill. The boiler and gas house is an establishment replete in itself, possessing every facility for supply- ing the buildings of the university with adequate heat and light. It is further provided with pumping works. Convenient to this department is the retort and great meters of the gas house, capable of holding 9,000 cubic feet of gas, and arranged upon the principles of modern science. The barn and shed form a single building, both useful, convenient and ornamental. In connection with the agricultural department of the university, a brick residence and barn were erected and placed at the disposa' of the farm superintendent, Maj. L. A. Burke. The buildings enumerated above have been erected at a cost approximating the following: boarding-house, $37,807.07; labora- tory, $15,000; dormitory, $32,000; military hall and gymnasium, $6,410.47; boiler and gas house, $4,814; barn and shed, $1,500; work-shop, $1,000; dwelling and barn, $2,500. Besides the original donations, Legislative appropriations, vary- ing in amount, have been made from time to time, and Mr. Fierce, the treasurer, has donated his official salary, $600 a year, for the time he served, for decorating the grounds, — if necessary. The opening of the university was, owing to varied circumstan- ces, postponed from time to time, and not until March, 1874, was a class formed, and this only to comply with the act of Congress in that connection in its relation to the university. However, in September following a curriculum was adopted, and the first regu- lar term of the Purdue University entered upon. This curriculum 228 HISTORY OF INDIANA. comprises the varied subjects generally pertaining to a first-class university course, namely: in the school of natural science — physics and industrial mechanics, chemistry and natural history; in tlie school of engineering — civil and mining, together with the principles of architecture; in the school of agriculture — theoret- ical and practical agriculture, horticulture and veterinary science; in the military school — the mathematical sciences, German and French literature, free-hand and mechanical drawing, with all the studies pertaining to the natural and military sciences. Modern languages and natural history embrace their respective courses to the fullest extent. There are this year (1880) eleven members of the faculty, 86 students in the regular courses, and 117 other students. In respect to attendance there has been a constant increase from the first. The first year, 1874-'5, there were but 64 students. INDIANA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. This institution was founded at Terre Haute in 1870, in accord- ance with the act of the Legislature of that year. The building is a large brick edifice situated upon a commanding location and possessing some architectural beauties. From its inauguration many obstacles opposed its advance toward efficiency and success; but the Board of Trustees, composed of men experienced in edu- cational matters, exercised their strength of mind and body to overcome every difficulty, and secure for the State Normal School every distinction and emolument that lay within their power, their efforts to this end being very successful; and it is a fact that the institution has arrived at, if not eclipsed, the standard of their expectations. Not alone does the course of study embrace the legal subjects known as reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography. United States history, English grammar, physiology, manners and ethics, but it includes also universal history, the mathematical sciences and many other subjects foreign to older institutions. The first studies are prescribed by law and must be inculcated; the second are optional with the professors, and in the case of Indiana generally hold place in the curriculum of the nor- mal school. The model, or training school, specially designed for the training of teachers, forms a most important factor in State educational matters, and prepares teachers of both sexes for one of the most important positions in life; viz., that of educating the youth of the HISTORY OF INDIANA. 229 State. The advanced course of studies, together with the higher studies of the normal school, embraces Latin and German, and pre- pares young men and women for entrance to the State University. The efficiency of this school may be elicited from the following facts, taken from the official reports: out of 41 persons who had graduated from the elementary course, nine, after teaching success- fully in the public schools of this State from two terms to two years, returned to the institution and sought admission to the advanced classes. They were admitted; three of them were gentle- men and six ladies. After spending two years and two terms in the elementary course, and then teaching in the schools during the time already mentioned they returned to spend two and a half or three years more, and for the avowed purpose of qualifying them- selves for teaching in the most responsible positions of the public school service. In fact, no student is admitted to the school who does not in good faith declare his intention to qualify himself for teaching in the schools of the State. This the law requires, and the rule is adhered to literally. The report further says, in speaking of the government of the school, that the fundamental idea is rational freedom, or that free- dom which gives exemption from the power of control of one over another, or, in other words, the self-limiting of themselves, in their acts, by a recognition of the rights of others who are equally free. The idea and origin of the school being laid down, and also the means by which scholarship can be realized in the individual, the student is left to form his own conduct, both during session hours and while away from school. The teacher merely stands between this scholastic idea and the studeut's own partial conception of it, as expositor or interpreter. The teacher is not legislator, executor or police officer; he is expounder of the true idea of school law, so that the only test of the student's conduct is obedience to, or nonconformity with, that law as interpreted by the teacher. This idea once inculcated in the minds of the students, insures industry, punctuality and order. NORTHERN INDIANA NORMAL SCHOOL AND BUSINESS INSTITUTE, VALPARAISO. This institution was organized Sept. 16, 1873, with 35 students in attendance. The school occupied the building known as the Valparaiso Male and Female College building. Four teachers 230 HISTORY OF INDIANA. were employed. The attendance, so small at first, increased rap- idly and steadily, until at the present writing, the seventh year in the history of the school, the yearly enrollment is more than three thousand. The number of instructors now employed is 23. From time to time, additions have been made to the school buildings, and numerous boarding halls have been erected, so that now the value of the buildings and grounds owned by the school is one hundred thousand dollars. A large library has been collected, and a complete equipment of philosophical and chemical apparatus has been purchased. The department of physiology is supplied with skeletons, manikins, and everything necessary to the demonstration of each branch of the subject. A large cabinet is provided for the study of geology. In fact, each department of the school is completely furnished with the apparatus needed for the most approved presentation of every subject. There are 15 chartered departments in the institution. These are in charge of thorough, energetic, and scholarly instructors, and send forth each year as graduates, a large number of finely cultured young ladies and gentlemen, living testimonials of the efficiency of the course of study and the methods used. The Commercial College in connection with the school is in itself a great institution. It is finely fitted up and furnished, and ranks foremost among the business colleges of the United States. The expenses for tuition, room and board, have been made so low that an opportunity for obtaining a thorough education is presented to the poor and the rich alike. All of this work has been accomplished in the short space of seven years. The school now holds a high place among educational institutions, and is the largest normal school in the United States. This wonderful growth and devolopment is wholly due to the energy and faithfulness of its teachers, and the unparalleled exec- utive ability of its proprietor and principal. The school is not endowed. DENOMINATIONAL AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. Nor is Indiana behind in literary institutions under denomina- tional auspices. It is not to be understood, however, at the present day, that sectarian doctrines are insisted upon at the so-called " denominational" colleges, universities and seminaries; the youth at these places are influenced only by Christian example. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 231 Notre Dame University ^ near South Bend, is a Catholic institu- tion, and is one of the most noted in the United States. It was founded in 1842 by Father Sorin. The first building was erected in 1843, and the university has continued to grow and prosper until the present time, now having 35 professors, 26 instructors, 9 tutors, 213 students and 12,000 volumes in library. At present the main building has a frontage of 224 feet and a depth of 155. Thousands of young people have received their education here, and a large number have been graduated for the priesthood. A chapter was held here in 1872, attended by delegates from all parts of the world. It is worthy of mention that this institution has a bell weighing 13,000 pounds, the largest in the United States and one of the finest in the world. The Indiana Ashury University, at Greencastle, is an old and well-established institution under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, named after its first bishop, Asbury. It was founded in 1835, and in 1872 it had nine professors and 172 students. Howard College, not denominational, is located at Kokomo, and was founded in 1869. In 1872 it had five professors, four instructors, and 69 students. Uiiiori Christian College, Christian, at Merom, was organized in 1858, and in 1872 had four resident professors, seven instructors and 156 students. Moore'' s Hill College, Methodist Episcopal, is situated at Moore's Hill, was founded in 1854, and in 1872 had five resident professors, five instructors, and 142 students. EarlhanCs College, at Richmond, is under the management of the Orthodox Friends, and was founded in 1859. In 1872 they had six resident professors and 167 students, and 3,300 volumes in library. Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, was organized in 1834, and had in 1872, eight professors and teachers, and 231 students, with about 12,000 volumes in the library. It is under Presbyterian management. Concordia College, Lutheran, at Fort Wayne, was founded in 1850; in 1872 it had four professors and 148 students: 3,000 volumes in library. Hanover College, Presbyterian, was organized in 1833, at Han- over, and in 1872 had seven professors and 118 students, and 7,000 volumes in library. 232 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Hartsville University, United Brethren, at Hartsville, was founded in 1854, and in 1872 had seven professors and 117 students. Northwestern Christian University, Disciples, is located at Irvington, near Indianapolis. It was founded in 1854, and by 1872 it had 15 resident professors, 181 students, and 5,000 volumes in library. BENEVOLENT AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS. By the year 1830, the influx of paupers and invalid persons was so great that the Governor called upon the Legislature to take steps toward regulating the matter, and also to provide an asylum for the poor, but that body was very slow to act on the matter. At the present time, however, there is no State in the Union which can boast a better system of benevolent institutions. The Benevo- lent Society of Indianapolis was organized in 1843. It was a pioneer institution; its field of work was small at first, but it has grown into great usefulness. INSTITUTE FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. In behalf of the blind, the first efibrt was made by James M. Ray, about 1846. Through his etibrts William II. Churchman came from Kentucky with blind pupils and gave exhibitions in Mr. Beecher's church, in Indianapolis. These entertainments were attended by members of the Legislature, for whom indeed they were especially intended; and the effect upon them was so good, that before they adjourned the session they adopted measures to es- tablish an asylum for the blind. The commission appointed to carry out these measures, consisting of James M. Ray, Geo. W. Mears, and the Secretary, Treasurer and Auditor of State, engaged Mr. Churchman to make a lecturing tour through the State and collect statistics of the blind population. The " Institute for the Education of the Blind " was founded by the Legislature of 1847, and first opened in a rented building Oct. 1, of that year. The permanent buildings were opened and occu- pied in February, 1853. The original cost of the buildings and ground was $110,000, and the present valuation of buildings and grounds approximates $300,000. The main building is 90 feet long by 61 deep, and with its right and left wings, each 30 feet in front and 83 in depth, give an entire frontage of 150 feet. The main building is five stories in height, surmounted by a cupola of HISTORY OF INDIANA. 235 the Corinthian style, while each wing is similarly overcapped The porticoes, cornices and verandahs are gotten up with exquisite taste, and the former are molded after the principle of Ionic archi- tecture. The building is very favorably situated, and occupies a space of eight acres. The nucleus of a fund for supplying indigent graduates of the institution with an outfit suitable to their trades, or with money in lieu thereof, promises to meet with many additions. The fund is the out-come of the benevolence of Mrs, Fitzpatrick, a resident of Delaware, in this State, and appears to be suggested by the fact that her daughter, who was smitten with blindness, studied as a pupil in the institute, and became singularly attached to many of its inmates. The following passage from the lady's will bears testimony not only to her own sympathetic nature but also to the efficiency of the establishment which so won her esteem. " I give to each of the following persons, friends and associates of my blind daughter, Margaret Louisa, the sum of $100 to each, to wit, viz: Melissa and Phoebe Garrettson, Frances Cundiff, Dallas Newland, Naomi Unthunk, and a girl whose name before marriage was Rachel Martin, her husband's name not recollected. The balance of my estate, after paying the expenses of administering, I give to the superintendent of the blind asylum and his successor, in trust, for the use and benefit of the indigent blind of Indiana who may attend the Indiana blind asylum, to be given to them on leaving in such sums as the superintendent may deem proper, but not more than $50 to any one person. I direct that the amount above direct- ed be loaned at interest, and the interest and principal be distributed as above, agreeably to the best judgment of the superintendent, 60 as to do the greatest good to the greatest number of blind persons." The following rules, regulating the institution, after laying down in preamble that the institute is strictly an educational estab- lishment, having its main object the moral, intellectual and phys- ical training of the young blind of the State, and is not an asylum for the aged and helpless, nor an hospital wherein the diseases of the eye may be treated, proceed as follows: 1. The school year commences the first Wednesday after the 15th day of September, and closes on the last Wednesday in June, showing a session of 40 weeks, and a vacation term of 84 days. 2. Applicants for admission must be from 9 to 21 years of age; but the trustees have power to admit blind students under 9 or 236 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. over 21 years of age; but this power is extended only in very extreme cases. 3. Imbecile or unsound persons, or confirmed immoralists, cannot be admitted knowingly; neither can admitted pupils who prove disobedient or incompetent to receive instruction be retained on the roll. 4. No charge is made for the Instruction and board given to pupils from the State of Indiana; and even those without the State have only to pay $200 for board and education during the 40 weeks' session. 5. An abundant and good supply of comfortable clothing for both summer and winter wear, is an indispensable adjunct of the pupil. ^ ^ 6. The owner's name must be distinctly marked on each article of clothing. 7. In cases of extreme indigence the institution may provide clothing and defray the traveling expenses of such pupil and levy the amount so expended on the county wherein his or her home is situated. 8. The pupil, or friends of the pupil, must remove him or her from the institute during the annual vacation, and in case of their failure to do so, a legal provision enables the superintendent to forward such pupil to the trustee of the township where he or she resides, and the expense of such transit and board to be charged to the county. 9. Friends of the pupils accompanying them to the institution, or visiting them thereat, cannot enter as boarders or lodgers. 10. Letters to the pupils should be addressed to the care of the Superintendent of the Institute for the Education of the Blind, so as the better to insure delivery. 11. Persons desirous of admission of pupils should apply to the superintendent for a printed copy of instructions, and no pupil should be sent thereto until the instructions have been complied with. INSTITUTE FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. In 1843 the Governor was also instructed to obtain plans and information respecting the care of mutes, and the Legislature also levied a tax to provide for them. The first one to agitate the subject was William "Willard, himself a mute, who visited Indiana in 1843, and opened a school for mutes on his own account, with 16 pupils. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 237 The next year the Legislature adopted this school as a State insti- tution, appointing a Board of Trustees for its management, consist- ing of the Governor and Secretary of State, ex-officio,and Revs. Henry Ward Beecher, Phineas D. Gurley, L. H. Jameson, Dr. Dunlap, Hon. James Morrison and Rev. Matthew Simpson. They rented the large building on the southeast corner of Illinois and Maryland streets, and opened the first State asylum there in 1844; but in 1846, a site for a permanent building just east of Indianapolis was selected, consisting first of 30 acres, to which 100 more have been added. On this site the two first structures were commenced in 1849, and completed in the fall of 1850, at a cost of $30,000. The school was immediately transferred to the new building, where it is still flourishing, with enlarged buildings and ample facilities for instruc- tion in agriculture. In 1869-'70, another building was erected, and the three together now constitute one of the most benefi- cent and beautiful institutions to be found on this continent, at an aggregate cost of $220,000. The main building has a fagade of 260 feet. Here are the offices, study rooms, the quarters of officers and teachers, the pupils' dormitories and the library. The center of this building has a frontage of eighty feet, and is five stories high, with wings on either side 60 feet in frontage. In this Central structure are the store rooms, dining-hall, servants' rooms, hospital, laundry, kitchen, bakery and several school-rooms. Another struct- ure known as the " rear building " contains the chapel and another set of school-rooms. It is two stories high, the center being 50 feet square and the wings 40 by 20 feet. In addition to these there are many detached buildings, containing the shops of the industrial department, the engine-house and wash-house. The grounds comprise 105 acres, which in the immediate vicinity of the buildings partake of the character of ornamental or pleasure gardens, comprising a space devoted to fruits, flowers and veget- ables, while the greater part is devoted to pasture and agriculture. The first instructor in the institution was Wm. Willard, a deaf mute, who had up to 1844 conducted a small school for the instruc- tion of the deaf at Indianapolis, and now is employed by the State, at a salary of $800 per annum, to follow a similar vocation in its service. In 1853 he was succeeded by J. S. Brown, and subse- quently by Thomas Mclutire, who continues principal of the institution. 238 HISTORY OF INDIANA. HOSPITAL FOE THE INSANE. The Legislature of 1832-'3 adopted measures providing for a State hospital for the insane. This good work would have been done much earlier had it not been for the hard times of 1837, intensified by the results of the gigantic scheme of internal improve- ment. In order to survey the situation and awaken public sympa- thy, the county assessors were ordered to make a return of the insane in their respective counties. During the year 1842 the Governor, acting under the direction of the Legislature, procured considerable information in regard to hospitals for the insane in other States; and Dr. John Evans lectured before the Legislature on the subject of insanity and its treatment. As a result of these efforts the authorities determined to take active steps for the estab- lishment of such a hospital. Plans and suggestions from the superintendents and liospitals of other States were submitted to the Legislature in 1844, which body ordered the levy of a tax of one cent on the $100 for the purpose of establishing the hospital. In 1845 a commission was appointed to obtain a site not exceeding 200 acres. Mount Jackson, then the residence of Nathaniel Bolton, was selected, and the Legislature in 1846 ordered the commissioners to proceed with the erection of the building. Accordingly, in 1847, the central building was completed, at a cost of $75,000. It has since been enlarged by the addition of wings, some of which are larger than the old central building, until it has become an immense structure, having cost over half a million dollars. The wings of the main building are four stories high, and entirely devoted to wards for patients, being capable of accommodating 500. The grounds of the institution comprise 160 acres, and, like those of the institute for the deaf and dumb, are beautifully laid out. This hospital was opened for the reception of patients in 1848. The principal structure comprises what is known as the central building and the right and left wjngs, and like the institute for the deaf and dumb, erected at various times and probably under various adverse circumstances , it certainly does not hold the appearance of any one design, but seems to be a combination of many. Not- withstanding these little defects in arrangement, it presents a very imposing appearance, and shows what may be termed a frontage HISTORY OF INDIANA. 239 of 624 feet. The central building is five stories in height and con- tains the store-rooms, ofiaces, reception parlors, medical dispensing rooms, mess-rooms and the apartments of the superintendent and other officers, with those of the female employes. Immediately in the rear of the central building, and connected with it by a corridor, is the chapel, a building 50 by 60 feet. This chapel occupies the third floor, while the under stories hold the kitchen, bakery, employes' dining-room, steward's office, employes' apart- ments and sewing rooms. In rear of this again is the engine- house, 60 by 50 feet, containing all the paraphernalia for such an establishment, such as boilers, pumping works, fire plugs, hose, and above, on the second floor, the laundry and apartments of male employes. THE STATE PRISON SOUTH. The first penal institution of importance is known as the "State Prison South," located at Jefferson villa, and was the only prison until 1859. It was established in 1821. Before that time it was customary to resort to the old-time punishment of the whipping- post. Later the manual labor system was inaugurated, and the convicts were hired out to employers, among whom were Capt. Westover, afterward killed at Alamo, Texas, with Crockett, James Keigwin, who in an affray was fired at and severely wounded by a convict named Williams, Messrs. Patterson Hensley, and Jos. R. Pratt. During the rule of the latter of these lessees, the atten- tion of the authorities was turned to a more practical method of utilizing convict labor; and instead of the prisoners being per- mitted to serve private entries, their work was turned in the direc- tion of their own prison, where for the next few years they were employed in erecting the new buildings now known as the " State Prison South." This structure, the result of prison labor, stands on 16 acres of ground, and comprises the cell houses and work- shops, together with the prisoners' garden, or pleasure-ground. It seems that in the erection of these buildings the aim of the overseers was to create so many petty dungeons and unventilated laboratories, into which disease in every form would be apt to creep. This fact was evident from the high mortality character- izing life within the prison; and in the efforts made by the Government to remedy a state of things which had been permitted to exist far too long, the advance in prison reform has become a reality. From 1857 to 1871 the labor of the prisoners was devoted 240 HISTORY OF INDIANA. to the manufacture of wagons and farm implements; and again the old policy of hiring the convicts was resorted to; for in the latter year, 1871, the Southwestern Car Company was organized, and every prisoner capable of taking a part in the work of car-building was leased out. This did very well until the panic of 1873, when the company suffered irretrievable losses; and previous to its final down-fall in 1876 the warden withdrew convict labor a second time, leaving the prisoners to enjoy a luxurious idleness around the prison which themselves helped to raise. In later years the State Prison South has gained some notoriety from the desperate character of some of its inmates. During the civil war a convict named Harding mutilated iu a most horrible manner and ultimately killed one of the jailors named Tesley. In 1874, two prisoners named Kennedy and Applegate, possessing themselves of some arms, and joined by two other convicts named Port and Stanley, made a break for freedom, swept past the guard. Chamberlain, and gained the fields. Chamberlain went in pursuit but had not gone very far when Kennedy turned on his pursuer, fired and killed him instantly. Subsequently three of the prisoners were captured alive and one of them paid the penalty of death, while Kennedy, the murderer of Chamberlain, failing committal for murder, was sent back to his old cell to spend the remainder of his life. Bill Rodifer, better known as " The Hoosier Jack Sheppard," effected his escape in 1875, in the very presence of a large guard, but was recaptured and has since been kept in irons. This establishment, owing to former mismanagement, has fallen very much behind, financially, and has asked for and received an appropriation of $20,000 to meet its expenses, while the contrary is the case at the Michigan City prison. THE STATE PRISON NORTH. In 1859 the first steps toward the erection of a prison in the northern part of the State were taken, and by an act of the Legis- lature approved March 5, this year, authority was given to construct prison buildings at some point north of the National road. For this purpose $50,000 were appropriated, and a large number of convicts from the Jeffersonville prison were transported northward to Michigan City, which was just selected as the location for the new penitentiary. The work was soon entered upon, and continued to meet with additions and improvements down to a very recent period. So late as 1875 the Legislature appropriated $20,000 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 241 toward the construction of new cells, and in other directions also the work of improvement has been going on. The system of government and discipline is similar to that enforced at the Jeffer- sonville prison; and, strange to say, by its .economical working has not only met the expenses of the administration, but very recently had amassed over $11,000 in excess of current expenses, from its annual savings. This is due almost entirely to the continual employment of the convicts in the manufacture of cigars and chairs, and in their great prison industry, cooperage. It diifers widely from the Southern, insomuch as its sanitary condition has been above the average of similar institutions. The strictness of its silent system is better enforced. The petty revolutions of its inmates have been very few and insignificant, and the number of punishments inflicted comparatively small. From whatever point this northern prison may be looked at, it will bear a very favorable comparison with the largest and best administered of like establish- ments throughout the world, and caimot fail to bring high credit to its Board of Directors and its able warden. FEMALE PRISON AND REFORMATORY. The prison reform agitation which in this State attained telling proportions in 1869, caused a Legislative measure to be brought forward, which would have a tendency to ameliorate the condition of female convicts. Gov. Baker recommended it to the General Assembly, and the members of that body showed their appreciation of the Governor's philanthropic desire by conferring upon the bill the authority of a statute; and further, appropriated $50,000 to aid in carrying out the objects of the act. The main provisions con- tained in the bill may be set forth in the following extracts from the proclamation of the Governor: "Whenever said institution shall have been proclaimed to be open for the reception of girls in the reformatory department thereof, it shall be lawful for said Board of Managers to receive them into their care and management, and the said reformatory department, girls under the age of 15 years who may be committed to their custody, in either of the following modes, to- wit: " 1. When committed by any judge of a Circuit or Common Pleas Court, either in term time or in vacation, on complaint and due proof by the parent or guardian that by reason of her incorrig- ible or vicious conduct she has rendered her control beyond the power of such parent or guardian, and made it manifestly requisite 242 HISTORY OF INDIANA. that from regard to the future welfare of such infant, and for the protection of society, she should be placed under such guardianship. "2. When such infant has been committed by such judge, as aforesaid, upon complaint by any citizen, and due proof of such complaint that such infant is a proper subject of the guardianship of such institution in consequence of her vagrancy or incorrigible or vicious conduct, and that from the moral depravity or other- wise of her parent or guardian in whose custody she may be, such parent or guardian is incapable or unwilling to exercise the proper care or discipline over such incorrigible or vicious infant. "3. When such infant has been committed by such judge as aforesaid, on complaint and due proof thereof by the township trustee of the township where such infant resides, that such infant is destitute of a suitable home and of adequate means of obtaining an honest living, or that she is in danger of being brought up to lead an idle and immoral life." In addition to these articles of the bill, a formal section of instruction to the wardens of State prisons was embodied in the act, causing such wardens to report the number of all the female convicts under their charge and prepare to have them transferred to the female reformatory immediately after it was declared to be ready for their reception. After the passage of the act the Governor appointed a Board of Managers, and these gentlemen, securing the services of Isaac Hodgson, caused him to draft a plan of the proposed institution, and further, on his recommendation, asked the people for an appropriation of another $50,000, which the Legislature granted in February, 1873. The work of construc- tion was then entered upon and carried out so steadily, that on the 6th of September, 1873, the building was declared ready for the reception of its future inmates. Gov. Baker lost no time in proclaiming this fact, and October 4 he caused the wardens of the State pvisons to be instructed to transfer all the female convicts in their custody to the new institution which may be said to rest on the advanced intelligence of the age. It is now called the " Indiana Reformatory Institution for Women and Girls." This building is located immediately north of the deaf and dumb asylum, near the arsenal, at Indianapolis. It is a three- story brick structure in the French style, and shows a frontage of 174 feet, comprising a main building, with lateral and transverse wings. In front of the central portion is the residence of the superintendent and his associate reformatory officers, while in the HISTORY OF INDIANA. 243 rear is the engine house, with all the ways and means for heating the buildings. Enlargements, additions and improv^ements are still in progress. There is also a school and library in the main building, which are sources of vast good. October 31,1879, there were 66 convicts in the " penal" depart- ment and 147 in the " girls' reformatory " department. The " ticket-of-leave " system has been adopted, with entire satisfaction, and the conduct of the institution appears to be up with the times. INDIANA HOUSE OF REFUGE. In 1867 the Legislature appropriated $50,000 to aid in the formation of an institution to be entitled a house for the correction and reformation of juvenile defenders, and vested with full powers in a Board of Control, the members of which were to be appointed by the Governor, and with the advice and consent of the Senate. This Board assembled at the Governor's house at Indianapolis, April 3, 1867, and elected Charles F. Coffin, as president, and visited Chicago, so that a visit to the reform school there might lead to a fuller knowledge and guide their future proceedings. The House of Refuge at Cincinnati, and the Ohio State Reform school were also visited with this design; and after full consider- ation of the varied governments of these institutions, the Board resolved to adopt the method known as the " family " system, which divides the inmates into fraternal bodies, or small classes, each class having a separate house, house father and family offices, — all under the control of a general superintendent. The system being adopted, the question of a suitable location next presented itself, and proximity to a large city being considered rather detrimental to the welfare of such an institution, Gov. Baker selected the site three-fourths of a mile south of Plainfield, and about fourteen miles from Indianapolis, which, in view of its eligibility and convenience, was fully concurred in by the Board of Control. Therefore, a farm of 225 acres, claiming a fertile soil and a most picturesque situation, and possessing streams of running water, was purchased, and on a plateau in its center a site for the proposed house of refuge was fixed. The next movement was to decide upon a plan, which ultimately met the approval of the Governor. It favored the erection of one principal building, one house for a reading-room and hospital, two large mechanical shops and eight family houses. January 1, 1868, 244 HISTORY OF INDIANA. three family houses and work-shop were completed; in 1869 the main building, and one additional family house were added; but previous to this, in August, 1867, a Mr. Frank P. Ainsworth and his wife were appointed by the Board, superintendent and matron respectively, and temporary quarters placed at their disposal. In 1869 they of course removed to the new building. This is 64 by 128 feet, and three stories high. In its basement are kitchen, laundry and vegetable cellar. The first floor is devoted to offices, visitors' room, house father and family dining-room and store- rooms. The general superintendent's private apartments, private ofiices and five dormitories for oflicers occupy the second floor; while the third floor is given up to the assistant superintendent's apartment, library, chapel and hospital. The family houses are similar in style, forming rectangular build- ings 36 by 58 feet. The basement of each contains a furnace room, a store-room and a large wash-room, which is converted into a play-room during inclement weather. On the first floor of each of these buildings are two rooms for the house father and his family, and a school-room, which is also convertible into a sitting- room for the boys. On the third floor is a family dormitory, a clothes-room and a room for the " elder brother," who ranks next to the house father. And since the reception of the first boy, from Hendricks county, January 23, 1868, the house plan has proved equally convenient, even as the management has proved efficient. Other buildings have since been erected. PART 11. HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY, CHAPTER I.* Gkology — Boundary — Surface Features — Paleozoic Geology — Section of the County— The Coals— Local Fossils— Township Characteristics— Valuable Stone Strata — Economic Consid- erations. PIKE COUNTY is bounded north by Knox and Daviess Coun- ties, east by Dubois, soutli by Warrick and Gibson and west by Gibson, and contains 338 square miles. White and Patoka Rivers with their numerous small branches drain tlie entire county. Surface Gcologij. — Only a few evidences of the glacial period appear in this county, and such as there are come mainly from upper localities, liaving been washed here. The loess loam is found on the high hills near Pil^iesville, and appears as an ash- gray impalpable sand, washed of its fertile elements. Here it was deposited when the ancient river which traversed this county was at high water mark. Soutli Patoka Valley has been cut down 120 to 160 feet from its height in ancient times. The strata of the surrounding hills appear in regular order, proving the origin of the valley by erosion. Ancient streams have traversed in nearly all directions the western and southwestern part of the county. The barren deposits southwest of Winslow prove this. East of Peters- burg is found a rich black soil covered with a young growth of timber; and here doubtless at no very distant period was a tract of prairie. Beneath the surface are beds of clay and sand, clearly laminated, with fragments of trees and enormous grape vines, establishing the lacustrine origin of the plain. On the north of this plain or plateau are ancient sand bars on the White Kiver ♦Adapted to this volume from the report of the State Geologist, E. T. Cox, in 1872. 246 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. bluffs over 100 feet above the river fixing the high water level of the ancient White Eiver. Paleozoic Geologij. — The visible rocks of the county are the massive conglomerates or subcarboniferous sandstones and those of the coal measures. The county section from west to east across the county is as follows: feet. Loess, drift, lacustrine clay, sandstone and limestone. . . 84 Coal and slate, rash 1^ Fire clay, silicious shales and flagstones 28 Coal, rash f Fire-clay, silicious shales, thin bedded sandstones, buff, quarry sandstone, clay shales and black slate 49^ Coal N Ito 4i Fire clay, silicious flagstones, ferruginous limestones, clay shale and black slate 18^ Coal M 2i Fire-clay, argillaceous sandstone, silicious, shales and flagstones clay shale and soapstone with fossil plants 63| Coal L 3to lOf Fire-clay, soapstone, clay shale, thin bedded sandstone, silicious flagstones, aluminous shale, clay shale with iron nodule, calcareo-magnesian limestone, ochre, black bituminous slate and pyri tons clod 73 Coal K 3 to 10 Fire-clay, coarse ferruginous laminated sandrock, mas- sive conglomerates, gray aluminous shale, calcareous shale, black slate and cannel coal 79i Coal A 1 to 5i Fire-clay and silicious shales and flagstones 10 Coal A underlies the whole county, but outcrops are seen only in ravines on the eastern border. Immense blocks of the mass- ive conglomerate appearing below Coal K may be quarried in unlimited quantities. This stone in this county is the terminus of the conglomerate spur, which extends westward across Dubois County, and disappears under the surface near Winslow. Coal K is found well up on the hill sides in the conglomerate sand- stone region. From the east, going westward, this coal dips rap- idly, and increases in thickness, reaching five to nine feet. The limestone above Coal K furnishes good lime, and is two to three feet thick. It contains the following fossils: Productus pimcta- ius, P. semireticulatus, P. costatus, Spirifer cameratus, S. lineatus, Athyris suhtilafa, Pinnce, Myalina, AUorisma, Discina, Naidiliis decoratus and Crinoid stems. It also contains Gasteropods, Aviculopecten Providence, Phillips ia, and Chonestes mesoloba. Coal L is found on the hill tops at Pikesville and near the surface in the high lands east of Otwell. This seam has been eroded north and south through the county. It is a valuable coking HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 247 coal, and occurs from four to ten and a half feet thick. In the soapstone above it, called the "fern bed," occur the following fossil plants: Pccopicris arborescens, Neuropfcris iririnervis, Annularia longifolia, Sphenophylluni Schlotheimii, Asicrophijl- lites equisetiformis, Cerdaifes, august if olia, Paleoxijlon, Lepido- dendron elegans and Sigillaria reniformis. Outcrops of Coals M and N, about three miles west of the line dividing Ranges 7 and 8, except in the southwestern part, where both are eroded. Neither of these coals possesses great economic value to the county, though in localities both are found workable and good. The rash coals are not constant. They are thin, and of doubtful workable value. Local Dei ails. — The conglomerate spur, which enters the county fi'om the east, terminates abruptly, forming a line of pre- cipitous bluffs, against which the waters of the carboniferous seas beat and the coal seams were deposited. An ancient river sand- bar may be seen in western Logan Township, 135 feet above the Patoka. Coal N is worked considerably in Town 1 soiith. Range 9 west. It is from three to four feet thick, with a little more than a foot of choice coking coal. Numerous outcrops of Coal M may be seen in Town 1 south. Range 8 west. At Alexander's Mine, on the Hosmer and Petersburg road, coal N is four feet and seven inches thick, four feet of which is good coal. The follow- ing section Avas taken at Sandhill, two miles north of Petersburg: feet. Ancient river sand 10 to 30 Silicious shale 7 Soapstone with Pecopieris, Neuropteris, Aste- ophyllites, Cordaites and Flabellaria .} CoalN 3 to4i Fire-clay 2 to 4 Soapstone 8 Silicious shale 2 to 12 Ferruginous limestone with Productus punctatus, Spirifer lineatus, Cyathox onia- prolifera, Ch(Btetes milliporaceus Athyris subtilata and Gasteropods 2^ Calcarious and pyritous clay 1 to 3 "CoalM 2f Fire-clay 8 Sandstone 5 to 20 Covered silicious flags and shales 20 Soapstone 10 Coal L (reported) 8 248 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. In the southwest part of Petersburg the following section oc- curs : Soil and clay, 28 feet ; shellstone, 10 feet ; slate and boulders, 2 feet; Coal K, 10 feet; fire-clay, 2+ feet. On Section 12, Town 1 north. Range 8 west, at the Posey Mine, Coal K is from five to nine feet thick. Many banks of this coal have been opened in this vicinity. At the old DeBruler shaft Coal K is over seven feet thick. This is on Section 7, Township 1 north, Range 7 west. Numerous shafts have been sunk in this township. Three specimens of the Mound-Builders' works may be seen just north of Otwell. South of this in several localities white sulphur springs burst out of the limestone roof of Coal K. An excellent quality of cannel coal is found on Section 31, Township 1 south, Range west, and at numerous other places in this vicinity. Numerous coal shafts have been sunk between Patoka River and Flat Creek. In some cases copperas is made from the refuse of these mines. On Section 5, Township 1 south. Range 6 west, is a valuable chalybeate spring, and on Section 35, Township 1 south, Range 7 west, is another highly prized and very valuable for dis- eases of the stomach, kidneys, skin, etc. Coal K is well developed near Winslow, and is nearly six feet thick. It outcrops and is worked in numerous localities. Coal L is extensively worked in Township 2 south. Range 7 west, and varies from three to five feet thick. East of this over a large area Coal L has been eroded by the ancient river. In many of the ravines bordering the Pa- toka, Coal A outcrops, and is from three to four and one-half feet thick. At Pikesville Coal L is found in wells near the surface, Coal K on the hill sides and Coal A a little below the water level of Patoka River. The following section is given : Feet. Soil and loess loam 20 Silicious shale and soapstone 18 Coal L U Fire-clay 3 Silicious and clay shale 30 Ochre and black slate 3 CoalK 3 Laminated sandstone 20 Massive sandstone 60 Aluminous shale • 30 Coal A 4 A spring containing the sulphates of iron, alumina, sodium and perhaps magnesia, issues from the northern part of Pikes- HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 249 ville. Coal L is rare east of this town. Coal K is on the hill tops, and in places is wholly missing by erosion. Coal A is found near the water level. Between coals A and K the conglomerate sandstone is well developed. Coal A is often a valuable cannel coal. Good coal is found in the vicinity of Stendal, and numer- ous banks have been opened. West of Stendal Coal K becomes better developed and lower down. It is usually between four and five feet thick. East of Pleasantville is one of the most product- ive coal regions of the county. Coal K is rarely less than four feet, and often exceeds six feet. The thin limestone roof of K is used to wall wells. North of this the strata are not much re- vealed. Snake Knob and vicinity was in early years famous for its snakes. Coal K has been worked in several banks around Ar- cadia, and is usually about four feet thick. On Section 9, Town- ship 2 south, Range 8 west, at the old Martin bank, the following section was taken; Feet. Soil, clay, etc 18 Black slate 1 CoalM 2i Fire-clay 41 Silicious shales and soapstones 57^ Soapstone with ferns 4 Coal L: Feet. Inches. Slaty coal 4 Laminated coal 3 G Soft black slate 4 Good smith coal 1 f> White clay and soft coal 2 Good smith coal 2 (5 Rash pyritous coal 2 9 4 Fire-clay 4| Economic Geologij. — The county coals are usually coking, and are fully up to the average of the Western States. The supply is practicably inexhaustible. The loess sands and clays furnish good material for bricks. The fire clays underlying the coals are of the best quality for pottery wares. It is necessary to weather this clay before it can be used. The glacial and lacustrine clays of the northern part of the county are also good for pottery ware. Silicious iron ores are found among the conglomerate sandstones north and east of Pikesville, but they are not desirable. The f er- 250 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. ruginous limestone found in the beds of the old canal and along the banks of White River north of Petersburg, contains much iron ore. The clay iron stones in the southern part are good for paints, but are abundant, seemingly, only in the southwestern cor- ner. Occasionally specimens of gold, copper, lead, etc., are found among the glacial drift of the county. Numerous tales are told of Indian traditions of the existence in the county of valuable mines of the precious metals. Few except the lazy and credu- lous give any heed to the traditions. About Pikesville are found enormous quantities of the subcarboniferous sandstone. It i sex- cellent for weathering and masonry. Some valuable limestone is found, but usually in thin strata. In the northern half the soil consists of dark colored alluvium, sandy loams and loess. In the Patoka bottoms appear the impalpable sands washed from the loess on the hills. All this soil can be improved by under-drain- age. In the basin south of the Patoka mineral salts are com- mon, and the soil is red from the decomposed ironstones. North of the Patoka the water of wells and springs is fair to good ; but south, especially about Pikesville, it is highly charged with min- eral salts, unpleasant and unhealthy. Cisterns are used. Sev- eral valuable mineral springs exist in the county, and there are three or four of them, the Townsend, Milburn and Coats' Springs, possess the highest medicinal qualities, containing sulphates and carbonates of iron, soda, magnesia, alumina, lime, etc., besides valuable salts and acids. They are highly regarded locally. HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 251 CHAPTER II. by prop. z. t. emerson. Settlement of the County by Townships— The First Settlers and Their Trials in the Wilderness— Their Habitations and Cus- toms—Anecdotes, Industries, Postoffices— Stories of the In- dians—The Mounds and Their Contents— Elections, Officers AND Land Entries. THE first settlement made in the county was at AVhite Oak Springs, in 1800, by Woolsey Pride. Here lie built a block- house, about 1807. He was followed, in 1802, by Henry Miley. the Coonrod and Tislow families in 1803, David Miley in 1804, Hosea Smith in the spring of 1811, and in the fall by Charles and Ashbury Alexander and Jacob Chappell. Other families that followed soon after were the Butlers, Pearces, Merricks, Ashbys, Pancakes, Colemans and Kearns. Hosea Smith was from North Carolina. He had with him his sons, Henry, Onias and Hosea, and Stanton Lamb, his nephew. During the year 1812 Charles Eisley, the Scallerhern and Walker families came to this vicinity for the protection of the block-house, and after the war of 1812 remained in the county. In 1816 James Brenton, Peter Brenton, Thomas Case, Thomas Mead. John Flinn, Moses Harrell and the Sarter family settled near Petersburg, also about the same time John Mclntire and Thomas C. Stewart. The first postofiice in the township was kept by Hosea Smith at the Springs, about 1811. Smith was postmaster, surveyor, justice of the peace, merchant and farmer. The oflice was on an old Indian "trace" leading fi-om Yincennes to Louisville. The road was there from time immemorial, leading from White River at Decker Ferry, White Oak Springs, Mud Holes, near Inland, Dubois County, French Lick, Paoli, to Louisville. George Tever- baugh carried the mail over this route once a week on foot; how- ever, Mathias Mounts was the first carrier. The first mill of this township, and even in the county, w^as built by Henry Miley in 1821. It was a two-horse mill, with a 252 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. capacity of about thirty-five bushels per day. Not unfrequently patrons of the mill would have to wait for thirty-six hours for their grist, as they often came from twenty miles distant; dur- ing their waiting they would spend their time in shooting, racing, drinking, or other sport. At night they camped out. The first bolting cloth used in the county was at Miley^s Mill, in 1829. Jacob Stuckey build a saw and grist-mill in 1830, bat on his death, in 1838, the mill went down. In 1826 John Young- man built a mill and copper distillery on what is now a part of Petersburg. He could make about one barrel of whisky per day, for which, according to the early records of Pike County, the commissioners allowed him to charge from 10 to 12i cents per gallon. Usually one gallon of whisky was given for one bushel of corn. This mill and distillery was burned in 1831, with a large quantity of whisky, and it is still remembered that while the precious liquid was flowing in wasteful streams through streets and gullies, some worshipers of Bacchus, through a feeling of economy, by means of straws, filled themselves, too unutterably full for intelligent utterance. The first steam-mill was built by John Graham in 1838, near the site of the steam-mill west of town. In 1828 Samuel Stuckey built the first tanyard on a part of the present site of Petersburg. This yard was in operation for fifty years or more. Its capacity was about $1,200 or $1,300 worth of leather annually. Hides were generally tanned on the shares, i. e. one-half being given for the other. The skins of cattle, deer and elk were tanned. Many of those of the cattle were "Murrain" hides. Among the most noted hunters of this township were David and Ed Corn, Ben Ashby, Joe Pancake and George Teverbaugh. Deer were seen by the hundred. Turkeys were also very abund- ant. In 1832 a man named Langworth took a flat-boat load of deer hams and__hides down the river ; of these he bought 500 pairs of hams from David and Ed Corn, for which he paid from 13 to 25 cents a pair. Solomon Teverbaugh killed in one day seventeen wild turkeys and carried them home, a distance of six miles. The next day, he carried them, on foot, to Vincennes, a distance of thirteen miles, and exchanged them for a basf of salt, with which he returned on the same day. HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTV. 25S By an order of Paul Tislow, James Campbell and Harrison Blackgrave, with their names signed as county commissioners "Esquires" (sic), it was decreed that the second township should be called Washington and should be bounded as follows : Begin- ning at second section line east of line dividing Ranges 8 and 9 ; north by county line ; east by line dividing Ranges 7 and 8 ; south by county line, and west to l)oundary line of Madison Township. At the first election Washington chose two justices who were elected Tuesday, February '25, 1817. The commissioners appointed John Butler, constable for Washington, with James Brenton, inspector. This election was held at the house of Henry Miley. The commissioners of the poor at that time were Benja- min Rice and John Coonrad. At the next election which was held August 4, 1817, there were seventy-six votes cast. The names of Brenton, Meade, Alexander, Rice, Lett, Hornady, and Camj)! >ell are frequently mentioned for office in the early history. Political chicanery was to be seen in the very beginning of the county's history as may be seen from the following notice which we give verbatim: ''Daniel Miley son of Henry you are hereby Notify ed that the election of Archabald Campbell as Justice of the Peace for the county of Pike is contested in consequence of improper Votes having been Taken and legal votes Refused September the 15, 1820. John Butler." Mr. Campliell offered his resignation a short time after and it M'as accepted, but was re-elected to the same office the following May. Jefferson ToiciisJu'p. — The county commissioners, in 181 <. ordered the limit of this township to be fixed. The first settler in the township was, perhaps, Richard Ainby, who settled in the township about 1815. The Hargraves, De Brulers, and Barrets came fi-om North Carolina at a very early day. In 1819 Judge Hammond settled at High Banks. He came fi'om Massachu- setts, and "being well supplied with this world's goods, had brought many unwonted luxuries. He had wagons, forsooth, and glass, the first the settlers had seen, brought all the way from Pittsburgh, and it is said that when he had erected his house with sash and glass in the windows, large numbers came to see it. Up to that time,, in the settler's rude cabin, light had been obtained 254 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. by leaving out a part of the chinking in the crevices between the logs, or if very nice and stylish, by pasting greased paper over the apertures." Among others who had settled in -Jefferson Township previous to 1817, were Benjamin Hays, Ebenezer Case, Henry Miley, William Hurst, James Payn, Henry Lace- field, Joab Chappell, William Shook, Daniel Eowe, and others. The first general election ever held in Jefferson was at the house of James Brinton, August 4, 1817, at which election twenty-six votes were cast; there had been an election for justice of the peace February 25, of the same year, at which but seventeen votes were cast, nine beino' for John Case, and eight for Randle Lett for justice. Elections seem to have been held once or twice a year, for several years, either for township, county or State elections. August 2, 1818, Christopher Harrison received six- teen votes for governor, and Jennings seventeen for the same office, Handle Lett casting the first vote of the day, and William Har- grave the last. The first, and perhaps the only, scientific botan- ist and florist ever in the county was H. P. De Bruler, of Jeffer- son. He is said to have had flowers from many parts of the world. He was a Methodist preacher, and held a three-day's debate at "Old Prospect'' with E. B. Mann. From almost the day of Independence until 1839 it was not only the custom, but also the law, to have annual muster, and many an old pioneer gained his pompous title of captain, major, colonel or general, at these bloodless displays of brass and tinsel. General muster occurred in the autumn of the year, after the busy season was over. There were company, regimental and brigade musters. One was held at Ditney Hill, one mile east of Peters- burg, in 1828. At this muster "Gen. Wright was commander; George Chambers, colonel; Josepli/fehawhan, lieutenant-colonel; Isaac Crow, Hiram Conn, WilliamVKinman, Daniel Conrad, Elias Osborn, and Pinas Smith, captains. The officers wore gorgeous uniforms, consisting of a blue coat, made of the usual homespun, cut swallow-tailed, with stripes of red tape sewed on the breast, and adorned with double rows of brass buttons, and huge brass tinsel epaulets, a sword, homespun or buckskin trousers, an enor- mous three-cornered hat, with waving plume, and moccasins, com- pleted the costume. The men dressed in ordinary frontier dress, with muskets or rifles, as chance might select. The law com- IIUSTOIIV OF PIKK COUMY. 255 pelling these martial displays was repealed in 1839. To these musters came the men to engage in mimic fray, the matrons to behold their prowess, and the lads and lassies not unfrequently to woo. Muster day was set apart usually to settle old disputes and grudges, and frequently two giant frontiersmen engaged in a ter- rible tilt at fist-cufp. These tilts usually settled the matter, and the thing was dropped. Ebenezer Case, in ISl-l; Samuel Acker- man, three entries, 1818; Thomas Pride, 1814:; AVolsey Pride, 1814; John Case, 1814; Paul Tislow, 1815; Jessee Taylor, 1817: James Brenton, 181(1 All these first entries were near High Banks or Long Branch. Madison Toicnship. — This was the first division made for a township in Pike County, and the division was ordered made by the county commissioners, Paul Tislow, James Campbell and Harri- son Blackgrave, Monday, February 10, 1817, and the division was made the next day. It was called the First or Madison Town- ship, and was bounded on the south, west and north by the coun- ty lines and on the east by Washington Township. It is difficult to tell who the first settler was, but among the very earliest were John Miley, Sinzy Rogers, a relative of the Sinzys, Jonathan Park, the Williamsons, the Fowlers, the Brentons, Morgans, Burkharts, Snyders, who were from North Carolina, John and Peter Pebbling, Elijah Molett, MacAtees, George and William (Buck) Wright. At the first session of the county commission- ers in Pike County, at their session on the lOtli day of February, 1817, they called an election in Madison, to be held on the 25tli day of February, of the same year, for the purpose of electing a justice of the peace. The names of those voted for were Zacha- ria Selby, William Wright and Thomas Withers. Of the forty- three votes cast Selby received nineteen, Wright thirteen and AVithers ten. The election was held at the house of Archibald Pea and the election was certified to by Z. F. Selby and Aaron. A strange thing about this is that Selby himself was compelled to certify to his own election. Among the voters at the first elec- tion were Joseph Selby, G. Davidson, John Caldwell, John Catt, Thomas Withers, Philip Catt, Archibald Pea, John Johnson and others. Elections were held in Madison August 4, 1817, February 1818, August 3, 1818, August 7, 1819, 1820 and 1823. ■ In the election in 1818, Madison Township cast ninety-two votes, 256 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. of which Robert Brenton cast the first vote and Harrison Black- grave cast the last one. In the election in 1823 300 votes were cast, while on November 8, 1824, only eleven votes were cast, the last election having been called to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Henry Hopkins as justice of the peace. In Janu- ary, 1818, David Kinman received eight votes for justice of peace with no opposition, while in the general election for gov- ernor in 1819, Gov. Jennings received sixty-eight votes while Christopher Harrison got twelve votes for the same office. While Madison Township was one of the first settled and is truly the pioneer towushi]), and while it possesses an intelligent class of farmers, it has neither postoffice, railroad, pike, store nor busi- ness house of any kind, except one small blacksmithshop, yet it has a soil of almost inexhaustible fertility and yields the patient ajid industrious husbandman a rich reward for his toils ; it is also well known that its pauper list is smaller than any other in the county. A robbery was committed January 1, 1807, at Macon, Noxu- bee County Miss., the Southern Express Company having been sufferers to a large amount. A large reward had been offered by the company for the arrest of the thief and detectives were anxious for the reward. A requisition from the governor of Mis- sissipi had been made on the governor of Indiana for the person of Daniel Harrison alias J. W. Smith, a citizen of Madison Township, who was supposed to be connected with the robbery. Accordingly on the 12th day of February, 1867, while at Evansville on business he was suddenly arrested and thrown in jail and when on attempt was being made to have him released on a wi'it of habeas corpus, he was hurried across the river to Kentucky and taken to Macon, Miss. AVord was sent to Representatives Wil- son and Barker who were at Indianapolis and the attention of the governor was called to the fact. He accordingly appointed Gen. Mansfield as agent for the State and he, with Richard Glad- dish, W. H. Gladdish and Robert Willis as witnesses, proceeded to Mississippi where they found Harrison on trial for the robbery and in a fair way for the penitentiary. An «//?>/ was quickly and clearly proven and he was accordingly brought home to his great satisfaction. It is a question if the detectives did not attempt to convict some one for the reward without regard to guilt. HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. 257 The following is a list of land entries made in Washington and Madison Townships previous to the year IS 18: George Ross and association, IS 13; Jeremiah Arnold, IS 13; Levi Kruman, 1813; E. Lett, 1816; Henry Brenton, 1807; Walter Reading, 1815; James Brenton, 1812; Moses Harrell, 1815; John Coonrad^ four large tracts, 1815 ; Daniel Coonrad, 1815 ; Henry Miley, 1814; B. D. Savarns, 1814; Henry Miley, 1813; James Campbell, isK), Silas Risby, 1813; Wolsey Pride, 1813; George Wallace, 1807; Wolsey Pride, 1808; James Brenton, 1807; David Hornady, 1815; Hosea Smith, 1812; Paul Tislow, 1807; Reading & Co.. 1815; David Wease, David Kinnet(?), 1815; H. Smith, 1814; John Johnson, 1817; William Traylor, 1815; Hosea Smith, 1815; Paul Tislow, 1814; Samuel Baldwin, 1808; Trafton Bosen, 1815; John Defendall, 1811. Clau and Lo[/an ToirnsJiips. — Clay was originally a part of Gibson County, and was attached to Pike by an act of the Leg- islature in 1824. The first election was held on the first Satur- day in October, 1824, for choosing a justice of the peace. It was held at the house of James Lamsdale, and this settler acted as inspector of elections. At said election James Hillman received twenty-two votes for justice of the peace and Charles White twenty votes. The second election was also held at the house of James Lamsdale, the third in 1828, at Charles White's and only eighteen votes were cast for president. In the first presidential election held in the township the following persons voted : Charles and Joshua Youno;, James Hillman, Fieldincj Coleman, William Hovey, Charles White, Samuel Polk, James Lamsdale, Isaac Knight, Adam Nixon, Joe Davidson, Jonathan Younef, John Hill, Elias Roberts, William M. AVright and John Hillman. In the same election Thomas AVhite was inspector, and William McDon- nald, Charles White and Philip Catt were clerks. The first set- tlement ever made in the county was in Clay Township while it was all yet a part of Knox. One Glass settled on a donation in this township in the vicinity of the Davidson settlement and after his death the widow married a man by the name of Conyer who was from Pennnsylvania, and was a carpenter by trade. A settle- ment was also begun by Peter Frederick and by Capt. Reedy in the Catt neighborhood. In addition to those already mentioned were the Chambers 258 HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. and Lindys, Many of tliose old settlers have left families, who still bear an honorable part in society. The increase of popula- tion at first was quite slow, as is indicated by votes at different elections. In August, 1826, for Congress only eight votes were cast. This election, as were many subsequent elections, was held at the house of Charles White. In 1827, for representative only eight were cast, while in November, 1828, for President John Adams received fifteen votes, and Andrew Jackson only three. In 1829 John M. Gray received three votes, and William Wright six votes for justice of the peace, to fill a vacancy made by George Wright. A tread-mill and distillery was built north of Union about 1835, also a tanyard, by Gen. William M. Wright as early as 1824, and continued in use till 1840. The first postoffice in the township was at the Old Red House, on the farm of Patter- son. Among the earlier postmasters were Daniel Lamsdaie, Daniel Roberts and Judge Hornbrook. Logan Township was originally a part of Madison, but was separated from it in 1846. It was named in honor of Robert Logan, who represented the county at that time in the Legisla- ture. The commissioners at that time were Henry Brenton, Con- rad Coleman and Richard Selby. The first election in the township was in April, 1846, at the house of Robert Crow, James O. Crow being inspector of the board. The election was for tAvo justices, one inspector, two constables aud two fence viewers. The first settlers of what is now Logan were Joseph Woodry, Michael Kime, Isaac Knight, Robert C. Johnson, James McAtee, James Barnes, Samuel Barnes, John Barnes, Daniel Frederick, Adam Snyder and Isaac Loveless. Isaac Loveless built the first mill in the township in 1830. Postoffice, Stump-Mill, Mines, Mineral Springs. — About 1838 Valentine Hart introduced the famous stump-mill into the township. This avoided the necessity of frame work for a mill, as a large tree was cut down and the stump smoothed off and hollowed out to fit one stone, and the other was fitted over that one, and by a slow process the corn was reduced to a very indifferent meal. Robert Hawthorn kept the first postofliee in the township at Hawthorn's Mill. It was established about 1850, and was kept up about ten years. There is an office now at West Saratoga Springs, and one at Oatsville, near the line of HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 259 Gibson County. AVliile Pike County is one continuous coal field of vast wealth, little has ever been done to develop it, for want of railroad facilities, until within the last few years. In 1850 A. J. Johnson discovered West Saratoga Springs, which attained some celebrity as a watering place. It might be said that almost every section of the county contains a mineral spring of more or less virtue. Assistant State Geologist Collet, Rev. Lewis Wilson and Dr. James Wilson measured a large hickory tree in Section 8, Town- ship 1 south. Range 8 west, which was found to be over five feet in diameter, three feet above the ground, maintaining almost uni- form size to the height of sixty feet, without limbs. It is thought by Mr. Collet to be the largest tree of its kind in the world. The said tree is standing near West Saratoga Springs, in Logan Township. Monroe Toiimship. — Pike County at first was laid off into Madison, Washington, Jefferson and Harbison Townships. This was done by order of the county commissioners Monday, Feb- ruary 10, 1817, the commissioners being Paul Tislow, James Campbell and Harrison Blackgrave. In 1820 an order was passed by the board of county commissioners creating a new township to be called Monroe, the commissioners in this case were Moses Harrel, Peter Brenton and Jesse Traylor. The work was to be done by AVilliam Black and Henry Coleman. The order said it should be marked by "a line east and west three miles south of the princij^l (sic) meridian (base line) to include the wdiole of the county.'' The first election held in Monroe Township was Monday, March 20, 1820, at the house of Henry Coleman. At said election only thirty-one votes were cast, and William Doughten was elected justice of the peace. The follow- ing are some of the voters: David Black, James Slater, William Condor, George Davis, James Hedge. John AVyatt and William Ashby, Black having cast the first vote and Henry Coleman the last. A short time after this Adams Township was created, embracing what is now a portion of Columbia Township, Gibson County, and a part of Logan Township. The same authority made the second Saturday in December as the time for the first election, and the house of Samuel McDill as the place, and Henry Hopkins as inspector of elections. 260 HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. Washington Grange No. 652, was organized at the Thomas Schoolhouse in Washington Township, November 6, 1873, The foUowing were the charter members: H. C. Brenton, E. Selby, A. G. Thomas, Henry Gladdish, H. G. Selby, J. L. Brenton, J. L. Eobinson, J. M, Eobinson, J. O, M. Selby, L. G. Selby, P. C. Abbot, J. W, Brumfield, J. P. :^inman, William Lomax, E. M, Selby, G. W. Tislow, John Tislow, J. E. Bottom, G. W. Selby, Abbie Thomas, Amelia Thomas, Sarah A. Selby, Dora Thomas, Mary K!iiiman, Elizabeth Lomax, Kate Brenton and Polly Selby. The following were the officers: H. C. Brenton, Master ; J. W. Briintield, secretary. By donation from the mem- bers they built a suitable hall and purchased a good library, but the hall, furniture, library and all fixtures were destroyed by fire, April 11, 1880 — the supposed work of an incendiary. In the fall of the same year a new hall was built, two miles west of where the old one stood. This grange has never attempted to run a store of their own, but frequently the members combine their orders and make pur- chases for the whole. The grange holds a grand feast once a year at their hall. The Washington Grange is the only one in the county, and we might say in this entire section of the State. The present officers are F. G. Selby, Master ; H. 0. Brenton, sec- retary. The present membership is forty-three, being an increase of nine within the last year. In an election in Adams Township, in August, 1822, there were thirty votes cast, the election having been held at the house of James B. McGarrah. In Monroe Townsl^p, in August, 1823, Isaac Montgomery received sixteen votes for State Senator, while David Eobb received none for the same office. By an act of the Legislature about 1823, a portion of Gibson County was cut off and given to Pike, which was immediately erected into Clay Township, and the same act took away a portion of Adams and gave to Gibson County, and the remaining portion was attached to Madison, but now forming a portion of Logan. At the same time what was formerly called Harbison Township, was attached to Dubois. Til ere were only five or six elections ever held in Harbison Township while it was a part of Pike, and only twenty- one votes cast at any one time; about the same number occurred in Adams. In 1838, the commissioners ordered Patoka Township to be set off from Monroe, the place of the first election to be at HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 261 the house of John Hathaway. The township took its name from the river of the same name. Logan was separated from Madison at the March term of the commissioners in 184t). Lockhart was taken out of Monroe in 1852, having its present boundaries from the first. It was named in honor of Judge Lockhart. The com- missioners at their September term in 1857, divided Patoka into two parts, the part set off being called Marion. Stranger's Rest Lodge No. 585, I. O. O. F. was organized July 19, 1881, at Washington Grange Hall, with the following charter members: H. C. Brenton, A. C West, J. B. F. Dearing, George W. Selby, F. G. Selby and Thomas Abell. The oiSicers are H. C. Brenton, N. G. ; A. C. West, V. G. ; J. B. F. Dearing, R. S. ; F. G. Selby, treasurer ; G. A. Selby, P. S. The present membership is sixteen. The following are the officers: D. G, Smith, N. G. ; A. D. Hollen, V. G. ; G. W. Selby, secretary, and H. C. Brenton, treasurer. As the settlements of all the south part of this county were made while it was yet Monroe Township, it would be impossible to separate the settlements of that part of the county. It is said that the first settlement made south of the Patoka, was in the year 1815, by Frank Taylor and George Adams, at Honey Springs. In 1817, Conrad LeMasters settled the old LeMasters farm. Conrad LeMasters was the father of Simeon LeMasters who is still living, and attended the first school ever taught in the township. John Ferguson lived in Monroe before 1820, as he taught school at Henry Springs that year. Among other men of mark of the time, who settled south of the river, or near it, were the Simpsons, the Masons, the Beattys, Hugh Shaw, — Ashby, Billy Pancake Jacob Nelson, A. J. Wells, Daniel Crow, John Mar- tin, one of the first business men, Arthur Thompson, H. T. Thompson, John S. Johnson, Aziel Whitman and Newton Brenton. Deer and turkeys existed in vast numbers ; there were also num- bers of wolves, panthers, wild-cats and bears. It may be said that game was the chief subsistence of the early settlers. It was so abundant that the smaller game was not interfered with. The powder, lead and trouble being considered worth more than the game. When a deer was killed only the skin and hams were taken or sometimes the branching antlers to grace the hunter's humble home. A favorite way of cooking food was to hang a 262 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. piece of venison or turkey beneath a piece of bear meat and allow the dripping grease of the bear meat to fall on the deer or turkey and thus season them by means of the rich grease of the bear. Mills being so scarce, frequently venison, turkey or bear- meat and hominy was the only food, the hominy taking the place of bread. Some of the most noted hunters of the times were Conrad LeMasters already mentioned, David Bilderback, Peter Ferguson, L. Miller, Dan Miller, Joe Honchins, Benjamin Hon- chins, Dan Hedrick, John Davis, David Corn and Andrew Corn. Miller in one winter killed 125 deer, on one occasion he shot an old doe and while sitting on a log preparatory to dress her, a fawn came galloping by, when Miller plunged his hunting knife into it and killed it. Wolves were often killed by the hunters finding their dens and by catching the puppies and making them cry their cries would bring the old ones for protection and then they would kill them. This story is related in the Centennial: David Bilderback and Peter Ferguson went to a wolfs den, they knew of, intending to kill the puppies as the young wolves were called, and get their scalps for the reward then paid for wolf scalps. Bilderback stationed himself beside a tree at the entrance of the den to shoot any old wolves should any be attracted by the cries of the puppies. Ferguson entered the den and began the work of killing the puppies and cutting off their ears. The old ones came rushing at him in a terrible fury having heard the puppies' cries. But no shot was heard and Ferguson escaping barely with his life, rushed for his gun standing against a tree, and saw Bilderback up in a sapling hallooing to the wolves "begone." They drove the wolves off without having succeeded in killing any of them, but they finished scalping the puppies and got their prize for scalps. LeMasters once discovered a genuine snake den on Snake Knob, a hill 290 feet high between Pleasant- ville and Lynnville. He awaited till the cool weather of the fall so that all the snakes would be together, and would be somewhat torpid. He, accompanied by Park Bethell, John Ferguson and others opened the den and killed 300 rattlesnakes and 200 others of different kinds. The knob is to this day called "Snake Knob." The above is given on the authority of Rev. John Ferguson, son of John Ferguson, Sr. On one occasion while LeMaster's dogs were fighting a bear in which the bear was getting the bet- HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 203 ter of the fight and fearing to shoot, for the safety of his dogs, he crept up behind the bear, while his attention was attracted to the dogs and plunged his hunting knife into his heart. Flat-boats began to run down the river as early as 1825. Among those who took flat-boats to New Orleans were James Amos, John Wheatley, John Ferguson and J. W. Cockrum. Vast improvements were made in the comforts of living after this time. The boats were loaded with some grain but mostly witli "'deer- saddles," hides and game. Usually several traders would lash their boats together and go down the river, sell out their goods, and boat if possible, and then would begin their long tedious journey homeward on foot through tangled everglades, swamps and canebrakes, always keep- ing near the river. After months of toil they would again re- turn, thinking nothing of their hardships. One authority says that the first boat ever sent down the Patoka was one loaded with pork in 1835, by J. W. Cockrun. It would not be out of place here to say that vast numbers of wild hogs were found in the woods. They were allowed to feed on the mast and roots and to care for themselves. About the only thing the owner would do would be to determine how many he thought he ought to have, and when fat he would kill that number if they could be found. The little expense of raising hogs and the small price they brought in the markets precluded the idea of any serious contests over them as they roamed the woods. John Hathaway built a mill below the bridge at Winslow on Patoka ojer thirty years ago, another was built in an early day by A. J. Kinman. John Meyo had a mill near where Pikesville now is. Summary justice was usually meted to offenders of the law without the pomp of form or display of judicial ermine. On one occasion a man named Moore was convicted of horse steal- ing and as a punishment he was publicly whipped and branded on the cheek with a " T " indicating that he was a thief. January 15, 1812, Aaron Decker made entries for land in Town 3 south. Range 8 west, a part of Section 6, eight acres; Town 3 south. Range 8 west, a part of Section 7, 137 acres; Town 3 south, Range 8 west, a part of Section 7, four acres; David Leonard made entry for land in Town 3 south. Range 8 west, a part of Section 8, 16 acres. 264 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. Frequently there were full votes for some of the more import- ant offices, while for the lesser important there would be but few, besides the voters were not confined to any particular precinct, many times the votes being nearly all cast at Petersburg or some of the larger precincts. Frequently the name of a voter will be found among the names at one precinct and possibly at the next election his name will be found in another precinct. At an election in 1833 for school commissioner there were only six votes cast at Petersburg, and they were all for James Brenton. The voters being John Butler, Thomas Mead, Paul Tislow, Thomas Withers, Elijah Malott and Hosea Smith, all of whom were on the election board except Butler and Smith. In Monroe in 1834 only twenty-one votes were cast at a general election. At the house of John Crow on the 6th of August, 1833, the following votes were registered: George Shaw, Alex Sever- cool, John Coleman, Ben Johnson, Samuel Didman, Philip Cole- man, Robert Ashby, Milt Hudson, Samuel Black, Henry Atkins, A. Coan, L. Coleman, Jesse Honchins, Daniel Black, H. Coleman, T. Macey, John Crow, Asa Crow, Daniel Ross, James Bates, Con- rad LeMasters, Thomas Rice, James Berdett, Emmett Almont, Joseph Pancake, John Face and Simeon LeMasters. Long before the passage of the fugitive slave law, negroes were captured and returned to their masters not as a fulfillment of law, but for the reward that was always forthcoming. Not in- frequently innocent negroes were abducted from their homes by thieves dealing in human flesh. The earliest we have was the abduction of "Old Jim." A man named Sawyer living in North Carolina, held some land warrants and laid his claims in Pike County, west of Petersburg. Sawyer dying, the family moved to their claims and they brought "Old Jim" with them. He raised a crop for them in 1820, and had just married a woman of color who was living with the family of Isaac Montgomery. Suddenly "Old Jim" was missing and was never heard of afterward. A certain man was supposed to know his fate, but the public never learned. So strong was the feeling that " Old Jim's bones " fol- lowed that man, that, though he was frequently an aspirant for office, he never succeeded in getting one. At a little later date Mathias Mount moved with his family and settled on White River, and brought with them a little negro girl, " Merit, " who HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 265 was to stay with the family until grown and then have her free- dom. Mrs. Osborn, mother of Elias Osborn, her sister and "Merit" were sent to the field to pick cotton and in addition were to call at Archibald Campbell's, who lived where George H. Siple now lives, to borrow a flat-iron. The negro girl was sent from the field to Mr. Campbell, while the other girls awaited her return to the field, that they then might return home. "Merit" never reached Campbell's nor was she seen afterward. There was a strong feel- ing in the county against slavery but not a strong one for inter- fering with it as it was. On the passage of the fugitive slave law in 1850 feelings on this question were greatly intensified. As early as 1837 two negroes, one named Sam, were arrested and guarded in Petersburg, awaiting word to be sent to Kentucky, when some anti-slavery men slipped them away from their guards and hid them in Posey Coal Shaft for a time, when they made their escape. George Deen, living near Winslow ; Lewis Wilson, near Coat's Springs; Dr. John W. Posey, at Petersburg; a Mr. Stevenson, in Daviess County, and Benjamin Moore, at New- berry were considered friends to runaway negroes, while H. W. Kinman, Josiah Hoggatt, James AV. Bass, George H. Scott and Jackson Kinman were particularly conspicuous for their efforts against runaways and made themselves very obnoxious to the con- servative element. In 1833 three runaway negroes were chased down and captured near the fair grounds. The excitement over the event was intense. The people turned out as if the negroes were wild beasts. The fugitives were taken to Kinman Hotel, where Mr. King now lives, and tied to await their masters. The captors received ^300 for their services. A negro from Vincennes came to Petersburg and opened a barber shop. A man named Turner, from Washington, with two other men concocted a scheme to have "Morris" taken into slavery. A description of him had been previously made out and sent to Petersburg. Morris was ar- rested and of course answered to the description. Turner swore he had eaten at his master's table and knew the negfro well. Dr. Adams and Robert LaPlant and others swore to the negfro's birth and freedom, and he was accordingly released. As a historic fact, Morris was the first barber in the county. The rapid changes of thirty-one years enabled the negroes to hold religious services almost on the very spot, where the three were captured in 1835, ^ 266 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. The coming on of the war with the changes wrought by it, ended all the struggles over the question of slavery. The efforts of Pike County for an outlet to the great business centers began with the " Internal Improvement System " of the thirties, the "Wabash & Erie Canal being the branch that affected this county. The failure of the State to complete the work with- out complete bankruptcy, the leasing the same to a syndicate by the donation of a vast amount of Congress lands, the failure of the company to complete the job honestly, and their efforts to sad- dle the debt upon the State, again by persistent lobbying, and the final triumph of the State, are matters of history. The next ef- fort for outlet was in the old " Straight Line " from Evansville to Indianapolis. To this enterprise the citizens donated over $100,- 000 in money and a vast amount of labor and other assistance, but the failm-e of Willard Carpenter and the Alfords to pay for labor and supplies, brought wreck and ruin to many, particularly to the laborers and small farmers along the line. Many never recovered from the crash of 1854 and 1855. The next effort that seemed likely to succeed was the Air Line, organized and par- tially constructed in 1868. The road failed under the first man- agement, but was reorganized under a new management of which Stephen Boyle was president. The franchise of the old having been bought by the new, and by very liberal aid along the line, Patoka and Marion voting a two per cent tax as aid, the road was at last completed in 1879. The completion of the Air Line was the beginning of a new era of prosperity to the county. The vast coal fields of the county are being opened up with their untold wealth. Ingleton, AVhitnlan and Ayrshire are sources of great wealth to their owners, and supply vast quantities of coal to New Albany, St. Louis, and other markets, besides the road furnishes transportation to market for produce and other commodities. In 1879 the old Straight .Line was revived again under the "Her- vey " management. A proposition was made by Hervey to build the road through Washington Township on condition of the town- ship voting a two per cent tax — about $18,500 — and private donations enough to swell the amount to $40,000. The most of the private subscriptions were promptly paid, but on the failure to complete the road according to contract, or at least the spirit of the cojitract, the two per cent tax was refused. HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 267 Labor and supplies were not paid for by the management, something the people justly demanded. Only one install- ment of the tax was ever placed on the tax duplicate, and that was not collected. However, it is but just to state that Hervey completed the road from AVashington to Petersburg. Suit has been brougfht agfainst the county commissioners for the tax, and the case is now in the supreme court on an appeal. The road was thrown into the hands of a receiver, and has since passed into the hands of Mackey, who has completed the road to Evansville with- out further aid from the county. Thus, after nearly thirty years of delay, the Straight Line is a success, and the county is sharing the benefits. During a portion of the year 1883, and several years previous, the people of Stendal and vicinity were annoyed by a band of counterfeiters, who were operating, not only throughout Pike County, but several counties of the State. They grew so bold and defiant that a remedy became necessary. Killing stock, steal- ing, and terrorizing the citizens by threats and insults, forcing spurious coin upon them, and many other criminal acts, were common occurrences. The authorities were informed, and Detect- ive Charles Hobbs was sent to Stendal under the guise of a doctor, assisted by J. M. Killian. Negotiations were carried on with the band for nearly a year, and it was found that the spurious money Avas made in Crawford County, near New Albany. When every- thing was deemed ready, the quiet people of Stendal were sur- prised when, November 1, 1883, United States Marshal Fos- ter, with a heavy force of detectives swooped down upon the place, and after a terrific fight, in which Jesse Honchins, Joseph Honchins and Detective Killian were wounded, the second dan- gerously, succeded in arresting almost the entire gang. Jesse and Columbus Honchins were sentenced to seven years in the penitentiary by Judge AVoods, of the United States Court, Joseph Honchins five years, Zimri Kinder three years, and Wesley Woods three years. Others received lighter sentences. The following was placed on record November 28, 1817: This indenture, made and entered into this 28th day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventeen, between Francis Cunningham, of the county of Knox, and State of ludiana, of the one part, and Ede, a woman of color, of Pike County, of the other part, she being of full age, Witnesseth, that the said Ede, for and in consideration of the sum of two hundred t/ 268 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. and eighty dollars.good and lawful money, to her in hand paid by the said Fran- cis Cunningham, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and him, the said Francis thereof, forever exonerated and discharged. The said Ede doth hereby voluntarily, and of her own free will and accord, bind herself to serve the said Francis, his heirs or assigns, either within or without the State, as an indented servant, for and during the term of thirty years from this date, fully to be com- pleted and ended, her said master's secrets keep, his lawful commands gladly do and obey, for and during the said term of thirty years, and the said Francis Cunningham hereby obligates himself to find the said Ede good sufficient meat, drink, clothing, fit and sufficient for an indented servant, forand during the said term of thirty years, and also to pay to the said Ede, at the expiration of said thirty years, one good feather bed, bedstead and clothing, and also two good and sufficient suits of clothes. In witness whereof the said Ede and Francis Cun- ningham have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals the day and year first above written. Fkancis Cunningham. Her Ede X Mark. Witness: a free woman of color. John McIntire. Taken and acknowledged before me, Joseph W. Loan, a justice of the peace in and for said county Joseph W. Loan. The following ventures were made on the tempestuous sea of matrimony in 1817: Ephraim McLean and Jane Blackgrave, Hiram Kinny and Hannah Goodwin, David Miley and Nancy McManis, James Blackgrave and Peggy Curry, Thomas Mills and Roda Lindley, Thomas Stewart and Elizabeth Simington, James Poor and Juliet Williams, Job Weace and Rachael Harbi- son, B. Twitty and Rebecca Brittain, Peter Wolf and Mary Frederick, Samuel Kinman and Carrie Love Traylor, Thomas A. Good and Priscilla Williams, Ebenezer Case and Elizabeth McBride, Elijah Malott and Selah Kinman, Alexander McDaniel and Rachel Harbison, Joseph W. Loan and Susan Potts, James Harris and Juratia McCain. lyidians aiid Mound Builders. — What school-boy is there whose blood has not been made to thrill while reading the stories of In- dian atrocities and Indian butcheries? He is ready to shoulder gun, dress in deer-skin suit, and with his hunting knife, start out to avenge the wrongs committed by those red men of the forest. Next to the bandit story, the Younger or James brothers, or Buf- falo Bill, the Indian story of massacre catches the average boy, little thinking that where he now walks to school or plows the furrow the Indian walked, and all within the memory of people now living. While the school-boy's blood boils to shed the blood of an Indian, there is the sentimentalist who grieves over the " noble HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 269 red man" and sheds tears for "Lo! the poor Indian." Notwith- standing, there is a studied indifference as to the fate of the In- dian. The writers experience with him in his uncivilized state is that he is a very uncertain, careless, indolent and untrustwor- thy individual, while if brought within the pale of civilization he readily develops habits and traits worthy of his white brother. The law of development in mind is slow, and a course of training extending hundi'eds of years back into the misty past cannot be overcome in a short time. For this reason the spasmodic re- former soon gives up the task of making anything out of the In- dian and abandons the undertaking in disgust. Before the beginning of the eighteenth century the struggle between the great rival powers of Europe began for the posses- sion of the American continent, and a few years later the struggle was confined almost exclusively to the Mississippi Valley, the other jjoints in dispute having been previously settled by the ar- bitrament of the sword, or by treaty. The two great rival powers for this territory were the French and English. The English based their claims to the valley on charters granted by their king. These charters almost invariably extended from the At- lantic to the Pacific, while the French, with the better right based their claims on the discoveries and explorations of the Jesuit missionaries. Father Marquette, the bold adventurous La Salle and others, together with the French traders. The British relied on their superior prowess and tactics, and the French on their earlier possession and friendship with the Indians. Many of the French went among the Indians, not for trade or barter, but burning with a zeal to convert them to the Roman Catholic faith, and to make them obedient subjects to the French king. To do this they went among them, and dwelt there as brothers, sharing their hardships, eating from the same dish, sleeping in the same wigwam, and fighting with them in their battles. On the other hand the English usually treated the Indian as a savage, and as a consequence they had frequent and bloody wars with the In- dians, while the French and Indian lived at peace as brothers. The result of the French policy toward the Indians, and by forti- fying at the mouth of all the larger rivers and their tributaries, gave the French possession of nearly all the Mississippi Valley up to the middle of the seventeenth century. Then began the 270 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. struggle for supremacy between the French and English. Vin- cennes was an important trading post for many years. This was founded the year of Washington's birth, 1732. At this place, on the 18th day of October, 1775, a company of speculators bought of the Piankeshaw Indians a tract of land embracing many million acres lying on both sides of the Wabash River. This land was bought for a small sum of money and a great many trinkets. Although duly signed by eleven chiefs of the tribe, it was never recognized by Congress. The first treaty with the Indians affect- ing this territory was at Vincennes, September 17, 1802, between the Miami chief. Little Turtle, and Richardville and agents for the Piankeshaw, W^ea, Jiaskaskia, Kickapoo and Eel River tribes, and Winamac and Tofiuefic for the Pottawattomies ; a second treaty, August 18, 1804, with the Delawares embraces all the south of the Indian trace through this county between the Wabash and Ohio Rivers. August 27, 1804, the Piankeshaws gave up their claims to the same lands. August 21, 1805, at Groveland, near Vin- cennes, the Pottawattomie, Miami, Eel River, Wea and Delaware tribes gave up all claim to southeast Indiana. Doubtless the great Shawnee warrior, Tecumseh, and his brother, Le-la-was-i-kaw, or, as he afterward was called, Penns-quat-a-wah trod the "trace" near Petersburg in their efforts to unite all southern tribes in the great Miami confederacy of 1810-11, from Florida to the lakes. The local tribes in this county were the Wyandots, mainly to the east, and the Pottawattomies, who were the last to leave ; scat- tering and roving bands occasionally passing down AVliite River many years after the power of the great confederacy was broken. They seemed loth to leave their old hunting grounds. West and down the river were the Kickapoos. Nothing definite is known as to the local history of these tribes, other than that they fre- quently camped near some of the various S2:)rings of the county, and the bones of many of their dead have been found since their departure. Mounds. — These monuments of a peculiarly remarkable peo- ple are very numerous in the county, extending as they do from the east to the western part of the county. They extend from Jefferson along the river through Washington, Madison, Clay and Logan Townships. They are always found either in the river bottom or along the edge of hills that skirt the bottom. JIISTOUY OF PIKE COUNTY. 271 They range in height from a few feet to seemingly thirty or forty feet, yet the exact height of the very high ones would be very dif- ficult to tell without extensive research, as will be explained further on. The object of the mounds, as well as the peculiar- ities and aims of their builders, will doubtless ever remain enshrouded in mystery. Whether this prehistoric people belonged to the Asiatics, the Egyptians, or were a part of the " lost tribes," or were distinct from any other, and were a preadamic race ethnology nor any other science gives little light; darkness and obscurity seems to encompass and enshroud them. The archaeologist is often enabled to reveal many of the minute peculiarities of this people, and afterward have his knowledge verified by further discoveries. One thing is certain. The habits of the Mound Builders differ greatly from any characteristics of the North American Indian, They seem to have been more peaceful than warlike. It has been argued that the Mound Build- ers were a peaceful people living by agricultural pursuits or by fishing, and that they made war only for defense rather than as aggressors, and that their works, which were of a warlike charac- ter, were intended as places of retreat. Of the various kinds of work left by that peculiar people called Mound Builders, some seemed to be for watch towers or places of observation, doubtless as a warning against the approach of aggressive neighbors, some as places of sacrifices, and it is worthy of remark that they were doubtless sun worshipers or some rude form of nature, but not a gross or sensual character, some as burying grounds, as is shown by the numerous human remains, and other sepulchral evidences that abound in many mounds, some as fortifications as is the case of the one at Fort Ancient in Ohio, which bears evidence of nice mathematical calculation, the white structure being; a huge fort having a stone basement, a huge wall of earth on top; another frequently seen by the writer lies just across the Wabash River, about three miles below Gigville, 111. This is a rectangu- lar earth-work enclosing about six acres of land, yet all bearing evidence of intelligent design. The mounds of this county belong to the same class as those extending from Pittsburgh, Penn., to the plateau of the Rocky Mountains. The size of some of the mounds and their number in this county indicate an exten- sive population, when we consider the means these primitive peo- 272 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. pie had of transporting earth and the vast size of the mounds. The largest and most clearly marked of these mounds lies on the farm of George H. Siple, about two miles west of Petersburg. This mound has been built out from the higher grounds, and resembles a huge causeway or mole, where it connects the mound proper with the high lands behind it, and terminates so abruptly as to be inaccessible except to footmen, on all sides except the one joining the mound to the high ground behind it. Being joined as it is to the high lands back of it renders the matter difficult to tell how much of it is of artificial formation. On three sides of the mound at least, it is rounded and about as steep as loose earth could be made to stand and has been clothed in huge forest trees. The mound in Clay Township of large size is of similar struct- ure and appearance to the one above described. The majority, however, are only from three to six feet high, and all the small ones of similar structure. These mounds seem to have been for burial or sacrificial purposes, yet the one above described, having the mole extending back to a large spring, might indicate a camp of defense. The relics that have been found in these consist of stone hatchets, arrow heads, both very numerous, occasionally copper beads and other works, pipes, and numerous human re- mains. Mr. Mount once found near the river bank a human skull washed from one of these mounds by the river encroaching upon it John Stuckey, Mr. Oborn and a few others, whose names are forgotten, were digging a grave on top of a mound near Siple' s,. and reaching the depth of about three feet came upon the re- mains of three persons. The first was a huge being, the lower maxillary being large enough to pass over that of a living per- son, flesh and all. Mr. Stuckey further says that the femur bone was several inches longer than that of an ordinary man. Unfor- tunately these remains have been neglected and lost. Of the re- mains of the other two, one seemed to have been a woman, the other a child. The skeleton of the woman was reclining between the legs of the huge man, and the child between those of the woman. Other skeletons have been found usually with a stone resting under the head and one on the heart. Unfortunately no extensive, scientific examination has ever been made into these mounds. Doubtless they would richly repay the archaeologist foi* his pains. HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 273 CHAPTER HI. BY "W. S. WHEATLEY. Organization of the County— Important Proceedings of the Com- missioners—New Townships- Public Buildings— County Offi- cers— Finances— Population— The Paupers— Agricultural So- cieties—Elections—General Matters of Interest. AFTER the organization of Indiana as a State in 1810, the rapid increase in population made necessary the formation of new counties. Previous to 1817 the territory now comprising the county of Pike was included in Gibson County, but by the act for its formation, approved December 21, 1816, Pike County was made to include a much larger area than it now does. The foL lowing is the act as far as it relates to the organization of the county : An act for the formation op a new county out op the counties op Knox, Perry and Gibson. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That from and after the 1st day of February next all that part of the counties of Knox, Perry and Gibson included in the following boundaries, shall form and consti- tute a new county; that is to say, beginning at a point on White River where the line dividing Sections 9 and 10 in Range 9, Township 1 north of Bucking- ham's base line strikes the same; thence south with said line to the township line dividing Townships 3 and 4 south, thence east with said township line until it strikes the range line dividing Ranges 2 and 3 west; thence north with said range line until it strikes the line dividing the counties of Orange and Gibson; thence with said line until it strikes Lick Creek; thence down said creek to White River; thence down said river with the meanderings thereof, to the place of beginning. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted. That the said county shall, from and after the 1st day of February next, be known and designated by the name of the county of Pike, and it shall enjoy all the rights, privileges and jurisdictions which, to a separate county, do. or may properly appertain or belong: Provided always, That all suits, pleas, plaints, actions and.proceedings which may before the said 1st day of March next, have been commenced, instituted and pending within the counties of Knox, Perry and Gibson, shall be pi'osecuted to final judgment and effect in the same manner as if this act had not passed. Provided also, That the territorial and county taxes which are now due within the bounds of said new county, shall be collected and paid in the same manner, and by the same officers, as they would have been if the erection of said new county had not taken place. 274 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That G. R. C. Sullivan, Benjamin V. Beckes and Ephraim Jordan, of Knox County, William Hargrove, of Gibson County, and George Boone, of Harrison County, be, and they are hereby appointed commissioners to designate the place for the seat of justice of Pike County, agreeably to an act for fixing the seats of justice in all new counties hereafter to be laid off. The commissioners above named or others appointed by proper authority, shall convene at the house of Hosea Smith, in the town of Alexandria, on the 3d day of February next, and then and there proceed to discharge the duties assigned them by law. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That the board of commissioners of said new county, shall, within twelve months after the permanent seat of justice shall be established, proceed to erect the necessary public buildings thereon. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That until suitable accommodations can be had in the opinion of the Circuit Court at the seat of justice of said new county, all the courts of justice of the same shall be held at the house of said Hosea Smith, in the town of Alexandria. And as soon as the court shall be informed that the public buildings are in such a state of forwardness as to accommodate the court, the said court shall adjourn to the county seat, and after that time the Circuit Court, and all other courts necessary to be held at the county seat of the county aforesaid, shall be held at the county seat established for said county. Sec. 6 relates to a county library; Section 7, to senators and representatives ; Section 8, to the attachment of a part of Gibson County to Warwick County. By examination of a map, it will be seen that Pike County at that time included all of its present territory except a part of Clay Township, and in addition took in all of what is now Columbia Township and a large part of Barton Township, Gibson County, a small part of Warrick and Perry Counties, all of Dubois County and that part of Martin County south of Lick Creek. By acts of the legislature in regard to the formation of Dubois County passed during the session of 1817-18, the present eastern boundary of Pike County was established, and the General Assembly of 1823-24 fixed the present limits on the west. Ads of the County Board. — At an election held in February, 1817, Paul Tislow, James Campbell and Harrison Blackgrove were elected county commissioners and on the following Monday they met at the house of Hosea Smith. Their first work was to divide the county into townships, which was done as follows: All of the county west of the second section line east of the line dividing Ranges 8 and 9 constituted Madison Township; Wash- ington Township included all of the territory between the east line of Madison and the second section line east of the line dividing Ranges 7 and 8 ; Jefferson Township embraced all the remainder HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. 275 of what is now Pike County, with two additional rows of sections of the south, and Harbison Township inchided all of what is now Dubois County, and a small additional area now belonging to the counties of Perry and Martin. Officers were ap- pionted for each of the townships, and an election of jus- tices was ordered to take place February 25. Washington was allowed two, Madison two, Jefferson one, and Harbison three. At the next meeting of the l^oard, which was held in March, John Johnson was appointed agent of the county. He gave bond in the sum of $5,000 with Thomas J. Withers as surety. In May, David Kinman, William Crayton and Robert Brenton were ap- pointed to view a road from Petersburg to Phillip's Mill, and from this time forth roads were speedily laid out in all parts of the county. At the same meeting William Wright, Campbell and Loan, John Butler, Benjamin Rice and Thomas Case were licensed to keep taverns. A pound fifty feet square was ordered to be erect- ed on the public square and Thomas Case was appointed keeper. In August the first levy of taxes was made. The rates were for first-rate land 50 cents per 100 acres; for second-rate land 43| cents per 100 acres, and for third-rate land 25 cents per 100 acres. Hosea Smith was allowed $1() for the use of his house as a court house. G. R. C. Sullivan received $100 for his serv- ices as prosecuting attorney for the year. This gentleman seems to have been an adept at securing full pay for his services. He was allowed more than all the other officers of the county com- bined for the first two or three years, and even then managed in some way to overdraw his salary. In May, 1819, contractors were appointed for building bridges over Pride's, Congress and Muddy Creeks. The law of 1824 transferred the transaction of public business to a board composed of all the justices in the county. Thomas Mead was president of the first board. In September, 1827, it was decided to offer a premium for wolf scalps. Fifty cents were paid for tlie scalps of wolves under six months old and $1 for those above that age. During the next four or five years over $50 was paid out for this purpose. The rates of taxation for 1830 were fixed as follows: Each horse 37^ cents; work oxen, 18| cents; carriages, $1.50; brass clocks, $1 : gold watches, $1 ; pinchbeck and silver watches, 50 cents ; first, / 276 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. second and third-rate lands, $1, 80 cents and 60 cents, respective- ly, for each 100 acres. Each town lot 75 cents on the $100 val- uation. License to retail liquor $10; license to vend merchan- dise, $15. From the above it is seen that a brass clock was a some- what expensive luxury, and it cost more to sell merchandise than whisky. In 1831 Elijah Hammond was appointed commissioner of the three per cent fund, and continued to hold the office as it existed. This fund was used in building bridges and the im- provement of roads. At the September term of the county board in 1832, $213 was appropriated toward building a bridge across the Patoka, provided that enough could be raised by subscription to complete it. No evidence is obtained that any subscriptions were made and the bridge was not built. New Townships. — In February, 1820, all of that part of the county south of a line running due east and west across the coun- ty, three miles south of the base line, was cut off and called Monroe Township. Previous to this Harbison Township had been taken off to form Dubois County. In November of the same year a new township called Adams was formed to include all of Monroe south of the Patoka and west of the South Fork of Patoka. The greater part of this territory was soon after an- nexed to Gibson County. Previous to 1824, the territory now included in Clay Township except the eastern row of sections which were added in 1825, belonged to Gibson County. In that year it was annexed to Pike County and organized as a separate township. In September, 1838, Patoka Township, comprising its present area and what was afterward formed into Marion Township was organized. The others organized were Logan in 1846, Lockhart in 1852, and Marion in 1857. Colleciors and Commissioners. — May, 1840, Meredith Howard was appointed collector for the county. Those who had preceded him in that office were Elias Osborne, 1832; George Chambers, 1833, and Charles Alexander, 1831). The commissioners of sur- plus revenue appointed were Thomas C. Stewart, 1837 ; George Chambers, 1840, and James Hillman, 1841. The trustees of county seminaries were Z. F. Selby, 1834; Charles Alexander, 1835 ; James R. Withers, 1837 ; Malachi Merrick, 1838 ; Samuel Stucky, 1841, and John S. Stucky, 1843. School commissioners, James Brenton, Peter Brenton, 1836 ; Hiram W. Kinman, 1837 ; HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. 277 E. B, Boon, 1843; George H. Proffit, 184G; Alexander Leslie, 1848. Boon resigned in 1845, and a committee was appointed to examine his accounts. Tliey reported a defalcation to the amount of ^352.68, and the county board ordered suit to be begun on his bond. Court Houses and Jails. — One of the first acts of the county commissioners was to order the letting of a contract for building a court house. The contract was obtained by Thomas C Stewart, who agreed to have the work completed by November, 1817. The building, however, was not received by the county board until the following February. It was erected on Lot 107, on the east side of the public square. It was built of hewed logs, and was 32x24 feet, two stories high. The cost was $599.75. At about the same time a contract for building a log jail was awarded to Peter Brenton, who received $1,340. The building was twenty feet square, two stories high, with double walls, one foot apart, the space between being filled with upright timbers. The cells were in the lower part, and the only entrance to them was a trap door in the floor of the upper story. In May, 1819, the county board authorized James Campbell, Henry Brenton, Sr., and John Johnson, to contract for the building of a brick court house as soon as $500 was subscribed for that purpose by the citizens of the county. The amount was not subscribed. By 1830 the old building had become unfit for use, and court was held at the house of Mrs. Elizabeth ^'iim. In September of that year Matthew Foster, Peter Brenton and Samuel Stocky were appointed to draft a plan and let the contract for building a court house. The con- tract for the masonry was given to George H. Proffit and Charles F. White. John Butler and Henry B. Merrick were appointed a committee to oversee the construction. The building was to be thirty-six feet square, built of brick with stone foundation. Prof- fit had his contract completed by 1835, but Butler, who received the contract for the remainder of the work, did not have it finished in May, 1836, and the county board was compelled to purchase mate- rial, and hire workmen to complete it. This building was erected on the public square, and the old lot was sold. In March, 1837, Elias Osborne received the contract for rebuilding the jail. The plan was about the same as before, and all the sound logs of the old building were used. 278 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. In 1838 a one-storied brick clerk's office, 36x18 feet, was biiilt on the public square at a cost of |724, and in 1852 a similar building was erected for tlie accommodation of the auditor and treasurer. In March, 1864, William H. De Wolf was appointed to confer with a competent architect in regard to plans for a new court house. Nothing more was done until June, 1865, when it was decided by the county board to build a brick court house, large enough to contain all county offices, and accommodate courts and juries. It was not, however, until August of the next year that the contract was let. William and R. P. Hawthorn agreed to erect the building, according to the plans and specifications, for $23,280. In July, 1866, a tax of 10 cents on the $100 was levied to constitute a fund for the payment of county bonds, which up to 1870 had been issued to the amount of $26,214. The court house was completed in October, 1868, and was received by the county board. Many changes had been made in the original plans, which had increased the cost. The contractors received $8,521.(52 for extras, making the entire amount expended, including archi- tects' and superintendents' fees, $33,264,89. In 1853 Albert Smith and Goodlet Morgan took the contract for the erection of a jail to be 40x20 feet, built of brick on a stone foundation. The price agreed upon was $2,347.25. In 1885 this building was repaired at considerable cost, and an addition 24x21 feet added. Later Acts of the County Board. — In December, 1863, a somewhat remarkable order was issued to the county auditor, J. P. Glezen. It authorized him to procure fixtures for the windows and a lock for the door of the court house for the pur- pose of keeping the gamblers out. It further stated that should they take possession of the building, he was entrusted with the power as agent of the board to disposses them. We leave our readers to draw their own inferences. July 10, 1855, after the passage of the prohibitory liquor law, the auditor called a special meeting of the board to appoint an agent to sell liquors, as was required by that law. They met, but refused to appoint on the ground that the auditor had no right to convene them. He thought otherwise, and sent the sheriff to summons them to meet on July 21, which they accordingly did, but again refused to appoint. HISTORY OF PIKE COUxNTY. 279 In March, 1846, a resolution was adopted to appropriate a sum not to exceed $250 to build a bridge across the Patoka on the Evansville road, provided the commissioners of Gibson County would pay one-half. This proposition was accepted by that board in 1848 and the bridge was built. In 1851 the bridge was found to be too low, and it was raised to permit flat-boats to pass under. In 1860, $530.95 was paid as Pike County's share of the expense in building a bridge across the Patoka at Dongola. In Decem- ber, 1864, George W. Massey was allowed $495 toward building a bridge across the same stream near his residence. $500 reward was offered in December, 1863, for the arrest of the parties who broke into the county safe. In June, 1870, George W. Massey was authorized to employ one or more competent persons to in- vestigate the books of the treasurer and auditor for the fiscal years 1865-70 inclusive. He employed W. T. Stillwell and Charles H. De Bruler, who after a careful examination reported that McC. Gray, treasurer, appointed in 1860, was indebted to the county $946,77, and that the accounts of his successor, R. M. Case, showed a defalcation of $4,280.56. They also stated that in neither case was there evidence of intentional fraud, but the defalcations were simply the result of negligence and incompe- tency. Both Gray and Case made good their defalcations. July 12, 1877, George Whitman, treasurer of the county, was removed from office, and Jefferson AV. Richardson was appointed to fill the vacancy. Investigation of Whitman's accounts showed him a defaulter to the amount of $27,435.30. He absconded, and his property was turned over to his bondsmen. After it had all been disposed of the latter had a large deficit to make good. In June, 1883, another investigation of the treasurer's books was ordered. Frederick W. Bennett, of Evansville, and A. J. Montgomery, of Princeton, Ind., were employed as experts to examine the accounts from August, 1877, to November, 1880. They reported that the duties of the office had been very care- lessly performed, and that the books were in bad condition. At the December settlement, in 1877, there was an error of $962.89 against Richardson, and the next year a similar error of $659.84, but that from the June settlement of 1878 there was a balance of $2,989.70 still due the county, and from the next year an addi- tional amount of $7,253.35. Other errors were found in the ac- 280 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. count of 1880, and the total defalcation was found to be $9,725.23. After considerable litigation a compromise was made, by wliicli Kichardson turned over to the county, real estate and notes to the value of $5,002.80, and the suits against him were withdrawn. In 1877 a new iron bridge was built across the Patoka, at Don- gola, the cost of which to this county was $1,423.42. At a joint meeting of the commissioners of Gibson and Pike Counties, Sep- tember 20, 1881, $7,000 was appropriated to build a bridge over the stream at the county line. Of that sum Pike County was to pay one-fourth. The bridge was completed in 1884. The Counfij FiiKuiccs. — The most prolific source of revenue to the county for the first three or four years was the sale of town lots. This was a valuable assistance. Public buildings had to be erected, and the other means of raising revenue were very limited. The following is a statement of the receipts and ex- penditures for 1817: RECEIPTS. Tavern license I 38 00 Ferry license 6 00 Store license 32 25 Fines assessed by the circuit court 12 00 Fines assessed by justices 30 50 County revenue 161 48 Sale of lots in Petersburg 982 62 Total ■ $1,252 85 EXPENDITURES. Treasurer's pei'centage f 62 00 Sheriffs percentage 9 69 County library : 98 26 Count}' commissioners 74 00 Associate judges 20 00 Orders redeemed 648 56 Total $912 51 The next year Willis C. Osborne refused to make a report, and an investigation of his accounts showed him indebted to the county to the amount of $13. During the year, $2,095.25 was received from the sale of town lots, and $292.98 from the county revenue. The expenditures amounted to $1,150.40. At the end of the year 1819, the county was in debt $90.75. The county revenue for that year amounted to $234.07, store license, $22.50, tavern license $30. For 1821 the expenditures were $335.50 and the receipts $495.39. In 1830 the receipts were merchant's license HISTORY OF PIKE COUxNTY. 281 $62.50, grocer's license $27.50, show license !$1450, county rev- enue $574.75; the expenditures amounted to $471. ()0; the indebt- edness of the county, January 1, 1831, was estimated by the treasurer to be $760.75. For the fiscal year ending May 31, 1850, the receipts were $3,560.84 and the expenditures $2/.)13.4l). The county revenue amounted to $ 1 , 379. 7 6, and county officers cost $561.- 62. At the beginning of the fiscal year ending May 31,1860, there was a balance in the treasiiry of $3,757.02. There was received during the year for lands redeemed $64.45, ferry license $5, circus and show license $45, merchant's license $5, county revenue $5,881.79. Total receipts $9,758.26. The total disbursements amounted to $6,527.15 of which $1,033.04 was for county oflicers, $566.27 on acount of the poor, and $2,239.86 for roads and high- ways. The receipts for the year 186)9-70 including the amount on hand at the beginning of the year, were $41,940.65, of this sum the county revenue was $2C),164.41, and bonds sold $8,800. The disbursements for the year amounted to $28,532.55. The total indebtedness of the county, June 1, 1870, was $32,096). 59. The county revenue for 1879-80 amounted to $2(3,66)9.72; bonds to the amount of $10,000, were sold, and the total receipts were $40,- 189.53. The expenditures including $8,931.54 overpaid by the treasurer the previous year, were $36,976.33, bonds to the amount of $2,000, were redeemed and county officers cost $4,887.40. The following is a statement of the receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year 1885. RECEIPTS. Amount in the treasury .June 1, 1884 $ ^.OOS 07 Ferry license 3 50 Road damages 35 00 Sale of school land 4 69 County bonds :^6,000 00 Show licenses 10 00 Bailiff and juror's fees 11 oO Bridge expense 80 School fund interest 169 30 Appropriation for Louisville Exposition, balance unused 73 35 Countj' asylum 75 30 Bond tax 1,915 33 Special judge 30 00 Change of venue 229 00 County revenue 21,788 10 Total receipts 66,342 74 282 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. EXPENDITUKES. Scalps ^ 456 50 Couutv asylum 3,214 64 Insaue 1-668 33 Roads ;j73 30 Brid"'es 5, 907 32 Jurors 1.36093 Poor 3,28618 Assessing revenue 1.603 20 Prisoners 1-241 00 Inquests 181 15 Special allowances 541 30 Printing and stationary 2,364 66 Bailiffs 717 79 County officers 6,196 14 Public buildings 526 35 County superintendent 2,411 91 Equalization 53 80 Justices of the peace 33 65 Change of venue 134 25 Board of health 77 85 Investigation 659 00 Courts 108 45 County attorney 200 10 County institute 50 00 Fuel 141 00 House of refuge and blind 123 25 Appropriation to Louisville Exposition 100 00 County bonds returned to the auditor 19,500 00 Total $53,442.04 Balance in the Treasury June 1, 1885 $12,900.70 Tlie indebtedness of the county at the present time may be stated in round numbers at $50,000. The greater part of this is in bonds drawing 5 and 6 per cent interest. POPULATION OF PIKE COUNTY. 1840 4, 769 1850 , 7,720 1860 10,064 1870 13,779 1880 16,384 1885 (estimated) 17,500 The Counfij Paiq)ers. — Pike county from its organization has cared well for its poor. Among the first township officers appointed were overseers of the poor, whose duty it was to look after those persons incapable of supporting themselves. They reported the expenses to the county commissioners, who issued HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 283 orders on tlie county treasurer for the amount. The permanent paupers were farmed out to the lowest responsible bidders. The j5rst incident of this kind was the farming of Greenbury Bird to Hugh Shaw for one year at S29, in 1827. Bird continued to be cared for by the county for many years. This system was continued until 1850, when the county board purchased eighty acres of land of James Mount for $600. This was fitted up for a poor farm, and Andrew J. Barker was appointed to superintend it. He paid the county $20 as rent for the farm, and received $1.75 per week each for keeping the paupers, This method of keeping poor was found more expensive than the old one, and the farm was sold in 1851 to Hezekiah Cox for $800. The paupers were again farmed out until 18()r), when the present poor farm was purchased from E. W. Gray for $1,098.59. Soon after an asylum, 60x38 feet, two stories high, was built, and William M. Anderson appointed superintendent for two years from March, 1867. Dr. J. E. Adams was appointed physician in 1868. The number of inmates was then eight. The next year E. W. Gray was appointed superintendent. He received $1.15 per week for each pauper, and had the use of the farm. John Fettinger was appointed superintendent in 1872. He was succeeded the next year by Charles S. Fettinger. He paid rent for the land, arid received $3 per week for each pauper. He was followed by Will- iam C. Richardson in 1874. In 1882 it was decided to pay the superintendent a salary, the county bearing all the expenses, and receiving all the proceeds of the farm. John J. Fleener was appointed at a salary of $600. The next year Isaac L. Fordyce succeeded him at a salary of $290. March 21, 1885, the asylum was entirely destroyed by fire. Two frame buildings, 32x36 feet, each containing five rooms, have since been erected. Agriciilfural Societies. — The first attempt to organize an agri- cultural society in Pike County was in 1836, when a meeting Avas held for that purpose at the court house. Nothing was accomplished in that direction, and no further efforts were made until 1857, when a temporary organization was effected. A fair was held near what was known as Stuckey's Pond, October 23 of that year. It was a very primitive affair. A space of about one-fourth of an acre was enclosed with a rope, and the articles exliibited were placed upon rude stands, or hung upon ropes 284 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. stretched from tree to tree. No stock except horses were upon exhibition, and those were tied outside of the inclosure. The fair was continued but one day, and the admission price was 10 cents. An address was delivered by Joseph P. Glezen. No other fair was held until the present agricultural society was formed, the following history of which is taken mainly from an article pub- lished in the Dally Press of September 10, 1885. In the winter of 1870 the question of organizing an agricultural society was agitated and meetings were held for the purpose. A number of prominent citizens took an active interest in these meetings, the result of which was the organization of the Pike County Agricul- tural Society in 1871. Among the prime movers in the enterprise were Lemuel Hargrave, Aaron H. George, Patrick McNabb, W. L. Merrick, W. H. Kelso, Isaac E. Lett, Matthew McMurray, H. C Brenton, Con and Hiram Adams, Orlando Siple, and many others. A meeting was held at Alford to select a place to hold the fairs, and to elect the proper officers. Alford, Petersburg, and near the farm of John O. M. Selby were mentioned as suitable places to hold the fairs, but Petersburg was finally selected as the place, and fifteen acres of land (the present location) were leased by Goodlet Morgan for ten years at $150 per year. The society was organized with a capital stock of $3,000 and the foUowinof officers and directors were elected: President, Patrick McNabb; vice-president, Ashael Whitman; secretary, Aaron H. jeorge; treasurer, Matthew McMurray; superintendent, W. L. Merrick; directors, Orland Siple, H. C. Brenton, A. J. Patter- son, John J. Fleener, Joshua Wilson, Isaac R. Lett Washington, Temple Woolsey, W. H. Kelso, W. H. Gladish, John Le Masters and B. W. Anderson. The first fair was held September 12, 13, 14 and 15, 1871. The receipts for tickets, entry fees, etc., were $1,329.75. The next year the receipts from the same source were $2,152.50, and the amount paid for premiums $1,142.50. In 1873 the receipts were $1,931.43. The grounds, twenty-eight and one-half acres were purchased December 11, 1875 for $100 per acre and an assessment of thirty per cent levied on the stock to make the first payment. The track was originally only one- third of a mile but in 1876 was enlarged to half a mile. The grounds are beautifully located, and are kept in excellent condi- tion. The society has never failed to pay all premiums, and HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 285 other expenses in full. In 1884 a dividend of fifteen per cent was paid on the stock and the society is free from debt except $1,200 which was spent in building an amphitheater during the present year. The capital stock at present is $3,887.50 and is divided among about one hundred stockholders. The following is a list of the receipts, disbursements and premiums paid since 1873. 1874. Receipts $2,443 45 Disbursements 3,153 03 Premiums paid 978 00 1875. Receipts 2,912 82 Disbursements 2,052 82 Premiums paid 1, 160 60 1876. Receipts 4,376 55 Disbursements 4.184 38 Premiums 1,450 60 1877. Receipts 3,236 57 Disbursements 3,224 85 Premiums 1,466 75 1878. Receipts 3,340 75 Disbursements 3,323 73 Premiums 1,565 53 1879. Receipts 2,710 70 Disbursements 2,659 50 1880. Receipts 3, 110 65 Disbursements 3,131 65 Premiums 1,878 05 1881. Receipts 2,820 85 Disbursements 2,800 07 Premiums 1,733 50 1882. Receipts 4,785 13 Disbursements 3,767 70 Premiums 1,453 55 1883. Receipts 4,348 73 Disbursements 4,196 70 Premiums 1,765 50 1884. Receipts 3,918 36 Disbursements 3,819 27 Premiums 1,903 60 1885. Receipts, including borrowed money 5,068 04 Disbursements 4,399 65 Premiums 1,775 00 Premiums 1,448 90 Present Officers — President, Samuel Hargrove; vice-presi- dent, William A. Oliphant ; secretary, Goodlet Morgan ; treasurer, E. P. Richardson; superintendent, Samuel H. Stuckey. Directors — Patrick McNabb, A. G. Billmeyer, Willard Mor- rison, Isaac B. Lett, R. Harrell, Sr., J. W. Wilson, Henry C. Brenton. Tlie Couniij Libranj. — It was provided by legislative enact- ment that ten per centum of the proceeds of the sale of town lots should be used for the purchase and maintenance of a county library. This sum amounted to $98.26 the first year; and in November, 1822, the county treasurer was ordered to turn over the fund, amounting at that time to $331.50, to the treasurer of the county library. With this fund was purchased a compara- 286 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. tively large library. Trustees, a treasurer, and librarian, were the officers. The trustees in 1827, were Elijah Hammond, Archi- bald Campbell, John Johnson, James Lownsdale, Kobert Crow, Griffith Evans and James Kinman. At that time the library was of great value to the people of the county. Another system for the diffusion of general information was that of the township libraries furnished by the State early in the fifties. Each library comprised about 300 volumes of the best works in all departments of literature, and were distributed to the counties according to population. The number allotted to Pike County was eight, distributed by the county board as follows: one each to Washington, Jefferson, Patoka and Logan Townships ; one to Madison and Clay; and one to Monroe and Lockhart. The books were widely read, and were a valuable source of education for many years. Quite early in the fifties, a benevolent gentleman of southern Indiana, named William McClure, dying, bequeathed a large for- tune to the founding of ''Workingmen's Institutes," in sums of 1500 each, to be expended in books for the use only of "men who earned their bread by the sweat of their brows." Institutes were formed at Petersburg and in Clay Township. Many books, all of the best character, were bought, and a vast amount of good was the result. The library at Union, in Clay Township, has been preserved, and new books added from time to time by pri- vate subscriptions, an addition of $100 worth being under con- templation at the present time. / Sheriffs. — Adam Hope, February, 1817 ; John Johnson, August, 1817; Thomas C. Stewart, 1820; James Kinman, 1822; Joseph C. Morgan, 1826; David Miley, 1830; Fielding Johnson, 1833; Charles Alexander, 1836; Meredith Howard, 1810; M. L. Withers and James C. Graham received the same number of votes each in 1844. The latter became sheriff. David Miley, 1848 ; Marquis L. Withers, 1850; F. M. Whight, 1854; H. Gladish, 1858; Jon- athan Wilson, 1861 ; H. Gladish, 1863 ; John Crow, 1865 ; J. W. Humphrey, 1870; John Crow, 1872; William C. Miller, 1874; Byron Brenton, 1876; Thomas J. Scales, 1878; John Crow, 1882, and W. J. Shrode, 1884. Coroners. — Archibald Campbell, 1817; Peter Tislow, 1819; Ptobert Brenton, 1821; Daniel Coonrod, 1823; Isaac Knight, HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 287 1823; Daniel Coonrod, 1828 ; Jeremiah AVoolfeii, 1833; Meredith Howard, 1838; Thomas Martin, 1840; Jeremiah Woolfen, 1844; Nehemiah Ogden, 1845; Jeremiah Woolfen, 1847; John G. Sny- der, 1852; Joseph Stiibblefield, 1854; Robert Edwards, 185G; Henry Pope, 1857; Samuel Fettinger, 1858; John Tislow, 18(51; George W. De Tar, 1802; Henry Pope, 1863; T. C. Withers, 1864; James HilboAi, 18(55; Robert M. Stewart, 1867; Louis Hisgen, 1868; Joseph Lory, 1873; Mr. Bethell, 1876; Wilson . Stobaugh, 1878; William H. Thomas, 188(\ and Pembroke S. Withers, 1882. Treasurers. — Thomas Case, 1817; Willis C. Osborne, Feb- ^/^ ruary 11, 1818; James Kinman, August, 1818; Thomas J. With- ers, 1810; John Finn, 1822; David Miley, 1823; Franklin F. Sawyer 1830; Albert Hammond i^vice Sawyer resigned), March, 1838; John W. Posey, 1842; Alexander Leslie, 1847; Jonathan AVilson, 1852; James Crow, 1857; McCrillus Gray, vice Crow resigned, June, 1860; Reuben M. Case, 1862; Alexander Leslie, 1864; George Whitman, 1866; McCrillus Gray, 1870; George Whitman, 1874; Jefferson W. Richardson, July 12, 1877 ; Perry W. Chappell, 1880; Fred H. Portker, 1884. Clerks. — John Mclntire, 1817; John B. Hannah, 1855; Al- bert H. Logan, 1863 ; William Barr, appointod vice Logan re- signed, June 19, 1865 ; Joseph P. Glezen, 1865 ; Jefferson W. Richardson, 1871; John Crow, 1874, Daniel C. Ashby, 1878, re- elected in 1882. Recorders. — John McLitire, 1817; David Miley, 1851; John Mclntire, 1858; Jonathan Wilson, December, 1863; Daniel C. Ashby, 1868 ; Mark Powers, 1876, and Joseph C. Ridge, 1884. Auditoi's. — John Mclntire, 1841; Clark M. Anthony, June, 1846; Joseph P. Glezen, 1847; W. H. De Bruler, 1855; David H. Miley, 1858; William C. Davenport, 1862; Levi Ferguson. 1866; Ansel J. Patterson, 1874; Franklin Bilderback, 1878, and W. J. Bethell, 1882. SarveyovB. — Hosea Smith, 1817; William Hawthorn, 1847 ; William C. Davenport, 1852; John H. Boyd, 1858; William C. Davenport, 1860; William Hawthorn, 1862; Mark Reed, 1864; H. D. Onyett, 1865 ; D. W. Horton, 1866 ; William C. Miller, 1870; John B. Blaize, 1874; Josiah Martin, 1878; William C. Miller, 1882, and F. R. Bilderback, 1884. / 2S8 HISTORY OF I'lKE COUNTY. Couniij Commissioners. — Paul Tislow, James Campbell, Har- rison Blockgrave, February 10, 1817; Peter Brenton, vice Camp- bell, August 11, 1817; Moses Harrell, vice Blackgrave, 1818; Jesse Traylor, vice Tislow, 1819; Jacob Pea, vice Brenton, 182Q; Peter Brenton, vice Harrell, 1821 ; Thomas Pride, vice Taylor, 1822; Eobert Crow, vice Pea, 1823. In 1824 the board of jus- tices, consisting of all the justices of the peace in the county, took the place of the county commissioners, and continued to do their business until 1831, when three commissioners were again elected. Joseph C. Morgan, Levi Kinman, Henry Coleman, 1831; Archibald Campbell, vice Coleman, 1832; Conrad Cole- man, vice Campbell and Wesley De Bruler, vice Kinman, 1836 ; Charles F. White, vice Morgan, 1837 ; James B. Withers, vice Coleman, 1838; Thomas Hargrave, vice De Bruler, 1839; Con- rad Coleman, vice Withers, 1841 ; Thomas W^illiams, vice White, 1842; Joseph Chew, vice Hargrave, 1843; Henry Brenton, vice Williams, 1844; Eichard Selby, vice Chew, 1845; Alexander Barnes, vice Henry Brenton, 1840; Warren Smith, vice Coleman, 1847; Warner L. Scott, vice Selby, 1848; Henry Brenton, vice Alexander Barnes, 1849; Meredith Howard, vice Warner L. Scott, 1851; Joseph Manning, vice Smith, 1852; Joseph C. Mor- gan, vice Brenton, 1852; Marcellus Chew, vice Howard, 1854; Henry Brenton, vice Morgan (resigned), 1854; S. LeMasters, vice Manning, 1856; James E. Davidson, vice Brenton, 1859; Jonathan J. Bowman, vice Davidson, 186)1; James M. Evans, vice LeMasters, 1862; Goodlet Morgan, vice Chew, 18()3; George W. Massey, vice Evans, 1864; Josiali Chappell, vice Morgan, 1866; John Stubblefield, vice Chappell (resigned), 1867; Leroy Robinson, vice Stubblefield, 1867; Dale O. Stew- art, vice J. Bowman, 1867; Marcellus Chew, vice Robinson, 1870; J. J. Bowman, vice Stewart, 1870; W. H. De Bruler, vice Massey, 1871; Patrick McNabb, vice Chew, 1872; John Thomp- son, vice De Bruler, 1873; Herman Henke, vice Thompson, 1874; William T. Anderson, vice NcNabb, 1875; John J. Robling, vice Bowman, 187(); Joseph Ferguson, vice Henke, 1877; George Fettinger, Sr., vice Anderson, 1878; J. J. Bowman, vice Robling, 1879; Joseph C. Ridge, vice Fettinger (deceased), 1882; Aaron H. George, vice Ridge, 1882 ; Albert H. Johnson, vice Bowman, 1882; Vinson France, vice Ferguson, 1883; William J. Abbott vice George, 1884. HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 289 County Agents. — .John Johnson, February, 1817 ; Thomas C. Stewart, August, 1817 ; Moses Harrell, 1823 ; John Butler, 1824; John Finn, 1825; James Brenton, 1829. - Associate Circuit Judges. — Arthur Harbison, 1817; Henry Brenton, 1817 ; Thomas J. Withers, 1818 ; Elijali Hammond, 1822 ; Henry Hopkins, 1823 : William Hargrove, 1824 ; James Hillman, 1828 ; Charles F. White, 1831 ; George Chambers, 1835 ; Turner Wyatt, 183t) ; James Hillman, 1838 ; Thomas Pride, 1840; Josiah Chappell, 1844; Charles Alexander, 1848: John Almon, 1849 ; James Hillman, 1851 ; H. A. Edwards, 1851. Circuit Judges. — William Prince, 1817 ; David Hart, 1818 ; Kichard Daniel, 1819; J. E. E. Goodlet, 1820; Samuel Hall. 1832; Elisha Embree, 1836; James Lockhart, 1840; A. P. Hovey, 1852 ; William E. Niblack, 1854 ; Ballard Smith, 1858 ; M. F. Barker, 1859; James C. Denny, 1804; John Baker, 1805; James C. Denny, 180)0 ; James T. Pierce, 1807 ; O. M. Welborn, 1873. Probate Judges.— Matthew roster,1831 ; H. P. DeBruler,1835 ; F. F. Sawyer, 1842; Thomas Pride, 1847; Charles Alexander, lu'ce Pride (resigned), 1847. Justices of the Peace. — James Edmonson, John McManus, Samuel Smythe, Benjamin Rice, Joseph W. Loan, Zachariah Selby, William Wright, John Case, 1817; Thomas Mead, Levi /y Kinmau, John G. Withers, 1818; D^Kinman, 1819; Nicholas ^ Naylor, Charles DeBruler, Archibald Campbell, James B. Mc- Garrah, W. Doughter, 1820; F. F. Sawyer, Thomas Martin, 1821; Joseph Hawkins, 1822; Jacob Pea, 1823; AVilliam Crow, Charles F. White, James Hillman, 1824; Thomas Pride, 1825; John Finn, Henry Brenton, John Crow, 1820; John Butler, E. H. Maxon, 1827 ; George Wright, Henry Hillman, Thomas Mil- ler, David Miley, H. b". Merrick, John B. Dohine, 1828; John Martin, Thomas Fowler, 1830; J. G. Gray, 1831; John Butler, Sebastian Conger, Charles Alexander, Meredith Howard, Henry, Hillman, 1832; A. Snyder, 1833; John Colvin, Joseph Arnold, Samuel Stucky, 1884; Peter Bobbins, Small Bass, Elias Osborne, James Crow, H. I. S. English, Thomas Williams, 1835; William C. Davenport, Josiah Whitehead, William Brunson, Robert Bren- ton, 1830; A. Wiggs, 1838; S. S. P. Dedrick, 1839; Newton 290 HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. /Brenton, Daniel C. Black, 1840; Edward W. Fowler, JosejDli A. Gray, Richard M. Barrett, 1841 ; Samuel Kinman, Jonathan Con- ger, Thomas Fowler, William Wright, Jr., Samuel S. Johnson, 1842; George Wright, Samuel Fettinger, James Clark, Daniel H. Roberts, 1844. RepreseyitaUves. — Richard Daniel and John Johnson (Gib- son, Pike, Dubois and a part of Posey Counties), 1818; John Johnson (Pike), 1825; same (Pike and, Dubois), 1826; James Ritchie, same, 1828; Thomas C. Stewart, same, 1829; George H. Proffit, same, 1832; William M. Wright, same, 1833; Benjamin R, Edmundson, 1835; George H. Proffit, 1836; same (Pike), 1837; same (Pike and Dubois), 1838; Elijah Bell (Pike), 1839; Aaron B. McCrillus (Pike and Dabois), 1840; Alvan T. Whight (Pike), 1841; Robert Logan, same, 1843; Alvan T. Whight, same, 1844; Robert Logan, same, 1845; James C. Graham, same, 1848; James R. Withers, same, 1849; Perry Brown, same, 1850; James C. Graham, same, 1851; John S. Martin, same, 1855; G. Massey, same, 1857 ; A. J. Wells, same, 1861 ;W. H. DeBruler, same, 1863; J. W. Richardson, same, 1865; Lewis Wilson, same, 1867; Robert Logan, same, 1869; James Barker, same, 1873; James W. Arnold, same, 1875; L. W. Stewart, same, 1877; James Barker, same, 1879; Samuel Hargrove (Pike and Dubois), 1881; Morman Fisher, same, 1883 ; Lemuel Hargrave, same, 1885, Senators. — Isaac Montgomery (Gibson, Pike and Dubois), 1818; David Robb (same), 1820; Richard Daniel (Gibson & Pike), 1821; Thomas H. Blake (Sullivan, Green, Vigo, Owen and Pike), 1821; Richard Daniel (Gibson & Pike), 1822; Isaac Montgomery (same), 1823 and to 1825; then (Gibson, Pike and Dubois), 1826-28; David Robb (same), 1829-33; Elisha Embree (same), 1833-35; Thomas C. Stewart (same), 1835- 38; John Hargrove (same), 1838-40; Smith Miller (same), 1841-44; Benjamin R. Edmundson (same), 1844-47; Smith Miller (same), 1847-50; Benjamin T. Goodman (same), 1850- 52; William Hawthorn (same), 1852-56; John Hargrove (same), 1856-60; Thomas Shoulders (same), 1860^64; James Barker (same), 1864-68; Aaron Houghton (Pike, Dubois & Martin), 1869; Leroy Cave (same), 1871; James B. Hendricks (Warrick and Pike), 1875; T. B. Hart (same), 1879; Eward P. Richard- son (same), 1883. HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 291 Elcciions. — For many years after the organization of the county, the voters at a general election could cast their ballots at any voting place in the county, and as there was more excite- ment and larger crowds at the county seat than elsewhere, the majority of the votes were cast there. Until after the " Hard Cider Campaign "* whisky was freely used at elections and political speakings. Usually a barrel of whisky would be rolled out, its head knocked in, and drinking vessels conveniently placed, so that all could partake of it as freely as of water. Of course fights were numerous, but as the fists were the only weapons used the results were not serious. The first general election occurred in August, 1817. For representative to Congress Thomas Posey received 71 votes and William Hendricks the same number, the vote being a tie. By townships the vote was as follows : Posey — Washington, 53; Madison, 9; Jefferson, 5; Harbison, 4; Hend- ricks — Washington, 28; Madison, 7; Jefferson, 21; Harbison, 20. In 1810, John Jenninjjfs received for governor 99 votes, and his opponent, Christopher Harrison, received 37. The decrease in votes from the election in 1817 is accounted for by the fact that Harbison Township had been cut off at the formation of Dubois County. In 1820 W^illiam Hendricks received the entire vote of the county for representative to Congress. The vote for State senator stood 130 for Richard Daniel and 66 for Isaac Montgom- ery. The following year for State representative John Johnson received 120 votes and David Kinman 61. In 1822 William i^ Hendricks received the entire vote for governor. For represen- tative to Congress Charles Dorsy received 45 votes, and William Prince, 173. In 1823, for State senator, Isaac Montgomery received 168 votes and David Robb, 73. The next year the vote for congressman stood: Jacob Call, (55 ; Eatliff Boon, 209. At the presidential election of that year the vote by townships was as follows: DEMOCRATIC. REPUBLICAN. WHIG. TOWNSHIPS. Jackson and Clay and Adams and Calhoun. Sanford. Washington 13 59 1 Madison 5 6 Jefferson 13 8 2 Clay 18 1 Totals 31 91 4 The vote in Monroe Township could not be ascertained. 292 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. In 1825, the vote for governor was Isaac Blackford (Whig), 154; James B. Bay (Democrat), 43. For Congress the follow- ing year, Thomas H. Blake received 32 votes and Ratliff Boon 245. Two years later the vote for the same candidates show a remark- able change. Two townships gave Blake 169 votes and Boon 113. The same townships gave H. H. Moor for governor, 97 votes; James B. Bay, 110; Isaac T. Canby, 73. The vote for President and Vice-president was as follows: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN TOWNSHIPS. Jacksou Clay and Calhoun, and Sargeant. Washington 129 73 Madison 8 25 Clay 3 15 Jefferson 9 27 Monroe 2 16 Totals 151 156 In 1831 the vote for governor was Noah Noble (Whig), 172; James G. Beed (Democrat), 265. The following is the vote at the Presidential election in 1832: DEMOCRATIC. WHIG. TOWNSHIPS. Jackson Clay and Van Buren. and Rush. Washington 157 105 Jefferson 7 35 Clay 9 Monroe 5 16 Madison 17 9 Totals 186 174 In 1834 the vote for governor was Noah Noble (Whig), 182; James G. Beed, (Democrat) 278. The next year for representa- tive to Congress, Batliff Boon received 252 votes and John G. Clendennin, 193. The vote at the Presidential election of 1836 was as follows: WHIG. DEMOCRATIC. TOWNSHIPS. Harrison Van Buren and Granger. and Johnson. Washington 172 173 Madison 20 6 Clay 11 6 Jefferson 7 28 Monroe 8 13 Totals 218 226 In 1837 the vote for governor stood: John Dumont (Demo- crat), 267; David Wallace (Whig), 286. The vote for congress- HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 293 man was still more evenly divided, Ratliff Boon receiving 284 votes and John Pitcher 280. The above results show that the strength of the two parties was very nearly equal. In 1831) George H. Proffit, a brilliant and popular candidate, defeated his democratic opponent for rep- resentative to Congress, Robert Dale Owen, by a decided majori- ty, that is so far as Pike County was concerned in the result. The vote stood Proffit, 478; Owen, 227. After the hard cider campaign of the next year this majority suffered but little de- crease. The following is the vote: DEMOCRATIC. WHIG. TOWNSHIPS. Van Buren Harrison and Johnson, and Tyler. Washington 183 309 Clay 10 17 Monroe G 7 Madison 34 13 Patoka 59 106 Jefferson 26 23 Totals 318 474 The vote for governor was, Tilghman A. Howard (Demo- cratic), 354; Samuel Bigger (Whig), 472. In 1843 the vote for governor was James Whitcomb (Demo- cratic), 423; 'Samuel Bigger (Whig), 390. For congressman, Owen received 417 votes and John W. Payne 394 ; a small Demo- cratic majority which was maintained at the next Presidential election, as is shown by the vote: WHIG. DEMOCRATIC. TOWNSHIPS. Clay and Polk Frelinghuysen. and Dallas. Washington 267 248 .Jefferson 9 37 Madison 34 60 Monroe 11 33 Patoka 101 90 Clay 37 23 Totals 459 491 The next year Owen again received a majority of votes for representative to Congress over his Whig opponent, G. P. R. Wilson. The vote was Owen, 459, Wilson, 400. In 184(5 the Democratic majority shows a considerable increase, James Whit- comb received 508 votes for governor, and Joseph G. Marshall 872, but in 1847 Elisha Embree, Whig candidate for congress- 4 294 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. man receiyed 486 votes, and Owen, 464. The following is the vote at the presidential election of 1848: WHIG. DEMOCRAT. TOWNSHIPS. Taylor Cass and Fillmore, and Butler. Washington 156 99 Madison 55 72 Patoka 70 68 Logan 50 63 Monroe 42 63 Jefferson 75 107 Clay 70 38 Totals 518 510 But one vote was cast for the Free Soil candidate at this elec- tion. In 1849 the vote for governor was J. A. Wright (Demo- crat), 591, John A. Matson (Whig), 476; for representative to Congress, Nathaniel Albertson (Democrat), 568, Elisha Embree (Whig), 512. The vote for congressman in 1851 was James Lockhart (Democrat), 606, L. Q. DeBruler (Whig), 583. In 1852 the Democratic majority again shows an increase. The vote for governor was Joseph A. Wright (Democrat). 809, and Nicholas McCarty (Whig), 499. For congressman. Smith Miller (Democrat), received 780 votes and William Reavis, 546. The November election resulted as follows: DEMOCRAT. WHIG. TOWNSHIPS. Pierce and Scott and King. Graham. Washington 225 172 Jefferson 131 83 Madison 55 57 Clay 39 66 Logan 100 56 Patoka , 78 72 Monroe 32 16 Lockhart 28 16 Totals 688 538 For congressman in 1854 the vote stood, Smith Miller (Dem- ocrat), 701, Samuel Hall (Whig), 668. At the gubernatorial election, two years later, Ashbel R. Willard (Democrat), received 802 votes, and Oliver P. Morton (Republican), 608. For con- gressman the vote was James C. Veatch (Republican), 620; James Lockhart (Democrat), 785. The presidential election resulted as follows : HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 205 DEMOCEAT. REPUBLICAN. AMERICAN. Buchanan and Fremont and Fillmore and TOW>fSHiPS. Breckinridge. Dayton. Donelson. Washington 137 74 211 Jefferson 181 3 84 Marion 35 67 Clay 49 9 54 Patoka 148 3 67 Logan 52 20 34 Monroe 94 1 83 Lockbart 76 1 23 Totals 773 80 573 In 1858 for congressman, W. E. Niblack (Democrat) received 612 votes, and A. P. Hovey (Eepublican), 569. In 1860, for the same office, L. Q. De Bruler (Eepublican) received 903 votes and John Law (Democrat) 877. For governor, Thomas Hen- dricks (Democrat) received 910 votes, and Henry S. Lane (Ee- publican) 863. The following is the vote for President and Vice-President: DOUGLAS DEM. BRECKINRIDGE DEM. REPUBLICAN. AMERICAN. Douglas and Breckinridge Lincoln and Bell and TOWNSHIPS. Johnson.' and Lane. Hamliu. Everett. Washington 153 278 11 Jefferson 194 15 130 5 Monroe 97 30 47 2 Patoka 87 3 97 9' Logan 73 96 1 Marion 71 3 45 3 Lockhart 91 6 73 1 Madison 60 1 68 3 Clay 58 61 5 Totals 883 58 894 39 For congressman in 1862 the vote was A. Johnson, 618 ; John Law, 594. In 1864, for governor, Joseph E. McDonald, 957; O. P. Morton, 938. For President and Vice-President, in that year : DEMOCRAT. REPUBLICAN. McLellan and Lincoln and TOWNSHIPS. Pendleton. Johnson. Washington 109 294 Madison 57 64 Jefferson 240 122 Clay 46 60 Logan 55 84 Patoka 78 120 Monroe 155 74 Lockhart 128 59 Marion 103 43 Totals 971 920. 296 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. For congressman in 1866, L. Q. De Bruler (Eepublican), 1,245; W. E. Niblack, 1,168. In 1868 for the same office, James C. Veatch (Eepublican) , 1,386 ; W. E. Niblack, 1,381. For governor the vote stood, Conrad Baker (Eepublican), 1,387; Thomas Hen- dricks (Democrat), 1,380. For President and Vice-President: DEMOCRAT. REPUBLICAN. Seymour and Grant and TOWNSHIPS. Blair. Colfax. Washington 165 373 Madison 75 89 Clay 59 83 Jefferson 301 192 Logan 72 121 Patoka 147 169 Monroe 195 144 Lockhart 190 147 Marion 165 92 Totals 1369 1410 In 1870 for congressman the vote stood: H. C. Gooding (Ee- publican), 1,106; AVilliam E. Niblack (Democrat), 1,215. In 18^2 for governor, Thomas M. Browne (Eepublican), 1,317; Thomas A. Hendricks (Democrat), 1,437. For congressman, William Heilman (Eepublican), 1,342; William E. Niblack (Dem- ocrat), 1,434. The November election resulted as follows: DEMOCRAT AND REPUBLICAN. LIBERAL REPUBLICAN. Grant TOWNSHIPS. Greely and Brown. and Wilson. Wasliington 173 343 Clay 51 88 Madison 65 77 Marion 167 09 Logan 51 119 Monroe 194 91 Jefferson 261 186 Lockhart 184 170 Patoka 123 185 Totals 1269 1328 In 1876 for governor, Benjamin Harrison (Eepublican), re- ceived 1,523 votes; James D. Williams (Democrat), 1,702. For congressman, T. E. Cobb (Democrat), 1,662; Andrew Hum- phries (Democrat), 1,646; Lewis Loveless (Eepublican) — elev- en of twelve precincts — 1,457; W. T. Spicely (Eepublican) — the same precincts — 1,444. In 1876 the vote for President and Vice-President was: RErUBLICAN. INDEPENDENT. Hayes and Wheeler. Cooper and Carey. 389 19 181 48 67 4 107 1 177 29 170 16 135 3 193 6 49 57 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 297 DEMOCRAT. TOWNSHIPS. Tilden and Hendricks. Washington 200 Jefferson 305 Madison 77 Clay 84 Patoka 193 Monroe 253 Logan 80 Lockhart 259 Marion 189 Totals 1640 1458 183 In 1878 the vote for congressman was: Thomas R. Cobb, (Democrat), 1,651; Richard M. Wellman (Republican), 1,260; William F. Green (Independent), 478. In 1880 the vote was: William Heilman (Republican), 1,688; John J. Kleiner (Demo- crat), 1,753; C. Kramer (Independent), 214. For governor, Allen G. Porter (Republican) received 1,592 votes, and F. Land- ers (Democrat), 1,732. The following is the vote at the presi- dential election: REPUBLICAN. DEMOCRAT. INDEPENDENT. TOWNSHIPS. Garfield Hancock Weaver and and Arthur, and English. Chambers. Washington 413 256 23 Jefferson 203 286 38 Madison 83 102 Clay 117 94 1 Patoka 245 215 36 Monroe 152 237 29 Logan 138 103 5 Lockhart 211 291 27 Marion 56 176 70 Totals 1618 1760 229 In 1882 the vote for congressman was: William Heilman (Republican), 1,629; John J. Kleiner (Democrat), 1,69-1; J. G. Nisbet (Independent), 220. In 1884 for the same office: Will- iam H. Godgel (Republican), 1,830; John J. Kleiner (Demo- crat), 1,889; F. M. English (Independent), 104. For governor: Isaac P. Gray (Democrat), 1,883; William H. Calkins (Repub- lican), 1,825; H. Z. Leonard (Prohibition), 133. For President and Vice-President: j298 history of pike county. REPUBLICAN. DEMOCRAT. NATIONAL. TOWNSHIPS. Blaine Cleveland But'er and Logan, and Hendricks, and West. Washington 461 293 17 Jefferson 195 280 10 Madison 76 105 Clay 132 85 Patoka 338 255 31 Monroe 161 290 15 Logan 147 103 3 Lockhart 214 281 8 Marion 102 191 47 Totals 1826 1882 131 OHAPTEE lY. « by prop. z. t. emerson. Bench and Bar— The First Indictments— Character of Cases- Court Officials— The First Supreme Court Case— The Famous Negro Trial— Other Suits of Interest— Professional Charac- ter OF Judges and Attorneys— Important Trials for Murder— The Probate Court. THE record of the first court of Pike County begins as follows : " At a Circuit Court began and held at the house of Hosea 8mitli, in and for said County of Pike, on Monday, the Fourteenth • ss. Pike County. ) On the 13th day of August, A.D., 1833, personally appeared, James Bunter, aged sixty-eight, being duly sworn according to law, doth make the following declaration: that he served a third term the same year under Capt. Joseph Kuagka and Lieut. Benjamin Logan. They started from Harrodsburgh and then went to Bryant's Station, then to Blue Licks, and buried the dead slain in the battle of the Blue Licks. He has no documentary evidence, and that he knows of persons whose testimony he can procure who can testify to his service; he has a record of his age now in his possession which he copied from his father's record. James Brenton. Sworn to and subscribed the day and year aforesaid. M. W. Foster, Judge of Probate. Ill addition to these Mrs. Fanny Fisher, who is still living, draws a pension for the services of her husband in the Revo- lutionary war ; as also did Mrs. Wheatley until a few years since. There were two soldiers from this county in the Black Hawk war, Fielding Johnson, and Harrison Johnson, who is still living in the county. HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 319 For the Mexican war a whole company was tendered the Gov- ernment, but communication with the department was inconveni- ent and the quota of the State was full before they were received. The following succeeded in getting mustered into other compan- ies: John Ficklin, John Bilderback, S. Sullivan, Eeuben Long, and Jonathan Poe and possibly one or two more. The three last named served in the late war and are still living, Sullivan being now trustee of Marion Township. The Greai Rehellion. — Over the memorable events that occur- red from 1860 to 1865 the feelings and sentiments of the people were worked up to the intensest pitch. Some favored war, some opposed. The following abridged resolution from the majority re- port on the resolution on the "State of the Union" read in the State Senate of 1861-62 will illustrate the feelings of the extreme anti-war party in the State at that time. The resolution was read by Mr. Tarkington: Resolved, That the State of Indiana cannot but deplore the sectional mad- ness and party prejudice that would suffer the dismemberment of this con- federacy; that she takes great pride in declaring to her sister States that her Legislature has not been stained by military law or poisoned by liberty bills; that while Indiana is firmly attached to the Union, yet in frankness, she is bound to say that the grievances that the people of the South have suffered at the hands of the North, and by the election of a sectional president, furnishes them good grounds for demanding concessions and new guarantees for the safety of her institutions; that she seconds the efforts of the Executive in his efforts to enforce the law by civil processes. The war party at the same time Resolved, That the declaration of secession, peaceable or forcible, now or at any other time, is a dangerous heresy, fraught with all the evil consequences of civil war and bloodshed, and leading directly to the overthrow of all our free institutions. That finally, in the language of the old hero of New Orleans, "The Union, it must and shall be jJreserved." The pending events were brought to a culmination, when on Friday morning at 4 four o'clock, of April 12, 1861, the first gun was opened on Fort Sumter, and sounded around the world as the opening of one of the most gigantic wars of history. On Sunday morning, April 14, the news reached the capital of the State that Fort Sumter had fallen. On the morning of the 15th the wires flashed back this message from "Indiana's war governor:" 320 HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. Executive Department of Indiana, Indianapolis, April 15, 1861. To Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States: Ou behalf of the State of Indiana I tender to you, for the defense of the nation, and to uphold the authority of the government, ten thousand men. [Signed] Oliver P. Morton, Governor of Indiana. The war spirit seemed to revive, and at once 'dike the sun- light, the 'war fever' permeated every locality, and the 'old flag*' at once became sacred and was proudly displayed from eA'ery house." On the call of the President for 75,000 men, no regular organized body responded, as the county was cut off from railroad and telegraphic communication with the departments, but there were a few men in the Ninth, a number in the Thirteenth Regi- ment; Louis Bolton and five others in Company A, two in B, and two in G; George Sigenhigh and George Miller, both of whom lived to be mustered out in 1865. The Seventeenth Reafiment was represented by twenty-seven men from Pike County. The men went to Indianapolis as recruits, and were attached to Com- pany A. This company was detaclied and formed the Twenty- sixth Battery; Wilders and only a part of those from this county remained with the reg^iment. The reo^iment was organized at Camp Morton during May, 1861, and was mustered into the United States service on the l'2th of June, 1861, and left imme- diately for the seat of war in the east. It was in various skir- mishes in Maryland and West Virginia, including the battle of Greenbrier; was transferred to Gen. Buell's army in Kentucky where it arrived on the 30tli of November; participated in skir- mishes and marches all through Kentucky and Tennessee. Febru- ary 12 the regiment had orders to mount itself, which it did by foraging and pressing horses, and on the 18tli of May it was armed with the celebrated Spencer rifle, thus making each man equal to sixteen of the enemy. The regiment fought a hard bat- tle with the enemy at Hooker's Gap, on the 24th of June, and captured 75 prisoners and 125 stand of arms, losing itself 48 killed and wounded. It was engaged almost constantly with the cavalry of the enemy during Rosecrans' advance, and participated in the bloody battle of Chickamauga on the 19th and 20th of September. They were engaged in scouting and guarding communications, and threatening those of the ene- HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 321 my during the siege of Chattanooga, and assisted Burnside at Knoxville. In January, 1864, a majority of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans, and on the 22d of the month left for Indian- apolis, where they arrived on the 24th. They were addressed there by Gov. Morton and Col. Wilder. They were remounted while in Indiana, and on the 2d of April left Indianapolis by rail for Louisville; camped there till the ISth, and then started for Nashville on horseback, where they arrived on the 25th, a dis- tance of 18() miles. They left Nashville on the next day, and joined Sherman's army on the 10th of May. The regiment was actively engaged during the entire Atlanta campaign. Later it was remounted, and was with Gen. Wilson on his raid through Alabama and Georgia. On the 1st of April. 1865, the regiment fought with Wheeler and Eoddy, twenty-nine miles from Selma. and captured 100 prisoners and 1 gun, sustaining a loss of 8 killed, 11 wounded and 5 missing. On the 2d of the same month the Seventeenth was in the engagement at Selma, and captured 4 guns and 300 prisoners. Out of 421 engaged, the regiment lost 12 killed and 80 wounded. On the 20tli, at Macon, the regiment deceived the enemy as to their number, and the city surrendered, with Gens. Howell, Cobb, McCall, Mercer and G. W. Smith, and 3,000 prisoners, 5 stands of colors, ()0 pieces of artillery, and 3,000 small arms. During its time of service the Seventeenth marched over 4.000 miles, captured over 5,000 prisoners, more than 0,000 stands of small arms, 70 pieces of artil- lery, and 11 stands of colors. All this was done with a loss of 3 officers and (56 men killed, and 13 officers and 176 men wounded, making a total loss of 258. Twenfy-fonrfh Rcgimenl. — It was now clear that the war would go on, and that it would be no child's play matter, so the people set themselves to work to raise their portion of the 200,000 call. Old men bending with age, men in the strength of manhood, matrons and beautiful maidens, all with one purpose went to work in earnest. War was the talk at the fireside, at church, at the shop, at the place of business. War meetings were held in the various townships, and appeals of fiery eloquence were made by local speakers and patriotic songs sung by the ladies. At Winslow a war meeting was held, and among other speakers was the Rev. Agee. who had come from Tennessee with his fam- 322 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. ily. After an earnest appeal, he said: "I am too old for the serv- ice, this boy is too young, but my other boy I consecrate for the good of my country." The meeting and community were so elec- trified that not only one, but two full companies were soon organ- ized. They were intended for the Seventeenth, but that regiment being ready before these companies were full, quarters were fur- nished them in Morgan's warehouse, where they were cheerfully fed by the patriotic people of the town and vicinity until com- munication should be had with the authorities as to what dispo- sition should be made of them. When orders were received they were taken to Vincennes and formed a part of the Twenty-fourth. This regiment was organized and mustered into the service July 31, 1861. Alvin P. Hovey was first chosen colonel; on his promotion, William T. Spicely was made colonel. He, however, had been previously promoted fi'om a major to a lieutenant-colonelcy, Other lieutenant-colonels were John Guber, killed at Shiloh, Rich- ard F. Baxter and John F. Grill. Simeon R. Henderson, of Petersburg, was adjutant of the regiment from May 1, 1861 to November 18, 1864, and William H. Posey was for a time quartermaster. The company officers of Company "E," were Samuel R. Morgan, John E. Phillips, F. M. Downey, Thomas J. Reed, and John M. Lemon, captains; John E. Phillips, S. D. Bateman, T. J. Reed, John M. Lemon, and William S. McGowan, first lieutenants; John T. Deweese. G. D. Bateman, T. J. Reed, and John M. Lemon, second lieu- tenants. The non-commissioned officers of the company were as follows: First sergeant, George D, Bateman; other sergeants were J. H. Scott, W. H. Posey, afterward quartermaster, S. R. Henderson, F. M. Downey. Corporals, J. M. Rose, William H. Kelley, J. M. Lemon, Aaron Grider, George Hopkins, David Power, William Lowerlass and T. J. Reed. John Coursey and John W. Rose were musicians, and John Haddock, wagoner. The company numbered ninety-eight men, beside commissioned officers, and the recruits that were received while in the service. The company lost James A. Woods, S. C. Harris, and Joel Han- nah, killed in battle; and John Elliott, John Bredenbaugh, Joe Collins, W, C, Cooper, George Hopkins, William Howard, H, H. McCain, Sam McBride, Abram Pea, F. A. Stanford, Calvin Reese, Thomas Turner, E. B. Woods, Lindsey Taylor, Joseph K. Brown, HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 323 Harrison Harberson, Thomas Johnson, and Lewis McGowan, died from sickness or wounds. Company H consisted of ninety- eight enlisted men and twenty recruits. The company officers were William S. Merrick and J. B. Hvitchins, captains; first lieutenants, J. B. Hutchins, J. T. Jones and George E. Mer- chant; second lieutenants, J. T. Jones, and Thaddeus Withers. Kasper Cohlhepp was killed at Shiloh, and Thomas Bryant mor- tally wounded; L. De LaMater, N. T. Evans, William Gamble, James Hancock, Burwell Hardin, Thomas Tully, and Levi Stephens gave up their lives at Champion Hills. The following died of disease or wounds : George F. Argenbright, W. C. Bren- ton, Bardine Casender, Thomas Harbison, H. H. Hedge, Zach. Hedge, Allen Rhodes, J. B. Brown, Henry Fickling, John Over- ton, William Overton, W. S. Seaborn, J. W. Evans, Arthur Hutchins, George Vickers, Elisha Wheatley, James Fisher, C. G. Hickman, R. J. Stone, William Stroud, and others who doubtless ended their lives in rebel prisons. Of this company, E, H. Tray- lor was first sergeant, and George E. Merchant, T. C. Withers, E. S. Crow, and L. De LaMater were sergeants. On the 19th of August, 1861, the regiment left Vincennes for the seat of war in Missouri, and was placed under command of Gen. Fremont, doing duty in the interior of the State until February, 18G2, when it was ordered to reinforce the army under Gen. Grant, bat did not arrive at Paducah until one day after the sur- render of Fort Donelson. The regiment was with Grant at the bloody battle of Shiloh, in which Kasper Cohlhepp was killed and Thomas Bryant mortally wounded, including the gallant Maj. Gerber. On May 14, 1862, Maj. Spicely was made colonel of the regiment. Col. Hovey having been made brigadier-general. The regiment participated in the slow and laborious siege o£ Corinth under Halleck, until its evacuation in June, and was then transferred to Memphis ; in July it was moved to Helena, Ark., where it remained during the fall and winter, doing guard and other duty. In the spring of 1863 it was placed in Hovey' s division of the Thirteenth Corps of Grant's army; then actively engaged in the siege of Vicksburg. This reg- iment was with Grant in the celebrated march around Vicks- burg, in the battles of Port Gibson and Champion Hills. In the desperate fighting at the latter place. Company H. alone lost six u- 324 HISTORY OF PIKE COUiNTY. men killed. During the siege the regiment was in the trenches from May 19 to July 4. After the capitulation the regiment was carried by water to New Orleans. In the fall of 1803, the regiment did duty at New Iberia, and later at Algiers near New Orleans, when on the 1st of January. 1804. the regiment "veteranized," and in a short time returned home on furlough. During the year 1804, the regiment did duty at various points in Louisiana, and while sta- tioned at Morganza in December was consolidated with the Sixty- seventh, a new organization, but still retained the original name. In January, 1805, it was transferred to Barrancas, Fla., and there remained until the movement against Mobile was begun in April, under Gen. Canby. It took part in the battles near Blakely, and by assault was the first to plant its colors on the works of the enemy. After the defeat of the enemy the regiment was sent first to Selma, Ala., and thence transferred to Galveston, Tex. Here, July 10, it w^as reorganized as a battalion of five compa- nies. The time of the older soldiers having expired they were mustered out of the service and sent home, and received a public reception at Indianapolis, August 4, 1805. The number of men and officers returned was 310. Tfvenfy-Sevenfh Band. — The regiment to which this band be- longed was organized at Indianapolis, August 30, 1801, and was mustered into the service on the 12th of September, and on the 15th started for Washington City, and in a short time was trans- ferred to Banks' army in the Shenandoah. It remained in win- ter quarters at Camp Halleck, near Frederick, Md., from whence it moved in March, 1802, across the Potomac into the Shenan- doah valley. It joined in the pursuit of Jackson's army after his defeat at Winchester Heights, and was engaged at the battle of Front Royal, on the 23d of May, and formed a part of the column that made the famous retreat from Strasburg to Winchester, and on the 25th was in the furious battle in which the brigade to which the Twenty-seventh belonged, withstood the assault of twenty- eight rebel regiments for three hours and a half and repulsed them. It assisted in an attempt to check a flank movement on the right, but the rebels had massed in such force that it was compelled to fall back into the town, fighting the enemy in the public streets. The regiment afterward crossed the Potomac at HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 325 Williamsport, the '2()tli of May. The Government finding that regimental bands were not as effective in subdning rebels as guns, the boys were soon after discharged. John Q. Trafzer was principal musician. The boys returned home, but many of them afterward joined other regiments and did effective service. In the fall of 1861, the fires of patriotism were burning warmer than ever, and old Pike was doing her duty nobly and her sturdy yeomanry were enlisting to maintain the honor of the "old flag." Col. James Shanklin of Evansville, W. T. B. Mcln- tire and Dr. A. K. Byrer were particularly active in soliciting vol- unteers. Nearly two whole companies were raised but only one was mustered as a company with Forty-second. James G. Jones William T. B. Mclntire and Gideon K. Kellams, were colonels of the regiment; Charles Denby, James G. Shankles, W. T. B. Mclntire, Gideon E. Kellams and William M. Cockrum were lie iitenant-colonels in the order named. There were Majs. Shanklin, Mclntire, French, Kellams and Scammahorn. The men were en- listed and allowed to remain at home until the company was full and then they were taken to Princeton in carriages by their friends and then by train to Evansville. The company officers were W^. T. B. Mclntire and John Burch, captains ; A. R. Byrer, Hugh Penner. William Davidson and J. B. T. Dearing, first lieutenants ; Hugh Penner, John Burch, William F. Caldwell and William Allison, second lieutenants. The company originally consisted of ninety-seven enlisted men and two regimental officers, and re- ceived at different times 105 recruits, besides there were a larg number of recruits in Company G. The regiment was organized at Evansville, October i), and soon after left for the seat of war, passing Henderson, Calhoun, Owensboro, thence to Nashville, and Huntsville, back to Nashville and Louisville, and then joined in the pursuit of Bragg, fought in the battle of Perryville, losing 160 in killed, wounded and missins^, Miles C. Barret beine: one of the killed. The regiment went with Rosecrans' army to Nash- ville thence to Murfreesboro, took part in that bloody battle on December 31, 1862, and January 2, 1863, losing 17 killed and 87 wounded. It then went into camp until June 21, when Rose- crans began his advance upon Chattanooga. On September 19 and 20, it was engaged in the terrible struggle at Chickamauga, 326 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. the river of death, losing 8 killed, 53 wounded and 32 missing — 93 in all. Among the badly wounded was Col. Cockrum, who was cap- tured but lived to be mustered out with the regiment. In Janu- ary, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, returned home on furlough, was welcomed by Morton in behalf of the State, and in March returned to the field, engaged in the Atlanta campaign, losing 103 in killed, wounded and missing. At Six Mile Range near AUatoona the regiment was on picket duty, within fifty yards of the enemy, seven days and nights without relief. The regiment was in the pursuit of Hood, the "march to the sea," through the Carolinas, losing ten men, passed from Golds- boro to Richmond on to Washington, thence to Louisville, where July 21, it was mustered out and left for Indianapolis, and on the 25th was given a public reception at which Gen. Sherman was present. During its term of service the regiment was engaged in 20 battles and lost 86 killed on the field, 443 wounded and 100 prisoners — 629 in all. When mustered out the regiment num- bered 846 men. Opinion of the Reporter''s Correspondence. — The following earnest appeal appeared in The Reporter of August 13. 1861: "This may be said to be 'a time that tries men's souls' — rebels and traitors conspire to destroy this once happy, peaceful and heaven favored republic and to establish anarchy and despot- ism on its ruins. They have combined all their energies and schemes to subvert the national Government that has ever blessed them, a flag that has ever protected them and a people that has never wronged them. They have raised their unholy hands to pull down and destroy the tree of liberty that was planted by our pilgrim fathers and nurtured by the blood of our Revolutionary sires. And whilst these ungodly rebels and perjured traitors are moving earth and hell for the accomplishment of their unholy purposes and damnable designs, all true men stand ready to sustain the officers of the Government to put down this accursed rebellion. It is true that all patriotic citizens are not expected or required to enter the field of blood, but there is no neutrality in this con- test. They who are not for their country openly and uncondi- tionally are against it. * * * * The man that shows no evi- dence of concern for the success of our arms, who hangs his head HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 327 like a bull-rush at the defeat of rebels and never, looks cheerful when our arms are successful, talks of defeat with indiflPer- ence, that man, rest assured, is a black-hearted traitor. And strange as it may appear, we have a few such individuals among us. Let such be watched with jealous eye, let all loyal citi- zens withdraw fi'om such an one their custom, patronage and social intercourse — let the mark of Cain fall and fasten upon his visage, that his guilt may be manifest to all — let the ghosts of Judas and Arnold haunt him in his midnight slumber and attend him as his destroying angel as he wanders to and fro a guilty fugitive. Ah, let Satan blush and devils beAvail the fact, that there are men viler, blacker and more hell-deserving tlian themselves." (3^_ * * * * * The Fifty-eighth Regiment. — For the Fifty-eighth Regiment Pike County furnished two whole companies — G and I — ^and there were men of this county in every company of the regiment except one or two. The company oiiicers of G were W. H. Donahey. Nathan Evans and J. E. Chappell, captains; S. H. Spillman, Joseph Grant, Nathan Evans, R. P. Craft, J. E. Chappell and Robert Cromwell, first lieutenants; George Labanee, Sasser Sullivan, J. S. Ewing, J. E. Chappell, Robert Cromwell and J. W. Simpson, second lieutenants. Of I were Jackson M. Kinman and William E. Chappell, captains ; the first lieutenants were W. E. CJiappell, Quincy A. Harper and T. J. Smith; second lieutenants, L. R. Hargrave, R. A. Ward and M. S. Chappell. Capt. Donahey, of G, resigned, and Evans succeeded him till March, 1865, when Chappell remained with the company. Lieuts. Grant and Sul- livan were dismissed in 1862. G mustered at first S3 enlisted men, and received 73 recruits. Company I had originally 85 men, and received 76 recruits. Of 11 officers but 4 were dis- charged with the company — 3 had died, and the others were dis- charged. Twenty-seven privates died of disease and 3 were killed ; 80 non-commissioned officers and privates were discharged for vari- ous causes, and 6 deserted. The regiment was organized at Princeton in October under Col. H. M. Carr. It joined Buell's forces at Louisville, passed slowly through Kentucky during the winter, arrived at Nashville in March, reached Shiloli Monday evening after the fight of April 6 and 7, joined in the siege of Corinth till its capture, returned to Louisville, passing through 328 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. northern Alabama, Shelbyville, Tenn., Dechard, Nashville, and joined in the pursuit of Bragg from Louisville ; had a slight skir- mish at Lavergne; fought two days at the battle of Stone River, losing 110 men, 18 of whom were killed. It was in the brig- ade that first entered Chattanooga; fought through the entire battle of Chickamauga, losing 171 men out of 400 engaged — vol- umes for its bravery. It scaled Mission Ridge on November 23, in front of 18 guns, and lost 0(3 men. It immediately start- ed for Knoxville to assist in relieving Burnside. After the siege was raised it encamped among the hills of east Tennessee; fed on scanty rations, and on January 21: re-enlisted and returned home on furlough. In April was assigned to the engineer de- partment. In October 170 veterans of the Tenth were assigned to the Fiity-eighth. They did all the bridging for Sherman during the Atlanta campaign ; was assigned to Slocum's command in the "march to the sea," bridging the Savannah, 3,000 feet in width. In December, 18G1, the non-veterans returned home. At Sister's Ferry, in February, 1865, they bridged the Savannah, working six days and nights in water from two to four feet deep. They made in the campaign over 16,000 feet of bridges. After the surrender they went with the army to Washington, bridging riv- ers as they went, and were in the grand review. They arrived in Louisville, July 25, where they were mustered out. They were given a reception at Indianapolis on the 27tli. The regiment lost in battle and by disease 265 men. ( War presents comic as well as tragic pictures. The Fifty -eighth had just left Princeton after having received the blessings of friends and a New Testament from the hands of the Rev. McMasters; the train had just left the station ; friends were there ; a rustic lass was weeping ; a sym- pathetic individual interposed to know the cause. Between her sobs she said: "The boys are all gone to war." "But there are plenty left." "Yes," said she, "but they are not worth a durn.") The next troops for the service from Pike were Company G, of the Sixty -fifth. This was raised under the July call of 1862. The company officers of the company were J. M. Hammond, J. H. Keys and S. K. Leavitt, captains; first lieutenants, J. H. Bass, Miles Chambers, R. K. Davidson and Jacob McAtee; second lieutenants, N. L. Critser, Thomas Hornbrook, C. E. Preston and George W. Parker ; A. R. Byers was first assistant, then surgeon. HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 329 The company had eighty-one enlisted men, and received twenty- one recruits. Of the officers Leayitt, McAtee and Parker only were mustered out with the regiment, and only sixty out of the one hundred and one })rivates. Of these John Alkaline and E. W. Frederick were killed in battle. Jacob Simpson, Lewis Brumfield, James Butler, James J. Conrad, John Connett, Henry Dorset, Harrison Dunning, David Denney, Charles C. Fowler, Richard Kinman, E. F. Meek, J. A. Steele, W. H. Tooley and B. F. Shaver died in the service, and George H. Sills, AVilliam Masters and Henry Hillman were starved in prison. The regiment was mustered on the 18th and 2()th of August, with John W. Foster as colonel. The regiment first went to Henderson to guard against guerillas ; on the 27th embarked for Green River, disem- barked at Ashbyville, marched all night and attacked Adam Johnson's rebel regiment, with loss to the enemy ; captured Madi- sonville, and the companies were distributed in different parts of the State. At Glasgow, the regiment was attached to Graham's brigade of cavalry, and in April was mounted by order of Gen. Burnside. After a few skirmishes, it was ordered to east Ten- nessee, being among the first troops to arrive there. It made a raid of 110 miles above Knoxville, on the 20th of September; fought the enemy at Tellico on the 22cl; again at Bluntsville losing 13 men, John Alkaline being killed; and again at Rhea- town on the lltli of October; ami on the 15th at Bristol. On the 1st of December, at Walker's Ford, it lost 12 men. The regi- ment had a fight with Longstreet's infantry at Bean Station on December 14th, losing 17 men; the next day at Powder Spring Gap, 14 men were lost ; again the same day at Skagg's Mills, 3 were lost; at Dandridge, on thel7th, 1 man was mortally wounded. On the 21st of April, 1(S69, the regiment was dismounted and assigned to the Second Brigade, Third Division and Twenty- third Army Corps, participated in the engagement in the Atlanta campaign and pursuit of Hood, losing 39 men in all. It v/as at Columbia, Franklin and at Nashville. In January it was trans- ferred to Alexandria, Va. ; thence to near Wilmington ; was en- gaged at Fort Anderson and other minor points.. After the sur- render of Johnson, the regiment was mustered out June 22, 18(^5. Soon it returned to Indianapolis and was discharged. The regi- ment lost during its term of service, 20 killed, SO wounded and / 330 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 61 prisoners. The next organized body of troops for the war from Pike were those of Company H, of the Eightieth. This company was organized under the July call of 1862. Sasser Sullivan, an old soldier of the Mexican war, also a volun- teer before this time in the war of the Rebellion, was, to a great extent, instrumental in raising this company. It was almost entirely enlisted at Winslow. The men were from that place and vicinity. The commissioned officers at first were W. H. H. Joy, captain; J. J. Collins, first lieutenant; and James F. Ruark, sec- ond lieutenant. On the resignation of Capt. Ivy, the ofiice was tendered James S. Epperson, of Company F, but declined, and was then given to Joseph P. Glezen. Lieut. Collins resigned in March, 1863, and J. P. Glezen was made captain and then second lieutenant; Q. C. Asliby was made first lieutenant, but was mus- tered out May 15, 1865, from the loss of a leg. The sergeants be- sides those whose names have been mentioned in connection with commissions, were George C. Dearing, M. M. Frambles and Willis Brewster. The company consisted of 101 enlisted men and a full line of commissioned officers. The regi- ment was rendezvoused at Princeton in August and September of 1862, and left camp on September 8th ; was first taken to Covington, Ky., and then to Louisville, and placed in Buell's army to oppose the threatened attack of Bragg. Just one month after leaving Princeton, the regiment fought in the battle of Per- ryville, in which Nathan Beadles, of Company H, was killed and Milton Spaggins mortally wounded. The regiment lost in the engagement 150 men and officers. After Bragg had left Kentucky, the regiment remained doing guard duty or chas- ing Morgan till August IS, 1863, when, with Burnside's army, it passed through Cumberland Gap into east Tennessee; was at the siege of Knoxville; at the battle of Kingston and Mossy Creek, and in the spring of 1864, formed a part of Sher- man's army, under Gen. Schofield. It was at Resaca, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, and the fights about Atlanta, sustain- ing a loss of 175 in killed and wounded; then joined in the pursuit of Hood until that was abandoned; then was de- tached with the Twenty-third Corps as a part of Thomas' army. On the 30th of November, it was at the desperately fought battle of Franklii], and again on the 15th and 16th of HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 331 December at Nashville. After the annihilation of Hood's army, it was transferred by rail and water to North Carolina, was con- spicuous at Fort Anderson, took part in the campaigns against Wilmington, Kingston, Goldsboro and Raleigh. Three hundred and twenty of the regiment were present for discharge, and a reception at State House Grove given by Martin, Hovey and others. During its term of service, the regiment sustained a loss of 325 men and officers killed and wounded, and 2 prisoners, and traveled 7,245 miles, of which nearly 4,000 were on foot. The quota of Indiana under calls of the President for July 7 and August 5, each for 300,000 men was 42,500, but was filled by volunteers, except a fraction over 0,000 which was to be filled by a general draft on the Oth of October. Accordingly, prepara- tions were made for that event. Henry B. Custin was appointed draft commissioner; R. Hanel, marshal, and John W. Posey, surgeon. The enrolling officer presented the following statement on September 19, 1802, for the county: Total militia, 1,386; volunteers in the service, 891; number subject to draft, 1,157. Volunteering had continued up to the time of the draft, so that there was a deficiency in but one township, Lockhart, of eleven men. Enrolling' board for the First District, to which Pike then belonged were; Provost Marshal Blythe Hynes, succeeded in May, 1864, by C. K. Drew, and he by James W. Hartman in August, and in November, Alvali Johnson received the office: William G. Ralston was surgeon. Under the call of October, 1863, the quota of the State was 18,597, and of the county 118, but owing: to the enero^etic efforts of friends to the cause the number was furnished, the men going to the various old regiments already in the field and were incorporated with them. Indiana Legion. — Under orders of the governor, the State was divided into districts for military purposes, the men being formed into companies, regiments and brigades, ready to be called in case of invasion as was almost continually threatened. There were two companies organized in the county, one the Petersburg Guards, August 7, 1862, and the JefPerson Home Guards, August 12, 1862. These, however, were never called into service. One Hundred and Tivenfij-FiftJt Eef/iment. — -In October, 1863, the President issued a call for 300,000 men, and the first organ- ized body under the call furnished by the county was Company 332 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. F, of the Tenth Cavalry (One Hundred and Twenty-Fifth Eegi- ment). The officers of the company were : A. H. Alexander, cap- tain: E. F. Littlepage, first lieutenant, and William L, Shaw, Lemuel L. Kelso, second lieutenants. The company mustered \/ 111 men and received 1 recruit. The Tenth was recruited in the fall and winter of 1863, but was not mustered into the service until January 8, 18()4:. The men rendezvoused at Vincennes and Columbus. The regiment did not leave the State till May 3, 18(34. They went dismounted and were stationed at Pulaski, Tenn., and Decatur, Ala., guarding the Northern Alabama Railroad during the Atlanta campaign. They had several skirmishes with the rebels under Reddy, Wheeler and Forrest. At Pulaski, on September 28, in an engagement with Wheeler, the regiment lost -50 men. A detachment under Mayor Williamson fought Hood's forces at Decatur four days and lost, 4 killed and 8 wounded. A portion of the regiment under Col. Gresham fought at Nashville, Little Harpeth, Reynold's Hill and Sugar Creek, and lost, 8 killed, 43 wounded, and 75 cap- tured. The regiment in these various engagements captured 4 colors, 300 prisoners and their arms from the enemy. In December and Jan- uary Williamson's detachment fought at Flint River, Indian Creek,. Courtland and Mount Hope, and captured from the enemy 10 pieces of artillery, 130 men, 130 wagons, and 300 mules. In February, 1805, the detachments were reunited and sent down the Mississippi to New Orleans, thence to Mobile and assisted in its capture. The Tenth proceeded to Eufaula and Montgomery, Ala., thence to Columbus and Vicksburg, Miss., and arrived at the latter place in July. The regiment did guard-duty the re- maining portion of its time. In April, the regiment lost 38 men in the explosion of the "Sultana," and in May, 1867. 5 killed and 75 wounded in a collision on the Louisville & Nash- ville Railroad. The Tenth was mustered out on 31st of Au- gust, 1865, arrived in Indianapolis on the 5th of September, with 28 officers and 519 men for discharge, and was honored with a dinner and reception. The heavy drain on the country in men and money, the tre- mendous tension to which the minds had been held so long, were well calculated to cool the ardor of the friends of the Administra- tion and embolden its enemies, and it had some enemies in every HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. -,00 portion of the State : but be it said to the credit of Pike County, there was little outspoken disloyalty and barring one possible exception there were no overt acts. The fires of patriotism burneil anew, the songs and blessings of patriotic women, the speeches of brave men who had been to the front and made bare their breasts to the storm of battle, and had endured the hardships of camp life, or told how their comrades had rotted with loathsome diseases or starved in rebel hells, as they showed an empty sleeve or leaned upon crutches, told in burning words the country's peril, and cried out in thunder tojies, the Macetlonian call, ''come over and help us." The aggregate of the President's calls of all classes, of February 1, March 14, April 23 and July 18, IStM, amounted to 983,000 men. Old soldiers were furloughed home, recruiting officers visited every precinct in the county and State, recruiting became quite brisk and nearly all of the old regiments filled their much depleted ranks. For the coming draft, and other needs of the Government, the followino- chanofes had taken place in the offices of the county: P. C. Hammond had succeeded H. B. Custin as draft commissiojier ; Goodlet Morgfan had taken the place of R. Harrell as marshal, and Harrell had become assistant revenue collector. To the energy and efficiency of these officers does the county owe a great deal for her splendid showing in sending forth so many men. The following statement shows the condition of the county by townships, for the year 18()-!-, ex- cept the call of December: Washington. Madison. ... Monroe Jefferson. . . . Marion Patoka Clay Logan Lockbart. . . . a a is- Credits by Voluuteers. Credits by Draft. Total Credits. 256 111 170 170 67 33 34 34 148 51 58 5 63 273 82 110 23 133 111 27 40 11 51 144 51 66 66 78 29 35 35 102 18 39 18 57 157 34 66 26 92 1 69 r> 1 6 8 6 1 i 4 0)i(' Hundred and Forf/j-T/iird Reghncnf. — Under the final call for troops of December 19, 18()4:, one company, I, was raised in this county. The officers were as follows: Ira J, Burch, cap- 334 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. tain; Benjamin F. Laswell, first lieutenant, and Willis M. Cole- man, William E, Haynes, second lieutenants. This regiment was mustered into the service on February 21, 1865, at Indian- apolis, under Col. John F. Grill, and left for Nashville on the 24th. It went to Murfeesboro and remained till May, doing guard duty, till it was sent to Tullahoma, thence to Nashville, thence to Clarksville, after which a portion went to Fort Donelson. Tlie regiment was soon after brought together at Nashville and mustered out on 21st of October, 1865. It arrived at Indian- apolis with thirty officers and 691 men, was publicly received and mustered out. The following is the quota ( 3f Pike for the last call Townships. a g 11 256 67 135 171 81 141 70 69 106 ... d Q 46 a a ^3 1 a >> -gft U ^ a P C3 >^ a 0! u H a 3 p. 3 CQ Washington 1 1 47 Madison Monroe 15 15 18 4 '12" 18 .... 15 15 18 4 1 1 15 5 4 1 15 5 4 14 Jefferson 15 Marion 5 13 Patoka 4 Olav 1 Logan 12 18 10 6 10 6 10 5 2 12 Lockhart ....|.... 1 Not counting the number who went irregularly, and leaving out the One Hundred and Fifty-second and the Thirty-sixth Battery there is a showing for the county of 1,763 men being a surplus over all calls of forty-eight men. This is a splendid showing for the county and well illustrates her patriotism and self-sacrifices for the cause. The roll of honor of the dead, is long but their memory is not forgotten. Aid io Soldiers and iheir Families. — In July, 1861, the county commissioners ordered the township trustees to supply widows, children or wives of volunteer soldiers with supplies at the rate of 75 cents for each head of family, 40 cents for each child under ten years of age. This, with some little variations, sometimes more liberal, sometimes less so, continued to the close c;2 the war. In any case where the trustee failed to do his duty in this regard, other parties were appointed to do the work. The following shows the amount of aid furnished by the county and townships, as far as reported: HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 335 BOUNTY. RELIEF. Pike County 29,449.34 13,863.36 Jeflferson Township 4,800.00 Patoka Townsliip 1,600.00 All the Townships 35,899.24 15,000.00 Total 64,763.80 The above does not include the vast number of boxes o£ deli- cacies and other supplies furnished by private enterprises. Size of Indiana. Soldiers. — The following remark, although seemingly a strange one, is made by Dr. B. A. Gould, an eminent statistician, on the measurement of 118,254 Indiana soldiers: " One thing will certainly interest you — that it is evident from our statistics that the Indiana men are the tallest of all natives of the United States, and these latter the tallest of all civilized coun- tries." CHAPTER VL Complp:te History of the Towns akd Villages of the County- Alexandria— Petersburg— Stendal—Pikeville— Union— Wins- low — HosMER— Pleas antville—Highbanks—Alfords— Algiers City— Arcadia— Augusta— Arthur— Otwell. THE earliest record of a town in Pike County is that of Alex- ancU'ia. About IS 15 Hosea Smith laid off a town at White Oak Springs and gave it the above name. It would undoubtedly have been chosen as the county seat had he been willing to donate the land ; but this he refused to do, and the town had its exist- ence only on paper. The history of Petersburg begins with the appointment of five commissioners to select a seat of justice for Pike County. At the first meeting of the county commissioners in 1817, these five ''good and lawful men" made their report. They seem to have expected that their selection would notd3e satisfactory to all the people of the county, and so give at considerable length the reasons for their choice. We give the report in full: To the Honorable County Commissioners of Pike County, State of Indiana: The undersigned Commissioners, appointed by an Act of the General Assem- bly of the State of Indiana, entitled An Act for the formation of a new county out of the Counties of Knox, Perry and Gibson, approved December twenty- first, eighteen hundred and sixteen, for the purpose of fixing the seat of justice 336 HISTORY OF tike county. in said county of Pike, consistent and conformably to the Act of the General Assembly of the Territory, entitled An Act for the tixing of the seats of justice in all new Counties hereinafter to be laid off, approved March 3d, 1813, heg leave to report that they have chosen and fixed the scat of justice on a donation of land made to the county by Peter Brenton, Heni-y Miley, Sr., Henry Miley, Jr., and John Coonrod, containing one hundred and twelve acres, situate and lying north of the base line, in town one, to be taken off of sections twenty-two, twenty six and twenty-seven, agreeable and consistent with the plat and bond of the said Peter Brenton, Henr}^ Miley, Sr., Henry Mile}^ Jr., and John Coonrod to convey the same to the county, herewith submitted. In making the selection for the seat of justice for Pike County, your Commissioners have taken into view the present population, the extent of the county and the quality of the soil, together with the natural advantages of the county, and were unanimously of the opinion that it would admit of a future division, and in all probability from the great emigration to the country (judging from the past), will justify a division in a few years by the line dividing Sections two and three, in Range six, running north and south. Previous to fixing upon any site your Commis- sioners examined all the county lying between Patoka and White Rivers, except the extreme eastern part, and would willingly have examined that part of the county south of Patoka had the season and weather admitted of it. But your Commissioners are satisfied of its .situation and quality of the soil from the acc[uaintance of Colonel Hargrove, one of the Commissioners, with that part of the county, and the character given by many of the citizens north of the Patoka and one or two south of Patoka. Your Commissioners have examined the situ- ations near the center of the whole county, and the center of the western division of the county and the country around them, but your Commissioners could not think of fixing the seat of justice on any of the sites in the center of the whole county, because they were of opinion a division would take place in a few years. Nor could your Commissioners, from the present population, tak- ing into view the prospect of a future population in the western division of the county, think of placing it nearer than they have. Although the site fixed upon is not the center of the western division, yet from its eligible and beautiful situ- ation, together witli its natural advantages and present population, with a due regard to future population, your Commissioners could not think otherwise than that it would remain and be the permanent seat of justice for the western division of the county. Pike County, loth February,' 1817. George R. C. Sullivan. B. V. Beckes. George W. Boone. Ephraim Jordan. William Hargrove. The town site was snrveyed by Hosea Smith April 3, 1817. It was laid off into 152 lots one-fourth acre in size, twelve one acre in size, and two consisting: of about one-half an acre. The deed from the donors conveying the land to the agent of the county, Thomas C. Stewart, was not made until August 18, of the same year. The consideration mentioned in the deed is $20,000, but of course nothing was paid. It was decided to call the town HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 337 \/ Petersburg, in honor of the principal donor, Peter Brenton. A public sale of lots took place April 14, 1817, Avith Benjamin Y. Beckes as auctioneer. The first plat sold was No. 83, It was bought by Robert M. Evans for $144, the highest j)rice paid for a single lot at this or any subsequent sale. Joseph W. Loan bought Lot No. 84 for ,$120. John N. Truesdale paid $106 for Lot No. 72, and Thomas J. Withers, $101 for the adjoining lot, 73. Occasional private sales were afterward made, and up to February 11, of the next year, eighty-six lots had been sold for ' an aggregate of $3,183.87. Li addition to those already men- tioned the purchasers o^ lots are as follows : G. R. C. Sullivan, Bazil Brown, Levi Kinman, Harrison Jones, Peter Brenton. David Hart, Jacob Harbison, James Campbell, John Butler. Archibald Campbell, B. V. Beckes, Robert Brenton, John Ollom. Joseph Selby, Jonathan Walker, Isaac Ogden, John Mclntire. Thomas Case, William Wright, John Price, James Kinman. Thomas C. Stewart, John Chapman, Phillip Catt, John J. Neely. John Johnson, Paul Tislow, James Jackson, Daniel Coonrod, David Parks, Nathaniel Huntingdon, Hugh Shaw, John Davis- son, John Child s, Samuel Scott, John Coonrod, John Kinman, Silas Sovereigns, Henry Miley, Ewing Milbiu-n, Henry Coon- rod, George Coonrod, J. Hathaway, David Kinman and Robert Mead. A second public sale of lots took place on the first Monday in January, 1825. But it seems that all were not disposed of at that time and another sale was held in August of the same year. The prices paid were much less than at the first sale, and thirty- six lots brought only about $300. Soon after the town Avas laid off, the sheriff let the contract for clearing the public square to Levi Kinman who received $44 therefor. At about the same time Thomas C. Stewart received the contract for the erection of a pillory on the square. This served also as a whipping post. James W^alker was paid $17.75, for clearing Lot No. 107, upon which a log court house was soon after erected. Among the first to build houses and take up their residence in the town were Thomas C. Stewart, Thomas Case, Thomas Mead, James Kinman (/ and John Mclntire. The early tavern-keepers were Joseph Hay. Robert C. Mead, Thomas J. Withers, Thomas Case, James Kin- man, John Finn and Bazil Gaither. k. large part of their busi- 338 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. ness consisted in selling liquors, and they were compelled to pay a license of from $1.50 to $2.50. Their rates of charges were fixed by the county commissioners, and the following is the scale adopted at their first meeting: Each half pint of whisky 13i cents. Each pint of cider or beer 12^ cents. Each half pint of peach brandy 37^ cents. Each diet 25 cents. Each night's lodging 12| cents. A horse to hay all night 12^ cents. At a little later date most of the stores sold whisky, and were licensed under the title of "groceries," to sell spirituous and malt liquors and aromatic and foreign groceries. Mclntire & Stewart were the first merchants. They occupied a small log building where Eisert's grocery store now stands. A little later, James Bryant opened a store in a little frame build- ing near the same site. Neither of these stores was continued long, and in 1820, Vincennes was the nearest point at which goods were sold. The earliest merchant who did business on anything like an extensive scale was Matthew Foster, who began business in 1827, and afterward formed a partnership with Albert Hammond. They handled large amounts of produce which they y flat-boated to New Orleans. Other merchants /of the "twenties" were Moses Harrell, George H. Profiit, James Kinman, Archibald Campbell and Daniel O'Blenis. The postofiice was removed from White Oak Springs soon after the town was laid out, and John Mclntire became postmaster. He was accustomed to carry the letters in his hat, and to deliver them as he chanced to meet those to whom they were addressed. The physician of this period was Abraham Tourtellot, a man of considerable ability. He died about 1835. He was succeeded by John W. Posey, Alexander Leslie and Joseph Davisson. Manufaciuring Enierprises. — The first to engage in this line of business was Thomas Milburn, who built a horse-mill a short distance from town, about 1822. After running it a short time he sold it to Henry Miley, who moved it to a site near the ceme- tery in the east part of town. In 1827, Peter and James Brenton erected a building and put in a carding-machine which they ran for a few years. About the same time William Deadman had a battery in a log-house on Lot 100. He supplied a large section HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 339 of country with hats which would often last eight or ten years. Two distilleries furnished "liquid comfort"' to the inhabitants of the town. Meredith Howard had one on a lot now owned by Frederick Reuss and Chris and William Miller ran one on the bank of the creek. These furnished a market for a considerable quantity of corn and rye. The Millers also had a tread-mill at which they ground the grain for their "still."" Jacob Stuckey built a saw and grist-mill which was run by the same power. It was located in the lower part of town, and was built about 1828. Boots and shoes were made by William Cargle and Aaron Grider. Samuel Stuckey had a tanyard just outside of town, on what is known as the Vincennes road. The above includes about all of the manufacturing industries previous to 1835. The Business Men of the Thiriies. — The leading business men during the decade of the thirties were Foster & Hammond, H. W. & S. W. Kinman, Posey & Withers, Thomas L. Montgom- ery and A. S. Drennen, all of whom carried a stock of general merchandise and were licensed to keep "groceries." George H. Proffit and Mr. Hughs also sold goods during this period. In 1838, John Graham built a saw-mill on the present site of Frank Bros.' mill. He afterward enlarged it and put in machinery for grinding grain. The Business Men of the Foriies. — The growth of the town was very slow up to the close of this decade, at which time the population as found by the census of 1850 was only 480. The leading merchants were Thomas L. Montgomery, A. & P. C. Hammond, AVaryer L. Scott, Goodlet Morgan, Jackson M. Kin- man, James Kinman, Jonathan AVilson, William Hawthorn and Robert McBay. The postmasters up to 1850 after John Mclntire were Albert Hammond, Warner L. Scott and William Hawthorn. The Business Men of the Fifties. — ^The decade of the fifties was one of the most prosperous in the earlier history of the town. The building of the Wabash & Erie Canal brought in large num- bers of laborers, and by its completion Petersburg was made one of the best shipping points in southern Indiana. A number of warehouses were built, and pork packing became an important industry, while all kinds of produce were shipped in large quanti- ties. Among the leading business men of this period were Warner L. Scott. P. C. Hammond, Thomas L. Montijomerv, 340 KISTOllY OF PIKE COUNTY. Goodlet Morgan, Jonathan Wilson, William and R. P. Haw- thorn, John B. Hanna, William H. Connelly, Thomas M. Kin- man, E. B. Boone and W. L. Minnick. The leading physicians were Alexander Leslie, J. E. Adams, G. D. Jacquess and Colum- bus Hickson. The hotels were kept by Samuel Benjamin and Jackson M. Kinman. The Cholera. — In the summer of 1850 Petersburg was visited by that terrible scourge, cholera. The first death was that of the child of an Irishman who came from New Orleans to work on the canal. A few days later the man himself took the disease and died. From these cases the disease spread rapidly among the laborers on the canal, and large numbers of them died. The citizens of the town became panic stricken, and at one time Petersburg was almost depopulated, there being about only twelve families re- maining. Drs. Leslie and Adams remained bravely at their posts, and did much to relieve the suffering and to prevent the spread of the disease. Only eleven residents of the town died. Among them were Malachi Merrick and two children, Mrs. Emiline Connelly and two children, George Barnett and wife, and William Benjamin. The Merchanis of ihe Sixfies. — At the beginning of this dec- ade, the canal having fallen into disuse, the growth of the town received a decided check, and business men were compelled to go back to the old methods of transportation. Goodlet Morgan con- tinued to deal extensively in produce and live-stock, and also carried a large stock of general merchandise. Among other lead- ing merchants may be mentioned P. C. Hammond, Thomas L. Montgomery, Gus Frank, Moses Frank, S. G. Barrett, Robert McBay and Gus Hisgen. N. W. Thornton and Thomas Zull were druggists; Weedman & White and Custin & King, manu- facturers and dealers in furniture: Elias Osborne, Alexander Moore, dealers in boots and shoes; Fred Reuss and John J. In- graham, harness-makers; C. A. Burger & Bro., merchant tailors; John J. Eisert, groceries ; Shawhan & Knight, hardware ; David- son & Hopkins, Adams Bros, and Charles Schaefer were the livery men; Charles Schaefer was proprietor of the Pike Hotel, Mrs. John O. Carter of the Carter House, and A. G. Davisson of the Exchange. The postmasters during this and the preceding decade were Warner L. Scott, Samuel Campbell, J. B. Hendricks, HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 341 John Hanna, Darwin Hewins and James Coleman. Those who have had the office since 1870 are Rev. Ravenscroft, his daughter, Mary Glezen and Thomas K. Fleming. Lafer Manufaduring Indusirics. — About 1834 Graham 7. The present membership is about forty. Unity Lodge No. 77, A. O. U. W., was organized May 10, 1879, and received its charter April 21, 1880. There were fifteen charter members, with the following officers: D. J. Phillips, P. M. W. ; W. D. Babcock, M. W. ; W. F. Townsend, G. F. ; John M. White, O. ; W. P. Knight, recorder; G. Frank, financier; H. 348 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. Rickricli, receiver ; P. S. Withers, G. ; Jacob S. Reefer, I. W. ; Jacob Brock, O. W. The total membership has been seventy- five, but on account of losses from death, removal, suspension, etc., there are now only twelve members in good standing. The present officers are James B. Duncan, P. M. W. ; Isaac Whitaker, M. W. ; S. R. Smith, G. F. ; J. P. Martin, O. ; Charles Ficken, recorder; Charles Schaefer, receiver; J. M. White, financier; A. J. Patterson, G. ; H. C. Brenton, I. W. ; W. H. King, O. W. ; John M. White, representative; James B. Duncan, medical ex- aminer. Merchant Post No. 15, G. A. R., was chartered March 2(3, 1880. The members numbered fifteen. The present officers are A. Seebern, S. V. C. ; W. F. Williams, J. V. C. ; Daniel C. Ashby, surgeon; John M. White, adjutant; R. Spillman, Chaplain; A. H. Alexander, Q. M. ; C. C. LeMasters, O. D. ; J. T. Bottles, O. G. The first organization of this order was made June 27, 18 ()7, with the following members: Levi Ferguson, Miles Chambers, John H. Miller, John G. Crosier, Ashbury Alexander, J. R. Adams, J. K. Patterson, A. R. Byers, John Crow, W. C. Adams, Joseph P. Glezen, John Muhr, E. F. Littlepage and T. C. With- ers. It was then known as Post No. 1, District of Pike, Depart- ment of Indiana, and so continued until May 2, 1868, when it was changed to Merchant Post No. 243. Meetings were regular- ly held until April, 1872, when the organization was discontinued, and the order was not represented in Petersburg until the pres- ent post was established, Friendship Assembly No. 2688, K. of L. received a charter June 2, 1883, and the following persons named as members: D. F. Painter, J. T. Palmer, A. M. Jones, John M. White, George S. Colvin, John Culshaw, S. R. Smith, Jonathan Minion and J. T. Rinman. The lodge now has a membership of about sixty -two, and is in a prosperous condition. Bank. — The town was without a bank until 1873, when the Citizens State Bank was organized with a capital stock of $25,000. The stockholders were McC. Gray, James Shawhan, John H. Miller, C. E. Montgomery, N. W. Thornton, C. A. Burger, John J. Eisert, J. R. Adams, P. C. Hammond and W. H. De Wolf. The first four were the directors. The bank began busi- ness December 1, 1873, with McC. Gray as president, and N. W. HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 349 Thornton, cashier. Until the fire August 21), 1883, the business was conducted in a room over Tlionias TulFs drug store. After the fire, a temporary building was erected on the same site. The busi- ness was continued there until November 1,1884, when the present large and handsome building was completed. January 3, 1877, James Shawhan was elected president, and he has since continued in that position. June 1, 1877, Emmet M. Smith was appointed clerk in the bank, and six months later was made assistant cashier. The bank does a safe and conservative business, and has the confidence of the county. Tlie Press of Petersburg. — The early history of news})a})er enterprises in small towns is usually a record of lives as brief as those allotted to the angels of Eabbi Jehosha: Whose only office is to cry Hosanna once, and then to die. The first newspaper established in Petersburg was the Pafn'oi, a small five-column folio, subscription price $1.50 per annum. It purported to be independent in politics, and was owned by a lew of the leading men in town, who pui'chased the press and mate- rial. John N. Evans, a school teacher and lawyer, was the editor, and Henry Stout, a son of Elihu Stout, the first editor of the Vincennes Stm, was the printer. It was discontinued after run- ning about six months. This was in 1851. The next person to embark in the newspaper business was Joseph P. Glezen, who established the Reporter in March, 1855. It was also a small })aper, and advocated Republican principles. In a few months Edward P. Thorp became the editor and proprietor. He contin- ued until some time in 18* U), when he sold the paper to Francis M. Downey. He had conducted it but a few months when he sold out to J. H. Keys, and entered the army. Keys continued the publication until June, 18(32, when, following the example of his predecessor, he enlisted in the service of his country. S. T. Palmer then assumed control and his name appeared as editor in the next issue, but the following week he sent out a supplement, stating that he too was going off to the war. Publication was then suspended for a few months after which John E. Bowen ob- tained control of it, and published it until 18G4. At first he ad- vocated the principles of the Republican party, but probably 350 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. through the influence of money he changed the tone of his paper, and professed to be in sympathy with the Confederacy. He be- came involved in a difficulty with William H. Donahey and shot him. Bowen escaped from the county, and soon after the office of the Reporier was burned. The town was then without a paper for about a year. During the campaign of 1856 Samuel Upton began the publication of the Pike County Democrat. It was printed in Washington, Ind., but was ostensibly published in Petersburg. It was discontinued after a few months. In 1865 one McGinnis established a paper called the Messenger. It was a strong supporter of the Democracy, until during the campaign of 18()(), when a few leading Republicans bought the paper and editor. Though McGinnis still continued as the publisher, the editorials were written by such Republicans as Levi Ferguson and J. P. Glezen. In February, 1867, the Messenger was bought by S. T. Palmer, who changed the name to the Tribune, and continued the publication until June, 1861), when he sold out to Malachi Krebbs. During the campaign of 1868, and for a short time thereafter, James E. Huckeby published the Democratic Press. He was a Democrat, and a firm believer in a "white man's gov- ernment." When Krebbs bougfht the Tribune he chans^ed the name to the Pepublicau Press, and it was later given its present name. He continued as editor and proprietor until 1872, when he sold to F. B. Posey, but in a short time in company with E. H. Har- rell, repurchased it. In 1873 bought Harrell's interest, and the same year sold the paper to Harvey AVishard. January 1, 1876, bought out Wishard and was editor and proprietor until July 1, 1879, when he was succeeded by J. W. Gladish, who, three weeks later sold a one-half interest to Frederick J. Matson. January 1, 1880, Mr. Gladish again became the sole proprietor. During the fire of August 29, 1883, the office was entirely destroyed, but the paper was continued without the loss of a single issue. Mr. Gladish is a highly educated gentleman and publishes an excel- L nt county paper. It has a large circulation and wields a wide influence. The office under the management of N. S. Selby, a printer of experience and ability, does a large amount of job work. In the fall of 1870, George M. Emack transferred the HISTORY OF PIKE COUiNTY. 351 Atwell Herald, which he had published about six months, to Petersburg. It was a live-column paper, devoted to the interests of the Democratic party. He sold a one-half interest to Alexan- der Leslie, Jr., and the paper under the name of the Pike Couatij Democrat, Avas enlarged to a six column folio. Emack became involved in some difliculty and left the town. Leslie continued the publication until after the campaign of 1872, when B. F. Wright became the publisher. Under his management the paper was not a financial success, and after two months, not l)eing able to })ay his bills he silently stole away. Leslie then leased the office to Oscar McDonald and Monroe Crow, wdio found that there was not '"millions in it," and in six weeks it reverted to Leslie. Publication was suspended until November, 1872, when the office Avas sold to M. S. Evans & Co. The paper was enlarged to a seven column folio, and H. S. Evans became editor. In June, 1873, the office asrain chani^ed hands and William P. Knight and M. L. DeMotte became the owners. The following year DeMotte sold his interest to L. J. Campbell, and during the campaign of 1874, the paper was conducted under the firm name of Knight & Campbell ; in December of that year, Leslie foreclosed a mortgage on the office. The publishers went to Yincennes, purchased the material in the Times office, and without missing a single issue, continued the Democrai. In Feljruary. 1875, Campbell sold his interest to Knight and the following November, Knight trans- ferred the office to Charles Mitch ener. He then went to Tell City, Ind., but in February, 1877, he returned to Petersburg, and again became the proprietor of the Democrat He has since continued in that capacity, having associated with him at various times in the editorial management, J. M. Doyle, W. D. McSwane, W. F. Townsenvl and Fremont Arford. The office has been twice totally destroyed by fire, first December 2, 1882, and again May 15, 1884. The Democrai is well managed, enjoys a liberal ad- vertising and job patronage, and is the organ of the county De- mocracy. The Weeldij News was established by the present editor and proprietor, E. H. Harrell in 1884, the first number appearing May 15. It is independent in politics and has a fair share of the patronage of the county. Present Business Iiitei-ests. — Dry goods, boots and shoes, etc. 352 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTV. — Montgomery, Hammond & Hudson, P. C. Hammond & Sons, Hammond & Parker, Moses Frank, S. G. Barrett & Son, Gus. Frank ; groceries — Johnson & Lane, Isaac M. Johnson, Fleming & Patterson, John J. Eisert & Son, John Berridge ; hardAvare — Billmeyer & Montgomery, Shawhan & Boonshot; drugs — J. K. Adams & Son, J, W. Bergen, Frank & Hornbrook; agricultural implements — Patterson & Martin, David White and all hardware dealers; furniture — E. E. King, Smith & Pinney; boots and shoes — E. & D. S. Osborne, D. W. Horton, William Hisgen; clothing — Moses Hess and nearly all dry goods dealers ; harness — Fred. Reuss, Chris Weitzel, C. Baum ; confectionery — ^S. G. Coon- rod, Albert Haas, H. Rickrich; jewelry — S. P. Hammond, H. C. Gordon ; merchant tailor — C. A. Burger & Bro. ; milliners — Sarah Osborne, Mrs. Richardson ; carriage manufacturers — J. F. Trof zer, bank — Citizens State Bank ; newspapers — the Press, J. AY. Gladish, Democrai, W. P. Knight, Neivs, E. E. Harrell ; grain dealer — W. L. Merrick ; grist-mills — Young & Crow, Frank Bros. ; planing- mills — H. C. Coleman & Co., J. W. Canady; brick and tile — Reed & Gray, and Morgan Bros. ; livery — Adams Bros. , and Wood & Canatsey; hotels — Charles Schaefer, Pike Hotel, G. M. Rowe, Linffo House, Gus. Hiss^en, Farmers"' Hotel; saloons — Charles Schaefer, G. M. Rowe, Alexander Moore, P. A. McCarty, J. Vin- cent, D. Bruner and W. S. Mitchell ; barbers — A. Buress, F. Fort- ner, and John Turner ; blacksmiths — R. Dickson, Miller & Smith, McFarland & Ficken; marble works — F. M. Banks; butchers — John Brenton, Whitaker & Colvin; insurance agent — A. H. Alexander ; professional men : attorneys — J. W. Wilson, Ely Townsend, Fleener, Richardson & Taylor, Posey & Honieycutt, Doyle & Thompson and Edwin Smith ; physicians and surgeons — Alexander Leslie, A. R. Byers, Adams & Fullinwider, J. B. Dun- can, Carleton & Wilson, AV. H. Kepley, J. Hawkins; dentists — S. L. Wilson and J. D. Loetzerich ; ministers — Methodist Episcopal, Daniel Davis ; Presbyterian, A. M. Freeman ; Cumberland Presby- terian, C. AV, Yates; superintendent of public schools, A. C. Crouch. Stendal. — This beautiful little village is located not far from the center of Lockhart Township, and was named by Rev. Bauer- meister in honor of a town in Prussia of the same name. It was laid out in 1807 and 1809 by F. H. Poetker. The streets run- HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 353 ning north and sontli are named respectively Williams, Warrick, Main, Broadway, Poetker and Churcli. Those at right angles to these are named Washington, Huntingburg and Bearhardina. Among the first inhabitants were F. H. Poetker, William Stark, John White, Dr. Agee and Dr. DeTarr. The town has had a slow but healthful growth, and now contains about 150 persons. A fine graded schoolhouse was built in the north part of town in 1875. Among the prominent educators who have taught there are J. Borders, Dr. Hoover, S. B. Omsler and N. C. Johnson. There is a German Lutheran Church and parsonage in the nortli- east part of town, and near the same is the Reformed Lutheran Church. The town can boast of several physicians, 1 mill and carding machine, 1 shoe shop, 2 blacksmith shops, 1 hardware and tin shop, 1 furniture store and 1 hotel. PikeviUr is situated in Section 30, near the northern part of the township. It was laid out on the 18 th day of September, 1859, by Benjamin C. Clark. It contains a hotel, a Methodist Episcopal, a Lutheran and a Christian Church, also a school- house. Population about 125. Union, in Clay Township, is located on the road leading from Petersburg to Hazelton and Princeton, about ten miles west of Petersburg. The town was never formally laid out, or at least not till recently, consequently it is not dignified by streets with high-sounding names. Union is the only town in Clay Town- ship, although being a large and wealthy toAvnship, it is so iso- lated from railroads and other means of communication with the business world, that the growth is necessarily sIoav. The busi- ness houses of Union have been in the hands of such men as the Hornbrooks, Chambers, McFaddens and Kimes. Union has 3 dry goods stores, 1 drug store, 2 blacksmith shops, 1 machine shop, 1 wagon shop, 2 churches, and other businesses. The I. O. O. F. Lodge of Union was organized in July, 1871, the charter having been granted May 1 of the same year by W. H. De Wolfe. The charter members were Josiah Colvin, John Kime, Jacob McAtee, Jeremiah Hillman and F. M. Key. The charter bears the name "Harrell No. 370." The following are officers: G. W. Drain, N. G. : John Caldwell, V. G. ; C. S. Cham- bers, R S.; Elisha Colvin, P. S. ; F. M. Key, T., and Robert Hudson, R. R. Kime and J. S. Shrode, trustees. Strength of lodge is thirty-eight. 354 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. WinsJoiv is situated in Section 32, Town 1 south, Range 7 west. It was laid out November 14, 1837, by John Hathaway. The town lies immediately north of the river, the streets nearly parallel with the river are Patoka, Union, Jefferson, Washington, Center, Lafayette and North : those at right angles are West, Mill. Main, Walnut, Cherry and East. Winslow was a place of some note, many years ago, as a shipping and milling point on the Patoka River, but its progress was slow until within the last few years, its period of prosperity beginning with the completion of the Air Line Railroad. John Hathaway, the founder; owned a mill on the river, just below the town. Of George Dean, who came to Winslow in 1838, it may be said that he was an accomplished merchant, and ac- cumulated considerable wealth. "He was the first to attempt to establish a charity fund in Pike County, leaving, by will, all his property, except the widow's dower, to create a fund for the relief of destitute widows living within eight miles of AVin- slow." The first flat-boat run out of Patoka was one loaded with pork, by James W. Cockrum, in 1835. The first hogshead of tobacco was shipped from the same place in 1841. Winslow, being near the center of the county, and having good railroad fa- cilities, is ambitious to become the county seat, with some show of success. The growth of the town within the last few years has been rapid, and it is now well supplied with business houses — a livery stable, hotel, a church, and a fine graded school, which has been in successful operation since 1880. The charter to Winston Lodge of F. &. A. M., No. 260, was granted May 30, 1861. A. C. Denney was G. M. ; M. D. Manson, D. G. M., and Francis King, secretary. W. E. Chap- pell was then Master; George W. DeBuler, S. W., and N. Cut- wright, J. W. W. J. Bethel is now Master; Nathaniel Evans in the West, and A. J. Carter in the South. The financial standing of the society is good, with a membership of forty. Hosmer is situated in the northwestern corner of Patoka Township, and was laid out February 28, 1854, by Stephen R. Hosmer, and named in honor of him. Mr. Hosmer owned lands on the Wabash & Erie Canal, and it was the expectation that the town would become one of some importance. A steam-mill and other improvements were begun on a large scale, and streets HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. '6hb laid out bearing as pompous names as those of a large city, but on the failure of the canal, in 1855, the place began to decay. Since the completion of the Straight Line Eailroad, in 1882 it has done considerable business in the lumber trade. Pleasant ville. — This pleasant little viirage lies near the south- ern part of Monroe Township. It was laid out in 18(j(), by J. W. Eichardson. It lies near Honey Springs, one of the first settle- ments south of the river. The place contains several stores, tobacco houses, a Methodist Episcopal Church and school and school building. It contains about 300 population. HigJibanks. — Hugh McCain, Thomas McCain and C. Beams laid out the town January 12, 1837, Wolsey Pride with his brother William settled at Highbanks in 1813, and in 181^) to the same place came Ebenezer and John Case, Hamilton and Alexander McCain, and soon after William and Charles Hargrave. The town was formerly laid as above mentioned, having main and back streets parallel with the river and Highbanks, Walnut, Cherry, Plum, Union and Upper at the right angles to the river. Being one of the first settlements in the county and located on the river as it was it bid fair to be a place of note but want of outlet has brought decline to it, and it is Highbanks only in name. Your historian has named its streets with the belief that it could not have been done by its oldest inhabitants. Alfords was laid out by Elijah, Nathaniel and Samuel Alfords November 8, 1856. These men were contractors on the "Old Straight Eailroad." The failure of the railroad at first and a change of the line since has brought stagnation to the place. The business that formerly went to Alfords now goes to Peters- burg or Winslow. Algiers Ciiy. — In 1868, Algiers City was laid out, although not formally platted as a town until recent years it was a place of note in the very earliest history of the county. Such names as Case, Eussel, Pride, Endly and Scraper are intimately connected with its early history. The first postmaster at Algeirs, formerly called Delectable Hill, was Harbard DeBruler. Mathew Foster did business there in the twenties. Arcadia. — Simeon LeMasters laid off the little village of Arcadia in 1869. It is near the old LeMasters settlement, one of the former settlements of the county. The Pancakes and 356 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. Aslibys live near the place. As a commercial place it is of little importance. Augusia lies in the extreme northwestern corner of Lock- hart Township and is a place of some little note. It contains 130 lots, a church, tobacco factory, and a graded school. The streets are named First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth from the north and Main, Vigo, Bradley and Washington at right angles to the former. AiiJwr. — This little village is found in the southern part of Patoka Township and contains one hotel, a number of business houses and 200 town lots. Oiivell. — This place is situated in a rich agricultural dis- trict near the central part of Jefferson Township. It was laid out January 15, 1855 by Berry Brown. The place was called Pierceville until 1864 when Lawrence Jones, A. J. Wells and James K. Nelson presented a petition signed by two- thirds of the town to have its name changed from Pierceville to Otwell. This was done at the March term of 1864. The streets running parallel with the principal streets are named in order, Jefferson, Washington and Madison; those at right angles are Virgin and Liberty. The town having no railroad outlet does not increase rapidly. The village has its complement of stores and other business houses. Among the business firms of Otwell are D. H. Daniel, J. W. Abbot, J. W. Conger, Samuel Dillon, Frank Bilderback, John Wilhelm, Michael Fletcher, Jacob Bow- ers and J. T. Scanlan who has been running a blacksmith shop for twenty-five years. The population is estimated at 300. HISTORY OP PIKE COUNTY. 357 CHAPTER VIL BY PROP Z. T. EMERSON. Educational History op^ Pike County— The First Sceiools, Houses AND Teachers— Names OF School Patrons— Anecdotes of Inter- est—Funds FOR THE Maintenance of Schools— Comparison of Early and Later Systems of Study and Discipline— Blythe- Av^ooD Academy— High Schools. THE first schools of Patoka Township, were taught in rude, round log structures ; no windows, a large fire-place, a plank placed against the wall for a -vvi-iting desk, split log benches, and puncheon floors. Writing was done with goose quill pens. The schools were "pay schools," the master charging $1.25 for each pupil for a term of sixty-five days — a prodigious sum for those days. There was no such thing as board bills, the teacher "boarded around." The first schools of this kind were taught in Patoka by Thomas English, a Vermonter. He taught one school in the Ashby neighborhood, between Arthur and Augusta in the year 1844. His next school in this township was taught in Section 14, Township 2 south. Range 8 west, near D. E. Barrett's. In these schools it was customary for the big boys and big girls to take their arithmetics and slates and study out of doors. Among other early teachers might be mentioned Ira J. Burch, who is still teaching, in Missouri, and who has taught for over forty-four years. Then came a man into the township, bearing the name of C. C. Winfrey, who taught a pay school at the old "Burch school- liouse." He was thought an excellent teacher. He often played Avith the children. One of his favorite plays was "Avalking a race" in which he would walk against any or all of the school running. When standing in the natural position, Mr. Winfrey was about six feet high ; when walking fast he seemed about only four. When he wished to call the pupils in, he would knock on the side of the house, and Avith his knife and halloo, "booksin! booksin!" He acted 358 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. strangely sometimes ; one day at uoon, lie took some of the boys around behind one corner of the schoolhouse, where he took out a leather bag filled with gold ; he allowed each of the boys to hold the money, and told them there were $1,500 of it. This teacher would give the children fifteen minutes each day to prepare their spelling lessons, during which time he permitted them to "study out" and not unfrequently in such cases, they would get off the subject. The first free schools were only thirty days long, and the teachers were paid $1 a day. They still "boarded around." When, however, they did board, it was obtained at 30 cents a week. W. J. Grimes is thought to have been the first teacher who ever taught a free school in Patoka Township. He was licensed for four months to teach reading, writing, spell- ing and arithmetic to the "rule of three." Among the more recent teachers may be mentioned William Ivy, Lottie Green, Mattie Edmunson, Byron Brenton, R. W. Hurt. Cicero Agee and John D. Grimes. Lockhart Schools. — Almost twenty years before Lockhart was separated from Monroe Township her first schoolhouse was built. This was about the year 1833, and it was built on the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 25, Town 2 south, Range 7 west, on a point of land rising a little above the Beaden's Creek bottom and on the south side of the creek about one-quarter of a mile west of the road leading from the Cup Creek Church north to to Beaden's Creek, in a field now owned by Mrs. Mary Martin. This site seems now to have been the very poorest that could have been selected for a schoolhouse, but taking into consideration that at that time the roads or traces, as they were called, followed water courses to a great extent ; this was a very convenient location as a road up this branch bottom connected to settlements, the one on the east and the other on the west, with the schoolhouse on half-way ground. The site of the old schoolhouse is known to but few and there are very few of the old men now who can call to mind the fact of its ever having: been there. It was 16x18 feet, built of round logs, high enough that a man could stand straight under the eaves, a dirt floor, the roof kept on by means of weight })oles, no fire-place, and as the schools were taught in the fall season they did not chink and daub the cracks, in consequence of which the necessity of windows was avoided. The door was made of HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 859 clap-boards and swung on wooden hinges which caused loud and creaking noises when the door was opened .and shut. The Avrit- ing desk was a plank, twelve or fourteen feet long, that some of the patrons had arrested in its course down the Patoka River. It was placed along one side of the house, just before a large crack, upon pegs that were driven in holes made in the wall beneath. The house was built, of course, by the patrons of the school, at a cost of about three or four days' work each. The following were patrons of the first school: Daniel Hendricks, the first settler of the town- ship; Peter Kinder, Jackson Davis, Jesse Coker, Comfort Brew- ster, Beaden Davis and John Miller. There were altogether [be- tween twenty and thirty pupils. They came from a scope of country over six miles square. The first school teacher was Beaden Davis, after whom Beaden* s Branch took its name. He was one of the patrons of the school and had a large fainily of children, all of whom were girls. He was good humored in the main, but knew well how to use the rod or ferule when necessity demanded. In relating an anecdote he was quite successful, gen- erally acting out all the parts while narrating the story. He afterward became a Methodist preacher. He was quite a singer in his day and very sympathetic in song and discourse, the tears flowing readily down his cheeks, when narrating the emotional part of either song or sermon, frequently rising on tiptoe on those parts and then noiselessly relaxing on his heels again. He was a good, quiet, inoffensive man, received from $oO to $iM) per term in the pioneer schools. He died at the ripe old age of about eighty. The history of one school of Lockhart is in a measure a history of all her schools. The urchin's mind thirty years ago "might not stretch away into stately halls" yet the same avenues were open to his mind then as now. If he had not so many oj)- portunities to store his mind, he had fewer things to detract from his work. Lockhart has now fourteen schoolhouses, one a graded school, all in good condition, with an average of seventy days' term and wages $2.08 per day. Lockhart enumerates over 700 children. Logan, Clay and Madison Schools. — Logan Township formed a part of Madison until 1846. The first schoolhouse within the boundary of Logan was erected by the citizens in 1830. This building was situated on what is now known as the Lewis Wilson 360 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. farm near the center of Logan Township. It is described as being "about the size of a smoke-house." It was built of split poles, and had no floor, chimney, or door — poles being used to bar the entrance at night. Not a crack was chinked or daubed. The seats (split poles with legs) were arranged around the wall. On one side was a writing desk (a puncheon) for those who wrote. It is thought that four men could have built such a house in one day. Only one term was taught in this building and that by James Atkinson in July, August and September, 1830. Only a few remain to recount the incidents of that term. One day the teacher's hogs followed him to school, a distance of three miles. Being quite gentle they persisted in going into the house, and had to be soundly thrashed several times during the day to the intense delight of the ''scholars". On one occasion a number of young ladies visited the school, among them a sweetheart of a young man who was in attendance. In his efforts to hide his big bare feet, from her whose ankles "were bare and brown," he thrust them out through a crack near the ground. This youth seems to have been fertile in expedient and swift of understanding. On another occasion when the teacher was hearing some one recite, a little girl looking out, saAv thi'ee deer browsing near the house. She told her brother (it was the custom then for teacher and boys to carry guns to school ) , who put his gun out through a crack to shoot. By this time the teacher had also discovered the game and was vainly endeavoring to persuade his old flint lock to fire. Suddenly the young man's gun was discharged and one deer fell dead. The young man's sister exclaimed, "Ma said this morning we 'd have fresh meat because the pot burned.'" In 1832 the house described was re- placed by a much better one. It was located near the site of the old on the land now belonging to William Carr. It was erected by citizens, prominent among whom were Revs. C. Johnson, Joseph AVoodry and Michael Kime and was called the Kime Schoolhouse. This building was miich better than the first one. True, it had no floor, but it had a door, shutter and a chimney. This chimney was built of mud and sticks, and rested on a log which extended across the room about five feet from the ground. The fire was made on the dirt floor at the end of the building and as the smoke arose it was intended to pass through the chim- HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 361 ney. Here was taught a school by William Campbell, and another in 1834 by Henry Borders. His patrons Avere to pay him ^1-50 per scholar and pay his board. On Saturday before school opened the patrons had a meeting and sold him out to the lowest bidder. He was duly struck off to Adam Snyder, and Daniel Frederic at 50 cents per week. During this term the teacher taught eight liours per day and killed on an average thirty squirrels per day. Those schools were of course supported by private patronage, the teacher agreeing to teach reading, writing, spelling and arith- metic, to the "rule of three.'' In the books used at that time this subject began on about the seventy-fifth page. Each pupil recited separately and in the order in which they arrived in the morning. Evidently there was a new program each day. It is remembered that in IS 40 one teacher was severely criticized for introducing a scheme whereby a large part of the school was taught at once. i. e. in a class. It wgjS argued that classification could not be too severely condemned since it held back the bright ones with the dull ones. How fiercely the lovers of darkness fight against the first dawning of light. In early times a great variety of text books were used, thus making classification very difficult. One aged teacher remembers that his pu})ils used as readers the following books; Introduction to the English Reader, The English Reader, New Testament, Old Testament, American Preceptor, Peter Parley's Readers, Cousin Alice's Stories, Swiss Family Robinson. Baron Munchausen, etc. There seems to have been no uniformity of text books. The act of 1837, providing for free public schools, marks the beginning of a new era in the history of education in this coun- ty. The next year a schoolhouse was built on the farm of Gar- bison & Masters. Here Henry Borders taught a term of sixty- five days for $50. His was the first under the free school sys- tem which has so justly become the pride of our people. James C^row taught at the Kime Schoolhouse in 1831) ; John Alexander at Olive Branch in 1840; Lewis Wilson at Olive Branch in 1853. later at the Bailey, the first frame schoolhouse in the township. In 1859 Lewis Wilson was elected trustee; this office he held for twelve years. Under his administration neat frame buildings took the place of the old log ones, and maps, globes, charts and blackboards were brought into use. The trustee, in early years 362 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. a teacher and all his life a student, visited the schools, gave lectures, and in various ways promoted the growth and develop- ment that characterized that period. C. J. Agee, Joshua Wilson, S. W. Stewart and Joseph Borders were among the leading teach- ers of the more modern ones. In Clay were Samuel Deadman, al)out 1828, and a finely educated Irishman named Scannel, about the year 1838. Others were Andrew Frederick, Reuben White, Cork Davidson, E. Denning and Daniel Anian, of the older teach- ers. Clay ToAvnship now supports eight schools for six months in the year, one a fine graded school. In Madison the same prog- ress has been made. Instead of old, abandoned residences, or log-houses with greased paper windows, they all have nice frame houses, and all are furnished with bells, dictionaries, globes, maps, charts, etc. Pupils now pursue, under competent teachers, a course including the eight common branches and civil govern- ment, and on completing the same they receive a diploma signed by the trustees and county superintendent. Logan now has six frame schoolhouses, and a school term of eighty school days, and each taught by a competent teacher. The average wages per day for 1884-85 were about $2. This fact, with^an enrollment of 327 pupils in Logan Township, affords a very pleasing contrast with the condition of the schools in 1848. On a A'ote taken at the general election of that year, the question of a constitutional amendment establishing the free school system, the vote stood fifty-two ''for" and seventy -two '•against.''' Clay stood at the same time thirty-seven "for" and sixty-five "against," yet Clay now has eight schools, one a fine graded school, and employs nine teachers, three of whom are females. The vote in Madison at the same election and on the same question stood ten for the amendment and 100 against it. Madisoji now has six good school- houses, and employs six teachers who receive an average of $2 per day. The average length of schools of Madison Township is only sixty-two days, the shortest of any in the county. Schools of Jefferson Township. — The prof essional teacher of to- day, particularly those of little experience, is disposed to sneer at the methods of instruction, at the text books used, at the methods of government, at the hours of study, at the crude furniture of the schoolroom, at the dress and habits of those in attendance, and wonder that the old folks knew anything, aud be astonished at HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. 363 his own wisdom. Such individuals are not unlike the old Ger- man mentioned by Coleridge, who had such profound respect for himself that whenever he had occasion to mention his own name he would reverently take off his hat. Young America has an excellent opinion of himself. Wendell Phillips' "'Lost Arts" is an excellent thing for study by such individuals. While the early settlers of Jefferson were combating the dif- ficulties peculiar to a new country, clearing the forests, driving away wild beasts, fighting opposition to religious conviction, they were not unmindful of the intellectual needs of their children. The first schools were taught in some old, abandoned cabin, or other place of shelter. It is said the first schoolhouse in Jefferson Township was built ten rods north of the residence of William Kelso in 1828, called the Taylor Schoolhouse. This was on the farm noAv owned by Alva Price, and was built by the people of the community. It was a small, log structure, and has long since decayed. John Graham, a Scotchman, was the first teacher. School hours lasted from about sunup till sundown, or from the time the pupils arrived in the morning, till about dark. The pu- pils recited singly, and generally in the order of their arrival in school. The wages varied from $1.50 to $2 per term for each scholar, the teacher '^boarding around." His pay was either in money or articles of food and clothing. A Baptist Church used as a schoolhouse stood near the Long Branch and Highbanks road, the old site of which is now marked by two neglected graves. Samuel HargraA^e taught school at this liouse for a time. A schoolhouse was built near the store of White Chappell in about 1832. At this house John Sawyer was the first teacher. The man Hargrave is said to have been a very excellent man. Other teachers were John Adridge in 1840, and Aaron McCarty in 1842. The latter taught several years and is said to have been somewhat addicted to drink. This need not seem strange when William Hargrave, a minister of the gospel and a man of great worth was proprietor of a copper distillery. A schoolhouse was built at Otwell, on the farm owned by Daniel DeMott, but has been removed by Henry Coleman and used now as a lumlier-house. The first teacher in this house was Eliza- beth Preston. Jefferson Township now enrolls over 000 pupils and employs 15 teachers — 11 males and 4 females — yet Jefferson 364 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. has no graded school from the fact that tlie schools are almost entirely in the country. The length of term of Jefferson is 100 days, with average wages of $2.08 per day. The vote of 1848 for the constitution- al amendment favoring free schools stood: twelve for Anthony, the representative favoring the system, and 170 for Alexander who was opposed to the system. It is but justice to the people to say that the free schools were to them an experiment then and it was difficult to overcome prejudice and to bring about innova- tions. Monroe Township ScJiools. — Tlie first school ever taught in Monroe Township was in 1820 — the same year that Monroe Township was laid off — by John Ferguson, the father of Revs. James and John Ferguson. This school was at Honey Springs, near the town of Pleasantville. It was taucrht in a little log'-cabin. Among the patrons of this school were the Le Masters family. King family, Hegaman and Skidmore families. Several other schools were afterward taught at the same house, one by a man by the name of Clark, in about 1825, but nothing can now be recalled of him other than his name and a faint shadow of recollection. John M. Grant taught a school on what is now the farm of Joe Ferguson, a short distance west of Pleas- antville, about 1839. He was able to lead his pupils into the mysteries of reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic to the single rule of three. He was particularly strong on spelling and required his pupils to study that branch aloud and the one who could make the most noise in the work was considered the best student. He believed in the doctrine of Solomon, "spare the rod and spoil the child. ^' By his pupils he was considered a tyrant. Conrad Coleman taught in the Blackfoot neighborhood and was considered a good teacher. Wesley Hopkins was considered a fair teacher, but Wesley had one weakness, he would get drunk when opportunity afforded, and unfortunately for him and the school, Cutwright's distillery stood near the schoolhouse, and not unfrequently he would visit that and during the remainder of the day the boys and girls would have things pretty much their own way. This was about 1811. Charles F. Elwin, a Welsh-Englishman taught a number of HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 365 schools. Elwin was a well educated man and an excellent teacher in his day. He was a good debater and a very fine penman. He died but a few years ago. Rev. James Ferguson of Warrick County is still teachings though quite old. On the vote favoring the constitutional amend- ment for free schools, Monroe Township stood twenty-seven for the amendment and eighty-one against it. There are now 13 school houses and 14 teachers in the township — 11 being male and 3 female teachers. Schools of Washington Toimiship. — The first account we have of schools in this township were those taught by a Mr. Tunstle. He seems to have been a man of sufiicient sense and of good in- tention, but who had not reduced the matter of teaching to a science by any means. It cannot be said that his ideas were ever consistent with those of Horace Mann or any other great educator of the present. He taught the double rule of three, now called compound proportion. Among the teachers of Washing- ton township who taught, before the common schools were in vogue, may be mentioned, Mrs. Sarah Finn, Mrs. Rebecca Finn, William Withers, John Mclntire and William Davenport. The last named taught after the common schools were in operation. About the time Indiana became a State, a gentleman named English taught private school in Washington township for some time. His school was known only by name of Thomas English's school. All knew him and liked him for his social qualities, for that was all there was of him. His teaching was neither an art nor a science. He was skilled to rule, And rule Was all there was Of his little school. The amount of all his learning;, and the extent of all he taui^ht, as was the case with many others, was wrapped up in the ''old blue back," "Webster's Elementary Spelling Book." This book contained reading and spelling lessons as well, but the spelling was about all that was taught. The method of recitation was about as follows: each pupil recited alone, one at a time, like going to a mill, was the rule. The first at school in the morning was the first to recite and the second to school was the second to recite, etc. A story is told of a lady who, o66 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. when quite a small child, attended Mr. Thomas English's school. On going to school one morning she saw a much larger and older girl coming in the distance ; both ran with all their might to reach the house first. The small girl got in first, but on open- ing school and calling the first to recite, both the small and the large girl came up with book in hand to recite. The word of the larger girl prevailed and the smaller had to recite last. This little girl had a ''big"" sister who came to school that day and who was angry at the teacher for his decision. She spent the day in making wry faces at her sister's enemy as opportunity afforded; such was the discipline of Thomas English's school. Notwith- standing the poor methods of the teachers, their limited knowl- edge, the inconveniences of log-cabin schoolhouses, with their hard benches, no boards, greased domestic or paper windows, the long distance to school, the short term, some learned to read, write and spell, and learned business transactions and business forms. Among them may be mentioned David Miley, who was sufii- ciently qualified to fill any county ofiice at the present time, and Avho did in his later years fill every county ofiice in the county, and was county auditor at the time of liis death. Overwork in business caused his death. Amona^ the first teachers who taught after the public schools received popular patronage were William C. Davenport and John Mclntire. Mr. Davenport was a good practical surveyor and followed the business after he quit teach- ing. He got his death from pouring cold water on his head while hot when engaged in surveying on a hot day. Mclntire, commonly called Maj. Mclntire deserves some mention, although he is mentioned in connection with the schools of Petersburg and with the settlements and county officers. He was sent for to come from Shawneetown, 111., to Petersburg. Besides holding nearly every county office at one time himself, he found time to teach school six hours a day, and then the remuneration was barely sufficient for a very plain living. It is worthy of remark that now nearly every officer has a deputy and yet finds a good living in the office. It is said that the coroner now receives as much for his little office as Mclntire did for all. Since the time of these men the in- terest in schools has grown wonderfully. There are now fifteen teachers employed in the township alone, making twenty-one altogether. The great improvement in the schools of this town- HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 367 ship within tlie last sixty years may be seen l)y comparing no schools at all with the following facts as reported to Mr. J. L. Mount, county superintendent, by Mr. John Brenton, township trustee; number of pupils admitted into the school within the year, 922; number of houses, 13; length of term, 90 days; value of school property, $12,090; amount of tuition, $3,002; special school revenue, $1,754. Pefei'sbunj Schools. — It is supposed that the first school ever taught in Petersburg was conducted about 1820, by Judge Sawyer. He taught in a small frame house on Main Street. He is said to have been from New York, and moved first to North Carolina, and then to Indiana, near Petersburg. His first term was for three months. He taught mainly that his own children might attend; at the same time others were in attendance, the Osl)orns and others of the older families attended. John Mclntire was the next teacher. He taught school in the old court house. He was in some respects a remarkable man, having held every county office in the county and continued in office for thirty-seven years. Sam- uel Kelley taught in a small house on the lot now owned by Pren- tis Martin. J. S. English, a Vermonter, was a good teacher who taught for a time. Other teachers of the older class were Harvey, Graham, Davenport, and E. Bell. H. D. Ouyett, a Presbyterian minister, taught about 1855. Blijfhc-Wood Academij. — From the pen of Mrs. Anna Blythe Hendricks. Ave give the following account of Blythe-AVood : "In the spring of 1853, the Eev. A. T. Hendricks became pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Petersburg. At that time the ' public school SA'stem' liad found footing only in the larger towns and cities, leaving the villages and rural districts dej)endent on the three or six months schools which were opened in the summer or winter by transient teachers. Mr. Hendricks feeling the need for a more extended and influential mode of instruction, opened a school in the spring of 1854. As the village furnished no build- ing suitable for the purpose, he erected and furnished rooms con- nected with his residence. This school, styled ' Blythe- Wood Academy,* was continued for a period of fifteen years, when the introduction of the public schools into the village rendered its continuance unnecessary. The course of instruction extended from the A, B, C's to the higher branches of a liberal English educa- 368 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. tion, offering to its advanced pupils a knowledge of higher math- ematics, with Latin and Greek. The study of the Bible as a classic, as well as a system of religion and morality, was made a prominent feature in the entire course. Each pupil was required to furnish his desk with a Bible. The government was entirely paternal. The pupils on entering were informed that corporeal punishment formed no part of the plan. Dismissal was the capi- tal punishment, as a consequence serious offenses were very rare. The efforts of the teachers and pupik were directed less to the acquisition of mere rules and facts than to the cultivation of the powers of investigation and habits of thought." The Petersburg graded school building was erected and made ready for schools in the fall of 1872. The building is an elegant brick structure, built at a cost of S2(),()()0. The following is a list of the school trustees of this school: Francis V. Scales, Joseph P. Glezen, Simon P. Frank, Dr. A. R. Byres, E. Harrell, J. J. Eisert, J. B. Young, J. H. Miller, J. W. Gladdish, and G. W. Pinney. The present board is composed of Dr. A. R. Byres, president; G. W. Pinney, secretary; and G. W. Gladish, treasurer. The following is a list of the various superintendents : Rev. A. M. Bryant, 1 year; J. W. Wilson, 2 years; W. D. McSwane, 4 years; Dr. W. H. Link, 3 years; and the pres- ent A. C. Crouch, 3 years. The corps of teachers for 1885-86' are A. C. Crouch, superintendent; G. J. Nichols, high school; Frank R. Taylor, grammar ; Mrs. H. B. Elliot, intermediate ; Miss R. L. Whittinghill, second primary ; and Miss Susan Bartlett, first primary. The school has a course of twelve years, equaling the course of most cities of corresponding size. The high school was commissioned by the State Board of Education, in March, 1884, to prepare students for the freshman class in the State University. As an indication of the progress of the school, we append the high school alumni for the different years : Class of 1877 — Emma Johnson, Ambrose Johnson, W. E. Lamb. Class of 1878— J. L. Mount, W. H. Brenton. Class of 1881— Cora Selby, E. J. Beardsley, Fred Selby, Mar- shall Burrees, colored. Class of 1884 — Lulu Bartlett, Minerd Burrees, colored. Class of 1885 — Anna Hewins, Anna Lamb, Minnie Selby, Edith Lamb, Belle Shawhan, Emery Green. HISTORY OP PIKE COUNTY. 369 CHAPTER VIII. by prof. z. t. emerson. Religious History of Pike County— The Old Circuit Riders- Meetings OF the Early Time— The Formation and Develop- ment of Organizations— The Erection and Cost of Buildings- Camp Meetings — Sunday-schools, etc.— Names of Ministers AND MEMBEliS. THE religious history of Pike County is very closely connected with its early settlements. Immediately following the first set- tlers, came the pioneer ministers, ever ready to share in the hard- ships, and cares, and dangers of pioneer life. With unflinching zeal they carried their work into every part of the country. Camp-Meeti'iuis. — In the early liistory of the church, particu- larly of the Methodists and Cumberland Presbyterians, there being no churches, and few and incommodious dAvellings, these dwellers of the forest met, in the Indian summer days of autumn, to hold camp-meetings. Hundreds flocked to these meetings from far and near, and ministers without regard to creed, poured forth their warnings with apostolic zeal. Often the burning eloquence of these men so wrought on the emotions of their hearers, that hundreds were sti'icken with conviction, and amid the glimmering camp fires or "the struggling moonbeam's misty light,'* their lamentations and cries for mercy arose on high. No language could describe the effect of their mingled songs and shouts and lamentations. The site selected for these meetings was always near some spring or other suitable place for water. The Crnfcnnial i^ajs: "The first canqj-meeting was held in 1825, by the Cumberland Presbyterians at the end of Hosea Smith's Lane, on the hill near AVhite Oak Springs. "They also held camp-meetings in 182(5 and 1827. In 1828, the Cumberland Presbyterians and Methodists held union meet- ings for two successive years. In 1821). a number of ministers of both denominations were present; among them Rev. John Strain, who was a man of extraordinary })Ower. During one of his ser- 370 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. mons, Eev. Hiram A. Hunter, while attempting to make a report o£ it for preservation, fell unconscious, and lay in that condition for hours, as did also Rev, John Decker, and may be others throughout the audience. "In 1830 and 1831, the Presbyterians, Methodists and Cumber- land Presbyterians held union meetings. At that time the camp burned, and was never rebuilt. In 1833, the Cumberland Pres- byterians erected a camp near Petersburg, in what is now George Davidson's wood-pasture. In 1839, the Methodists built a camp on the grounds of Rev. John Decker, three miles northeast of Petersburg, and held meetings for four years at that place. . In 1848, they erected a camp on the farm now owned by George H. Siple, and held yearly meetings for three years at that place. They also held camp meetings at Mount Pleasant Church in Clay Township, in 1854 and 1855 ; also on the farms of Samuel Jen- kins in Logan Township ; these were the last camp-meetings held in the county, their days of usefulness having passed away." It would not be proper to pass the subject of camp-meetings, with- out mentioning the matter of "Jerks." This was a peculiar affec- tion, brought on by the tremendous tension of the nervous sys- tem during the excitement of these religious revivals. The dis- ease was indicated by a jerking and violent contortions of the body. It afflicted both saint and sinner. Its cause has never been fully iinderstood. The Cumberland Preshiiierian Church. — The Cumberland Presbyterian Church had its origin in Pike County, and possibly in the State, in a camp-meeting held at White Oak Springs in 1821. This meeting was conducted by ministers from Kentucky, who had traveled all the way on horseback. The ministers, by whom this meeting was carried on, were William and John Bar- nett (two of Alex Downey's cousins), Hiram A. Hunter, William Lynn, William Chapman and David Lowery. At this meeting were over eighty conversions, and about forty of these joined the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and immediately at the close of the meeting the congregation of that denomination was formed. This congregation is thought to have been the first in the State,' although there was one organized near Owensville, at old Mount Zion, about the same time. The first pastor of the congregation was John M. Berry, who was ordained in 1822, and remained as HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 371 pastor about ojie year. After Berry there was no regular pastor, although occasional preaching, till 1835 wlien James Eichey be- came pastor and remained until 1843. The following ministers have preached to this congregation at different times, although possibly not in the order named: John Edmunson, David Dow^ Walter Scanks, H. D. Ouyett, Lewis Wilson, A. T. Hutchinson, M. M. Smith, O. E. Hart, Ebenezer, Ben and Ephraim Hall, J. B. Madden and C. W. Yates, the present pastor. This congrega- tion at first worshiped in private dwellings and the old court house, but in 1842 a new brick church was erected not far from the public square. Among the principal donors to this house were Jesse Alexander, Matthew Foster (grandfather of Hon. J. W. Foster), Peter Tislow and Peter Brenton. Members of the first congregation were Jeremiah Gladdish and wife, Mrs. Lindsey, Jacob Meade, Lucy Meade and Mrs. Miley, the only one of these now living. Judge Sawyer, John Summers and Jeremiah Gladish were among the first elders. The first Sabbath-scliool of this church was organized about 1840, and has continued to the present time, and is now quite prosperous. It was continued through the sum- mer months only, till 1853, when, through the influence of Mrs. Miley and a few other ladies, it was carried on through the win- ter months. The example was soon followed by other schools. The pastors have usually acted as Sunday-school superintendents, The old church house is being replaced by an elegant new one. at a cost of about $6,000. The following persons have given very liberal aid in the construction of the new house: M. M. Thomas, Sarah Ash, J. J. Eisert and Mary Ann Park. The membership of the church is about 131. who pay their pastor a salary of $700. The Bethlehem congregation was organized, and worshiped under an old shed, near Union, about 1840. This congregation used the old shed as a place of worship until 1850, when the Bethlehem Chiirch house was erected, mainly by Oliphants, Col- vins, Fredericks, Donaldsons, Lindys and Crow. It is thought Bethlehem congregation was organized by James Richey. Among the first members were Mrs. Hudleson (the first Cumber- land Presbyterian in Clay Township), Joseph Davidson and wife, Edmunson and wife, Mr. Lindy and the White family, Mr. White being the first elder. The church at Union was built mainly by 372 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. J. T, Kime and Alonzo Hillman, acting as solicitors, at a cost of $1,050. It maintains a good Sabbath-school, of which A. Hill- man is superintendent. The churches at Bethlehem, Union and Olive Branch are called the Bethlehem congregation. Those mainly instrumental in the erection of Olive Branch were A. Johnson, Mr. Carr and Michael Kime. The first church was a log structure, built in 1840; the new one in 1858. Tlie first members of this congregation were Michael Kime and family, A. J. Johnson, Isaac Carr, Felix Falls and 8. G. Barrett. The strength now is about forty-five. Among the pastors who have preached to Bethlehem congregation are James Richey, William Lynn, John and George Edmunson, Stewart, Dorr, Bates, Lewis Wilson, T. B. McCormick, James Gleason and M. E. Chappell. The White River congregation was organized May 29, 1875, with Mason Hedrick as pastor. Tlie first membership was thirty- four, and it has had a steady increase, until it now numbers sev- enty. Tlie elders of the church have been : W. H. Kelso, Henry Stone, A. L. Case, Jonas Robinson, John W. Griffith, Quincy Harper and Alva Pierce. The congregation worships at the Gray Church, just across White River. This is a neat house, and was built as a "union" church, at a cost of $2,000. This congrega- tion has had but two pastors, Mason Hedrick and W. B. Craw- ford, the present pastor. It has maintained a very flourishing Sabbath-school — Union School — since April, 1882. Meihodisf Churches. — The first church services ever held in Pike County, were at Highbanks, the date of which is unknown although they antedated 1820 some years. The class was com- posed of a body of persons who emigrated from North Caro- lina. Owing to some schism in the class to which they belonged, they withdrew from the Methodist Episcopal Church and organ- ized themselves into the "Christian body" at Highbanks. The local ministers of this class were William Hargrave, Barnett and Harbard DeBruler, but on the organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Pike County, all these again joined the mother church except Mr. Case, wife, son and daughter who joined the Presbyterians and a few who went to the Universalists. The first class of Methodists was organized at the house of Arch- ibald Campbell in April, 1822. Mr. Campbell being a black- smith by trade and a Methodist by faith, the itinerant ministers HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 373 fre(]^uently stopped witl'him to liave their horses shod and for entertainment. Not only were there regular preaching services at Mr. Campbell's, but quarterly meetings as well. Minis- ters were supplied to this class from the first till 1832 by the Tennessee conference and then by the Illinois conference until the formation of the Indiana conference. On the removal of a number of families from Daviess County to Petersburg in 1828, a new class was organized at that place. Mrs. Osborn, Eber (her son), two of the Kinmans, Mr. and Mrs. Campbell and Levin ^ Young were members of the first class. Of the second were Samuel, Rebecca, Catharine and Irene Stuckey, Thomas and Mary Palmer. John Mclntyi'e, and Fanny Mclntyre, Henry Merick, wife and daughter, Lydia Mclntyre, Samuel Stuckey, Jr. and Catharine his wife. Samuel Stuckey was the first class leader. The two classes were in a few years merged into one. Services were held at Mr. Campbeirs and other private residences or the old court house until 1835, when a small house, about 30x35 feet was erected a short distance from the public square. This house cost about S4()(). but was built mainly by donations in work and material. This building served as a place of worship till 1855, when a new and more commodious structure was erected on the site of the old parsonage ground at a cost of $1,900. The following is a list of the presiding elders of this class: James Armstrong, James Hamilton, Samuel Hamilton, George Socke, Samuel Thompson, John Miller, Henry S. Talbot, John Kern, Jehu Keiger, Elijah Whiten, Henry S. Robinson. George AValker, J. J. Stallard, Hay- den Hays, Aaron Turner, Grim and Talbot. Those named below have preached to this class at different periods: Richard Har- grave, son of William Hargrave of Highbanks, preached in 1821, and joined the conference in 1824; Joseph Tarkington, James L. Thompson, Alfred Arrington, John M. Green, Ingle. Samuel Reed, Eli C. Jones, AVhiting, Caldwell, Chapman, Car- ter, Charles Slocum. Hobbs and Daniel Davis. This class has had a steady and healthful growth and now numbers about 190 members. The salary of the pastor is -5)600. The Sabbath -school of this class was organized in 1828 and since 1855 has been kept running through the entire jear. Amono- the Sabbath-school superintendents are named Mitchell. John Mclntyre, William Hawthorn and J. B. Young. 374 HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. The Methodist Church at Union was organized at the house of Joshua Young. The class built a log-house of worship about one mile east of Union at Wesley Chapel, but a new house of worship was built at Union in 1881 and the class was changed to that place. O. H. Chapman, I. C. Jones, Wilkinson, Spencer and Patterson were some of the older ministers; the later were three of the Woodses, Davis, Hilliard and McKoberts. This class has an elegant house of worship and has a membership of about 100. Mount Pleasant class was organized in 1856, at the Bailey Schoolhouse in Logan Township by N. Patterson. Bailey re- mained the place of worship till about 1860. The house was erected by John Smith and Elias Hunt, the principal donors be- ing Thomas Bailey, Richardson, Jenkins, Wesley Whitehead, Felix Falls and William Smith. The first members were Thomas Bailey and wife, J. Richardson and wife, Felix Falls and wife, Wesley Whitehead and wife, A. Hoover and wife, William Smith and wife. The total strength now is about seventy. There are two classes of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Jefferson, one at Pleasant Grove, the other at Otwell. The one at Otwell was organized in 1858 with about twelve members. The class has been reasonably prosperous and in 1863 built a neat church house about 30x30 feet. United Bi'eihren Church. — These people have the follow- ing church organizations in Pike County; Otwell, Cup Creek, Atkinson Chapel, Butler Chapel, and AVhite River Chapel. The latter was built in 1867. This house was erected by private donation, mainly by Washington and Samuel Vansickle, William Crandall, William Foust, and William Sappenfield. This church also has a very neat parsonage, and a membership of about forty. The following ministers have preached to this people: Jacob Scammahorn, J. W. Tucker, R, Binkley, John Elliott, Lewis Jameson, James M. Fowler, Joseph Bosley, William F. Green, John Grubb, E. Thomas, Thomas Butler, Thomas Hitchcock, John H. Barnett, Martin Tucker, A. H. Chittenden, B. W. Bow- man, C. C. Rucker, I. K. Haskins, and J. W. DeMunbrun. The following have been elders: L. S. Chittenden, John Elliott, Jacob Scammahorn, John Breeden, Daniel Shuck, J. O. Current, J. M. Fowler, I. K. Haskins, and J, F. DeMunbrun, However, HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 375 tlie first United Brethren Chnreh was organized at the house of Stephen Wheatley in the year 1834; that house stood about the center of where Justus Miller's orchard now is. Its mem- bers were John and Mary Miller, Hannah, their daughter. Abel and Nancy Dewitt, Martha Miller and Nancy DaA'is, all of whom were members of John Miller's family, except Nancy Davis. Mr. Miller was a member of tlie United Brethren Church when he came to this county. The first preaching was in his house by Aaron Farmer, a man from Perry County. Silas Davis from Dubois County near Huntingburg effected an organ- ization. Charles Mills was the first revivalist after the organ- ization. Frederick Kennawyer from Crawford was an old time preacher. The organization did not have regular preaching for some time after organization. They built their first church house in this county in 1853 about one mile west of Pikeville. This was built of hewed logs, and when raised, they used cattle to draw the logs to the top of the building. In 1882, the old house was torn down and rebuilt, with some additions, near tlie old site. It is still the place of worship for this organization. The mem- bership of the same is over one hundred. Butler Chapel was the second built in the county. The history of the other churches could not be procured. General Bapiisis. — The General Baptist denomination had its origin in Pike County, in a schism in the United Baptist de- nomination. Elder Samuel T. Thompson and James Thomas, not being permitted to practice free communion in the United Bap- tist denomination, with seventeen lay members, withdrew from the United Baptists in the year 1851, and organized themselves into a church, taking the name of Flat Creek Church of Free Communion United Baptists, Samuel T. Thomson serving as pas- tor and preaching in other places. They continued a separate organization for about eight years; in the meantime. Elder Thompson had organized eight churches with a membership of about 300 and had organized them into the Flat Creek Association of Free Communion United Baptists. Having become acquainted with the General Baptists, and finding their doctrines and usages were the same as their own, and having l>een visited by Elder T. M. Strain and G. P. Cavanaugli of Liberty As- sociation of General Baptists in the autumn of 1859, these eight 376 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. churches of Liberty Association of General Baptists were organ- ized into an association taking the name of United Association of General Baptists. The association grew so rapidly that it was thought best, in the meeting of the association in 1869, to divide the association. The original churches in Pike and adjoining counties were formed into a new association adopting the name of Flat Creek Association of General Baptists. The following churches were the original churches organized by Elder Thomp- son: Flat Creek, Bethel. Mount Olive, Little Bethany, Mount Zion, Enon, and Ridge. In 1870, the association contained 2,017 communicants, but becoming so large, a number of the churches were detached and added to a new association. The Flat Creek Association in 1881 numbered 500 members, not all, however, lived in Pike County. The following were pioneer min- isters: Elder Thomas Boling, Simeon AVood, William T. Hop- kins, and Samuel T. Thompson; other ministers: William M. Chisser, J. J. Laswell, J. W. Sliouse, J. G. Jackman, I. Smith, R. M. Lucas, A. C. West, D. F. Philips, J. N. Baggarly, J. Evans, William F. Robertson and F. E. Kintr. Elder Samuel T. Thompson may very properly be considered the founder of this people as he organized most of the churches that first constituted it, with several others that were left in the United Association. The association for 1885 reported the following churches with their membership in the county: Flat Creek Church, A. C. West, pastor, membership, 01 ; Shepherd's Chapel, A. E. AVood, 35; Liberty, W. M. Chesser, 08; AVhite River, W. M. Chesser, 30; Mount Tabor, G. T. Hutchin- son, 37 ; Olive Branch, H. C. Clinton, 20 ; Winslow, W. M. Ches- ser, G2; New Liberty, A. C. West. 5P); Pikeville, A. C. West, 27; Pleasant Hope, A. C. West, 77. ReAjular Baptists. — The first preaching by the Regular Bap- tists, was about the year 1811, at the residence of Col. Henry Hopkins, by Elders Alex Diven. William Hanks. William Rick- ets and Jeremiah Cash. The first church was organized near High Banks about 18ir5, at Randle Letts. Our best information is that David Hornaday, John Colwell l/ Levi Kinman, Capt. Isaac Coan, Joseph Chew, Jonathan Postle- wait, Duncan, Judge Hammond, and possibly their families belonged also ; among these Hornaday and Cash were preachers. HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. 377 A schism arose among the Regular and Missionary Baptists, and the church was ruined — most of the members joining the Univer- salists: a result of questions that ''gender strife/' and are of "no profit." The following is an account of the churches in Pike County: Harvy's Creek Church was constituted at the house of James Lumsdale, a short distance west of Union, February '2S, 1823, by Elders Alexander Diven and William Hanks. Amono- the members of the constitution were William Wrii^^lit and wife, Fielding Colvin and wife, Mary Lumsdale, Elizabeth Shaw- han and Elizabeth Davidson. The first was a log church, built on the land of Dr. Joseph Davidson. Alex Diven was the first pastor. Their pastors have been Jeremiah Cash, Samuel Fitten- ger, James Strickland, A. D. Newton, J. C. Riggin, Charles Sands, J. W. Arnold, and J. W. Richardson, the present pastor. They worship at Gla-ldisli Chapel. Since Elder Richardson's pas- torate, the church has increased from thirteen to eighty-five. Little Zion was organized January 8, 184:8, at the residence of Elizabeth Colvin, by Elders Larken Burchfield and Samuel Fettinger. The f olio wingj names are in the constitution: James Kinman and wife. John Kinman and wife, David Hillman and wife, George Fettinger and wife, and eight others, all of whom were dismissed by letter from Harvey's Creek Church to form a new one. Elder Fettinger was the first pastor and served till July, 1855 ; James Strickland from that time till December 14, 181)7; Charles Sands until October 10, 1870; James Strickland again till No- vember 8, 1874. when J. W. Richardson became pastor. The church has a convenient house of worship about one-half mile from Union, with a membership of seventy-six. Pleasant Ridge Church was organized at the Pleasant Ridge meeting-house, south of Petersburg, Saturday, November 23, 1872. There were thirty-three members in the constitution, all of whom had been members of the White River Church. There were three ministers belonging to this church, yet it elected no regular pastor till January, 187*), when it chose Elder J. W. Richardson, who served through eight prosperous years ; then it chose Elder William Gammon. The membership is now seventy- seven. South Fork Church was organized at Pleasantville, March 19, 1864, It was composed of eighteen members of the Walnut 378 HISTORY OF pike county. Grove Cliureli of Warrick County. Elder Samuel Fettinger had been preaching in the neighborhood two or three years before the church was constituted at South Fork, and was the first pas- tor. By the labors of Elders Fettinger, Strickland, Thomas, Arnold, Hume and others,this church reached nearly 100 in num- bers, when a division arose of the question of secret societies. The majority kept the house, and the minority withdrew to Pleas- antville. The first is called the Radical Anti-Secret Society party of South Fork, and numbers less than fifty; the other was })ronounced by a council of six churches to be the "• South Fork Church in order." Neither branch, however, tolerates secret societies ; the last named body now numbers 108 members. There is no essential diiference in doctrines or practices between the two factions, and the ''preacher jealousy" seems to have been the real cause of the difficulty. Elder William S. Green is pastor of the Pieasantville Church. White River Church was organized at the house of Jeremiah Arnold in Jefferson Township on the 11th of April, 1835, by Elders Jeremiah Cash, Lewis Duncan, a]id Elihu Holcomb. Elder Cash was its first pastor, and he was succeeded by Elder Fettin- ger, who served till 1872, when Elder J. W. Richardson was chosen, who has since served as pastor. In 1872, thirty-three members of this church were dismissed by letter, to constitute Pleasant Ridge Church. Since that time the old body has increased to seventy, and has built a neat house, Arnold Chapel, about sis miles east of Petersburg. Paioka Associalioii. — All of the foregoing churches, and Walnut Grove, which house is in Warwick County, once be- longed to Salem Association, but in October, were organized into a new association called Patoka Association, at Gladdish Chapel, five miles west of Petersburg. At the meeting of the association in 1880 it numbered 370, in 1884 it numbered 531. The meeting of the association is on Friday before the second Sunday in October. To place the Regular Baptists before the public properly on one point of doctrine their Ninth Article of Faith is here quoted: Art. IX. "We believe that all persons who die while in a state of infancy are regenerated and saved by Christ through the spirit." HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 371^ Lidlieran Church at Stcndal. — The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Augsburg confession was organized in 1860, with eight members: Frederic Salman, Sr., Henry Gille, Rudolf Butka, Christian Eebber, Frederick Brust, Frederick Pickhart, Henry Katterjohn and Henry Wellmeyer. Not being able to keep a pastor and build a house they held their meeting-s at Frederick Salman's, which meeting's were con- ducted by Rev. F. A. Graetz, from Holland, Dubois County, who was of the same denomination. In 18()3 they built a log church, •28x30 feet, at a cost of about ^§150. At this time the church called Rev. W. G. C. Bauermeister, who remained among them twelve years. His work proved a success, for at the expiration of that time the congregation numbered sixty members and had built a new church 40x()0 feet, with a tower eighty feet high, at a cost of $2,500, together with a parsonage 10x32 feet, two sto- ries high, at a cost of $000. In 1870 Rev. Bauermeister accept- ed a call from a congregation in Dearborn County, and Rev. E. Mahlberg came in his stead and remained three years, when he answered a call from Pittsburgh, Penii. The present minister is the Rev. August Stein. The present membership is sixty. The church maintains a day-school, four days of tlie week, during the winter months, and Sunday-school during the summer. Henry Gille and Rudolf Bvitka are the only two living members of the first organization. These two were then, as now, the leading members of the church. The church holds services every Sunday at 10 o'clock. Rev. Bauermeister donated two acres of ground for a church, parson- age and graveyard. Missionary Bapiisis. — On the authority of the Rev. Lewis Loveless, we give the following: ''The Missionary Baptist Chiirch of Pike County is not numerically strong. There are four churches, numbering about 200 members." The oldest of these is Union, two miles southwest of Peters- burg, the county seat. It was organized in 1830, by Elder Will- iam Stansil, with some assistance from the Daviess County (churches. Its original members were Oias Smith and wife, Newton Battles and wife, James Upton and wife, and Andrew Johnson. In its early history it had a hard controversy with its anti-mission brethren, who opposed an educated ministry, Sab- 380 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. batli-scliool, domestic and foreign missions. The opposing brethren withdrew from the church, and formed a new organiza- tion, which soon perished. Its former pastors were Elders F. Slater, P. H. Evans, Lewis Loveless and the present, William Hoagland. It has a good house of worship, and numbers about eighty members. Lick Creek, about two miles east of Peters- burg, was organized by Elder Lewis Loveless, assisted by Wilson Creek Church, in 1872. Its charter members were A. B. Green and wife, Hiram Parcell and James Rhoades. It has no house of worship, but does have preaching once a month, by Elder A. B. Green. Hosmer Baptist Church was organized in 1872, by Elder W. O. Camp, who was its pastor for two or three years. It has an interest in a good house of worship, but no preaching. Its oriofinal members were Forde DeJarnett, Dr. J. F. Smith, Mrs. Christina DeJarnett, Daniel DeJarnett and William Martin. The Baptist Church of Petersburg was organized by Elder P. H, Evans, assisted by the Union Baptist Church, in 1880, ELler Evans preached for it for some time, but resigned for other fields of labor, since Avhich time this church has been without preach- ing. Some of the members of this church are Emily Morgan, W. O. Carter, Benjamin Wyatt and Mrs. Harrison. The man who built up a sentiment favorable to the Baptists, more than any other, was Elder P. H. Evans, who took charge of Union Church in 1860, and preached the word with power. Large num- bers were added under his ministry, but since his ministry the members have greatly diminished. The prayer of the Baptists is : "Lord, send more laborers into Thy vineyard." Presbyterian Chnrcli. — The Presbyterian Church of Peters- burg was organized under the direction of the Vincennes Presby- tery, May 20, 1848, by Rev. John McCord with the following original members: Thomas Davidson, and Isabella his wife, Joseph A. Gray and Nancy M. his wife, Mrs. Margaret Hawthorn, John Hawthorn, Sarah Hawthorn, and Mrs. Sarah B. Posey. For some time the little band was supplied regularly with preach- ing by Rev. H. Patten of Princeton, afterward by Rev. S. McGuire of Washington, who for nearly two years gave them one-fourth of his time. In the spring of 1853 Rev. Abraham T. Hendricks took charge of the church and ministered to it acceptably and successfully until the spring of 18(53 when he left for a chaplaincy HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. 381 in the army. He was succeeded by Rev. John T. Aughey who had been a chaplain and escaped from a re])el prison. Mr. Aughey supplied however but six months. The church next enjoyed the ministry of Rev. Henry W. Fisk who began his labors with them in the spring of 18(55, and remained until the autumn of 1S70. when he left on account of ill health. Rev. E. C. Johnson, his successor, was the first regularly installed pastor of the church, and labored faithfully from the summer of 1871 to the summer of 1878, when his physical strength was ex- hausted, and he went from the pulpit directly to his bed of death. He was greatly beloved by his people and sincerely mourned by the entire community. Rev. M. L. Milford Avas next called and installed as pastor in March. 1871). He continued his lal)ors until the summer of 1882 when he resigned on account of impaired health. Rev. David Van Dyke came from Michigan in an- swer to a call to the pastorate in March, 1883. His ministry was characterized by zeal and energy, and during his brief stay he secured the erection of a manse. He closed his labors with the church, December 1, 1884, having accepted a call to the First Avenue Presbyterian congregation in Evansville. Rev. A. W. Freeman is now ministering to the church as pastor-elect. It would be an unpardonable omission in this historical sketch not to mention the Rev. Thomas Martin who came to Petersburg from Martinsburg, Va., in 1855 and resided here till his death in 1872. Though an invalid and incapable of preaching, his influence and usefulness were very great. By his liberal contributions, his council and his aid in the judge's meeting, and in the Sabbath - school — in all these and other ways as also by his exemplary walk and conversation — he assisted much to build up this church, and in his family he has left it a rich legacy. Mention should also be made of Thomas Davidson, an original member and an elder from the organization of the church till his death in 1874. Faithful to the duties of his office, he gave largely of his means toward building the house and maintaining worship within it, and when without a minister, he often read a sermon, aided by Brother Martin who took charge of the introductory and conclud- ing services. The congregation has a comfortable edifice, erected during the ministry of Rev. A. T. Hendricks as appears from the following record made by him in the session book: " October 382 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. 1, 1854. This Sabbath was the first ever spent by the church in their own house. It was with evident delight that they convened and united in the observance of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. May it be truly a house of prayer and praise." The eligible lot was donated by Joseph P. Glezen, the lumber by Robert P. Hawthorn, and the bell by Mrs. Hendricks with the assistance of her two brothers, two sisters and a brother-in-law, viz. : Jasper W. Blythe, Cranberry, N. J. ; James E. Blythe, Evansville, Ind. ; Mrs. Elizabeth Butler, Carrollton, Ky. ; Mrs. Mary Haynes, Bardstown, Ky. ; and George Green, Trenton, N. J. The present number of communicants is about sixty-five. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. CHAELES D. ALEXANDER, a native of Pike Comity, was born on the farm, where he now lives, February 25, 1825. He is the second of nine children in the family of Jesse and Maria Alexander, both natives of North Carolina, from which State, in 1824, they came to Pike County. They bought a farm in Washington Township, u})on which they afterward resided. The father died in April, 1851, and the mother followed him to the grave in 18()5. Charles D. remained with his parents, work- ing on the home farm until he was twenty-five years of age. He then went to Jasper, where he worked at the cooper'' s trade for two years. At the death of his father he returned home and managed the farm until his marriage. He then located on a farm east of Petersburg, where he remained two years, after which he removed to another farm, which he sold to Morris Tucker. He then removed to Petersburg where he was engaged in the agri- cultural implement business, and as a mail route contractor for nine years. Since that time he has resided upon the homestead farm. He now owns about MH) acres of good land, and is recog- nized as one of the substantial men of the county. He has been three times married. He chose for his first wife Pamelia Thomas, whom he married October 20, 1853. She died April 21, 1864, leaving Uvo children, now Mrs. Leslie Lamb and Mrs. Elijah Malott. October 29, 1865, he was joined in marriage with Emily Denson, who died October 9, 1806, leaving one child, Jennetta. since deceased. His third wife, Elizabeth C. Wheeler, is the mother of five children. Those living are Albert B., Walter B.. Fred B. and Waughneta G. Mr. Alexander has been a Bepublicau since the organization of that party, and previous to that time was a Whig. He is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and his wife is a General Baptist. CAPT. A. H. ALEXANDER, fire insurance agent and justice of the peace of Petersburg, Ind., is a native of Dubois County, 384 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTV. Ind., born February 15, 1827. He is the fifth of tlie nine chil- dren, born to the marriage of Ashbury Alexander and Elizabeth Lindsey, natives of North Carolina and Kentucky, respectively. The father, when about twenty-six years of age, came to Indiana, and located in Pike County in 1811, and the following year was married. He soon after removed to what is now Dubois County, where he remained until 1831, when he went to Daviess County. He died there April 15, 1852. The mother died in the same county, February 27, 1863. A. H. Alexander was reared at home, receiving his education in the old log house of that day. At the age of twenty -three he married and located on a farm about four miles from Petersburg, where he remained until 1859. In that year he removed to Jasper, where he was engaged in a general merchandise business until 1861; at the breaking out of the war he assisted in raising Company E, Fifty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which company he went into service as its first lieutenant and June 2, 1862, was made its captain. He served in that capacity until the battle of Stone Eiver, when he received a gunshot wound in the arm and side. June 1, 1863, he resigned his commission on account of disability and returned home. Dur- ing October and November of that year he raised Company F, Tenth Indiana Cavalry, with which he served as captain until mustered out August 31, 18()5. Besides the battle of Stone River, he participated in battles of Perryville, Shiloh, Corinth, Nashville, Decatur (Ala.), Fort Blakey (Ala.), and numerous lesser en- gagements. Since the war he has resided in Petersburg, engaged in his present business. He is now serving his sixth term as jus- tice of the peace. April 12, 1849, he was joined in marriage with Lucy Smith, a native of this county, and to their union have been born four children, only two of whom, Mary and Laura (now Mrs. Mart Fleener) are living. Both Capt. Alexander and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. He is also a member of G. A. B. and A. F. & A. M. In politics he is a stanch Republican. JAMES RALPH ADAMS, M. D., a prominent physician of Petersburg, Ind., was born in Knox County, March 19, 1824, son of William and Grace (Roberts) Adams who were the parents of nine children. The father was of Irish descent but born in Penn- sylvania. He came to Indiana in 1806 when he was about ten years old, and located in Knox County. He lived a farmer's life and died in 18()(). The mother was born and raised in Wales, and came to the United States with her parents when she was a young lady nearly grown. James R. received a better education than the average boy of his times, and after attaining his majority he taught school two years, and at the same time studied medicine. He attended the Medical Colleare of Ohio at Cincinnati durinor BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 385 the sessions of 1847-48—49, then came to Petersburg and prac- ticed his profession two years, and then returned to Cincinnati and graduated a year later. He then resumed his practice here where he has remained ever since, meeting with flattering success. Of late years he has rather retired from active life. In 1854 he married Sarah McOrillus, a native of Jasper, Ind. They became the parents of three children: McCrillus, Howard Yigo and Elizabeth (deceased). Dr. Adams has always been a Whig and Republican. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. fra- ternity. He has resided in the county thirty years and is consid- ered a competent practitioner and wide-awake citizen. He served as surgeon in the Fifty-eighth and Fifteenth Indiana Eegiments, and served until 18(54. DANIEL C. ASHBY, clerk of the circuit court of Pike Coun- ty. Ind.. and native of the county, was born January 2, 1831), being one of ten children born to Peyton and Louisa (Crow) Ashby. The father, who was a practical farmer, was born and raised in Pike County, where he married and raised a large family. He was well and favorably known as an un})retentious and upright citizen. He is now deceased but his wife still lives in the county. In 18()1 our subject enlisted as a private in Company D, Fifty- eighth Indiana Infantry, and served in this capacity until May, 1802, when he was discharged on account of disability contracted during service. August 1(5, 18(V2 he re-enlisted in Company H, Eightieth Indiana Infantry and served as private, sergeant and second lieutenant of his company until April. 18()8, when he was promoted to first lieutenant, serving until December 15, 18()4, when he was wounded at the battle of Nashville and was mustered out May 15, 18()5. He then returned home and attended school two or three years. In 180(5 he was a candidjite for county auditor on the Democratic ticket but was defeated by three majority. He then continued attending school until 18(58, when he was elected recorder of Pike County and served two terms. In 1878 he was elected to his })resent office, and has filled it very efficiently two terms by re-election. Aju-il 13. 1870 he wedded Frances Griffin who died January 11. 187(5. leaving two children: Frederick H. and Frances A. February 7. 18 SO. Mr. Ashby married Flora Hargrave, his present w4fe. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and G. A. E. and K. of L. Mr. Ashby is an industrious, com[)e- tent official and an enterprising memljer of st)ciety. HENRY C. BRENTON, one of the enterprising and progres- sive farmers of Pike County, is the second son of Wesley Brenton, deceased. ( See sketch of Peter I. Brenton. ) He is a native of the county, having been born in AVashington Township, April Ki. 1840. He has been engaged in farming all his life, and is well in- formed on all subjects pertaining to the most advanced ideas onagri- 386 HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. culture. He has a fine farm and has done much to raise the stand- ard of farmers in this county. He is also one of the leading spirits in keeping up the only granger's organization in this part of Indiana. Mr. Brenton obtained a good, practical education in his youth. He remained at home until the breaking out of the Rebellion, when, June 2, 1861, he enlisted in Company C, Seven- teenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which regiment he served until mustered out at Macon, Ga., August 18, 1865. He participated in the battles of Chickamauga and Kenesaw Mountain, the Atlanta campaign and the siege of Atlanta, besides numerous engage- ments of less note. January 1, 18()8, he was united in marriage with Kate Harper of Gibson County, and to them have been born three children, Ella. Julia and Mary. Mr. Brenton is a member of the I. O. O. F., F. & A. M., G. A. K, K. of L., A. O. U. W.. and the Grangers. In politics he is a member of the National Greenback party, . and has been deputy sheriff of Pike County for two terms, during which time he performed the greater part of the duties of that office. PETEPv BRENTON, one of the oldest native residents of Pike County, was born February 18, 1819. He received but little education in youth, partly owing to his dislike of school. Previous to his marriage, he followed various occupations such as wool-carding, fiat-boating, etc. December 28, 1841, he married Nancy Tislow and soon after located on eighty acres of his present farm. He now has 200 acres of well improved land. He is the father of six children, three of whom, Helen A., widow of Daniel Hawkins, John and Wesley are living. Mr. Brenton is the youngest child of Peter Brenton, in whose honor Petersburg was named. The latter was born in Mercer County, Ky., and came to this county about the beginning of the present cen- tury. His principal business was that of farming, though he, at one time, ran a carding machine in Petersburg. When the seat of justice of Pike County was selected, he gave the greater part of the land for the site. He was a man of considerable ability, and was one of the first commissioners of the county. He was twice married. His first wife was Eleanor Smith who died in 1823. About three years later he married Elizabeth Johnson. He was a member of the militia during the war of 1812, and re- ceived a land warrant for his services. PETER I. BRENTON, one of the most prominent farmers in Pike County, is a grandson of the founder of Petersburg, and a son of Wesley Brenton. The latter was born in Peters- burg, in December, 1812. He married Betsey A. Crow, and lived upon a farm southeast of Petersburg. His death occurred October, 1864. He was the father of six sons and four daughters, of which the subject of this memoir is the oldest. Peter I. was BIOGRArHICAL SKETCHES. 387 born October 17, 1837. He remained at home until after attain- ing his majority, after which he rented and worked land for five years. He then bought 15() acres of land upon which he has since resided and to which he has added until he now has 24:0 acres. He has erected one of the finest residences in the county, and by his energy, economy and business ability has become one of the county's Avealthiest men. December 20, 1851), he was united in marriage with Minerva E. Alexander, a native of Ken- tucky. They have only one child, William H. To him they have given a finished education. Having graduated at the uni- versity of Michigan, he is now emjiloyed as a civil engineer by the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Brenton and wife are members of the General Baptist Church. He is also a Mason, and in politics a Republican. JOHN BRENTON, trustee of Washington Township, Pike County, Ind., Avas born October 27, 1858, and is one of four chil- dren in the family of Peter and Nancy (Tislow) Brenton. who were natives of the county in which they have passed their lives. The grandfather, Peter Brenton, was one of the first set- tlers of the town which was named in honor of him. John Bren- ton received his education in the schools of the county and at Oakland City. He remained at home, working on the farm in summer and teaching school in winter, until he was about twenty- seven years old. After marriage he settled on a farm, which he had previously purchased, and upon which he has since resided. He now owns 121 acres of land in the township. In August, 1884, he opened a meat market in Petersburg, which he has since conducted with good success. He deals, also, in live stock to some extent. April 10, 1882, he was united in marriage to Christina I. Argenbright, a native of Crawford County, Ind. They have one child: Ethel, born April 14, 1883. In politics Mr. Brenton is a Republican, and is one of the enterprising citi- zens of Pike County. ALEXANDER R. BYERS, M. D., of Petersburg, Ind.. is one of a large family of children born to the marriage of Thomas and Margaret (Hamilton) Byers, who Avere natives of Pennsylvania, where they lived and died. Alexander was born in Washington County, Penn., June 15, 1829. At the age of fifteen he entered the West Alexander Academy, and completed his course when he was twenty. He then taught school for about a year in Ohio, and also began the study of medicine. He came to Indiana in 1851, and soon after located in Clark County, where he taught school two years. He then came to Petersburg, and taught school for about seven months, and shortly after entered the office of Prof. J. R. Wilcox, M. D., of Evansville, Ind., and also at- tended lectures at the medical college, of that city. He practiced 388 nisTOHY OF pike county. medicine with his preceptor for about three months, when the latter died, and our subject returned to Petersburg in Septem- ber, 1854. In 1861 he was commissioned first-lieutenant of Com- pany I, Forty-second Indiana Volunteers, and served in that capacity in the war of the Rebellion for about eight months. In August, 18(^)2, he was appointed first assistant-surgeon of the Sixty-fifth Indiana Regiment, and in 18(33 was appointed sur- geon of the regiment, serving until March, when he re- turned home and resumed his practice. In 1850 he married Mary Morgan, who died in July, 1858, leaving one child, Mary V. In November, 1866, he married Mary F. Hammond. They have six children: Harry W., Anna M., Perry H., John A., Ol- iver A. and Ethel May. Mr. Byers is a Republican, and a mem- ber of the I. O. O. F., also of the Tri-State, Indiana State and Pike County Medical Societies. He and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. THOMAS A. BYNUM, local editor of the Democrat was born in Greene County, Ind., July 14, 1859. His father, Daniel A. Bynum, was a native of North Carolina, from which State, when a youth, he came with his parents to Indiana and located in Greene County. There he grew to manhood, was married and lived until 1869, when he removed to Daviess County, where he remained the greater part of the time until his death, which occurred in March, 1883. He was extensively engaged in farming, stock- raising and merchandising. He was treasurer of Greene County for two terms. He married Emma J. Allen, by whom he was the father of ten children, of whom Thomas A., was the sixth. The latter was reared at home, receiving his education in the schools of Washington, Ind. In 1875 he entered the office of the Washing- ton Gazette where he remained three years. He then went to Vincennes with the proprietor of the Gazette, who established the Commercial in that city. He worked on that paper about one year, and the remainder of the time until 1881, he was em- ployed in the office of the Vincennes Sii.n. The greater part of the time during the next three years, he worked on the Courier- Journal at Louisville, Ky. Since September, 1884, he has been employed on the Deiijocrat. CHARLES ADAM BURGER, merchant tailor, of Peters- burg, Ind., was born in Bavaria, December '2, 1842, son of Joseph and Henrietta (Rudolph) Burger. The father died in the old country, in 1880. Our subject was raised with his parents in Bavaria, securing a fair education in German, also some knowl- edge of French and Latin. He learned his present business of his father. When eighteen years old he came to the United States, and worked at his trade in Erie, Penn. ; Cincinnati, Ohio ; Louisville, Ky. ; Buffalo, N. Y., and New York City, and finally BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 389 came to Petersburg in 1865, where he has remained ever since. He is a flourishing and successful tailor, and has the only estab- lishment of the kind in the city. He oAvns the large brick block on Main Street, where he does business. It was erected in 1883. March 23. 18<)8, he married Elizabeth Harsch, a native of Cin- cinnati, Ohio. They have eight children — ^five sons and three daughters. He is a Republican and Mason, and was born in the Catholic faith, but attends the Presbyterian Church with his family, who are members. Mr. Burger takes an active interest in all Avorthy enterprises, and has been director of the bank since its organization. His brother, John, has been his partner in business for about six years. WILLIAM J. BETHELL, auditor of Pike County, Ind., was born October 11, 18-48, and is one of five children born to the marriage of John B. Bethell and Elizabeth Fitzgerald. The father is now a resident of Warrick County (see sketch). Will- iam J. Bethell was raised with his parents on the farm in his native county of Warrick, obtaining only a limited education in his boyhood days, but which he has improved in later years by contact with business life. At the age of twenty or twenty-one, he began clerking in a store in his native county, continuing there one year, then studied medicine two years, and practiced that pro- fession in Folsomville until 1873, tlien he came to Pike County and established a good practice at Winslow, where he remained until 1878, when he removed to White Oak and continued his practice, meeting with good success. In 1882, he was elected by the Republican and Greenback parties to the office of audi- tor of Pike County, and is now filling that office to the satisfaction of all. Although Mr. Bethell' s political views were with the Greenback party, and he was first nominated by them, yet to-day his political views are Republican. He has been very unfortunate in matrimonial life, and is now living with his third wife, having lost two previously by death. He has three children; a daughter by his second wife, and a son and daughter by his present wife, whose maiden name was Effie Wells. He is a member of the Masonic and I. O. O. F. fraternities, and is a courteous and upright officer, and good citi- zen. JOHN CROW, ex-sheriff and clerk, was born in Pike Coun- ty. August 27, 1833. He is the seventh child in a family of ten cliildren, born to the marriage of William Crow and Mary Shaw, natives of Tennessee and Virginia, respectively. The grandfather, Robert Ci'ow, about 1802. came with his family to Indiana, and settled in the eastern part of what is now Gibson County, then Knox County. A short time after his arrival, he was made sheriff of Knox County, which office he was filling at 10 390 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. the time of his death. He was killed by a fall from his horse while at a muster about 1809 or 1810. William Crow, then a lad, was bound out to a saddler in Princeton, Ind. After completing his apprenticeship, he came to Pike County, was married, and became one of the first residents of Petersburg. About 1830, he moved to a farm near Winslow, and lived in that vicinity the remainder of his life. He died April 22, 1870, and his wife in May, 1878. John was reared at home, receiving but little instruction in the schools, though he has since obtained a good practical education through his own efforts. In 1853, in company with Daniel Crow and Dr. G. B. Montgomery, he opened a store on the canal below Hosmer. After six months Montgom- ery withdrew, and in less than a year afterward, Daniel Crow died, when the business was turned over to the latter' s heirs. John Crow then engaged in farming and teaching school. In 1854, he bought a farm in Marion Township which he owned until about 1865. He has since bought and sold several farms, and is now the owner of over 500 acres of land in Jefferson Town- ship. He has served eight years as sheriff of the county, and filled the clerk's office one term, having been one of the most popular officers the county has ever had. He was also candidate for auditor on the Kepublican ticket, but was defeated, the coun- ty being largely Democratic at the time. During the summer of 1885, he purchased a one-half interest in the Champion Steam Flouring-mills at Petersburg, though he still gives considerable attention to farming. In July, 1861, he enlisted in Company H, Twenty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which regiment he served until honorably discharged on account of disability. May 21, 1870, he married Tennessee Traylor, a native of the county, by whom he is the father of five children, four of whom, William D., Edna M., Charles B. and Prentice M., are living. Mr. Crow is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is a Republi- can. MARTIN CONDER, a native of Boyle County, Ky., came to this county in 1868. He bought 120 acres of the farm upon which he has since resided, and to which he has added until he now has 200 acres. He gives considerable attention to stock- raising, and has been very successful in his business. Mr. Con- der was born December 10, 1829, and is the seventh of ten children born to Peter and Lucinda (Hack) Conder, natives of Germany and Virginia respectively. The father, when an infant, came to the United States with his parents who located in Tennes- see, and later removed to Kentucky. There Peter Conder was married, and, with the exception of a few months in Indiana, passed the remainder of his life. He died in 1865, and his widow afterward came to this county, where she lived until her BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 391 death, which occurred in August, 1875. Martin was reared at home, where he remained until attaining his majority. He then rented land for three years, after which he bought a farm. He chose for a wife Rachel A. Gray, whom he married January 22, 1852. Four children have been born to this union: John F., the eldest, married Carrie Hawkins; Margaret E. is now Mrs. Jefferson Hollon ; Nancy J. is the wife of Amos C. Hawkins ; and Anna E. married George W. Lawrence. She died leaving one child, Bettie B. Mr. Conder is a «food farmer, and recognized as an honest, upright citizen. Both he and his wife are members of the Christian Church. SIMEON B. CARLETON. M. D., of Petersburg, Ind., is a son of Henry and Martha (Williams) Carleton, who were natives of Virginia. Our subject is one of eleven children, and Avas born in Hardin County. Ky., February 17, 1840. When twelve years of age his mother died, and he and an elder brother came to Spencer County, Ind., where Simeon worked as a farm laborer during the summer and attended school during the winter, and when twenty years of age began teaching school, continuing at that business until 18()1, when he enlisted as a private in Com- pany E, Twenty-fifth Indiana Volunteers. He served his countrj- gallantly for three years in the war of the Rebellion. He then returned to Spencer County and resumed teaching. He also studied medicine under Dr. Camp, and practiced that profession part of 1875 and 187G. He attended lectures at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1876, and in 1880 graduated from an institution there and re- sumed his practice. In 1883 he went to Huntingburgh, but re- mained there but six months, and then came to Petersburg, where he has lived ever since. He has a large and paying practice. The Doctor was married in 1868, to Mary E. Taylor, who died seven years later, leaving three children: Ella, William and Nel- lie. A year later he married Belle Anderson, by whom lie is the father of one child — Catherine. Mrs. Carleton has also two chil- dren by a former marriage: John and Daisy. Dr. Carleton is a Republican and a Mason, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Doctor is a very successful and competent physician, and an enterprising business man. PERRY W. CHAPPELL was born in Pike County, Ind., June 24, 1842, son of Stephen and Hannah (Miller) Chappell, natives of Indiana and Pennsylvania respectively. The father, who was of French descent, was born in Pike County in 1811. He passed his life raising stock and farming, and was trustee of the township a number of terms. His death occurred in 1878, The mother is still living on the homestead farm. Our subject, when twenty-three years old, began farming for himself on the home place. Three years later he removed to New Albany, Ind.. 392 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. and engaged in mercantile pursuits two years, and then moved to Washington, Ind., and worked at the same business until 187*2, when lie returned to Pike County. He remained in Long Branch two years, and then moved on a farm which he had purchased. He was elected trustee of the township and served two terms. In 1880 he was elected to the office of treasurer of Pike County, and served two terms by re-election. In 18(^1 he enlisted as a pri- vate in Company I, Forty-second Indiana Infantry, and served his country faithfully and well over three years. He was wound- ed in the shoulder and hip at the battle of Stone River, and yet suffers from the shoulder wound. In 18(^)4 he married Harriett E. Totten, who died in 1870, leaving six children: Frances, Han- nah E., Harriett A., Nellie E., Dora E. and Fielding Alexander. In 1878 he married Harriett L. Mather. They have three chil- dren: James B., Louisa D. and Merada E. Mr. Chappell is a Mason and member of the I. O. O. F. and I. O. of R. M. EUGENE A. ELY, attorney at law of Petersburg, Ind., was born in Warsaw, Gallatin Co.,.Ky., October 21, 1817, and is one of six children born to the marriage of John E. Ely and Elizabeth Hatfield, natives of Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville, Ky., re- spectively. Tlie father, who was a physician by profession, removed from' Kentucky to Spencer County, Ind., in 18(54, where he practiced his profession until his death, June 22, 1885. The mother died in Kentucky in 18()3. Our subject followed the life of a farmer from the age of ten to eighteen years, and in the meantime prepared himself for teaching, which profession he fol- lowed in Kentucky until 18P)8, when he came to Spencer County, Ind., and taught school until 1871. While teaching he was an energetic student of Blackstone, and in 1871 was admitted to the Pike County bar and practiced law in that county until Septem- ber, 1873. He then came to Petersburg and established a good and paying practice. At different times he was in partnershi}) with G. G. Reily. Levi Ferguson, C. H. Burton and lastly, with W. F. Townsend and Martin Fleener. They are now together and may be said to control the leading practice in the town and county. April 7, 1869, Mr. Ely married Rhoda M. Frank, a native of Spencer County. They have three sons: Horace, Harry and Frank. Mr. Ely's political views are democratic. He is a member of the Masonic and I. O. O. F. fraternities. He and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church, and he is one of Pike County's most successful practitioners. He was nom- inated on the Democratic ticket for judge of the Eleventh Judi- cial Circuit in 1884, but was defeated bv a very small majoritv. MARTIN FLEENER, attorney at law of Petersburg, Ind.,' was born in Warrick County, September 15, 1851, the eldest of four living children of a family of eight, born to the marriage of John BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 39S J. Fieener and Louisa Bilderback. Both parents were born in AVarrick County, where the father followed farming and dealt in the leaf tobacco business. In 18()4 the family removed to Pike C'Ounty and located in Pleasantville, where he followed the same business until 1874. The tobacco business proving unsuccessful, he has since devoted his entire time and attention to farming. Martin was raised in Warrick and Pike Counties and obtained a very good education. He learned his father's business and when seventeen years old he taught two terms of school, but soon re- turned to his former occupation. At the age of twenty he went to Illinois where he worked for one season at the tobacco busi- ness. He then came home and was appointed deputy clerk of the county courts and served one and a half years. He then re- engaged in farming at Pleasantville. In 1877 he was again ap- pointed deputy clerk and served until 1882, thoroughly acquaint- ing himself with the routine of these offices. He also served as assistant attorney-general of the State under T. W. Worlen, during 1879-80. and later was employed as expert in examining town and county records in Southern Indiana. In the mean- time he was an earnest reader of Blackstone. In 1882 he en- tered into partnership with A. H. Taylor in real estate and ab- stract title business and two years later formed his present part- nership under the firm name of Ely, Townsend trustee eleven years and during this time was government asses- sor from 1861 to 1868. He devoted considerable time and all his surplus means in land and was very successful in his purchases and sales. As his health has somewhat failed him he has given up active life. September, 1850, he married Jane Barr who died March 7, 1882. leaving three living children: Reddick, Emory H., })roprietor of the Petersburg News, and William G. Brownlow. Mr. Harrell is a Republican in politics, but is not radical in his views, voting rather for the man than for the party. He belongs to the I. O. O. F. and is a member of the Presbyterian Church and is one of the influential and enterprising citizens of Pike County. E. H. HARRELL. editor and proprietor of the Weekly News, Petersburg, Ind., is a native of the town, born March 4, 1855. He is a son of Reddick Harrell, Sr., whose sketch appears above this. He received his education in the schools of Petersburg, 398 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. having completed the high-school course. With the first issue of the Press, he began to learn the printing trade. He worked in the office of that paper for about five years, during which time he bought a half interest in the Press. After owning it about nine months he sold out and went to Evansville, where he was employed as compositor and assistant foreman in the Journal office for about one year. January 1, 187G, he returned to Peters- burg and bought the Press, which he conducted for four years. May 15, 1884, he issued the first number of the News. Mr. Harrell is a live energetic newspaper man, and always makes his paper a success financially. As he is fearless in expressing his opinions, he wields a considerable influence in the political and social affairs of the county. PEEEY C. HAMMOND was born in Philadelphia, Penn., September 26, 1813, and is one of two living members of seven children born to Elijah and Mary (Pollock) Hammond, natives of Marrs and Dublin, Ireland. The father came to Pike County, Ind., in 1819, and located on a farm in Jefferson Township, where he followed farming successfully until his death in 1816. He was associate judge of the circuit court a number of years, and a Whig and Mason; he and his wife were members of the Uni- versalist Church. The mother died in 1842. Our subject re- ceived the ordinary education of the times, being greatly aided by his father and elder brother, who was educated in the East. When eighteen years old he left home and clerked in a mercantile establishment in Louisville, Ky., for about a year and a half. He then came home and engaged in the general merchandise business in Petersburg. Here he has remained ever since, with the exception of two years during the war of the Kebellion, when he assisted in getting up a draft in the county. Mr. Hammond has been very successful in his business ventures and has one of the best stores in the county. In 1837 he married Nancy Ed- mondson who died in 1855, having borne eight children, three now living, Oliver A., Perry C, partners in the mercantile busi- ness, and Flora, the wife of Dr. A. R. Byers, Mr. Hammond married Caroline Galbreath, a native of Orange County. They became the parents of two children, one now living, Ida B. He is a stanch Eepublican and a Mason, and he and wife are ad- herents to the Universalist faith. HON. WILLIAM HAWTHORN, a prominent citizen of Pe- tersburg, Ind., was born in Lancaster County, Penn., May 29, 1816, and is one of eleven children born to Samuel and Margaret (Mc- Cally ) Hawthorn, natives of the same place. The father was a farm- er and lived, married and brought up his large family in his native county. He came to Indiana in 1846 and located on his present farm where he died the same year. The mother's death occurred BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 399 about the close of the war. Subject studied civil engineering and in 1837 left home and came to Indiana, locating in Tippe- canoe county, where he remained one year. He then came to Pike (^younty and was appointed county surveyor. Two years later he built a saw-mill on Patoka River and continued there four years and held the surveyor's office fifteen years. In 184() he engaged in the general merchandise business in Petersburg and continued in that business until 1882. In politics he has always been an Independent and takes an active interest in the political affairs of the nation. He was elected to the State senate in 1852 by the Democratic party, and has held a number of other offices in town and county. He has been very unfortunate in married life, hav- ing lost two wives and ten children. He has two children living, one by each wife: Margaret and Grace E. Mr. Hawthorn has been an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church nearly half a century. He is a warm advocate of temperance. He con- tributed $700 for a railroad in the county. ISAAC M. JOHNSON, grocer, Petersburg, began business in 1881 where he is now located. He carries a well selected stock of goods and has built up a good trade. He is a native of this county, having been born here in January 25, 1848. His father, Laban Johnson, was born in either Daviess County, Ind., or in Georgia, from which State his parents moved. He married Nancy A. Coan, and two years later bought a farm in Jefferson Township which he owned for several years. He afterward went tt) Illinois, where he remained two years, after which he returned to this county, and is now living upon a farm. I. M. Johnson remained at home until November, 1863, when he enlisted in Company F, Tenth Indiana Cavalry, with which regiment he served until August, 1805 ; after his return from the Avar he was engaged in farming in this county until 1809, when he went to Missouri, remaining in that State two years. He then returned to Illinois and worked at manual labor until 1880, when he re- moved to Patoka, Ind. He remained at that place until engag- ing in his present business. He chose for a wife, Mary Thomas, to whom he was married April 14, 1807. They have one child, Henry, born January 17, 1808. Both he and wife are members of the Methodist Church. He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is a Republican in politics. JOHNSON & LANE, grocers, began business as the above firm in 1884, when Isaac Lane bought a one-half interest in the store from J. W. Lee. They carry a well-selected stock worth about $2,500, and have a good trade from the town and surrounding country. E. Johnson, senior member of the firm, is a native of Pike County, born October 12, 1853. He is the elder of two chil- dren in the family of James and Jane (Ainley) Johnson, na- iOO HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. tives of Indiana, and England, respectively. The father, who was a farmer, died when our subject was quite small, and the mother married John D. Coonrod. At the age of sixteen he learned the carpenter's trade, at which he worked until 1880, when he en- gaged in the grocery business. He has since coiitinued in the business with the exception of one year when he was in Illinois. He has met with many discouragements, but has overcome them all, and is now doing a prosperous business. He chose for a wife, Elizabeth Sargent, to whom he was married November 22, 1874. They have had three children, two of whom, Blythe and Guy are living, Isaac Lane was born in Bedfordshire, England, June 22, 1830. His parents, John Lane and Mary Clark, never left their native country. He remained at home until he was seventeen years old, when he came to the United States and located at BufPalo, where he worked in a harness shop until 1851. In that year he went to Rockford, 111., where he worked in a shop, and conducted a business of his own until 1876. He then resided at Pecatonica in the same State until coming to Pike County in 1881. May 28, 1878, he married Sophia (White) Sargent, also a native of England. WILLIAM P. KNIGHT, editor and publisher of the Pike County Democrat, was born in Boone County Ky., October 24:, 1844 He is a son of Joshua Knight, a native of Lynchburgh, Va. The latter, when a boy, came with his parents to Cin- cinnati, Ohio, where he in time married Amanda Winans. Soon after that event he removed to Boone County, Ky., but remained there only a short time. He then returned to Cincinnati where he remained three years, after which he removed to Franklin County, Ind. He died there in 1852, and his widow con- tinued to live in that county until 1872. William P. remained at home with his mother until the breaking out of the Rebellion, when at the first call for troops, he enlisted in the army, and was enrolled in Company H, Sixteenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He served with that regiment for one year. In August, 1862, he was mustered into service again as a member of Company B, Fourth Indiana Cavalry, which he had assisted in raising. He continued with this regiment until mustered out June 23, 1865. He took part in the battles of Chickamauga, Resaca, Mur- freesboro, the siege of Atlanta, and was wdth AVilson's cavalry at the capture of Selma and Montgomery. After his return fi-om the war, he located at Cambridge City, Ind,, where he learned the carpenter's trade. In 1867, he came to Petersburg and worked at his trade until 1872, when he purchased the Democrat, which he has since published, with the exception of one year, when he was publishing a paper at Tell City, Ind. December 7, 1871, he married Ella S. Harvey, by whom he is the father of five BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 401 tihiklren, only two of whom : Cassie M. and Edna M. are living. Both Mr. Knight and wife are members of the Methodist Church. He is also a member of the I. O. O. F. (Encampment), A. O. U. W., K. of Rand K. of L. EDWIN K. KING was born in Mecklenburgh County, Va.. October 1, 1832, and is tlie only child of Richard R. and Rebec- ca N. (Rainey) King, natives respectively of North Carolina and Virginia. They lived and died in the mother's native State. Edwin R. was raised on a farm in his native State, and when eighteen years old began learning the carpenter's trade. After attaining his majority and mastering his trade, he followed car- pentering in Virginia and also in Maryland and Kentucky until 1862, when he came to Indiana and worked in various counties and also in Omaha, Neb., until 1869, when he came to Peters- burg. A year later he engaged in tiie planing-mill business, but abandoned it in 1878, and began keeping a furniture store. In 1881 he discontinued business on account of ill health, and spent three winters in Florida. In the spring of 1885 he resumed business, and now has an excellent stock of furniture. He came here with little or no capital, but by hard work and economy and business tact and integrity, has now a comfortable competency. He owns some valuable town property, besides 200 acres of good land in Orange County. Fla. In 1867 he married Julia A. Smith. They became the parents of live children : Capitola. Neva ( de- ceased ) , Minnie, Eugene and Raymond. Mr. King is a Demo- crat and a member of the I. O. O. F. He is one of Pike County's most worthy and intelligent citizens. Both his grandfathers were soldiers in the Revolutionary war. His grandfather Rainey served seven years in that war. and was at the surrender of C\>rnAvallis. STANTON LAMB (deceased), formerly a prominent farmer of Pike County, was born in North Caroliiia July i), 1802. Hi<; father died when he was only four years of age. and his mother having married again, he came with his uncle. Hosea Smith, to this county in 1810. They located on a farm at what is known as White Oak Springs. He continued to live with his uncle until a year after his marriage, when he bought fifty acres of the farm upon which he continued to reside the remainder of his life. At the time of his death, he was the owner of 315 acres of fine land, and was known as a successful farmer and a courteous. Christian gentleman. He w^as tAvice married. He chose for his first wife, Elizabeth Bright, who died, leaving seven children, of whom Joseph. Leslie, Alvina and George are deceased: Harbard D.. Emory and Theoj)hila, now Mrs. William Gladish. are living. November 28, 1857, his marriage Avith Lavina Smith was sol- emnized. She is a daughter of John and Penina (Chappellj Smith, both verv earlv settlers of the countv. She still survives 402 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. her husband, who died March 24, 1884. To their union were born six children: William E.. McLellan, Charles, Webster, Anna and Franklin S. Since the death of her husband Mrs. Lamb, assisted by her son William E., has managed the farm. ALEXANDEE LESLIE, M. D., an old and prominent phy- sician of Petersburg, was born in Camden County, North Carolina, January 8, 1815. He is the youngest of a family of six children born to the marriage of Alexander Leslie and Elizabeth Aydelotte. The father, who was a native of the "Old Dominion," died before the subject of this sketch was born, and the mother died only seven days after his birth. He was placed with a nurse, witli whom he remained until he was five years of age. He then went to live with his sister at Norfolk, Va., remaining five or six years, after which he went to Baltimore, where another sister re- sided. In the schools of that city he obtained a good English education, and studied medicine in the LTniversity of Maryland, during the sessions of 1832-83 and 1830-37. Meanwhile he had come to Petersburg and engaged in the practice of his profession. After 1837 he returned to Petersburg, where he has since been administering to "the ills that flesh is heir to." During the past year, on account of ill health, he has retired from active practice. For over fifty years he has enjoyed the confidence of the county, and is widely known as a skilful and successful physician. He is a Democrat, and was for eight years county treasurer. April 4, 1841, he was joined in marriage with Rowene Hewins, a native of Ashtabula County, Ohio, by whom he is the father of four children : Ella, the widow of Henry C. Jerauld; Anna, now Mrs. William Bott ; Alexander, a real estate agent in Washington, Ind. ; and George, a resident of Chicago, 111. GOODLET MORGAN was born in Dubois County, Ind., February 2(), 1825. He is one of the best known men in the county, and at one time carried on a very extensive business. He owned large tracts of lands, handled a large amount of live stock and produce, and also conducted one of the largest general mer- chandise stores in the town. In 1877 he became financially embar- rassed, and since that time he has confined his attention to his farm, upon which he has an elegant residence. Mr. Morgan is the fourth of eight children born to the marriage of Simon Mor- gan and Rose E. Reed. The father, who was born in Virginia^ removed when a young man to Ohio. After a short residence in that State he started for St. Louis, but upon reaching Dubois. County, Ind., he was taken sick and was obliged to remain for some time. While there the county was organized, and he was prevailed upon to accept the office of county clerk, a position which he filled until his death in January 12, 1841. In his early life he studied medicine, and graduated at a college in Philadel- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 403 phia. In addition to his professional knowledge he had a fine literary education. His wife died in March, 1S3(). Goodlet was reared at home until he was fourteen years old, wheii he came to Petersburg and lived with Judge Foster for nine years. During that time he was employed in a general merchandise store. Af- ter leaving Foster he went to Evansville and opened a store which he conducted for seven years. During his residence in that city November 24, 1848, he was united in marriage with a daughter of George H. and Mahala (Wyatt) Proffit. In 1851 he returned to Petersburg. He is the father of eight children, only three of whom are living. They are Simon, Proffit and Ralph, all of whom are married and living near home. CAPT. WILLIAM L. MERRICK was born in Petersburg, January 31, 1832. His parents Malachi and Lydia (Ogden) Merrick, were born in Virginia and Pennsylvania, respectively. The father came to Pike County with his parents in 1812, locating near White Oak Springs. He s})ent several Avinters in building a block-house at Dicksburg and Vincennes, in order to evade the Indians who infested the region plentifully at times. The father passed the greater part of his life in Pike County, and was en- gaged in the cabinet-maker's and undertaker's business until his death by cholera in 1852. The mother died in 18()(). William L. secured a fair literary education and prepared himself for tlie profession of book-keeping, working in Jonathan Wilson's em- ploy for seventeen years in this capacity. In 1858 he en- gaged in the general merchandise business for himself, con- tinuing till 18(51, when he organized Company H, Twenty- fourth Indiana Volunteers, and served as its captain for six months. He then resigned on account of rheumatism contracted during service. After regaining his health, he worked at farm- ing and stock-raising for seven years. He owns two valuable farms in Clay Township. He has given a great deal of time and attention to buying and shipping grain largely by fiat-boat in early times. Since the establishment of the railroad, he has dealt- largely in grain, and handles on an average 100,000 bushels of wheat and 50,000 bushels of corn and other cereals annually. He is a Republican and a member of the I. O. O. F., and has been very successful financially. REV. THOMAS MARTIN was born at Banfield Rath- friland. County Down, Ireland. He was a son of James and Elizabeth (Stranaghan) Martin. Our subject passed his boy- hood in the "Emerald Isle," and received his education in that country, attending the college at Belfast, and took a thorough course in the theological seminary. He with many of his countrymen, came to the United States in 1832. He attend- ed the theological seminary at Princeton, N. J., for one 404 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. year, and was given the pastoral charge of the Presby- terian Church at Morgantown, Va., and later of Cahaba, Ala., and Brownsville. Tenn. His health began to fail, and he abandoned his ministerial duties and came to Petersburg, Ind., where he remained until his death, April 18, 1872. In 1838, he took for his companion through life, Jane Isabella Prentice, their union being consummated at Morgantown. They became the parents of four children, one son and three daughters: Eliza, Margaret (deceased), Anna (deceased), and J. Prentice, a promi- nent young citizen of Petersburg. Kev. Martin was for four years principal of the Monongohelia Academy of Morgantown, Va. He Avas an intelligent and worthy citizen and was much hon- ored by his friends and acquaintances. CHAPiLES E. MONTGOMERY, a prominent merchant of Petersburg, Ind., and native of Pike County, was born August 5, 184'.!. and is one of nine children of Thomas L. Montgom- ery and Elizabeth Edmondson. The father who was born in Vir- ginia, came with his father to Indiana, and located near where Oakland City now is. Thomas L. married in Princeton, and about 1833 or 1834, came to Petersburg and engaged in the merchan- dise business, and also shipped produce on llat-boats to Southern markets. He was well and favorably known throughout the country as a successful business man. and a worthy Christian. He was a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and a Whig and Republican in politics. His death occurred July 19, 1870. The mother still survives him and is living with our sub- ject at the advanced age of seventy-seven years. Charles E. was raised in Petersburg and learned the mercantile business from his father. At the age of seventeen years, he left home in order to improve his somewhat limited education. After cy a former marriage. He is a Democrat, and belongs to the I. (). (). F. He is an efficient and successful ojierator in dentistry, and a good citizen of the county. PATOKA TOWNSHIP. JAMES ASHBY is a son of Benjamin and Margaret (Bui- dett) Ashby. In 1813 they were married, and soon after came to this township, locating in Patoka Township, where he lived until his death in 1880. The mother died about 18()(). Our subject had very poor advantages for education, having to walk three miles to school and recite to a teacher who amused himself by reading a newspaper while hearing classes recite. When twenty- one years old, he began hiring out among the farmers, and soon after inheriting 80 acres of land from his father, he built his j&rst log-house and began farming for himself. In time, he became the possessor of 278 acres of land, of which 87 acres are under cultivation. April 2(), 185H, Cynthia Atkins, born January 2t). 1833, became his wife, and to their union, four children were born: America J., Mary C, George B. and Everett. America and Mary are the wives of Edward Pickard and George B. Hean, respectively. Mr. Ashby is a Democrat of long standing, and cast his first vote for Polk. WASHINGTON ASHBY was born in Pike County, Iiid., October 2G, 1834, and is a son of Benjamin and Margaret (Ber- dett) Ashby. His educational advantages were poor, l>ut he has since acquired a very good business education. When he was twenty years old, he began flat-boating from Winslow to New Orleans, making five trips in all. In 1858, he began clearing the farm of eighty acres where he yet lives, and has now sixty- five acres of it under good cultivation. February 20, 1^02. he took for his life companion, Charlotte T. Coleman, born Novem- 414 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. ber 9, 1841, daiigliter of John and Maria (Tliickston) Cole- man. Tliey are the parents of two children: Ida E. and John B. Ida is one of the successful young teachers of Pike County. Mr. Ashby is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Buchanan. He is a successful farmer, and a wide-awake and enterprising citizen. GEOKGE B. ASHBY is a son of James and Cynthia (Atkis- son) Ashby, and was born May 15, 1859, in Pike County, Ind. In early life he attended the common schools, and at the age of sixteen years left home, and took a trip to Arkansas and Texas, where he remained about a year, working on the farm, carrying mail, etc. Returning home he farmed during the summer, and attended school in the winter; he attended the Petersburg schools one term, and then began teaching, which business he followed three years. In the spring of 1879 he took the com- mercial and teachers' course at Valparaiso. He then taught school again, and in 1881 set up a drug store in Winslow, con- tinuing eighteen months. He then went to Albany, N. Y., and clerked in a drug store, and shortly after moved to Colioes, and then to Alabama, where he was stock receiver in the cold-blast furnace. In August, 1883, he returned, and again began a drug store in Winslow, where he is now doing a lively business. De- cember 22, 1881, he married Willimina Hisgen, a native of New York. They are the parents of one child, Bernice. Mr. Ashby is a member of the Presbyterian Church. In June, 1885, he was elected justice of the peace. He is a Democrat, having cast his first vote for Hancock. He is a successful business man, and is much esteemed by all. DANIEL C. BAERETT, a stanch Democrat and prominent citizen of Patoka Township, Pike Co., Ind., was born August 10, 1880, where Oakland City now stands. His parents, Richard and Mary (Black) Barrett, were natives of South Carolina and Georgia, respectively, and came to Gibson County in childhood, and here they married and lived, farming on the present site of Oakland City. In 1844 they came to Pike County. Here the father died, in 1850, the mother having passed away in 1849. At the age of twenty Daniel C. began farming where the streets and squares of Oakland City now are. In 1850 he purchased a farm of sixty acres in Pike County, but sold it soon after and purchased sixty-two acres where he now lives. He now owns 120 acres of land, and has 106 acres under cultivation. Septem- ber 21, 1851, Martha Wiggs, born in 1834, became his wife. To them were born four children: Mary E., Sarah F., Esther M. and Judith H. Mary is the wife of Peter Hoover, a rising young physician of the West, and Sarah was married on the same day as her sister, to Jerome Beeler, one of the leading physicians BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 415 of Boonville. Hiisband and wife and the first tliree children are' members of the General Baptist Church. In November, 1861, Mr. Barrett enlisted in Company D, Fifty-eighth Indiana Infant- ry. At Stone Biver, Chickamanga and the siege of Atlanta, he fought among the bravest of the brave. He was also with Sher- man on his march to the sea. While at Stone River he was struck by a ball, which produced a lasting injury, and for which he now receives a pension of $4 per month. He was tendered the position of captain, but rejected it, not wishing to serve under his colonel. He served over three years, and was discharged January 1, 18(>5. JAMES M. BEABDSLEY, M. D., is the son of John and Sela (Thompson) Beardsley, who were born in Illinois and In- diana, respectively. The father yet lives, and farms im the same place he bought when he iirst came to the count}'. James M., the subject of this sketch, was l)orn in Warrick County, Ind., January 2, 1850, and received the advantages of a common school education. When eighteen years old he attended three terms of school at the Oakland Institute, and afterward taught seven terms of school in Dubois and Warrick Counties. In 1877 he took an extended trip through the AVest, and walked over 27() miles across the Rocky Mountains. On returning he began studying medicine under Dr. McMahan, of Huntingburgh, Ind., and in 1878 took a term of lectures at the Ohio Medicnl College, and the following year attended the Kentucky School of Medicine, where he graduated in 1880 among the first in his class. In 1881 he located in Winslow, and December 14, of the next year, he married Maria Martin, born June 22, 18(52, daughter of Thomas and Mnry (Traylor) Martin. They have one child, John T. Dr. Beardsley is a Republican, and cast his first vote for Grant. He has been highly successful as a, physician, and is a wide-awake and enterprising man. BEARDSLEY BROS., one of the leading firms of Winslow, Ind., established their business in 1884. John D., the senior member of the firm, was born December 10, 185(), in Warrick C^ounty, Ind., and at the age of twenty-four, having learned the carpenter's trade he began to work for himself, following the occupation of carpentering until 1884, when he and his lirother, G. W., purchased the stock of furniture formerly owned by J. W. Whitman. John is a Republican and cast his first vote for Hayes, elanuary 22, 1885, he married Florence Carter, born May 8, 1865, and daughter of Andrew and Jane (Urcery) Carter. George W., the junior member of the firm of Beardsley Bros., was born October 25, 1860, in W^arrick County; he lived with his father about three years in Arkansas, and then returned and entered the store with his brother. May 24, 1885, he wedded 116 HISTOKV OF PIKE (OUNTV. Ida Reynierson. daughter of Thomas and Sarah (Hammens) Reynierson. John and George are enterprising young men and are bound to succeed. Tlieir parents, James M. and Lucy J. (Dutton) Beardsley were natives of Indiana, the father born in 1S30, in Warrick County, and the mother born in Pike County in 1838. They live at present in Lawrence County. Ind., where the father follows saw-milling as an occupation. NEWTON BRENTON, one of the pioneer settlers of Pike County, Ind., was born February 28, 1817, near Petersburg. His educational advantages were limited but by contact with business life he has acquired a good, practical business education. At the age of eighteen he went South as a common laborer and later returned and followed clerking and various other occupations until 1851, when he commenced selling groceries in Winslow, carrying on this business as one of the partners of the firm kn(^wn as Brenton & AVinslow, until 1884, when the firm dissolved })art- nership and Mr. Brenton retired fj'om business. February 20. 184:2, he wedded Julia A. Masters and after the brief space of five months she died August 26, 1842. October G, 1844, Nancy Coleman became his second wife and to them were born eight children: Byron, Theodore, Julia A., Emily F., Sarah A., Mary M., Clara and Elmer E. Byron, Julia, Emily and Mary are the only ones now living. On the IBth of April, 1864, his second wife was called to her long home, and July 26, of the same year he married Margaret Spencer. ])orn December 11, 1822. Both are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Brenton was postmaster of Winslow for about four years during the war; he is a Republican, and cast his first vote for Gen. Harrison: he is the oldest citizen of AVinslow, save one, William Winslow Hathaway, and is an esteemed friend and neighbor and is now enjoying the fruits of his previous labor. "BYRON BRENTON, the eldest child of Newton and Nancy A. (Coleman) Brenton, was born in AVinslow, Pike County, Ind., September 22, 1845. He attended the common schools in his neighborhood and completed his education by taking the mercan- tile course in the Evansville Commercial College. After com- pleting his course he began merchandising in Winslow in 18()6, and with the exception of about five years he has carried on that business ever since. In 1870 he was called by the people to fill the office of township trustee, which position he held to the satis- faction of the people for six years. In 187() he was elected sheriff of Pike County, and held the office two years, giving the best of satisfaction. During that time he and family made tlieir home in Petersburg, but since that time have lived in the quiet little village of Arthur. May 2(5, 1867, Mattie, daughter of James and Liza A. (Hargrave ) Edmonson, became his* wife. She was BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 417 born January 28, 1845, in Petersburg, and she and Mr. Brenton are the parents of two children : Nellie and Fred, both of whom are at home. In politics Mr. Brenton is an active and enthusiastic Bepulv lican, and cast his first vote for Grant. As a business man he is cj^uite successful, having started in life with comparatively nothing, he has arisen to the ownership of a good store in Winslow, besides a comfortable home and forty acres of land at Arthur. In connec- tion with the mercantile business he also trades in stock and land. He has done much toward furthering public enterprise and is u useful citizen. JAMES CARTEK was born in Kentucky, August 23, ls27, and is the son of Jesse and Sarah (Elder ) Carter, wdio were l)orn in the Blue Grass State, the father in ISOI and the mother in 1802. Jesse Carter was a farmer and shoe-maker, and came to Pike County, Ind., in 1848, locating near Winslow. He afterward moved to the town, where he died in 1880. A year later his widow followed him to the grave. Our subject began working for himself when nineteen years old. In 1857 he purchased fiftv acres of the farm where he now lives. He now owns 190 acres of excellent farming land. He was married to Candus Davis, April 11, 1847. She is a daughter of Jesse and Nancy Davis, and was born January 7, 1882. They became the parents of eight children: John W., Jesse T., James M. (deceased), David N., Sarah N., Mary C, Henry T. and Warren S. Mr. Carter was a soldier in the late war and enlisted in Coni2)any I, One Hundred and Forty-Third Indiana Infantry. After serving nine months he returned home, bearing an honorable discharge. He is a warm Bepublican and cast his first v(^te for Tajdor. He and wife are members of the Baptist Church, and excellent neigli- bors and friends. BLUFOPiD S. COLEMAN, farmer, is a son of John and Maria (Thickston) Coleman, who Avere born in iSOl and 180(), respectively, and came to this country very early and followed the occupation of farming. The father died in 1851 and the mother in 1844. They were the parents of seven children: Perlina, Malissa, Emeline, Bluford S.. Elizabeth, C'harlotte and Sarah E. Our subject was l)orn on the 20th of Febriiary, 1830. When sixteen years old he l)egan working for himself and followed the various callings of clerking, carpentering, blacksmithing, painting, and finally settled down to farming on the place where he now lives. April 4, 1800, he married Mary E. Shields, born October (>, 1834, in Ohio, daughter of William and Mary Shields. W^illiam was born in 1798 and Mary in 1808. The father clerked in a store in Cincinnati, Ohio, for some time, where he also kept boarding house. In 1858 while on a trip to Virginia he was suddenly taken ill and died. Hisw^dow lived till 18()(). Mr. and 418 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. Mrs. Coleman are members of the General Baptist Cliurcli, ajid he is a leading Republican and cast his first vote for Lincoln. For three years he was on the police force in Cincinnati, but on coming to this State has made farming his occupation, at which he has been quite successful. ROBERT CROMWELL, deceased, was born in 1830, and in early life learned the blacksmith's trade, at which he worked for some time in Winslow ; at the breaking out of the war. he, being a strong Union man, offered his services in behalf of his country, and enlisted in Company G, Fifty-eighth Indiana Infantry, and served his country faithfully for nearly four years. By gallant conduct on the field he was promoted to the position of first lieutenant. As his life companion he chose Mary E. Curtis, born August 30, 1832, daughter of William D. and Margaret (Birdwell) Cvirtis. To their union seven children were born: Frank (deceased), Anna, Maggie B., Oliver (deceased), Ida (deceased), Orpha and Emma. Both husband and wife were members of the Methodist Church, and he was a Republican. In 1871 his death occurred as a result of a wound received in the battle of Chickamauga. August 10, 1878, his widow married John Crow, born in 1813, one of the early settlers of Pike County. Mr. Crow had been married twice before; first to Johanna Alexander and then to Mrs. Eliza (Butler) Selby. The fruits of the first marriage were eight children: Arnetta, Charles M., Daniel, Isaac P., Louisa, Richard M., Robert M. and Hosea. Mr. Crow is the oldest Democrat in the county, having cast his first vote for Van Buren. In 1840 he purchased eighty acres of timber land on which he built a commodious log house. By untiring energy he now owns 213 acres of good farming land. GIBSON CROSS was born October 15, 1841, in Pike County, Ind., and is a son of Joseph and Epsy D. (Kinman) Cross, natives of Kentucky and Indiana, respectively. Mr. Cross came to this county in 1829, where he was married. He followed the life of a farmer and in connection with that acted as justice of the peace for two years prior to his death, which occurred in 1884, the mother having passed away in 1849. Gibson, the subject of this sketch, when twenty years old, volunteered his services for his country, and enlisted in Company G, Fifty-eighth Indiana Infantry, and was in many of the principal battles of the war. He was a brave soldier and served his country faithfully for three years. January 10, 18G7, he married Priscilla Ander- son, who died ten months after her marriage. October 15, 18P)8, he took for the second wife, Betsey A. Kinman, born December 20, 1850, and daughter of Burrell and Nancy Kinman. Mr. and Mrs. Cross became the parents of four children: Oliver, Rufus A., Gibson T. and Lillie B. Both parents are members of the Bap- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 419 tist Cliurcli, and Mr. Cross is a leading Republican, having cast liis first vote for Lincoln. He owns a fine farm of 140 acres and is a well to do citizen. JOHN B. T. DEARING, a farmer of Patoka Township, Pike Co., Ind., was born March 31, 1842, in Kentucky, and is a son of William and Elizabeth (Morton) Dearing. The parents came from the Blue Grass State to Pike County al)out 1844. Here the father died in 1852 and the mother in 18()9. When twelve years old John B. T. was bound out to John Selby with whom he staid until he was nineteen years old, he then enlisted in Company I, Forty-second Indiana Infantry. He was at Perry- ville. Stone River. Chickamauga. and was with Sherman on his march to the sea. He served his country faithfully and well for nearly four years and from a private was raised to the office of first lieutenant. November 28, 1865, he was married to Bettie A. Selby, born June 11, 1849 in Pike County, and they l)ecame the parents of two children: Larentus S. and AVilliam P. Mr. Dearing' s political views are Republican, having cast his first vote for Grant. He and wife are members of the Baptist Church and he is a successful farmer, owning 212 acres of good land. SAMUEL F. DEDMAN is a' son of William and Jane (Carder) Dedman, who were born in Kentucky and Virginia, re- spectively. The father was a hatter by trade and followed that occupation for many years, but on coming to this county in 1820, he farmed in connection with his trade. His death occurred about 1858; the mother dying several years later. The sub- jcet of our sketch was born in Patoka Township, Pike Co., Ind., January 9, 1824,. and when eighteen years old began work- ing for himself in a mill. Later he began farming on rented ]3laces, and in about three years he had accumulated enough money to purchase forty acres of land. By hard work and good management he now owns 258 acres of good land, 175 of which are cleared and furnished with good buildings. June 11, 184(3, Ellen M. Dunham, born October 1, 1829, became his wife. Her parents are Charles and Maria ( Campbell ) Dun- ham. Mr. and Mrs. Dedman are the parents of six children: Zachariah T., Rufus D., Rowene N., Maria, John Q. and Willard E. In 18(J5, Mr. Dedman enlisted in Company K, One Hundred and Forty-sixth Indiana Infantry and served his country faith- fully for eight months. In politics he is a Republican, having cast his first vote for Harrison. He has succeeded well as a farmer and is now enjoying the fruits of his labor. CAPT. NATHAN EVANS, one of the early citizens of Wins- low, Ind., is a son of James M. and Louise (Curtis) Evans. The father was born near Murfreesboro, Tenn., and the mother at Tompkinsville, Ky. About 1844 he came to this county and 420 iiisroiiY OF riKE county. followed school teacliing, carpentering, cabinet-making, slioe- niakingf and millino-. He lived in Winslow until 18(M, when he passed from among the living. His widow still lives and is the wife of Maston Holland. Nathan was born in Harrison County, Ind., July 27, 1831*. When the cloud of rebellion rose threaten- ingly in the South, he shouldered his musket and enlisted in Com- pany G, Fifty-eighth Indiana Infantry, July 2(), 18(U. At Stone Kiver, Chickamauga and Mission Kidge, he, with the other heroes of Company G, fought bravely for the preservation of the Union. After a veteran furlough of thirty days he rejoined his corps and went on that long and perilous march to Savannah. In July, 18(32, he was commissioned first lieutenant, and three months later he arose to the position of captain. He was honor- ably discharged in 18B5 after nearly four years' faithful service. For injuries received in the war he receives, as a slight compen- sation. $17 per month. From the families of three Evans brothers, eleven Union soldiers were furnished. Mr. Evans is a member of the G. A. R., and is a stanch Republi- can, but cast his first vote for Douglas. March 24, 18H4, die wedded Paralee Crane, born May 18, 184(5, daughter of Henry H. and Frances (Broyles) Crane. They are the parents of four children: Laura, Robert, Helen and Lee. In 1875 Mr. Evans was chosen justice of the peace, which office he ably filled for four years. He is a good carpenter and contractor and stands high in the opinion of all. CHARLES FETTINGER, senior member of the firm Fet- tinger & Beasley, is a son of George and Harriet ( Hillman ) Fettinger. natives of South Carolina. The father followed coop- ering and at the same time worked a large farm. At different times he held the offices of justice, assessor, and county commis- sioner. During his second term of office, his death occurred in February, 1888. Charles, our subject, was born in Pike County, Ind.. August (), 1847. On attaining his majority, he began work- ing for himself, farming on a rented place. After five years he bought a farm of forty acres which he worked until 1879, when he took charge of the county asylum where he remained two years. At the expiration of this time he entered the grocery business in Winslow, continuing six months, when he purchased a half interest in the livery and feed stable, his present business. In 1871, Mary Martin became his wife, and to this union two children were born: Oplia M., and Lovie C. For two terms Mr. Fettinger filled the office of county assessor and filled it satisfac- torily. He is a Democrat and an enterprising business man. His wife is a member of the Baptist Church. WILLIAM GRANT, outside manager of the Ayrshire Coal Mines, is the son of James and Elizabeth (Shaw) Grant. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 421 They were natives of Iiivernessliire, Scotland, where the father was born in 1799 and the mother in 1802; the father is a merchant and has followed that business for sixty-seven years. They both live in the old country and are hale and hearty. Our subject was born in his parents' native place October 11. 1847. He received good educational advantages, gradu- ating from the grammar school in his native shire ; at the age of nineteen he began book-keeping in a hardware store in Glasgow, Scotland, and in 1867 he came to this country and landed at New York, where he was book-keeper for a railroad company till 1878, when he came to this county and State and worked for one year on the farm, and in 1880 entered upon his present duties. An- gust 10, 1874, he married Mary, daughter of Henry and Sarah Giles of Kentucky, and they are the parents of three children: Anna Bella, William Shaw and Harriet Beeclier Stowe. Mr. Grant is a warm Republican and cast his first vote for Grant. As a business man he is very successful, and he and wife are much respected l)y all. They are worthy citizens and accommodating neighbors. WILLIAM WINSLOW HATHAWAY, after whom the town of Winslow was named, is a son of John and Elizabeth (Tray lor) Hathaway. John was a native of Massachusetts and a miller by trade, having built one of the first mills in Pike County, and op- erated it until his death, a })eriod of about thirty years. William was born in the town which now bears his name, April 17, 1837. At tlie age of seventeen he began working for himself on his farm of 100 acres. In 1878 he began the drug business in Arthur in connection with farming and ran the store three years. He is a good carpenter and has worked at the trade, off and on, for four years. In December, 1855, he married Sarah Reel, who bore him one child, Emeline. For his second wife he took Maria Pancake, and they became tlie parents of two children: John and one unnamed. January 4, 1882, he married his third wife, Eliz- abeth Crow, born December 23, 1835, and daughter of William and Mary (Shaw) Crow. In 1870, Mr. HathaAvay was elected to tlie office of justice of the peace, and filled the position with abil- ity for four years. In politics he is a Republican, having cast his first vote for Lincoln. During the war, he twice went to Evansville and offered his services for his country, but was rejected t)ii account of disabilites. He and wife are much respected by their acquaintances as neighbors and friends. EMBREE HATHAWAY, a well to do farmer of Pike Coun- ty, Ind.. is the son of John and Elizabeth (Tray lor) Hathaway. Embree was born in Pike County, June 24, 1845, and during his boyhood days had very poor advantages for schooling. By con- tact with business life he has now a very good practical education. He lived witli his widowed mother until he was twenty-five years 422 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. old, when he began merchandising in Winslow as one of the equal partners in the store of Hathaway & Whitman, about two years later he sold his interest in the store and worked on his farm for two years when he went to Arthur and kept a general merchandise store for six years. He then returned to the farm and commenced raising bees, and is carrying on the business quite extensively. July 10, 1870, he married Sibyl Maxan, born in 1850, after the 'brief space of five years his wife died leaving one child, Will- iam. May 29 of the next year he wedded Eliza Gwartney, born September 16, 1858, to this union four children were born: Min- nie, Frank, Denny and Fred. Mr. Hathaway has always been a Republican and cast his first vote for Grant. LERIGHT HOUCHIN is a son of Jesse and Elizabeth (Clifford) Houchin. The father was born May 17, 1798. in Ken- tucky, and the mother, a native of the same State, was born in 1796. Soon after their marriage they moved to Gibson County, Ind., and located in Pike County in 1827. They lived three years near Honey Springs, and then moved to Lockhart Town- ship, where the father died in 18()1. The mother lived till 1872. Our subject was born October 25, 1825, in Gibson County, Ind., and in early life received but little schooling, never having attended more than seven months. When twenty-one years old he began clearing up a farm for himself, but not being satisfied with his surroundings he sold out and bought 160 acres of the farm on which he now lives. He now owns 775 acres of land, 340 under cultivation. October 25, 1846, Sarah Davis became his wife. She was born February 11, 1827, and is the daughter of Jesse and Nancy (Mason ) Davis. Her father was one of the heroes who fought at the battle of New Orleans. Her mother, born in 1797, still lives. To Mr. and Mrs. Houchin three chil- dren were born: Devore C, Theodore P., and Commodore D., all of whom are married, settled in the neighborhood and doing well. Mr. Houchin is a Republican and cast his first vote for Clay. He and wife and son. Commodore, belong to the Baptist Church. THOMAS A. JOHNSON, a prominent farmer of Pike Coun- ty, is a son of Robert and Caroline (McClanhan) Johnson, and was born in Pike County, Ind., December 17, 1852. On attain- ing his majority he began working for himself on his father's farm. For a year he kept "bach," and June 3, 1875, he was mar- ried to America Whitman, born February 22, 1855, in Pike County. She is a daughter of Job R. and Palina (Hunt) AVhit- man. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Johnson are Festus E., Cora F., Flora B. and Mattie M. Mr. Johnson is a wide-awake young Republican and cast his first vote for Gen. Grant. He re- ceived sixty acres of land from his father and by industry and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 423 economy he now owns 120 acres, of which about seventy are cleared and cultivated. In all his enterprises lie has been very successful and is now on the road to become a wealthy and popu- lar citizen. EICHAED H. KINMAN, merchant, Hosmer, Ind., is the son of Burrell and Nancy ( Selby ) Kinman. He was born in Pike County, Ind.. June 25, 185-4, and when a lad, received in- struction in the common schools. When twenty-two years old he began working for himself on his farm of 120 acres, on which he lived until in July. 18S5, when he moved to Hosmer, and en- gaged in the mercantile business, buying a half interest in the dry goods and grocery store, known under the title of Kinman & Kinman. In addition to this Mr. Kinman is freight agent at Hosmer. September 28, 1870, he wedded Mary A. Troutman, born December 28, 1858. Four children were born to their union: Nancy E., Ira B., Israel P. H. and Oscar E. Mr. Kinman is one of the leading young Rejjuljlicans of the township, having cast his first vote for Hayes. He is a successful and well known business man and is much respected by all. EGBERT LAUDER, general superintendent of the Ayrshire Coal Mines, is the son of Thomas and Agnes (McKnight) Lau- der, who were natives of Ayrshire, Scotland, where his father worked as a miner until 1873, when he came to America and located in Illinois where he died in 1879. The mother came to this country a year later than her husband and yet lives in Illi- nois. Eobert was born September 3, 1838, in Scotland and as he began working in the mines when only eleven years old, lie received a very limited education. In 18G8 he came to this country and mined for three years in Illinois and afterward be- came superintendent of some mines in that State, then he worked some mines of his own in Kentucky and finally in 1879 he opened the Ingleton Mines. In 1883 he became superintendent of the Ayrshire Mines and has filled that position ever since. June 30, 1800, he was married to Margaret Hewitson, born January 25, 18-1:1, and they became the parents of eleven children: Ann D. (deceased ) , Agnes McKnight, Mary, Margaret (deceased) , Thomas, William H.. Eobert (deceased), Margaret, Eobert, Anna D. and Janie H. Agnes and Mary are married to miners and the two sons Thomas and W^illiam are engineers at the mines. Mr. Lau- der has been postmaster of Ingle for three years. He owns thir- teen acres in town lots besides a good eighty acre farm. He originated the idea of manufacturing coke at the mines. He sent some that he had made to some of the principal cities and it was pronounced first class, they have now eight furnaces and promise to do an extensive business. Mr. Lauder and wife are members of the Established Church of Scotland and he is a Eepublican and cast his first vote for Hayes. 124 HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. ALONZO MAKTIN, merchant of "Winslow, is the son of Thomas and Mary (Tray lor) Martin. The father was born in Kentucky, August 5, 1813, and the mother in Pike County, Ind.. May 24, 1823. They were married in this county and located in Petersburg where Thomas worked at blacksmithing for about live years and then moved on a farm where he remained ten or eleven years. After moving to Winslow, he followed successf uly milling, blacksmithing and merchandising. November 21, 1884, he. at the ripe old age of seventy-one years, passed from among the liv- ing. Our subject was born Sej^tember 7, 1845, in Pike County where he received the advantages of the common schools, and when so small that he was unable to strike the anvil without standing on a box, he began to work at his father's trade. When sixteen years old he began working in the tobacco business at which he continued three years, meeting with fair success. March 29, 1864, he volunteered his services for the Nation's weal, and enlisted in Company G, Fifty-eighth Indiana Infantry and served for sixteen months. On his returning from the army, he received a one-fourth interest in his father's store and in 18()8 he purchased his father's interest, thereby becoming sole proprietor. Mary E. Edmondson, born June 20, 1841), became his wife November 29, 18t')(^, and to their union five children were born: Harry, Charley, Ralph and two unnamed. Only Charley and Ealph are now liv- ing, In 1876 Mr. Martin was elected to the office of trustee of Patoka Township and filled the position ably for about four years. After an interval of four years he was again elected to fill the office. Under his supervision the condition of the schools has constantly been bettered. He commenced life a poor boy, but now owns a good store and is well respected by all who know him. He is a leading Republican, having cast his first vote for U. kS. Grant. HON. GEORGE W. MASSEY, one of the prominent farmers of Patoka Township, Pike Co., Ind., is a son of Joshua J. and Harriet M. (Smith) Massey. They were natives of Queen Anne County, Md., where the father was born February 16, 1795, and the mother, November 11, 1797. They were married the 13th of March, 1821, and lived in Maryland until 1840, when they came to Evansville, Ind., and lived for three years in Terre Haute. Finally in 1843, they settled on the farm where George now lives. They purchased 160 acres of timber land, cleared off a spot and built their first log house. The father's death occurred October 18, 1844, and his widow's December 8, 1857. Our subject was born in his parents' native county, March 2(5, 1823, and when eighteen years old, commenced learning the carpenter's trade in Terre Haute, remaining there two years, and then came to this county with his father, and worked on BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 425 the farm, which occupation he has followed ever since. He inherited eighty acres of land from his father's estate, and by economy and hard work, he now owns 320 acres, 2'20 of which are under cultivation, and furnished with excellent buildings. May G, 1858, he took for his life companion, Lucretia Bowlen, born February 24. 1830, and daughter of Jarret and Mary J. ( Rusk ) Bowlen. They became the parents of six children : -lames J., Horace H., William M., Charlotte L., Harriet M. and (leorge AV., all of whom are deceased except Harriet. About 1853, Mr. Massey was elected township trustee, filling the office three years. In 185(5, he was called by the unanimous voice of the people of his county to represent them in the State Legis- lature as a member of the House. For three sessions he filled that responsible position with great credit to himself. About a year after his retirement from that office, he was appointed to fill a vacancy as county commissioner, and at the expiration of that term, was re-elected to the position for two terms. He has filled all the positions of trust and honor with great ability, and to the entire satisfaction of the people. It may be said of him, that he has never sought for office, and has never spent a cent, directly or indirectly, to influence a man to support him with his vote, but he has been chosen unanimously by the peo- ple. He is a leading Democrat of Pike County, and cast his first vote for Polk. His life has been an entire success, and he is known and respected throughout this portion of the State. WILLIS F. McCOY, merchant, of Winslow, Pike Co., lud., is a son of Stark and Marinda (Kelsey) McCoy, who were natives of Warren County, Ky., where the father was born about 1828. He followed farming in his native State until 1857, when he moved to Illinois. He took several trips to Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas, but always returned to the Sucker State where he still lives, being married to Celia McKinzie, his first wife having died in 1858. Willis was born in Warren County, Ky., December 25, 1851. The education he received in boyhood was very limited, and u}) to the age of twenty-one, the only school book he possessed, was an old "blue- back'' spelling book. He was imable to write his own name, but by continued exertion and ambition, he has now a very good business education. He followed the occupation of farm- ing in Illinois, until 1881, when he came to this country. A year later, he purchased a stocli of drugs of G. B. Asliby, and commenced the drug business in Winslow, January 12, 1882. Lucinda Aust. born May 24, 1847. in Kentucky, became his wife, and to their union one child was born, Mary May. Mr. McCoy is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Tilden. He is an excellent citizen and successful business man. 426 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. JOSEPH MILLARD, merchant, of AVinslow, IncL, is a son of William and Etlieldra (Sparks) Willard, wlio were natives of Londonshire, England, where the father was born, in 1802. The father was a bntcher by trade, and worked at that business for twenty-six years. In 1847 he came to this country, and farmed in Williams County, Ohio, for two years, and then went to Steuben County, Ind., and then to Illinois, and finally settled in Pike County, Ind., in 1858. The father still lives with his daughter in Illinois; the mother died in 1851. Joseph was born July 15, 1840, in the same shire as his parents, and at the age of twenty enlisted in Company H, Twenty-fourth Indiana In- fantry. He served his adopted country faithfully for eight months, when he received an injury that disabled him for the rest of the war. As a slight compensation for the injury, he re- ceives a pension of $8 per month. After his return from the army he began blacksmithing in Winslow, and continued at that business about seventeen years. He kept a restaurant in Illinois for some time, but in 1871) he began keeping groceries in Wins- low, where he is doing a o'ood business. Margaret Erans be- came his wife December 8, 1867, and they became the parents of three children: Dora, Carrie and Bertha. Mr. Millard is one of the leading Pepublicans in his township, and cast his first vote for Lincoln. He is a successful business man and a wide- awake citizen. WILLIAM C. RICHAEDSON is a son of Edward P. and Eliza (Fleener) Richardson, who were natives of Indiana, born in 1807 and 1808, respectively. The father, when quite young, moved to Warrick County, where he married and followed the life of a farmer in that county until his death, in 1831. The juother lived until 1876. Our subject was born in Warrick Cbunty, December 8, 1830. When nineteen years old he left home and began working for himself. In 1852 he bought his first farm of forty acres, which he afterward sold, and took charge of the poor asylum, which he ran two years. He then purchased the 220 acres of land, where he now lives. December 5, 1850, he married Caroline Parker, born September 3, 1833, daughter of Lorenzo D. and Elizabeth (Ferguson) Parker, and to their union twelve children were born: Eliza J., Brazilla, Thomas J., Joseph W., Andrew J., Mary E., John W., Sarah M., Caroline B., Nancy E., Edward P. and one unnamed. Both hus- band and wife are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Rich- ardson is a Democrat in politics, and cast his first vote for Pierce. HENRY G. SELBY, farmer, of Pike County, Ind., is a son of Richard and Betsey A. (Gladish) Selby. The father came to this county at a very early day, when nearly all the present pro- ductive farms were dense forests, inhabited by many wild animals. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 427 Here he located, and here both his parents died. Our subject was born in Pike County, Ind., February 11, 1838, and at the age of twenty-one began to do for himself, working on the farm of eighty acres given him by his father. He succeeded so well that he now owns 1()0 acres of land, of which 100 acres are under cul- tivation. March 1, 1800, he married Elizabeth McCain, born August 11, 1838, in Pike County, and after a Avedded life of sev- enteen years, Mrs. Selby died, leaving two children: Zilplia A. and Harley E. October 13, 1878, Mr. Selby married Louisa Crow, born Marcli G, 1843, in Pike County. Both husband and wife are members of the General Baptist Church. August 19, 186'2, Henry enlisted in Company I, Forty-second Indiana In- fantry, and participated in the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., and numerous other engagements. He was quite severely wounded while in service, and now receives a pension of §4 per month. He is a stanch Republican, and cast his first vote for Lincoln. GEORGE SHEPHERD, farmer, was born November, 1, 1827, in Sullivan County, Ind., and is the son of Stephen and Sarah (Porter) Shepherd. The father was born in Virginia, and his ])arents were natives of Wales. The mother was born in South Carolina, and her ancestors were Scotch. They lived most of their married life in Sullivan County, where they died, the father in 1858 and the mother in 1879. Our subject's educational advantages were limited, but by his own ef- forts he acquired a practical education. It was his father's custom to give his sons (of whoin he had nine) forty acres of land on reaching their majority, but George surrendered his claim to the land in consideration that he should be free at nine- teen. By the time he was of age he had saved enough money to purchase eighty acres of land. In 1852 he married Berthana Wyatt, and to them were born five children: Sarah, Lucinda, Thomas, Rachel and Stephen. Mr. Shepherd is a wide-awake Democrat and cast his first vote for Cass on the very day he was twenty-one years old; he moved to Pike County in 18()7, and owns a good farm of 335 acres; he has followed the various occu- pations of flat-boating, working on the canal and railroad, and in a saw-mill, but now makes farming his occu})ation, in Avhich he has been verv successful. ARTHUR THOMPSON, one of the pioneer settlers of Pike County, Ind,, is the son of James and Mary (English) Thomp- son. The father was a native of Ireland, and when quite young came to Kentucky, where he married. In 1820 he came to this State and located in Patoka Township, Pike County, Avhere he lived till his death, Avhich occurred in 1837, the mother living till 1857. Our subject was born in Kentucky, January 20, 1816. As the nearest schoolhouse was six miles from his home his 428 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. educational advantages were limited. In 1837 he began clearing the farm where he now lives, and by energy and good manage- ment he at one time owned nearly 1,000 acres of land. Septem- ber 20, 1837 he married Ada Almon, who was born in Kentucky, in 1820. Their children are John, James, Levi, Matilda, Frank- lin and Francis, Holland and Marian. His wife is a member of the Baptist Church, and for twelve years he has been postmaster of Arthur, the town named in honor of him. He is a Democrat in politics and a prominent and enterprising citizen; one .of the few men who have made Pike County what it is. He was among the famous hunters of pioneer times, having killed wolves and as many as fifty deer in one winter. JOHN THOMPSON is a son of Arthur and Ada Almon Thompson, and was born in Pike County, August 23, 1838. When twenty-one years old he began teaching, and followed that business three years giving good satisfaction ; he then turned his entire attention to farming and followed that occupation through life. October 0, 1859, he married Catharine Selby, born August 5, 1812, and daughter of Eichard and Betsey Selby. To Mr. and Mrs. Thompson, six children were born: Arthur W., Richard (deceased), Franklin E., Anion, Henry and Gilbert. Mr. Thomp- son was a Democrat and cast his first vote for Douglas. He was a successful farmer, being the possessor of one of the finest farms in Patoka Township. His death occurred July 8, 1876. He was a kind father and husband, a useful member of society and his loss was deeply felt by all. In 1872 he was appointed county commissioner to fill an unexpired term, and filled the duties of that office creditably and well. ARTHUR W. THOMPSON, merchant of Arthur, Ind., is the son of John and Catharine (Selby) Thompson and was born Sep- tember 25, 1860, near Arthur. He was educated in the common schools and attended one term at Petersburg. At the age of twenty he began merchandising in Arthur and at first carried a stock of drugs but since carried a full line of groceries and dry goods, in which he is doing an active business. September 3, 1882, Johanna Wilson became his wife. She was born July 7, 1860, in Warrick County, Ind., and is a daughter of James and Sarah J. ( Judd ) Wilson. Mr. and Mrs. Thompson are the parents of one child: Alice M. (deceased). In 1882 Arthur was ap- pointed notary public and has held that position ever since. He is a wide-awake young Democrat and cast his first vote for Cleve- land. As a business man he is highly successful and now runs a $3,000 stock of goods. JOHN F. THOMAS, merchant of AVinslow was born July 17, 1811, in Washington County, Ky., and is a son of James Thomas and Mary Trotter who were born in Virginia and North BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 429 Carolina respectively. Tlie father chose niinistry as his life work. After marriage he lived for some time in Kentucky and afterward moved to Pike County, Ind., where he has lived ever since. John F. worked on his father's farm until nineteen years old when he enlisted in his country's service in Company I, Forty second Indiana Infantry, and participated in the battles of Mur- freesboro, Resaca, Lookout Mountain. Chickamauga and on that ever memorable march to the sea. After serving nearly four years he returned to home and friends and attended for some time the schools of Petersburg and then worked on the farm. About LS80, he began the mercantile business, dealing in furniture, and two years later he became a partner in the store known as Thomas & Berton. A year later Mr. Thomas became sole proprietor. Novem- ber 3, 18(>7, he was married to Isabel Adams, daughter of Ed- ward and Martha Adams. Mr. Thomas is a warm Republican, having cast his first vote for Lincoln. He is a very successful business man and owns a first-class store. GEORGE WHITMAN was born January 19, 1842, in Pike County, Ind., and is a son of Job and Perlina (Hunt) Whitman. The father was born February 19, 1811, in Randolph County, Va., and the mother March 1, 1815, in Tennessee. They were married in 1835 and five years later came to Pike County, loca- ting near Ingle. The mother passed from among the living Feb- ruary 8, 1885. The father still lives at the ripe old age of sev- enty-four. At the age of twenty years George began working for himself on his present farm. In 18()5, he volunteered his services for the Union and enlisted in Com})any I, One Hundred and Forty-third Infantry. At the close of the war, he returned home to take charge of his farm of seventy acres, which he has since increased to 150 acres. In 1861, he married Mary A. AVilliams, born May 21, 1845, daughter of Charles H. and Phoebe (Bolin) Williams. To them two children were born: Palina and Noble K. both deceased. March 2, 18(55, Mrs. Whitman died and April 7, 18()8, he was married to Alice, daughter of George W. and Abarila DeBruler, and they became the parents of these children : Abarila, Morley S., Gingsley L., John W., and Ethel. In 1802, Mr. Whitman was licensed to exhort and in 18()l) was licensed to preach, becoming a regularly ordained minister of the Methodist Church in 1883, in which profession he has been an earnest worker ever since. He is a Republican and he and wife are much esteemed and respected by all. HENRY J. WIGGS is a son of Alexander and Matary ( Wagoner )Wiggs. The father was born in North Carolina in 1799, and the mother in Tennessee in 180(). Here they were married and lived for five years and then came to Petersburg in 1828, where the father worked at the blacksmith's trade for about 430 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. thirteen years and then moved to his farm near Winslow, where he died February 7, iST'i. The mother still lives and is seA'-enty- nine years old. Our subject was born February 5, 1839, and in boyhood received a common school education. By his own efforts he prepared himself for teaching and has been engaged in that business for the last twenty years, meeting with the best of suc- cess. August 18, 1802. he enlisted in Company H, Eightieth Indiana Infantry, and participated in the battles of Perr^^dlle, Buzzard Roost, Big Shanty and Kenesaw Mountain. During his service, he received internal injuries for which he receives the slight compensation of ^() per month. After three years service he retui"ned home and June 11, 1867, he married Elizabeth Mason, born February 12. lN4fi, daughter of David and Louise I Ehea) Mason. To Mr. and Mrs. Wiggs, ten chikb-en were born: Alexander, Everett, Louella, Joseph, Frederick, Mary, Minnie (deceased), Thomas J. xlddison and Clarence. Mr. Wiggs is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Douglas. He owns 111 acres of good land and is a worth v citizen. WILLIAM C. WIGGS is a son of William C. Wiggs, Sr., and Patsey Coleman. The father was born near Winslow, April 25, 1825. By occupation he was a farmer and remained on the home place till his death. May 20, 1849. The mother lived until 1852. The subject of our biography was born in Pike County, Ind., October 3, 1849, and at the age of sixteen hired out as a farm hand and began working for himself. He spent «ix years in Illinois and in 1872 he purchased forty acres of land and began his career as a tiller of the soil. He has since in- creased his farm to eighty acres and fifty-five are under culti- vation. December 29, 1870, he married Frances M. Selby, born August 28, 1852. She is a daughter of Peter and Eliza (I3utler ) Selby. Mr. and Mrs. Wiggs are the parents of three childi-en: Orra A.. Clarence and Purvace. Both husband and wife are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Wiggs is a stanch Demo- crat and cast his first vote for Greeley. CHAELES H. W^ILLIAMS was born in Kentucky August 25, 1820. His parents were Thomas and Mary (Arnold) Will- iams and were natives of Maryland and Virginia. In early life the father worked at carpentering, but later followed the life of a farmer. In 1839 he and family came to Dubois County, Ind., where he died a year later. The mother s death occurred in 1870. Charles worked on different farms until he had saved enough money to buy forty acres of land in Dubois County; later he sold that and purchased eighty acres of timber land. In 1852 he sold his farm and came to Pike County, locating on a farm of 160 acres near Ingle. He now owns 347 acres of good farming land, furnished with ofood buildino^s. In addition to running his BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 431 extensive farm, lie engages quite extensively in stock raising, and meets with good success in both occupations. May 25, 1842, he married Phoebe Bolin, who died in 1865, leaving these children: Thomas. Mary, Jarret. Charles, Catharine. Philij) and James. May 25. 18G0. Elizabeth Cochran became his wife and to their marriaofe seven children were born: Charles E., Samuel, John, Melvina, Fannie, Ida and Curtis. Both Mr. and Mrs. Williams are members of the Methodist Church, and he is a Republican, and cast his first vote for Cla3\ EDWARD WILLIAM, the only miller in AVinslow, is the son of Benjamin and Mary (Schultz) William, both of whom were natives of Prussia, The father was a miller and wheat merchant, and followed that occupation until his death in 1838. The mother's death occurred in 1882. Edward was born in the same province as his parents. January 27, 1827, and obtained a very eood common school education. In 1850 he bade his native land farewell and embarked for the United States. He proceeded im- mediately to southern Indiana, where he followed milling until 18(j0, when he built a mill of his own in German Township, and ran it five years. In 1807 he located at Oakland City and oper- ated a mill at that place until 1883, when he built his present three-story fiouring-mill in Winslow, known as the Patoka Val- ley Mill. He was married to Bettie Goerlitz in 1855, and they are the parents of five children: Caroline, Louise, Bettie, Anna and Edward. Both hiisband and wife are members of the Evan- gelical Church, and Mr. William is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Franklin Pierce. On reaching this country Mr. William had aliout $70 worth of clothing, all of which was stolen save the suit he had on, leaving him nothing but his trade. He now owns one of the best mills in the county, besides 1(^)() acres of excellent farmine' land. LOCKHART TOWNSHIP. DR. C. J. AGEE. is the son of Rev. Alfred and Katherine Agee. and was born March 22, 1839 in Campbell County, Tenn. In 1861 he came to Pike County, Ind., where he permanently set- tled. In April of that year he enlisted in Company H, Twenty- fourth Indiana Volunteers anil fought bravely for his country in the battles of Shiloh, Port Gibson, and Champion Hills. In the latter battle he was wounded severely in the left arm and side. He was in the battle of Blakely and then went to Galveston and was sent to Indianapolis, Ind. , where he received his discharge. Feb- 432 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. ruaiy 4, 1872, he married Caroline Farmer of Pike County. Their union resulted in three children — two sons and one daughter, May, Ray and Carl. Mr. Agee acquired an excellent English edu- cation, being a graduate of Walden Academy, Tennessee. He taught eighteen terms of school in Pike County and two terms in Tennessee. In 1871 he entered upon the practice of medicine, in which profession he has been very successful. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and the G. A. R. In politics he is a leading Republican and is one of Pike County's most esteemed citizens. His parents were natives of Tennessee, born respectively in 1813, and 1815, and died in 1873 and 1875. HAA>uMA/t«^ d^Zv, CHARLES G. BEACH was born near Harrington, Conn., June 22, 1821. April 1(), 1862, he wedded Emily J. Woolsey of Pike County, Ind., and they became the parents of six children: Sylvester (married), Clara, James W. (deceased), Arizona, Stella and Eva. Charles G. is the son of Levi and Abigail Beach who were born in Connecticut, the father in 1790. The mother died in 1827. The father died in Missouri on the 1st of January, 1874, Our subject acquired his education through self exertion; he is not a member of any church, but his wife belongs to the General Baptist Church ; he is at the present time keeping a gen- eral merchandise store in Augusta and also buys and sells to- bacco; he was for some time engaged in the milling business in Missouri, but has not worked at that business for a number of years ; he is one of the founders of Augusta and a stanch Re- publican and has held the office of postmaster three years; lie is the owner of 1,070 acres of land on which are three coal mines, one very extensive. The first is eighteen inches, the second five feet, and twenty feet below the first, the third vein is six feet in thickness and forty-seven feet below the five foot vein ; he has also found some indications of silver and lead on his farm. RUDOLPH BUTKA. farmer of Lockhart Township, Pike Co., Ind., was born in Hanover, Germany in 1827. Being a young man of energy and enterprise, he determined to come to America and seek his fortune. Accordingly he embarked for this country in 1845, and landed at Baltimore and then went to Dayton, Ohio, where he remained eleven years and worked as a day laborer ; he finally settled on his present farm in Pike County, Ind., and has since tilled the soil. April 12, 1853, his marriage with Diena Wellmeyer, a native of Prussia, was solemnized, and to their union eleven children were born — eight sons and three daughters: Henry, John, Samuel, Sophia (wife of Ernst Poetker), Minnie, William, Mary, Eddie; and Ernst and two dead who were not named. Mr. Butka takes an active interest in political affairs and is a warm Democrat; he has succeeded well as a farmer and he and family are members of the Lutheran Church. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 433 JOHN H. DOTKEE, a well-to-do farmer of Lockhart Township, Pike Co., Ind., and son of John H., Sr. and Kath- rinaE. Dotker, was born September 1(), ISII), in Germany, and when abovit tweiity-eight years old, he determined to seek his fortune in the new world, and accordingly in 1847, embarked for the United States and landed at Quebec. He remained there but a short time and then went to Cincinnati. Ohio, where he worked for eight years as a laborer. Christina Niemiller, of Cincinnati, became his wife in ISDC), and their union was blessed with eisflit children- — three sons and live daughters: Louisa and John (de- ceased), Mina, Frederick, August, Lisetta, Emma and Lizzie, liv- ing, Mr. Dotker's German education is somewhat limited. He and his family belong to the Evangelical St. Paul's Cliurch. In politics he is a warm Democrat, and has always followed farming as an occupation, in which business he has been very successful. In 185(), he settled on his present farm in Lockhart Township, and has since resided there, known and respected by all. HENKY EILERT, a native of Prussia, and a "son of Henry and Margaret Eilert, was born April 21, 1828. He received a good education in the schools of his native country, and when about twenty-six years old, he left home and friends and came to America to seek his fortune. He landed at New Orleans, and finally settled in Lawrence C4)unty, Ohio, where he made his home for a number of years. His marriage with Louise Wessel, of Cincinnati, Ohio, was solemnized July 21. 18.")9, and their union was blessed with ten children, eight of whom are living: Henry, Fred, Mina. Rosa, Elizabeth, Katy, Flora and Martha. On the 21st of March. 1881, Mrs. Eilert was called from this earth, and since that time his daughters have been his housekeep- ers. As members of the Lutheran Church, he and his family have aided all benevolent enterprises with their money and influence. His political views are Ilepul)lican, and he takes an active interest in the affairs of the day. He has always followed the occupation of farming, but is a cabinet-maker by trade, and is also a good carpenter, and has been successful in all his enterprises. His father was liorn in 17*.*4, in Prussia, and died in 18()r). The mother's birth occurred in IT' '7. and her death in 1844. OBADIAH J. GREEN WAY, is a son of William and Melin- da Greenway, who were natives of Kentucky and Tennessee, and born in 181*» and 1811*. respectively. They are the parents of three living children: Agnes E., Jennie and Obadiah. The sub- ject of our sketch was born in Dubois County, Ind., January 7, 1843. He obtained a fair education in the common schools of Dubois County, and when twenty-three years old. he married Sarah J. Marshall, of Warrick Co. Their union was blessed with seven children — two sons and five daughters : William T. 434 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. (deceased), Charles E. (deceased), Carrie J. (deceased), Melinda I., Nancy E. and Mary M. He is a Democrat, and a member of the I. O. O. F., of Selvin, Warrick Co., Ind. AVhile he was a resident of Dubois County, he served two terms as assessor of Patoka Township, and in 1884, was elected to the office of trus- tee of Lockhart Township, which office he holds at the present time. Previous to tlie election of trustee, he had been engaged in the hardware business in Stendal, where he was very success- ful financially. He is a good officer and prominent citizen of Lockhart Township. DE. LOUIS H. HILSMEYEK. is a son of Adolph and Henrietta Hilsmeyer, who were born in Germany; the father in 1818, and the mother in 1828. They were married in the United States, and became the parents of nine children, six now living. Louis H., was born in Pike County, Ind., October 10, 1856, and when nineteen years old, began to earn his own living by teach- ing school, which business he followed for about five years. He then entered upon the study of medicine at Holland, Ind., and afterward attended the Jefferson Medical College of Louisville, Ky., for one term, and the Evansville Medical College, and grad- uated in 1884. While at Evansville he served as resident physi- cian in the city hospital, and was ready to enter upon his profes- sion with considerable exj)erience. He is an earnest member of the Methodist Church, a warm Kepublican in politics, a successful physician and prominent man of Stendal. Adolph Hilsmeyer, father of our subject, is a son of Henry and Mary Hilsmeyer, and was born January 2, 1818, in Prussia. He came to the United States in 1847, and remained for about five years in Cincinnati, Ohio, and worked as a day laborer. January 1, 1849, he married Henrietta Meyer, and they became the parents of these children: John H., Henry W., Louis, Sophia (wife of Fred Stork), Anna and Frederick. He is a Republican in politics and he and wife are very much esteemed as friends and neighbors. JOHN HILSMEYER, a prominent citizen and farmer of Lockhart Township, Pike Co., Ind., was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 7, 1852. He lived with his parents until he. was twenty-one years old, when he began working for himself. He came AVest, and April 18, 1876, Lydia Niehaus, of Dubois County, Ind., became his wife. They became the parents of four children — one son and three daughters : Lule, Cora, Emma and Daniel (deceased). Mr. Hilsmeyer has a good education in English and German, and he and his wife are members of the Methodist Church. In politics he is a Republican and is looked upon by all as one of Pike County's most esteemed and well known citizens. He began life with little or nothing, but by in- dustry and the aid of his energetic wife, he has made a fair com- petency. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 435 HENEY W. HILSMEYER, is a son of Adolpli and Henri- etta Hilsmeyer (see sketch of Louis Hilsmeyer), and was born in Lockhart Township, Pike Co., Ind., May 20, 1854. He has a good German education in the schools of Indiana, and can read and write the English language. December 20, 1883, he took for his life companion Lizzie Satkamp, a native of Lock- hart Township and their union was blessed with one child, a daughter, Nettie Rosa. Mr. Hilsmeyer and wife are members of the Methodist Church, and as a Republican he takes a lively in- terest in the affairs of the county in which he is a prominent farmer and upright citizen. FREDERICK LIPPOLDT is a son of Henry and Elizabeth Lippoldt, who were natives of Germany where the father was born in 178t) and the mother in 179(). They immigrated to the United States in 1843, landing at Baltimore and came directly to Cincinnati, Ohio, where they remained five years and then re- moved to Hanging Rock, Ohio, remaining two years and finally settled on a farm in Pike County, Ind., where they both died, the father in 1855 and the mother in 1803. Frederick, our sub- ject, was born February 18, 1835, in Hanover and came with his parents to the United States. He led the life of the average farmer boy and obtained a very fair English and German edu- cation. In October, 1850, he took for his life companion, Mary Dickmann of Dubois County, Ind. They became the parents of twelve children, nine now living: Louis, Henry, John, Edmund, Emma, Louisa, Caroline, Elenora, Bertha and Elizabeth, and Joel and Annie, deceased. Mr. Lippoldt is a successful farmer and has been aided and encouraged l)y his worthy and intelligent wife. They are members of the Lutheran Church, and he is a Democrat and is much esteemed by all. JOHN MEYERHOLTZ is the son of William and Engel Meyerholtz, who were natives of Hanover, Germany. The father was born in 1814, and died in 187(5. The mother's birth occur- red in 1820 and she is at present residing in Pike County, Ind. John, the subject of our sketch, was born in Dubois County, Ind., December 27, 1844, and experienced many of the hardships of the pioneer boy. He received a very good German education, and April 27, 1871, he took Lisette Egbert of Ohio, to be his companion through life. Their union was blessed with four children — three sons and one daughter: John, Henry, Ernst and Oceta. Mrs. Meyerholtz is quite well educated and can read and write both English and German, and has in every sense of the word been a helpmate to her husband^ Both parents are mem- bers of the Lutheran Church and he is a Democrat. W. S. McNEELY, farmer of Lockhart Township, Pike Co., Ind., is a son of William and Mary McNeely. They were natives 436 HISTORY OF pike county. of Warrick County, Ind., where the father died in 1865. The mother was born in 1823 and lives in Pike County. The subject of our sketch was born in Warrick County July 13, 1848. Jan- uary 10, 1869, his marriage with Elizabeth Corn, of Pike County, was celebrated, and February of the same year he moved to the above county, where he has since been engaged as a tiller of the soil, and in which business he has been quite successful. He also deals quite extensively in stock and ranks among the first men in the county as an honest and reliable citizen. Mr. McNeely's edu- cation is somewhat limited, owing to the undeveloped school sys- tems of that early day, but by contact with business life he has overcome this to a considerable degree. He is a Democrat in politics. To Mr. and Mrs. McNeely's union one child was born — a daughter, Nancy Cordelia, who died at the age of four months. FEEDERICK NEWRING is a son of Dietrich and Maria Newring, natives of Germany. The father died in 1845, and the mother thirty years later. Our subject was born in Hanover, Germany, May 4, 1833, and in 1845, he married Sophia Newring, who bore him two sons: Frederick and William. In 1864, they started to America, but three days liefore landing, Mrs. Newring died, and was buried in the depths of the Atlantic Ocean Mr. Newring came with his children to Indiana and settled on a farm in Pike County. In December, 1865, he married his second wife, Louisa Katterjohn. of Dubois County. Their union was blessed with seven children— four sons and three daughters : Frank, Edward, Emma, Sophia, Charles, Rudolph and Mina (deceased). Mr. Newring's principal business throughout life has been farm- ing, in which he has been financially successful. He received a limited German education, and what English education he could from time to time obtain. He and family are members of the German Lutheran Church, and are much respected as good and accommodating neighbors. WILLIAM NIEBRUGGE, farmer of Lockhart Township, Pike Co., Ind., was born in Hanover, Germany. September 18, 1815, and is the son of Fred and Mrs. Niebrugge, who were natives of Germany, where the father died February 14, 1861*. When about thirty years old William crossed the brin}' ocean and came to the United States, landing first in Baltimore, where he staid but a short time and then came to Cincinnati, where he remained three years, working as a day laborer. About 1849 he went to Hanging Rock, Ohio, where he was a teamster for thir- teen years, and in the meantime accumulated considerable money. He finally came to Pike County, Ind., and settled on the farm where he is at present living. He has been very successful in his business enterprises, is now a well-to-do farmer, and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 437 is enjoying the results of his labor. Elizabeth Cramer of Hang- ing Rock, Ohio, became his wife in 1843, and to their union these children were born: Caroline, wife of Henry Meyer; Berdina, wife of F. H. Poetker; Katy, wife of John AVitte, and Francis W., married. Mr. Niebrugge's education is limited, but his children have acquired a very good understanding of both English and German. Both Mr. and Mrs. Niebrugge belong to the Lutheran Church, and his political views are Democratic. HENRY SCHLOTTMANN, a wide-awake Democrat of Lock- hart Township, Pike Co., Ind., was born in Hanover, Ger- many, January 22, 1822. His parents, John C. and Mary Schlott- mann, were natives of the old country, where they lived and died, the father in 182') and the mother in 18G5. Henry came to the United States in 1845, landing at NeAv Orleans, and came almost directl}- to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he remained about seven years, working at almost anything that would bring in the almighty dollar. From there he moved to Lawrence County, Ind., and worked for some time in an iron foundry. He afterward lived in Dubois County and finally settled in Pike County, Ind., and began farming. April 30, 1840, he married Mary Lippoldt of Cincinnati, Ohio, and they became the parents of the following children: Lizzie (wife of Fred Wolf), William (deceased), Charley (deceased). John and Anna. On the 15th of July, 1855, his wife passed from among the living, and March 29, 18(^)5, Mary Museler of Cincinnati became his second wife and bore him seven children: Louis, Henry, Caroline (deceased), one infant (de- ceased), Louisa (deceased), William and Herman. Mr. Schlott- mann and family belong to the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is a Democrat and a successful farmer and well-known citizen. JARRETT W. STILL WELL, son of Henry and Mary Still- well, was born in Dubois County. Ind., June 28, 185(1 March 23, 1801, he married Eliza Hunsacher, of Pike County, who bore Inm five children — three sons and two daughters : John W. (teacher), Mary E., Christina, James and one deceased. Mr. Stillwell is a Democrat, and a member of the I. O. O. F. Feb- ruary 14, 1865, he enlisted in Company I, One Hundred and Forty-third Indiana Infantry, and served until the close of the war. May 12, 1865, while moving a house at Murfreesboro, Tenn., to be used as a cook house for his regiment, the building collapsed, and he was quite severely injured, and received his discharge October 17, 1805. Since that time he has been en- gaged in farming and stock raising, and is widely known and respected by all. Henry Stillwell, father of the above, was born in Kentucky, August 12, 1786. At a very early day he moved with his parents to Indiana, and when twenty years of age married 13 438 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. Sarah Simmons, of Kentucky, who bore him six children, three still living: Elizabeth, Thomas and Solomon. His wife died in 183G, and in 1837 he wedded Mary Bolin. To them were born four children, three still living: Jarrett, Sarah and Charlotte. This wife died in 1877, and in 1878, at the age of ninety-two years, he married his third wife, Nancy (Tindal) Kinder, of Indiana. Mr. Stillwell is a Democrat, and a member of the Bap- tist Church. He is the oldest man in Pike County, being now ninety-nine years of age, and is yet hale and hearty. His men- tal faculties are unimpaired, and his physical ability is wonder- ful, though his sight and hearing are somewhat blunted. WILLIAM STOEK is the son of John H. and Mary E. Stork, who were born in Westphalien, Germany, in 1795 and 1804:, respectively. They came to the United States and landed at New Orleans on the 23d of December, 1847, and soon after moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where the father died in 1848. The mother's death occurred at Evansville, Ind., in 1861. Our sub- ject was born in the old country, on the 8th of January, 1834, and came with his parents to America. He remained in Cincin- nati until 1857, when he came to Dubois County, Ind., and in 1860 moved to Pike County, and settled on a farm. October 17, 1856, Lisetta Tormoehlen, of Cincinnati, became his wife, and to their union eleven children were born, nine of whom are living: Minnie, Henry (teacher), Mary (wife of Charles Webber), Sarah, Louisa, Janie, Willie, Ella, Lizetta (deceased), Daniel and Liz- zie (deceased). Mr. Stork received a fair German education, and has acquired a very good knowledge of English by his own exertions. He is engaged in the general merchandise trade at Stendal, where he is doing an extensive and paying business. He and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in politics he is a Eepublican, and has held the office of post- master of Stendal since October 1, 1884. WILLIAM WEEKEMEYEE, an enterprising farmer of Lockhart Township, Pike Co., Ind., was born in Prussia, on tlie 5th of July, 1841. His parents were natives of the same province, where the father died in 1882, and where the mother still lives, a hale and hearty old lady. William immigrated to the United States in 1861, and landed at Baltimore, where he remained but a short time, coming soon after to Dubois County, Ind., where he worked as a day laborer, and finally settled on a farm in Pike County, Ind., and began life as an agriculturist. From boyhood Mr. Werremeyer has always been a hard worker, consequently his education is somewhat limited. He has always voted the Democratic ticket, and is one of Pike County^s most esteemed and valued citizens. His marriage with Mary Carl, of Dubois County, was solemnized in March, 1868, and they were BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 439 blessed with three children : John, Henry and Nora. Mrs. Wer- remeyer is a worthy lady, and an earnest member of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Reformed Chui'ch. MADISON TOWNSHIP. HON. JAMES BARKER was born January 10. 1820, in Du- bois County, Ind., and is one of five sons and two daughters of Henry and Elizabeth (Willard ) Barker. The father was of En- glish lineage, and was born December 26, 1781, in Virginia. He remained in his native State until 1810, when he went to Louis- ville, Ky., and worked as pilot on barges and keels over the falls. He remained here one year, and then came to Dubois County, Ind., and entered upward of 400 acres of land near Jasper. He was soon after ordained as a Baptist minister, and [)reached for about twenty-six years. During the Indian depredations, he enlisted under Capt. Little, and participated in the battle of Tip- pecanoe, he was then guard on the frontier for about thi"ee- months. He died in Dubois County, August 22, 18-46. The mother is one of German extraction, and was born October 25, 1793, in the State of Kentucky. She is yet living, and has reached the advanced age of ninety-three years. Our subject obtained his education by attending school three miles distant from his home. When thirty-three years old, he left the paternal roof and commenced the study of medicine under Dr. A. Jones,, of Corydon, Ind. After about three years' study, he entered into' partnership with the Doctor, but at the end of one year^ they dissolved partnership by mutual consent. He then went to Huntingburg, where he practiced about eighteen months and then abandoned the practice of medicine, and returned to farming. September 2, 1852, he married Minerva Ann Weise„ daughter of David and Elizabeth Weise. She was born Febru- ary 11, 1831, in Pike County. They became the parents of nine children: Henry D. (deceased), Joseph D., James B. B., Stephen D., Margaret I. (deceased), Virginia M. (wife of William H. Shawhan), Thomas JefPerson, Mary F. and Minerva Elizabeth. After marriage, they settled on 120 acres of land near Jasper, but later he sold out and purchased his present property of 656 acres. About 200 yards from his house is an iron and sulphur mineral spring which flows constantly. Mr. Barker is a Demo- crat, and in 1864, was elected to the State Senate from Gibson, Pike and Dubois Counties for the term of four years, and in. 440 ■ HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. 1872, he was elected to the State Legislature for Pike Comity, for two years. He is a Mason, and he and his wife are mem- bers of the Regular Baptist Church. JONATHAN J. BOWMAN was born in Butler County. Ohio, October 31, 1817, son of Jacob and Mary (Kepler) Bow- man. The father was of German descent, and was born in 1788, in Pennsylvania. He was a miller in the early part of his life, but in later years lived without doing any active labor. He mar- ried in 1809, and two years later moved to Bvitler County, Ohio, where he lived nine years. He lived successively in Preble and Logan Counties, and finally moved to Kaskaskia, 111., where he resided until his death in September, 1848. The mother was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1788. After the death of her husband, she lived with our subject until her death February K), 18()(). Our subject left home at the early age of fourteen j^ears, and com- menced to fight the battle of life for himself. He engaged as steward on a boat which plied on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. About four years later while at New Orleans, the Seminole war broke out, and Gen. Clark engaged him to take a cargo of mules to Tampa Bay. After reaching Florida, he engaged as teamster for the army and remained with them four months, and then returned to New Orleans and resumed his work on the river. In 1838, he came to Pike County, and January 4, of the next year, he married Elizabeth Miley, daughter of John and Mary Miley. They became the parents of eight children, five of whom are liv- ing: Nancy J., James R., Jonathan M., Joseph L. and Laura A. On account of ill-health, he went to Illinois where he remained four years. He then returned to Pike County, and three years later purchased eighty acres of land, which he has increased to 310 acres. His wife died September 30, 1880. He is a Demo- crat in politics, and cast his first vote for Martin Van Buren. In 1855, he was elected township assessor for four years, and in 18fi0, was elected county commissioner for three years, and was re-elected for five successive terms. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. He was married to Margaret ( Richardson ) Bates, April 18, 1882, they have one child, born May 25, 1884. named Edna G. PETER BURKHART was born in North Carolina, January 2(), 1822. His parents, Leonard and Dedida (Smith) Burkhart, were of Dutch and English descent respectively. They were born in Europe and came to North Carolina when quite young. Here they married. They came to Pike County, Ind., about 1835 and passed the remainder of their lives. The father died about 1855 and the mother in 1852. The family came to Indiana when our subject was about thirteen years old. The country at that time » was heavily timbered and was iidiabited by many wild animals. BIOGHAPIIICAL SKETCHES. 441 He killed a deer the first year, and has always had the reputation of beini^ the greatest hunter, and of always kee])ing the largest number and best bred hounds of any man in the county. H(^ killed the last deer seen in the county from his house at a dis- tance of 130 yards. It has only been six years since he captured a large gray wolf about two miles south of his residence. About seven years ago he had a leg broken while following the hounds and since that time has participated but very little in the chase. He has succeeded well as a farmer and now owns 297^ acres of land having sold 1()0 acres of his farm. Elizabeth Snyder be- came his wife April 1, 1844. They became the parents of nine children, eight of wliom are married and living within three miles of their father. They all have families but none of their children have died. The family history presents remarkable in- stances of longevity. He has always been a Democrat in politics and has served as township trustee six terms. During his first term the township was in debt over $100, but he soon paid tlie debt, and during Avar times it had a debt of over $3,000. In two years this was paid otf and the township is in a flourishing condi- tion. His last two terms he brought the townshi]) out with a cash balance of about $1,500. He has been urged by his many friends to run for higher offices but he has invariably declined. He has been one of the most successful office holders and promi- nent pioneer citizens of the county. NOAH BUKKHAET, soji of Lecmard and Dedida (Smith) Burkhart (see sketch of Peter Burkhart for family history), was born in North Carolina, February 21, 1833. He was raised in Pike County, Ind., having come with his parents to this State when only two years of age. He assisted his ])arents on the farm until twenty-two years old, Avhen he jnarried and began tilling the soil on his own responsibility. He owns 185 acres of ri^'er bot- tom land, about 100 acres of Avliich are under cultivation and yields about sixty bushels of corn and twenty-five bushels of wheat to the acre. August 15, 1854 he was married to Harriet Selby, daughter of Samuel and Nancy Selby of Pike County, Ind. The father is dead biit the mother still lives on the old |)lace. Mr. Burkhart and wife are the parents of two children, one died in infancy Jiamed Isabel and tlie other Nancy V. is noAv married to Joseph D. Barker. Mr. Burkhart is a Democrat and his wife is a member of the Missionary Baptist Church. EICHARD GLADISH, one of the ohl settlers of Pike Coun- ty, Ind., was born December 22, 1818, in Pike County. He is a son of Jeremiah and Nancy (Lindsey) Gladish. The father Avas born in North Carolina September 1, 1783, and was of Englis descent. He Avas a farmer by occu[)ation and left his home in his youth and settled in Warren County, Ky. He Avas married 442 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. December?, 1806, and about 1814 he moved to Pike County, Ind., where he entered 220 acres of land, and remained until his death, November 9, 1868. He was among the first white settlers of the ■county and for the fii'st few years lived in a block-house to protect himself and family from the Indians. Where then were dense forests and log-cabins, now are well cultivated farms and fine dwelling houses. The mother was of Irish descent and was born July 16, 1788, in Warren County, Ky. Her death occurred June 13, 1873. Our subject was educated in the district schools near hi« home. After his father's death he assumed control of the farm, and December 15, 1831), he married Eliza Ann Foster; she was born March 8, 1819, in Sheffield, England. Mr. Gladish from time to time bought out the heirs of the old homestead until he became possessor of the entire tract — 220 acres. He has erected a fine dwelling house and has good buildings in every respect. He is a Republican and cast his first vote for William H. Harri- son. He was assessor for the county four years and for Madison Township two years, and was township trustee two terms. He is •one of the oldest citizens of Pike County. His wife is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church and they are the parents of these children: William, Nancy Jane (wife of Hosea Alexander), Thomas (deceased), Catherine (deceased), Eleanor, Isabel (wife of W. S. Hunter), J. Wright, Matthew W. Foster (deceased) and Ptichard Evert. DAVID W. GLADISH was born November 29, 1832, in Pike County, Ind. He is a son of James and Ann (Wease) Gladish; James was of Irish extraction and was born in Kentucky in 1809, and followed the life of a farmer. He came with his parents to Indiana when about one year old. His father, our subject's grandfather, entered 220 acres of land, where he lived and died. James was married in 1831, and shortly after pur- chased eighty acres of land where he lived nearly five years. He then traded this for eighty acres in another part of the town- ship. His death occurred September 14, 1883. The mother was of French descent. She was born in 1813, and died February 8, 1881. Our subject made his home with his jjeople until he attained his majority. November 17, 1853, he married Eliza Basinger, daughter of Michael Basinger. She was born March 24, 1835, in Perry County, Ind. They became the parents of six children: Mary A., wife of Lemuel Stapleton; Elizabeth F., wife of John Mumbrum; James, Michael, Alice and David. Mrs. Gladish died February 20, 18()6. October 29, of the next year he married Elizabeth (Shoemaker) Summer, daugh- ter of John and Nancy Shoemaker. She was born October 30, 1834. They have three children born to them : Ulysses, Edgar find Oliver. After his first marriage he piu'chased about forty BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 443 acres of land in Madison Township, where he located and has since lived. He has increased his farm to 197^ acres on which he has erected fine buildings. He is a Mason and a Kepublican, casting his first vote for John C. Fremont. CHAELES J. GLADISH son of Lowry and E. C. H. (Alex- ander) Gladish was born on a farm in Pike County, Ind., De- cember 5, 1855. He received a very fair education in the com- mon schools and when about twenty-three years old went to Kansas, but remained only three months, when he returned home and engaged in farming on land which he purchased from his father. He owns eighty acres of very fine land, forty acres of it being in the White River bottom, and very fertile. On some of his high land he has a pecan orchard, something which is not commonly seen in elevated localities. December 4, 1879, he took for his life companion, Mary E. daughter of Bartlett and Elizabeth (Borders) Catt. They are the parents of two children: Montgomery B. born May 17, 1881, and Richard L. born Decem- ber 14, 1883. In politics Mr. Gladish has always been a Demo- crat. Mrs. Gladish' s parents were very early settlers of the county. The father died when she was quite young, and the mother January 2, 1885. JOSEPH L. HARRISON was born April 10, 1850, in Pike C^ounty, Ind. He is one of a family of five sons and three daughters of Otho and Mary A. (Evans) Harrison, who were natives of Madison County, Ky., and born in 1807 and 1810 re- spectively. The father was of German descent and always led the life of a farmer. He was married in his native State and came to Indiana in 1834 and purchased 220 acres of land in Pike County. He lived here for about forty years, and then traded for another farm of 116 acres and received $40 per acre for his additional land. He died in October, 1876. The mother is yet living and is in her seventy-sixth year. ■ Joseph L. received a common school education. He made his home with his people until he was twenty-five years old. December 1, 1875, he mar- ried Lucretia Grubb, daughter of Henry and Jane Grubb, born November, 1847, in Pike County. They have one child named Lydia. They rented the home place for five years after their marriage, but now own eighty acres of good land. He is a firm Democrat in politics and cast his first vote for Horace Greeley. In 1882 he was elected township assessor for four years, his time expiring in the spring of 1885. He has given the best satis- faction as an ofiicer and is much esteemed as a citizen. H. D. LAMB was born January 17, 1887, in Pike Coun- ty, Ind., and is one of eleven children born to Stanton and Elizabeth (Bright) Lamb. The father was born in South Caro- lina in 1801 and was a tiller of the soil. He left his native State 444 [TISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. at the age of ten years with an uncle and came to Pike County, Ind., married and purchased 360 acres of land in Washington and Madison Townships. He died March 20, 1884. "When a boy he carried the surveyor's chain to lay out the town of Peters- burg, his uncle, Hosea Smith, being county surveyor at that time. The mother was a native of Springfield, 111., and was born about 1805 and died about 1855. Our subject was married February 28, 1858, to Margaret Malott, daughter of Elijah and Celia Malott, she was born December 8, 184:1, in Pike County. They have five living children: Adelia, Oliver Perry, Newton L., Malhman W. and Thomas H. Immediately after marriage Mr. Lamb located on the farm where he now lives. He was a strong Union man and accordingly, February 21, 18()4, he enlisted in Company E, Twenty-fourth Indiana Infantry. His company took part in no hard fought battles but was in numerous skirmishes. He re- mained in the field until hostilities ceased when he was dis- charged November 15, 18(55, and returned home to his family. He is a Republican in politics and cast his first vote for Abraham Lincoln. AVILLIAM B. MALOTT was born in Pike County, Ind., June 3, 1823, and is a son of Elijah and Celia (Kinman) Malott. The father was of French extraction and was born April 10, 1796, in Jefferson County, Ky. When a young man nineteen or twenty years of age he left his native State and came to Pike County, where he married and purchased 200 acres of land, where he yet lives. He was one of the first white settlers in the county and came here when the Indians were very numerous and he and family were compelled to seek protection in a block-house. The mother was of German lineage and Avas born in Georgia, August 13,1801, she died on her birthday in 1872. Subject received a lim- ited education owing to the newness of the country and the ab- sence of free schools. October 3, 1844, he wedded Cynthia Ann Lewis, daughter of Stephen and Elizabeth Lewis. She was born June 26, 1826, in Gibson County, Ind. They became the par- ents of six children: Perry (deceased), Clinton, Elizabeth, wife of John McAtee, Rozellar (wife of William Jones), Jackson and Grant. Mr. Malott is an energetic and shrewd business man and owns 295 acres of excellent land, furnished with good buildings. In politics he is a Republican and cast his first vote for Zachary Taylor. In 1844 he was nominated and elected township trustee but resigned in favor of Reason Malott. His wife is a member of the Missionary Baptist Church. RICHARD MORGAN is the sixth of eight children born to Joseph C. and Sarah (Frederick) Morgan. He was born August 4, 183() in the township where he now lives. His father was born July 30, 1791 in New Jersey, Here he was raised and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 445 followed the occupations of farming and blacksmitliing. He came to Indiana after he was grown and lived in Pike County until his death which occurred February 28, lSt)9. The mother was born in the very western part of Pike County, February 20, 1809, and died May 17, 1877. Richard was raised on a farm and had very limited educational advantages. When twenty-one years old he began farming for himself but made his home with his parents until after he was thirty years old. His father died about this time and he remained but a short time with his motlier. September 7, 1870, Margaret McAtee, daughter of Benjamin and Ellen (Decker) McAtee, became his wife. To their union two children were born: Florence, born January 24, 1874, died June 2, 1884, Arvilla Alice, born October 4, 1871). Mr. Morgan's wife died September 26, 1878 and September 7, 1880, Caroline, daughter of Peter and Elizabeth Burkhart became his wife. They have one child, Eufus, born June 22, 1881. The wife was born April (J, 1840. In politics Mr. Morgan is a Democrat and always has been. His father was one of three brothers who came to Indiana from New Jersey. All of them are now dead and there are but Richard and one sister living of the father's family. One of the brothers lived an old bachelor aiid the other raised a large family in Knox County. MARCUS L. REED, an enterprising farmer of Madison Township, Pike Co., Ind., was born in the county Avere he now lives, December 5, 1839, and is one of a family of eight children born to Green B. and Virginia (Withers) Reed. The father was of German descent and was born in Washington County, Ky., June 10, 1810. When only eight years old, he left his native State and came with his parents to Indiana, locating in Pike County, and followed farming as an occupation. At the time of his marriage, he lived in said county and soon after entered 240 acres in Section 29, Madison Township, where he set- tled and remained until his death in February, 1884. His wife was of German descent and was born August 8, 1809, in Indiana and died September 25, 1884. Our subject was reared at home, receiving his education in the district schools, April 18, 18()7. Amanda Shaffer, born January 185(), daughter of Levi and Cath- arine Shaffer, became his wife. They have one child, Ora Vir- ginia. After marriage they lived for one year in Warrick County, and then returned to Madison Township, Pike County where they have since lived. They own sixty-five acres of land and are doing well. In politics he is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Stephen A. Douglas. MARCELLUS M. REED is a son of Green and Virginia (Withers) Reed. (See sketch of Marcus Reed.) He was born on the place where he now lives September 15, 1848. He was 446 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. raised on the farm and received a good education in the common school. He remained with his father and worked on the home farm until he was thirty-three years old, when he married and went to housekeeping in the same house with his father, whose death occurred February 23, 1883. Since that time he has owned 105 acres of the home farm. He has succeeded well and his farm is well improved. October 26, 1882, he was united in marriage to Laura, daughter of George W. and Carrie (Miley) Smith. Mr. and Mrs. Reed are the parents of two children: Kalph B., born July 28, 1883, and Hiram C, born December 18, 1884, and died when about three weeks old. Our subject is a zealous Dem- ocrat, and was raised as such. The mother's parents were born and raised near Petersburg. The father is deceased, but the mother is still living on the farm. REV. JEFFERSON W. RICHARDSON was born June 24, 1829, in Warrick County, Ind., and is a son of Edward P. and Eliza (Fleener) Richardson. The father was of Irish-English descent and was born October 2, 1806. He was tlie youngest of nineteen children. Eight of his brothers took an active part in the battle of New Orleans. He farmed on the old homestead until his death, in October, 1831. The mother was of Dutch-Irish lineage, born September 2, 1809. After her husband's death she married again. Her death occurred September 5, 1876. The father died when our subject was but two years old. Owing to the disadvantages that surrounded him, his education was very limited. He was taught to read and write by his first wife, and at the present time he is a man of good education and excellent business qualities. He has been married four times. His first wife was Mary Fer- gerson, at whose death there were left six children, as fol- lows: Edward P., Margaret A., James F., Eliza, Matilda J. and William J. He married Missouri Tucker in May, I860, born April 10, 1843, by whom he is the father of one child named Mary. His wife died in 1868 and in January, 1869, he married Margaret Sprinkle, born in November, 1834. She died in De- cember, 1873, leaving a daughter, Cyrena. June 7 of the next year he led to Hymen's altar Caroline Gladish, born October 2, 1853. After Mr. Richardson's first marriage he purchased 160 acres of land in Monroe Township. In 1859 he laid out the village of Pleasantville. He is a Democrat and has held the office of justice of the peace eight years, and was a member of the State Legislature two years, from 1864 to 1866. In 1870 he was elected county clerk and moved to Petersburg. In 1877 he was appointed treasurer to fill an unexpired term, and was re-elected in 1878. At the close of the term he returned to his farm, where he has remained ever since. Mr. Richardson commenced preaching in 186() and in 1872 was ordained as a Regular Baptist minister, and has had charge of three churches ever since that time. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 447 HAEKISON H. SMITH is a son of Onias and Mary (Wyett) Smith, and was born August 23, 1838, in Pike County, Ind. The father was a native of North Carolina, born in 1805. In 1810 he came with his parents to Pike County, Ind., and his father entered a larg^e tract of land near Petersburg. He was a surveyor by occupation and worked at that business in North Car- olina and also after coming to Indiana. He laid out the town of Petersburg and also surveyed numerous tracts throughout Pike and the adjoining counties. Our subject's father, Onias, married in Pike County, and afterward bought property near Petersburg, where he located and remained as a tiller of the soil until his death, which occurred in September, 1869. The mother was born in Kentucky and came to Indiana with her parents when a small child. She is yet living and is over seventy-five years of age. Harrison H. made his home with his parents until he was twenty-six years old. September, 18(34, he married Nancy Jane Bowman, daucrhter of Jonathan and Elizabeth Bowman. She was born November 14, 1845, in Illinois. They have four chil- dren liviner, named Rollin P., Cordelia, Onias and Emmet. Mr. Smith farmed on a rented place for over a year and then bought fifty-nine acres near Petersburg, where he lived for about four years and then sold out and purchased 100 acres in Madison Township. He has added ninety-three acres to this, and has one of the best farms in Pike County. He is a Democrat in politics, and cast his first vote for Stephen A. Douglas. JOHN G. SNIDER, a native of North Carolina, was born April 20, 1822. He is a son of Adam and Christina Snider, who were the parents of seven children, our subject being the fifth. The parents were natives of the same State as our subject and were of German descent. In 1831 they moved to Pike County, Ind., and located on a farm in Madison Township, where they both died, the father in 1876, and the mother in 1864. The father was a farmer and blacksmith. John G. was raised on a farm in his native State and after his parents' removal to this State he still remained with them. When about thirty years old he beeran working: for himself at the blacksmith's trade, continu- ing in that business about eight years, and then began farming. He owns fifty-one acres of very rich, river bottom land. It is nearly all under cultivation and yields from sixty to seventy-five bushels of corn, twenty-five to thirty bushels of wheat, and forty to fifty bushels of oats to the acre. Although his land is some- times inundated and his crops lost, yet one year of good fortune compensates for his losses. Mr. Snider has never married, and for the last thirty years has been keeping house for himself. He has been a Whig and Republican all his life and has served one term as coroner of the county. 448 HISTORY OF PIKE CoUNTV. BUEWELL J. STEWART was born in Petersburg, Ind., August 25, 1818, and is said to have been the first child born on the site of that town. His parents were Thomas and Elizabeth (Simonton) Stewart. The father was previously married to Rachel Wright, by whom he is the father of one child, now liv- ing in Kansas. Thomas was born in Virginia, and raised in Warren County, Ky. When a young man he was a volunteer in the war of 1812, and was sent into Pike County, Ind., and liking the country he resolved to locate there, which he did some time after marrying his first wife. They came on ]:)ack horses, and settled on a farm in the above named county. The father filled a number of different oflices, and was a member of the State Leg- islature about nine terms. He died November 6, 1850. The mother was born in North Carolina, but was raised in Ohio. She came to Indiana, when quite young. Her death occurred December 24, 1848. Our subject was raised on the old home- stead, and now owns part of the old place. His education is somewhat limited, but he was aided very much in his studies by Maj. John Mclntyre. About 183() he began fiat-boating, and went to New Orleans every winter. June 5, 1845, he married Hemmer Ann Catt, and they became the parents of eight children, two dying in infancy. Six sons were raised to manhood, but only five are now living: Lawrence W. (deceased), Alexander L., John T., Stephen A. D., Robert M. and Clarence P. Mr. Stewart is a Democrat. His eldest son, Lawrence, now deceased, was a cripple from childhood. He ac- quired a good education, and graduated from the State Normal. He was elected to the Legislature in 187(5-77, and was county superintendent of schools of Pike County two terms, his death occurring while in office. The other sons are farmers, and are doina: well, financially. The two youngest are yet at home. JOHN L. SUMNER was born in Perry County, Ind., No- vember 2(), 18(31. He is a son of Lewis A. and Elizabeth (Shoe- maker) Sumner, who were the parents of two children, our suli- ject being the younger. The other son, Millard E., now lives near John L. The parents were natives of Perry County, and lived there some time after their marriage. They then moved to Kansas, where they remained about two years, and then came back to their old home. The father enlisted in the army in 18(31, and died while in the service. He was a farmer, and in ordinary circumstances, financially. Our subject was raised with his mother, who married D. W. Gladish, and moved to Pike County, Ind., where she still lives. When about twenty-one years old John L. left home, and began working for himself. He purchased seventy-five acres where he now lives, and has about half of it under good cultivation. He has a fine frame residence, I BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 449 and is doing well, from a financial stand-point. Feljruary IS, 1883, he married Alice E. AVlieeler, daughter of William A. and Mary Wheeler, of Perry County, Ind. In politics Jt)hn L. is a Republican, and was raised as such. MARION TOW^NSHIP. PERRY C. ABBOT, an enterprising farmer of Marion Town- ship. Pike Co.. Ind., is a son of Lenhart and Hannah Abbot. Lenhart was born in Clark County, Ind., in 1815, and his wife in Muhlenburgh County, Ky., in 1817. They were married in Pike County, and their union was blessed with nine children, six of whom are yet living. The parents are yet living in Pike County, and are in comparative good health for old people. The subject of our sketch was born July 25, 1851, in Pike County, and remained with his parents until twenty years old, when he began working for himself. January 11. 1874, he married Lucinda C. Tolten, a native of the same county as himself, and they became the parents of five children — two sons and three daughters: Cyrus, McDonald, Cora. Lillie and Cordelia. Mr. Abbot has a thorough knowledge of the common school branches, and is well- versed in the studies of algebra, Latin, rhetoric and natural phil- osoph}'. He has been a teacher in the public schools of Iowa and Indiana for sixteen years. He is a Democrat and notary public. Besides the occupation of teaching school, he is engaged in farm- ing in which he has succeeded fairly. WILLIAM T. ANDERSON was born in Dubois County, Ind., December 13, 1833, and is a son of Andrew and Mary Anderson, who were natives of Mercer County, Ky. The mother died in 1844, and the father took for his second wife Obedience Williams, of Kentucky. They are among the old pioneer settlers of Indiana, who came here in 1816. He married in Indiana, and settled on a farm in Dubois County, where both parents died. Our subject remained with his parents until he attained the age of eighteen years, when he liegan working for himself. January 10. 1856, he took for his life companion, Nancy Jones, of Laurel County, Ky., and they became the parents of nine children: Sebastian, Mary Josephine (deceased), Ella (deceased), Clora, (wife of Zeno Hobbs), Andrew and Amanda (twins). May, William Beecher and Eva. Mr. Anderson and family are earnest workers in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and aid by their influ- 450 HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. ence and money, all enterprises for the public good. Mr, Ander- son is a Republican, and was county commissioner of Pike Coun- ty for three years. He is a successful farmer, and a worthy and useful citizen. DR. LeROY broad well is the son of Henry and Eliza- beth Broadwell. The mother was born in Virginia, and the father in North Carolina in 1792. He served in the war of 1812, and was one of the old pioneer settlers of Indiana, coming here at a very early day; he endured many of the hardships incident to pioneer life. His death occurred in his native State in 1870. The subject of our sketch was born in Warrick County, Ind., July 21, 1834. He remained with his parents until eighteen years old, when he left home and traveled in Minnesota, Iowa and the Western Territories, and finally returned to Indiana. July 1, 1861, he enlisted in the war as a volunteer soldier in Com- pany A, First Indiana Cavalry, and was in the severe conflicts of Fredericktown, Mo. and Helena and Little Rock, Ark. In October, 1861, he was taken prisoner and remained such for one year, when he was exchanged. He immediately entered the service again, and soon rose to the rank of captain. He returned home in 1864, and three years later, on the 4tli of April, was married to Eliza- beth B. Burton, of Gibson County, Ind. They became the parents of seven children — one son and six daughters: Alfaretta, Lucinda Estella, Henry Burton, Emily Kate, Clara Ellen, Nancy Bell and Maggie David, Dr. Broadwell received his medical education in the university at Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1882, he abandoned the practice of medicine on account of ill-health, and engaged in farming. In politics he is a farmer, and a respected and promi- nent citizen of Marion Township. THOMAS J. J. COOKE is the son of Thomas H. and Mary Cooke. The father was born in Gloucestershire, England, in 1775, and the mother in Fayette County, Ky., in 1777. They were married in Lexington, Ky., and to their union six children were born, only three of whom are living. The mother died in 1828, and two years after her death the father remarried, his sec- ond wife being Priscilla Pierson, of Kentucky. They have four living children. The father departed this life in 1845. Our sub- ject was born August 17, 1826, in Fayette County, Ky., and June 18, 1850, Mary J. Deuberry became his wife. Her death occurred March 23, 1870, and five years later he married Jane M. Eaton, of Pike County. To them were born three children: Edward E., (deceased), Thomas H. and Cecelia E. Mr. Cooke's political views are Republican. He was a soldier in the late war, and was in Company H. Eightieth Indiana Infantry, and in an engage- ment was wounded by a musket ball. He received his discharge March 21, 1865, and since that time has been a successful farmer. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 451 JAMES M. DEAEING is a son of John and Polly Dearing, who were natives of Virginia and Kentucky, respectively. They were married in the mother's native State, and followed farming as an occupation. The father's death occurred in 1863 and the mother's in 1823. Our subject was born April (5, 1818, in Wash- ington County, Ky., and came to Indiana and settled on a farm in Marion Township, Pike County, and began his career as a tiller of the soil. In 1842, Elizabeth Jane Thomas, a native of Vir- ginia, became his life companion and the mother of eight chil- dren — four sons and four daughters: Isaiah, Mary (deceased), James (deceased), Maria, Robert (deceased), Margaret, Louisa and John. Mr. Dearing's education is very limited, but all the family can read and write. They are members of the Methodist Church, and his political views are Republican. He is a success- ful farmer and one of the old pioneer settlers, and a prominent and respected citizen of his township. ELIJAH E. RICHARDSON is the son of John and Mary Richardson, who were natives of Kentucky, born in 1809 and 1812, respectively. In 1837 they removed to Illinois, remaining one year, and then settled on a farm near Petersburg, where his wife died in 1844. Three years later he visited Kentucky with his four children, and while there married Lucinda B. Hollon, his present wife. They became the parents of seven children. Soon after his second marriage he returned to Petersburg and sold his farm and then lived in Kentucky, three years after which he again lived in Pike County, Ind. At the present time they are living in Huntingburgh. Our subject was born March 11, 1886, and on the 19th of November. 1860, he married Mary Clyde, who bore him one son, John T. In 1862 she died, and five years later he married Elizabeth Rodarmel. They are the parents of four sons and one daugJiter: Ida A., William L., Joseph E., Elvis O. (deceased) and Nathan A. In 1862 he enlisted in Company H, Eightieth Indiana Infantry. He was in many severe conflicts and was twice severely wounded and had to be sent to the hospital, where he was exposed to the small-pox. He was then sent to Quincy, 111., and confined in the pest house for six weeks. His right eye was injured by the disease, but he again returned to the service, and was captured in 1863 by Morgan's men and remained a parole prisoner until the following May, when he was exchano;ed and returned to the service. He received his discharge in April, 18()5. Since that time he has been a farmer. He and family belong to the Baptist Church, and he is a member of the G. A. R. and a National in politics. JAMES RISLEY is a son of John and Margaret Risley. The father was a native of New Jersey and the mother of Vir- ginia. They were married in the mother's native country, and 452 nisTouY of pike county. their union resulted in nine cliildreu. They moved from Virginia to Kentucky and finally came to Pike County, Ind., where the father and mother died. James Kisley was born at Petersburg, Pike Co., Ind., June 7, 1811; at that time, however, there was no town on the present site of Petersburg. At the age of nineteen years he married Martha Miller, of Ohio, September 7. 1831, and their union was blessed with eight children: Maria, Hannah, Eunice, Margareth, Polly, Lafayette, Martha (wife of Philli}) D. Allburn) and Eliza; all are dead except Martha. Mr. Risley has a limited English education and he and wife belong to the General Baptist Church. In politics he is a liberal voter and has served as township trustee for one year. He and wife have been married fifty-four years, and are now enjoying the fruits of their early labor and the esteem and respect of all who know them. The little town of Velpen is built on a farm once owned by James Risley. WILLIAM RISLEY,' son of John and Margaret Risley (see sketch of James Risley), was born July 13, 1811, in Pike County. Ind., and was raised on a farm. November 5, 1840, he married Mary McCarty, of Daviess County, Ind., and they became the par- ents of seven children: Jackson; Harrison, killed in the army: Perry; Hattie, deceased; Amanda, wife of William Dillon; one died in infancy, and Hulda, deceased. December 4, 1852, his wife was called from among the living, and, in 1854, he married Martha Corn, who died one year after marriage, leaving one child, Franklin. April 23, 1863. he took for his third wife Nancy Bolin, of Dubois County, Their union was blessed with twelve children: Major, Louisa (deceased), Eli, Abraham Lincoln. Lear, Frederick, Clara, Ricka, Walter, Delpha. Posey and one unnamed who died in infancy. Mr. Risley's education is some- what limited; he is a Republican in politics, a successful farmer and respected and prominent citizen of Marion Township. JACKSON RISLEY is the son of William and Mary Risley, natives of Indiana. The father Avas born in 1814 and the mother in 1824. They were married in Daviess County, the mother's birthplace, and finally settled in Pike County and began tilling the soil. The father still lives, but the mother died December 14. 1852. Jackson, our subject, was born October 19, 1841, in Pike County. When tAventy years old he eidisted in the civil war and served in Company G, Forty-second Indiana Infantry. He served from September 21, 1861, till in August, 1865, and fought in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Buzzard's Roost. Kenesaw Mountain, Lookout Mountain, Avhere he was wounded in the foot by a musket ball, and also at Atlanta, Bentonville and Black River, N. C. January 11, 1866, he married Tabitha Ann Wallace, of Daviess County, Ind., and they became BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 453 the parents of these children: William F. Mary Etta, Melissa May, Dora Ann (deceased). Amy Blanche, Fannie Orta, Grace Gertrude (deceased), Leroy Harrison, Laura Ella. Mr. Risley and family are members of the Methodist Church and he is a Republican and a successful farmer of Marion Township. JONAS ROBINSON is the eldest son in a family of nine children, four of whom are Hying at the present time. The father, Stephen Robinson, was born in New York City in 1804, and died in Pike County, Ind., in 1848. His wife, Elizabeth Robinson, was born May 1, 1805, in east Tennessee. They were married in Perry County, Ind., and afterward settl-ed in Pike County, where the mother died in 1875. The subject of our sketch was born in Perry County, August 4, 1828. After his father's death he remained with his mother until he was twenty- four years of age and assisted her in eyery way that he could. Noyember 23, 1853, he married Rebecca J. Dickson, of Dubois, County, and they became the parents of fiye children : Martha E., Marcus E., Mary E., Marion E. and Nancy I. At the breaking out of the ciyil war he enlisted in Company C, Fifty-eighth Indiana In- fantry. He participated in the battles of Stone Riyer, Cliicka- mauga, Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge; he was appointed sergeant and seryed in that capacity until the close of the war; he and family are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and he is a Republican. In 1872 he began dealing in leaf tobacco; he has a good farm which contains coal and silyer in considerable quantities. His wife was called from among the liying July 15, 1885. SASSER SULLIVAN is the son of Josiah and Patience Sul- liyan, who were natiyes of North Carolina, where the father was born in 1798 and the mother in 1805, They came to Indiana in 1852 and located on a farm in Pike County where the father died in 1881. Our subject was born in North Carolina January 29, 1828. When eighteen years old he enlisted in Company K., Third Kentucky Regiment, of the Mexican war, and seryed until its close. In September, 1848, he married Abigail Brock, of Kentucky, and to them seyen children were born: John V. (deceased), William H., George W.. Mary Patience, Jesse J., and two Avdio died in infancy. Mrs. Sullivan died December 21), 18(34, and two years later he married Laura B. Richardson, who bore him seyen children: Sarah E., Etta (deceased), Armilda J., Wade R., Abigail, Richard R., and Ethan Allen. At the break- ing out of the war Mr. Sulliyan enlisted in Company G, Fifty- eighth Indiana Volunteers. In about a year he was promoted to the position of lieutenant, but he resigned his office, returned home and organized Company H of the Eightieth Regiment. He fought in many of the most bloody conflicts on record : Pitts- 454 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. burg Landing, Perryville and the entire Georgia campaign and many others. He at different times held the offices of captain and sergeant; he is a Democrat, and his family belong to the Baptist Church; he has served twice as real estate appraiser of Pike County, several times as township assessor and three years as township trustee. JAMES SUEVANT, a well to do farmer of Marion Town- ship, is a son of William and Jane Survant. The parents were natives of Kentucky, where they lived and died. They were the parents of eight children, four of whom are living. William was a successful farmer and stock raiser. James was born in the birthplace of his parents April 13, 1827, and on the 18tli of Sep- tember, 1851, Catharine J. Pipes, a native of the "Blue Grass" State, became his wife. They became the parents of eleven chil- dren — seven sons and four daughters: William W., James A. Joseph H. Levi J., Richard B. (deceased), Mary J., wife of Brace Bruner. George T., Martha E. (wife of John Nelson), Sallie C, Caleb A. and Hettie L. On the 20th of October, 1883, Mrs. Survant died very suddenly. She appeared as well as usual when arising, and attended to her household duties, when without a word of warning, she suddenly fell dead. The cause of her sudden death was heart disease. Mr. Survant is a Democrat and an old settler and successful farmer *of Marion Township. He and family belong to the General Baptist Church. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. GEORGE M. ABBET, merchant at Otwell, Ind., is a native of Jefferson Township, where he was born, November 20, 1838. He is the fourth of eleven children born to the marriage of Ed- win Abbet and Susan Adams. The former was a native of South Carolina, and came to this State and county in company Avith his parents when quite young. They made their first settlement in Jefferson Township, where they and the most of their descend- ants have always remained residents. Our subject's father is still living, but owing to an illness that occurred in 1883, his mind has become enfeebled. George was reared on a farm and remained at home with, and assisted his parents until he Avas twenty-five years old, when he married Sarah Perkins, November 30, 1863. Mr. Abbet's occupation up to May, 1884, was farming, but since that time he has been engaged in the mercantile busi- ness, but still continues to cultivate his farm of 118 acres. Li BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 455 his business he carries a stock worth about $1,500, and has a good and paying trade. His political views are Democratic. JOHN F. CLAEK is a native of Belmont County, Ohio, where he was born December 23, 1822. He is a son of Zacha- riah and Edith (McNichols) Clark, who were natives of Mary- land and Virginia, respectively. Our subject was reared in Bel- mont, Muskingum and Guernsey Counties. His mother died when he Avas four years old, and his father when he was ten years old. He then lived for some time with a cousin, and afterward made his home with his elder brothers. Owing to the backward state of school systems at that time, his education is somewhat limited. November 20, 1849, his marriage with Margaret Gard- ner was solemnized, and to their union twelve children were born, of whom these are now living: Isaac AV., Henry H., Selvinus E.. Mary, Newton W. and Alice (twins), Ellen, Elizabeth E. and John N. Mr. Clark enlisted in the Home Guards for five years, and May 2, 18(54, at the urgent call of his country, lie went to the front, and served for four and a half months. His occupa- tion has always been farming, in which he has lieen quite successful. He owns 105 acres of well improved land. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in politics he is a Prohibitionist, lielieving in a total abolishment of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors of every de- scription. WILLIAM COX was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sep- tember 14, 181(5, and is a son of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Cooper) Cox, who were natives of Maryland. From there they moved to Kentucky, then to Ohio, and finally to Indiana, about 1820. The father was a farmer by occupation, and was in very good circumstances. AVilliam's educational advantages were quite limited. He remained at home until twenty years old, when he began working for himself, and at one time owned a farm of 840 acres, but by presenting his children with land at different times, he now owns only 335 acres. December 22, 183(), Anna Fisher became his wife, and bore him ten children, these now living: Jane, wife of AV. Lindsey; Elizabeth, wife of Henry Aust ; Matilda, wife of Albert Ashby ; Alfred ; Rebecca Anne, wife of Jesse W. ; Thomas and William. Mr. Cox has always been a Democrat in politics, and served as justice of the peace in Duliois County, for five years. MOSES L. CHAPPELL is the seventh in a family of ten children born to Jacob and Rachel (Lane) Chajjpell. He was born near Petersburg, Pike Co., Ind., April 24, 1822. His par- ents were from the eastern part of North Carolina, and came to Indiana about 1815, during the early settlement of the State. The father was a farmer in moderate circumstances, and died 456 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. April 25, 1846. The mother died in 1875, at the ripe old age of ninety years. Our subject was raised on a farm, and had very limited educational advantages, but since becoming grown he has educated himself by self exertion. At the age of nineteen years he began farming for himself on rented places, and about four years later he married Nancy D. Freelend, of Daviess County. They became the parents of ten children: Elvira D., Adaline O., Eachel E., Mary A., Milton S., Demphard, Moses E., Martha A., James E. and George AV. At the breaking out of the war he en- listed as a recruit in Company I, Fifty-eighth Indiana Volunteers September 12, 1862, and served until June 13, 1865, when he was discharged. He was at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, and took part in many skirmishes. On coming home from the war he began farming on some land his wife had purchased while he was in the army. He has been quite successful, and now owns 125 acres of very fine land. Mr. Chapi)ell and wife are members of the Methodist Protestant Church, and he has been a zealous Eepublican, and has been since the organization of that party : previous to that time, a Whig. Five of his children are in Nebraska, two are married and living near home, and three yet reside under the paternal roof. CAPT. WILLIAM E. CHAPPELL was born iu Pike County, Ind., September 22, 1834. Stephen and Hannah (Miller) Chap- pell were the parents of seven children, our subject being the eldest in the family. The father was of Scotch descent, and was born at Petersburg in a block-house used as a fort against Indian attacks. At the time of his birth his father was absent participating in the battle of Tippecanoe. April 22, 1873, the father passed from among the living. The mother is yet living near Algiers. She is Dutch descent, and was born -in Pennsylvania. William passed the life of the average farmer boy, and received but little school- ing. On attaining his majority he married and began farming. He has been quite successful in that business, and now owns 001 acres of good land. He was married, March (5, 1856, to Eliza- beth Case, and they became the parents of nine children. Mr. Chappell is a Mason and a member of the I. O. O. F., and I. O. of E. M. In the last named order he holds the office of Great Prophet in the State Great Council. October 13, 1861, he en- listed in Company I, Fifty-eighth Indiana Volunteers as first lieutenant, and was soon promoted to the rank of captain. He was at Stone Eiver, Chickamauga, and in Sherman's march to the sea. He is a National in politics, and is one of the prom- inent men of Pike County. DAVID DEMOTTE was born in Pike County, Ind., Febru- ary 13, 1832, and is the next youngest in a family of six children born to Lawrence and Phoebe (Banty) Demotte, who were natives lUOORAPHICAL SKETCHES. 457 of Kentucky, and came to tliis State and county about 1825, and made tlieir first settlement about a mile south of our subject's present place of abode. The mother died when David was quite young. After a time the father's mind became enfeebled, and he was a source of great care to David and a younger brother, who had remained at home. Owing mainly to this our subject received a limited education. October 19, 1851), his marriage with Sarah Green was solemnized, and to their union six children have been born, of which these five are now living: Martha, John (who married Nancy Stillwell), Charlotte, Elizabeth and Sallie. By occupation Mr. Demotte has always been a farmer, and has been quite successful. He owns 2-1:8 acres of well im- proved land. He and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church, and in politics he has always been a Republican, and en- joys the respect and esteem of all who know him. McCRELLIS GRAY, a prominent citizen of Otwell, Ind.,was born November 18, 1828, and is the tenth in a family of twelve children born to William and Keziali (Ball) Gray, who were na- tives of Virginia and came to this State and county in 1811. They first settled in what is now AVashington Township, from whence they removed to the place where our subject was born. The father served with Gen. Harrison in the war of 1812. McCrellis assisted his })arents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty-seven years. In August, 1854, his marriage with Emily Tray lor was solemnized, and to their union three children were born, only one of whom is now living, Oliver H. In Decem- ber, 18(j1, Mr. Gray's wife died, and fifteen years later he was mar- ried to Lucy M. Montgomery. They have three children : Edmund, Lelia and Maggie B. Mr. Gray has been twice engaged in the mercantile business and now superintends his farm. He has been very successful and is the owner of 1,100 acres of land. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity and is a Democrat in politics. He has been thrice elected to the oflice of county treasurer and served almost one full term in the same position by appointment. His re-election to the same office may be taken as an indication of the honesty and efficiency with which he filled that position. RICHARD ^Y. HARRIS, M. D., a prominent physician of Pike County, Ind., was bfU'n in Spencer County, Ind., October 28, 1850. His parents, William G. and Isabel (McKune) Harris, are natives, respectively, of Alexandria, Va., and Nelson County, Ky. When quite a small lad, William went to Philadelphia, where he was apprenticed to a caT)inet-maker. He pursued his trade in Ken- tucky for some time, when he married and came witli his wife to Spencer County, Ind., about 1843. Here they lived until 1805, when they moved to Huntingburgh, Ind., and have since made their home there, with the exception of a few years. The Doctor 458 HISTORY OF riKE COUNTY. was raised on a farm and received a limited education. When twenty -one years old he began teaching, going to school and readins: medicine, and in the winter of 1875-76 he attended the Kentucky Medical College and graduated from that institution in 1877. He then located in Algiers, where he has since been suc- cessfully practicing his jorofession. He has been very successful and is said to have the largest practice of any physician in the county. June 8, 1879, he married Louella A. Lett, daughter of Isaac and Mary (Tray lor) Lett. They became the parents of four children, three now living: Maude M., John W., Audie (de- ceased) and Sallie. The Doctor is a member of the I. O. O. F. and I. O. E. M. He is a leading Democrat of the county and has been honored with the office of township trustee, elected in 1884. His wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM H. KELSO was born February 26, 1831, in Knox- ville, Dubois Co., Ind. His parents, Andrew F. and Susan- nah E. (Hargrave) Kelso, were the parents of fourteen children, of whom our subject was the eldest. They were natives of South and North Carolina, and of Scotch and English descent, respect- ively. The father came to Indiana in 1817 and the mother a year later. Andrew always followed the life of a farmer; his death occurred July 12, 1872, The mother still lives in Ireland, Dubois Co., Ind. Our subject was raised on a farm and his edu- cational advantages were quite limited. He remained at home assisting his parents on the farm until he attained his majority, when he purchased land in Dubois County and farmed there for sixteen years. He then sold out and bought the farm where he now lives. He has been very successful in his vocation and now owns 215 acres of very good land. He was married November 18, 1852, to Nancy A. Chappell, to whom four children were born: Leila (deceased wife of James Chew), Jemimah A. (Capehart), Andrew H. and Susannah, Mr, Kelso and wife and the three eldest children are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, he having been one of its elders for twenty-nine years. He is an enthusiastic Republican and always has been since the organization of that party. Before that time he was a Whig. His wife's parents were Josiah and Jemimah (Grayson) Chap- pell, who were natives, respectively, of North Carolina and Vir- ginia, and came to Indiana at a very early period. The wife was born April 13, 1833, and was the third in a family of five children. JOHN A. LETT, father of Isaac Lett, was born in Kentucky, September 11, 1809. His parents were Randall and Sarah (Tyndall) Lett, wlio were natives of Georgia and came to Ken- tucky and lived there till John A. was four years old, when they came to Pike County, Ind. When twenty-two years old our sub- BIOGRAPHICAL SKlTillES. 459 ject married Mary Thomas, October 20, 1831. He began life for himself with little or nothing, but has owned 2()() acres of the very best land. He and wife are the parents of ten children, eight now living. His wife died September 15, ISC)^, and Sep- tember 19, 18()7, he next married Elizabeth Randerson, who died of cancer February 8, 1885, leaving two children. He is a Re- publican and member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He has in his possession a compass, a powder horn, and a flint and steel Avhich his grandfather carried in the Revolutionary war. LEWIS E. LETT was born in Pike County, Ind.; July 22, 1833. He is a son of John A. and Mary (Thomas) Lett and was raised on a farm. He received his education in the old log schoolhouse of those times. When nineteen years old he went to Oregfon where he remained aliout eight vears, when he returned to the Hoosier State and has been a successful farmer ever since. He owns 185 acres of very good land, well improved. June 13, 1861, he married Angeline Anderson. They are the parents of eight living: children: Izetta, Oswald A.. Ariel, Zelia, Orris E., Mvrtie, Elmer O. and Auta. Mr. Lett is a Democrat and a Mason. In February, 1805, he enlisted in Company K., One Hundred and Fifty-second Indiana Volunteers, and was out till September, when the regiment was discharged. The first Lett came to the United States very early. He was very poor and his passage was paid by a man in North Carolina for whom he worked some time in pay- ment. This was the great-great-grandfather of our subject. The fi'reat-ffrandfather was a Revolutionarv soldier and served seven years in that war. The grandfather came to Indiana in 181-1 and five of his children are yet living, John A., the father of our subject, being one of them. ISAAC R. LETT was born in Pike County, Ind., September 15, 1835. He is a son of John A. and Mary (Thomas) Lett. He was reared on a farm and received a limited education. When twenty-one years old he married and began farming on the place where he now lives. He commenced life a poor boy but now owns 200 acres of very fine land, and is one of the leading farmers of the county. He was married, Octolier 15, 1850, to Mary Jane Traylor, and they became the parents of seven children, six now living: Louella (wife of Dr. R. W. Harris), Emma T. (^vdfe of Stephen R. Chappell), Efiie (wife of Erastus Thomas), Orlan W., Martha M. and Sarah E. Mrs. Lett died March 13, 1875, and Api-il 23, 1870, he married Eliza Smith. He is a Mason and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Politically a Dem- ocrat and always has been, but very liberal in his views. JAMES McLaughlin is a native of Madison County, Ohio, where he was born April 7, 1820. He is the next eldest of five children born to Robert and Barbara McLaughlin; the 460 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. former was of Scotch and the latter of German extraction. James was reared in his native and Fayette Counties. His father died when he was but nine years of age and his mother remarried, and in the year 1835 removed to Floyd County, this State, where our subject lived until the year 184:9, when he came to Pike County, and purchased forty acres of land about one mile east of his present place of residence. September 11, 181:9, he was married to Lucinda Anderson, and to them were born nine children, se^en of whom are living: George M., John A., Mary J., Lana A., Evart, Barbara F. and Arra G. Mr. McLaughlin has always followed the occupation of farming. He owns 150 acres of well- improved land and is very comfortably situated. He and wife are worthy members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and he is a Democrat. WILLIAM SMITH may be mentioned among the prominent citizens of Jefferson Township. He was born in Guernsey Coun- ty, Ohio, June 15, 1817, and is the eldest of thirteen children of Daniel and Elizabeth (Harris) Smith, who came from Virginia, and were of Scotch and German extraction. Willifim was raised to nearly manhood's estate in Guernsey and Knox Counties, Ohio, and received a limited education owing to the poor facilities of that day. He worked as a farm laborer for about fifteen months, and with the money he had saved during that time he entered a tract of 120 acres of land in Vinton County, Ohio. Immediately after his marriage with Emma Kandall, November 18, 1841, he removed to his farm. They became the parents of four children, two now living: Isaac and Emma. Mrs. Smith died March 8, 1846, and August 18, of the same year, he wedded Lydia Mashur. They had ten children, only seven now living: George H., Nancy, James, Ellen, John, Mary and Clinton. In the year 1870 he came to Indiana and purchased the farm where he now lives. He has been very successful and owns 100 acres of well- improved land. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal C'hurch, he having been a member for over forty years. He is a Republican and has always taken an active interest in the political affairs of the county and has held numerous township offices. JESSE W. THOMAS was born in Washington Township, Pike Co., Ind., January 1, 1852, and is a son of Isaac T. and Susan (Chew) Thomas, who were the parents of six children. The father, who was a farmer by occupation, came from Ken- tucky to this State, when very young. He located in Pike Coun- ty, where he became a prominent citizen. His death occurred August 20, 1884. The mother is still living near Petersburg. Our subject was raised on a farm and received a common school education. When twenty-three years old he began farming for BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 4(31 liimself and has been very successful in tliat business, owning- 290 acres of good land. December 20, 1875, Rebecca Anne Cox, became his wife. Four children were born to them: Mattie M., Otis L., Susannah and one who died in infancy. Mr. Thomas has always been a Democrat in politics. He takes great interest in political affairs and is a prominent young farmer of tlio county. LOGAN TOWNSHIP. ANDREW ATKINSON, a prominent old citizen of Logan Township, Pike Co., Ind., was born in Rowan County, N. C, August 20, 1817, and is the oldest of ten children born t(y James and Mary (Berry) Atkinson. The family migrated to this State and county in January, 1827, and made a settlement in Clay Township, and a year later moved to Logan Township where they remained until their deaths. James taught several terms of school after coming here, but turned nearly his entire attention to farming. Andrew remaining with his parents until nearly twenty-seven years old. May 22, 1843, he married Esther Wyatt, and to their union twelve children were l)orn, ten of whom are living: Amon H., Marion J.. Mary A., Louisa, Elizabeth, Esther, Evalene, Andrew W., Rosa B. and Oma. Mr. Atkinson has been very successful in farming and owns 185 acres of good land. He and wife are members of the United Brethren Church, and he has been a Repulilican since the organization of that party, and has been honored with an election to the office of township trustee. DR. THOMAS W. BASINGER, a native of Perry County, Ind., was born May 0, 1854. He is the oldest of live children born to Joseph S. and Philadelphia (Chewning) Basinger, who were born in Kentucky and Indiana respectively. The father when about six years old came with his parents to Indiana and located in Perry County, where he has since continued to reside. During the Rebellion he served for nearly two years in the Eighty-first Regiment Indiana Volunteers. Our subject's mother died in May, 1803, when the father married again in August, 1804. His second wife was Elizabeth (Dyer) Lanman, by whom he is the fa,ther of eight children. 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SniinBoigj '3[ogg; .igqji,'jpirB.T.g siq qjiA^. giiioq siq gpL^tii ngqj pire 'sjBgi o.ivj pgiiiBuig.i gq moq.\i q:^iAV '^pgg siA^.gn[ qji.\i gAq oj (jiigAi gq siugX iiggj.iiqj jo qSm gqj ji? pire 'g.§i? jo "s.n?g.{ .nioj ^iiq SBAV gq Tigq.vi pgip .igi[jora s^jogCqns gjT^ipginmi JiiQ Mgji.q s.iygi .moj jnoqu ijiinoQ iiosqir) mojj 9ini?o i^jre'^^? ^^93 9^^ P"^ 'TT8I ;^noqB ijimoo siq;^ in pgjjjgs iC|iini?j ssgpAorf gqj^ qnij 'C^nno^^ Q^TJ P sgAiji^ii g.i9.VL oq.ii 'ssgjgAorj; (^[ogg;) i^nnresng piiu i.iiigjj o:^ iLioq iig.ippqo .inoj jo ^^{iiiruj v in jsgpp gq^ si piiB 'f ggx '01 ipjy]^ iLioq siiiVi 'qjiij '-OQ gqij ^diqsiiAvoj;^ ireSorj jo gAijBii v pin? siigzi!^p ifiiginraojd -^soin gqj jo giio 'SSaiHAOl SIAVSI •jgui.re'j poo.o pitu iruoqqndgy; ipii'Bjs v. piiii '-tj -y -JL) gqj jo .igqingin v. si gq pire 'qo.mqQ ^sii^dug; pgjnij;]^ gq!^ JO s.igqragm g.re gjiAv piiu iii.^Tiq|ijj •.ij\[ qc^og -(ugjjt.m gjgqAv -gsp) iiostti5[jy Mg.ipiiy jo jgjqSnyp ij 'uosin3i:}y gizzirj; pgi.i.iBra ^q 'SZjST '8T -^-ren-iqsj . -diqeiiAvoj gq:^ in sgsnoq ^sgq gqj jo giio ji iiodn !^pnq suq pcre 'pcreq poo.§ jo sg.iOL^ ^.^^T siia^o Aioii gq pjim C9f' "saHOxaHS ivoiHdvaoom BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 463 until lie now owns 127 acres of- good land, and has built upon it one of the best houses in the township. * February 13, 1S73, he married Lizzie Atkinson, a daughter of Andrew Atkinson (else- Avliere written). Both Mr. Hillman and wife are members of the United Baptist Church, and he is a member of the G. A. E., and a stanch Republican and good farmer. LEWIS LOVELESS, one of the most prominent citizens and a native of Logan Township, Pike Co., Ind., was born March 10, 1834, and is the oldest in a family of four children born to Henry and Susanna (Beck) Loveless, who were natives of Pike County, Ind. The Loveless family settled in this county about 1811, and the Beck family came from Gibson Coiinty about four years later. Our immediate subject's mother died when he was but four years of age, and at the age of thirteen years he went to live with Lewis Beck, Avith whom he remained two years, and then made his liome with his grandfather Beck, remaining with him until the latter' s decease. Mr. Loveless always evinced a decided love for learning, and by dint of close a]:)plication and witliout the aid of an instructor, had, at the age of eighteen, mas- tered the common branches. One year later he began teaching, and followed that occupation until 1884. March 14, 1855, he was married to Maliala A. Willis, and they became the parents of four children: Maria E., Jesse, Willoughby, and Ida M. September 8, 1862, Mr. Loveless realized the necessity of quelling the Rebell- ion, and accordingly enlisted in Company A, Fifty-Eighth Indi- ana Regiment, and served until 18t)3, when he was discharged on account of a disability arising from inflammatory rheumatism. While in the service he was captured by John Morgan at Bards- town, Ky. In 1864 he united with the Missionary Baptist Church, of which he is an ordained elder. In 1870 he removed to Knox County and was nominated by the Republican })arty to represent the Second District as member of Congress. The district was largely Democratic, but it may be said to his credit that he suc- ceeded in reducing their majority ov^r 3,000 votes. In 1878 he returned to Pike County, where he has since resided. He is a pronounced Republican in politics, and manifests a warm interest in the affairs of the county. Most of his life has been passed on a farm, and he possesses, eighty acres of improved land. JOHN H. WILLIS, a prominent citizen of Logan Township, Pike Co., Ind., is a native of North Carolina, where he was born. May 26, 1825. being the fourth in a family of nine children liorn to John and Elizabeth (West) Willis, who were born in the same State as their son, and resided there until 1833, when they immi- grated to Indiana and located in Pike County, about one mile from our subject's present residence, where they lived until their deaths. John H,, our subject, was reared on the home farm, and remained 464 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. there assisting his parents until he attained the age of twenty- two years. He received a very limited education, in consequence of the poor facilities of those days. December 24, 1840, his marriage with Eliza E. Marvel was solemnized, and to their union eleven children have been born, of which only these three are now living: Melissa (wife of Joseph B. Miley), Prentice and Sherman. Mr. Willis"' occupation has always been farming, in which he has been very successful. He now owns over 500 acres of land, mostly improved. He also engages quite extensively in stock raising. He and wafe are members of the Missionary Bap- tist Church, and in politics he is a Republican, and manifests a good, live interest in the political affairs of the da}'. He is much respected by all v>dio know him, and is a member of the Pike County Agricultural Society. CLAY TOWNSHIP. GEORGE CHAMBERS was born in Pike County, Ind., August 15, 1828, and is a son of George and Edith (Davidson) Chambers, who were the parents of five children. The father was of Scotch descent, and was born in Kentucky, where he lived until twenty-four years old, and then came to Indiana. The mother was of Irish extraction, born in AVheeling, W. Va., and came to this State about the same time as the father. They were married in 1818. The father died in 1842, and the mother in 1875. Our subject was raised on a farm, and received such edu- cation as could be obtained at that time. When George was but fourteen his father died, and he was forced to earn his own living. July 28, 1850, he married Mary Hornbrook. To them were born seven children, six now living: Elijah D., Sarah, Anna (Allen ). Ella (Hill), Carl S., Nettie and Georgiana (deceased). About 1853 our subject began keej^ing general merchandise, continuing in that business for about ten years. He then enlisted in Com- pany I, Forty-second Indiana Infantry, February 15, 1804. He was at Resaca, Buzzard's Gap, in the battles before Atlanta, Ken- esaw Mountain and Nashville, Tenn. After coming home he began farming, continuing until 1881, when he purchased a half interest in the Union Mill. In 1883 he sold his interest in the mill, and engaged extensively in general merchandise, in connec- tion with his son, C. S. Chambers. They have an excellent line of goods, and control a large trade. George is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and a Republican in politics and an active worker in the party. He has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church since he was seventeen years old. He is re- spected by his friends and neighbors as a worthy and useful citizen. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 465 GAEL S. CHAMBEES, son of the above, was born January 6, 1861. He was educated in the common and graded schools of Union, Ind. He worked with his father until 1881. when he worked at the carpenter's trade for one year, and then engaged as a clerk in a store in Union, continuing with them until Janu- ary 1, 1883, when he commenced the general merchandise busi- ness for himself, and was soon joined by his father. They still continue together, and are doing well, financially. WILLIAM W. COLVIN is a native of Pike County, Ind., born April 22, 1883, and son of William and Elizabeth (Hill- man) Colyin, who were the parents of seven children. The father was born and raised in Ohio, and when about twenty-four years old, came to Pike County, Ind., and engaged in farming. His death occurred May 20, 1845. The mother is a native of Kentucky, and came to Indiana about the same time as the father. She still lives on the old farm, and is seventy-eight years old. Our subject received a limited education in his boyhood days; he remained at home until twenty-eight years old, and then mar- ried and enlisted in the army in Company I, Forty-second Indi- ana Volunteers. He served about eighteen months. He has followed the life of a farmer since coming from the army, and has met with very good success. He now owns 127 acres of land, besides his share in the father's estate. June 25, 18(51, he mar- ried Colisty Coleman. They have two living children: Fannie and Ametia. Mr. Colvin is a member of the United Baptist Church, and an ardent Eepublican in politics. HON. JOHN HAEGEOVE, father of Samuel Hargrove, is a son of the old pioneer of Gibson County, William Hargrove, who was among the very early settlers of Indiana. He raised a com- pany to take part in one of the Indian wars, and partici})ated in the battle of Tippecanoe. John was born November 21>, 1793, in Kentucky, and was of Dutch descent. In 1803 the family came to Gibson County, Ind., when there were but two settle- ments between the Patoka and Ohio Elvers. He married Isi- phena Lathom, and they became the parents of twelve children. Mr. Hargrove was a farmer and merchant of Princeton and Ow- ensville. He was a leading Democrat of the county, and filled the office of associate justice, assessor, and represented Gibson County in the State Legislature from 1832 to 1834. In 1830, he was elected sargeant-at-arms of the House, and in 1837 Gov. Noble commissioned him as probate judge to fill a vacancy. He was elected to the Senate from Pike and Dubois Counties, and served six terms in that body. He was also recorder and clerk of the county one term. HON. SAMUEL HAEGEOVE was born in Gibson County, Ind., April 10, 1843. He was raised on a farm, receiving common 466 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. scliool advantages, and attended the Bloomington University six montlis as fi-eshman, and he then enlisted in Company E Eight- ieth Indiana Infantry, July 29, 1862, and served until July 8, 1865. He was at Perryville, through east Tennessee, in the At- lanta campaign, and returned to Nashville and Franklin after Hood. His regiment was then taken to the coast and joined Sherman's column. On his return from the war, he engaged in farming on his father's old place. In 1866 he purchased land and moved into Pike County, where he now lives. He was mar- ried to Mary Ewing September 6, 1866. They have two chil- dren: Minnie and John E. The wife, who died March 11, 1885, owned 400 acres of land, they owning, in all, 550 acres. He has a good two-story frame residence, with an evergreen lawn in front, and a good barn and granaries. Besides farming, he deals extensively in cattle, horses and mules. In politics he is a Dem- ocrat and all his family, with but one exception, were Democrats. In 1880, he was elected to the House of Representatives, repre- senting Pike and Dubois Counties, and served one term. He has been president of Pike County Agricultural Society for four years, and a member of the State Agricultural Society, six years. He is a trustee of Purdue University, and a Mason, and is one of Pike County's most respected and influential citizens. His wife was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. DR. JOHN KIME was born in Pike County, Ind., March 24, 1828, son of Michael and Lucy (Hutchison) Kime, who were the parents of ten children. The Doctor was raised on a farm and received a somewdiat limited education. When nearly twenty-one years old he attended school at Newburg, Ind., and obtained a fair education. He then taught school for some time and on reaching his majority, he went to Tennessee and con- tinued teaching. He attended the Nashville Medical College and married in that State and soon after went to Kentucky and re- turned to Indiana in 1861. To his marriage with Ellen Mor- rison,- November 16, 1854, three children were born, two of whom are living: James F and Rufus R. His wife died March 21, 1861, and September 18, 1862, he married Casanner (Jones) Gardiner. They became the parents of six children — five sons and one daughter. Dr. Kine came to this State about the begin- ing of the war and in consequence lost all his property. He mustered a company of soldiers and while in camp at Paducah, was taken ill and compelled to return home. He began the practice of medicine and continued in that profession until two years previous to his death. He died of cancer August 28, 1884. He lived at Union twenty-one years, where he had built up a good practice. He owned fifty-two acres of land besides some town lots. He is a very liberal Democrat and was an elder in tlie BIOGKAPinCAL SKETCHES. 467 Cumberland Presbyterian Church, of which he was a menil)er for thirty-five years. He Avas noted for his skill as a physician and surgeon and for his generosity to the unfortunate and the soldiers. THOMAS LEE was boni in Pike County, Ind., July 4, 1823. Thomas and Eve Lee were the parents of nine children. They were natives of North Carolina and came to Indiana when there were but few settlements, and when the woods abounded in In- dians and wild animals. He located and began clearing his farm, but before having accomplished much he died. He was a great hunter and made the most of his living in that manner. His wife died when our subject was an infant. Thus the family was broken up. Thomas made his home with George Colvin until he was twenty-five years old when he located on seventy acres of land which he had purchased with ^§50, his portion of his father's estate. He built a log hut and began clearing his land and putting in crops. He continued farming and now owns 102 acres of very fertile land. He has been a successful farmer and deals in live stock to some extent. Catharine Frederick became his wife January 20, 184S. Their marriage remained childless, but they have raised several orphan cliildren. Mr. Lee is a member of the I. O. O. F., and is a member of the Methodist Church. His wife died November 22, 1884, and he yet lives on the old home place with two of his nieces. He is a Republican in politics. ALBERT L. MASTERS was born in Pike County, Ind., December 20, 1821. His parents were Richard and Elizabeth (Fowler) Masters, who were born and raised in Kentucky. They came to Pike County, Ind., about 1819 and settled on a farm, previously entered, and began clearing it. The father died when our subject was two years old. December 12, 182() his widow married John Butler. When he was about thirteen years old his step-father died and he then remained with his mother until he was twenty-three years old and then began farming for himself on land where his father had lived. About 1849 he purchased the farm where he now lives. He has been quite successful in his enterprises and owns 191 acres of land, 223 acres which he owned in Logan Township he gave to his children. December 18, 1846 he married Catharine Grubb and they became the parents of eleven children, nine now living. The wife died June 1, 1882, and Mr. Masters is living on the old home farm with his chil- dren. He is a member of the I. O. O. P., and has been a member of the Methodist and Cumberland Presbyterian Churches. He was born and raised a Democrat but after the war he became a Republican. He enlisted in Company G, Sixty-fifth Indiana Volunteers, July 15, 1862, but was discharged in February, 1864, on account of disability. He was in several battles and skirm- ishes. He is now sixty-four years old and is yet hale and hearty. 468 HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY. MONROE TOWNSHIP. JESSE H. CLIFFORD, farmer, son of Allen W. and Susan (Moore) Clifford, was born July 12, 1841, in Pike County, Ind. The father was born in Kentucky, March 25, 1810, and came to this county in his boyhood, and located in Lockhart Township. About 1835, he married and settled in Patoka Township, where he lived until 1840, when he removed to Lockhart Township. Some time after he started to Indianapolis to transact some busi- ness, his son taking him to Oakland City. AVhether he ever arrived at his destination or not, is not known. His fate remains a complete mystery. He left a wife and son, a good farm and pleasant surroundings. The mother's death occurred August 7, 1852. Our subject who received a limited education in youth, was married July 25, 181)1, to Tasa L. Davis, born December 14, 1842. To them were born six children: Joseph W., Mary E., Sarah K., Nancy C, Charley W. and Tasa L. Thirteen years later his wife died, and August 14, 1870, he married Ruth Lane, born December 24, 1855. They are the parents of four chil- dren: Eddie, Allen W., Julia B. and Ella F. The parents and the three oldest children are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Clifford is a Republican, and cast his first vote for Lincoln. H. B. SHIVELY. merchant, of Pleasantville, Ind., is the son of Byrom and Harriet Woods Shively. The father kept hotel in Huntingburgh, Ind.. where he remained until 1861, when he entered the army. He enlisted in Company F, Fifty-third Indi- ana Volunteers. From a private he rose to the rank of captain, which office he ably filled. At Atlanta he was struck with a ball and killed, thus giving his life for his country, August 28, 1864. The mother died the year following. Capt. Shively was a son of Jacob Shively, a leading minister of the Christian Church. Our subject was born September 11, 1857. He received a fair education, and when twenty years old, began clerking for J. H. Taylor & Co., with whom he remained three years. He is now one of the two partners of the house of H. B. Shively & Co., and is doing a lively business. September 30, 1883, he married Emma Cox, born March 15, 186(). To them was born one child, Elvy. Mr. Shively is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Cleveland. He is also a member of the I. O. O. F., and has passed through all the degrees. He is a good business man and citizen. PART III. HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY, CHAPTER I* Geology— Boundary and Water Courses— Recent Deposits— The Drift— Paleozoic Formations— Section of the County— Fossils —The Coals— Local Details— Economics Considerations— Minixg CoMPAMEs— Ochre— Clays, etc. DUBOIS COUNTY is bounded on the north by Daviess and Martin Counties, on the east by Orange and Crawford, on the south by Perry, Spencer and Warrick, and on the west by Pike, embracing an area of 432 square miles, of which one-tenth is river and creek bottoms, one-half modified drift and alluviam of ancient lakes and rivers and the remainder bold hills and elevated plateaus and knolls, overlaid with conglomerate sandstone. White and Patoka Rivers with their numerous branches drain the entire county. Many fine springs fiow out from the junction of the al- luvium with the other deposits. Recent (reolof/ij. — The surface deposits consist of pure clays, or those slightly mixed with gravel of the glacial drift, and loess with the subsequent lacustrine and alluvial deposits. Of these the alluvium is found in the river bottoms, and its origin is due to causes now in action. It is formed from the decomposition of the older rocks, contains their best elements, and is the most fertile land in the county. Lacustrine deposits consist of clays and impalpable intercolations of silicious material with occasional layers of quicksand. It is found in digging wells on the plateau between Ireland and Otwell. The loess caps the highest hills of the county. It is a warm loamy sand, imperfectly stratified, *Adapted to this work from the report of E. T. Cox, State Geologist, 1872. 470 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. twenty to thirty feet in thickness, is rich in plant food and is called the "walnut level." Much of the richness of the loess has been removed by erosion. The glacial drift consists of white and blue plastic clays, spread out over the system of hills and valleys formed during the drift period. In the southern part of the county it is only a few inches thick, but on the north becomes about eight feet. Paleozoic Geology. — The stratified rocks of the county belong mainly to the coal measures, with limited exposures of subcarbon- iferous limestone in the deep gorges at the head of Patoka River. The entire county is underlaid with coal, excepting only the highlands, commencing a short distance north of Birdseye and extending to the northern boundary. Even within this area oc- casional layers may be found on the hill tops. The following sec- tion exhibits the county coals and rocks: Feet. Soil 2 to 10 Shaly sandstone 10 Black slate 1 Coal M li Fire clay 2i Silicious shales, part sandstone 18 CoalL(?) 1| Fire clay with iron nodules 9 Silicious shales and covered 40 Hard flinty limestone 1 to 10 Block slate with iron concretions 2 to 8 Coal K with 2 inches sulphur band 2| Fire clay, plastic li Fire clay, hard 3 Laminated and ferruginous sand-rock 22 Massive conglomerate 48 to 110 Gray silicious shale 2 to 24 Calcareous shale to 10 Bituminous shale to 2 Coal A (partly block) li Dark bituminous clay 1^ Blue clay shale 3 Silicious shale 7 Bituminous clay shale 2^ Coal, rash f Fire clay, shaly \\ Clay shale with iron nodules 4 Archimedes limestone 10 Oolitic limestone 50 The above section is made commencing at the hill north of Jasper. The two coals, M and L, are thin and are worked by strip- HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 471 ping, and toward Ireland are seen in outcrop at tlie hill tops. They do not pay mining. Coal L is fifty to sixty feet above coal K. The heavy bed of silicious shale between coals L and K usually has a stratum of sand rock from two to five feet thick. At the base of this bed are leaves and stems of Neuropieris, Pecop- feris, Alethopiiris, AsteropJiyUites, Flahellaria? and Cordaites and trunks of SigiUan'a, Calamifes and Lepidodoidroit, large and per- fect, are occasionally found. Coal K and the strata which ac- company it presents a marked group in the county. They com- mence on White Eiver, thence ascend to the summit of the ridjje dividinoj it from Patoka River, thence descend to the trough of the latter stream, thence agaiii ascend, often fifty feet to the mile, but finally descend at the southern line of the county. The black slate above coal K is marked, is often sulphurous, strongly bituminous, with heavy pyritous boulders, highly fossiliferous, coal plants, shells and marine animals. In one of the boulders was found near Holland the laro^e fish bone, with saw-ed"ed teeth, first supposed to be a jaw-bone but later pronounced a caudal or dorsal armature of a ray fish. Coal K underlies nearly two-thirds of the western part of the county, ranges froin two to four feet thick, is usually coking but occasionally l)lock. Un- der this coal is the soil which supported the life of the coal plants. Still lower is found the laminated and conglomerate sand rocks. It is prominent in the eastern part of the county. One of its spurs extends entirely across the county from east to west, south of Patoka River. It is coarse grained, massive or heavy bedded, and contains fine casts of Si(/ilJ((ria, Stigmarid, Lepidodendron and Ulodendron. Under the massive conglomer- ate are found the gray, silicious shales, abounding with plant re- mains, and cut with carbonaceous and pyritious partings. This shale becomes soft, and is washed away from under the massive stone above, thus forming the many "rock-houses" which occur. Coal A underlays the whole county except the highest conglomerate ridges on the eastern border. Analysis proves it rich in carbon ; it is compact, generally splinty, has a vitreous luster, a conchoidal fracture, is very free from charcoal dust, and is prized for parlor use. Below coal A, twelve to eighteen feet, a brash coal eight or ten inches thick sometimes appears. Below all this is the subcarboniferous or mountain limestone, which is exposed only 472 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. in the valleys of the streams. Still lower is the fine Oolitic lime- stone. Springs burst out from these rocks, accompanied by currents of cold air, proving the existence of caverns in the hills. Local Details. — It will be impossible in a work of this nature to notice all the local features, but enough will be given to show the character and value of the coal, stone, etc. Coals L and M are worked by stripping. At Section 1, Town 2, Range 5, Coal K, is two to three and a half feet thick. On Section 18, same town and range, it is from one to two and a half feet thick. In the limestone above s,reProdiiGtiissemireticulatiis,P. pimctahis, Spiri- fer camerafus, Aihyris snhtilafa, Pinnce and crinoid stems. On Sections 5 and 8, same town and range. Coal K is two feet nine inches thick, and the limestone above has the fossils last named besides Myalina, Disciiia, Cijrfoceras, Nautilus, Conularia, Plciitomaria, Macroceptiilas Pecten Indianensis. Near McCane's, Township 1, Range 6, Coal K is three to four feet thick. This coal outcrops around Porters ville on almost every hill-side. On Section 2-i, in the bed of White River, Coal A is seen, brought up by an ancient ridge. On the Harris farm, Coal K is three feet four inches thick. On Section 26, Town 1, Range 5, Coal K is two feet two inches, and Coal A which appears is one foot seven inches. Around Haysville Coal K has been principally removed by denuding forces. Coal A is seen at the foot of the hills. Near the mouth of Wolf Creek, part of a mastodon's skeleton was discovered. Coal K is very thin at Kellersville. Occasional banks two to three feet thick are worked. Iron ore appears in the hill tops near Ludlow. Farther east in Columbia Township, Coal A has been quite extensively worked, and is a good article, and is worked by stripping. Iron ores abound. Here is found an abundance of the choicest limestone; also on Patoka River south. At Knoxville, Lepidodendron, Ligillaria, Aletliopteris Serlii, Cardiates horassifolia, Calamitcs, Spirifcr cameratus, Atliyris siibtilata, Productns costafas, Rlijjchnonella and Pliillipsia are found. Conglomerate ores of iron are abun- dant. Coal K has been worked in this vicinity. At Jasper, Coal K is found at low water. Near Celestine, Coal A has been worked in a number of places. In numerous places around Schnellville, Coal A appears. Valuable ochers are found on Sec- tions 9, 14, 20 and 22, near there. On Section 33, Town 2, Range HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 473 3, Coal A is three feet and three inches thick, and numerous openings to it are here made. Massive sandstone is Avell shown near Birdseye. Here Coal A has been often worked. ''Rock houses" are frequent. Knolls of loess, rich and loamy, caj) the hills of Town 2, Range 3, and here a stratum of bituminous lime- stone appears. At the foot of the hills, many springs burst out. Numerous outcrops of Coal A appear, several mines being worked. Near St. Anthony, this coal is three to four and a half feet, is rich in carbon, and is extensively worked. In numerous places throughout the entire county, fine glass-sand abounds. At Fer- dinand, Coal K is at the hill tops, while Coal A is at the water level. The Anderson Valleij Mining Companij has been organized many years to work the various oshers, paints, Tripoli powder, etc., found in the vicinity of Ferdinand. J. B. Goliman, John Baunline, W. A. Bindewald and Dr. Kempf began the work on Section 84, Township 3, Range 4. The following is the section at their early mine : Feet. Slope 10 Shaly soapstone "steatite" paint 3 Darli and liglit "butternut" paint, and dark and li^'lit "Bismarck brown" paint 1^ Bituminous limestone with Productiis punctatns, P. Ion- gispinus, P. cora, Splrifer canieratus, S. linedtan, S. Kentuckienseis, Nautilus de:jorattis. Oyrtoceras, Ten- hratula brenidens, Athyris subtilata, Hemipronites crassa, Aviaulo-pecte/i prooidenses, Fusalina ci/Undri- ca 3 Limestone changing into "coral earth," with beautiful plates and spines of Archceeidare's mucronatus, A. Wortheni, Grinoid stems, plates and arms; stems and crushed plates of Peutronites and other mountain limestone animals | "Terra de Sienna" and yellow ocher IJ, Coal K — " Bituminous shale, "dark umber" f "Yellow ocher" IJ Fire clay with stigm irial roots 3 Potter's clay, "Dubois cream" or "stona color" 4 Bedded sandstone, etc., to water 75 The supply of the paints named and others is so great around Ferdinand that it is practically inexhaustible. The company now offers for sale in large quantities the following paints with prices 474 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. attached: Butternut, light and dark, 2^ cents per pound; Bis- marck brown, 4 cents ; Bismarck red, 5 cents ; ocher No. 1, 2 cents ; ocher No. 2, 14^ to 1£ cents ; raw umber, 4 cents ; burnt um- ber, 5 cents ; metallic fire-proof maroon, red, light and dark, 2^ to 2i cents ; raw sienna, 2 cents ; burnt sienna, 2^ cents ; Dubois stone, 2 cents ; Dubois coach black, 4 cents ; American Tripoli, 5 to 10 cents. A discount is made to the trade. The paints and polishing j^owder have the highest endorsements of those who have used them, rivaling and often surpassing any others of this or foreign countries. This enterprise cannot be spoken of too highly, and reflects much credit on the patience, industry and intelligence of the company. In the vicinity of St. Henry, Coal A has been worked exten- sively and is about three feet thick. On farther west. Coal K becomes visible and workable. Its limestone roof is often filled with the finest fossils, named above. At Holland Coal K is good, as are also its accompanying iron ores. Many excellent beds of the latter are found in this vicinity. Fine beds of ocher are often found in digging wells. North of Holland the " massive " sand- stone and its accompaning "rock-houses" appear. Remains of animals and human bones have been found in the latter. North of Huntingburgh the finest potters' clay is found. At the town, Coal A is below the surface from fifteen to twenty feet. It may be said in general that Dubois County is not surpassed by any otlier in the State in point of mineral products. It has the finest coal, sandstone, limestone, ochres, polishing powders, fire clays, iron ores, sands for glassware, springs of good water, etc., besides a valuable soil and timber. HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTV. 475 CHAPTER II. SBTTLEMENTOF TilK COUNTV — COMING OF TIIH: PIONEERS— THIilR TRIALS IN THE Wilderness— Anecdotes and Incidents of Interest — Indian Cession Treaties— Land Entries— Other Items of In- terest. IN fixing the dates of early settlements in any locality there is much liability to err. Especially is this the case where the first settlers came at a time considerably removed into the past. It is generally believed that the earliest settlers came to Dubois County in 1802. There is not much testimony to impeach this general belief, but when it is considered that about one century had elapsed since Vincennes had been settled by white men, it seems almost improbable that none of them should have pene- trated so short a distance into the surrounding country. The set- tlement had continued to grow from the time of its beginning and the population was getting to be numerous in that locality. One thing is certain, that at the time when what are usually deemed the first settlers came, there was a well-known and fre- quented route passing along the northern portion of the county, leading from Vincennes to Jelf ersonville. It was popularly known through this section as the ''Mud hole trace," on account of some mud holes that were situated near Portersville, and rendered the way almost impassable. White men had been here before 1802, but a doulit exists whether any remained to effect a permanent settlement. In that part of the county where this " trace " was is where the location by white men was made. It is seldom that the earliest inhabitants of any portion of a new country succeed in perpetuating their names as such. The first comers are nearly always squatters, and many of them remain for a time and then move away. But however many such there may have been in this county, the present work has nothing to do with those things that are based upon supposition alone. Reliable facts will be dealt with and such statements will be made as have a strong probability in their favor. What few records could be 476 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. found have been carefully examined, and where none could be ob- tained the oldest and most reliable of the early settlers have been interviewed. x4.mong these Mr. Bazil B. Edmenston, who has been a resident of the county since the year 1818, and one of its best knoAvn citizens, deserves special mention for his willingness to assist in giving information. Boone Township has the reputation of being the scene of the first white settlement in Dubois County. This was made by two brothers, John and William McDonald, near the "mud holes," in 1802. John McDonald is said to have built the first house erected by a white man in the county. The time was in the early part of 1802, or more than eighty-three years ago. What a fruitful subject for contemplation is the change that has taken place in our affairs since that time. The United States had not yet be- come owners of any part of what now constitutes Dubois County. The Indians owned and inhabited the whole country in this portion of the State. But most of the county was purchased from the Indians by a treaty made at Fort Wayne on the 7th of June, 1803, and was included in what is known as the Vincennes Tract. The balance of the county was bought in August of the following year at Vincennes. By this it will be seen that all those who settled in the county prior to June, 1803, were living on Indian lands, and after that time, up to 1807, the date of the first land entry. they were upon "Congress" land. As soon as the Government had purchased the land immediate preparations were made for having it surveyed. This was done as follows: Range 3 west, by Levi Barber, and Range 4 by Nahum Bewl, in September 1804; Range 5 by David Sandford and Range 6 by Stubbs & Fowler in October of the same year. Not long after this the land was placed on sale at Vincennes. But the people were not disposed to wait on the owners of the soil for an invitation to locate in any particular lo- cality. Whenever and wherever they wanted to go they went. It was something of this spirit that caused the trouble with the Indians in 1811. A list of those who were the first to purchase land in Boone Township is here given, with the year the land was bought. Of course many of these men had lived in the county some time prior to the time of buying real estate on which to make their future home: James Fenis, 1810; Peleg R. Allen, 1818; Jacob Lemmon,1814; Samuel Smythe,1814; Nicholas Harris,1817 ', HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 477 Thomas Hope, 1S18: John Thompson, 1814; Ebenezer Smythe, 1816; David Wease, 1814; John Coley, 1815; Jacob Harbison, 1814; Anthony McElwain, 1817; Joseph Stubblefiekl, 1814; Adam. Hope, 1812; Arthur Harbison, 1807; Richard Hope, 1818; Tou- saint Dubois, 1807; John Sherritt, 1817; James Harbison, 1810; John and James Niblack, 1817; William Kelso, 1824; Samuel Brown, 1818; William Green and George Armstrong, 1817; Dan- iel Harris, 1826. These are all the entries made up to the close of 1830. Among other early settlers may be named John De- Motte; James McElwain; John, Solomon, Geors^e and Joseph Daffron; Jacob Lincus, Lemuel and Andrew Kelso, Robert D. Dixon, Stephen Dixon, Thomas Anderson, Charles and Raughley Horton, Samuel Kirkland, Hamilton McKain, John Abel and Josiah Reader. The McDonalds were not long alone, for they had scarcely completed their cabin ere others began to dot the forests. The Indians were troublesome then, and for jirotection a block-house was built near the ''mud holes," to which they all might go in times of unusual danger. These houses ware generally built by the united efforts of all the people in a community, an'l were c jn- sidered much as common property. Not long after John McDon- ald came to Dubois County, he was deprived of his life-chosen partner, and his wife's grave was the first to close over a white person in the county. She was buried on the Sherritt farm. By some it is said McDonald's first house was built near this same place, but it is probable that it was built farther north, and on the farm now owned by Louis Weaver. He seems to have built several cabins in this neighborhood. He did build a house — -a double log, and most likely his second — -near the grave of his wife. This was occupied by him and the family of his brother William, while the Indians took possession of the first cabin. Not long after that the Indians became hostile, and they were compelled to take their families back to Jetfersonville on pack mules. They returned to take care of their crops. Daring this time they were beginning to have white neighbors, and a portion would stand on guard during the day while others worked in the fields. White River was constantly watched, for the savages were expected to make an outbreak at any day. After the fear had somewhat subsided, and no danger being apprehended, the fami 478 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. lies were again brought to tlie forests. Gen. Harrison, a very few years later, came through this section. He changed the "old mud hole trace" in several places, and it was ever after known as the "Governor's trace." The house of William McDonald was a usual stopping place for travelers then, and there are sev- eral stories still told of incidents connected with Gen. Harrison's stay there. One of these has for its gist the fact that his daugh- ter, who accompanied him, while drinking from a gourd, stood leaning over the water pail, and for this her father reprimanded her and gave her a considerable slap. On another of these trips the f Titure President lost his gold watch, and was unable to find it. Several years later it was found and sent to Indianapolis as a relic. A few years later the Indians again broke out, but this time the settlers concluded not to take their families away, but to defend them. For this purpose they built the fort before spoken of, and which was known as the McDonald Fort for several years. The man for whom Dubois County was named appeared upon the scene about that time. His full name was Tousaiut Dubois, and he had been for some time living at Vincennes. As his name indicates, he was a Frenchman. He bought the land of the Government that theMcDonalds had been living upon and partly improved. There was always great strife in the early days for the best land. At nearly the same time Arthur Harbison entered a piece of land in the same vicinity. These two were the first men to buy land in the county, and both were honored by the later settlers. There is some doubt whether Dubois ever lived in the county that now bears his name. It was then Knox County, and continued to be until 1813. In the meantime he earned the special mention of his general in the memorable field of Tippecanoe. Going a little further north in Boone Township, and in the neighborhood of Portersville, the country was rapidly filling with people. In that section James Ferris was an early settler. On the farm now owned by Thomas Ferris, near Portersville, another block-house was built, and it continued to stand until the trouble with the Indians was entirely removed. Ferris came as early as 1808, and several others came about the same time. The land where Portersville is now located was entered by Jacob Lemmon, in 1814. When the place was chosen for the county seat it was HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 479 covered with large forest trees. A ''deadening" was near the k^g court house, and people from the farther portions of the county would come and camp out there while their causes were being disposed of. Sometimes they would remain for several days, and during the time they w^ould have a jolly time, and engage in various pastimes common in their day. Hon. William E. Niblack, at present judge in the Indiana Su- preme Court, who was born in Portersville in 1822, has kindly fur- nished some of the following facts: His father, John Niblack, moved to Dubois County in 1817, only a short time after it had been established. He was a native of Fayette County, Ky. Im- mediately after coming to Indiana he was appointed agent of Dubois County to complete its organization ; he laid out the town of Portersville and conducted the sale of the town lots; he also built the first court house and jail. These were both hewed log structures. Tlie court house was tw^o stories high with a brick chimney at each end. Tho lower story constituted the court room and the upper story was divided into smaller rooms for jury purposes. The jail was also two stories high. The lower story was constructed with double hewed log walls and was called "the dungeon," being used to confine criminals of the worst class. The upper story had a single wall of hewed logs and was called the "debtor's prison" — imprisonment for an ordinary debt being then allowed by law. The old jail has long since disappeared, but the old court house, thougli in a somewhat dilapidated condition, still stands and is used as a store-house for grain and other farm products. John Niblack was one of the earliest and most active friends of education and other progressive measures of his day, and always took an active part in local public affairs. He never sought an office for himself, being only for a short time a few years before his death an associate judge of his county. At a date nearly, if not quite, as early as the first settlement in Boone Township, there came to what is now Madison Town- ship, several white families. One of these was that of Josiah Eisley, a man who disputes with John McDonald the priority of settlement in the county. It was a short distance southwest from Ireland, on Section 25 that Risley built his first house. By some this is thought to have been the first one erected in this county, but the probabilities are in favor of the McDonald house. 480 HISTOPA' OF DUB(JIS COUNTY. Madison Township is one of the best agricultural districts in the county, and it was doubtless this that attracted the early settlers to that reo-ion. The record of land entries shows that no other portion of the country was more eagerly sought after by the men then settling the country. Up to the year 1830 the following is a complete list of the purchasers of land of the Government. Edward Wood, 1814; John Stewart, 1810; Eichard Wood, 1817; James and Samuel Green, 1816; Jesse Corn, 1810; Edward Green, 1814; George Armstrong, 1817; John Niblack, Jr., 1817; Henry Lacefield, 1814; Hugh Eedman, 1815; John Anderson, 1817; Ashbury Alexander, 1815; Robert Stewart, 1816; John Green and John Cantrell, 1817; Isaac Alexander, 1815; George Hankin, 1818; William Closson, 1819; Edward Mosby, 1825 John McMahon, 1818; John Anderson and Eli Thomas, 1820 Jonathan Walters (probably Walker), 1816; John Payne, 1817 William Hurst, 1816; James Kelly, 1817; James Payne, 1816 William and Thomas Anderson, 1815; T. J. Wethers, 1817; John Walker, 1814; William Shook, 1814; Andrew Anderson, 1817; Jesse Lindsey, 1820; Joseph Kinman, 1818. This is a total of thirty-two entries made by thirty-six persons and nearly all of them were in their teens. None of them came in less than seven years after the first of Boone Township. In Madison Township no family was more prominent than the Armstrongs, and some of them were long identified with every public affair of this locality. Ashbury Alexander and some of the Greens were also foremost among the early settlers. Many were of Irish descent and hence the name of the town in that township. Lacey and James Ritchey who came very early had been slaveholders in the South and upon coming to Indiana are said to have brought their negroes with them. This was no uncom- mon occurrence in the early settlement of southern Indiana, but the vigorous policy of the Territorial and State governments soon rendered the maintenance of human slavery within its borders both impossible and impracticable. Another thing that attracted settlers to this portion of the county was the facilities afforded by the Patoka. In times of high water it was utilized as a means for transporting whatever produce might be on hand. But the use for which it was most available and most beneficial was as a water-power. Several early HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 481 mills were erected along its banks and afforded the people milling advantages superior to those of most early settlements. The Risleys kept one of these mills for several years and did a large trade. One of the prominent characters of the early days was Jona- than Walker. He was one of those large, robust, pugilistic fel- lows who attract attention in any crowd on account of physical vigor. His lighting ability was of the highest order and he lost no opportunity for exhibiting it. In fact he was rather quarrel- some and sought opportunities to display himself. He was known from Vincennes to Louisville along the "trace" that crossed Dubois County. About the year 1840 he was indicted and tried for the murder of a shoe-maker at Huntingburgh, ])ut was ac- quitted. Harbison Township is the middle of the three northern town- ships, and is bounded on the north by the east fork of White River and Martin County, on the west by Columbia Township, on the south by Marion and Bainbridge Townships and on the west by Boone Township. It is now inhabited by a considerable num- ber of Germans, indeed there are bat few families besides them in the township. It is named for Arthur Harbison, an early settler and the first associate judge of the county. The Vincennes trace passed through this township, and in early times it brought some intercourse with the world. A majority of the first settlers were from North Carolina and brought with them most of the ideas of life that prevailed in that section of the country at the opening of the century. Many of them were poor and found it nearly impos- sible to flourish in a land where human slavery prevailed. The poor freemen were in a worse condition than the slaves. They determined to abandon their native country and found a home in the great West. Indiana was then upon the very verge of civil- ization, and hither they flocked in large numbers. The whole southern end of the State was settled by people from the South- ern States. In the very early days a few came with slaves. Up to and in- cluding the year 1830, the following is a complete list of the pur- chasers of land in what is now Harbison Township: B. B. Ed- monston, 1818; Moses Kelso, 1818; Edward Givin, 1817; Samuel Nichols, 1822; John Lemon, 1824; Richard Hoper, Sr., 1818; 482 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. William Edmonstoii, 1818 ; Andrew F. Kelso, 1829 ; Joseph Kelso, 1816; Samuel Kelso, 1817; Eeuben Matliias, 1817; Thomas Patton, 1816; Samuel McComiell, 1807; Joseph I. Kelso, 1824; Willis Hays; 1818; James Hope, 1814; Joseph Stubble- field, 1814; Joseph Little, 1817; John Lemon, 1816; James Jack- son, 1818. Many of these had been in the county some time be- fore purchasing land. The Kelsos were the most prominent family in the township in early days and they were leaders in all public affairs in this portion of the county. Willis Hays took an active part in the doings of the earlier days and he was for a time associate judge. For him the village of Haysville Avas named. Dur- ing the decade from 1810 to 1820 a man named John Butler kept a small store, about one and a half miles southeast of Haysville, on the farm of Anna Hoffman. These early traders all bought furs of any kind that they could dispose of, and many were the jokes that would be played upon them. It is said that often people would fasten a coon's tail to a possum skin and sell it for coon skin, which brought a high price. It was near this place that an Indian was killed on account of some threat he had made while partly intoxicated. Butler sold whisky too, and the Indians came here frequently for that article, and would drink and dance in their savage fashion. Between Butler's place and Haysville a block-house was built on the farm now owned by John Hebner. The people resorted to that in case of danger, or when any fear was entertained from the Indians. This house did not long stand after the Indians had been driven from this part of Indiana. Not far from the line between Boone and Harbison Town- ships, Arthur Harbison killed an Indian. It is told of him that on account of some relative, said to have been his father, having been killed in Kentucky, he entertained a bitter hatred for the Indian race, and that he lost no opportunity for revenge. These early Indian tragedies were but few in Dubois County. Fousaint Dubois had been employed by Gen. Harrison as a messenger to the various Indian tribes, and with them he is said to have had great influence for good. It may be that he had something to do with the good feeling that prevailed in this county. It will be remembered that he was a land owner here, and had some per- sonal interest in the spirit manifested between the red men and the whites. The same authority for Harbison also says that he HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 483 was accompanied by William Curry, and that each of them killed an Indian. The red men had cut a bee tree and were busy gath- ering the honey when they were shot. This report is given for what it is worth. CHAPTER ITI. Organization of the County— Act of Creation— The County Board— Formation of Town.sh[ps— The County Seat Question- Public Buildings— The Poor— Xew Townships— County Offi- cers— R.mlro ads— Agricultural Societies— Otpier Events of Value. IN 1805, when Indiana was first organized as a Territory, the land now composing Dubois County was a part of Knox. Thus it remained until the formation of Gibson County, in 1813, when most of it was embraced in the new county. In December, 181(5, by the formation of Pike County out of Gibson, Knox and Perrv Counties, it was included in Pike. It remained as a part of Pike but one year, when it was organizeel into a separate county. The act of the Legislature creating Dubois County, reads as follows: An act forming a new county out of the eastern end op Pike County, approved December 20, 1817. Section 1. — Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana. that from and after the 1st of February next, all that parcel or tract of country lying in the eastern part of the present county of Pike, shall be formed into a new county to be called and known by the name of Dubois County, to wit: Begining at a point on the bank of the east fork of White River, at which the center line of Range 6 shall intersect said fork of White River; thence running south with said center line until said center line intersects the present line divid- ing Warrick and Pike Counties; thence east with said line to the line dividing Perry and Pike Counties; thence with said line dividing Orange and Pike Counties until it shall strike Lick Creek; thence meandering with said creek until it empties itself into the east fork of AVhite River; thence meandering down said river to the place of beginning. Sec 2. That (^en. W. Johnson, of Knox County; Thomas Polke, of Perry County; Thomas Montgomery, of Gibson County; Richard Palmer, of Daviess County; and Ephraim Jordan, of Knox County, be, and they are hereby ap- pointed commissioners to meet at the house of William McDaniel, near the "Mud Holes," on the second Monday of February, 1818, and proceed to select a site for the seat of justice for said county under the directions and provisions of an act passed in the year 1813, entitled "an act providing for the permanent fixing of the seats of justice in all new counties hereafter to be established." Sec 3. That all suits, plaints, actions and proceedings which may before 484 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. the said 1st day of February next, have been commenced, instituted, and pend- ing in the new county of Pike, shall be prosecuted to a final judgment and effect in the same manner as if this act had never passed. And whenever the seat of justice within the county of Dubois shall have been established, the person or persons authorized to dispose of and sell the lots at the seat of justice, shall reserve 10 per centum on the net proceeds of the whole sale, for the use of a county library in said county, which sum or sums of money shall be paid over to such person as may be authorized to receive the same in such manner and in such installments as shall be authorized by law. And until suitable ac- commodations can be had in the opinion of the circuit court, at the seat of justice of said new county, all the courts of justice of said county shall be holden at the house of William McDaniel, near the "Mud Hole," in said county. After which time the circuit courts necessary to be held at the county seat, shall be adjourned to the same. And the county commissioners shall within twelve months after the site of the said seat of justice shall have been selected, pro- ceed to erect the necessary buildings thereon. Sec. 4. This act to take effect from and after the 1st day of February next. This was the law authorizing Dubois County. The name was given for Tousaint Dubois, wlio purchased land in the county in the eastern j)art of what is now Boone Township, in the year 1807. He engaged in the army of Gen. Harrison to crush out the Indians then forming a powerful confederacy under Tecum- seli. At the battle of Tippecanoe he distinguished himself and received the special mention of his general. It was proper that the county should be named for such a man, one who had been one of the earliest settlers, and who was not afraid to risk his life in defense of the homes of the Indiana frontier. On the 29tli of January, 181S, the Legislature passed another act touching Dubois County. It took away all the land within the following boundaries and annexed it to Perry County : Beginning at the southeast corner of Township 3 south, Range 3 west; thence with the said township line to the line dividing Ranges 3 and 4 west ; thence north three miles ; thence east through the cen- ter of said township to the line dividing Ranges 2 and 3 west; thence south with the same to the place of beginning. On the 17th of January, 1820, Martin County was created out of Daviess and Dubois Counties, thus reducing Dubois to about its present limits, and with but little change has remained ever since. The destruction of the court house on the night of August 17, 1839, and with it all the county records, has rendered the com- pilation of this work doubly difficult, as that is usually a large HISTOEY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 487 source of reliable information that is impossible to supply either from tradition or recollection. Division into Civil Townships. — -At the first division of the county into civil townships five were created. Their boundaries were changed but little from the following, as stated in an order of the county board, after the fire, at the June term, 1841: Harbison. — Beginning at the southwest corner of Section 10, in Town 1, south of Range (5 Avest; running east on said line to Patoka River; thence up Patoka to the center line of Range -1 ; thence due north to White River ; tlience down White River with the meanders thereof to the center line of Range 6. Bainbridge. — Commencing at the northwest corner of Section 15; thence running due east to Patoka; thence down Patoka with the meanders thereof to Pike County line ; thence with said line to the place of the beginning. Columbia. — Commencing on White River on the section line dividing Sections 21 and 22; tlience south across Patoka to the Townshi]) line 1 and 2 south to the south part of Township 1; thence east to the Crawford County line to where it strikes the Orange County line; tlience with said line to the northeast cor- ner of Dubois County ; thence west to White River ; thence down White River with the meanders thereof to the place of beginning. Hall. — Beginning at the southeast corner of Section 36 on the township line dividing Towns 1 and 2, where the same strikes the Crawford County line; thence west to the center line of Range 4; thence south to the Spencer County line; thence with said line to the Crawford County line; thence with said line to the place of beginning. Patoka. — Beginning on the section line, dividing 1) and 10, thence south to the Spencer County line, thence all the territory in Dubois County, west of said line, and south of Patoka. At the same session of the commissioners, the county was divided into three commissioner districts as follows: First District shall be composed of Harbison Township, and all of Columbia north of Patoka. The Second District shall be composed of Bain- bridge Township, and all the territory west of the old county road in Patoka Township. Third District, Hall Township, and all Pa- toka Township east of the old county road, and all Patoka Town- ship south of Patoka. 488 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Location of fhe County Seat — The commissioners appointed to fix the seat of justice, selected the present site of Portersville, in Boone Township. This land was purchased from the Govern- ment by Jacob Lemmon, in the year 1814. It is on the bank of the east fork of White River, and was no doubt selected partly on that account, as the streams were the main outlets for produce in the Western country at that time. The location was probably obtained through the influence of Arthur Harbison, one of the early associate judges of the county, and Jacob Lemmon, both at that time prominent in the affairs of the county. It is said that John Niblack was the county agent appointed to lay out all the lots of the town. The first sale of lots took place in July 1818, and was largely attended. The lots were sold at a good price, and many of them taken. The survey was made by Hosea Smith, a resident of Pike County. The act of the Legis- lature creating the county, required the county commissioners to build the necessary public building at the county seat within one year. This they proceeded to do, and during the fall of 1818, a two-story log court house was completed, and a little later the jail was finished. Everything at the new county seat was prospering, and it gave promise of a thriving and enterprising town. There were two elements, however, destined to be its overthrow. The malaria prevalent along the streams of a new and unsettled coun- try is always greater than in later years, when drift and other impediments to the flow of the water are removed. All the towns along the streams in southern Indiana, suffered much from the sickness caused by the sluggish and overflowing water. Some of them were almost depopulated, and especially was this so during the decade from 1820 to 1830. Portersville was no exception to this, and it proved a great drawback to its prospering. Another, and perhaps a more influential cause for the removal of the seat of justice from this place, was its position. It was situated on the extreme northern side of the county, and as the population in- creased in the southern part a demand was made for a change in the location of the county capital. This demand resulted in the appointment of another commissioner by the State Legislature to change and permanently fix the seat of justice in Dubois County. This was probably done at the session of 1829-30. The men chosen for this purpose were William Hoggett, Adam Shoemak- HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 489 er, Thomas Vandever, Thomas Cesale and Ebenezer Jones. After considering the various places suggested for the new town, the present site of Jasper was selected, on the Patoka Eiver. Thus it seems that one of the reasons for changing the county seat, the health of the people, was ignored in the new choice, for no stream in Indiana is more sluggish, and therefore, more unhealthy, than the Patoka. But other considerations had their influence. The land was donated for the purpose of a county seat as will be seen by the following affidavit made after the fire in 1839, whereby the county records were entirely destroyed. "Simon Morgan, being duly sworn, says that in the year of our Lord, 1830, Jacob Enlow and Elizabeth Enlow, his wife, donated to William Hoggatt, Adam Shoemaker, Thomas Vandever, Thom- as Cesale and Ebenezer Jones, commissioners appointed by the Legislature of the State of Indiana to locate the county seat of Dubois County, and to receive donations therefor, the following tract or parcel of land lying and being in said county of Dubois, State aforesaid, to wit: The west half of the northeast quarter of Section 35, Township 1 south. Range 5 west, containing eighty acres, for and in consideration that the county seat of said county was located at this place where the town of Jasper, in said county is now situated. * * * That afterward to wit: On the night of the 17th of August, 1839, the said deed and the record thereof, were wholly destroyed by fire by the burning of the clerk's and recorder's office in the town of Jasper, in said coun- ty." The record then contains a similar statement concerning a, tract of six acres ofP of the west part of the east half of the north- east quarter of the same section, made by Benjamin Enlow and Fanny, his wife, and Jacob Enlow and his wife, Eliz- abeth: That these deeds were made in the year 1830, and that they were duly recorded by Simon Morgan, then recorder. This affidavit was made by Simon Morgan and sworn to before Elisha Embree, the circuit court judge. In addition to the donation of the land, twelve citizens of the neighborhood bound themselves to erect a court house and jail in the town equally as good as those at Portersville, free of cost to the county. They did so, and the buildings were log, similar to those in the former county seat. The jail was built near the present site of the store of M. A. Sermersheim & Co., but was afterward moved to the public 490 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. square. No other cliange occurred until the fire, on the night of August 17, 1839. On the first Monday in September following, the county board met in regular session. The county commis- sioners were Henry Enlow, Robert Oxley and John Donald. Simon Morgan was county clerk and also auditor. The record shows that the sessions were held at the usual place of holding courts. At the November term the circuit court was ordered to be held at the house of James H. Condict in Jasper, This continued to be the usual place for about one year, when the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was secured for the purpose. This continued to be the court house until the erection of the pres- ent building in 1844. In March of that year, Alexander McK. Graves was employed to build the foundation, which was com- pleted by September. In December, a contract was entered into with Rev. Joseph Kundeck to build the court house. George A. Lepper, Jacob Jerger and I. S. Martin Avere appointed a building committee to superintend the work on behalf of the county. The work went on slowly and trouble arose between the county and the contractor, which was finally determined by litigation in court. In December, 1845, a bell was ordered to cost |50. The county board finally received the building in June, 1847. The public square was to be fenced in, and the court house "to be used for all public meetings such as court houses are usually used for." A. S. Blagrave, M. T. Powers and Elijah Cox were county commissioners. The total cost of the court house was about $6,773. In March, 1849, Major T. Powers, B. B. Edmonston, and E. Stephenson were appointed to superintend the letting and build- ing of a county jail, to be twenty-two feet long and 20 feet wide. The contract was awarded to M. T. Powers for $1,799.75, and William Bretz appointed superintendent on the part of the coun- ty. It was built on the northwest corner of the public square, and finished in due time to the satisfaction of all parties. The Poor Farm. — In 1858 the question as to the propriety of buying a county farm for the purpose of maintaining the county paupers upon, arose. As a result, the board advertised, in June, 1859, for a farm. But a difference of opinion on the subject caused the purchase to be delayed. At the December term fol- lowing, the county auditor was ordered to correspond with other HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 491 county auditors on the advantage of poor farms to the county. Nothing further was done until March, 1S()1, when the board met in special session to purchase a farm. Out of several offers made to the board, that of E. A. Hochgesang was accepted. The amount paid was $l,-400; ol: this $1, ()()() was [)aid down, and the balance in one year, at (] per cent, interest. A contract for building a poor house was awarded to John Bohart for $401^. The building was to be 50x10 feet, and a porch on the south side ten feet wide, and all to be finished by the first Monday in June following. Phillip Sterringer was appointed the first superintendent of the Dubois County Poor Asylum. No other buildings of consequence were erected by the county until 18()8. New Couniy Jail, (ind Court House Addifioii. — For several years prior to 1808, the grand jury had often returned a report con- demning the county jail. In December of that year preparations were made for building a new one. Lot No. 14'2, in the town of Jasper, was purchased of Vincent Keller, for $1,200. After the required advertising was complied with, E, A. Hochgesang was awarded the contract for the brick, stone and plaster work, for $2,045, and the wood work to John Miller and George Freidman for $975. Adam Schlessinger was appointed superintendent, with Henry Lang, assistant. The business of the county had grown so rapidly that the old court house was not large enough ; conse- quently, in March, 1875, the auditor was ordered to advertise the letting of a contract for building an addition to the court house. This was done May 24 following, to E. A. Hochgesang, for $3,085. The addition comprised about two-fifths of the present building, and it was finished and completed by the 2!>tli of No- vember, in the same year, and received by the board. Creation of Xcw Toivnships. — -At the December term, 1844, of the county court, the following order was passed: That a town- ship be laid out taking a part of Hall and Patoka Townshi])S, said new township to be called Ferdinand Township, and have the following boundary, to-wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of Section 1, Town 3 south. Range 4 west; running thence Avest to the dividing line of Ranges 4 and 5 west; thence south along said range line to the southeast corner of Section 13; tlience west to the northwest corner of Section 22, Town 3 south, Range 5; thence south to the county line; thence east on the county line t.) 492 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. the line between Ranges three and four ; thence north to the place of beginning. This composed parts of what are now Jackson and Cass Townships. In September, 1845, it was ordered that Pato- ka River be the line between Bainbridge and Patoka Townships, from a point where the section line dividing Sections 2 and 11, Township 2 south, Range 5 west, strikes said river. In Septem- ber, 1848, it was ordered that the following boundary shall here- after constitute the line dividing Patoka and Bainbridge Town- ships, to wit: Commencing at Hall's Creek, where the west line of Hall Township crosses said creek, running north and south ; thence down said creek to the mouth of said creek ; thence down said river to the mouth; thence down Patoka River to the Pike County line. Thus the townships remained until March, 1874, when the county board reorganized the county into twelve civil townships. Hitherto there had been but six. These townships were named and bounded as follows: Columbia Township. — Commencing at the northeast corner of Section 13, Town 1 north, Range 3 west; thence running west to the northwest corner of Section 18, same township and range; thence running south to the southwest corner of Section 7, Town 1 south. Range 3 west; thence running east to the southeast corner of Section 12 in last named township and range; thence running to the place of beginning. Harbison Township. — Commencing at the northeast corner of Section 18, Town 1 north, Range 4 west, running thence west alone: the north line of Sections 13, 14 and 15 until the same intersects White River ; thence down said river with the meanders thereof, to the northwest corner of Section 26, Town 1 north, Range 5 west; thence south to the southwest corner of Section 11, Town 1 south, Range 5 west; thence east to the southeast corner of the southwest quarter of Section 8, Town 1 south, Range 4 west ; thence north to the southeast corner of the northwest quarter of Section 8 in same township and range; thence east to the southeast corner of the northwest quarter of Section 12, also in the same township and range ; thence north to the place of begin- Boone Township. — Commencing at the point on White River, section line dividing Sections 26 and 27, Town 1 north. Range 5 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 493 west, . G. Brown, 1824; John Brittain, 1830; Elijah Kendall, 1832; Abraham Baker, 1839; Joseph Buggs, 1845; Willis Niblack, 1846; Thomas Hurst, 1849; Stephen Stephen- son, 1851; William H. Green, 1852; William Schulterman, 1856; J. W. Taylor, 1860; Charles Kraus, 1861; Harvey Nicholson, 1863; John G. Allen, 1864; Eeinhart Kich, 1866; Charles Birke- myer, 1868; George Cox, 1870; Michael Hochgesang, 1876; Anton Kerlin, 1880; Moritz Fritz, 1884. Associate Judges. — B. B. Edmonston, Sr., and Ashbury Alex- ander, 1824; Edward Wood, 1830; John Niblack, 1831; Daniel Harris, 1835; Henry Bradley and Willis Hays, 1837; Kobert Oxley, 1841; William Cavender and Thomas Shoulders, 1845; Conrad Miller, 1850. Probate Judges. — ^B. B. Edmonston, Sr., 1829; Daniel Har- ris, 1840; Moses Kelso, 1841; Andrew B. Spicely, 1848. Auditors. — Samuel B. McCrillus, 1852; John Mehringer, 1856; Theodore Sonderman, 1863; Martin Freidman, 1867; August Litschgi, 1870; Michael Deinderfer, 1874; Isidor Schuh- macher, 1878. Representatives. — Richard Daniel and John Johnson, Gibson, and Pike Counties, 1818; William McMahan, Spencer, Perry and Dubois, January, 1825 ; John Daniel, same, December, 1825 ; John Johnson, Pike and Dubois, 1826-27; James Ritchie, same, 1828; Thomas C. Stewart, same, 1829-30-31 ; George H. Proffit, same, 1832; William M. Wright, 1833-34; Benjamin Edmonston, same, 1835; G. H. Proffit, same, 1836; Aaron B. McCrillus, Dubois and Crawford, 1837 ; George H. Proffit, Pike and Dubois, 1838 ; Ben- jamin Edmonston, 1839 ; Aaron B. McCrillus, Dubois and Pike, 1840; John Poison, Dubois, 1841; Benjamin Edmonston same, 1843; Silas Davis, 1844; George W. Lemonds, 1845-46-47; B. T. Goodman, 1848; B. Edmonston, 1848-49; H. W. Barker, 1849-53; John Abel, 1853; John S. Martin, 1855; Thomas Shoulders, 1857; B. R. Kempf, 1863; B. B. Edmonston, 1867; HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 497 Leroy Cave, Dubois and Martin, 1869 ; E. C. Steplieuson, same, 1871; H. A. Peed, same, 1873; A. J. Gossman, same, 1875-77; Mr. Hart, same, 1879; Samuel Hargrove, Pike and Dubois, 1881; Morman Fisher, same, 1883. Senators. — Isaac Montgomery, for the district composed of Gibson, Pike and Dubois Counties, 1818 ; Daniel Robb, same, 1820-21; John Daniel, Dubois, Spencer and Perry, 1822; Daniel Grass, same, December, 1822; Daniel Edwards, same, 1823; Daniel Grass, same, 1825 ; Isaac Montgomery, Gibson, Pike and Dubois, 1826-27; Daniel Robb, same, 1829-32; Elisha Embree, same, 1838-34; Thomas C. Stewart, same, 1835-37; John Hargrave, same, 1838-40; Smith Miller, same, 1841-44; 1844; Benjamin P. Edmonston, same, 1845-47; Smith Mil- ler, 1848-49; B. T. Goodman, same, 1850; William Hawthorn, same, 1855; John Hargrave, same, 1857-59; Thomas Shoulders, 1861-63 ; James Barker, same, 1865-67 ; Aaron Houghton, Pike, Dubois and Martin, 1869; Leroy Cave, Dubois and Martin, 1871; H. A. Peed, Dubois, Martin and Orange, 1875; William A. Tay- lor, same, 1879 ; William Traylor, Dubois, Martin and Lawrence, 1881. Railroads. — For nearly twenty years tlie question of railroads has been before the people of Dubois County. The agitation of it began soon after the close of the war, and in 18(59, several propositions were on foot for the construction of that indispensa- ble thing to our modern civilization. The most plausible of them all was that of the New Albany & St. Louis Air Line. In Sep- tember of that year, Patoka Township held an election to deter- mine whether it should aid that road to the extent of $10,780, by a tax of two per centum. The result was 257 votes for, and 20 against the tax. In November of the same year, an election was held throughout the entire county upon the subject of a county tax to the amount of $53,105, in aid of the same road, providing it should run within one-half mile of Jasper. This latter proposition was opposed by the entire southern portion of the county, al- most unanimously. The vote at that election is here given, but it must be remembered that the county then had but six instead of twelve townships. 498 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. TOWNSHIP. FOR. AGAINST. Columbia 18 149 Plarbison 70 103 Bainbridge 380 23 Hall 58 295 Patoka 4 525 Ferdinand 334 Totals 530 1,339 In June, 1871, the railroad company demanded of the county board $7,600 of the tax collected in Patoka Township, according to the first election. The board refused to grant the request at that time, but in March, 1873, stock to the amount of $6,000 was taken in behalf of the township. In June, 1881, an election was held in Jackson Township to decide whether that township should aid the same road by a tax. A vote of 136 to 48 decided against it. After much trouble and vexation the road was finally completed across the county in the early part of 1882. In consequence Huntingburgh has grown to be the first town in the county in a business point of view. In the meantime the Cincinnati, Rockport & Southwestern had been agitating the railway question and had felt the public pulse in reference to aid by taxation. Bainbridge Township alone gave to aid this road more than $20,000, and individuals took $17,800 of stock, and even then the construction was com- pleted under discouragement. However the task was finally ac- complished, and the first train came to Jasper on the evening of February 14, 1879. Although the weather was stinging cold, a large crowd assembled at the depot to welcome the first "iron horse" and accord it the freedom of the city. The brass band was out and discoursed appropriate music. Martin Friedman gave the depot lot and others gave materials and labor to erect the building free of cost to the company. Agricultural Society. — Early in the sixties a fair association was organized and one or two exhibitions held, but the excitement that everywhere existed and the uncertainty of affairs, arising from the war, soon brought about its abandonment. In October, 1872, another fair was held. The association was organized early in the year and was known as the Dubois County Agricultural Society. The officers were O. F. Hobbs, president ; R. M. Wel- man, vice-president ; John Gramelspacher, secretary ; William HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 499 A, Traylor, treasurer. The directors were Simon Bixler, Har- bison Township ; Joseph Striegle, Hall Township ; A. J. Gossman, Columbia Township; J. Woekl^enberg, Ferdinand Township; Mormon Fisher, Patoka Township; Thomas Herbig, Bainbridge Township; Jesse Traylor, John P. Norman and Samuel Dillon, Jr., directors at large and Sebastian Kuebler, general superin- tendent. The first fair was held October 15, 10, 17, 18 and 19, 1872, upon the grounds near Jasper. A balloon ascension was one of the prominent features. The display was good and the entries numbered 300. The receipts amounted to |1,400 and the expenses $1,200, leaving a balance of $200 in the treasury after the premiums were paid. The society continued to hold annual ex- hibitions for several years but it is now abandoned. Elccfion Refurns. — From almost the earliest time the Democ- racy has been largely in the majority in the county. During the latter part of the thirties the Whigs came near being equal in number, but at the Presidential election in 1840, the Democratic ticket received a good majority, and has ever since retained it. A number of the old election papers could not be found. At the Presidential election of 1800, the result was as follows: NOVEMBER, 1800. NORTHERN SOUTHERN REPUBLICAN. DEMOCRAT. DEMOCRAT. ITNION. TOWNSHIPS. Lincoln Douglas Breckenridge Bell and and and and Hamlin. Johnson. Lane. Everett. Bainbridge 87 318 .. 7 Patoka 83 320 .. 2 Columbia 23 125 .. 2 Hall 49 174 .. 1 Ferdinand 1 253 Harbison 59 157 2 8 Totals 301 1347 2 20 NOVEMBER, 1868. REPUBLICAN. DEMOCRAT. TOWNSHIPS. Grant and Seymour and Colfax. Blair. Bainbridge 97 425 Patoka 157 483 Ferdinand 15 363 Harbison 90 215 Hall 73 302 Columbia 69 198 Totals 501 1986 500 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. NOVEMBER, 1872. DEMOCRAT. TOWNSHIPS. Greeley and Browu. Bainbridge 385 Patoka 426 Ferdinand 310 Harbison. 200 Hall 281 Columbia 174 Totals 1776 REPUBLICAN. Grant and Wilson. 130 188 13 111 73 75 590 NOVEMBER, 1876. DEMOCRAT. TOWNSHIPS. Tilden and Hendricks. Bainbridge 371 Columbia 81 Harbison 188 Boone 90 Madison 103 Marion 175 Hall 175 Jefferson 124 Jackson 211 Patoka 281 Cass 193 Ferdinand 340 Totals 2332 REPUBLICAN. Hayes and Wilson. 14 59 32 114 123 4 35 66 4 141 105 4 701 NOVEMBER, 1880. DEMOCRAT. REPUBLICAN. TOWNSHIPS. Hancock and Garfield and English. Arthur. Bainbridge 422 41 Columbia 96 100 Harbison 208 34 Boone 116 136 Madison 97 141 Marion 178 9 Hall 218 54 Jefferson 137 88 Jackson 309 13 Patoka 270 145 Cass 192 134 Ferdinand 357 5 Totals 2500 900 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 501 NOVEMBER, 1884. DEMOCRAT. REPUBLICAN. TOWNSHIPS. Cleveland and Blaine and Hendricks. Logan. Bainbridge 442 33 Columbia 121 79 Harbison 205 32 Boone 131 139 Madison 101 129 Marion 182 8 Hall 198 57 Jefferson 213 183 Jackson 109 80 Patoka 355 187 Cass 196 134 Ferdinand 339 7 Totals 2712 1018 STATE OFFICERS. Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio, October 5, 1787, to July 4, 1800. Oovernors of Indiana Terriiory. — William Henry Harrison, from July 5, 1800, to 1812; John Gibson, acting governor from 1812 to 1813; Thomas Posey, from March 3, 1813, to November 7, 1810. Governors of the State of Indiana. — Jonathan Jennings, from November 7, 1816, to December 4,1822; William Hendricks, from December 4, 1822, to February 12, 1825; James B. Eay^ from December 7, 1825, to December 7, 1831 ; Noah Noble, from December 7, 1831, to December 6, 1837 ; David Wallace from December 6, 1837, to December 9, 1840; Samuel Bigger, from December 9, 1840, to December 6, 1843; James Whitcomb, from December 0, 1843, to December 26, 1848; Paris C. Dunning, acting-governor, from December 26, 1848, to December 6, 1849; Joseph A. Wright, from December 6, 1849, to January 5, 1857; Ashbel P. Willard; Abram A. Hammond; Henry S. Lane, a few days in January, 1860; Oliver P. Morton, acting, from 1860, to to January 12, 1865; Oliver P. Morton from January 12, 1865, to January 12, 1867; Conrad Baker, acting, from 1867 to 1869; Conrad Baker, from 1869 to 1873; Thomas A. Hendricks, from 1873 to 1877; James D. Williams, from 1877 to 1881; Albert G. Porter, fi'om 1881 to 1883; Isaac P. Gray, from 1883 to . 502 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Lieutenani Governors. — Cliristoplier Harrison, from 1816 to December 17, 1818; Eatliff Boone, from 1819 to 1824; James B. Ray, acting, from 1821 to 1825; John H. Thompson, from 1825 to 1828 ; Milton Stapp, from 1828 to 1831 ; David Wallace, from 1831 to 1837; David Hillis, from 1837 to 1810; Samuel Hall, from 1840 to 1843 ; Jesse D. Bright, from 1843 to 1845 ; God- love S. Orth, acting, 1845 ; James G. Read, acting 1846 ; Paris C. Dunning, from 1846 to 1848 ; James G. Read, 1849 ; James H. Lane, from 1849 to 1853; Ashbel P. Willard, from 1853 to 1857; Abram A. Hammond, from 1857 to 1859; John R. Cravens, acting, from 1859 to 1863; Paris C. Dunning, acting, from 1863 to 1865; Conrad Raker, from 1865 to 1867 ; Will Cumback, from 1867 to 1869 ; Will Cumback, from 1869 to 1863 ; Leonidas Sexton, from 1873 to 1877 ; Isaac P. Gray, from 1877 to 1881 ; Thomas Warner, from 1881 to 1883; Mahlon D. Manson, from 1883 to . Secreiarics of Siaie. — John Gibson, Territorial, from 1800 to 1816; Robert A. New, from 1816 to 1825; W. W. Wick, from 1825 to 1829; James Morrison, from 1829 to 1833; William Sheets, from 1833 to 1837; William J. Brown, from 1837 to 1841; William Sheets, from 1841 to 1845; John H. Thompson, from 1845 to 1849; Charles H. Test, from 1849 to 1853; Nehemiah Hayden, from 1853 to 1855; Erasmus B. Collins, 1855 to 1857; Daniel McClure, from 1857 to 1858; Cyrus L. Dunham, from 1858 to 1859; Daniel McClure, from 1859 to 1861; William A. Peele, from 1861 to 1863; James S. Anthon, from 1863 to 1865 ; Nelson Trusler, from 1865 to 1869; Max P. A. HofPman, from 1869 to 1871; Norman Eddy, from 1871 to 1872; John H. Farquhar, from 1872 to 1873; W. W. Curry, from 1873 to 1874; John E. NefP, from 1874 to — John P. Shanklin, from 1879 to 1881 ; E. R. Hawn, from 1881 to 1883; William R. Meyers, 1883 to 1885. Audiiors of -S/a/e.— William H. Lilley, from 1816 to 1829; Morris Morris, from 1829 to 1844; Horatio J. Harris, from 1844 to 1847; Douglas McGuire, from 1847 to 1850. E. W. H. Ellis, from 1850 to 1853; John P. Dunn, from 1853 to 1855; Hiram E. Talbot, from 1855 to 1857; John W. Dodd, from 1857 to 1860; Albert Lange, from 1861 to 1863; Joseph Ristine, from 1863 to 1865; Thomas B. McCarty, from 1865 to 1869; John D. Evans, from 1869 to 1871; John C. Shoemaker, from 1871 to HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 505 1873; James A. Wildman, from 1873 to 1874; Ebenezer Hen- derson, from 1875 to ; M. D. Manson, from 1879 to 1881; E. H. Wolfe, from 1881 to 1883: J. H. Eice, from 1883 to . Treasurers of State. — Daniel C. Lane, from 1810 to 1823; Samuel Merrill, from 1823 to 1835 ; Nathan B. Palmer, from 1835 to isll; George H. Dunn, from 1841 to 1844; Royal May- hew, from 1844 to 1847; Samuel Hanna, from 1847 to 1850; J. P. Drake, from 1850 to 1853; Elijah Newland, from 1853 to 1855; AVilliam B. NofPsinger, from 1855 to 1857; Aquilla Jones, from 1857 to 1859; Nathaniel F. Cunningham, from 1859 to 1861; J. S. Harvey, from 1861 to 1863; Matthew L. Brett, from 1863 to 1865; John I. Morrison, from 1865 to 1867; Na- than Kimball, from 1867 to 1871; James B. Ryan, from 1871 to 1873; John B. Glover, from 1873 to 1875; B. C. Shaw, from 1875 to ; William Fleming, from 1879 to 1881; R. S. Hill, from 1881 to 1883; John J. Cooper, from 1883 to -^. Attorney-Generals. — James Morrison, from March 5, 1855; J. E. McDonald, from December 17, 1857; J. G. Jones, from December 17, 1859 ; John P. Usher, from November 10, 1861 ; Oscar B. Hord, from November 3, 1862; D, E. Williamson, from November 3, 1864; Bayliss W. Hanna, from November 3, 1870; James C. Denny, from November 6, 1872; Clarence A. Buskirk, from November 6, 1874; Thomas Woolen, from Novem- ber ,1878 to November, 1880; Daniel O. Baldwin, from 1881 to 1883 ; Francis T. Hord, from 1883 to . Judges of tlie Suiweme Court. — James Scott, from 1816 to 1831 ; John Johnston, from 1816 to 1817; J. L. Holman, from 1816 to 1831; Isaac Blackford, from 1817 to 1853; S. C. Stevens, from 1831 to 1836; J. T. McKinney, from 1831 to 1837; Charles Dewey, from 1836 to 1847 ; Jeremiah Sullivan, from 1837 to 1846; Samuel E. Perkins, from 1846 to 1865 ; Thomas L. Smith, from 1847 to 1853; Andrew Davidson, from 1853 to 1865; William L. Stewart, from 1853 to 1857; Addison L. Roache, from 1853 to 1854; Alvin P. Hovey, appointed, to 1854; S. B. Gookins, from 1854 to 1857; James L. Worden, appointed, from 1858 to 1865; James M. Hanna, appointed, from 1858 to 1865; Charles A. Ray, from 1865 to 1871; John P. Elliott, from 1865 to 1871; James S. Frazier, from 1865 to 1871; Robert S. Gregory, from 1865 to 1871 ; James L. Worden, from 1871 to ; Alex C. Downey, from 506 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 1871 to ; Samuel H. Buskirk, from 1871 to ; John Pettit, from 1871 to ; Andrew L. Osborn, from 1872 to Horace P. Biddle, from 1874 to ; Samuel E. Perkins George V. Howk; William E. Niblack; William A. Woods Byron K. Elliott; Allen Zollars. United States Senators. — James Noble, from 1816 to 1831; Waller Taylor, from 1816 to 1825; William Hendricks, from 1825 to 1837 ; Robert Hanna, appointed, 1831 ; John Tipton, from 1831 to 1839; Oliver H. Smith, from 1837 to 1843; Albert S. White, fi-om 1839 to 1845 ; Edward A. Hannegan, from 1843 to 1849; Jesse D. Bright, from 1845 to 1861; James Whitcomb, from 1849 to 1852; Charles W. Cathcart, appointed, from 1852 to 1853 ; John Pettit, from 1853 to 1857; Graham N. Fitch, from 1857 to 1861; Joseph A. Wright, from 1861 to 1863; Henry S. Lane, from 1861 to 1867; David Turpie, 1863; Thomas A. Hendricks, from 1863 to 1869; Oliver P. Morton, from 1867 to 1877; Daniel D. Pratt, from 1869 to 1875; Joseph E. McDonald, 1875; Daniel W. Voorhees, Benjamin Harrison. Territorial Delegates. — William H. Harrison, delegate from the Territory northwest of the Ohio Eiver; resigned in 1800, succeeded by William McMillan, who took his seat November 24, 1800. Indiana Territory. — Benjamin Parke, December 12, 1805, resigned in 1808 ; succeeded by Jesse B. Thomas, who took his seat December 1, 1808. Jonathan Jennings, November 27, 1809. HEPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 1817-22.— William Hendricks. 1822-24. — Jonathan Jennings. 1823-25. — Jonathan Jennings, William Prince, John Test and Jacob Call. 1825-27. — Ratliff Boon, Jonathan Jennings, John Test. 1827-29. — Thomas H. Blake, Jonathan Jennings, Oliver H. Smith. 1829-31. — Ratliff Boon, Jonathan Jennings, John Test. 1831-33. — Ratliff Boon, John Carr, Jonathan McCarty. 1833-35. — Ratliff Boon, John Carr, John Ewing, Jonathan McCarty. 1835-37.— Ratliff Boon, John Carr, John W. Davis, Edward HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 507 A. Hannegan,. William Herod, George L. Kinnard, Amos Lane, Jonathan McCarty. 1837-39. — Ratliff Boon, George H. Dunn, John Ewing, Will- iam Graham, William Herod, James Rariden, Albert S. White. 1839-41.— John Carr, John W. Davis, Tilghman A. Howard, Henry S. Lane, George H. Proffit, James Rariden, Thomas Smith, William W. Wick. 1841-43. — James H. Cravens, Andrew Kennedy, Henry S. Lane, George H. Proffit, Richard W. Thompson, David Wallace, Joseph L. White. 1843-45.-William J. Brown, John W. Davis, Thomas J. Henley, Andrew Kennedy, Robert Dale Owen, John Pettit, Sam- uel C. Sample, Caleb B. Smith, Thomas Smith, Joseph A. Wright. 1845-47.— Charles W. Cathcart, John W. Davis, Thomas J, Henley, Andrew Kennedy, Edward W. McGaughey, Robert D. Owen, John Pettit, Caleb B. Smith, Thomas Smith. William W. Wick. 1847-49.— Charles W. Cathcart, George G. Dunn, Elisha Embree, Thomas J. Henley, John Pettit, John L. Robinson, William Rockhill, Caleb B. Smith, Richard W. Thompson, Will- iam W. Wick. 1849-51. — Nathaniel Albertson, William J. Brown, Cyrus L. Dunham, Graham N. Fitch, AVillis A. Gorman, Andrew J. Har- lan, George W. Julian, Joseph E. McDonald, Edward W. Mc- Gaughey, John L. Robinson. 1851-53. — Samuel Brenton, John G. Davis, Cyrus L. Dun- ham, Graham N. Fitch, Willis A. Gorman, Thomas A. Hendricks, James Lockhart, Daniel Mace, Samuel AV. Parker, John L. Rob- inson. 1853-55, — ^Ebenezer M. Chamberlain, John G. Davis, Cyrus L. Dunham, Norman Eddy, William H. English, Andrew J. Har- lan, Thomas A. Hendricks, James H. Lane, Daniel Mace, Smith Miller, Samuel W. Parker. 1855-57.- — Lucien Barbour, Samuel Brenton, Schuyler Colfax, William Cumback, George G. Dunn, William H. English, David P. Holloway, Daniel Mace, Smith Miller, John U. Pettit, Harvey D. Scott. 1857-59. — Charles Case, Schuyler Colfax, John G. Davis, 508 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. William H. English, James B. Foley, James M. Gregg, James Hughes, David Kilgore, William E. Niblack, John U. Pettit, James Wilson. 1859-61. — Charles Case, Schuyler Colfax, John G. Davis, William M. Dunn, William H. English, William S. Holman, David Kilgore, William E. Niblack, John U. Pettit, Albert G. Porter, James Wilson. 1861-63. — Schuyler Colfax, James A. Cravens, W. McKee Dunn, William S. Holman, George W. Julian, John Law, Will- iam Mitchell, Albert G. Porter, John P. C. Shanks, Daniel W. Voorhees, Albert S. White. 1863-65. — Schuyler Colfax, James A. Cravens, Ebenezer Du- mont, Joseph K. Edgerton, Henry W. Harrington, William S. Holman, George W. Julian, John Law, James F. McDowell, Godlove S. Orth, Daniel W. Voorhees. 1865-67. — Schuyler Colfax, Joseph H. Defrees, Ebenezer Dumont, John H. Farquhar, Ealph Hill, George W. Julian, Michael C. Kerr, William E. Niblack, Godlove S. Orth, Thomas N. Stillwell, Daniel W. Voorhees, Henry D. Washburn. 1867-69.— John Coburn, Schuyler Colfax, William S. Hol- man, Morton C. Hunter, George W. Julian, Michael C. Kerr, William E. Niblack, Godlove S. Orth, John P. C. Shanks, Henry D. Washburn, William Williams. 1869-71.— John Coburn, William S. Holman, George W. Julian, Michael C. Kerr, William E. Niblack, Godlove S. Orth, Jasper Packard, John P. C. Shanks, James N. Tyner, Daniel W. Voorhees, William Williams. 1871-73. — John Coburn, William S. Holman, Michael C. Kerr, Mahlon D. Manson, William E. Niblack, Jasper Packard, John P. C. Shanks, James N. Tyner, Daniel W. Voorhees, Will- iam Williams, Jeremiah M. Wilson. 1873-75, — Thomas J. Cason, John Coburn, William S. Hol- man, Morton C. Hunter, William E. Niblack, Godlove S. Orth, Jasper Packard, Henry B. Sayler, John P. C. Shanks, James N. Tyner, William Williams, Jeremiah M. Wilson, Simeon K. Wolfe. 1875-77. — John H. Baker, Nathan T. Carr, Thomas J. Cason, James L. Evans, Benoni S. Fuller, Andrew H. Hamilton, William S. Haymond, W. S. Holman, Andrew Humphreys, Morton C. HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 500 Hunter, Michael C. Kerr, Franklin Landers, Jeptlia D. New, Mil- ton S. Robinson, James D. Williams. 1877-79. — John H. Baker, George A. Bicknell, Thomas M. Browne, William H. Calkins, Thomas E. Cobb, James L. Evans, B. S. Fuller, A. H. Hamilton, John Hanna, M. C. Hunter, M. S. Robinson, Leonidas Sexton, M. D. White. 1879-81.— William Heilman, Thomas R. Cobb, George A. Bicknell, Jeptha D. New, Thomas M. Browne, William R. Myers, Gilbert De La Matyr, Abraham J. Hostetter, Godlove 8. Orth, William H. Calkins, Calvin Cowgill, Walpole G. Colerick, John H. Baker. 1884-85. — John F. Kleiner, Thomas R. Cobb, Strother M. Sockslager, W. S. Holman, C. C. Matson, T. M. Brown, S. J. Peelle, J. E. Lamb, T. B. Ward, T. F. Wood, G. W. Steele, Robert Loury, W. H. Calkins. CHAPTER IV. History of the Bench and Bafi— The Early Court Practi- tioners— The First Trials— Professional Character of Judges AND Attorneys- Murder and other Important Cases— Courts Under the new Constitution— Comparison of Practices— Pro- bate AND Common Pleas Courts- BEYOND the year 1839 there is no record left to tell what course justice pursued in the litigation that occurred. Whatever history has been obtained concerning the courts and attorneys prior to that time must be read with the remembrance that it was drawn from recollections and fr'om tradition. In accordance with the act of the Legislature creatinard Daniel was the next man to hold court in Dubois County as he was the regular judge of the Fourth Judicial Circuit of which the county was a part. In 1819 or 1820 James R. E. Goodlett came to the circuit bench and continued to occupy it until 1832. He had already become known throughout this portion of the State. Before that, it is said, he had been a resident of Paoli in Orange County for several years. He must have changed his residence. In his practice he was neither HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 511 ready nor Ijrilliant, two qualities necessary in a successful advo- cate. On the contrary, he was slow and formed his opinions only upon mature deliberation. This quality made him a good coun- selor and served him to the best advantage as a judge. As a practitioner he could never have been eminent, but as a judge he was in his proper sphere. In 1832 Hon. Samuel Hall was com- missioned judge of the Fourth Judicial Circuit by Gov. Noah Noble. An action that was common in the early days was for the pur- pose of establishing a dam on the creeks with the object of erect- ing mills. A writ of ad quod damnum would be directed to the sheriff of the county, ordering him to summon a jury to meet at the site of the proposed dam, and inquire into the situation of the creek, and report whether it would work a public or private in- convenience to erect a dam on the stream, and, if any damage, what and how much, and to whom. Upon a favorable report the court would grant permission to erect the dam, and it was thus that a "mill seat" was established. Divorce cases were not long in finding their way into courts. It seems that the marital rela- tions were no more pleasant than many find them in these later days, but '''twas ever thus." Another class of cases that occu- pied much time of the courts in early years were actions for slander. These were often brought in the form of "trespass on the case," in accordance with the early methods of practice, and aofreeable to the forms of the common law then in full force in this State. An occasional verdict for large damages was awarded, but the general run of the verdicts was for nominal damages, or in favor of the defendant. The dockets were filled with cases of covenant, trover, assault and battery, foreign attachment, debt, larceny, ejectment, assumpsit, bastardy, adultery, passing coun- terfeit money, perjury, forgery and an occasional murder trial. Other attorneys that took prominent rank during the decades of the twenties and thirties were John Law, John Pitcher, John Mclntire, Eeuben Kidder, Charles Dewey, John A. Bracken- ridge, A. J. Simpson, Eben D. Edson, Elijah Bell, Elias Terry, John Engle and L. Q. DeBruler. John Law was a good law^^er, and was at one time a member of Congress. Pitcher was a resi- dent of Rockport, and a brilliant attorney. He continued to practice for many years, and is now living in Mount Vernon, 512 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Posey County. Mclntire was an early attorney at Petersburg, while Kidder. Simpson and Dewey were from Paoli. The last was one of the ablest lawyers of southern Indiana. Brackenridge lived at Boonville, and was probably the foremost attorney ever a resi- dent of Warrick County. Edson and Engle each filled the office of prosecuting attorney. Elias Terry was a citizen of Washing- ton, and did a large practice at the Dubois County bar. He was a man of marked ability, and was associated with Lemuel Q. DeBruler, who lived in Jasper, and was at that time rapidly com- ing into prominence as one of the ablest pleaders in this portion of the State. Judge Hall remained upon the bench until the fall of 1835. At that time Charles I. Battell was appointed to the place, but he filled it only a short time. In the following spring Hon. Elisha Embree took his seat as president judge. He was a man of more than ordinary ability, and of the strictest integrity. He continued to occupy this position for several years, and was after- ward elected to Congress. It was during the term of Judge Embree that the destruction of the county records occurred, in August, 1839. At the next term a considerable part of the records was perpetuated by the affidavit of different persons. This was mostly concerning titles to land. The court was held February 17, 1840, at the house of James H. Condict, with Henry Bradley and Willis Hays, associate judges, and Eben D. Edson, prosecuting attorney. For a few terms the courts were held at the house of Condict, but it was not long ere they were held in the Cumber- land Presbyterian Church. That served as a court house until the building of the present house in 184:5. As Dubois County had no newspapers in that day, nearly all the publications neces- sary were made in papers published at Paoli, in Orange County. In 1842 James Lockhart was elected prosecuting attorney. About that time another attorney, who has been one of the leading men of the State, began to make his appearance in the courts. He was then a resident of Dover Hill, the county seat of Martin County. This was William E. Niblack, of whom more is said further along in this chapter. In February, 1846, James Lock- hart succeeded Judge Embree upon the bench. He also was a resident of Evansville, and had become a prominent lawyer of the district. His selection for the important office to which he was HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 513 now called was but a just tribute to his abilities. For some years he continued upon the bench, dispensing justice with impartiality and becoming dignity, Like his predecessor, he was elected to the national House of Representatives. William Cavender and Thomas Shoulders were his associates. John E-einhart and AV. D. Eosseter were leading attorneys admitted to the bar about that time. The latter was an old and able attorney. In August, 1853, Hon. Alvin P. Hovey was commissioned judge of the Third Judicial District, before this the county hav- ing been in the Fourth. He is yet living, and for more than one- third of a century has been one of the leading men of the State. He has been upon the supreme bench and took an active part in the Civil war. His dignity upon the bench was always maintained with the utmost rigidness, sometimes almost taking an arbi- trary turn. His natural disposition was better adapted to rule on the supreme bench than at a nisi jyrius court. Under the new constitution the courts of Indiana received a radical change. In the circuit courts the associate judges were dispensed with and a single judge held up the scales of justice. Many of the old common law forms ^^re done away with, and a new code was established. This code has been in force since the 9th of May, 1853, At that time those celebrated and imaginary individuals, John Doe and Richard Roe were forever banished from the courts of Indiana. They had become familiar to every lawyer, and from time immemorial had supplied a legal fiction in action for the recovery of real estate. The new law provided that every case should be conducted in the names of the real parties to the cause. With the abolition of so many fictions and the simplification of many terms and forms, much of the intricate learning of the old com- mon law has faded away. Those who have studied it, and by long years of practice had become thoroughly imbued with its princi- ples, admired it for its grandeur and because it embodied the true elements of justice and right. Many of the old practitioners re- garded the innovations as something next to a sacrilege, and never became reconciled to the change, while others went so far as to abandon the practice forever. On the whole, however, there is little doubt that the change has had a good result. Under the new code everything seems to have moved in a smoother chaunel, and many kinds of contention cases, such as ''trespass on the 514 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. case," "case," "trover," and assumpsit passed entirely away and are now known only in the study of the old common law. In February, 1854, the Hon. W. E. Niblack appeared and took his seat as circuit judge. He was a native of Dubois County, and for a few years had been engaged in practice in Martin County. It is said, that hitherto, his experience as a lawyer had not been extended much beyond the courts of that county. But for ten years his had been a familiar face at the Jasper bar, although yet comparatively young. However, that may be, he succeeded in being a good judge. If he lacked in legal learning, his good common sense came to his aid and enabled him to ad- minister equity if not law. He was kind and affable, honest and upright, qualities which made him many friends. After leaving the bench, he was sent to Congress from his district, which then included Dubois County. For several years he has been a con- spicuous member of the Supreme Court of Indiana. For four years he continued upon the bench, and in February, 1858, Bal- lard Smith succeeded him. Judge Smith was perhaps the most polished man that has ever been upon the Dubois circuit bench. He was well educated, and was somewhat literary in his make up. In addition to this, he was an able lawyer and rather a brilliant practitioner. At that time he was a resident of Cannelton, in Perry Co., but he afterward moved to Vigo County and became a leading member of the Terre Haute bar. The successor to Judge Smith was M. F. Burke, a citizen of Daviess County and resi- dent of Washington, who took his seat in February, 1859. He was of Irish descent, and possessed many of the sterling qualities of the natives of the Emerald Isle. AYith a ready mind, an abundance of resource and a free and impetuous eloquence, he was one of the best of advocates. He continued to occupy this position with satisfaction to all parties until his death, which oc- curred May 22, 1854. James C. Denny was appointed judge to fill the vacancy, and he held the July term 1864. During that term the two murder cases, one against Hurst and the other against Prieshoff, were disposed of in this court. The latter pleaded guilty of assault and battery and was fined ^25 ; the other was a change of venue. At the January term 1865, John Baker appeared and took his seat as judge, a position he held for six years. He is de- HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 515 scribed as a man possessed of deep cunning, although not well educated. He had good natural ability, was deep minded, and this with his unusual cunning made him eminent in his profession. His penetration and comprehension made him a good counselor, and his craft and skill gave him success where the merits of the case were obscure, if not altogether missing. Clients with improper claims, or unjust demands with little or no equity or law in them, went to him and were often rewarded beyond their hope. For about fifteen years he practiced largely at the Orange County bar, and during that time conducted a small newspaper at Orleans for a short time, early in the fifties. He moved to Vincennes, and there continued to practice his profession with success, until his election to the judgeship. In tliat place, the skill and artfulness that had served him with such advantage in the practice, now ena- bled him to divest a cause of whatever sophistry attorneys wove around it. He made a good judge and retired with the high re- gard of the bar. He is yet living in Washington. His successor was Newton F. Malott also a citizen of Yincennes. He was per- haps the most fearless and independent judge that has ever ruled in the Dubois Circuit Court. Neither popular clamor, nor pri- vate influence could sway him from his opinion of law and right. He remained upon the bench of this county until March, 1873, when the district was changed and Oscar M. Welborn com- missioned as judge of the Eleventh Judicial District. Ofher Coiirfs. — From the first organization of the State until the adoption of the new constitution in 1852, a probate court had exclusive jurisdiction and control over the settlement of all estates. The judge of this court was a citizen of the county. It is not now known who first filled the office of probate judge in Dubois County, but in 1829 B. B. Edmonston, Sr., was holding the office and he continued in that place until 1841, when he was succeeded by Daniel Harris. In a few months Moses Kelso was elected to the office and filled it until 1848. In October of that year An- drew B. Spradley assumed the duties of probate judge which he discharged until the court was abolished. Under the new consti- tution all probate matters were transferred to the court of com- mon pleas. That court was entirely remodeled. It was given original jurisdiction of all that class of offenses wliich did not amount to a felony, except those over which justices of the peace 516 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. had exclusive jurisdiction. State prosecutions were instituted by affidavit and information. Under certain restrictions this court liad jurisdiction in cases where the punishment coukl not be death. In no case was the intervention of a grand jury neces- sary. In all civil cases except for slander, libel, breach of promise to marry, action on official bond of any State or county officer, or where the title of real estate was involved, this court had concur- rent jurisdiction with the circuit court where the sum or dam- ages due or demanded did not exceed $1,000. It had concur- rent jurisdiction with justices of the peace where the sum due or demanded exceeded |50. When the court was first organ- ized, appeals could be taken from it to the circuit court, but that right was afterward abolished, but appeal could be taken to the supreme court, and the jurisdiction was from time to time enlarged. The clerk and sheriff of the county officiated in this court as well as in the circuit. The common pleas judge was ex-officio judge of the court of conciliation. This last was a court that had jurisdiction, of causes of action for libel, slander, malicious prosecution, assault and battery and false impris- onment, and extended to questions of reconciliation and compro- mise only. No attorney was allowed to appear for his client in a court of conciliation, but the parties were required to appear before the judge apart from all other persons, except that an infant was required to appear by its guardian and a female by her husband or friend. This branch of the court was abolished in 1867. The first court of common pleas in Dubois County, began in January, 1853, with Lemuel Q. DeBruler as judge. He re- mained upon that bench for eight years, and presided with fair- ness and precision. He was one of the early attorneys of Jas- per, and for several years was the leading attorney at the Dubois County bar. He was for several years during the forties, asso- ciated with Elias Terry, an able lawyer of Washington, Daviess County. DeBruler removed to Evansville, and became one of the foremost lawyers of southern Indiana. He was succeeded upon the bench in January, 18(31, by John James Key. In the following winter Judge Key resigned his position in the court, to accept a colonel's commission in the army, To fill the vacancy thus made, Charles H. Mason was appointed and his first term of court was in January, 1862. Judge Mason was then a resident HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 517 of Cannelton, in Perry County, and earned some notoriety as a lawyer. He is a man of culture and much ability, who has been a success in the practice of his profession. He is now a citizen of Rockport. Another year elapsed and David T. Laird suc- ceeded to the common pleas bench. In early life he had lived in Troy, and made a reputation as an attorney. Later, he moved to Rockport, where he has long been one of the leading practi- tioners. Judge Laird continued upon the bench until the fall of 1870. In October of that year Judge Mason was appointed to fill a short vacancy, and, in November following, Milton S. Mavity was elected. He was then, and is now, a citizen of Paoli, in Orange County. He is a good judge of law, although not a brilliant ad- vocate. He remained upon the bench until January, 1873, when the court of common pleas was abolished. Since that time the circuit court has had jurisdiction over all cases whatever, except- ing only those in which justices of the peace have exclusive ju- risdiction. It is said that the first sentence imposing confine- ment in the State prison, was for larceny — Jacob Drinkhouse re- ceived a verdict for two years. He was a hatter, and lived at Portersville. The proof is said to have been entirely circum- stantial, and founded upon statements that he had been guilty of other small thefts, such as taking coon-skins not his own, and making them into caps. He was prosecuted for stealing $50 from David Harris. The trial was at the first term of court held in Jasper. The money was afterward found where it had been put away by some member of the family, in a woman's di-ess. No wonder it was supposed to have been stolen. After seven months confinement in the penitentiary, Drinkhouse was pardoned. It is probable that the first murder trial in Dubois County was the State of Indiana against Jonathan Walker. The circum- stances of this case were somewhat as follows: The time was early in the forties and the place was Huntingburgh. Walker and a man named Benjamin Taylor, were at that place and had a quarrel with a shoe-maker living there, and whose name has been forgotten. In a fiofht the shoe-maker was killed. Walker was arrested on a charge of murder. Taylor left the country and did not again appear in these parts. He lived in Warrick County, near the town of Taylorville. The trial of Walker excited consid- 518 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. erable interest as he had long been one of the best known citizens of the county and one of its eai-liest settlers. The prosecution was assisted by John A. Brackenridge, the ablest attorney of Warrick County, and the defense was conducted by Terry & De Bruler, who were then doing a large part of the business at the Dubois County bar. The trial resulted in an acquittal. A "reasonable doubt" was established in the minds of the jury by an effort to prove that Taylor struck the fatal blow. Another murder trial that occurred about the same time was that of Zachariah Dillon, for killing Sheriff Thomas Wooldridge. It was in 1842, and attracted considerable attention from the prominence of the persons interested. The circumstances of the case seem to have been against the defendant and the exten- uating ones few. After a hotly contested trial Dillon was sen- tenced to a term of two years in the State prison and was par- doned before his time expired. A few years later a man named Pirtle was sent to the peniten- tiary for killing a showman at Huntingburgh. Harrison White a colored man, was sentenced to a lifetime of hard labor in the Jeffersonville prison for killing another colored man. This also took place near Huntingburgh, and was the result of a quarrel over a mulatto woman. Early in 1843 William Spurlock was prosecuted for betting upon an election. The indictment charged the defendant with having laid a wager with W. E.. McMahan of one horse valued at $50, that B. B. Edmonston would secure fifty votes more for county clerk than John A. Graham at the August election in 1842. It goes on to say that Edmonston did secure fifty votes more than Graham and was elected county clerk and that Spur- lock thereby won the property unlawfully and "against the peace and dignity of the State of Indiana, and contrary to the statute in such cases made and provided." A motion to quash being over- ruled Spurlock pleaded guilty and put himself upon the mercy of the court. After hearing the evidence the court fined him $20. After paying the costs and fine he was ahead $20, providing the horse was worth $50. Cases for gaming were often in the courts of those days and were as often accompanied by a companion cause, one for assault and battery. In 1842 James Lockhart was prosecuting attorney, having been HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 519 immediately preceded by John Engle. Both these men were good lawyers. At the July term 1861 Mrs. Amanda Weaver was prosecuted upon a charge of killing her own child. The facts in this case are too revolting to be recorded here. She was sentenced to the penitentiary for life. By this time the roll of attorneys presents a new lot of names many of whom are yet living in this portion of the State. Many of iihem have since been judges in their respective districts. The bar of Dubois County is now composed of nine attorneys. They are Bruno Buettner, Clement Doane, William A. Traylor, Winfield S. Hunter, Oscar A. Trippet, John L. Bretz, and Thomas H. Dillon at Jasper, and Mormon Fisher and A. H. Miller at Huntingburgh. These are named nearly in the order of their admission as attorneys. Bruno Buettner was admitted in August 1858, and ever since that time he has been a familiar figure at the Jasper bar. Clement Doane dates his admission to the bar nearly as far back as Mr. Buettner, but in the practice he has not been as conspicuous, as his time has been mostly taken up with editorial work. Attorney Buettner has the reputation of being well versed in the law. The firm of Traylor & Hunter is perhaps the strongest now practicing at the Dubois bar regularly. They are both men in the prime of life and enjoy the highest confidence of the people. Oscar A. Trippet is a young man not much beyond, thirty years of age. He began the practice of his profession at Jas- per in 1879. By close application he has acquired a good practice, John L. Bretz is the present prosecuting attorney for this judicial district. He is of a family well known in the county and is a young man of ability, Thomas H. Dillon has been raised in the county, and has but recently located in Jasper, where he intends entering the list of attorneys at law. Captain Fisher and A. H. Miller are among the citizens of Huntingburgh and do considerable business for people from that portion of the county. At the time the court of common pleas was abolished, the dis- trict was composed of Spencer, Perry, Dubois, Crawford and Orange Counties. John C. Schafer, one of the promising attor- neys of Jasper, was district attorney. He became prosecuting attorney in the circuit court and held that place until his death in October 1877. He was succeeded by William H. Trippet of Gibson County, who held that oflice until 1880. At that time 520 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Arthur H. Taylor of Petersburg was elected. In 1884 the pres- ent incumbent, John L. Bretz was chosen for the place. Judge Welborn is noted in southern Indiana as a good judge, and is frequently sought by litigants in preference to other judges. He is a man of unusually strong common sense and his mind is well trained for the position he holds. He is clear, log- ical and always makes his decisions without prejudice or favor. He has great respect for the verdict of a jury, but if he thinks it wrong, he is unhesitating in his decision setting it aside. He is painstaking and listens patiently to argument and especially to the person, he thinks in error. Like Richelieu he believes, "for justice all places a temple and all seasons summer." CHAPTER V. Military History or the County— Survivors of the Early Wars- Volunteers FOR THE Struggle WITH Mexico— Commencement of the Rebellion— Disloyal and other Sentiments— The Call to Arms— Enlistment of Companies— Recruiting Drafts — War AND Mass Meetings — Sketches of Regiments— Bounty and Relief. IN military history Dubois County has an honorable record. Since the battle of Tippecanoe in November, 1811, to the present hour, her citizens have borne their full share in the stir- ring scenes of war. The county itself was named for one of its pioneer patriots, Fousaint Dubois, who bore a conspicuous part in that renowned engagement which proved a Waterloo to the In- dian tribes of the Northwest. After the close of the war of 1812, the citizens throughout the entire West for many years continued to meet annually for the purpose of drilling in military tactics. These "general training" days were usually county holidays and the occasions for nearly the entire population to turn out in gen- eral and immoderate jollification. With the long period of peace that followed the second war with the mother country, the people had grown tired of the yearly musters. This no doubt was largely due to the improbability of any resort to war or to military measures. More than the third of a century had gone by in tran- ^2^^:^^^^^^^ D^<' /^^ HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 528 quillity and prosperity, when the war with Mexico revived some of the okl martial spirit that had begun to slumber in the breasts of American citizens. In that short and perhaps not inglorious campaign the soldiers of Dubois County were present. In 1847 a full company was raised in Dubois and Spencer Counties. The company was E, of the Fourth Eegiment Indiana Volunteers, Mex- ican war. The muster-in roll of the company contains the follow- ing names of men from Dvibois County: James A. Graham, Ran- dolph Hall, Thomas M. Smith, Martin B. Mason, Thomas Enlow, Adam H. Dempy, Gardner Beebe, Joseph Grinder (died in Mexico), Mr. McElwain (wounded in the foot, leg amputated, died in Mex- ico), Williain Sherrod, John B. Hutchins, David L. Matthews (died in Mexico), William and Samuel Postlethwait, James Green (died in Mexico), William Hart, John Mehringer, David Merchand Richard and William Stillwell, Vincent Bolen, Harrison Wade, Hiram Main (died in Mexico), Jacob Hoover, Samuel Beardsley, Alfred H. Fisher, James McKowin, Hiram B. Shively and Pleasant Horton (killed in battle). These men constituted about one-third of the company, their leader being James A. Graham. The officers of the company were John AV. Crooks, captain, Rockport, Ind. ; Christopher C. Graham, Charles S. Finch and James A. Graham, lieutenants. The men of this company went by small squads to New Albany, where they were organized under the command of Colonel Willis A. Gorman. This was in June IS-tT. In July the regiment moved to New Orleans, thence across the Gulf to Brazos Island, and soon afterward up the Rio Grande River, along and near which it did guard duty until early in 1848, when it was transferred to Vera Cruz, and thence along the National Road to Pueblo. It occupied this point some time. It skirmished occa- sionally with Mexican guerillas, and finally after moving back on the way to Vera Cruz, had a sharp engagement at Huamantla, which was the only one of note the company was engaged in. In July, 1848, the company returned and was mustered out at Madi- son, Ind. A large crowd greeted them at Rockport, and a speech was made by James C. Veatch, to which the captain responded. A barbecue was held at Morgan's Grove, and the boys living north started on their way home and were welcomed by crowds at Gentryville, Dale and several places in Dubois County. Beginninci of the Civil War. — The causes that led to the Civil 18 524 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. war in America are too widely and well known to be enumerated here. Suffice it to say that the agitation of the slavery question for a period of more than forty years had brought the North and South into the most violent sectional hatred. This culminated in the presidential campaign of 1860. That political contest had never before been equalled in America for its bitterness. The Democratic party, like the churches of the two sections, became divided on the momentous questions of the hour. The Republi- can party was successful, and its leader, Abraham Lincoln, was chosen President of the United States. He had been elected on a strong anti-slavery platform, and the Southern States professed to see in this a direful menace to their institutions. Under the teachings of John C. Calhoun and other able leaders, the South had become strong in advocating the right of a State to secede from the Union whenever such a course was deemed necessary to the best interests of that State. This doctrine was opposed by the Northern States. Soon after the result of the presidential election of 1860 became known, many of the Southern States took steps toward secession. A lethargic administration permitted the preliminary steps to be taken without opposition, and emboldened with the non-interference, the Southern Confederacy was soon formed. All lovers of the Union and the Constitution saw the inevitable dismemberment of the Republic if the idea of a right to secession should prevail. On the other hand many who owned an equal love for the Union admitted that they could see no authority by which the General Government could coerce a State into compliance with its laws and the Constitution. The people of the North saw the Southern States go out of the Union one by one, while the national authorities remained inactive and appar- ently oblivious to the ordinances of secession. Many hoped the flew President would be able to consolidate the States into a more lasting Union. The first few weeks of the new administration slipped away without promise of any cheer. Public sentiment was strained to its utmost limit. In the midst of the bewilder- ment of ideas as to what course ought to be pursued, came the tra- gedy of Fort Sumter. An insult to the flag of the Union was sufficient to pretty well unite loyal citizens of the North, and all agreed that the honor of the flag should be maintained, and that the Constitution ought to be upheld inviolate. HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 525 Senfimcnf in the Connfij. — Influenced, no doubt, by proximity to the probable scene of conflict, a majority of the people in Du- bois County advocated a neutral course. As probably illustrating the general sentiment throughout the county, the following ex- tract is quoted from the Jasper Courier, in its issue of December 26, 1860, then, as now, edited by Clement Doane. " There are but two modes for the General Government to pursue toward South Carolina and the seven other States that will likely follow her by the middle of January. One is to recognize their inde- pendence and let them go peaceably, which will in fact establish the doctrine of secession. The other is to attempt to force them to remain in the Union. If the latter course is adopted, we think the interest of our people demands that Indiana should act inde- pendently, allowing no hostile meetings within her borders, for- bidding alike the Federal Government and the Southern Pvepub- lic from recruiting among her citizens, and thus preserve our peo- ple from the contaminating influences of abolitionism or slavery- propagandism. We might thus be in a position at the pro})er time, after several thousands of the ultra-fanatics, on both sides, have been killed, to mediate successfully between the contending factions, and possibly restore peace, and conduce to the recon- struction of the Union. To secure this independent action v/e hope will be the first aim of our next Legislature." The people endorsed the Crittenden Compromise proposition, and a petition, from Jasper, containing more than 200 names, to that effect, was forwarded to the State Peace Conference commissioners. On the whole there can be said to have been small endorsement of the Lincoln administration in Dubois County, at the outset. The vote at the election had been almost overwhelmingly cast for Douglas, the vote for him being 1,317, while that for Lincoln was but 301. The Douglas element, however, was one that could not long remain inactive when the preservation of the Union be- came the main issue. On all other questions it was for com- promise. The news of the firing on Fort Sumter Avas like a knell to the people of Dubois County. The first few weeks passed in calm deliberations upon the course of public events, ere any de- cisive step was taken. But that step was finally taken in the right direction. On the 20th of April, 1861, one week after the 526 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. news from Fort Sumter, the citizens of Jasper met at the court house and took steps toward organizing a company of home guards. On the week following another meeting was held. W. C. Adams was made chairman, and A. H. Alexander secretary. Short addresses were made by several of the citizens and Messrs. Doane, Mehringer and Connelly were appointed a committee to draw up an article for signing. It read as follows: "We, the undersigned citizens of Dubois County, deeming it necessary in the present deplorable state of public affairs, do agree to form ourselves into a military Home Guard for the purpose of protec- tion from lawless invading foes, and that we will abide by such rules as may hereafter be made by the company." The meeting then adjourned until Monday evening following, at which time sixty-five members answered to the roll call. A constitution was adopted and the following officers elected: John Mehringer, captain; W. C. Adams, first lieutenant; S. Jerger, second lieu- tenant ; R. M. Wellman, third lieutenant ; J. Salb and A. Litschgi, sergeants; R. Beck, C. W. DeBruler, A, Harter and R. Smith, corporals. This company continued to meet each week and rap- idly became proficient in the manual of arms. Its captain, John Mehringer, had been in the Mexican war and knew something of what was necessary in martial affairs. Saturday, May 18, a large Union meeting was held at the court house. A pole was raised and the old Union flag was run up with the original thir- teen stars, amid the music of the brass band and much loud cheer- ing. Rev. A. J. Strain delivered a short and patriotic address urging every one to stand by the old flag and maintain the union of the States. At the close of his addi-ess the citizens gave three cheers for the Union, the Constitution, and the flag. Comment- ing on this meeting the Courier of May 22 said: "The stars on the flag are thirteen, showing their love for the constitution of the old thirteen States that originally composed the Republic, and their belief that if the old spirit of patriotism could be aroused now, sectionalism and its handmaid, civil war, would soon vanish." Meetings of this kind were held in various parts of tlie county, and companies of the Home Guard organized in nearly every township. The Union sentiment was fast gaining the as- cendancy and Dubois County was preparing to play its part in the tragedy of civil war. HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUXTV. 527 Union Meeting at Ireland. — -Saturday, May 4, the citizens of Ireland and vicinity had a meeting for the purpose of forming »a military company to be called the Ireland Home Guards. Mr. A. F. Kelso was called to the chair and Harvey Green chosen sec- retary. After a brief address from Mr. Arthur Berry explaining the object, of the meeting, a list of forty-five persons was secured who joined the company. A committee on resolutions was ap- pointed consisting of Arthur Berry, William B. Rose and Dr. H. W. Glezen. The report contained strong Union sentiments and said "we wish to work shoulder to shoulder with them in maintaining the honor of the flag, supporting the Constitution and enforcing the laws of our common country. The Ireland Home Guards were offi- cered as follows: Arthur Berry, captain; William Hart, first lieutenant; Harvey Green, second lieutenant; Benjamin Dillon, James E. Brittain, William B. Rose and R. E. DeBruler, ser- geants. About the same time the citizens of Haysville and vicinity met and organized a company of homa guards. The enrollment at the first meeting was forty-thrse and the officers were Rev. J. F. St. Clair, captain; W. Gray, first lieutenant; J. M. Marley, second lieutenant; T. Stalcup, third lieutenant; Dr. Bratcher, E. E. Bruner, J. Milburn and N. Cliattin, sergeants. Compan- ies of the same kind were also organized at Huntingburgh, Ferdinand, Hall Township and other places throughout the county. A Dubois regiment began to be talked of. By June the people of the county were ready both in principle and action to maintain the Constitution and the Union at whatever price. No stronger evidence of this could be given than the following reso- lution passed at a large public meeting held at the court house, June 8, to express their sentiments in regard to the death of Stephen A. Douglas: "That the last words spoken by the de- parted, 'Tell them to obey the laws and support the Constitution of the United States,' shall be the battle cry of old Dubois till peace be restored and traitors demolished." The Courier in its issue of July 2(), said: "The reinvigoration of the Constitution and Union is worth money and lives without stint — worth years of strife and civil commotion — worth the peace, prosperity and pro- gress of a generation — worth this war and all its sacrifices. To break down the Constitution in the hope of establishing a better 528 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. — ^to destroy this Union in the hope of reaping benefits from con- solidation^to uphold the just power of the Government at the expense of the principles of the Constitution and the spirit of the confederation of equal States is not worth this war. The signs of the times give cavise to be apprehensive. We call upon the people to be vigilant." First Volunieers for the War. — The first men from Dubois County to volunteer in the United States service were from the north part of the county, from Haysville and vicinity. They joined Company C, of the Fourteenth Regiment Indiana Volunteers, and were credited to Martin County where the company was or- ganized at Loogootee. Their date of muster was June 7, and their term of enlistment was three years. The number from this county was about thirty, and the day they left were paraded by Capt. Mehringer, of Jasper, who marched them to the upper end of the town, where they received an accession to their ranks from Davis Creek. They then marched to the house formerly occupied by Mr. Throop as a store. Several hundred people had congregated there and the citizens had prepared a dinner for the boys ere they started on their martial journey. About the same time nearly twenty men left the neighborhood of Celestine and joined Capt. Kish's company at New Albany. A number about equal also joined a Pike County company. By the 1st of July the county had fui*nished men enough to form an independent com- pany had they only been united. Under the President's second call for troops, when 300,000 men were asked for, the company at Jasper under Capt. Mehringer was offered, but was not taken on account of the number from this district being full. At this they were considerably disap- pointed. Early in August, however, the company received orders to report at Indianapolis, but through a delay in the mail it was not reached in time for them to be there at the appointed day. Tlie company went into camp near town, in Edmonston's Grove, which was known as Camp Edmonston. Thursday, August 15, it elected ofiicers with the following result : John Mehringer, captain; R. M. Wellman, first lieutenant; and Stephen Jerger, second lieutenant. On the following day they formed in front of the court house, and after a general farewell shaking of hands, roll was called. About twenty who had put their names down HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 529 were absent. Speeches were made by W. C. Adams and Rev. A. J. Strain that were responded to by Capt. Mehringer. They then started on the way to Indianapolis, escorted for some distance by the brass band. Lieut. AVebnan returned on the following Tues- day to get recruits for the company. This he succeeded in doing to the number of thirty-two, which made the company full. Up- on the reorganization of the regiment with the Twenty-seventh Indiana, the company was assigned the position of K. Capt. Mehringer was elected the first major, and the officers of the com- pany were promoted in their regular order. During its entire term of service the company's officers, with dates of their commissions, were as follows : Captains, R. M. Welman, August 30, 18()1 ; Stephen Jerger, October 1, 1S()2, and John M. Haberle, January 1, 1864. First lieutenants, Stephen Jerger, August 30, 18(31; John M. Haberle, October 1, 18()2, and Leander Jerger, January 1, 1861. Second lieutenants, Arthur Berry, August 30, 1861; John M. Haberle, January 1, 18(52; Julian F. HofPer, October 1, 1862. Of these Lieut. Hotfer died in July, 1863, of wounds received at the battle of Chancellorsville, and was the only commissioned offi- cer tliat died in the service. The Twenty-seventh regiment joined Banks' army of the Shenandoah in October, 1861, and was camped near Frederick City, Md., during the following winter. The 23d of May, 1862, it was engaged in the battle of Front Royal, and the next day was in the famous retreat on the Stras- burg road toward "Winchester. On the morning of the 25th it participated in a furious battle, and the brigade to Avhich it was attached (Gordon's) withstood the assault of twenty-eight rebel regiments for three and a half hours and repulsed them. Soon after this it was made a part of Banks' division of Pope's army of Virginia, and on the 8th of August was in the battle of Cedar Mountains. It then was in the Maryland campaign. September 17 it sustained heavy loss in the battle of Antietam. After this it was not actively engaged until the campaign of 18()3. Its next battle was Chancellorsville, and it then pui-sued Lee's invading army to Gettysburg, where it was actively engaged with heavy loss. It then followed the retreating army to the Potomac. From there it was transferred to Tullahoma, Tenn., where it remained during the following winter. In January many re-enlisted. Eighteen men from Company K joined the Seventieth Regiment. The 530 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Twenty-seventh took part in Sherman's Atlanta campaign. At the battle of Resaca, in a square open fight, it defeated two rebel regiments, killing and wounding a large number and taking about 100 prisoners. Its loss was sixty-eight killed and wounded. Relief for Soldiers' Families. — Many of the men who had vol- unteered were poor, and compelled to support their families by daily labor. When they went into the army it was some time before they drew pay, and many of their wives and children came to actual want before the Government paid the soldiers. With the object of rendering aid to those who deserved it, the board of county commissioners in the first week of September 1861, appointed a committee of six men, one from each township, to investigate and relieve the actual want of volunteers' families not exceeding ^8 per month to each family. This committee consisted of these men : James Houston, of Columbia ; Jacob Lemmon Sr. of Harbison ; Mar- tin Friedman, of Bainbridge; Allen T. Fleming, of Hall; Ernst G. Blemker, of Patoka; and John G. Hoffman, of Ferdinand Town- ships. This was a commendable action on the part of the county board. Union meetings continued to be held throughout the county at which freedom of speech was freely indulged. Early in Sep- tember a large number of men from Hall Township and the east- ern part of the county joined a company from the adjoining town- ships in Orange and Crawford Counties. By the middle of that month the county had furnished about 400 men for the war although only one company was credited to it. Recruiting began about that time in earnest. A. H. Alexander, F. B. Blackford and C. W. DeBruler began raising a company of sharpshooters, and D. S. Key, S. F. McCrillus and Clement Doane were forming an infantry company. Letters were received from the boys at the front urging their acquaintances at home to volunteer in the cause of freedom. The company from the eastern portion of the county, mostly from Hall Township, left on the 27th of September to go into camp at New Albany. Before starting the election of officers occurred with the following result: Captain, A. J. Hawhee; first lieutenant, Thomas Fleming ; second lieutenant, James C. McConahay. About eighty of them went on horseback to Orleans where they boarded the train for New Albany. During the same week twenty-five left Patoka Township and joined the company of HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 531 Capt. Bryant at Elizabeth, and twelve from Ireland joined a com- pany in Gibson County. The company of Capt. Hawhee was assigned the position of A, in the Forty-ninth Regiment of Indi- ana Volunteers. The officers for the whole time of its service were captains Arthur J. Hawhee and -James C. McConahay; first- lieutenants, Thomas A. Fleming, James C. McConahay, George W. Christopher and William W. Kendall; second-lieutenants, James C. McConahay, George W. Christopher, Jeremiah Crook and Allen H. Youn^. With the regiment it was mustered into the service November 21, 1861, and engaged in all the hard fighting of that regiment. It started out with an enrollment of 98 men and during its entire term of service was recruited with 42, making a total of 140. The loss of non-commissioned officers and enlisted men was 23 and the deserters 13. In the first week of November another company volunteered from Hall Township and the neigh- borhood of Celestine. It became Company I, of the Forty-ninth Regiment. About seventy of them were from Dubois County. At Jasper on the 4th of November the election of officers was held and John J. Alles chosen captain ; John F. B. Widner, first lieu- tenant, and Edward Bohart, second lieutenant. They were enter- tained at the Indiana Hotel and the following morning, Tuesday, were addressed by A. J. Strain and started for Loogootee. From that place they went to Jeffersonville and were mustered into the service on the 21st of November. At this time several other companies were being recruited in various parts of the county, some of which would soon be ready for the field. Capt. Bryant of Patoka Township had nearly a full company organized for the Forty-second Regiment then rendez- vousing at Evansville. This made four companies that had gone from the county, nearly all of Dubois County men, although in this one were several from Spencer County. It w^as given the position of Company H, in the regiment. The original enroll- ment was 90 and the recruits 77 ; 27 died in the service and 5 deserted. Its captains were James H. Bryant, Gideon R. Kell- ams, Allen Gentry and William W. Milner ; first lieutenants, G. R. Kellams, Adam Haas, William W. Milner and Joseph C. Nix; second lieutenants, Adam Haas, Allen Gentry and James B. Payne. About this time another company left the county, a large 532 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. number of wliicli came from the vicinity of Ireland. The citi- zens of that place gave the company a banquet on the 11th of October, and the following day it started for Princeton, where the Fifty-eighth Regiment was organizing, and in which it was as- signed the position of E. It was accepted as a company of sharp- shooters, and mustered into the service November 12, 1861, with an enrollment of eighty-three men. During the whole term of service the commissioned officers were captains, Daniel J. Banta, Asbury H. Alexander, Jacob E. Voorhees and George W. Hill; first lieutenants, Asbury H. Alexander, J. E. Voorhees, George W. Hill and William R. McMahan ; second lieutenants, J. E. Voor- hees, Francis B. Blackford, G. W. Hill, William R. McMahan and Arthur Mouser. This company saw considerable hard serv- ice, and lost by death twenty-four men and one commissioned officer. Lieut. Blackford was killed at Stone River, December 31, 1862. A large number of Company B, of the Forty-second Regiment, were fi'om Dubois County, although credited to Spencer County. They were mustered in early in October, 1861. Company E, of the Eighteenth Indiana Regiment, was also largely made up of Du- bois County men. At the close of the first year of the war Dubois County was well represented. Five companies, organized almost entirely of men in this county were in the active service. In addition to these, between 200 and 300 men had volunteered that were cred- ited to other counties, and enlisted in various companies organized beyond the limits of Dubois. Had these matters been prop- erly attended to in the beginning of the war, it is more than prob- able that the county would have escaped the first draft. The third call of the Government for troops was dated August!, 1862, asking for 300,000 volunteers. Under this call, recruiting was again renewed in the county with vigor, and during the third week in August a full company was ready for the war. This was Company K, of the Sixty-fifth Regiment Indiana Infantry. Its officers for the whole time of service were captains, Andrew J. Beckett, John W. Hammond and Robert H. AValter; first lieu- tenants, John H. Lee, Phillip Guches, Robert H. Walter and Red- man F. Laswell; second lieutenants, Phillip Guches, Robert H. Walter and William P. Chappell. This company was mustered HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 533 into the United States service September 10, 1802. It was en- gaged in all the active campaigning in which the Sixty-fifth par- ticipated. It joined that regiment in the field at Madisonville, Ky. Company F, of the Fifty-tiiird Regiment, was officered as fol- lows : Captains, Alfred H. McCoy, Lewis B. Shively, Henry Dun- can and Thomas N. Robertson ; first lieutenants, Lewis B. Shively, Henry Duncan, T. N. Robertson and Allen P. Davis ; second lieu- tenants, Martin P. Mason, Henry Duncan, T. N. Robertson and Elisha Jones. The company was mustered into the service on the 4tli of March, 1802, and served three years in active warfare, and was one of the best that went from Dubois Count}-. It started out with 83 men, and was rv^cruited during its entire time of serv- ice with 104 men; 25 died and 5 deserted. The original enroll- ment was made up almost entirely from Dubois County men. In November, 18()3, Company K was stationed at Mulberry Gap, Tenn., and numbered 45 men. It expelled from that place a whole rebel regiment by a night attack in which it won an enviable rep- utation. This company started out with 00 men, received but 10 recruits during its entire term of service. Of these, 24 died while in the service and 1 deserted. This was the last company that went out from Dubois County, prior to the draft which occurred October 0, 18(32. At that date the county had furnished 718 volunteers, for which it had credit. Of these (590 were in actual service. The militia amounted to 1,401 men. This shows well, and if all the men from the county had been properly credited, few counties could have shown a better record. In that draft, 67 men were to be drawn from Dubois county, and (31 were to come from Ferdinand Township, and () from Patoka Town- ship. In the former township there Avas a large, in fact almost a solid foreign population, and a sentiment had gained ground among them that the war was being waged for the purpose of abolishing slavery, and in this they were reluctant to engage. But the sentiment of the people throughout most of the county was strong in favor of the Union cause. This is well illus- trated by the following resolution passed in the Democratic county convention, August 1(), 18(32: ^'■Resolved, That we are in favor of an earnest and more vigor- 534 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Oils prosecution of the war for the suppression of this wicked rebellion, and for this purpose will support the President in all constitutional measures, but we believe the constitution confers ample powers for all emergencies." For some time after this, no company was organized in the county, although recruits were constantly leaving for those com- panies already in the field. The summer of 1862 passed away with but comparatively little excitement. The daily papers were scanned in eagerness to catch the latest news from the front. The mails were closely watched for a message from a father, a husband, or a brother who had dedicated his services to his coun- try's cause. The "Union at any price," had been a potent watch- word. Soldiers at home on furlough were the idols of tlie pub- lic, and the "observed of all observers." Their tales of warlike scenes and martial glory were listened to with profound attention. The winter of 1S(j2-(>3 went by, and yet no signs of the bloody conflict drawing to a close appeared. More men were needed to put down the rebellion that was raging in unabated fury. In June, 1863, the Government made another call for troops; this time for 100,000 men. July was a month of much excitement and interest. On the 4th occurred the two famous victories of Gettysburg and Vicksburg. When the news of these reached Jasper, the citizens were wild with joy. A salute of 100 guns was fired, bon-fires were lighted and dwellings illuminated. People acted as if the war was at an end. Alas ! nearly two years more were to roll around ere peace would be declared. Scarcely had the jollification over these vic- tories ceased, ere the citizens of southern Indiana were alarmed by a rebel invasion. This was the famous Morgan raid. Twice before had the people of Dubois County been startled by a similar report. One was in July, 1862, when Adam Johnson ransacked the town of Newburgh, Warrick County. The other was the raid of Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who belonged to Gen. Morgan's rebel regiment. With a small force he crossed the Ohio River, a few miles above Cannelton, in Perry County, on the 17th of June, 1863. After a circuit through Perry, Orange, Crawford and Washington Counties, his force was captured in an attempt to re-cross the Ohio. Only Hines and two others escaped. The news of this small invasion spread a wide and rapid alarm through HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 535 the southern portion of the State. Dubois County shared in the excitement, but in nothing further was it damaged. Early in July, 1803, Gen. John H. Morgan landed on Indiana soil, and began his raid through this State. His force of about 4,000 men spread the widest consternation throughout the entire State. The militia was called out, and the citizens formed in independent companies or squads to assist in repelling the invader. These raids were becoming so numerous that the people of Dubois deemed it necessary for their safety to organize a com- pany of the Legion. This was done. The company numbered about sixty members, and had the following officers: R. M. Wel- man, captain; Mathias Smith and Conrad Eckert, lieutenants, all of whom had been in active service. At Ireland a company of mounted Home Guards was organized, with Daniel J. Banta. captain; George Mosby and Samuel Dillon, Jr., lieutenants. In Patoka Township a company each of infantry and cavalry; the former elected L. Pretz, captain; Henry Miller and Mr. Jande- bear, lieutenants. In the other, Morman Fisher was elected cap- tain. The Anderson Rangers was a company of the Legion or- ganized in Hall Township, with John Howard, captain; Jeff Huff and Shelby Pruitt, lieutenants. Reneioed Efforts to Rdise Volniitecrs. — October 17, ISDH, the President issued a call for 300,000 more volunteers to serve three years, or during the war. Under this call Dubois County was compelled to raise 120 men. Active measures were at once taken to raise this number, and a committee was appointed to canvass the township for volunteers composed of these persons: Colum- bia, H. H. Morgan; Harbison, Jacob Lemmon; Bainbridge. M. Kean; Hall, Alexander Shoulders; Patoka, L. Bretz; Ferdinand, Dr. W. Schuntermann. In March the county was credited with 545 men in active service, while in September, 1862, 719 were thus credited. The 5th of January, 1864, was the time fixed for the men to be furnished, or there would be draft in all delinquent districts. A bounty began to be talked of in the county, but when the county board met, in December, the necessary petitions were not read, and that matter passed by for the time. Officers came home from the old companies, and began recruiting for them. In addition to the recruits for those companies already in the field, another full company was organized. This was Com- 536 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. pany M, of the Tenth Cavahy (One Hundred and Twenty-fifth) Resriment of Indiana Volunteers. Its commissioned officers were Morman Fisher, captain; John H. Miller, first lieutenant, and William F. Kemp, second lieutenant. The date of their muster was March 8, 1864, and the place of organization Vincennes. After serving a few months the regiment was dismounted, and for a while served as infantry. Its service was mostly confined to the southwest. August 31, 1865, it was mustered out at Vicks- burg, and a few days later was discharged at Indianapolis, after more than a year of active service in front of the enemy. In the spring of 1864 the term of those who had first volun- teered for three years expired and most of them came home, although many had re-enlisted and were given a veteran furlough. The people of Dubois County gave their "war scarred heroes" a warm reception, and they were banqueted and toasted on every slight occasion. They showed their appreciation of the sacrifice that had been made by those who had volunteered to defend their country in its hour of trial. But the war was yet raging in an awful manner, and its end was not yet visible. In July, 1864, another call for men was issued. The number asked for was 500,000, and under this Dubois County was compelled to furnish two more full companies. For the purpose of raising these meetings were held in all parts of the county. Vohmtary sub- scriptions were taken up to pay to those who would enlist. Each township was active in this, as a draft was to be made if the required number was not supplied. Bainbridge Township was the only one that escaped the draft that occurred in October fol- lowing, and that only by offering large township bounties, rang- ing from $200 to $300. Scarcely had this draft been accom- plished when, in December, another call for 300,000 troops re- sounded through the land. More than 1,600,000 men had now been demanded by the Government, and no other war of equal propor- tions was recorded in the annals of the world. In the midst of this excitement another Presidential election took place, and Lin- coln was triumphantly re-elected over Gen. George B. McClellau. In Dubois County the vote for Lincoln was 206, while that for McClellan was 1,464, a majority of 1,158. Most of the new vol- unteers from Bainbridge Township, to supply its quota under the call of July, 1864, had been assigned to Capt. McConahay's com- HTSTOIIV OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 537 pany of the Forty-iiintli Regiment. The December call aroused the whole county to its utmost activity. Bountji Offered hij fhe Coanlij. — -In January, 1805, a special session of county commissioners was held for the purpose of con- sidering the best course for the county to pursue in regard to the last call of the President for 300, 000 men. At that session it was finally ordered that the sum of $48,000 be appropriated "to be paid to and for volunteers for the purpose of furnishing the quota of Dubois County of the ca,ll at present of 800,000 men to avoid the draft in the county aforesaid." Township trustees were ordered to appoint one person in each township to collect !$25 from each person subject to draft and to solicit other contributions. The $48,000 were to be distributed in bounties of $400 to each vol- unteer credited to Dubois County. To raise this amount bonds were issued payable in one, two, three, four and five years with in- terest at C) per cent. This amount was apportioned among the townships as follows: Columbia Township for 16 volunteers |(j,4()() 00 Harbison " " 6 " 2,400 00 Bainbridge " "32 " 8,800 00 Hall " "13 " 5,200 00 Patoka •' "36 " 14.400 00 Ferdinand " "26 " 10,400 00 Total 119 .$47,600 00 This was incurring debt upon the county pretty rapidly, but the sacrifice had to be made. The last full company organized in Dubois County was as- signed the position of E, in the One Hundred and Forty-third Reg- iment of Volunteers. It was mustered into the service February 17, 1805. Its commissioned officers were: ca[)tain, Phillip Gaclies; first-lieutenants, Leander Jerger and Adolpli Harter : second-lieu- tenants, Adolph Harter and Gerger Friedman. It was mustered out October 17, 1805, and was discharged at Indianapolis a few days later. Several others had volunteered from the county, but they were assigned to older companies as recruits. When in April, 1805, the war was brought to a close, the enthu- siasm of the North knew no bounds. Fours years had the sanguin- ary conflict raged, and the best blood of the land had been shed in civil war. All rejoiced at its conclusion. The whole expense of the war upon Dubois County is given as follows : 538 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. FOR BOUNTY. FOR RELIEF. Dubois Countj^ $5,2800 00 $1,941 78 Columbia Township 1,690 00 500 00 Harbison " 1,617 00 300 00 Bainbridge " 5,799 50 1,070 00 Haxl " 2,505 00 604 00 Patoka " 6,014 50 1,070 00 Ferdinand " 3,154 00 426 00 Totals $73,380 00 $5,948 78 But the war was over and the people cared little then for the cost. They felt that the result justified the sacrifices. CHAPTER YI Detailed History of the Towns and Villages of the County- Jasper, its Growth AND Importance; Its Business and Incor- poration; Its Newspapers, Banks, etc.— Runtingburgh, its Founding, Activity and Business— Ferdinand— Holl.vnd—Ire- L.\ND — Birdseye — Schnellville — Bretzville — Haysville— HiLLHAM— PORTERSVILLE. THE town of Jasper had its origin in the necessity for a more centrally located county seat than Portersville. The land upon which it is situated, was purchased from the government in 1820 and in 1830. The original town was laid out on the northeast quarter of Section 35, Town 1 south. Range 5 west. The east half of that quarter section was entered by Benjamin Enlow, August 25, 1820, and the west half by Jacob Enlow and Elijah Bell, April 17, 1830. It was donated by the Enlows to the county for the purpose of a county seat, and in September, 1830, it was surveyed and platted by Hosea Smith, the surveyor of Pike County. William McMahan was then county agent and con- ducted the sale of the lots, which occurred not long after that time. As elsewhere stated the court house and jail were erected by citizens, free of cost to the county, and by the next spring and summer, they were ready for occupation by the officers. Those persons who erected these buildings were interested in having the change made. Major T. Powers owned the north- west quarter of the section at that time, and took an active in- HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 541 terest in developing the new town. A few who had purchased lots in Portersville, changed for lots of a corresponding location in Jasper, as the law permitted them to do. It is said that as early as 1818, Joseph Enlow built a grist-mill on Patoka Run, at the present site of the Eckert Mill. A few years later he added the machinery for sawing lumber. It was an old fashioned up- right saw. The dwelling house was built on the eastern bank on the blufp near the end of the. present iron bridge. One end of the house projected over the run a few feet, and it is said to have been rather terrifying to one not accustomed to it. Col. B. B. Edmonston says that during a storm in August, 1827, this house was turned over into the river or pond below. Mrs. Enlow was in the house at the time, but was rescued without much injury. It was usual to find a small store in the neisrhborhood of a srrist- mill in those times, and it is not improbable that some such was kept in the vicinity of this early mill, but if so, the fact has gone from the memory of the oldest settlers that still linger around the scene. The earliest families to settle in the town, were those of Ool. Simon Morgan, who derived his title from the old militia system, and was for more than twenty years county clerk and re- corder, B. B. Edmonston, Sr., at different times associate and probate judge; Dr. A. B. McCrillis, the pioneer physician of this portion of the county, and long one of its leading citizens ; James McDonald, perhaps, the first white settler in the county, M. T. Powers; Henry, Jacob and Benjamin Enlow. Most of the houses that were erected at that time were of log, as were the public buildings. It must have presented an ideal picture of a frontier village rising from the surrounding forests. It was civilization working its way across the continent in spite of nature's stern op- position. It is said that the first merchant was a man named Miller. He soon after sold to Simon Morgan, who kept store at the south- east corner of the public square for several years. Among tlie other early merchants were Samuel Reed, Joseph A. McMahan, John Hurst and Perry Hammond, the last now living in Peters- burg. The later merchants were John A. and W. C. Graham. William R. Hill, Mr. Divinity, Joseph Case, Charles and George Parker, John Mann, Decher & Kramer, William Malin, Isaac Newton, Hunter and Finley Alexander, George Lemmon, 542 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Joseph Serinerslieim and Nicholas Boring. During the fifties, the last kept a dry goods store and hotel at the site now occupied by Sermersheim's jewelry store. The first man to keep a tavern in Jasper was James McDonald, at the place where Spayd's tin shop now stands. The first blacksmith was AVilliam Miles, who came in 1837, and had his shop north of the place where J. Kuebler's shop now stands. Some years later, he sold to John E. Hacker. The first physician was A. B. McCrillis, who came with the first settlers in the town. In 1838 Drs. Poison and Kruse came, and not much later Dr. Montgomery. Dr. R. M. Welman came late in the forties, about 1847, and was for many years the leading citi- zen of the county. He had formerly lived a while at Hunting- burgh. Edward Stephenson and William Sherrod were also early physicians, both of whom are now living. The former has held several important trusts in the county. The present busi- ness is as follows : Friedman Scheirick & Co., lumber, sash, doors, and blinds, and owners of the Eclipse Planing and Saw-mill, employing thirty-five men; Seibert & Klingle, staves, heading and barrels; Frank Joseph & Co., manufacturers and dealers of spokes; John Gramelspacher & Co., proprietors of Jasper Planing-mills, and dealers in lumber and builders' hardware; Benkert & Co., oak and hickory spokes ; Habig & Eckstein, brewers ; Andrew Kremp, manufacturer of pop and ginger-ale; J. Alles & Bro., manufac- turers of furniture ; John Betz, saloon and hotel ; Joseph Buchart, general store; J. R. Chrismon, butcher; Clement Doane, Jasper Courier; Dubois County State Bank, T. Wertz, president, and J. Barton, cashier; Eckert Bros. & Co., flouring millers; Conrad Eifert, watches; Henry Enthofen, hotel and saloon; Mrs. T. Erney, stoves, etc. ; C. Ferste, shoemaker ; Frank Fink & Son, confectioners; M. Friedman, druggist; Jacob Grosmann, books and stationery ; M. Gutgesell, shoemaker ; T. Herbig, saloon ; Mrs. F. A. John, hotel; Benjamin Kroedel, saloon; John Kuebler, wagon-maker; Maggie Kuebler, millinery; Sebastian Kuebler, general store and agricultural implements; Paul Kunkle, saloon; Kunkle & Eckstein, livery; Felix Lampert, wagons and agri- cultural implements; Leherberger, Kahn & Co., general store; A. J. McNerney, hotel and saloon; George Mehringer, agricultural HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 54$ implements ; Meliringer Bros., druggists; Isom Messmore, plio- tographer ; D. F. J. Miller, blacksmith ; Frederick Neudeck, hotel and saloon; Peter Nohr, hotel; Joseph Eottet, cigars; Jolm 8alb, saloon; Scheirich, Shiiler & Co., millers; Joseph Schneider, sa- loon ; Isidor Schuhmacher, agricultural implements ; Louis Seno-, Jr., hotel and saloon; J. F. Sermersheim, jeweler; M. A. Ser- mersheim & Co., general store; H. S. Sermersheim, clothing; Sermersheim & Triedman, livery; A. Sonderman, books; Leo F. Spayd, tinware, etc. ; John and Mrs. Mary Troxler, saddles ; J. M. Griffin, Jasper Tarier; J. B. Junker, dry goods; Alois Gram- elspacher, groceries; T. Wertz,W. H. Wells, E. J. Kem[)f, physi- cians; John Egg, confectioner; E. Dillon, dentist; Schumacher & Wilson, insurance Incorporation. — In March, 18f)(5, forty-eight citizens of Jas- per petitioned the board of county commissioners to have the town incorporated. They declared it to have a po[)ulation of 507. The board ordered the election for that })urpose to be held on the 24th of the same month. At that time ninety-one votes were cast; sixty-six for and twenty-five against incorporation. The choice of officers were as follows: Board, Phillip Steringer, Sebastian Kuebler and Ignatz Eckert: Isidor Schuhmacher was marshal, clerk, treasurer and assessor. In 1867 the board was the same, Joseph Friedman, treasurer; August Litschgi, clerk ; J. B. Melchoir, marshal. 1868, board, Henry Lange, Joseph Egg and Peter Nohr; clerk, Jolm C. Schafer; treasurer, John W. Bretz; marshal, Joseph Pioelly. 1869, board, R. M. Welman, AV. Erny, George Friedman; mar- shal, Anton Berger; treasurer, John W. Bretz; clerk, John C. Schafer. 1870, board, Joseph Egg, John Gramelspacher and E. A. Hochgesang; clerk and treasurer, same as last year; marshal, Reinhardt Rich. 1871, board, Philip Steringer, Joseph Rottet and George Meliringer; J. M. Deinderfer, clerk; Peter Nohr, marshal; Henry Lange, treasurer. 1872, board, George Melirin- ger, Joseph Rottet and Henry Lange; W. Erny, treasurer; A. J. McNerney, marshal; William J. Hays, clerk. 1873, board, R. M. Welman, Joseph Egg and John W. Bretz; treasurer and clerk, same as last year; marshal, Frank Fink. 1874, board the same; clerk and treasurer same; marshal, Anthony Kraus. 1875, board and treasurer same; clerk, B. L. Green: marshal, J. 544 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. W. Rose. 1876, board, Joseph Friedman, Eiomnald Beck and Philip Steringer; clerk and marshal, same; treasurer, Joseph Roelle. 1877, board, Joseph Egg, Peter Scheirich and Mathias Gutgesell. 1878, board, John R. Chrismon, Paul Kunkle and Charles Soliga; clerk, B. S. Green; Joseph Roelle, treasurer; John E. Gardiner, marshal. 1879, board, Joseph Egg, D. F. J. Miller and Felix Lampert; clerk, B, S. Green; treasurer, A. J. McNerney; marshal, H. S. Melchoir. 1880, board, Charles Egg, John Troxler and Joseph Kraft ; clerk and treasurer, same as last year; marshal, John E. Gardiner. 1881, board, D. F. J. Miller, Joseph F. Sermersheim and Alois Renner ; clerk and treasurer same; marshal, M. A. Sweeney, In January Martin Scheirich was appointed trustee to fill vacancy, and Jacob Gosmann, clerk. Gosman has been in that office to the present time. In 1883, board same; John F. Mehringer, treasurer. 1884, board, Joseph F. Sermersheim, Martin Scheirich and John Salb; treasurer same; Leopold Gutzweiler, marshal. 1885, Joseph F. Sermer- sheim, John Salb and John R. Chrismon ; clerk, Jacob Gosmann ; treasurer, Joseph Roelle; marshal, Leopold Gutzweiler. As early as 1861 the citizens of the town began to prepare for the emergency of fires. A hook and ladder company was organ- ized and not long after a fire engine was purchased. Not long after the corporation was organized the control of these affairs was largely transferred to the board of trustees, and has ever since remained with that body. September, 1868, an engine house was erected, 10x30 feet, at a cost of about $100, and considerable hose purchased. The organization is known as the Jasper Fire Company, and is one of the things of which the citizens boast. At the close of the first year of municipal government the treasurer reported that the total receipts were $359.78, and the expenses $257.13, leaving a balance of more than $100 in the treasury. At the end of the second year, after an expenditure of $409.86, there remained a balance of only $5.93. In the winter of 1869-70 the town was re-surveyed and the corporate limits somewhat extended. In the spring of 1869, at the petition of several citizens, the town board ordered an appropriation of $10,000 to aid in the construction of the Falls City & Vincennes Railroad. Of course the money was never paid, because the road failed to materialize. HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 545 In April, 1872, corporation bonds to the amount of $4,000 Avere issued for the purpose of raising money to build the new schoolhouse. The bonds were to bear 7 per cent interest, and were payable from one to ten years. Their sale was somewhat slow, and after a time the interest was raised to 10 per cent on all that had not been taken. One year later $800 more were is- sued, and in April, 1877, another issue to the amount of $700 was ordered. These bonds were all paid in 1884, but the town is now in debt about $1,800, in outstanding corporation orders that are bearing interest. This was partly brought about by the building of a new engine house and town hall in 1884 at a cost of $800. In the fall of 1875 August Pfafflin, a civil engineer at Evansville, was employed to survey and grade the streets. Newspapers. — ^The first newspaper published in Dubois County was about the year 184(). It was called the American Eagle and had for its editor Henry Comingore. His office was for awhile in the courthouse, which had then just been completed. He did not remain more than a couple of years, and then removed to Paoli, in Orange County, where he yet lives. His paper was Democratic. The Jasper Weekly Courier is the oldest newspaper published in Dubois County. The first number appeared March 19, ISoS, and had the names of Mehringer, Doane and Smith at its head. It was announced to advocate the "principles and policy peculiar to the Democratic party," a course it has consistently followed ever since. Before the end of a year th& names of Mehringer and Smith disappeared and that of Clement Doane remained as edi- tor and owner. From that time on Mr. Doane has had the entire control of the paper, and his course has always been approved by the party of the county and the people generally. During the war he was a faithful and earnest worker for the Union cause, and his position wielded large influence in favor of his co^^ntry. At the outset the Courier was a five column folio and its size has been doubled since that time, and it is now a five column quarto. For ten years it was the only newspaper published in the county, and in that time its harvest was abundant. The Jasper Times, now owned and edited by J. M. Griffin, is the only other paper now published in the place. Its history has been too various for man's recollection, and its files have not been 046 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. preserved. Mr. Griffin lias had charge for about two years, and has succeeded in establishing it one of the things here to stay. Politically, it is independent. The Dubois County Bank was organized as a private bank in De- cember, 1882. John L. Forkner, president of the Exchange Bank, at Anderson, Ind., George Ross, treasurer of Madison County, and James M. Barton, also Anderson, were original owners and organ- izers. J. L. Forkuer was the first president, and James M. Bar- ton, cashier. Mr. Barton at once moved to Jasper, and took charge of the affairs of the new bank. It first opened for business January 24, 1883. In June following, Mr. Ross sold his inter- est to Forkner, and thus the concern remained until August, 1885. At that time Mr. Forkner retired, and the bank was incor- porated under the State laws with a capital of $25,000. The stockholders were James M. Barton, John N. Oberst, Friedman, Scheirich & Co., Mary Oberst, Joseph Friedman, Otto V. Oberst, Eckert Bros., John P. Norman, Phillip Dilly, Dilly & Leistuer, Henry Pfau, Adam Schmidt, Edward Sermersheim, Toliver Wertz, Oscar A. Trippett, John Traylor, Elijah S. Hobbs, Clay Lemmon, Rudolph Bros., Napoleon B. Coffman, William B. Sherritt, Frank Joseph, AUes Bros., Andrew M. Sweeney, Sebas- tian Kuebler, Peter J. Gosman, George Mehringer, August Sonderman, M. A. Sermersheim & Co., Caroline Sonderman, John A. Sermersheim, Margaret E. Wininger, William A. Traylor, C. H. Rudolph, Richard F. Milburn, Joseph Buchart, John C. Deindorfer, M. Scheirich, Schuler & Co., and George Friedman. At a meeting of the stockholders July 25, 1885, the name was changed to the Dubois County State Bank. Toliver Wertz, Eli- jah S. Hobbs, Frank Joseph, August Sonderman and Joseph Friedman, were elected as directors. Of these at the first meet- ing, Toliver Wertz was elected president, and James M. Barton was chosen as cashier. This was the first bank organized in the county, and through shrewdness and foresight of its officers, was safely piloted through the panic of 1883-84. It is now doing an extensive and yearly increasing business, that is largely due to the management and popularity of its cashier, J. M. Barton. Mr. Martin J. Friedman, Jr., who has been employed in the bank ever since its organization, is now its book-keeper. Huniinghurfjli. — The land on which the town of Huntingburgh HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 547 is now situated, was purchased of the Government by Jacob Geiger in 1839. Hewas at that time a resident of Jefferson County, Ky., but a few years later he came to this county, and made it his home until his death in 1857. The original town was laid out on the southwest quarter of Section 34, Township 2 south, Range 5 west. The first survey shows these streets running east and west South Boundary, South, VanBuren, Jackson, North and North Boundary. They are now called First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth streets, respectively. It had East Boundary, East, Main, Geiger, West and West Boundary Streets, running north and south, now called Van Buren, Jackson, Main. Geiger, Walnut and Chestnut Streets. These names were changed in 1874, when a new survey of the town was made. When Geiger first projected the town, he donated two lots for school and church purposes, churches of all denominations to have use. He also gave a con- siderable tract for a cemetery, but that has since been practically abandoned for that purpose. Before his purchase of the land, Geiger had been in the habit of coming to this section of the country to hunt, in company with other gentlemen from Kentucky, and in remembrance of that he named the town. It was first called Huntingdon, but that was so near like Huntington, that it caused trouble with the mails, and the name was changed to Huntingburo;h. The earliest merchant of the town was John T.Donne, a son-in- law of Geiger and husband of Mrs, Mary A. Blemker. Mrs. Blem- ker is yet living in the town which she has seen spring up around her from the forests. From her much of the early history of the ]ilace was obtained, it is believed, with much accuracy. Donne's place of business was of unhewed logs that stood where Leonard Bretz now has his store. It remained standing for several years. He was engaged in a general merchandising trade in a small way most of the time from about 1840 until his death, which oc- curred a few years later. In 1841 Geiger erected a steam grist- mill near the present site of the schoolhouse in the town. It was the first stesam mill in the county, and the machinery was ta- ken from an old river boat and hauled on wagons from Troy. It remained standing for several years and was under the control of the Geiger family. Later the building was moved to another part of town and converted into a brewery. This mill had much 548 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. to do with the early prosperity of the town, as it brought people there who would not otherwise have come. William Helfi'ich had charge for some time. The second man to engage in selling goods at Huntingburgh was Herman Behrenscoles ; he began not long after Donne, and about the time the mill was built. He kept one of the old fashioned groceries where the customers were regaled with the "stronger water'' of the times. He continued in trade for several years and became wealthy as compared to most of his neighbors. Leonard Bretz was perhaps the third merchant, having begun in 1851. From that time to the present he has been one of the leading business men of the town. In addition to these, the principal merchants during the decade of the fifties were Hayden and Pickhardt, W. & S. Bretz, Herman Rothert, William Campbell, Daniel Branstein and John G. Meyer. By that time the business of the town was well established, and it was one of the most prosperous villages in the county. Although the health of the place did not seem to demand it, yet the doctors came too. The first one was an American whose name seems to have been forgotten. The second was a German named Kreuse, and he came about 1850 and remained until his death. Other early physicians were Fred Scheller, Dr. Hughes, Dr. Isaac Beeler, Dr. Messick and R. M. Welman, all dead. The last removed to Jasper, and was for many years a leading physi- cian of that place. A Dr. Adams was also an early resident there, but he is said now to be living in Petersburg. The postoffice was established sometime during the forties, and the postmasters have been William G. Helfrich, AVilliam Bretz, Sr., E. Pick- hardt, Herman Rothert, Henry Dufendach, John Brandenstein, C. C. Schreeder and Mormon Fisher. Bernard Niehaus was the first blacksmith, and he was induced to locate there by Geiger giving him a town lot. Henry Koett- ger and Adam Arnesmann were the early wagon-makers. The first shoe-maker of the town was murdered a few years later by Jonathan Walker and another named Taylor. Walker was pros- ecuted and found not guilty ; Taylor left the country at once and was never heard from afterward. The probabilities are that he was the actual murderer, although both he and Walker were engaged in the quarrel. The victim was the first person buried in the lot donated for a graveyard by Geiger. An early shoe-maker was HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 54^ Peter Behreus. At the place now owiied by AVilliain Bretz and occupied by old Mrs. Rothert, the first hotel was kept by Mrs. Blemker. Scarcely had her sign been hung out ere a stranger asked admission. With the amount of his bill she paid for paint- ing her sign, and Huntingburgh had the best of accommodations for its traveling public. William Wesseler and H. Behrens were early tailors. E. J. Blemker started a tanyard about 1.849, which for some time did a large business. Late in the fifties, what is now the Union Grist-mill was built by Schaley and Rauscher, but since then it has changed owners many times. In 1864, H. Boehner, who had for several years been a blacksmith in the town, built a tobacco house, but a few years later it was converted into the present Star Flouring-mill. Incorporaiion. — In March, 18()(), thirty-eight persons living in the town petitioned the county board to have the town of Hunt- ingburgh incorporated. It then contained 370 inhabitants. The election was ordered for the 19th of the same month, and at that time sixty-five votes were cast for, and nine against incorporation. The election for officers resulted as follows: Trustees, Mormon Fisher, Herman Rothert and E. J. Blemker; clerk, E. Brundick; treasurer, E. Pickhardt. The board met and organized on the 14th of May, 18()(). The school trustees, appointed in June, were E. Pickhardt, William Moenkhaus, and Dr. Isaac Beeler. S. Williams was allowed $25 for surveying the town. A jail Avas built that cost about $100 ; Thomas Enlow was builder. And $50 were spent in repairing four public wells in the town. The following year M. Fisher, H. Rothert and F. Pickhardt composed the board. A complete list of the board officers down to the pres- ent time, so far as can be ascertained from the town records, is given below; the years 1866 and 1867 are given above. For 1868, board, Herman Boehmer, E. R. Brundick and William Moenk- haus; E. Pickhardt, treasurer; M. Fisher, clerk; William Koch, marshal. For 1869, board, G. Dickmanu, Jonas Killron and Nicholas Smith; Daniel Hughes, clerk; John F. Geiss, treasurer; James Lemands, marshal. For 1870, board, Arnold H. Miller, E. J. Blemker and M. Fisher: D. Hughes, clerk; E. Pickhardt, treasurer; John Berger, marshal. For 1871, board of five mem- bers, William Moenkhaus, F. W. Katterhenny, Mormon Fisher, H. Rothert and August Ramsbrok ; Leonard Bretz, treasurer ; C- 550 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. W. Dufendach. clerk; A. H. Miller, marshal. For 1872, board and officers same as 1871, except Henry Landgrebe, marshal. For 1873, board and treasurer the same; William Pickhardt, clerk; S. A. Miller, marshal. For 1874, board, E. J. Blemker. M. Fisher, H. Rothert, A. Ramsbrok and Jacob Behrens; Fred Arensman, marshal. For 1875, board, J. H. Arensman, Jacob Behrens, E. Pickhardt, William Thies, and August Ramsbrok ; S. Bretz, treasurer ; William Pickhardt, clerk ; Fred Arensman, mar- shal. For 1S7(), board, E. J. Blemker, Henry Schneck, M. Fisher, H. Rothert and H. Diekman ; clerk, William Bretz, Sr. ; treas- urer, S. Bretz; marshal, S. A. Miller. For 1877, board, Samuel Litchfield, G. P. Williams, A. H. Miller, H. Rothert and H. Diekman; clerk, John Beatty. For 1878, board, H. Boehmer, G. P. Williams, H. Landgrebe, H. Rothert and A. Ramsbrok ; G. W. Hallwachs, clerk. For 1879, board the same except Fred Shulte vice Boehmer. For 1880, board the same except H. Klostermann vice Shufte. For 1881, board the same except Adam Meurer vice Rothert; John F. Meinker, marshal; E. R. Brundick, treasurer; C. M. Mears, clerk. For 1882, board same; H. M. Harris, clerk. For 1883, board the same; M. Fisher, clerk. For 1884, board the same except S. A. Miller vice Klostermann, resigned. For 1885, board, Adam Stratmann, Valentine Bamberger, Henry Landgrebe, Adam Maurer, and August Ramsbrok; John F. Tie- man, clerk; E. R. Brundick, treasurer; Charles Veeck, marshal. For the first year of the incorporation, the treasurer's report shows the expenses to have been !*)319.85, and the receipts $304.20, leaving a balance of $15.65 against the town. The next year the receipts were $528.19, and the expenditures left a bal- ance of $158.47 in the treasury. Li 1869, Martin E. Meyers pe- titioned for a dissolution of the corporation, but the petition was rejected. In 1872 an order was passed authorizing an issue of $5,000 in bonds, due in one to ten years, at 6 per cent interest. This was for the purpose of building the schoolhouse. In July, 1874, an ordinance was passed to compel each person owning a house in the town to keep a ladder and bucket always ready for use in case of fire. Daring the same year a grade was estab- lished. In July, 1885, a committee of three was appointed to investigate the expense and practicability of buying a fire engine. Shively Post No. 68 at Huntingburgh was chartered June 2, HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 551 1882. with these officers: C. C. Schreeder, Com.; M. Fisher, Sr., U. C. ; J. H. Beckmanii, V. C. ; J. Murry, cxuartermaster ; ^Y. U. Mc- Mahan, surgeon ; T. E. Green, chaplain ; Frank Kinchel, O. D. and James Collins, O. G. In addition to these the first members were C. M. Mears, W. W. Shoulders, A. Barrowman, G. W. Bockting, J. H. Lemmon, G. P. Williams, Marion Martin, J. F. Meinker, J. G. Lemming, Daniel Melton, H. L. Wheat, R. M. Welman, F. Sen- ninger, J. R. M. Lemmon, H. Dieckmann. W. F. Kemp, H. Weiss- man, W. B. Pirple and G. Koch, Jr. The Post has been flourish- ing and it owns about !|2()0 worth of property. It has mustered in thirty-six members since its organization. The present officers are J. F. Tieman, Com. ; Joseph Drake, S. U. C. ; William T. Shoulders, J. U. C. ; J. H. Lemmon, chaplain ; G. B. Mont- gomery, surgeon ; C. C. Schreeder, O. D. ; M. Fisher, Q. M. and J. F. Meinker, O. G. A lodge of Masons was formerly here, but has been moved to Jasper and will be noticed in connection with that town. The newspapers of Huntingburgh are two,* the Sirpial and the Argus. The Signal was established in 1867, Avith E. Reininghaus, editor, and the Signal Company owners. It was a five column folio at the start but has since lieen enlarge to a nine column folio and has always l)een printed in the German lan- guage. In the fall of 18()8 Reininghaus suspended the publica- tion, and in January, 18(J9, the Signal Company under the management of Ernst Pickhardt took charge. During the year 1870 the paper was conducted for some time by B. Quinke, but at the end of his time Pickhardt resumed control. From that time to the present he has been in charge and owns the whole concern. It has nearly always been independent in politics, although an occasional turn is taken in favor of Democratic views. At Mr. Pickhardt's hands the paper has prospered and now has a circulation of about 1,600. The office is equip})ed with first-class material and is one of the best in this part of the State. First- class facilities for pamphlet and other job work are on hand ; a bindery is being added. It is printed by steam-power. The Argus is the only Republican paper [)ublished in Dubois County, Originally its home was at Ireland where it was edited by S. P. Palmer and owned by the Ireland Argus Association. *Since writing tlie above aaotlier newspaper has been established at Himtingburgh, under flattering prospects, with Mr. Schley as editor. ObZ HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. After a few months it passed into the hands of N. H. Wilson, with Palmer still editor. In November of the same year a stock company was organized with most of the stockowners in the neighborhood of Ireland. In the spring of 1881, Palmer was superseded by Thomas Dillon, who leased it for one year, and in June following moved it to Huntingburgh, where it has ever since been published. In February, 1882, Dillon surrendered his lease to the company. There being some debt upon the concern, ad- ditional stock was raised and a reorganization effected under the name of the Dubois Argiis Association. The directors are E. J. Blemker, F. W. Katterhenry, Jacob H. Lemmon, N. H. Wilson and C. C. Schreeder. The last named gentleman was appointed manager and publisher, and with Robert H. Schley as editor, took charge. In the summer of 1885 Mr. Schley retired and Mr. Schreeder now has full control of the paper both as editor and manager. Mr. Schley has lately become editor of a new paper there. Huntingburgh is perhaps the most prosperous town in Dubois County at the present time. The main line of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad was finished through the place in the early part of 1882, and for several years before then what is now called the Evansville branch was built to the town. It is now the headquarters for the train dispatcher of the whole road and several officers have their offices there. It is the termination of the several divisions. The tobacco business car- ried on here is very large. Herman Rothert has been engaged in it for about twenty-five years and buys annually from 800,000 to 1,500,000 pounds. A large amount of this is marketed in England. S. Bretz & Co., buy from 300,000 to 600,000 pounds yearly, and H. Dufendach about the same amount. There are two grist-mills; the Huntingburgh Stave and Lumber Factory; a pottery by U. Waltz ; stone pump factory by Joseph Miller ; two wagon factories by William Roettger and Joseph Blessinger. five smith shops by John Klee, H. Schneck, M. Dittuer, H. Kloster- man and Charles Veek ; agricultural implements by Behrens Bros. ; two stove and tin stores by Phil Baumberger and Charles Shur- ing; two drug stores by C. W. Schwartz and E. R. Brundick; merchants, Katterhenny Bros., A. Katterhenny & Sons, C. W. Dufendach & Co., H. Dufendach, L. Bretz, Schroer & Katterjohn, L. Jones & Son; grocers, P. T. Gresham, Henry Moenkhans, Jr., HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 553 C. R Pfifer, W. L. Bretz, Miller & Sliafer; hardware, Frost & Wagner; Huntingburgh Bank, H. Kotliert, president, D. Eeuto- pohler, cashier; five boot and shoe dealers by H. Land<'-rebe Bro. & Co., V. Baneberger, G. Dieckman, S. & F. Hildebrandt; marble dealer, Charles Becker ; tannery by E. J. Blemker ; saddles and harness, John Branden, Stein & Son and J. Krueger; furni- ture dealers, William Winkenhoever, A. Hoefling and AVilliam Thies; planing-mill by H. Winkenhoever & Co.; woolen-mill bv J. Meissner ; confectioners, J. Sprauer and R. Bude & Co. ; undertakers, H. Dieckman and C. Oefinger; jewelry store by C. Kornrumpf; milliners, Mrs. Annie Ebbert, Ella Fisher, Marv Koevner, Caroline Mendel and Isabelle Kasper ; physicians, W. R. McMahan, G. P. Williams, C. W. Schwartz, E. G. Lukemyer and Dr. Scheliha; merchant tailors, D. Salat, H. Krusenklaus and V. Heller ; dentists, AVilson Bros, and M. F. Hargrave ; four brick yards, five hotels, and artisans of all classes usually met with in a growing town of this kind and size. Fei-dimvnd. — The history of the town of Ferdinand liears a close connection with the German settlement in the county. In addition to this it has a peculiar and interesting history of its own. Rev. Joseph Kundeck was its founder. That pious gen- tleman came to Dubois County late in the thirties, as Catholic pastor at Jasper. In addition to this he had charge of a congre- gation at Troy, in Perry County. That was the place where near- ly all the shipping for this part of the county was done in that time, and the distance was too great to be made in one day with a load of merchandise. Father Kundeck conceived the idea of establishing a town between the two places, where the people would stay over night on their journey. He thought to estab- lish a town where the poorer classes from the city could come and live in more ease than they had been accustomed to. The whole territory around Ferdinand was the Government property and dense forest. He selected the site for his prospective town, and had a plat of it drawn. The hill where the chapel now stands he named Calvary Hill. The plat as originally dra-svn, contains the following, written in German: "Plan of the town of Ferdinand, in the North American free State of Indiana, Dubois County, established January 8, 1840, in honor of His Majesty, Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, and 554 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. dedicated to His Highness, by Joseph Kundeck, Missionary Gen- eral, Yicar o£ Vincennes, Indiana." It is said that his object in calling the place Ferdinand was to get a donation of money from the Emperor for whom it was named. It is also said that in this he was successful, but that statement has nothing but hearsay evidence to support it. Such a thing seems within probability, especially when the large amounts of money that were early spent in this part, is taken into consideration. But of that the reader shall be judge. After the plan was fully matured in the mind of Rev. Kundeck, but before the land was bought, he made a trip to the cities of Louisville, Cincinnati and Pittsburgh, where he held meetings in the Catho- lic Churches, and urged the poorer classes to come to the "gar- den of Indiana," and settle at the town of Ferdinand. Many fol- lowed his advice, and some even went so far as to give him money to buy lots with. This was what he wanted, for money must be had before the land could be purchased. On his return he bought the land as contemplated, and upon the arrival of those who had purchased land in the town, their particular piece was determined by casting lots. This was the method pursued, not toward the town property alone, but to the adjoining country as well. Several farms of eighty acres each were thus pur- chased by Father Kundeck for people who had never seen the wilds of Indiana. But when the settlers began to arrive their disappointment was great. They expected to find a town of some consequence, and instead they found nothing but the native for- ests. Some few returned, and many more wanted to. Nothing but the seductive power and influence of the Catholic Church could have maintained the settlement from abandonment. The community is one of the most prosperous in Dubois County, now, and is almost exclusively German. An account of the founding and building of the church at Ferdinand with which the town is intimately connected, will be found elsewhere in this volume. As jvist indicated, the original sale of the lots was made in the city of Louisville, but after the ground had been purchased and sur- veyed, it is probable that another sale took place upon the scene of the new and rising town. The town of Ferdinand is situated in the township of the same name, on the southwest quarter of Section 28, Township 3 south, HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 555 Haiige 4 west. On account of defections in the original survey, the town was resurveyed in October, 1857. In April, 18()(), an addition was made to the town by Et. Rev. Maurice de St. Palais, Bishop of Vincennes, and another by the same person in 18()8. It is said that Joseph Schneider was the first merchant in Ferdinand. He built the house now occupied by Mrs. Reinaker and conducted a general merchandise business for several years. He came soon after the establishment of the town and moved to Troy several years later. John Beckmann was one of the earliest merchants in the place, perhaps the second. He continued in trade until his death and succeeded in acquiring a considerable fortune. His sons are now doing an extensive business in the place and are the leading merchants and produce buyers of the town. Another early merchant was a man named Joseph Meyer, who was succeeded by William Poschen. Early in the sixties he sold to A. T. Sundemann who continued until his death in 1884. His wife is still doing a small trade. The successors of Joseph Schneider were Jacob Linegang, William and Phillip AVaguer. Joseph Rickemann and Joseph Mehling have also been merchants at this place. In 1853 John B. Gohmann commenced doing a general merchandise business which he has successfully con- tinued ever since. Others have done a small trade at different times at Ferdinand but after a short time have departed for other parts. Michael Spade started a horse mill some time early in the for- ties, perhaps sooner than that time. He sold to Peter Miller who continued it for a while. He also had a saw-mill and a little later put up a steam grist-mill. His son Peter Miller, Jr. , is yet operating a good mill at the old site. Besides this the town has another grist-mill owned by Hoppenjans & Willmes. It is also operated by steam. The first physician was Dr. Seifert who came late in the for- ties and remained but a few years. Since him the physicians have been Drs. Keller, William Shundermann, Matthew Kempf, Menges, Charles Knapp, E. J. Kempf, Seifert. Venne- mann, Paul Kempf and Joseph Bockhold, the last three now prac- ticing there. .The postoffice was established about the year 1845 and these persons have been postmasters: John G. Steen, William Cooper, 556 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. John B. Gohmann, Mrs. John B. Gohmann, John Harmon Beck- mannand A.J. Fisher. A large amount of tobacco is raised in the neighborhood of Ferdinand and a heavy trade in that article is car- ried on. The first man to ship tobacco from this place was Albert Toebbe in 1849 or 1850. That hogshead brought him a profit of about |25, which was considered a large amount at that time. About 1,000,000 pounds are bought here each year, the principal buyer being John H. Beckmann. The first mechanics were John G. Timmerman, shoe-maker; Michael Demuth, wagon-maker; Mat- thew Haven, blacksmith; Jacob Garber, carpenter. Dr. Paul Kempf is the only druggist. A lawyer located here several years ago, but the people concluded they did not need a representative of that profession and it is said they egged him out of the town. •Since then others have not ventured. Eight saloons vend their refreshments. Holland. — The town of Holland was laid out by Henry Kunz, May 20, 1859. The original plot shows four streets; Walnut. Elm, Sycamore and Mulberry, running north and south, and two, Indiana and Ohio running east and west. The lots were sixty in number, but an addition of twenty lots was made by Sandusky "Williams on the 12th of October, 18()6. The town was named for the nativity of its proprietor. Kunz had settled there about the year 1855, having purchased the land while it was yet -cov- ered with the forest. His house was the first one erected in the place and soon after began keeping merchandise for retailing. His first storehouse was the porch of an old fashioned log house. As a place for keeping his calico he used a trunk, and when his stock grew too large for that, he made a wareroom of the smoke house. From the beginning his business continued to increase, and in 1871 he built a large and commodious store room, and filled it with the largest stock that had ever been kept in the place. He continued in the mercantile business until his death in January, 1885. The family still carry on the trade at the old stand. Some time early in the sixties, William Heitmann began doing a general retail trade, and for several years before then he had been in business near the town. Beginning about the year 1872, Mrs. W. Keller carried on a trade for twelve years. Other merchants have been Frederick Wibbeler, H. J. Meyer, Caldemyer & Co., and Smith & Todrauk. The business of the HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 559 town is now as follows: general mereliants, Kotliert & Bro., Loeler & Weisliama, Wibbeler & Hemmer; Dr. Rust and Dr. Stork, druggists. The first physician was Dr. F. Eust, who came abovit 18(50, Dr. Jasper Clifford came about ten years ago, and Dr. Stork in 1880. John J. Meyer and John Lubbert built a good steam grist-mill about 1878. It has both buhr and roller process, is a frame building and valued at $6,000. The mill is well patronized and the owners ship large quantities of flour. Chris- tian Eoetger and Louis Lammers own a good saw and planing- mill near town and do considerable lumber business. George Bruning & Co. own and operate another saw-mill. Ernst Keller was the first wagon-maker in the town and that business is now done by Henry Lammers and Frederick Wellmeyer & Co. ; Au- gust Finke is harness-maker and saddler; Harmon Eggers and John Wellmeyer are dealers in boots and shoes. The first black- smith was Rudolph Mohlenkamp. Rauscher & Steinkamp are there now. J. H. Bruning is a furniture dealer and Henry Weiss- hana, cooper. Ireland.— One of the most pleasant villages in Dubois County is Ireland, situated in Madison Township on Section 19, Township 1 south, Range 5 west. It was first called American City by the proprietor, James Stewart, but the name was soon changed. In this vicinity some of the earliest settlements in the county were made and it is in the garden of Dubois County. The first house in the town was built by Henry Green and it was afterward occupied by a man wdiose name was probably Ewing, and who taught school in the neighborhood. That house is yet standing and now occupied by Mrs. Monroe. That was about the year 1842. The second building was erected by Dr. E. A. Glezen in the fall and spring of 1852-53. That house is also standing and has long been known as the Ireland Hotel. Isaac Hardin is the present proprietor. The third building of any consequence was the steam flouring-mill erected by John Cooper in 1855-56. This was the making of Ireland, as it was a first- class mill and did a large business, and continued to be the main stimulant to the trade of the town until it was burned in Sep- tember, 1882. It was at that time mostly owned by John P. Norman and its destruction was a severe blow to the business in- terests of the town. The first merchant in the townshiy) was at 20 560 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Ireland, his name was Epliraim Woods and his merchandise was kept in a small building near where Mrs. Monroe now lives. That was in 1853, and about two years later he sold to Alsephus McGinnis, who, after two or three years more was bought out by Harvey Green. His successors have been L. R. Taylor, M. B. Dillon, Thomas K. Fleming, Armstrong & Hardin. Dillon began early in the sixties and remained until 1869. In addition to his merchandising he was for many years the principal manager of the grist-mill. Other stores were started and among the merchants were J. G. Stewart & Sons, A. N. Thomas & Bro., Thomas & Hobbs, H. N. Wilson, Elijah Stewart, Thomas H. Dillon, Isaac Fowler, Mr. Kahn and Joe Calvin. The firm of Dillon, Norman & Co. began in 1872, and 1879 was succeeded by Norman & Stewart. Since 1883 John P. Norman has been the sole owner and does a large trade. The druggists have been Z. C. Kelso, Mr. Blackburn, E. G. Strain and Dr. G. L, Parr. Dr. Edward A. Glezen was the first physician and came in 1846. The others have been Mr. Harrison, Benjamin Free- land, Mr. Blackburn, Z. C. Kelso, G. S. Parr and C. "c. McCown. Dr. Havillah Hobbs lived on the Hobbs' farm and from about 1855 for a few years did considerable practice. The first postoffice in the township was established by Samuel Potlethwait, about 1847, on the Maliin farm. It was called Alder Creek, and did not last more than a year. When Epliraim Woods started his store in 1853, at Ireland, he was appointed postmaster, and ever since then the ofiice has been kept up, and his successors in business were his successors in office, down to M. B. Dillon. Samuel Jacobs followed Dillon, and R. A. Arm- strong, Z. C. Kelso and John M. Parker have held it to the pres- ent. The wagon-makers are Matthew Reise and M. Steinhart; Raughley Horton, Romel Beck and A. Baumert, shoe-makers: Thomas Kellams and Samuel N. Hilt have bean blacksmiths; two hotels — the Ireland House and one by Mrs. Ferguson. Ire- land has a lodge of Masons, and one of Odd Fellows. A lodge of the A. O. of U. W. was established a few years ago, but it has not been prosperous, and is not now in working order. Ireland Lodge No. 388, F. & A. M., was chartered May 25, 1869, with Oliver Hobbs, W. M. ; Raughley Horton, S. W., and Lansden R. Taylor, J. W. The other members at its organization were W. HISTORY OP DUBOIS COUNTY. 561 Monroe, B. W. Armstrong, A. M. Thomas, John W. Harincrton and I. B. Crecelis. The lodge has been reasonably prosperous, and now has a membership of thirty. In 1870 a hall was built at a cost of about $1,800. It is all paid for, and there is money in the treasury besides. The present officers are ^Y. H. H. Green, W. M. ; A. J. Vest, S. W. ; R. F. Milburn, J. W. ; W. T. Cooperj secretary, and J. W. Lemmon, treasurer. The Odd Fellows lodge was organized May 15, 1875, by BjTon Brenton, of Pike County, and had these officers : J. H. Armstrong, N. G. ; B. F. Langford, V. G. ; James Corn, record- ing secretary; Aaron C. Ferguson, permanent secretary, anti Heninan Haskins, treasurer. Other members were Charles Hor- ton, R. A. Armstrong, Elijah and S. H. Stewart and Thomas Anderson. The lodge has been prosperous, and now has a good hall. The present members are M. T. and W. R. Anderson, E. W. Crosier, Thomas Harris, L. E. Horton, W. L. Britton, Thomas Anderson, G. W. Haskins, L, L. and E. V. Cooper, J. H. Arm- strong, Edward and Winfield Sweeny. The officers are I. L. Hardin, N. G. ; G. L. Parr, V. G. ; Parks Campbell, recording secretary; Elijah Stewart, permanent secretary; Harvey Stewart, treasurer. Birdseye. — The town of Birdseye was laid out January 21:, 1880, and at that time consisted of 33 lots in Section 25, To-oai- ship 2 south. Range 3 west, along the Air Line Railroad. The proprietors were Martha J. and Enoch E. Inman, Mary M. and E. H. Baxter, John G. and Sarah J. Pollard, and Scott Austin. The acknowledgment was made before Allen Cox, justice of the peace. The first merchants were Peter Newton and Georo-e Alvev, partners, who began business in 1872, while the railroad was be- ing constructed. A year after Newton became sole owner, and a a little later moved to Anderson City, thus leaving Birdseye with- out a merchant. In 1870 E. H. Baxter began a small business, which kept increasing until 1882, when he sold to Jolm T. Bundy, who is now doingf a laro^e trade. Baxter began ao^ain, and his successor, George F. Atkins, is still engaged in trade. In 1882 A. J. and C. J. Hubbard began a merchandise business, which they are still conducting. Herman and Augustus Koerner began in 1884, but the firm has changed and is now composed of 562 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. William Koerner aud Frank Zimmer, The druggists have been J. M. Sanders, who began in 1882 and a year later sold to W. H. Farver, who has continued ever since. C. J. Mayfield began in 1884. The confectioners are John I. King, Jacob Swartz, John Hubbs and E. T. Lovelette. The building of the railroad has opened up a large lumber business along its line. One of the principal points for this class of trade is Birdseye. The first planing-mill was started by Bundy Bros., in the early part of 1883, and they have done a large and prosperous trade ever since. Heber Ingle has conducted a lumber yard since 1872, and in ad- dition has controlled several saw-mills in this vicinity. His bus- iness is extensive. Staves have been manufactured by Hubbard Bros, since 1882, Koerner Bros, since 1883, and Gibson & Mc- Donald since 1881. Glassford & Co. do a lumber trade, and are engaged in a large railroad tie business. Thomas A. King was made the first postmaster about 1816, and he continued to hold that place until his death in 1873. His wife, Martha J. King, was his successor, and since then James Kellams, E. H. Baxter and John T. Bundy have held the office. Three hotels, 1 livery, 1 millinery store, 2 physicians, 3 saloons and several smaller stores, and mechanics of various kinds combine to make Birdseye a thriving town. E. E. Hawn Post No. 266 of the G. A. R. was chartered De- cember 28, 1883, with the following members: E. R. Huff, Com. ; S. M. Nash, Sr., Yice-Com. ; E. H. Baxter, Jr., Vice-Corn. ; Joseph F. Faulkner, Thompson Garland, Daniel H. Burt, Abraham B. Tower, John W. Mason, E. E. Inman, Robert McMahel and Fred Miller. The present officers are : E. H. Baxter, Commander ; J. W. Jacobs, Sr., Vice-Corn. ; and Robert McMahel, Jr., Vice-Com. This post now has thirty-two members and is flourishing. Birdseye Lodge I. O. O. F. No. 604 was chartered October 2, 1883, with the following members: William Chamberlain, N. G. ; Joseph Brown, V. G. ; J. W. Jacobs, secretary ; A. Pecou, treasurer ; George W. Sigler, E. H. Baxter, and C. M. Parks. The lodge is in good standing financially and has a membership of twenty-two. The present officers are C. M. Parks, N. G., E. H. Baxter, V. G., H. W. Farver, secretary; J. O. Nash, treasurer. In the fall of 1883 steps were taken that finally brought about the incorporation of Birdseye. The first meeting of the board of trustees was on the HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 563 2()th of December of tliat year. The members were H. Koeriier, Enoch E. Inman and John O. Nash. Alonzo W. Pinnick was town treasurer ; C. J. Mayfielcl, clerk, and Samuel B. Miller, mar- shal. In May, 1884, the following- were elected: William Koer- ner, C. J. Mayfield and Edward Wells, trustees; A. W. Pinnick, treasurer; G. F. Atkins, clerk, and Thomas Moore, marshal. In 1885: W. E. Wells, John G. Pollard and W. N. Koerner, trus- tees; A. W. Pinnick, treasurer; S. B. Moore, clerk; and Jacob Harmon, marshal. But little business has as yet been done by the town board. A lock-up has recently been ordered, and the streets are receiving most of the attention of the authorities. SchnellviUe. — About the year 18()4 Henry Schnell began doing a merchandise trade at this place. It is situated on Section 16, Township 2 south. Range 3 west, and near the northern boundary of Jefferson Township. Schnell continued in trade for some time. In the latter part of the seventies he built a grist and saw-mill at the place, which did much for the village. His two sons are now operating it. Joseph E. Boliart is now the only merchant at the place and does a good trade. The first smith was David Wirsiug and the present one is Joseph C. Streigel. Dr. J. R. Railing settled there about 18()8 and stayed four years. Dr. O. B. Grey came soon after Railing and remained about five years. The third physician was Joseph F. Faulkner, who practiced there from 1873 to 1883, and then moved to Birdseye. Others have been David Younger. John Denbo and John P. Salb, the last now there. William Seller does a good business at Avagon-making, The shoe-makers are Joseph Brosmer and Henry Gress. xl fur- niture store is owned by Matthew Nye. SchnellviUe is in a very good agricultural district and for a small place it is said to do a thriving trade. Bretzville. — The first settler at the site of this hamlet was William Bretz, a father of the present William Bretz, who located there in 1850. The town was laid out by him in 18()() or 1867. About the same time John M, Deindorfer and Martin Friedman opened a store, but the firm Avas shortly afterward changed to Deindorfer & Shorts. In the year 1848 Phillip Frick, Sr., and George F. Schurz opened a store about one mile east of Bretzville, Prick's widow came into the village in 1878 and has conducted a store ever since. She has but a small stock of goods. The post- 564 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. office was established in 1860 witli Matthew Schmidt, postmaster. His successors have been William Bretz, Phillip M. Frick and J. M. Deindorfer. In November, 1882, the office was suspended but was re-established in January, 1881, with Rev. George F. Englehardt the officer. They now have a daily mail. For sev- eral years William Bretz ran a wagon and blacksmith shop, but he has now practically retired. The schoolhouse was built in 1880. The first teacher was James Murray and the present is George F. Englehardt. Haysville. — It is said the first settler at the site of Haysville was Joseph Kelso, who came in the year 1816, at least that is the date he entered land in the county. The records show that Willis Hays bought land in this vicinity in 1818, and it is for him that the town was named. The town is said to have been laid out in 1835 by Moses Kelso, and it is located on Section 25, Township 1 north, Range 5 west. It is in one of the earliest settled portions of the county. Willis Hays was the first merchant and probably began some time early in the twenties. He was one of the prom- inent early settlers and was for several years associate judge. Moses Kelso was for many years a leading citizen of Haysville and was largely interested in its commercial prosperity and was for a while probate judge of the county. About 1840 he had a wool carding-machine, which he kept in operation for nearly a decade. Other merchants of the place have been Johnson &, Mahan, Gibson Brown, Elias & Clinton Bruner, James S. Brace, Mr. Shaffer, Leherberger & Kahn and the present merchants, the Rudolph Brothers. The first hotel was kept by Gibson Brown and then came James S. Brace. William McDonald kept tavern ' not far from where Haysville now stands in 1812. A blacksmith named Hatch was the first to locate here and he was succeeded by a man named Meyers, father-in-law of George Keifner, the pres- ent, and for many years past, the village smith. The pioneer physician was a Dr. Spore who probably came some time in the thirties. He was succeeded by William Sherritt and since then several have practiced for a time. For the last sixteen years Dr. DeMott has been the cure-all or kill-all for the community. A harness shop, a shoe shop and two hotels and saloons constitute the balance of the business interests of the place. Hillham. — For a third of a century Hillham has been a trad- HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 565 ing point. John A. Wiiiiiiger began doing a general trade in 1850, and continued several years. Solomon Williams opened a small dry goods and grocery store about the year 18G3, and re- mained until 1875. The next merchants were Dr. Walker &Bro., who carried on a general merchandising business for about one year and were burned out. Soon after, or about the year 1866, Freeman & McCarrell opened quite an extensive business. They did not continue it very long, but about three years later J. B. Freeman became the sole owner of a general store, but ceased about 1875. Not long after, he began again in the name of John Price, in which manner it was conducted about two years, and then passed into the hands of McCarrell Bros. In 1877, Dr. William A. Line put in a small stock of drugs, and he has from time to time enlarged his business, until he now does the leading business in dry goods, groceries and general merchandising. He also practices medi- cine, and was the first physician in the place where he located in 18(]5. Other doctors have been William Walker, Mr. Courtney, Joel 8. Blackman and Charles W. Newland who has been there since 1880. The town of Hillham is located on Section 13, Town- ship 1 north, Range 3 west. It is the extreme northeast corner of Columbia Township and Dubois County. A Masonic lodge was organized there in 1875, and among its charter members were James B. Freeman, William M. Hoaforart, John W. Sim- mons, James R. Wininger and Willis A. Charnes. The charter was surrendered in 1882. The postoliice was established in 1860, and the following persons have been postmasters: Solomon W, Williams, William A. Line, J. B. Freeman, John N. Howe, James Braden, J. S. Blackman and C. W. Newland. From the number of physicians that have occupied it one would think the office in bad health. Pofiersville.— This town has the distinction of having been the first capital of Dubois County, and consqeuently dates its begin- ning almost with the organization of the county. It is said to have been named by Arthur Harbison on account of some favorite relative. The' land was purchased of the Government in 1814 by Jacob Lemmon. Its pleasant situation upon the east fork of White River, was doubtless a prominent reason why it was se- lected for a county seat. One of the earliest, if not the very first to engage in a mercantile trade was Thomas Brooks. The exact 566 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. date of liis coming to the place is not known, but lie was there very- early. Another was George H. Proffit who did business there early in the twenties. He was a man afterward well known, and a member of Congress. Jacob Bixler was in trade there about 1826, and for a few years later. Others were Daniel Harris, Edward Patton, Dr. Porter, Gibson Brown and William Hallowell. The present merchants are the Rudolph Brothers, who have been there about twelve years and do a thriving trade. Hugh S. Wil- son was the first physician and remained for several years enjoy- ing the high opinion of all. Dr. A. B. McCrillis was located there for a time. Dr. Hunter now attends to the sick in the com- munity. CHAPTER YIL History of Education in the County, Being a Treatise on Pioneer AND Modern School Teachers, and Methods of Instruction AND Correction, and giving many Dates, Names, Anecdotes and Statistics. THE Dubois County schools are fully up to the average of schools in the State generally. One of the State's prominent educators has said that the schoolhouse is the unerring sign of civ- ilization, a statement that none will have the presumption to con- tradict. Beginning almost with the earliest settlers, the schools of the county have kept ready pace with those in any other part of the State. Concerning the early schools, information is scanty, and what little there is, of such a doubtful nature as to impress the searcher with its traditionary make-up. The first schools were of the subscription kind, and the houses were of the primi- tive style, in accordance with the moderate means and condition of the patrons. The buildings were made of logs, and the furni- ture was correspondingly rude. They were usually built by the citizens gathering at the appointed place by agreement, and each individual donated his time to the common cause. The early churches were often used as schoolhouses, and nearly as often the preacher and teacher were one. The Sliite constitution of 1816 provided in a measure for the HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 567 maintenance of public schools. Under it all fines assessed for any breach of the penal laws, and money paid as an equivalent by persons exemj^t from military duty, except in time of war, were to be applied to the support of county seminaries in the county wherein they were assessed. This money was held in trust by a seminary trustee, appointed at first by the governor of the State, afterward by the board of county commissioners, and later elected by the people at a general election. These seminaries were incor- porated by the State Legislature at various times, whenever the amount of the funds in the county would warrant it. If Dubois County ever had a seminary under this law, the old- est inhabitants now living have forgotten it, and what county records now exist contain no mention of it. The probabilities are that there was one, although if so, it was at an early date, for the immigration to Jasper and vicinity of Catholics yearly decreased the prospects for such a school at the county seat, where they were usually kept. The congressional township system originated with the act of Congress to enable the people of Indiana Territory to form a State government, approved April 11), 1816. That act provides that Section 16 in every township should be granted to the inhal)- itants for the use of public schools. Dubois County contains ten of these sections. Soon after the organization of the State gov- ernment, the Legislature provided for the appointment of a super- intendent of these lands in each township. These officers had power to lease the school lands for a term of years, and the rents and profits were to be applied to the support of schools. The revised statutes of 1824 contain a law entitled an "Act to incor- porate congressional townships, and providing for public schools therein." This was the first effective law toward establishing a vigorous system of public schools. It authorized the inhabitants of each township to elect three school trustees, who were to have control of the school lands and schools generally, with power to divide their townships into districts, and appoint sub-trustees therefor. These trustees also examined teachers in regard to their ability to teach reading, writing and arithmetic. School- houses were to be built by the labor of all able-bodied male per- sons of the age of twenty-one years or more, residing in the dis- trict. The penalty for failm-e to work was 37| cents for each day 568 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. of failure. These houses were to be eight feet between floors, and at least one foot from the ground to the first floor, and fin- ished in a manner calculated to render both teacher and scholars comfortable. This was the beginning of the district school system and many of the townships organized at once, preparatory to the march of education. Some, however, delayed this important proceeding for many years. A few were soon in the market with their land, hoping to do more effective service with the cash than with the soil. Under this law the establishment and organization of schools went on but slowly. The reason of this was that no schools were to be established until the wish of the inhabitants to that effect was declared by vote. In addition to this defect the progress of the district school system was retarded by a want of sufficient funds. The wages of teachers exceeded but little the cost of life's necessities and the terms were seldom more than three months in duration. The public money was not sufficient to meet all demands, and the deficiency was supplied by rate bills levied upon the pupils. During these early years the question whether it is unjust to tax for the support of schools those having no children, was often discussed and the negative advocated by many. This, however, has at last been determined and the policy of the State definitely settled in favor of taxing all its citizens for the support of common schools. In June, 1836, the Congress of the United States passed a law distributing the surplus revenue, then in the national treas- ury, among the several States. The State Legislature approved an act February 7, 1837, for the division of Indiana's share of this revenue among the several counties for the use of the com- mon schools. The share of Dubois County was something over 14,000. The Legislature appointed agents of this fund in each county, whose duties were to loan it out and see that the proper security and other requisites were complied with. This fund has gradually increased and its interest is now one of the large items of school revenue. In addition to these sources of revenue for schools of the State there are several others. Besides the sixteenth sections, all saline lands throughout the State were reserved for the same pur- pose. These lands were ordered to be sold about the year 1831 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 569 or 1832, and the proceeds were united into what has ever since been known as the saline fund. The bank tax fund was another source of considerable magnitude. But the largest of these and most fruitful source of revenue, the congressional township fund alone, perhaps excepted, is the sinking fund, originally derived from the State's profits in the old State banks. All of these, ex- cept the congressional township, have been united and are known as the common school fund. The pioneer schools deserve a passing notice. By this term is meant those early schools that were established and maintained without any aid from public funds. These schools were generally loud schools, which means that the pupils were not required to prepare their lessons quietly, but that each one had the privilege of repeating it in whatever tone of voice best suited him ; indeed, in some cases, it seemed that a premium was set upon noise and that he who could make the loudest noise did the best. The studies usually pursued in these schools were, reading, writing, spelling and sometimes arithmetic. The recitations were heard one pupil at a time, and in the general noise and confusion, read- ing and spelling were, no doubt, difficult to recite. "Webster's spelling book and the New Testament were the most common text books. Writing was learned from copies set by the teacher, with a goose -quill pen. When a pupil wanted assistance on a difficult problem, he took it to the teacher, who looked over it until he found an incorrect figure which he marked, and then re- turned the slate to the waiting scholar without comment or ex- planation. One rule that survived for many years and defeated all attempts at classification was, that he who was first at school in the morning, should recite first during the day. The sessions were much longer than at the present, and are said by some to have lasted from "sun-up to sun-down." but that seems improba- ble. There was no regular hour for opening school in the morn- ing, but when a pupil arrived, he was compelled to take his seat and commence the study of his lessons. There was no recess in those days, and no time for relaxation except at the noon ••play- time," which was usually spent by the teacher in making or mending goose-quill pens, in which art all teachers Avere from ne- cessity skilled. The schools followed closelv the course of the early settle- 570 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. ments, and where we find the first settlers, there, too, we find the first schools. One of the earliest teachers, if not the very first, was Simon Morgan, a man that for the first thirty years of the comity's existence, occupied an important place in its history. It is probable that an early school was taught in the McDonalds' neighborhood, and also one not far from the present site of Ire- land, before the organization of Dubois County. Upon the es- tablishment of the county seat at Portersville, a school was be- gun there by Simon Morgan, and kept in the old log court house that is yet standing. He was then, and for many years after, county recorder. When the capital of the county was changed to Jasper, he continued his pedagogic avocations while perform- ing the duties of a public officer. Here again the court house was used for a schoolhouse. In the vicinity of Haysville was an early school. The house was built a short distance east of the present village, about 1820, and Moses Kelso was for several years the principal teacher there. Others taught there, however, during the decade of the twenties, and the school was kept up several years later than that. Early in the twenties a school was taught in the neighborhood of Shiloh Church in Madison Township. A man named Sweeney was the teacher. The house was of the typical pioneer sort, with one log out for a window. The fire-place was surrounded by a dirt hearth and the chimney was made of sticks in the old fashioned way. Another teacher at that place was a man named Claussin. That house would pre- sent a considerable contrast beside the new school building erected at Ireland, in 1884, at a cost of about $1,800. The town has a graded school with two teachers. Near Alexander Ell's, on Patoka, was another early school in this portion of the county. In Jefferson Township schools were established about 1820. One of the most prominent of these was kept at the old Jubilee meeting-house on the farm then owned by John Hill. Samuel Howard and Thomas Hill were teachers there during the early part of the decade of the twenties. The patrons of this school at its start were the families of Cox, Hill, Gobbel, Reed, Shoemaker, Collins and others. In the neighborhood of Huntingburgh therehad been but few •schools prior to the location of the town there. When Jacob Gei- ger laid out the town, he gave a lot for the benefit of the schools and churches, and at his own expense built a house for those pur- HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 5 71 poses. It was of hewed logs, and was built on the lot where the grist-mill now stands. The first teacher was a man named Pike. At the house of Jacob Blemker another school was taught by a Polander named Mody. Such was the beginning of the Hunt- ingburgh schools,and they have prospered with the town from that day to this. On the 1st of May, 1872, an ordinance was passed by the town board, authorizing the sale of bonds to the amount of 15,000 for the purpose of building a schoolhouse. They were to be made payable in one to ten years, and to bear interest at the rate of 6 per cent. The school board at that time consisted of Henry Dufendach, E. R. Brundick and Dr. Isaac Beeler. The schoolhouse was erected and is a substantial brick, two stories high. The school is probably the best in the county, and has a total of five teachers. Instructions are given in all the common school branches, and a high school course has been added. The present board of school trustees is composed of Dr. W. R. Mc- Mahan, C. C. Klein and Chris Konrumpf. In many portions of the county the Catholic schools have almost superseded the public schools, and in almost as many places the public money has been spent in supporting them. This pro- ceeding has in some instances been opposed by some of the peo- ple, but as it is a country where the majority rules, the Catholics have been successful in maintaining their position and the funds. The Catholic schools will be noticed in connection with the churches. The following table shows the number of schoolhouses, teach- ers and number of pupils in attendance at the county superinten- dent's last visit, in each township in the county: No. of Houses. No. of Teach'rs. 7 9 8 9 8 7 9 10 7 8 10 9 5 5 No. of Pupils. Total Townships. Male. Female. Pupils. Columbia 7 9 8 8 8 7 8 9 6 8 6 3 1 107 91 198 Harbison 100 147 75 140 175 Boone 287 Madison 122 131 253 Bainbridge 117 : 100 103 83 100 148 165 i 150 136 94 217 Marion 186 Hall 248 Jefferson ... . 315 Jackson 230 Patoka 102 154 151 60 169 97 155 169 126 193 199 Cass 309 Ferdinand 320 Jasper 186 Huntingburgh 362 Totals 96 111 1,783 11,752 3.485 572 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. The above shows the number actually present at the time of the superintendent's visit. The enumeration is considerably in excess of this, that for Jasper being 425 and Huntingburgh 525. The schoolhouses of the county are generally good, but are only moderately supplied with the school furniture and appli- ances of the day. The Ireland school is one of the best town- ship graded schools in the county. Miss Dora Hope is the prin- cipal and Mrs M. L. McSwane is assistant. The Celestine school has been graded for about ten years. The house is a frame, valued at about $600. Henry Schnell and John Kenney are the teachers. Since the incorporation of Birdseye, the school there is improving. The house is a frame, and preparations are being made for a better one ; two teachers are required. The Schnell- ville school is also graded, and is presided over by two of the Catholic Sisters. The frame building is valued at about $700. On a par with this is the St. Anthony school, the two teachers of which are Sisters. Holland has a good two-story frame school- house, costing $1,800 in 1870. The school is graded and has W. H. Clark for its principal teacher. For the past six years the school at St. Henry has been graded, and two of the Sisters are now teaching it. It is a frame building. Perhaps the most prosperous school in the county is the one at Ferdinand. It is entirely under the control of the Catholics, and is conducted in an energetic and useful manner. The teachers are four, three of whom are females. In February, 1872, the school trustees of the town of Jasper made application to the town board for the building of a new schoolhouse. The trustees were then E. M. Welman, S. Kuebler and J. AV. Bretz. In March following the contract was offered to the lowest bidder, but the lowest bid being $6,(300 the board thought that too high and the contract was not let. A few days later, March 27, E. A. Hochgesang was given the contract for the masonry for $2,725, and the balance of the building to John Ber- ger for $3,135, making a total contract price of $5,858. This was considered a good bargain for the town, and Joseph Egg was ap- pointed to superintend the work on behalf of the board. The building was completed and first occupied by the school on the 27th of January, 1873. Bazil L. Greene was then the teacher in charge, and his successors have been : James H. Keenan, A. M. HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 573 Sweeney, George C. Cooper, John Daniel, F. L. Mulkey, J. H. Logan and tlie present one, F. S. Morgentlialer. Soon after the completion of the new building a difficulty arose in the town, con- cerning the conduct of the schools. This grew largely out of the fact that the Catholics were in the majority and insisted that the schools should conform to their methods. In fact, this question has never been entirely settled, and at the present time consider- able agitation is going on in regard to it. From 184:3 to the adop- tion of the new constitution, John McCausland had served in the capacity of school examiner. In 1853, after the ado})tion of the new constitution, Eev. Joseph Kundeck, A. J. Strain and George W. Fallon were appointed county school examiners, and continued to act as such until 1857, when S. J. Cramer took the place of Fal- lon, the others still continuing. In 1858 they were A. J. Strain. Stephen Jerger and S. J. Cramer; 1851), A. J. Strain, William Hays and John B. Beckwerment; 1861, "William Hays, J. B. Beckwerment and Mr. Holthouse. These last were appointed early in 1861, but the law was soon after changed and only one examiner was required for the county. To this place Rev. A. J. Strain was appointed, and he continued to serve as such until 1873, when the office was abolished and that of county su[)erintendent established in its stead. Ernst R. Brundick was the first to be appointed to that office, and he was succeeded in 1879 by George C. Cooper. In 1881 the present incumbent, A. M. Sweeney, was chosen to officiate. CHAPTER VIII. Religious History of the County, Comphising Sketches of the Earliest Societies, and of the Pioneer Modes of Wohship, AND Giving an Account of the Organization of Later Classes, the Construction of Buildings, the Names of Membehs and Ministers, and the Present Condition of the Churches. FOR several years prior to the admission of Indiana into the Union, some devout and Christian families moved from Ken- tucky and other portions of the South, and settled in this locality. The forests were then almost unbroken, and the people were in small and detached settlements. The privileges of religious meet- 574 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. ings were rarely enjoyed. A few would wi'ite back to their former homes and earnestly solicit some one to come and preach to them. But that was a matter more easy to ask than to per- form. The distance and hardships were great, but the preachers at last came. Among the first denominations to appear upon this frontier was the Cumberland Presbyterian. As early as the year 1818, perhaps before then, meetings were held in the county by this denomination of Christians. They had been holding meetings in several of the adjoining counties before then, but it is certain that they began to hold religious services in Dubois County in 1818. The first was probably at Shiloh, or what was more com- monly known as Alexander's Camping Ground, in what is now Madison Township. It is quite likely that the second organized church in the State, of this denomination, was here at Shiloh. Among the men who were foremost in this portion of the State at that time, as Cumberland Presbyterians, were William Harris, Alexander Chapman, John and William Barnett, Finis Ewing, Dr. James Johnson, John M. Berry, Aaron Shelby, David Lowry, Henry Delany, Hiram A. Hunter, William Lynn, Thomas Porter, William C. Long, and Alexander Downey. Of these the first six seldom came except at the camp-meetings, but the others came more frequently. It is said that the first circuit preacher was Rev. David Lowry, and he preached in Vanderburgh, Gibson, Pike, Dubois, Daviess and Knox Counties. After him came Messrs. Hunter, Downey and Lynn, in the order named. Under them the circuit was considerably enlarged, and embraced Terre Haute. The men who "rode the circuit," or visited the country only occasionally, were constant and untiring in their labors. They preached almost daily, and in the absence of church houses the services were usually held at the residence of some good man in the neighborhood. Thus a private house would come to be recognized as the preaching place of the community. Among the leaders in the church during its pioneer days, in Dubois County, may be mentioned Ashbury Alexander, who was an elder in the Shiloh organization, and one of the best then, and for many years after, in the State. James Ritchey, Sr., was an elder in the same congregation, formerly a preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church ; Joseph I. Kelso and John Niblack were also HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 577 elders. The last was fatlier of Hon. William E. Niblack, of the State Supreme Court, and a liberal supporter of the eliurch. The Presbytery for Indiana was organized at Portersville, in Dubois County, Tuesday, April 18, 1820. There were present nearly all the prominent men of the church in the State. The fourth meeting of the Presbytery was held at Shiloli Church, Oc- tober 2, 1827. In 1833 the Presbytery did away with itineracy, and each church was requested to make a selection of a man that it would support as minister. For Shiloh and Union Churches, in Dubois County, Eev. James Ritchey was chosen. A few years later Shiloh Church had for its pastor Rev. H. A. Hunter. He was afterward pastor at Portersville, and there conducted a school for some time. Soon after the location of the county seat at Jasper, the Cumber- land Presbyterians organized a church there. The first church was of logs, but it was replaced by a frame after a few years. The latter stood for many years and was used by all denominations. The most prominent minister of the Protestant faith that has ever been located in Dubois County was perhaps the Rev A. J. Strain. He was at Jasper for nearly a third of a century and during all that time was one of the leaders in every public and patriotic enterprise worthy of support. More than any other man he was instrumental in putting the schools of the county in good order. The Methodists were not far behind other denominations in the early days, and the Baptists were also in tlie van-guard of pioneer religions. At the present day Protestantism is confined mostly to the northwestern part of the county. In the neighbor- hood of Ireland the prevailing denominations are the Cumberland Presbyterians and the Methodists. Of the latter, Bethel Church, in the northwestern part of Madison Township, is one of the lead- ing. The house was built about the year 1870 at a cost of $1,200. Another at Ireland was built about two years before that and is a good frame building. The Presbyterians are now building a fine church edifice at that town. The following sketch of the Methodist Episcopal Church among the Germans of Dubois County, was contributed by Rev. J. Bookstahler, of Huntingburgh. In 1835, Dr. AVilliam Nast was sent out as the first German missionary to preach among 21 578 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUiNTY. the Germans at Cincinnati, Ohio. In October, 1843, the German missionaries made their first appearance in Dubois County. They were the Revs. Henry Koneke and Conrad Muth, who came from Evansville, and traveled over the whole southwestern part of the State. They were first admitted to the house of H. H. Vennemann, four miles southwest of Hnntingburgh. About the same time, they began preaching at the Pike County line, in the house of Herman W. Katterjohn. In 1844, Rev. H. Koneke was assisted by Rev. E. Peters. In 1845, H. W. Katterjohn united with the church, and was soon followed by his sons Will- iam and Adolph. They were the first members of the present Zoars Church at the Pike County line. From the fall of 1845, to 1846, this charge was supplied by the Rev. M. Mulfinger and John Hoppen, from 1846 to 1847, by G. M. Busch; from 1847 to 1848, by Father Heller. At that time this charge was inde- pendent of the Evansville charge, and embraced the following appointments: Boonville, Hnntingburgh, with Central and Zoars Churches, Bretz settlement, Haysville, Jasper, Troy and Rome. From 1848 to 1849, Revs. Frederick Heller and C. F. Heidmeyer were on this charge, and from 1849 to 1850, Christian Wytten- bach and Charles Derking. About this time the Zoars Church was built of hewed logs, by Adolph Katterjohn, for the sum of $27.50, and his father donated two acres of land. The members assisted in the building of the house. In 1862, a beautiful camp ground was laid out, and several board tents erected. In 1871, the society built a brick church 40x60 feet, about 100 yards from the old building. Be- fore the new church was completed, the old one and the camp dwellings were destroyed by fire. It was supposed to be the work of an incendiary. During the years 1850 and 1851, there was a little frame church built at Hnntingburgh, 22x30 feet. The members then were Adolph Katterhenry and wife, Adam Arensman and wife, William Lukemeyer, now a local preacher at Louisville, E. J. Blemker and wife, Jacob and Rudolph Blemker and John Brandenstein and wife. In the fall of 1851, the Hnntingburgh charge was separated from Boonville, and put in charge of Rev. John H. Lukemeyer. In 1860, the members in the vicinity of H. H. Vennemans united in building a neat brick church 30x40 feet. This w^as un- HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 579 der the administration of Rev. John Ficker, and tlie first members were H. H. Feldwisch, H. H. Vemiemanns and wife, AVilliam Kuck, Henry Schroer, and others. The Huntingbnrtrli society built in 1864-, a good substantial brick church 38x58 feet. At Holland, the Central Church built a frame house, but it was de- stroyed in a storm in the fall of 1883. The members at once be- gan the erection of a second one wliich was completed at a cost of about $2,000. These three churches now constitute the whole of German Methodism in Dubois County, and they have an ag- gregate property valued at about |10,000. The membership now is composed of 100 families, or 330 persons. The leading official members at Huntingburgh are John Brandenstein, 8r., Henry Schroer, H. H. Iglemann, Adolph Katterhenry, E. J. Blemker, Henry Winkenhoefer, Daniel Rutepohler and Christopher Ress- ner. At Holland: F. Rothert, F. Steinkamp, William llothert, John Rothert, A. J. Launners, E. Werremeyer, John Vennemann and H. W. Henimer. At Zoars: Henry Henimer, H. H. Hilde- brand, AV. H. Stork, H. Deerhake, H. Christopher and Louis Tellejohn. At each place there is a flourishing Sunday-school, and the sessions are held the year around. The membership consists of sixty-five officers and 270 scholars. Catholic Churches of Dubois County. — The history of the Ro- man Catholic churches of the county has been largely compiled from the "History of the Diocese of Vincennes." In the year 1834 only two or three Catholics were found at Jasper, but sev- eral Catholic families settled here soon after. Rev. Maurice de St. Palais, located at St. Mary's, Daviess County, visited the small congregation for the first time. A small log house answered for a church and it stood in the western part of the town not far from Patoka River. Father de St. Palais commended the young con- gregation to the special care of the bishop, who gave it its first resident pastor in the person of the Rev. Joseph Kundeck. He was born in Johannich, Croatia, on the 24th day of August, 1810. He finished his studies in Agram, was ordained, and was made assistant priest of the place. In the spring of 1837 he immigrated to Indiana, and in the following year was installed at Jasper. The congregation then numbered fifteen families. During 1840 and 1841 he built a large brick church with hardly any money, but by donations of labor and material. During the Easter sea- 580 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. sons, Father Kundeck extended his labors to Madison and into Illinois. He also visited regularly the congregations of Ferdi- nand, Troy, Celestine, Fulda and McLaughlin in Warrick County. In 1843, to restore his health. Father Kundeck took a trip to New Orleans, and in that city built the first German Cath- olic Church. Returning in 1844, he built the stone church at Ferdinand with the money brought from New Orleans. The same year he introduced the Sisters of Providence at Jasper, and later built the court house at a cost of $6,000. In the autumn of 1851 Father Kundeck went to France, and about the same time was appointed Vicar-General. During his trip to Europe he vis- ited Einsiedeln, the great Benedictine abbey, and did all in his power to induce the abbot to send a colony of the Benedictines to the diocese of Vincennes. He returned to Jasper in 1853 and labored most zealously until 1857. After nine months of intense suffering he died on the 4th of December, 1857. Father Kun- deck was a most remarkable man, and his labors seem almost su- perhuman. His memory in Jasper and the surrounding country will remain forever in benediction, St. Joseph is the patron saint of the church in Jasper, and the following Benedictine Fathers have succeeded Father Kundeck: Rev. P. Bede O'Con- nor from January 23, 1858, to November 20, 1860; Rev. P. Ulrich Christian, November 20, 1860, to February 22, 1865 ; Rev. P. Wolfgang Schlumpf, from February 22, 1865, to July 25 same year; Rev. P. Fidelis Maute, from July 25, 1865, to the present time. The congregation now numbers 3,000 souls and has 470 children at school. Father Maute commenced the building of a new church, for which the corner-stone was laid by Bishop de St. Palais September 14, 1871. The church is of stone, 194 feet long, 84 feet wide and 1)0 feet high. It was built slowly, and only as the means were supplied, without incurring debt. The church is a magnificent and solid structure that will stand as a monument long after the death of the builder, when other churches of a later date will have disappeared. Four Sisters of Providence and two laymen are employed in the schools, which have been organized ever since 1840. Rev. P. Bede O'Connor said mass at Huntingburgh for the first time October 20, 1859. In August, 1860, the corner- stone of the new church was laid by Rev. P. Isidor Hobi. The HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 581 Church of Visitation of the B. V. M. was visited by the pastor of Ferdinand in 18()5 and ISGC), and also from 1873 to 187(). In 18H8 it was attended from Jas[)er twice each month, and after that year to 1873, from St. Meinrad. In 1809 the triduan was preached by Fathers Matthias and Rainer of Tautopolis, 111. Under the present pastor this church is growing raj^idly, a large and beautiful church is being erected of brick, and the conirresra- tion is increasing. The church is to cost several thousand dollars. TJie Congrcgafion af FcrdhiamJ was founded by the Rev. Jo- seph Kundeck, the rector of the Roman Catholic congregation of Jasper. The first divine service was held by the same priest on the 22d of April, 1810, eleven families then forming the congre- gation. A small log church was built, but being too small, in the following year, 1841, anotlier log church was erected, which was used for divine service. The corner-stone of the new stone church was laid by the Rev. Father Kundeck, May 30, 1847. The building was completed in the following year. During the years 1839-53 Ferdinand was attended by secular priests, Father Kundeck himself and his assistant priests residing at Ferdinand, viz. : Rev. Charles Opperman, Rev. Meinkmann, Rev. F. T- Fischer, Rev. W. Doyle, Rev. Toll. Contin, Rev. Peters and Rev. H. Stapf. In 1853 the congregation of Ferdinand was entrusted to the care of the Fathers of the order of H. Benedict. Rev. P. Ulrich Christen, Rev. P. Isidor Hobi, Rev. P. Wolfgang Schlumpf and Rev. P, Chrysostome Folf a, all m embers of the said order, have been rectors of the congregation. Since 1871 the present pastor, the Rev. P. Eberhard Stadler, O. S. B., has the care of the spiritvial wants of the Catholic people of Ferdinand, assisted by different fathers of the Benedictine abbey, at St. Meinrad, Spencer Co., lud. Rev. P. Eberhard Stadler was born February 1, 1830, at AVelf ensberg, Switzerland ; educated in the college connected with the famous abbey of Maria Einsiedeln in Switzerland; he was ordained priest in 1857, and came to this country in December, 1869. His first mission was St. Anthony's, Dubois County, from September, 1870 to October, 1871. In 1871 he took charge of Ferdinand. During the administration of Rev. Foffa the church Avas enlarged, and the tower w^as added ; the bells have been procure d at different times. Rev. Christen erected the parsonage. 582 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. During the administration of Rev. Eberliard, St. Mary's Chapel, on the Mount of Calvary, was built and blessed in 1877. The cemetery was decorated by the same reverend pastor, with a very beautiful cross made by Mr. Zuckriegel,at Rockport, Spencer County, from native sandstone, in 1880. Since then the debts of the church have been paid. Rev. Eberhard is, at the same time, chaplain of the convent of the Benedictine Sisters at Ferdinand. This community was founded in 1867, during the rectorship of Rev. P. Chr. Foffa, and the first brick-stone building was completed in 1870. But the continuous increase of the community being very great, it became necessary in 1884 to undertake the erection of new buildings near St. Mary's Chapel. The corner-stone of the new convent chapel was laid on the 30th of May, 1885, by Rt.-Rev. Bishop Chatard, of Yincennes. At present the community numbers fifty-six sisters. The sisters direct the schools in different places in Spencer and Dubois Counties, and in 1886 will establish an academy for young ladies connected with the convent. The congregation of Ferdinand numbers about 350 families, with 1,()00 members. The youth are educated in several schools, partly conducted by the sisters of the convent. The principal of the boys' school in the town of Ferdinand, Mr. T. B. Miiller, is director of the choir at the church of Ferdinand. The church of Ferdinand is a substantial stone building, with a sanctuary and four chapels, two of which are occupied by altars, the remaining two by confessionals. The principal ornaments of the church are the altar paintings from the hand of the celebrated artist of Switzerland, M. P. Deschwanden, on the high altar. The church is well furnished with all the sacred vestments and vessels necessary for the Catholic culse. The church was solemnly dedi- cated on the 19th of June, 1870, by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Luers, of Fort Wayne. Tlie Bencdiciine Sisters. — The foundation of the Convent of the Immaculate Conception, at Ferdinand, dates back to the year 1867, and like all other convents of the Benedictine Order in the United States, it owes its existence to the first colony of Bene- dictine Sisters established by Rt. Rev. Boniface Wimmer at St. Mary's, Elk County, Penn. At the request of the Benedictine Fathers, four sisters were sent from St. Walburg's Convent at Covington, Ky., to found a convent at Ferdinand and take charge HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 583 of tlie schools. They arrived August 20, 18()7. Sister Bene- dicta was appointed first superior until the community should be sufiiciently numerous to hold an election. The other sisters who formed this community were Sisters M. Xavier, M. Rose and M. Clara. The little dwelling of the sisters consisted of but three rooms, but in the fall an addition of two rooms and a chapel was made, in which holy mass was said for the first time Decem- ber 8. The community at first endured many privations and hardships. Several postulants soon petitioned for admittance. The constitution for the government of the community was drawn by Rev. Martin Marty and an order of the day was Avritten out. At the first election held June 1, 1872, according to the new con- stitution. Yen. Sister Benedicta was chosen ])rioress. She was re-elected July 7, 1875. In 1878 Mother Agatha was chosen to conduct the affairs of the community which she has done with success and ability. In the course of three years the brick con- vent was completed. By 1872 this was paid for, and sixty-four acres of land were bought adjoining the consent grounds. A neat frame house was erected and placed under the charge of two sis- ters. Orphans, and the aged and infirm are admitted, and receive every attention which Christian charity can bestow. The com- munity has prospered, and now has eight branches in Indiana, Arkansas and Dakota. During its first sixteen years, 00 were received into the convent, of these 5 had died, 22 were out on missions, and the remaining 33 were employed at home. A new convent is being erected that will be one of the largest in the State. A school for young ladies is to be kept, that will give instruction in all the higher branches. The congregation at Celestine was organized in 1842 and the patron saint is St. Celestine. From 1844 to 1853, it was at- tended by the pastor residiiig at Jasper. Eev. Joseph Neuber» 1854; Rev. Joseph Wurtz, 1855 and 1850. For three years it was again visited from Jasper. Rev. Joseph Meister, 1800 to 1804; in 1805 attended from St. Anthony: Rev. B. Bruning fi-om 1800 to 1877 ; vacant in 1878 and 1879 ; Rev. Alexander Koesters since 1880. The congregation worshiped in a log church until 1804. In that year the present brick church was erected. At the laying of the corner-stone Rev. P. Fidelis Maute preached the sermon. The membership here is large and consists of about 584 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 1,300 souls. The school has 320 children taught by Ursuline Sisters and a lay teacher. The Catholic congregation at St. Anthony was formed from members who formerly belonged to Ferdinand, Jasper and Celes- tine. It was organized in 1864 by Rev. Joseph Meister. A log church and parsonage were erected and continued in use for twenty years. A new stone church 50x106 feet has recently been finished. Father Meister was killed in 1868 by a falling tree. Rev. Joseph Kaufmann was pastor from July, 1868 to December, 1869. Since that the Benedictine Fathers have been in charge with the following pastors: Eberhardt Stradler from September, 1870 to October, 1871; Placidus Zaon to January, 1875; Con- rad Ackermannto July,1875; Mauvus Helferich to August, 1875; Henry Hug to September, 1877 ; Benedict Brunet to March, 1879 ; and Father Alphonse Leute. The congregation at present num- bers about seventy-five families and the schools are in charge of the Benedictine Sisters. At Henry ville the congregation was organized in 1862 by Rev. Chrysostome Foffa. The church is located midway between Fer- dinand and Maria Hill, at the time of its organization it consisted of twenty-five families who built a stone church. From 1863 to 1871, Rev. Benedict Brunet visited the mission from St. Meiurad. From 1871 to 1878 the Benedictine Fathers regularly visited Henry ville either from St. Meinrad or Maria Hill. From No- vember, 1878 to August, 1879, Rev. B. H. Kintrup at Hunting- burgh, had charge. Rev. Pius Bohm then attended until January, 1880, when he was appointed the first resident pastor of St. Henry's Church. He improved the cemetery and furnished the church with sets of vestments, a new pulpit, railing and organ. The membership now numbers about seventy families. In the fall of 1881, the Benedictine Sisters were introduced, and the school they have conducted has flourished from the beginning. Until 1875 Schnellville formed a part of St. Anthony's congre- gation. Visiting the place November 10, 1873, Bishop de St. Palais permitted the erection of a small church under the direc- tion of Rev. Placidus Zaon. Services were held for the first time May 14, 1876. It was faithfully attended from St. Mein- rad until December, 1882, when Rev. Joseph Villinger became the first resident pastor. The congregation numbers about fifty families. A lay teacher has eighty children in charge. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, BAINBEIDGE TOWNSHIP. JAMES M. BAETON, cashier of the Dubois County Bank, at Jasper, Ind., was born in Madison County, Ind., October 29, 1859, being one of a family of eight children born to William Bar- ton and Sinai Harmon, who were natives of Virginia and Indiana. Our subject was raised in his native county, and received a very good education. He learned the banking business in his father's bank at Ellwood, and held the position of teller and book-keeper there until his father's death in 187t). He was then book-keeper in Fremont, Ohio, for about eighteen months, when he returned to his native county and com})leted his schooling, and in 1882, engaged in the grain business in Anderson, Ind., until 1883, when he came to Jasper, and accepted his present position in the bank- ing house of that place, which position he fills admirably. He is an enterprising lousiness man, and is sure to succeed. JOHN BETZ, proprietor of the Union Hotel, in Jasper, Ind., was born in Kentucky, August 26, 1840. His parents were John and Elizabeth (Mehringer ) Betz, who were natives of Prussia, Germany, and came to this State and county at a very early date. They moved to Kentucky, and remained there about twelve years. Our immediate subject was raised principally in this county, on a farm, where he remained until eighteen years old. In February, 18()5, he enlisted in Company E, One Hundred and Forty-third Indiana Volunteers, but was not called into active service owing to the close of the war. He afterward worked in a brewery, and April 27, 1869, he married Mary Schiffhauer, They became the parents of eight children, five of whom are living: Frank, Charles J., Mary E., Pretonilla F. and one unnamed. Tlie year fol- lowing his marriage, he embarked in his present business, at which he has since continued, with the exception of about six months. He is a Democrat, and he and his family are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Betz is a live business man, and takes an active interest in political afl^airs. 586 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. FELIX BIRK, one of the Democratic pioneer citizens of Dubois County, Ind., was born in Baden, Germany, August 15, 1825, and when six years okl, removed with his parents, Joseph and Eve (Foot) Birk, to this country and State. On com- ing to this country, they first resided in Pennsylvania, and then moved to Ohio, where they remained until 1837, and then came to this State, when it was a wild unsettled country. By honorable conduct, and many kind, neighborly ways, they have acquired warm and steadfast friends. Joseph and three other men pur- chased their farms in 1835, and were the first German land own- ers in the county. Until his marriage with Emily Eckert, Janu- ary 29, 1849, Felix, our subject, made his home with his parents, but after that time, worked for himself. Although he began life a poor boy, by industry, economy and the aid of a good and loyal wife, he has accumulated 160 acres of excellent land. They are the parents of seven living children: Andrew, Joseph, John, Mary, Elizabeth, Rosa and Felix, and are members of the Catholic Church. FREDERICK BOCKELMAN, farmer, was born in this county, November IS, 18-18, and is the eldest of four children born to Fred- erick and Mary Ann (Rumphurst) Bockelman, who were natives of Germany. The father married and came to the United States about 1847 and located in Dubois County, Ind. Our subject was raised on his father*' s farm and received the education of the average boy of his time. At the age of twenty-one he mar- ried Julia Meyer, who died in 1883, having borne him six chil- dren, four now living: Mary, William, Henry and Laura. In 1883 he married Barbara Habig and they are the parents of one child, Lorenz. After marriage, Mr. Bockelman assumed man- agement of his father's farm and moved to his present residence where he has since resided. In 1877 or 1878 he bought the place, and now owns 224 acres of good farming land, furnished with a good brick residence. He and family are Catholics and are highly esteemed as neighbors and friends. WILLIAM H. BRETZ, treasurer of Dubois County, Ind., and native of the county, was born May 6, 1843, being one of six children born to Jacob and Eliza Jane (Shively) Bretz, natives respectively of Prussia and Kentucky. The father, who was born in 1817, came to the United States in 1831, a poor boy with only 50 cents in his pocket. He worked at manual labor two years, making his way westward. In 1833 he came to Dubois C^ounty and bought a farm of eighty acres near Huntingburgh, living there about two years ; he then bought a farm southwest of the above place, where he lived until his death, March 21, 1859. The mother still resides with our subject. William passed his boyhood days on the farm, receiving a fair education in the com- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 587 nion schools. At the age of twenty-four he began workino- for himself, and four years later engaged in buying and selling stock, in connection with farming his 320 acres of land. He is a Democrat in politics and was assessor of Patoka Township two years. In 1882 he was elected treasurer of the county, and was re-elected in 1884 without opposition. In 18()() he married Phoebe A. Lemond, by whom he is the father of eight children: John M., Leonard, Camden, William C, Appelonia, Frank (deceased), Bessie B. and Edward E. Mr. Bretz's wife and family are members of the Christian Church, and he is recog- nized throughout the county as an upright oflicial and citizen. JOHN L. BRETZ, prosecuting attorney for the Eleventh Judi- cial Circuit Court, is a native of Dubois County, Ind., and was born September 21, 1852, a son of Jacob and Eliza J. (Shively) Bretz, who were born in Germany and Kentucky, respectively, and came to this State at a very early day. John L. assisted his parents on the farm until twenty-two years old, and then began working for himself. In 1878 he commenced reading law with William A. Tray lor, and the following winter and spring took a course of lectures in the Cincinnati Law College. In 1880 he took another course and graduated from the above named institu- tion in June 1880. The same month he established his office in Jasper. He has attained a lucrative practice and is quite suc- cessful in his profession. In July, 1881, he was united in mar- riage with Miss Daniel, by whom he is the father of two chil- dren: AVaverly and Ross. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and also ))elongs to the Masonic fraternity; he is a Democrat and is at present holding the office of prose- cuting attorney. JOSEPH BUCHART, merchant, of Jasper, Ind., was born June 20, 1841, being the sixth in a family of eight cliildren born to Charles and Agnes Buchart, who were born in Germany and came here wdien the country was almost an entire wilderness. Joseph's education is limited, owing to the undeveloped school systems of his day. He was raised on a farm, and on attaining his majority he purchased a farm and launched out in life as a farmer. About 1803 he married Barbara Ho})e, but their union was of short duration. Her death occurred about a year later. Three months after this he led to Hymen's altar Catherine Marks, and to them were born the following children: Frank. Henry, Michael, Julia, Mary. Conrad, Felix, William and Eliz- abeth. In 1872 he established himself in the retail liquor busi- ness, and continued that until 1870, when he disposed of his goods and started a general merchandise store ; he is a successful business man and an influential citizen; in politics a Democrat, and he and family are members of the Catholic Church. 588 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. JACOB BUEGER, Jr., trustee of Bainbridge Township, Dubois Co., Tnd., was born in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, April 3, 1853, son of George and Agatha Burger, who came from Germany to this country about 1859. Our subject's moth- er died in Ohio, when he was about two -years old, and he remained with his father until he was over twenty years old. September 23, 1873, he married Caroline Kegel, by whom he is the father of these six children: Edward C. J., Helen A., Matil- da, Clara, Minnie and Agatha. March 3, 1883, Mr. Burger's wife was called to her long home, and April 21, 1885, his mar- riage with Barbara Kegel was solemnized. Mr. Burger has a good, thorough education in the common branches, and in business affairs he has been very successful; he has been a farmer all his life, and owns 160 acres of Avell-improved land; he and family are members of the Catholic Church, and in politics he is a Democrat and is filling his present office very satisfactorily. HENRY CASSIDY, proprietor of the Daniels House at Jasper, Ind., took charge of that hotel in April, 1885, coming from Otwell, Pike Co., Ind., where he had been engaged in the same business. He was born in Perry County, Ind., March 11, 1848, and is a son of Thomas and Easter (Jackson) Cassidy, who were born in Kentucky, and Perry County, Ind., respectively. Henry obtained a good, common school education, and at the age of twenty years moved to Pike County, where he lived until 1884, with the exception of one year spent in Kansas. For eight years after moving to Pike County he taught school, and in the inter- vals between terms farmed. In 1882 he began selling agricul- tural implements, at which he has since continued ; he has a good trade and is doing well. In September. 1870, he married Eliz- abeth F. Brown, by whom he is the father of these children: Robert P., Victor V. and Emma. Mr. Cassidy has the only American hotel in Jasper, and controls the patronage of almost the entire traveling public. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in politics he is in sympathy with the Greenback party. JOHN T. CORN, a prominent citizen and native of the county, was born February 18, 1849, and is the sixth in a family of nine children born to Jesse and Margery (Harris) Corn, natives of Crab Orchard, Ky., and Dubois County, Ind., respectively. The former came to this county with his parents in 1819, and here he afterward lived and made his home. John T. remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained his majority Avhen he married Margery Ellen Wine- inger and to their union four children have been born: Maggie E., born October 11, 1871; Laiira Belle, December 11, 1874; Oliver Edmund Porter, August 12, 1880, and Effie, December BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 589 14, 1882. Our subject has always been a farmer and noAv owns 800 acres of fertile land. The family are members of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, and he is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the A. O. U. W. In politics he is a stanch Ee- publican and has held the offices of constable and justice of the peace in Boone Township. GEORGE COX, sheriff of Dubois County, Ind., was born August 28, 1842, and is a son of Eobert and Nancy (Maxedon ) Cox. (See sketch of Robert Cox of Jackson Townsliip.) Geor<'-e was raised on the farm and received a fair education in the com- mon branches. When he had attained his majority he be4. Joseph obtained a very good education and remained at home until he was twenty-five years old. February 14, 1882, his union with Theresa Haller was celebrated. They are the parents of one child, Louis. Soon after marriage Mr. Eckstein moved to Jasper, where he has ever since resided. He first engaged in teaming, which he followed about three months, and then pur- chased a one-half interest in a threshing machine, which business he follows every season. In 1883 he became a partner in the livery business, and has been very successful. He and family are Catholics, and he is a Democrat. MARTIN ECKSTEIN is a native of Ripley County. Ind., and was born November 0, 1857. He is the third in a family of nine children born to Theodore and Louisa (Renner) Eckstein, who were natives of Germany, and came to the United States in 1804. Martin passed his boyhood on a farm, where he received a fair education in the common schools. His father died in 1870, and he was compelled to assist in the maintenance of the family. May 1, 1884, he embarked in the brewery business, at which he has been very successful. May 8, 1883, his marriage with Josephine Schilter was celebrated. They are the parents of one child, Hermann. He and wife are members of the Catho- lic Church, and in politics he is a Democrat. JOSEPH EGG, citizen of Jasper, Ind., was born in France, September 13, 1882, and is the only living child born to Henry and Ursula (Jemean) Egg. Our subject was reared in his na- tive country, where he received a good education, and remained until thirty years of age. At the age of thirteen, in accordance 592 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. with the customs of his native land, he learned the stone-cutter's trade. He was married to Mary Ruh, May 19, 1844, and they became the parents of five children: Emma, Rosa, Pauline, Charles and Mary. Mr. Egg and family immigrated to the United States in 1852, and landed at New Orleans with but $35 to meet their expenses. They came directly to this State and county, and settled at Jasper, where they have ever since lived. In 1854 his wife was called from among the living. He worked at his trade three years, and then purchased what is now known as the Daniel House, and began keeping hotel and saloon, con- tinuing in this till 18(34, when he began keeping a general mer- chandise store, and in connection was appointed postmaster of Jasper by President Lincoln, and held the office almost without an interval of rest until 1877. In 1854 he married Rosa Miller, and by her he became the father of three children: Elizabeth, John and Theresa. He and family are members of the Catholic Churcli, and he is a Democrat, and has been town councilman for five years. EDWARD ERNY was born in Pittsburgh, Penn., July 17, 1840, and is the eldest in a family of eight children born to Dominic and Johanna (Kaiser) Erny, who were born in Switzer- land and came to this State in 1842, and settled on a farm in Dubois County, near Jasper. One year later they moved to Jas- per and the father began working at the tailor's trade. Edward was raised in Jasper, where he received a good common school education, but he passed much of his time at the old homestead. His father died in 1804 and his mother in 1880. June 22, 1869, he married Katharine Goetz and to their union eight children have been born, of which these five are now living: Albert, Will- iam, Mary, Helen, and Emma. Edward has always been a farmer and quite a successful one financially. He owns 120 acres of ex- cellent and well cultivated land. He and family are members of the Catholic Church and in politics he is a Democrat. MRS. T. ERNY, proprietress of the only hardware store in Jasper, Ind., succeeded to the business on the death of her hus- band, Wendolin Erny, who was a native of Switzerland, where he was born April (3, 1820. His parents were Benedict and Regina Erny. In 1832, Wendolin, who was about twelve years old, im- migrated to the United States, and remained for some time in Pittsburgh where he learned the tinner's trade. In 1847 he came to Dubois County and settled in Jasper where he immediately established a tinner's shop, and succeeded so well that he soon after added a hardware stock. June 13, 1848, he married Theresa Oberst, who bore him five children: Mary Ann, Theresa, Louisa, Louis and Rosa, the last four being deceased. Mr. Erny was very successful in all his business undertakings, and at his death. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. * ra:- winch occurred An7"il H 1«70 +i respected citizcr^dise m i io " ^rilTI" '1^' '"1 ^" ''""™-«' ™'' come. He died i„ the CathoTiJ fo 1, ?^'«->'«I &'• >«••"■« to office of town treasurer, and in L? .!„» tT"" "'"<"'''' '" «>« JOSEPH FEIEnMAN I!"'"'"*' ™s a Demucrat man. Scheiriclff (S^^'t'Sie EdL'rS'"' "' "" '^"" °* ^ri«'- native of Penn,vlv,n « 1,1 , ' "^ Planing and Saw-mill is a of Joseph amri^ ^!lre ::n \r ,'""' ''•;"* ^••' 1«81, son Before our subject was tCee yeai^ >^,,T' "''*'™''' °' «''™«"y- Pennsylvania titl.is Stat of wCh t lei avf •""'V''''™™'' ^o"' Joseph Jr., assisted his par^SrunHl'l e atta Wl T" ""■'''"'•^• when he married Apalonia Eckenfells en niwn ' ™fJonty, ftem only eight of 'whom are liv ni k' ° 'f- f ■"" ""f '"'"' '» Ehzabeth, Joseph and Anna {t.t)^Si^'Z\^^'>^"^- l.Soi our subiect eno-To-Arl i.. +i ^ ^^i^yHmaucl Helena. In which he conti u d Itfr 87? Som'eT"" *!"''« »* J-1""-. «* embarked in the .saw and nlanitc t7^ ' P™' '° ""^ ''" ''"d bought and shipped toWo fn ,87] f'T' "■"" '" """"e^tion and since that t ,ne has de™ted ll r , ''"'"""'' °' '^'^ «tore, mill, and dealing in rmber olal H .")"' %T^ «^<=l"-ively to hi.s Friedman's wife was calWl f February 26, 1878, Mr April 11, IS^^lheTar in r^S ^'"h'""^;?"' ''''^-' members of the Catholic Chu W? .nTi i '' t.^'' ™'' **'""'>' are successful business man ' ''" '«» Democrat and avery SchSSco^'fs'f na'iveVr^'^r;; "'•' '"'' °* ^™*-". his first stit tTfLJ'n™ i^'"7-- ,<^".-''i-t -ade ne&&, at wiucli he continued until 1871 when he n,irl l.,'. i V? engaged m saw-milling and lumbering In 8^4 tty 4X'' fn theb / "^'^'"^ P"'*^^"-^' ^^"^^ ^-- --- beet ter^ l^^f^. m their business ventures. Mr Friedman pn,l f i ^^^^^^^^^^ MARTIN FKITCH. is a native of Germany, born November 596 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 11, 1833, and is the elder of two children born to Charles and Mary A. (Hurst) Fritch. Our subject remained in his native country until he was nine years of age, when he and his people embarked for the United States, and came to Cincinnati, Ohio, where they remained six weeks, and then came to this county and State, and settled a short distance from our subject's present place of abode. A few years subsequent to their coming here, the father died, and Martin took charge of the farm, Avhere he has always remained. His English education is very limited, owing to the hard work he was obliged to do on the farm, and to the poor school advantages of his day. November 14, 1854, he was married, and became the father of nine children, eight now living: Andrew, Theresa, William, Henry, Mary, August, Jo- seph and Frank. They have been quite successful, and own 280 acres of well improved land. They are Catholics, and Mr. Fritch is a warm Democrat. GEOEGE FUHEMAN, a prominent citizen and Democrat of Dubois County, Ind., was born December 20, 1848. His par- ents, Simon and Elizabeth (Mather) Fuhrman, were born in Ger- many, and immigrated to the United States at an early day, set- tling among the dense timber land of Dubois County. The father died when George was a small lad, and owing to the neces- sity of working for his mother, he received a limited education. He was married, April 13, 1873, to Margaret Sendelweck, and to their union four children were born, these three of whom are liv- ing: Maggie, John and Henry. Mr. Fuhrman is a Democrat in 'politics, an intelligent and enterprising citizen, and has always followed the life of a farmer, with good success, and now owns 260 acres of good land. He and wife are worthy members of the Presbyterian Church, and have liberally contributed from their means in the support of all laudable enterprises. ANDEEW GIESLEE was born February 5, 1848, and is the eldest of four children born to Lorenz and Barbara Giesler, natives of Germany. The father came to the United States as early as 1845, and soon after located in this county and farmed until his death in 1871. The mother died in 1857. Andrew was raised on the farm and secured a fair English and German educa- tion. At the age of twenty -three he and Theresa Oestrich were joined in the holy bonds of matrimony. She died in 1881 and left four children: Mary C, Elizabeth C, John W. and Joseph J. In 1881 he married Theresa Goetz, his present wife. Mr. Giesler is a Democrat and he and wife are Catholics. He is considered an honest and successful farmer and esteemed by all as an ex- cellent citizen and neighbor. JOHN GIESLEE, a well to do young farmer of Bainbridge Township, was born in this county July 27, 1855, and is the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. jxjungest child of Loreuz and Baibarn (V,-, > r.- , sketch of Andrew Gieslerl To , f," , n* 7" ■') '^'"'»''''- Is^-e of a fanner's boy and a LcM h^dSri ",'," I""' If ''"•^- '"« with work on the farm At th^\T ,""*""' *'''''"ol«. alternatina rparental roof" and worke, two lear Ta ?'" ^T" ^^ '''" '''^ in a brewery in Jasper until l?„l * . J*™ ''™"^' ""'> "«» he purchased his prL^Lttl trt: 'rt [it^rr-,"'''' ^'■"- with good success, financially. He Im ^,i,,lt '= f, ' '^""""» family are Catholic" nd lie s„ ij''""''"^!'' ' ^f Leander. The tion of being an ndns? 1^ » ! 1 t "°™' *'"' ''««'■« «'« ^P^to- JACOB GOSMA W 1 f"'."" «'Pns"'S jonng farmer. pietuSc.^'eStS ti:' bnSn t*^:; tfrf' T^i""^"^'' carries a stock valued at ^iV)f) Ti ^^^P^^^^^^er, 1880, and 16, 1834, and is the sixth in a family of fift^e:'! T" ^f^'^^^rj Frederick and Mary A fFrierln P ?. ^"^'^'■''''' ^«"^ *« a common school eLt if'/ moslv"'!?'"' . ?^' f^^''^ ''^'''''^'^ without the aid of rteth^: R.^ '^''*'"^'^^ V '^^^^ ^PPlieation. claanton the 8tl%ttLwe^: Z^Xr^riT^^^^^^^ during the war both rebel aiid TTr,? "^Z ^ Hanover, and businfss, taking aCsT'hL :::Jir?r t"T: Sh t"i';irrf"' Indiana, and reached Dubois Countv At.HI 1 V ^+1 ^'''' uorn July .48, 1881, and Helen Manie, born Auois County, Ind., and purcliased land, making the entire trip there and back on foot. Our immediate subject made his home with his parents until he was seventeen years old; he then went to work as a gardener at Louisville, where he lived until 1854, when he returned to Dubois County, and has ever since resided. In September, 1853, he married Mary Schwerer, and to them one child was born — John F. In October, 1855, Mrs. Mehringer died, and September 30, 1856, he took for his second wife Kathrina Brosemer, by whom he is the father of eleven children, ten of whom are living : Joseph A.. Henry S., Lawrence L., Josephine. Lizzie, Katherine, Antony, Mary, Rosa, and Lucy. Mr. Mehringer has succeeded well as a farmer, and now owns 128 acres of well improved land. He and family are members of the Catholic Church, and he is a Democrat, and has been appointed sheriff twice, and acted as deputy sheriff for about twenty-four years. JOHN F. MEHRINGER, brother of Joseph A., was born March 30, 1855. He was reared on a farm in this county, with his parents, and obtained a fair education in the common schools near his home. He remained at home, following a farmer's life, until August 30, 1881, when he married Elizabeth Bretz, native of Dubois County. In February, 1882, he engaged in the drug busi- ness with his brother, Joseph A., whose sketch follows this. Mr. Mehringer is a Democrat in politics, and was town treasurer two years. He is the father of two children: Frank J. and Ernest H. He and wife are members of the Catholic faith, and he is esteemed by the community for his many excellent business and social qualities. JOSEPH A. MEHRINGER, druggist, of Jasper, Ind., was born July 19, 1857, son of Andrew and Kathrina (Brosemer) Mehringer. (See sketch of Andrew Mehringer.) Joseph A. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 607 was raised in tliis county, and received a fair German and En- glish education. At the age of fourteen, he engaged in the druo- business as clerk for Martin Friedman, at Jasper, and remained with him three years. He then attended the Louisville College of Pharmacy, and received a diploma from there in 1881. He afterward clerked in various places until 1882, when he engao-ed in the drug business in partnership with his brother John. They have a well-stocked store, and are doing a thriving business iii Jasper. In 1882 he was elected a member of the American Pharmaceutical Association, of which he is still a member. June 19, 1883, he married Kosa E. Friedman, a native of Jasper. He is a Democrat, and he and his wife are members of the Catholic Church. NICHOLAS J. OBEEST is a member of the firm of Fried- man, Scheirich & Co., who established their business in 1884, with a ca})ital stock of $50,000. He is a native of Dubois County, born February 24, 1850, and is the third in a family of eleven children born to John N. and Elizabeth (Schmidt) Oberst, who were natives of Germany, the former coming to this State and county about 1832. Our immediate subject was raised in this and Martin Counties, and received a good common school educa- tion. In 1874, he entered into partnership with P. Scheirich and Paul Egg, under the firm name of P. Egg & Co. Two years later Mr. Egg retired from the saw-mill business, and the remaining partners purchased his interest and established a planer in connection with their sawing department. They continued in the business under the name of P. Scheirich & Co., until 1884, where the firms were united as above. They deal in all kinds of lumber, lath and shingles, sashes and blinds, and, in connection with their mill, operate a retail hardware store, and deal in all kinds of goods pertaining to that line of business. They employ about thirty-five men and are doing one of the most extensive trades of any firm in southern Indiana. Mr. Oberst's marriage with Miss Davis was solemnized in 1872. They are the parents of four children, and he and his fandly are members of the Catholic Church. GEBHAED F. REYLING was born in Dubois County, Ind., May 24, 1850, and is one of two surviving children l3orn to George A. and Monica (Oberst) Reyling, who were born in Ger- many, and came to this country at a very early day. They were among the first settlers of the county, and first located about four miles east of Jasper, where the father established a mill (ni the Patoka Eiver, and operated it until 1875, when he sold out and removed to Jasper. Here our subject was raised and edu- cated, and at the age of seventeen years, he began learning the cabinet-maker's trade, at which he continued until he had 608 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. attained the age of twenty-tliree years. June 15, 1876, liis mar- riage with Lucy Eckstein was celebrated. They became the parents of four children: George J., Mary, Theodore and Helena. Since his marriage he has followed the occupation of farming, and has been quite successful. He now owns 234: acres of well improved land. He is a Democrat, and the family belong to the Catholic Church. JOHN SALB & SON, retail liquor dealers, established their saloon in June, 1878. The senior member of the firm was born in Baden, Germany, August 21, 1821, and is a son of Paul and Katli- rina (Ereth) Salb. He was raised in his native country, and obtained a good ordinary education in the schools of that land. In the latter part of 1849, or fore part of 1850, he married Bar- bara Hauser, and they became the parents of three children, only two now living: Henry, who married Agnes Eckstein, and John P., whose wife was Maggie Betz. November 11, 1852, John, Sr., and family, started for the United States, and while en roufe, were shipwrecked off Long Island, January 14, 1853, and reached New York City four days later, when they removed to Ohio, remaining there three years, when they came to Jasper, Ind., where they have since remained, with the exception of some time spent in Louisville, Ky. Up to the time he established his pres- ent business he was engaged in farming, and as boot and shoe merchant, and has been very successful in all his, undertakings. October 12, 1877, Mrs. Salb died. Mr. Salb and family are members of the Catholic Church. In politics he is a Democrat, and has been a member of the town council two years. CHRIST. SCHENK, native of Prussia, was born March 10, 1843, son of Christ and Dorothea (Jacobs) Schenk. Our sub- ject remained in his native land until he was twenty-four years old and received a good common school education. Meanwhile he learned the cabinet-maker's trade and in 1867 took passage for the United States, and first settled in Indianapolis, Ind., where he remained for one year and then moved to Tell City. In 1879 he came to Jasper, Ind. August 1,1870, his marriage with Au- ijfusta Steiner was solemnized. To their union two children were born: Fritz and Oscar. In the fall of 1883, he became one of the partners of the firm, Benkert & Co., manufacturers of oak and hickory spokes. They have a capital of $3,500 and are doing an extensive business in their line, and have a fair outlook for the future. He and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church and he is an ardent Democrat and an excellent citizen. PETER SCHEIRICH, of the firm Friedman, Scheirich & Co., is a native of Dubois County, Ind., born February 29, 1842, son of Martin and Kathrina (Gearla) Scheirich, who were natives of Germany and who came to this State and county in October, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 609 1832, and made their home two miles southeast of Jas})er. Peter remained at home assisting his parents until he was tAventy-four years old. He received such education as the facilities of the day afforded. May 1(), 1865, his marriage with Regina Doll was celebrated. After marriage he engaged in farming for himself, and beneath his sturdy stroke many a lofty oak has been laid low. He continued farming until 1872 when he disposed of his farm and embarked in the saw-milling business at whicli he has since- continued. He and wife are members of the Catholic Church. He has been very successful in all his business undertakings, be- ing a member of one of the most enterprising firms in this vicin- ity. ISIDOR SCHUHMACHER, auditor of Dubois County, Ind., was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, November 10, ISll, son of and Magdalena Schuhmacher, both natives of Germany where the father died in 1817. Isidor was raised in his native country and received a fair education for the time and advantages he had for securing it. At the age of ten years he immigrated to the United States with his mother and located on a farm near Ferdi- nand where he lived three years, and then came to Jasper aTid learned the wagon-maker's trade, following this and carpentering until the war broke out, when he enlisted in the Twenty-hfth Indi- ana Infantry, and served his country faithfully and well for over a year. He then returned home and continued at his trade over two years, and then took the position as United States mail car- rier fi'om Jasper to Loogootee, continuing four years. He then returned to his old occupation and in 1870 engaged in sell- ing furniture and agricultural implements. In 1878 he was elected county auditor, and four years later was re-elected. Caroline VoU- mer became his wife in 1861. She died seven years later, leav- ing him one child, Joseph I., who is deputy auditor. November 17, 1868, Isidor took for his second wife Mary Egg, who has borne him seven children, six now living. He has been very successful in business affairs, and is considered an excellent citizen. He and wife are Catholics. ANDREW SCHULER, member of the firm of M. Scheirich, Schuler & Co., is a native of Dubois County, Ind.. and was born September 21, 1851, and is the younger of two children born to Joseph and Elizabeth (Schitter) Schuler, who were natives of Pennsylvania and France, respectively. They were among the first settlers of the county. Our subject's mother died Avhen he was but eighteen montlis old and his father soon remarried. Andrew remained at home uutil he was twenty-six years old and assisted his parents. He received a good common school educa- tion. February 18, 1879, his marriage with Mary T. Reyling was solemnized. To their union were born three sons: Theo- 610 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. dore, Albert, and Emil. Mr. Schuler's present occiipation is merchant milling at which he is very successful. He and family are members of the Catholic church and he is a Democrat. M. SCHEIKICH, SCHULER & CO., are the proprietors of the Jasper Indiana Union Roller Flour Mill which was erected in 1876 by Joseph Egg & Co. who operated it until 1879 when it was purchased by its present owners. It was originally a stone mill, but in 1884 it was remodeled and fitted up with roller pro- cess. Its capacity is seventy-five barrels per day and is valued at $15,000. They do an annual business of $40,000. Martin Scheirich, Jr., senior member of the firm was born in this county, October 24, 1852, and is a son of Martin and Kathrina (Gearla) Scheirich (see sketch of Peter Scheirich). He remained at home until he was twenty-two years old, and received a good education and April 21, 1874, he married Mary Egg who bore him three chil- dren, two now living: Joseph and Kathrina. Martin Jr., has been very successful in his milling business and it is not neces- sary to state that their flour ranks among the best in southern Indiana. He and family are members of the Catholic Church, and he is a Democrat and a member of the town council. JOSEPH SCHULER a prominent citizen of Dubois County Ind., was born in Pennsylvania, February 14, 1821, and is a son of Ptolemy and Rosa Schuler who were natives of Austria and Switzer- land, respectively. They came to the United States in 1816 with the understanding that they were to come over free, but were to work their passage after their arrival in this country. The father was sold to work for three years to pay the debt, but at the end of two years his purchaser died and he was then liberated. He lo- cated in Pennsylvania where he remained over ten years and then caine to this State and county in the fall of 1837, and located on a farm near Jasper. Joseph remained on the farm until he was twenty-seven years old, and August 10, 1840, he married Elizabeth Schitter, by Avhom he is the father of these two children: James and Andrew. March 16, 1853, Mrs. Schuler died, and July 18, 1853, he led to Hymen's altar Mary E. Bowshert. They are the parents of seven living children: Joseph, Helena, William, Rosa, Henry, Mary and Frank. Mr. Schuler is a Democrat and has held the office of county commissioner. He and family are Catholics and he is a well to do farmer and owns 400 acres of well improved land. ADAM SCHMITT, farmer, was born in Germany, May 27, 1823, and the oldest living child born to Jacob and Margaret (Lang) Schmitt. Adam remained in his native land until he was seventeen years old. He received a good education, and in May, 1840, he and his parents immigrated to the United States, landing at Baltimore, Md., in August of that year. They came BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 613 to Dubois County, Intl., soon after, where they have made their home. Adam remained at home and aided his parents until their deaths, and April 1(], 1849, his marriage with Magdalena Hochgesang was solemnized, and to their union nine children have been born, six of Avliom are living : Apalona, Mandana, An- drew, Magdalena, John and Joseph. Our subject has always been a farmer, and a successful one. He owns 300 acres of land, mostly improved. In politics he is a Democrat, and has never aspired to office. As a member of the Catholic Church he is ever ready to aid the benevolent causes in his community, with both influence and money. FRANK SEIBERT, senior member of the firm of Seibert & Klingel, of Jasper, Ind., is a native of Germany, where he was born August 15, 1843. He came with his parents to the United States when but a few months old. They first settled in Cincin- nati, Ohio, and when Frank was l)ut six months old, his father died. They lived for ten or twelve years in Cincinnati, when his mother remarried and moved to Newport, Ky., from whence they moved to Troy, Perry Co., Ind. Our subject lived there until 1879, when he came to Tell City. In 1883 he moved to Jasper and purchased an interest in his })resent business, at which he has succeeded beyond his expectations. In May, 1873, he was married to Miss Louisa Knibel, by whom he is the father of three children: John W., Frank J. and Oscar E. He and fam- ily are members of the Catholic Church, and in politics he is a Democrat. JOSEPH F. SERMERSHEIM, jeweler, of Jasper, Ind., was born February 1, 1852, and was raised at home, where he re- mained until he was eighteen years old, when he went to Evansville, Ind., and learned the jeweler's trade. He remained there two and a half years, and then Avent to Louisville. Ky., where he remained over a year, and then returned tt) Jas})er and embarked in his present business for himself. He carries a $2,000 stock, and does an annual business of about $1,000. He has a first-class line of goods, and is doing a good trade. June 27, 1876, he married Miss P. Burger. They are the ])arents of two children: Joseph J. and Charles. Himself and family are members of the Catholic Church, and in politics he is a Demo- crat. He was postmaster for two years under Hayes' administra- tion, and has been a member of the town council five years. HENRY S. SERMERSHEIM, senior member of the firm of Sermersheim &: Friedmai), of Jasper, Ind., was born in the above place February 2(), 18*)0, and is the sixth child in a family of eight children born to Joseph and Antony (Hurst) Sermersheim, who came from Germany at a very early day. Our subject, Hen- ry, was raised in Jasper, and received a collegiate education at 614 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. St. Meinrad. For some time after returning from college he clerked in his mother's store, and afterward engaged in the cloth- ing business for himself, continuing until July, 1884, when he began keeping a livery stable, and has made a comfortable com- petency. In October, 1881, he married Elizabeth Friedman, by whom he is the father of one living child, Henrietta. They have one child dead, named Clara. He and family are members of the Catholic Church, and he is a Democrat. LOUIS SENG, Jr., is proprietor of the Depot Hotel, Jasper, Ind. The business was originally established by J. B. Kessner, and was subsequently owned by divers parties until the year 1882, when it was purchased by its present proprietor, who was born in Dubois County, Ind., October 3, 1855, and is the fourth in a family of twelve children born to Louis and Elizabeth (Hoffman) Seng, who were natives of Germany and came to this country at a very early period. Louis worked on the farm until he was twenty-one years old and then worked at teaming one year, and then clerked for three years, and in 1880 entered into partnership with J. Lehrburger & Co., continuing with them until 1882 when he commenced his present business. He has been very successful and has a good trade. April 13, 1883, his marriage with Annie Bacher was solemnized. They became the parents of one child, Joseph L. Mr. Seng is a Catholic and his wife is a member of the Lutheran Church. He is a Democrat and is well educated in the common school branches. AUGUST SONDERMANN, of the firm of Sermersheim & Co., dealers in general merchandise at Jasper, Ind., was born March 19, 1836, and is one of four children born to Anton and Josepha Sondermann, natives of Germany, where the father died in 1839. The mother married again and came to the LTnited States, locating in Ferdinand, Dubois Co., Ind., about 1875, where she died in 1880. August was raised in Germany and farmed there until 1854 when he came to the United States, and farmed with an uncle two years and then began clerking in a store in Ferdinand, where he remained six years. In 18()3 he came to Jasper and engaged in the brewery business with his father-in- law, and three years later he began clerking for him in the gen- eral merchandise business. Since the death of his father-in-laAv in 1876, he has conducted the business in connection with his mother-in-law. They have an excellent stock of goods and are doing a thriving business. In 1863 he married Maria Sermer- sheim, who died in 1873, leaving two children: Albert and Joseph- ine. Mr. Sondermann is a Democrat and a member of the Cath- olic Church. LEO F. SPAYD, dealer in tin, hardware, stoves, etc., estab- lished his business in Celestine, Ind., in 1876, and removed from BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 615 there to Jasper in 1880. He carries a stock of 82,000 and does an annual business of $3,500. He was born in Si)encer County, this State, March 7, 1850, and is the eldest in a family of ten children born to Michael and Mary Spayd, who were natives of France and Germany, respectively. Leo F. remained at home until he attained his majority. He then began learnintr the tin- ner's trade of Frank Semmiger, of Ferdinand, witli whom he re- mained about two and a half years, and in 187() embarked in business for himself as above stated; at which he has been very successful. In January, 1875, he married Catharine Giehl. by whom he is the father of five children, these four now living: Rosa, Tilly, Albert and Clara. He and family are members of the Catholic Church, and in politics he has always been a Demo- crat, and has held the office of ^wstmaster at Celestine. EDWARD STEPHENSON, a prominent citizen of Jasper, Ind., was born January 7, 1823, and is the eldest of seven chil- dren born to David and Catherine ( Dickerson ) Stephenson, who were natives of Maryland and Alabama, respectively. Edward remained at home with his parents until he attained the age of twenty, years. He was educated in the common schools of the county, and also attended the Corydon S.^minary for some time. In 181:1 he began studying medicine with A. M. Jones, of Cory- don, Ind., with whom he remained until 1843, Avlien he removed to Crawford County and embarked in the practice of medicine for himself. In 1845 he came to Dubois County, of which he has been a resident ever since. In 1847 he gave up practicing his profession on account of poor health, and entered the county clerk's office as deputy, serving there until January, 1850. A})ril 18, 1850, his marriage with Missouri Edmonston was solemnized; to them were born ten children,only three of whom survive: Theo- dore, Edward E. and Solon. After marriage he again resumed his profession, but in 1800 he agai4 abandoned it and removed to a farm northeast of Jasper where he remained until 1873, and then returned to Jasper wdiere he has since resided. His wife died December 14, 1872. In politics he has always been an un- compromising Democrat; he Avas honored by an election to the office of county treasurer five terms. His name was very prom- inently mentioned in the papers throughout the State at one time as State treasurer. In 1853 he was commissioned treasurer of the Indiana Swamp Land Fund, by Gov. Joseph A. Wright. JOHN STOUT, junior member of the firm of Johi) Gramels- pacher & Co., was born in Harrison County, Ind., April 11, 1851, son of Jacob and Louisa (Helman) Stout. At the age of seventeen he left his home and went to Louisville, Ky., to learn the carpentering trade. He remained there two years, having mas- tered the trade in that time. He started South and located first 616 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. in Nashville, Tenn., where he remained nine months, and then re- turned to Louisville for one year, going thence to his native county, and afterward lived three years in Indianapolis, Ind., thence to Louisville; thence to Cloverport, and finally settled in Jasper where he has since lived. In 1881 he entered into part- nership with Mr. Gramelspacher, and since that time has con- tinued in the lumber trade. June 23, 1885, he married Eliza- beth Sang. They are members of the Catholic Church, and he is a Democrat, but votes for the best man irrespective of party. ANDEEAV M. SWEENEY, superintendent of schools of Du- bois County, lud., was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 26, 1853, being one of a family of nine children born to Michael and HaiTiet (Reade) Sweeney, natives of Ireland. Ip 1850 the father came to the United States and located in Cincinnati where he was employed as railroad contractor, and where he still resides, He has been engaged in the same business in Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky and Ohio, ever since coming to America. Andrew M. was raised in Cincinnati, and when ten years old began working for his father on the railroad, continuing with him until fifteen years old when he began attending school in Teutopolis 111., then attended St. Meinrad's College in Spencer County, Ind. When about nineteen years old he began teaching the "•young idea" in Dubois County, and the following year accepted a position as principal of the Jasper schools, working in this capacity for about eight years. August 5, 1878, he married Helen Kuebler a native of Jasper, the result of this union being four children, two now living: Bobert K. and Clarence C. In politics he is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Catholic Church. Since April 4, 1883, Mr. Sweeney has been president of the South- ern Indiana Teachers Association. WILLIAM A. TRAYLOR, attorney at law, of Jasper, Ind., was born February 5, 1843, son of Jesse Traylor and Jane Mc- Donald, natives of Pike and Dubois Counties. The father who was of English descent, came to this county about 1844, and set- tled near Portersville, on a farm, where he has since resided. William A. was raised on a farm in this county, and received a fair education in his boyhood. He prepared himself for a teacher under a private tutor, and followed this profession for six years. He studied law meanwhile under Adams & Buettner, and Maj. Carr, of Jasper, for a number of years, and then attended the law school of the State University, at Bloomington, from 18(57 to 1868, graduating from there the latter year. March, 1867, he opened a law office in Jasper, where he practiced, and then en- tered into partnership with W. S. Hunter. They are among the leading practitioners of the county. From 1878 to 1882 he was a member of the State Senate, and was elected without an oppos- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 617 ing candidate. He is a Democrat, and a member of the I. O. O. F. May 7, 1873, he married Flora E. Hobbs, native of Indiana, the result of this union being six children — -two sons and four daughters. TOLIVER WERTZ, M. D.. of Jasper, Ind., was born in Pennsylvania, April 14, 1838, being the youngest of seven chil- dren born to Henry Wertz and Sarah Ann Abrahams, natives of Pennsylvania and England, respectively. They made their home in Pennsylvania, where they passed their lives. Our subject was raised on a farm in his native State, receiving a good literary ed- ucation, completing an academic course. He followed the occu- jmtion of farming until he was twenty-five years old, and taught school one year, when he began the study of medicine, attending Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, in 1804— ()5. He then came to Warrick County, Ind., where he practiced at Boon- ville, until 1871, and then came to Jasper, where he has been en- gaged in attending to a reasonably large and remunerative prac- tice. In 1878 he returned to the above named medical college, and received a diploma from there in 1879. He is a Mason, and. although not a member of any church, was raised in the Protes- tant faith. JACOB WILHOIT, a prominent citizen of Bainbridge Township, Dubois County, Ind., was born in Woodford County, Ky., May 29, 1831:, and is the fourth in a family of six children born to Abram and Frances (Mosby) Wilhoit, who were born in Kentucky and Virginia, respectively. They came to this State and county in 1838, and settled on the farm where our subject now lives. At that time the country was a complete wilderness of woods. Jacob's father preceded them here, and made ar- rangements for their removal. He then returned to Kentucky for them, but sickened and died there a short time afterward. Jacob always lived at home with his mother, assisting her all he could. He received a very limited education, owing to the poor facilities of that day. His mother died September 10, 1883. April 29, 1863, he married Amelia A. Thomas, and they became the parents of one child, John L., who died Septend)er 11, 1872. He and wife are members of the Cuinberland Presbyterian Church, and he is a Democrat. He has succeeded well as a farmer, and now owns 17() acres of excellent land. MICHAEL WILSON, a prominent and well-known citizen of Jasper, Ind., is a native of Northumberland. England, born October 3. 1834, and is the elder of two children born to Anthony and Ann (Pratt) Wilson. Our subject lived in England until he was sixteen years old, and received a limited education. His mother died when he was three years old. and. in 1850, he came with his father and family to the United States, landing at New 618 . HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. York, and soon after went to Hawesville, Ky., where they re- mained ^ix years. During this time he made a prospecting trip with his uncle to the Cumberland Mountains, and afterward moved across the Ohio River, to Cannelton, Ind., where he lived until 186(), when he came to this county, where he has ever since lived. He immediately opened a coal mine, the first in the county, and has been engaged in that business ever since. November 1, 18»)2, he married Elizabeth Chilton, by whom he is the father of four children: George E.., William A., Margaret A., and Thomas B. Success has attended his efforts in the development of the coal industries of the county. He recently disposed of his mine, and is noAv drilling for another. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson are mem- bers of the Episcopal Church, and he is a Democrat, and was elected to the oifice of county surveyor. PATOKA TOWNSHIP. FREDERICK ARENSMANN, one of the proprietors of the Huntingburgh Planing-mill, was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1818, and came to the United States in 1842, and located in Huntingburgh, Ind., where he worked for Col. Jacob Geiger, on the farm and in the mill, three or four years. He then purchased a farm near Huntingburgh, where he lived about fifteen years. At the breaking out of the war he bought a grist-mill, which he operated nearly three years, then engaged in general merchandise, and also ran the Huntingburgh woolen-mills a year or two. He then retired from active work until about 1870, when he bought an interest in his present business, in which he has remained ever since. He has been very successful in business affairs, and now has a comfortable competency. Just before leaving his native country, he married Mary Engel. They are the parents of seven children: Mary. Anna, Henry, Elizabeth, Caroline, Matilda, and Daniel. Mr. Arensmann is a Republican in politics, and he and family are members of the Evangelical Association. VALENTINE BAMBERGER, manufacturer and dealer in boots and shoes at Huntingburgh, Ind., was born in Dubois County, January 22, 1850, son of Peter and Catherine (Prick) Bamberger, natives of Germany. The father came to the United States about 1850, and located on a farm in Dubois County, where he lived until 1881, when he retired from business, and now re- sides in Huntingburgh. The mother died in 18G3. Our subject received a good German and English education, and lived on the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 619 farm until he was fifteen years old, when lie began learning the shoe-maker's trade of Frederick Hildebrand, staying with him about four years. He then worked at his trade in various places, and in 1872 engaged in his present business for himself. He carries a fine line of goods, and has met with the best of success. In 1872 he married Wilhelmina Hildebrand. They have five children living: John Louis, Anna Johanna, Clara Kathrina, Philip Leo, and Emma Amelia. Mr. Bamberger is a Democrat, and a member of the town council. He and wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. PHILIP BAMBERGEPt, dealer in stoves and tinware at Huntingburgh, Ind., and native of the county, was born March 4. 1855, and is a son of Peter and Catherine (Frick) Bamberger. (See sketch of Val. Bamberger.) His boyhood was passed on the farm, and while there he received but a limited education, but by contact with business life he has overcome this deficiency. At the age of fifteen years he began learning the tinner's trade at Rockport, Ind., remaining there nearly three years. He re- turned home in 1874 and worked at his trade in Huntingburgh until 1881, and then worked in Boonville one year, and in 1882 returned to Huntingburgh, where he has remained ever since, and doing well financially. August 13, 187(), he married Joanna Hil- debrand, daughter of Fred Hildebrand, whose sketch appears in this work. They have three children: Edward T., Emma AV. and Charles P. He is a Democrat in politics and he and wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. LOUIS BEHRENS, son of Herman Behrens and Phillipina Lieber, both natives of Germany, was born February 24, 1853, in Huntingburgh, Ind. The father came here when a young man, about 1828 or 1830. He was engaged for some time in the mer- chandise business, together with pork-packing, cattle trading and farming. He was noted for his generosity throughout the county. He died in 18()2. Louis worked on his father's farm until he was eighteen, when he learned the wagon-maker's trade, and in 1874 began manufacturing wagons and buggies in Huntingburgh, in connection with his brother Jacob. In 1877 Jacob died, and be tween 1876 and 1881 his brothers Frank and Frederick were with him as partners. In 1882 they commenced selling agricultural implements and are now meeting with the best of success. Louis married Eliza Miller in 1877. They have had four chil- dren: Nora P., Sophia Kate, John H. (deceased) and Walter John. Mr. Behrens is a faithful Democrat and he and wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. GARRETT B. BLACK WELL, M. D., of Huntingburgh, Ind., born August 23, 1855, is a son of Joshua D. and Samantha Jane (Helton) Blackwell, natives of Indiana. The family have re- 620 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. sided in Monroe County, Ind., for over thirty years. Our subject received an ordinary literary education in his boyhood days, and at the age of seventeen years was apprenticed to a carpenter in the neighborhood, but discontinued the work after one year and began the study of medicine at home, which he continued till twenty-one years old and then began studying under a preceptor, continuing about two years. He then removed to Arkansas, and in a short time after to Illinois, where he practiced six months. In 1880 he returned to Indiana and located in Gibson County, where he practiced two years, attending lectures at the Medical Institute at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1881. In 1882 he came to Huu- tingburgh, where he has since resided. In 1884 he returned to the Medical Institute at Cincinnati, from which he received a di- ploma June 2, 1885. January 25, 1881, he was iinited in mar- riage to Flora B. Martin, and by her has two children: Edith Beatrice and Garrett Eugene. In politics the Doctor is a Demo- crat, and a member of the Indiana Eclectic Medical Association, and an able and successful physician. ERNST JACOB BLEMKER, Huntingburgh, Ind., was born in Prussia, July 4, 1829, and is an only child of Jacob W. Blem- ker, a native of Germany. The mother died in 1830 and the father immigrated to the United States in 1836, locating in Lex- ington, Ky., and in 1818 came to Dubois County, Ind., where he resided a number of years. He now resides near Huntingburgh, having married Mary Ann (Geiger) Dunn. After his mother's death, our subject was raised by an uncle and received a fair ed- ucation in German. At the age of fifteen he came to the United States and lived on a farm near Lexington, Ky., until he was eighteen years old when he came to Dubois County and learned grist milling at which he worked four years. He then learned the tanner's trade of Andrew Kaiser and has followed that busi- ness ever since. He owns a good farm of 200 acres near town and is doing well financially. In 1853 he married Sophia Bre- mer. They have four children living: Henry J., Ernst W., Daniel G. and Lydia K. Mr. Blemker is a stanch Republican and has served three terms as township trustee. He has been a mem- ber of the town council five or six years. He and wife are mem- bers of the Methodist Church. ISAAC BEELER, M. D. (deceased), one of the early physi- cians of Huntingburgh, Ind., was born near Dayton, Ohio, Octo- ber 11,1828, and was raised on a farm in his native State, receiv- ing a good education. Early in life he began the study of medi- cine, and later graduated from the medical institution of Cincin- nati, Ohio. In 1851 he came to Huntingburgh, and soon acquired the leading practice in the county, and was well and favorably known as a competent physician and excellent citizen. He was a BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. G'll member of the Christian Church and a Republican in politics and an active worker for his party. December 3, 1846, he married a Miss Hughes, who died leaving one child, a daughter ; January 4, 18(53, he married Mary Robertson, a native of Spencer County, who still survives him. They were the parents of five children : Elmer E., who is a young man preparing for the medical profes- sion, Alvin, George, Sarah E., and Nancy. JOHN HERMAN HENRY BORMANN, farmer of Dubois County, Ind., was born in Hanover, Germany, April 10, 1822, a son of Henry and Margaret A. (Rathje) Bormann, who remained in their native country until our subject was thirteen years old, wheii they immigrated to the United States and located in Pitts- burgh where the father worked for a few years. They then came to Dubois County, Ind., and located on a farm where they passed the remainder of their lives. The father died October 24, 1847, and the mother August 20, 1847. Henry remained at home un- til twenty-four years of age, when he worked at teaming and gardening for about two years. In 1848 he bought the farm of eighty acres where he now lives, and which he has since increased to 120 acres. November 22, 1849, he married Katharine Beamer, native of Hanover, Germany, born 1832. They have two cliil- dred: William and Mary. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church and he is a Democrat in politics. LEONARD BRETZ, a prominent early settler of Dubois County, was born February 28, 1829, in Hesse Darmstadt, Ger- many, and is one of six children born to Jacob and Barbara (Bausman) Bretz. The father, a farmer in the old country, im- migated to the United States with his family in 1837 and engaged in like pursuits five miles east of the present town of Hunting- burffh, Ind. He remained there until his death in 1878 followed by his widow two years later, both having been members of the Evangelical Lutheran Reformed Church. Leonard passed his youth and early manhood at the old home farm, securing only such education as the limited facilities of that day afforded. When seventeen years old he went to Louisville, Ky., where he clerked four years in a hardware store. In 1851 he embarked in general merchandising in Huntingburgh, and has since continued here with more than ordinary success. Mr. Bretz, besides hav- ing made life a financial success, has justly Avon what is far bet- ter — an honored name and a record untarnished by dishonesty or otherwise. The same year of his embarking in business in Hunt- ingburgh, Barbara Gerhard, a native of Bavaria, became his wife, and they are the parents of eight living children: Anna B., Wilhel- mina F., Emeline, William L., Gustav C, Walter F., Matilda S. and John Henry. Mr. Bretz is a Democrat, and although by no means an office seeker he takes an active interest in public affairs 622 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. and is jury commissioner for Dubois County. He and family be- long to the Lutheran Reformed Church. JACOB G. CATO, one of the oldest native pioneers of the county, was born March 2, 1838 ; his parents were Green Cato and Khoda Alley, natives of the "Old Dominion" and Tennessee, re- spectively. The father grew to manhood in his native State, and removed to Tennessee, where he was married and where his wife died; he was married again in that State and moved to Indiana, and located on a farm near Huntingburgh ; he lived in various places in the county until 1860, when he removed to Pike County, where he died November 31, 1877. The mother died on the same day, three years later. Jacob received his education from the primitive log schoolhouse of early times; he remained at home until attaining his majority, with the exception of three years, when he lived with Dr. Hughes. July 4, 1859, he married Lauretha Shively; after marriage he moved to Spencer County, where he lived four years. In 1861 he returned to this county and located on the farm where he has since resided; he has 125 acres of good land. They have seven children : Anna, Mary E., Jacob B., Emma J., William W., Benjamin F. and Lulu B. Mr. Cato and wife are members of the Christian Church, and he is a Democrat, having held the office of assessor five years. HERMAN blECKMANN, undertaker and carpenter, of Huntingburgh, Ind., began working at the undertaking business abo^^t 1873 ; he has a fine line of goods and everything necessary for carrying on a successful business ; his native country is Ger- many, where he was born December, 1834; he is a son of Henry Dieckmann (see sketch of Gerhard Dieckmann) ; he remained in the old country until seventeen years old, and then removed with his parents to the United States, when he learned the carpenter's trade and worked in Louisville, Ky., until 1854, when he came to Huntingburgh ; he has since worked at his trade with the exception of the time spent in the army. September 26, 1864, he was drafted for service and was enrolled in Company K., Twenty -fifth Indiana Volunteers; he was with Sherman on his famous march to the sea, and through the Carolinas. November 13, 1856, he was married to Josepha Neumann, who died in 1874, having borne him eight children, six now living: Matilda, Amelia, John, Earnest, Elnora and Amelia. In 1877 he married Hannah Anthony, by whom he is the father of four children: Rosa, Wilhelmina, Frank and Theodore; he is a Democrat and member of the Lutheran Church. His wife is a Catholic. GERHARDT DIECKMANN, manufacturer and dealer in boots and shoes, Huntingburgh, Ind., began business in July, 1855, in a frame building on First Street, where he remained about one year; he then built a brick building on Third Street, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 623 where he conducted his business until about 18(34:, when he bought a two-story brick buikling adjacent to his present location. This was the first brick building erected in the town. In 1870 he tore it down and erected the large two-story building where he is now doing business; he carries a good stock of ready-made goods in addition to those manufactured by himself. Mr. Dieckmann was born in Oldenburg, Germany, in May, 1830, being the eldest of a family of two sons and two daughters, born to the marriage of Henry Dieckmann and Kate Stumberg, also natives of Germany. The father, who was a carpenter, followed his trade in his native country until 1851, when he came to the United States with his family and located in Louisville, where he remained only a short time; he then came to Huntingbnrgh, where he has since resided ; he is now in his eighty-second year. Gerhardt was reared at home receiAdng a good education in his native country. At the age of fifteen he began to learn the shoe-maker's trade, serving an apprenticeship of six years ; he then came to the United States with his parents, and engaged in l:)usiness as before stated. In March, 1855, he was united in marriage with Alvina Spitzer, who died in December of the next year. He was again married, in June, 1857, to Margaret Bormann, by whom he is the father of ten children, of whom Charles, Henry, John, William, Rena Wil- helmina, Amelia and Sophia are living. HENRY DUFENDACH, a prominent merchant of Hunting- burgh, Ind., and native of Dubois County, born October 22, 1811, is one of eight children born to Christopher and Mary Elizabeth (Wessler) - Dufendach, natives of Germany. They married in the old country, and came to the United States, set- tling in Dubois County, Ind., where the father followed the life of a farmer. At the breaking out of the war, he bought the Union Grist-mill, in company with another man, and operated it successfully for two or three years, and then sold his interest. The mother died in May, 1872. Henry, our subject, was raised on a farm, receiving little or no education in his boyhood, but has since acquired a good, practical education by his attendance at Sunday-school, and by his own untiring efforts. At the age of fifteen he began learning the cabinet-maker's trade in Hunting- burgh, but after working at it nearly three years, abandoned that business and clerked for some time in a store, and afterward worked in his father's mill about three years. He then en- gaged in the general merchandise business with Ernst Pickhardt, and continued in this about three years, when he sold out to his partner and engaged in the same occupation for himself on a small scale. His business increased so rapidly that he built a large brick warehouse, and the following year built his present dwellinof house. In 1883 he erected his commodious brick 624 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. block, and has since carried on his business with marked suc- cess. In 1873 he bought a warehouse and began buying and selling leaf tobacco, and now handles nearly 500,000 pounds annually. His tobacco house is a two-story frame building, 35x85 feet in dimensions, with a large shed addition. Since 1870, he has engaged quite extensively in pork-packing, handling from 500 to 1,200 hogs per year. February 23, 1802, he mar- ried Johanna Boehmer, who died June 20, 1872, leaving three children, two now living: Ernst C. and Franklin H. April 20, 1873, he married Mary Schroeder, a native of Ohio. To them were born four children, three now living: Norman C. W., Cora v., and Cornelia A. Mr. Dufendach and family are members of the Evangelical Association, and he is recognized as a successful and enterprising business man and a worthy citizen. CHRISTOPHER W. DUFENDACH, merchant, of Hunting- burgh, Ind., was born November 23, 1845, son of Christopher H. and Catharine E. Dufendach (see sketch of Henry Dufendach ) . Our subject was raised on a farm in this county and received a fair German and English education. At the age of nineteen he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Indi- ana Volunteers, from Evansville, Ind. , where he was clerking in a store. He served his time of enlistment, 100 days, and again clerked in Evansville until 1807, when he came to Huntingburgh and engaged in the general merchandise business with his brother Henry. At the end of four years they began working at photography, continuing two or three years. He then bought out H. Bemer's merchandise store and run it until 1876, when he and Jonas Killian built their present large brick block, and continued in the same business. In 1881 he bought Mr. Kil- lian' s interest, and has conducted the business alone ever since, meeting with the best of success. In 18()9 he married Sarah A. Fisher. They are the parents of five children: Edward II., David C, Nellie A., Alfred Bismark and Charles L. He is a Republi- can, and has been town clerk a number of times. CAPT. MORMAN FISHER, Huntingburgh' s efficient post- master, was born in Dubois County, Ind., on Christmas day, 1833. William Fisher, his father, was born in Ohio Aug. 9, 1791, and when a youth moved with his parents to Kentucky. He partici- pated in the Indian war of 1812. In 1817 he settled on a farm five miles southeast of the present site of Huntingburgh, but five years later moved to Vermillion County, this State, where he re- sided a year. From that time until his death his home was in Patoka Township, this county. He was very fond of hunting, and many deer, bear and other wild game were killed by him in this county. He was twice married; first to Sarah Goodall, who died in 1825 after bearing a large family of children, four of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 625 whom yet live. In 1832 he wedded Mary Whitten, our subject's mother, who, with five children, yet survive him. Morman Fisher, the immediate subject of this sketch, secured a limited education in youth from the primitive schools of his boyhood days. He was engaged in farming until ISfiO, and from that time to 1863 was engaged in photography at Huntingburgh, looking after his farm and filling the ofiice of justice of the peace. In the latter year he organized Company M, Tenth Indiana Cavalry, of which he served as captain until the close of the war. Return- ing home he resumed the management of his farm, although liv- ing at Huntingburgh, and being admitted to the bar of Dubois County, has turned considerable of his attention to the legal pro- fession. Since the war he has served twelve years as trustee of Patoka Township and two terms in the lower house of the State Legislature. In politics he is Democratic and is a member of the Masonic and G. A. R. fraternities. In 1856 he married Mary A. Wade, who bore him two children, only one — James Lewis — now living. The wife died June 27, 1859, and December 14, 1865, Capt. Fisher wedded Wilhelmina Helfrich, granddaughter of Jacob Geiger, the founder of Huntingburgh. To this marriage four sons and one daughter, all living, have been born. Capt. Fisher is one of the county's most honored and respected citi- zens. In 1885 he was appointed postmaster by President Cleve- land. THOMAS R. GREEN, postmaster and railroad agent at Dutf, Ind., is a native of Dubois County, born May 6, 1815. He is the eldest of nine children in the family of Robert and Melissa A. (Miller) Green, also natives of the county. The paternal grandfather came to Indiana from New York at a very early day, and located near Ireland, in this county. He later removed to Jasper, where Robert Green was born and lived until seven years old. The family then returned to the home farm and Robert, after his marriage, lived on a farm in the south part of Madison Township until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in Company E, Fifty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, in September, 1861, and the following May died in a hospital boat on the Ohio River. The widow is still living at Ireland. She was born November 7, 1825, and is a daughter of Adam Miller, one of the first settlers of the county. Thomas R. was reared at home, receiving a common school education. He re- mained at home until February 7, 1864, when he was enrolled for service in Company G, Forty-second Indiana Volunteer In- fantry, with which he served until June 11, 1865. He partici- pated in the battles of Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, the battles before Atlanta and the siege of that city. After his return from the war he was engaged in teaching school for eight years. 626 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. He then removed to Illinois, where he remained for one year, after which he returned to this county and was engaged in farming for a few years. In September, 1881, he came to Duff and opened a general merchandise store, which he conducted until the spring of 1885. In October, 1881, he was commis- sioned as postmaster, and the next year was appointed agent for the L. E. & St. L. R. R. at Duff, both of which positions he still holds. October 14, 1871, he was joined in marriage with Anna Hill, who died March 26, 1878, leaving two children: Al- vali E. and Nellie. He chose for his second wife, M. M. Miller, to whom he was married October 10, 1883. Mr. Green is a mem- ber of the Methodist Church, and for many years was a local preacher. JOSEPH HEITZ, county commissioner of Dubois County, was born in Germany July 14, 1824, son of Lawrence and Kath- arine (Keen) Heitz. They came to America, landing at New Orleans in 1832. The mother died of that terrible disease, chol- era, and a short time after the father died of the same disease. The eldest of the children was only eleven years old. The two youngest were placed in the orphan asylum at Cincinnati, Ohio, and the eldest, a girl, went to work for a family in that city. Our subject was cared for by a cousin, with whom he lived about seven years. At the age of fifteen he went to live with his eldest sister, who had married and was living in Kentucky. He re- mained there about a year, working in a printing office; later he clerked in a drug store and then came to Dubois County, Ind., with his brother-in-law, with whom he stayed until of age. He then bought a farm in Patoka Township. At the end of four years he sold out and bought the farm where he now lives. He owns 280 acres of good land, well improved. In 1850 he mar- ried Katherine Rouscher. To them were born twelve children, seven now living: Lawrence, Kate, Daniel, George, Louis, Tracy and Mary. Both husband and wife are members of St. Mary's Church. He is a Democrat in politics, and is a highly respected and influential citizen. JOHN HERMAN HEITMANN, farmer, was born in Han- over, Germany, October 18, 1834, son of Heniy Heitmann and Mary A. Kuhlhoff, natives of the same place. The parents im- migrated to this country in 184(), locating in Dubois County, Ind., on the farm where our subject now lives. The father died in January, 1863. The mother still lives with her son at the ad- vanced age of eighty-three years. John H. received his educa- tion in his native country and attended school here about three months. He has since obtained a good education in the English language by his own efforts. He has had control of his father's farm since quite a small boy, and has now 320 acres of good BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 627 land, well improved and with good buildings. He gives especial attention to stock raising, aTid is doing well financially. In No- vember, 1862, he married Katharine Behrens. To them have been born nine children. These are living: Anna, Mary, Eliza- beth, Louis, Herman and Frank. Both husband and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, and he is a Democrat. JOHN F. HEMMEE was born August 20, 1847, son of John F. and Fredrica Hemmer, natives of Germany, from which coun- try they came to the United States in 1842, and located in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, and then came to Dubois County, Ind., and bought them a farm. The father's death occurred in 18()() and the mothers in 1882. John F. received a fair education in his boy- hood and remained at home with his mother working on the farm until he attained his majority. He learned the carpenter's trade and worked at it eleven years, having built during that time 822 barns and numerous smaller buildings. In 187*> he purchased the farm of 160 acres where he now lives. He was married, in 1874, to Mary Katterjohn, born January 28, 1848. Four children have been born to their union: Anna Matilda, Benjamin, William K. and Frederick J. Mr. Hemmer is a member of the Methodist Church and a warm Republican. FREDERICK HILDEBRAND, dealer in and manufacturer of boots and shoes, was born in Hanover, Germany, May 19. 1823. The parents, Charles and Wilhelmina (Strohrman) Hildebrand. were natives of the same country and came to America in 1854 and located first in Louisville, Ky., and afterward came to Hunt- ingburgh, Ind,, and worked at the shoe-maker's trade until he be- came disabled by sickness and old age, and died at the home of our subject in 1872. The mother died in 1870. Frederick was raised in Hanover, where he received a good German education. At the age of fifteen he began learning his father's trade and worked at it until 1851, when he came to the United States and worked two years in Louisville, Ky., and then came to Hunting- burgh, where he has lived ever since, engaged in his present business, and meeting with good success. In 1853 he married Mary Borman, a native of Hanover, who died in 1878, leaving eight children: Wilhelmina, Joanna, Louis, Emma, Henry, Gustav, Leonard and George. For his second wife he married Wilhelmina Kruse, in March, 1883. He is a Democrat in poli- tics, and he and wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Mr. Hildebrand is one of the old pioneers of Dubois County, and bears the reputation of being an honestand indus- trious citizen. BERNARD HOFFHAUS, son of John T. and Katharine (Sloeter) Hoffliaus, born January 28, 1826, is a native of Ger- many, from whence his parents immigrated in 1846. They lo- 628 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. catecl in Dubois County, where Bernard bought a farm and where the father and mother died. In 1858 our subject pur- chased a farm of 240 acres upon which he has since resided. It has good buildings and is well improved. In 18()8 he built a saw-mill, in partnership with Conrad Hoeuner, which they ran with good success until 1884. He was married to Mary Meyers, June, 1848. To this union were born eleven children — seven of whom are living: John, Fred, Eliza, William, Conrad, Matilda and Herman. Mr. Hoffhaus is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. He has been quite success- ful in business affairs. Starting with little or no capital, he has now a comfortable competency. MICHAEL JANDEBEUR, one of the oldest pioneers of the county was born in Aschaffenburg Baiern, Germany, April 18, 1826. He is the fourth son in a family of seven sons and two daughters, born to the marriage of Michael Jandebeur and Eva Schwabin, natives of France and Germany, respectively. The paternal grandfather was a man of large wealth, owning a fine estate near Paris. During the French Revolution, he belonged to the Royalist party, and in 1796, when Napoleon became the head of the Government, his property was confiscated and he fled as a refugee to Germany, where he died. His son, the father of our subject, was a small boy when they removed to Germany. He grew to manhood in that country; was married and during the latter part of his life was the proprietor of a hat manufactory. He died about 1875, at the age of over one hundred years. The mother preceded him about four years, at the age of eighty- seven. Several members of the family have shown remarkable ability; a brother of Michael was prime minister in the kingdom of Baiern, and was the author of numerous works on law. Michael, at the age of thirteen, began to learn the tinner's trade, at which he worked until 1847, when he entered the army, serv- ing for a term of four years, which period included the Rebellion of 1848. After leaving the army he went to France, where he worked at his trade. For about two years he was also on the police force in Paris. In 1854 he came to the United States, and for the first five months after his arrival was employed as a cook at Delmonico's restaiirant. He then worked at his trade in New York and Philadelphia for several months after which he jour- neyed on foot through Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, traveling over 1,200 miles. He at last located at Huntingburgh, Ind., where he conducted a shop for about twenty years. He is now living on a farm of eighty acres and raises a largfe amount of fruit, especially grapes, from which he makes an excellent article of wine. January 8, 1857, he was united in marriage with Mary B. Bockstahler, a native of Baden, Germany. They have eight BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 631 cliildreii, only- seven of whom are living. They are Martha, Julius, Conrad, Daniel, Jeannette, Lena and Caroline. At the breaking ont ol:' the war he enlisted as a musician in the band of the Twenty-seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which he served about one year when he become disabled through disease. His career taken altogether has been a remarkable one. HENRY W. KATTERJOHN, of the firm Schroer & Katter- john, dealers in general merchandise, Huntingburgh, Ind., is a son of Henry A. and Sophia (Elshof ) Katterjohn. He was born July 12, 1850, in Pike County, and is the eldest of four children (for parents' sketch see history of Pike County). Our subject was raised on the farm and received a good education in the com- mon branches. He followed farming as an occupation until 1884, when he engaged in his present business in Huntingburgh, and has met with good success. The firm are doing a fairly large and remunerative business, and have a good and select stock of goods. Mr. Katterjohn's political views are Republican, and he is a member of the German Methodist Episcopal Church, and is among the rising business men of Huntingburgh. FREDERICK WILLIAM KATTERHENRY, senior mem- ber of the firm of Katterhenry Bros, of Huntingburgh, Ind., and native of Dubois Covinty, was born December 5, 1843, and is one of the four children born to Louis and Christina (Nueneker) Katterhenry. The children's names are Henry L., Frederick W., John W., and Louis, who is tlie junior member of the firm. The parents, who Avere natives of Prussia, came to this country in 1840 and located on a farm near Huntingburgh when the father died in 18t)7 and the mother in 1880. Our subject received his education in the district schools near his home, and at the age of twenty he left home and teamed for one year in Huntingburgh, and then engaged, on a small scale, in the general merchandise business with Herman Behmer as partner. In 1860 he sold his interest in the business and engaged in grist-milling, building the Star Grist-mills here. In 1875 he quit this business, and he and his brother built their present large brick building and en- gaged in general merchandise. They have a very fine stock of goods and are doing a paying business. In connection with their store they have a large pork packing establishment and also a grain warehouse near the depot. In 18()5 he married Sophia Reutepohler. To them were born three children: Eli E., Edward H. and Oliver W. In politics he is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Evangelical Association. LOUIS KATTERHENRY, brother of Frederick W., was born December 8. 1850, was raised on the farm, and received an ordinary education in both English and German. At the age of nineteen, he began teaching school in the county, continuing in 24 632 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. this business two years, when he bought an .interest in the Star Grist-mill and then engaged in his present business with his brother. In 1873, he married Eliza Meyer, native of Dubois County. They have five children: Benjamin Franklin, Lillie C, Arthur T., Nellie A. and David. Mr. Katterhenry is a Ee- publican, and he and wife are members of the Evangelical Asso- ciation. JOHN 'yV. KATTEEHENRY son of Henry and Christina (Nunneker) Katterhenry was born April 8, 1848. His parents were natives of Germany. The father immigrated to this country when a young man, locating for some time in Cincinnati, and afterward came to Dubois County, Ind.. and bought the farm, where he lived until liis death March 12, 1867. John W. received his education from the primitive schools of his day, and remained at home working on the farm until 1871, when he assumed control and bought out the interest of the others. He has now 240 acres of excellent land well cultivated. October 19, 1871, he was married to Sarah Koch, by whom he is the father of six children : Lydia. Emma. Frank, Amelia, Nettie and Walter. Both husband and wife are members of the Evangelical Church. He is a Eepublican in politics and a well known and respected citizen of the county. FEEDEEICK B. KATTEEHENEY, junior member of the firm of Katterhenry & Son, merchants of Huntingburgh, Ind.. was born January 1, 1858, and is a son of Adolpli and Christina (Bremer) Katterhenry, natives of Germany. Adolpli came to the United States in 1844, and located first in Cincinnati. Ohio, and in 1850 came to Dubois County and estab- lished the first brick manufactory in Huntingburgh. He re- mained in this business until 1885 and is now retired from active work. He is a Eepublican and a leading member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Frederick was raised in Huntingbvirgh, and received a good Englisli and German education. During 1879-80 he taught school and afterward clerked in stores in his native town. In 1882 he engaged in business with his father, and now has active management of affairs. They have a large and select stock of goods and have a. fine trade. Frederick is a member of the Methodist Church and is an excellent young man. CHEISTIAN KESTNEE was born in Germany in May. 1833, a son of B. Kestner and Anna Elizabeth Kilian, wlio came to this country in 183(] or 1837, and located in Louisville, Ky. Eemaining there a short time they came to Huntingburgh, Ind.. and rented land for several years. They then bought forty acres of land and gradually added to it until they at one time owned 120 acres, and also a grist-mill on the Patoka Eiver. The father BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 633 died in 1871, and the mother in 1859. Christian acquired a good education by his own efforts and remained at home assisting his father on the farm and in the mill, which he built. He had no instruction in milling, but he succeeded in making many improve- ments and built one of the best mills in this section of the country. He received 120 acres of land from his father, and at one time owned 200 acres. He afterward sold 180 acres and now owns eighty acres of well cultivated land. May 28, 1862, he married Mary Ficken. They have no children of their own, but lla^ e raised two children: Maggie H. Roth and Lawrence Smith. He and family are memliers of the Methodist Church, of which he has been a member over twenty years. He is a Ee})ublican in politics, and is a highly respected and Christian gentleman. JONAS KILIAN Avas born in Guntershausen, Germany, February 8, 1837, being one of four children born to Henry and Elizabeth ( Siebert ) Kilian, natives also of Germany. The father, who was a farmer, came to the United States in 1851 and soon after came to Dubois County, Ind., and located on a farm near Huntingburgh. where he remained until his death, which occurred in 1857. Our subject received a good German education in his native country, and after coming to this country, worked on the farm until 18()3, when he came to Huntingburgh and worked at manual labor until 186(), and then bought a brickyard and kiln, working them successfully until 187(x wdien he and C. W. Dufen- dacli engaged in general merchandising, continuing at this until 1881, when he sold out his interest and bought a one-third inter- est in his present business. He was married, in 1858, to Eliza- beth Appel. To them were born five children: Anna (deceased), John. Emma. Louis and Edward. Mr. Kilian is a Democrat and was a member of the town council one term. He and wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and he is a success- ful business man and an upright citizen. CHEISTIAN KORNRUMPF, jeweler of Huntingburgh, Ind., was born in Wolfhagen, Hessia. Germany, March 20, 1845. and is one of two children born to John and Anna Mary (Fuchs ) Kornrumpf. The mother died in Germany in 1847, and the father still resides in the old country. Our subject Avas raised with his mother's people after her death, and received a good education in his native language. In 1850 he came to America, and lived on a farm in Dubois County two years. He there learned the shoe-maker's trade in Huntingburgh and worked at that business one year, after that he clerked in Leonard Bretz's store three years, and for three years afterward taught school in the town and county. He then returned to Mr. Bretz's, with whom he remained three more years. In 1870, he engaged in the manufacture and sale of organs, and although having no previous 634 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. experience, lie made sucli a success of the business that he con- tinued working at it until 1875, when he quit manufacturing and began selling them ; later he added a large stock of other musical instruments, also adding watches, clocks, jewelry, sewing machines and spectacles. Mr. Kornrumpf s business increased so rapidly that in 1883, he erected his present large brick building. In 1870, he married Anna B. Bretz. To them have been born four children: Anna S. (deceased), Martha W., Lydia K. and Clara A. He and family are members of the Evangelical Lu- theran Church. Mr. Kornrumpf is an enterprising and successful business man, and is an upright and honest citizen. FRANK KLEE a native of Trussia, was born October 16, 1845. He is the ninth child in a family of five sons and six daughters, born to the marriage of Theodore Klee and Anna Linsnig, also natives of Germany. The father, who was a black- smith, came to the United States when Frank was an infant, and located near Evansville, Ind. He owned a small farm, and con- tinued to follow his trade until 18{)2, when he came to Dubois County and located in Ferdinand Township, where he remained until his death, which occurred in September, 1877. The mother is still living at Evansville. Frank was reared at home, receiving but little instruction in the schools. At tlie age of seventeen he learned the miller's trade which he followed until his marriage, after which he bought a farm east of Huntingburgh where he has since resided, he also owns property in the town. July 31, 1860, he was united in marriage with Mary Hoing, a native of Kentucky, and to them have been born eleven children, only eight of whom are living, namely: Edward, William, Anna, Lovis, Frank, Mary, Joseph and Leonard. Both Mr. Klee and wife are members of the Catholic Church. For a short time during 1885, he was en- gaged in conducting a meat market in Huntingbm'gh. GERHARD KOCH, Jr., was born in Dubois County, Ind., April 12, 1842, and is a son of Gerhard Koch, Sr. (see sketch.) He was educated in the common schools near his home and at the age of nineteen he married and settled on the home farm where he has since resided ; he has a fine farm of 160 acres well im- proved, and gives especial attention to stock raising. November 14, 186)0, he married Mary Wesseler, a native of the county. They have six children, five now living: John, Frank, Henry, Edward and Amelia. December, 18()3. he eidisted in Company M, Tenth Indiana Cavalry; he was with Thomas' army and was taken prisoner by Hood's army, but succeeded in making his es- cape after four days' captivity, and rejoined his command; he is now a member of the G. A. R. and a Republican in politics, and he and wife are members of the Evangelical Church. HENRY LANDGREBE, born in Germany, September, tJ, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 635 1842, is a son of Jolin and Martha ( Walter) Landgrebe, who were natives of Germany, where they lived and died. Henry re- mained in Germany until he was fourteen years old and had se- cured a fair education in his native language, he then came to the United States landing at New Orleans, where he remained three weeks, and in 1857, came to Dubois County, Ind., and lo- cated at Huntingburgh, where he learned the shoe maker's trade, working at this until the war of the Rebellion, when he enlisted in Company K, Sixty-fifth Indiana Volunteers, serving three years as a private. At the close of the war he returned home and en- gaged in the manufacture and sale of shoes, together with gen- eral merchandise, in company with F. Hildebrand. In about three years he sold out and engaged in the manufacture and sale of lioots and shoes for himself, in which business he has re- mained ever since. In 1880. he entered into partnership with his brother Louis, and Jonas Kilian and opened a gent's clothing store, and they are now conducting their enterprises with good suc- cess, having a large fine stock of goods. In 18()5, he married Sophia Fuchs. To them were born eight children, six now liv- ing: Anna K., Elizabeth P., Christian A., Louisa. Emma, Otto K. (deceased), Nalda and Edmond C. Mr. Landgrebe is a warm Democrat and has been a member of the town council for eight years, and has held various other local ofiices of trust. He and wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran C-hurch. M. D. LEMOND, a prominent farmer and stock dealer of Dubois County was born in the county, January 28, 1842, being the oldest of eleven children born to the marriage of John B. Lemond and Abselah Miller, natives of North C'arolina and Dubois County, Ind., respectively. The father, when a youth, came to the county with his parents and located on the farm where our subject now lives. After his marriage he lived on the home farm for one year, and then moved on a tract of land wliich he entered about three-fourths of a mile east. He lived there several years, but finally returned to the home farin, where he died September 1, 1862. The mother died in A})ril, 1878. They were among the earliest pioneers of the county, and to such as they is due the credit of the development of the county. M. D. Lemond was reared at home receiving a common school education. He worked on the home farm until the death of his father, when he assumed control, and has since continued to own and work it. He is now the owner of 700 acres of good land, and is probabl}' the largest farmer in the county. He makes a specialty of stock raising, chiefly cattle. October 10, 1883, he was united in marriage with Sallie J. Harris, a native of Spencer County, and to them has been born one child, Charles B.. born July 3 1884. Mr, Lemond resided at Duff Station on the Lake Erie & St. Louis Railway five miles west of Huntinofburirh. 636 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. JACOB H. LEMMON, representative of one of the pioneer families of the county, was born February 8, 1840, son of John and Elizabeth (Cimmerl) Lemmon. The father, a native of Kentucky, came to Dubois County, Inch, with his father in 1802, and located on a tract of land near where Portersville now stands. John Avas raised amid the wilderness, undergoing all the hardships of pioneer life. After marriage he followed farming, sending his ])roducts by boats down the White, Wabash, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to New Orleans. His death, which occurred in 1872, was a severe loss to his many friends. He was a Republican and a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Our subject received a very limited education and passed his boyhood on the farm. July 6, 1861, he enlisted in Company E, Twenty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He remained in the field until January, 18r)5, then returned home and in November, 1860, he married Martha Jane McMahan, who has borne him two children : McMahan and Louise. He is a stanch Republican in politics, and a member of the G. A. R. He and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. After marriage, Mr. Lemmon lived on the old homestead until 1872, and then purchased the McMahan farm near Duff Station, where he resided until 1883, when he removed to Huntingburgh where he has since resided. He still controls his farms and is engaged in stock raising. WILLIAM R. McMAHAN, M. D^ of Huntingburgh, is a representative of one of the oldest and most respected families of Dubois County. He was born September 8, 184:3, being the eldest and only son in a family of five children, all living, born to the marriage of Joseph A. McMahan and Nancy Armstrong. The father was born in Kentucky in 1812, a son of William R. McMahan, and was of Scotch descent. In 1818 the family moved to Indiana and settled on a farm two miles west of where Jasper now is, in Dubois County. There the grandfather of our subject passed the remainder of his days, and as a Whig in poli- tics was among the first to represent Dubois County in the State Legislature, and also served as one of the associate judges of the county for a number of years. He died about the year 1835, a member of long standing in the Baptist Church, of which he was a minister. Joseph A. McMahan was raised on a farm in this county, and when a youth learned the tanner's trade, at which he worked until 1832, when he embarked in mercantile pursuits at Jasper. Twelve years later he removed to a farm about five miles west of Huntinfyburo-h, where he resided and eno"a<^ed in agricul- tural jnirsuits the remainder of his days. He was an unassuming, honest and industrious citizen, and a man whose character was without a blemish. A Republican in politics, a member of the Cumberland PresT)yterian Church, he died respected by all who BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 637 knew liim, July 21, 1872. The mother of our subject was of Irish extraction. Born in Kentucky, she came to this State at an early day, and bravely assisted her husband in his life's la- bors. She died June 12, 1872, aged sixty-two years. Dr. W. R. McMahan received but a limited literary education in youth, but being a close observer and great reader, that omis- sion has been supplied in later years. When eighteen years old, the war of the Rebellion began, and espousing the Union cause he enlisted a private in Company E, Fifty-eighth Volun- teer Infantry from Indiana. He served two years, lacking two months, as private and non-commissioned officer, and after Stone River battle was promoted second lieutenant, then first lieu- tenant. He commanded a company on the memorable march to the sea with Sherman, and also had command of the foragers for his regiment. Returning North at the close of the war he read medicine with an uncle at Mankato, Minn., two years. In 18P)8 he graduated from Rush Medical College of Chicago and since that time has prac- ticed his profession at Huntingburgh, Ind., where he has won success and distinction as a physician and surgeon, and esteem as a private citizen. Since first beginning the study of medicine Dr. McMahan has ever been a student, and besides beino- a member of the American Medical Association, was a member of the faculty of the Evansville Medical College during the years 1882-83-84, having occu])ied the chair of Surgical Pathology. He is the pres- ent president of the town school board, is one of the directors of the Huntingburgh Bank, is chief surgeon for the Lake Erie and St. Louis Railway, and is a member of the board of examining surgeons at Huntingburgh for peiisions. March 23, 18()8, Dr. McMahan wedded Louisa Helfrich, who died October 13, 1875, after bearing him four children, three of whom now live. March 8, 1877, Elizabeth Lukermeyer became his wife, and of three chil- dren born them two are now living. Dr. McMahan is a Repub- lican, and himself and wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church. JOACHIM MIESSNER, proprietor of the Huntingburgh Woolen-mills, was born in Hanover, Germany, September 8, 1829, being one of four children born to Adolph and Catharine (Leh- man ) Miessner, natives of the same place as our subject, where they lived and died. Joachim jiassed his boyhood laboring on the farm. He received a good common school education and at the age of twenty years he left his native land and immigrated to America, locating in Huntingburgh, Ind., which was at that period a very small settlement. He worked at manual labor two years, and secured enough money to make a partial payment on a small farm he had purchased south of town. He cleared and improved the land and has lived there ever since. In 1865 he 638 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. started a woolen-mill in Huntingburgli with Ernst Zeller as part- ner. Zeller sold out to Gerhard Koch, and in 1878, Miessner purchased the whole property and has carried on the business with fair success. He uses about ten tons of wool annually, manufacturing a superior quality of jeans, linsey and stocking yarn, and employs about ten hands. In 1850 he married Anna Catherine Harms, a native of Hanover, Germany. They have six children: John Henry, William, Anna, Charles, Maria and Au- gust. He is a Republican, and he and family are members of the Evangelical Church. BERNARD MILLER, manager and one of the proprietors of the Huntingburgh Star Mills, was born in Prussia, March 18, 1848, being one of a large family of children born to Edward and Fredrica (Kuhn) Miller, natives of East Prussia and living the greater part of their lives in West Prussia, where they died, the father in May, 1885, and the mother in March, 1868. Bern- ard was raised in his native country, receiving a good German education. At the age of sixteen years, he began learning the mercantile business and working as a clerk in the stores of Ger- many until 1877, when he came to the United States, locating hrst in Pike County, Ind., where he worked in a saw-mill two years, and then came to Dubois County and farmed two years, and later worked as section hand and foreman on the railroad until the latter part of 1881. In March, 1885, he bought a one- sixth interest in his present business, and is meeting with good success, that firm doing the leading business in their county, having a large steam buhr-mill. In 1878 Mr. Miller married. Mary Herrudorf. They are the parents of four children: Olga, Dina, Agnes and Arthur. He is a Democrat, and a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. His wife is a Catholic. CHARLES MOENKHAUS, proprietor of the St. George Hotel, Huntingburgh, Ind., was born in Louisville, Ky., March 18, 18()0, and is one of seven children born to the marriage of Will- iam Moenkhaus and Fredrica Ramsbrok, who are natives of Ger- many. Charles came to Dubois County with his parents when a child, and was raised by them in Huntingburgh, receiving a fair German and English education. He was engaged in the hotel business with his father until February, 1883, when he assumed control of the business, and has conducted it successfully ever since. The St. George is the best hotel in the town or county, and commands the leading local and transient trade, and is well and comfortably furnished throughout. February 4, 1883, he married Louisa Bretz, a native of Dubois County. He and wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and he is a Democrat, and a successful and enterprising young business man. GEORGE B. MONTGOMERY, M. D., of Huntingburgh, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 639 Ind., was born August 12, 1827. He is one of ten children ])orii to John R. and Kate (Brownlee) Montgomery, and is the only living representative of his people. His parents were natives of Kentucky, and the father cfime to Indiana when about ten years old, and located with his ])arents in Gibson County, where he spent the remainder of his life. He held the office of recorder of that county for twenty-seven years, and was well and favora- bly known. Our subject's grandfather was also quite a noted [)ersonage. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, being in the battle of Tippecanoe, and was associate judge of the probate court a number of years. Was a member of the State Legislature from Gibson County, serving a number of terms in that capacity. The immediate subject of our sketch received a fair education in the public schools, and at the age of seventeen began the study of medicine under Drs. Gralf and Lewis, and also under Dr. Fullertou, continuing his study two or three years. He began practicing medicine in JefPerson County, 111., continuing one year. He then came to Jasper, Ind., and shortly after removed to Winslow, Pike Co., Ind., and made that his home for over thirty year,-,. In the meantime he erraduated from the Medical College of Evansville in 18()8. In 1883 he came to Huntingburgh, where he is at present engaged in the practice of his profession, meet- ing witli good success Avherever he goes. He was appointelican, and has held the office of examining surgeon for pensions for ten or twelve years, but was removed under Cleveland's administration. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and the G. A. E. He is the last of his generation, having no living relatives. CHRISTIAN MORGANTHALER, native of Germany and son of John and Margaret Morganthaler, natives of the same place, was born June 20, 1820, and Avas raised and received his education in his native land. At the breaking out of the war in 1848, he came to the United States, and located in New York City, where he worked for about seven years in a store. He then came to Evansville and worked at manual labor about sixteen years. In 1872, he came to Dubois County and settled on the farm where he now lives. His farm of 170 acres is well improved Avith good buildings. May 2, 185(), he married Barbara Decker, a native of Germany. They have five children: Fred, Matilda. Louisa, Anna and Mary. ' Fred and Louisa are school teachers and are doing well for themselves. The family are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Morganthaler is a Republican, cast- 640 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. ing his first vote for Lincoln. He is an upright, honest citizen and highly respected. HON. WILLIAM E. NIBLACK, of Yincennes, judge of the supreme court, was born in Dubois County, Ind., May 22, 1822. The father who was of Scotch descent was born in Kentucky, and the mother, a native of Virofinia, was of English descent. The former came to Indiana in 1817, and the latter in 1820. They were married near Petersburg, Pike Co., in 1821. Our subject, spent his early life on a farm, and when sixteen years old entered the State University, but pecuniary circumstances did not permit him to finish his course and graduate. He followed surveying three years, and in the meantime studied law. In 1845 he began practicing law at Old Mount Pleasant, and in 1849 was elected to the Legislature. At various times he held the office of senator, circuit judge of the judicial district, holding the positions about eight years. He soon after moved to Yincennes and was elected to Congress in 185G, serving by re-election in the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth Congress until 1861. He served in the State Legisla- ture during the session of 1863, and in 1864 was again elected to Congress serving continuously until March 4, 1875. In 1864 he was delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, and the same at New York, 1868. In 1876 he was elected a judge of the Supreme Court of Indiana and served one term of six years, and was re-elected in 1882. Although he descends from the Whig and Federal party, he has always been a stanch Dem- ocrat. He is considered a just and upright judge, a true man and earnest citizen, and wears his honors in a manner that shows him to be worthy the many exalted positions he has filled. GERHARD H. NIEHAUS, one of the oldest pioneers of the county, was born in Hanover, Germany, April 11, 1808, son of Frederick Niehaus and Margaret Knostmann, natives of the same place. Gerhard remained in Germany until he was about twenty -four years old. Having learned the printer's trade, he came to the United States and located first in Cincinnati, Ohio, and then in Louisville, Ky., where he remained until 1838. He then came to Dubois County, Ind., and bought the farm on which he has since resided. It was then a wilderness, but now is a fine farm of 320 acres. He was married in 1837, to Katharine M. Aransmann, by whom he is the father of four children, one now living, Bernhard. His wife died July 28, 1877. He is a mem- ber of the Evangelical Church, and a worthy and useful citizen. BARNARD NIEHAUS, son of the above, was born Novem- ber 28, 1838. He received a good education, and has worked on the farm all his life, having had, for the past three years, com- plete control of it. March 17, 1863, he was united in marriage to Eliza Wesseler, native of the county, born January 10, 1844. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 641 To tliem were born seven children: Katie, Benjamin, Sarah, Reuben, Levi, Flora and Lawrence. Both he and wife are mem- bers of the Evangelical Church, and in politics he is a Democrat, and is one of the best and most influential farmers in the county. ERNST PICKHARDT, editor and proprietor of the Hunt- ingburgh Sifjiial, the only German paper in Dubois County, was born in Hueckesnagen, Rhine Province, Prussia, August 29, 1832, being second of a family of nine children born to William and Wilhelmina (Leyer) Pickliardt, both natives of the same country. The father, who was a cabinet-maker liy trade, came to the United States ii] June, 1850, locating at Evansville, Ind., where he fol- lowed his trade until about 1807, when became to Huntingburgh, and continued at his trade here until his death. The father was a quiet, unassuming citizen, and was fairly successful in life, from a financial standpoint, having accumulated considerable property. Himself and wife were members of the Evangelical Church. The subject of this sketch was raised in his native country, receiving a fair education in his native langiiage. He learned the cabinet-maker's trade of his father at the age t)f twelve years. He came to the United States with his parents, and worked at his trade until 185-1, then clerked a year in a store in Evansville. Li 1856 he came to Huntino'burtjh, and engafjed in a general merchandise business, continuing until 1878. In 1867 he, in company with a cousin, Mr. Emil Reininghaus, started the Huntingburgh Signal. In 1878 he assumed complete control of the paper, and has managed it ever since, meeting with extra- ordinary good success. September 24, 1854, he married Eliza- beth Weisheimer, a native of Hesse Darmstadt. They have seven children living: Edmund, Ernst W., Louisa, John, Amalia, Anna and Clara. He is a Democrat in politics, but conducts his paper on the independent principle. He is a Mason. Himself and family are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Reformed Church. He has held various local offices of trust in the town and county, such as township trustee, and member of town and school board, and is recognized throughout the county as an en- terprising and successful newspaper man, and an upright Chris- tian citizen. WILLIAM T. POWELL was born April 29, 1845. and is the elder of two children of James and Sarah (Oxley) Powell, natives of Virginia and Indiana, respectively. The father was married in this county, and has since been living on a farm. The mother died in 1878 or 1879, and about two years later the father took for a second wife, Mrs. Sarah Hendrickson. William remained at home until about twenty years old, when he married and began farming for himself in Ferdinand" Township, where he lived until 18(58, and then exchanged it for his present farm of G42 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. eighty acres. He also owns eighty . acres of land in Warrick C^ounty. February 23, 18(55, he was married to Missouri Fisher, by whom he is the father of seven children, five now living: James T., John L., Ella A., Mary and Morman M. In politics, Mr. Powell is a Democrat, and is a well known man of the county. H. WILLIAM PEIOE, a well known farmer of Dubois County, Ind., was born in Hanover, Germany, August 28, 1826. He came with his parents. John H. and Mary (Engel) Prior, to America in 1842, and located in Huntino^burofh. then consisting of two or three houses. They lived on leased land about six years, when the father died, October 10, 1818, and very soon after, Will- iam entered the farm where he now resides. He now owns 120 acres, and has shown great industry in clearing it and getting it in the fine state of cultivation it now is. August 81, 1848, he was married to Mary A. Beamer, born in September. 1831. Twelve children have been born to them, ten of whom are living: Henry, Anna, William, John, Louisa, Frederick, Caroline, Louis, Hosa and Johanna. The two children who died were August, aged eighteen years, and Mary, an infant. The family are mem- bers of the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is a Democrat. AUGUST EAMSBKOK, one of the proprietors of the Hunt- ingburgh Union Mills, was born in Prussia, January 8, 1841, is a son of Peter and Elizabeth (Lohofener) Pamsbrok. natives of the same province, where they lived and died. i\.ugust received a fair German education, and came to the United States in 1855, locating first in Louisville. Ky.. where he commenced the cigar- makers and baker's trades, working until 18()1. He then eidisted as musician in the Fifth Regiment Kentucky Infantry, serving in this capacity, and also part of the time as baker until 1865, when he came to Huntingburgh and engaged in the leaf tobacco business until 1878, when he bought a one-third interest in his present business, in which he has met with good success. The firm has a large and well furnished steam buhr-mill and commands a good trade. In 1865, Mr. Ramsbrok married Fred- rica Winkenhofer. To them were born four children: William H. K., Christian R. F., Henry B. (deceased) and Louisa M. He is a Democrat, and has been a member of the town council over fifteen years. He and his wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. JACOB RAUSCHER was born in Germany, January 5, 1820, son of Daniel and Mary Rauscher, who came to this coun- try when Jacob was a lad about ten years of age. The mother died on the voyage to this country. The father located in Stark County, Ohio, where he remained five or six years, after which he came to Dubois County and entered a tract of land near Hunting- burgh, where he remained until his death. He was twice married. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. t)43 Jacob received little or no education. When lie was about fifteen years old his father died, and he remained with his step-mother aboiit a year, and then worked out by the month, remaining with one man three successive years, and receiving $'6 per month. In payment he took eighty acres of land where he yet resides; by industry and good management, he now owns between 500 antl 000 acres. In 18()5, he sold his farm and moved to Hunting- burgh and engaged in the milling business, but at the end of five years, he purchased his old farm. He also OAvned an interest in the Star Mills of Huntingburgh, but has lately given all his attention to stock-raising. He chose for his wife, Anna M. Schavley. To them were born ten children, five now living: Isaac, AVilliam, Mary, Emma and Eva. He is a Democrat, and a member of the Lutheran Church. DANIEL KEUTEPOHLEE, cashier of the Huntingburgh Bank, was born December 17, 1850, and is one of seven children born to Herman and Catherine ( Solman ) Keutepohler, natives of Prussia. The father a cooper by trade, came to America in 1830, locating first in Kentucky, and finally came to Dubois County, Ind., where he has since lived, coopering and farming being his occupations. He has been very successful from a financial standpoint, and has lived in this county thirty-four years. He married our subject's mother in Ohio, in 1842 or 1843, and her death occurred in August 1855. Later, he married Margaret Mann, his present wife. Our subject passed his bov- hood on the farm with his })arents. He secured a fair English education, and by his own efforts is a good German scholar. At the age of twenty, he hired out as teamster to Henry Kunz, of Holland, this county, with whom he remained one year. He then worked at the same business in different parts of the county. He attended college at Berea, Ohio, one year, then returned home and sold books in the county in order to secure money to finish his education, and soon after, attended the Evansville Business College, from which he graduated in 1874. He mar- ried Margaret Kunz, and worked with his father-in-law in the store until 1881, when he began selling drugs on his own respon- sibility. In 1883, he came to Huntingburgh and assumed his present position, which he has filled faithfully and well ever since. In 1876, his wife died, leaving one child. Ella Norn. He married Carrie Huenefeld in 1882. They have one child, Cora Ella. Mr. Eeutepohler is a Republican, and a man who takes an interest in all private and public enterprises. He is secretary of the Huntingburgh Building and Loan Association. He and wife are members of the German Methodist Church, and he is a prominent and successful business man of Dubois County. HERMAN ROTHERT. a prominent citizen of Hunting- 644 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. burgh, Ind,, was born in Hanover, Germany, October 28, 1828, and is an only son of four children born to Gerhard and Marga- retta (Kuhran) Rothert, natives of the same country. The father, who was a house carpenter by trade, came to the United States in 1840, and soon after, located in Huntingburgh, where he worked at his trade, bought lots and built a house in order to prepare a home for his family, whom he had left in the old country. In 1840, he returned home, but came back the same year, bringing his oldest daughter with him. In 1844. he sent for the remainder of his family, and continued working at his trade in Huntingburgh until his death, which occurred in 1855. His widow is still living, at the age of eighty-five, and resides in Huntingburgh. The subject of this sketch was raised in Ger- many, and received only a common education in his native lan- guage. At the age of sixteen, he began learning the carpenter trade of his father, working at it off and on, until he was twenty- eight years old, working also at any manual labor by which he could obtain money. He soon evinced a disposition for trade, and began in the merchandise business, also trading in fur and tobacco, and engaged in the pork-packing business. Later, he began keeping hotel, conducting it successfully for a number of years, also continuing the other enterprises with the exception of store-keeping. Mr. Rothert proved very successful in the to- bacco business, and enlarged his warerooms from time to time, so that now he has two large buildings, one three and a half stories high, and covering an area of 150x152 feet. He gives employment to sixty or sixty-five hands ten months during the year, and handles about 1,000,000 pounds of leaf tobacco annu- ally. He is in every sense of the word a self-made man, having started in life with but little money, and little or no English ed- ucation, but by untiring energy and perseverance, he has arisen step by step, until he now possesses a competency second to none in southern Indiana. He owns 2,500 acres of good land, mostly in Dubois, Pike and Warrick Counties. September 10, 1854, he married Franziska Weber, a native of Bruchsal City, Baden, Germany. To them were born five children: Frank J. ( deceased), Sophia, John H., Hugo C, and Otto A. Mr. Rothert has always been a reliable Democrat, and was a public official here a num- ber of years, and also postmaster for some time. He has never aspired to any office of note. He is a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Reformed Church. His wife who is an intelligent, ac- complished lady, is a member of the Catholic Church. Mr. Roth- ert who is president of the Huntingburgh Bank, is an enterpris- ing and successful business man, owns property in Greene County. x\rk., and has the reputation of being a thoroughly upright and honest citizen. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 645 HENKY SCHEOEE, merchant, Huntingburgli, Incl, and native of Dubois County, was born April 7, 1844. He is a son of William and Christina ( Christo})her ) Schroer, natives of Prus- sia, who married in the old country and came to the United States in 1836 or 1837, locating in Cincinnati, Ohio, where they remained about four years, and then moved to Dubois County. They chose for their home a tract of land a few miles west of Huntingburgh. Here they passed the remainder of their lives, the father's death occurring October 14, 1872, and the mother's March 7, 18(^)U. William was quite successful from a financial standpoint. He cleared and improved his land and was forced to undergo many of the hardships incident to pioneer life. His son Henrv, re- ceived as good an education as could be obtained in the schools of his day and at the age of twenty-two he left home and worked at manual labor in Boonville, Ind. He soon returned home and feeling the necessity of a better education, began selling scientific and religious books in order to obtain money for schooling. He attended the Rockport Indiana College for some time where he fit- ted himself for teaching. He continued at this work until he was twenty-seven or twenty-eight years of age, when he returned home and took control of his father's farm, which he subsequently bought and where he lived until 1880, when he moved to Hunt- ingburgh and engaged in general merchaiidising. His business in- creased so rapidly since 1884 that he took Henry Katterjohn as partner. They have had excellent siiccess and are doing a thriv- ing business. April 15, 18t)lK he married Dinah Feldwisch. To this union were born five children: Emma M., Louis William, Sarah, John and Wesley. Mr. Schroer is a stanch Republican and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is recognized throughout the county as an enterprising and up- right citizen. HENRY SCHNECK, proprietor of a wagon, blacksmith and repair shop, began business September 1, 1871, in the building he now occupies. He has an extensive trade and is doing a thriv- iniJf business. He was born November K), 1843. in Wurtemburo-. . . . ^ Germany, and is one of eight children born to Henrich P. and Christina (Green) Schenck, natives of the same place, in which country they lived and died. The father who was mayor of Oss- weil, died in 18*59, and the mother in 1861. Henry received a good education in the schools of his native country, and at the age of fifteen years began to learn the machinist's trade, serving six years as an apprentice. In 1864 he came to the United States and worked five years in Jeffersonville. Ind., meanwhile learning the blacksmith's trade. Until 1871 he worked in Louisville, Ky., and then came to Huntingbui-gli where he has since resided. Oc- tober 21). 1872, he married Katharine Limp. To this union four 646 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. ehildren were born: Charles, Lizzie, Otto and Hugo. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church and he is a Democrat. HERMANN H. SCHMETT, native of Hanover, Germany, was born August 21, 1838, being the second son in a family of four children of Adam and Kate (Bellar) Schmett, who came to the United States in 1852. On reaching Troy, Ind., the father took sick and died. The family came on to Dubois County, Ind. Herman worked on farms for wages until the breaking out of the war when he enlisted in Company G, Sixtieth Indiana Volunteers, serving until March 21, 18(>5. He participated in the pursuit of Moi'gan. siege of Vicksburg and the Texas cam])aign, and numer- ous lesser engagements. Soon after returning liome he bought the farm where he now lives. He has now a farm of 120 acres and has erected good buildings on it, and is giving con- siderable attention tt:) stock-raising. November 30, 18()5, he married Katie Bergmann, a native of the county. They have six children: Frederick, Adam, Bernhard, Frank, Louis and Edward. Both parents are members of the Lutheran Church. In politics ' he is very liberal, usually voting for the man rather than the party. He favors Democratic principles. DR. CHARLES W. SCHWARTZ, druggist and practicing physician of Huntingburgh, Ind., was born near the city of Strasburg, Germany, December 23, 1850, and is the eldest of three children born to Phillip and Kathrina (Miller) Schwartz, natives of the same place. The father was a carpenter by trade and came to the United States in IS 52, followed by his family a year later. He located in Posey County, Ind. , where he followed his trade and engaged in mercantile pursuits until his death in 1882. The mother died in 1873. Our subject received a fair education in German and English, attending Evansville Business College for some time, at the age of seventeen he began clerking in a store at Evansville where he remained six months. He then returned home and began the study of medicine and attended the University of Louisville, Ky., in 1872, 1873 and 1874, and gradu- ated from that school in the latter year. He came to Perry County and practiced for some months in Leopold during his vacation in 1873. He settled permanently in Huntingburgh and soon established a good practice. In 1880 he began keeping a drug store, which has proved very successful to the Doctor. He carries an excellent stock of goods and has a large share of the trade in town and county. August 2t), 1874, he married Emma Fromm. To them were born two children : Esther S. and Cliarles H. The Doctor is a Republican in politics and was pension ex- aminer for three years. He is a member of the County Medical Society and was president of that body one year. He is a Mason and was raised in the Lutheran Reformed Church of which his BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 649 wife is a memlier. Dr. Scliwartz is one of the energetic and prosperous business men of Dubois County, and is reeogiiized as a well read and efficient physician and an excellent citizen. C. C. SCHEEEDEE, manager of the Huntingburgh Argus, was born January 19, 1847, in Berlin, Germany, being the only son of Charles Frederick and Mary (i\.rensmann) Schreeder. His father dying, his mother, with the subject of this sketch, then a mere lad, sailed for the United States soon after, and ar- rived at Huntingburgh, Ind., in the autumn of 1852, where they took up their residence. About a year afterward his mother married the Eev. Frederick Wiethaup, a minister of the German Evangelical Association, anil the family moved to Evansville, Ind., wdiere Eev. Wiethaup was in charge of a congregation. From Evansville the family moved to the northeastern part of Indiana, where several years were s})ent in diflPerent localities. On account of the then meager school facilities of that part of the State, the opportunities of young Charles for acquiring an ediication were limited. In the fall of IStJl his step-father was appointed to the pastorship of a church in Dayton, Ohio, and during the family's stay in that city lie attended the public schools. In the early part of the year 18C)8, when l>ut sixteen years of age, he enlisted in the Eebellion, joining Company D, Second Ohio Infantry, Avhich company was at once ordered to active duty. He served in the above company as sergeant until the following winter, when he was discharged on account of physical disabilities. During the same winter he went to Evansville. Ind., where he set in to learn the saddler's trade. l)ut was prevented from so doing by a continuance of ill health. In the meantime his step-father had been stationed at Huntini>buri>h, Ind., and his health continuinof to fail, he joined his ])arents at that place. In January, 18()5, he again enlisted in the war. this time joining Company E, One Hundred and Forty-third Indiana Volunteers, going from Hunt- ingburgh. While in the service he at different times performed various officers' duties, and at Tullahoma, Tenn., he was detached from his company, and u[).)n the special selection of Gen. Dud- ley, placed on his body-guard in the capacity of orderly, a position which he occupied until the regiment reached Clarks- ville, Tenn., where the company was mounted, and engaged in sco\iting and ridding that section of guerrillas. While thus en- gaged on the 17th of August he was severely wounded, disabling him for life. He remained witli his regiment, however, and did train guard duty between Clarksville and Bowling Green. The company was discharged on the 2()th of October, 1865, when he returned to Pluntingburgh. and s])ent the following winter in recuperating his broken health. He was married, April 12, 1808, to Miss Louisa C. Behrens, daughter of Herman Behrens, the 650 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. first merchant of Huntingburgh. Two children — a daughter and a son — were born to them. He was then living in Evans- ville, where, in the year of 1868, a battalion of veterans was or- ganized, of which he was elected lieutenant-colonel, which was quite an honor, he being only twenty-one years of age. In April, 1870, he received the Republican nomination for city as- sessor of Evansville, and was elected by a large majority. In October of the same year he was elected assessor of Pigeon Township, Vanderburgh County, and held that office until 1872, when he was nominated and elected city clerk of Evansville, and was the youngest man ever elected to that responsible position, being only twenty-five years of age. On account of his aged parents he returned to Huntingburgh in the fall of 1876. He is an ardent Republican, and takes a prominent part in the politics of the county and State, exerting much influence. In 1878 he was elected chairman of the Republican County Committee, re- elected to the same position in 1880, and again in 1884. For the past fifteen years he has attended every Republican district and State convention, and in 1884 was appointed an alternate dele- gate from the Second Coaigressional District to the Republican National Con,vention, at Chicago. In May, 1877, he was com- missioned postmaster at Huntingburgh, in which capacity he served eight years, making one of the most efficient officers in the State, the office being conducted in the most thorough busi- ness-like manner. Upon retiring from the postoffice he assume;! entire control of the Ai'gus, the only Republican newspaper in Dubois County, making that paper the organ of the Republicans, and also one of the best country papers in • the State. He is an enthusiastic member of the G. A. R. He joined the order at Evansville, but soon organized a post at Huntingburgh, of which he was elected its first commander, and was re-elected to that po- sition again. He now occupies the position of aid-de-camp on the staff of the department commander, with the rank of colonel. CHARLES SHURIG, dealer and manufacturer of tinware, stoves, cane and cider-mills, was born in Saxony, Germany, Sep- tember 25, 1833, being one of a family of seven children, born to August and Wilhelmina (Kulka) Shurig, natives of Germany, where they lived and died. The subject of our sketch remained in his native country until he was seventeen years old, when he came to the United States in 1851, and searched for his sister, who had come here about a year previously, and found her in Newark, N. J. He remained there about five years and then traveled all over the Western States as far as Kansas, working at his trade, and finally bought a farm in Kentucky, where he remained two years. At the breaking out of the war he enlisted as a home guard, and volunteered as a two months' man to guard BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 651 Cumberland Gap; finally on account of his Union sentiments lie was compelled by the Southern guerillas to leave Kentucky, so accordingly, in 18(33, he came to Dubois County, Ind., and start- ed a stove and tin-ware store, remaining in that business ever since, where he has had the best of success. In 1S()() he married Mary Johnson, a native of Kentucky, and a daughter of one of the early and prominent families of that State. They have eight children living: Franklin. Charles, William E., Emma E., James Louis, Philip, Henrietta AV. and Chester August. In politics Mr. Shurig is a stanch Piepublican, and a member of the Evangelical Liitheran Church. GUSTAV SPITZEK (deceased), formerly one of the old and prominent farmers of the county, was born in Solingen, Germany, September 17. 1818, son of John A. Spitzer and Anna Maria Schlagter, who came to the United States in 1832, and located in Louisville, Ky., where they remained about two years, and then came to Dubois Count}-, Ind.. and bought forty acres of land. The father died in 1852, and the mother three years later. Gus- tav received a common school education in his native country. After coming to America he remained with his parents, except a short time before the Mexican war, when he worked at the cut- ler's trade. He was married to Julia Risch. October 6, 1853. To them were born eight children, four of whom are living: Matilda, Hermine, Conrad Gustav and Emily. Mr. Spitzer was quite successful, financially, and at the time of his death, January 13, 187(1, he owned 280 acres of land. He was a member of the Lutheran Church and a good and useful citizen. FREDERICK L. STORK, engineer and one of the propri- etors of the Huntinffburg-li Star Mills, was born December 20, 1851, and is a son of William A. and Mary (Waldmann) Stork, natives of Germany. The father, who was a farmer, immigrated with his wife and three children to America in 1817, and settled in Dubois County, Ind., where he bought a farm and remained until his death in 1880. The mother still resides with a son in Holland, Ind. Our subject received an ordinary English and German education, and at the age of twenty-two years learned the carpenter's trade, and followed it in this county with good success until 1885, when he bought a one-sixth interest in his present business and has given his entire attention to it since. In November, 1880, he married Sophia Louisa Hilsmire, to whom two children were born: Walter Clarence and Stella Hattie. Mr. Stork is a warm Republican, and he and wife are members of the German Methodist Episco})al Church. ADAM STRATMANN was born in Germany, December 8, 1849, and is a son of John and Theresa (Muetterich ) Strat- man, who came to America in 1856, locating first in Coving- 652 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. ton, Ky., where lie remained tliree years. He then came to Dubois County, Ind., farming in Jefferson Township until his death in August, 1883. The mother still resides on the farm. Adam lived with his parents in the city and on the farm until he was fifteen years old, and secured a common German and English education. He left home and began learning the blacksmith trade in Cincinnati, Ohio, and worked at this business until he was twenty-one years of age. He then came to Dubois Coun- ty, and farmed and blacksmithed at home until after the Avar, when he engaged in the saw and grist-mill business in Schnell- ville until 1871, and then farmed until 1884. He then came to Huntingburgh and engaged in selling all kinds of building material in which he has been quite successful. In 1873, he married Caroline Schnell, daughter of Henry Schnell, of Jeffer- son Township. Mr. Stratmann is a Democrat, and a member of the town council and he and wife are Catholics. WILLIAM THIES. manufacturer and dealer in furniture at Huntingburgh. Ind., is a native of Hanover, Germany, born Feljruary -3. 1841, being an only child of John Thies and Ange- lina Wiethaup, natives of the same place, where the father died when William was about tliree years old. Our subject came to the United States with his mother in 1852, and located in Hun- tingburgh, where the mother died in 1877. He received a limited education, which he has improved in later years by his own efforts, and by contact with business life. At the age of twelve years, he began learning the cabinet-maker^ s trade, which he followed for about twelve years. In 1864, he enlisted as a private in Company K, Twenty-fifth Indiana Volunteers, serv- ing until the close of the war, when he returned lioine and worked at his trade until the fall of 1805, and then started a planing-mill in company with Henry Winkenhofer, continuing at tliis about six years. He then sold his interest, and two years later engaged in the tobacco business with Henry Dufendach, at which he continued two years. Until 1884, he was one of the proprietors of the Union Grist-mill. He then sold out, and soon after engaged in his present business, in which he is meeting with good success. Mr. Thies is a successful business man. starting with no capital, he has by good management and indus- try, acquired a comfortable competency. Iq 18()5 he married Anna Wesseler, to whom eight children were born, six now living : Ellen M., Leah, Samuel, Franklin. Walter N. and Lillie. His political views are Eepul)lican, and he and wife are members of the Evangelical Church. VITAL AVALZ, proprietor of the pottery and stone pump factory at Huntingburgh, Ind., was born in Baden, Germany, April 28, 182U, son of Valentine and Agnes (Fritsch) Walz, who BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 653 lived and died in Germany; tlie mother, in 1831, and the father, in 18()o. Vital was raised in Germany, and learned the pottery trade. He came to the United States in 18-31, and soon after located in Evansville, Ind., where he followed his traile nearly four years, then engaged in the business for himself, meeting with good success. In 1880 he came to Huntingburgh and bought out Hermann & Vence, and built his preseiit building in which he is engaged in the manufacture of all kinds of pottery- ware and tiling. In 185() Mr. Walz married Fredrica Yager, a native of Baden, Germany. They are the parents of one child, Joseph V. He is a Democrat in politics, and he and wife are members of the Catholic C'liurch. DANIEL WE8SELEE. farmer, of Dul^ois County, was born in the place where he now resides, December *>, 1811), son of John F. and Margaret (Hartmann)Wesseler, natives of Hanover, Germany. AYhen jibout twenty-five years old the father came to this country, locating for a short time in Louisville, Ky., and then came to Indiana and bought the farm of eighty acres on which he now resides. He and wife are still living, aged, respectively, seventy- five and seventy-four years. They were among the early settlers t)f the county, and have seen the country change from a wilder- ness to its present flourishing condition. Daniel was the only son, and has remained with his parents, taking care of them in their old age. For the past ten years he has had complete control of the farm, which the father increased from eighty to 100 acres. January 1, 1878, he was married to Katharine Miller, native of Germany. To them were born two children: John and Benjamin Franklin. He and wife are members of the Evangelical Church, and he is a Republican, and well and favorably known through- out the county. DR. N. H. WILSON, a native of Jefierson County, Ind., was born November 12, 1841. He is the third child in a family of five sons and two daue'hters born to the marriage of John C. Wil- a O son and A. J. Reynolds, both natives of Jefferson County, Ind., and of Scotch-Irish and Irish-English descent, respectively. The father, avIio was born February 20, 1815, has led a very act- ive business life. He has managed a farm, and has been ex- tensively engaged in stock dealing. He has also been twice in the general merchandise business, in 1851-52 and 18()l-r)5. In 1S()0-()1 he represented his county in the State Legislature. He has been quite successful in business, and. though he began life a poor man, he has accumulated considerable property. He is one of the oldest native residents of Jefferson County, and was nursed by the noted Indian chief. White Eyes. He has been three times married. By the second marriage he is the father of five children, three still living; and by his third wife six, all 654 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. but one of whom is living. Dr. Wilson was reared at home, receiving his early education in the common schools, and later attended the Lancaster College. From 1862 to 1864 he was a member of the Ninth Indiana Legion, and participated in the pursuit of Gen. Morgan. February 13, 1865, he enlisted in Company K, One Hundred and Forty-fifth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which regiment he served until mustered out at Macon, Ga., January 21, 18()(). He was promoted to the posi- tion of hospital steward, and was in the brigade that received the surrender of Gen. Wolford, and which was later divided into de- partments in charge of the Freedmen's Bureau of southwestern Georgia. While with Stoneman on his raid he visited Anderson- ville prison, and now has in his possession a piece of the dead- line procured near the Providential Spring. After his return from the war he continued the study of medicine and dentistry, which he had previously begun. He attended the Miami Medi- cal College at Cincinnati, Ohio, for one year, after which he be- gan the practice of dentistry at Paris, Ind. , and the year following removed to Loogootee. He practiced his profession at that place, traveling in Pike, Dubois, Martin and Spencer Counties, until 1872, when he came to Huntingburgh. He now probably does more dental work than any other dentist in southern Indiana. In addition to his professional duties he has also, at different times, dealt in stock and been engaged in general merchandising. He is a member of the F. & A. M., Royal Arch degree, and the I. O. O. F., Scarlet degree. Politically he is a Republican, and takes an active interest in all political matters. GERSHOM P. WILLIAMS, M. D., of Huntingburgh, Ind., born October 24, 1843, is an only son of James L. and Elizabeth ( Lynn) Williams, natives of Kentucky and Virginia, respectively. The father was a school teacher, which occupation he followed till his death, in 1844. The mother afterward married John Davis, of Warrick County, She died in 1861. At the age of ten years Gershora P. was bound out to his brother-in-law, Ben- jamin Fuller, and was raised by him on a farm, receiving a fair literary education in his boyhood days. At the age of twenty he began the study of medicine under Dr. Barker, of Bloomville, Ind., and in 1866 he attended the medical college of Cincinnati, Ohio, completing his course the following year. He then came to Huntinburgli and began to practice his profession. He has remained here ever since, and has met with good success. In 1871 he married Alice G. McDonald. To them were born five children, four now living: Maud Alice, Jennie Gertrude, Ross and Frank. He is a Democrat, and, although he has never aspired to office, has held various offices of trust in the town and county. He is secretary of the town board of health, and mem- BIOGRAPHICAL e^KETCllES. 655 ber of the American Medical Society. He is a Mason, and was Master of the local lodge three years. During the war he en- listed in Company I, Fifty-third Indiana Volunteers. He was promoted to sergeant of his company. He and wife are mem- bers of the Methodist Church, and are wortliy and respected citizens. PLACIDUS ZARN, O. S. B., rector of the Church of Vis- itation, of Huntingburgh, Ind., is a natiA^e of Canton Graubuend- ten, Switzerland, born March *2, 184(5, and is one of seven chil- dren born to Blasius and Rose C. (Willi) Zarn, natives of Swit- zerland. The father came to the United States in 1856 and located in Tell City, Perry Co., Ind., in 1858, and later re- moved to Spencer County, where he now resides. Father Zarn began his studies preparatory for the priesthood in 1858, at St. Meinrad's College, receiving ordination from that institution in 18()8. July 1(), 1881, he was appointed to his present charge. HARBISON TOWNSHIP. GEORGE ^Y. ABEL is the son of John and Sarah Abel. The father, a native of Virginia, was born in 1807, and the mother in Pennsylvania in 1825. John served as general of the Home Guards in Ohio, and subsequently engaged in surveying in Ohio and Indiana. After he had located in Dubois County he was elected assessor for many terms, and between the years 1854 and 1860 he represented Martin and Dubois Counties in the In- diana State Legislature. His death occurred September 2, 1875. The subject of our sketch was born November 14, 1854. Decem- ber 20, 1881, lie married Margaret Walts of Haysville, Ind. He received a common school education, and in 1882 he was elected justice of the peace, which office he has held ever since. He is a successful farmer, an unprejudiced office holder, and an honest citizen. GEORGE ANGERER was born in Germany June 2, 1823. He came to the United States, after landing in Quebec, and finally went to Louisville, Ky., where he worked as a day laborer. Some time afterward he settled on a farm in Dubois County, Ind., where he has since remained. Barbara Laulner became his wife November 8, 1847. She was of the same nativity as himself, and became the mother of eleven children, seven now living, named as follows: Margaretha (wife of Christian Meyer), John, George, Kathrina, Barbara, and Eva and Lena (twins). December 26, 656 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. 1873, Mrs. Angerer was called from among the living, after hav- ing lived a good and useful life. Mr. Angerer and family belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church. In politics he is a warm Democrat, and a successful farmer and prominent citizen. JOHN ARNOLD is a son of John and Ursula Arnold, na- tives of Germany, who came to the United States in 1847. The father died soon after his arrival and the mother settled with her family in Dubois County, Ind. Her death occurred in 1857. The subject of our biography was born March 3, 1833, in Baiern, Ger- many. He came with his parents to America, and when twenty- three years old, married Kathrina Leifert of the same nativity as himself. They became the parents of eight children — four sons and four daughters — two of whom are dead. Those living are Adam, George, Fred, Maggie, Anna and Barbara. Mr. Arnold received a fair English and German education, and he and family belong to the Lutheran Church. He is a Democrat in politics, and an honest, upright man. He has been quite successful financially, and has done much to benefit the county. JOHN AULENBACHER is a son of Frederick and Eva Au- lenbacher, who were both born in Germany in 1820, and came to the United States in 1851, locating first in Pittsburgh, Penn., where the father worked eight years at the wagon-makers trade. They finally settled in Haysville, Ind., where they reside at the ju-esent time. John was born on the 13tli of May, in Manchester, Penn., and at the age of fourteen years he went to Loogootee, Ind., and afterward to Huntingburgh, Ind., and worked for nearly two years. March 5, 1878, he married Anna Nix, daughter of Rev. Nix of Haysville, and to them was born one son, who died when six weeks old. Mr. Aulenbacher's wife died August 9, 1879, and February 2, 1882, he married his present wife, Augusta Nix. They became the parents of two children: Gustave and George. Mr. and Mrs. Aulenl^acher are members of the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is a Democrat. He is the first cobbler in Hays- ville and is doing a good business. PHILIP BAECHERisthe son of Jacob and Dorothea Baecher, Avho were natives of Germany, where they lived and died. The father died in 1875 and the mother in 1881. The subject of our sketch was born September 8, 1827, and came to this country in 1852. He engaged in the shoe-maker's trade in Pittsburgh, Penn., continuing four years and then came to Haysville, Ind., where he continued at his trade thirteen years. September 11, 1857, he married Elizabeth Sauerteig of Bainbridge Township. They be- came the parents of these children: Margaretha, Johanna F., Mar- tin, John, Amelia K., Johanna S., Margaretha B., Barbara M. and Frank J. On the 13tli of October, 18()4, Mr. Baecher enlisted in Company T. Forty-fourth Indiana Regiment and took an active BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. GoT part in many of the battles of the war. In 1S()5 he received his discharge and returned to his wife and family, and in 1S()1) ]ie started a hotel in Haysville and ke[)t it for a number of years. At the present time he is keeping a grocery and saloon. In pol- itics he is a Democrat, and he and family belong to the Lutheran Church. He is a member of the G. A. R., and a prominent cit- izen of Haysville. MICHAEL BAUERNFEIND, a warm Democrat, of Harl)i- son Township, Dubois Co., Ind., was born in Germany, April ^'(l, 1852, and when tAventy-three years old, left his native land and came to the United States to seek his fortune. After some time he settled in Dubois County, Ind., and began cultivating a farm which he purchased. In ISTC) he led to Hymen's altar, Miss Kathrina Bauer, of Harbison Township. They became the |>arents of three children — two sons and one daughter: Michael. Phillip and Maggie. Mr. Bauernfeind's parents, Stephen and Margaretha Bauernfeind, came to the United States in 1833, and located in Harbison Townshii), Avhere tliev are vet livinof. Michael and family are members of the German Luthernn Church and he has been q^uite successful as a farmer. JOHN BEAUN, a well-to-do farmer, of Harbison Township. Dubois Co., Ind., is a son of Adam and Barbara Braun, who were natives of Germany, where they lived and died. Our sub- ject was born in his parents" native land, August 1, 1821, and in 1852 he immigrated to the United States, landing at New York, and soon after came to Louisville, Ky., Avhere he remained about three and a half years. In 1852 Barbara Graener, a native of Germany, liecame his wife, and they became the parents of these six children: John N., Michael, Andreas, Ehrhardt (deceased), Margaretha (wife of Bernhard Nigg) and Barbara (wife of Henry Neukam. Three years after marriage he moved with his family to Dubois County, and settled on a farm which he has since im- proved and cultivated until it is now one of the most fertile farms in the townshi}). His educational advantages were quite limited. He and family are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and his political views are decidedly Democratic. He has suc- ceeded well as a farmer and is much respected by all. JOHN H. DAVIS was born July 14, 1848. October 20. 18()8, he married Josephine M. Vowel, of Harbison Township. They became the parents of seven children : Robert ( deceased ) , Jennie E., Nannie A., Benjamin B. (deceased), John L., William H. and Josephine C. Mr. Davis has a limited English edu<'a- tion, but by contact with lousiness life, he has overcome this to a considerable extent. He and family belong to the Christian Church, and his political views are Democratic. February 28, 18()4, he enlisted as a volunteer soldier in Company I, Twenty- ■658 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. fourth Indiana Infantry, and served one year and nine months, receiving his discharge on the 12th of December, 1865. He fought bravely for his country, in the battles of Mobile and near Baton Rouge, and took an active part in many others. He is a successful farmer and prominent citizen. JOHN A. DAVISSON was born January 18, 181:1:, in Vin- ton County, Ohio. In August, 1861, he entered the military serv- ice and was mustered in September 17, as a private soldier in Company C, Thirty-sixth Ohio. He acted a noble part in the battles of Antietam, South Mountain, Mission Ridofe, and in the struggle of the Shenandoah Valley. He re-enlisted as a veteran and served as corporal until his discharge, July 31, 1865. July 24, 1861), he married Elizabeth Robisson of Crawford County, Ohio. Her death occurred August 1, 1870, and December 24. 1872, he married Johanna J. Divins of Martin County. To them were born six children: James M., Lee W., Lucetta J. and three deceased. Mr. Davisson and family are members of the Chris- tian Church and in politics he is a Democrat, and has served as constable of Dubois County, Ind., four years. He is quite a successful farmer and prominent man. W. M. DeMOTT, M. D., was born January (>, 1846, son of John and Susan DeMott, who were natives of Indiana and born in 1823 and 1827, respectively. They were married October 8, 1844, and were the parents of seven children. Our subject re- mained at home until eighteen years old, when he enlisted as a volunteer soldier in the Tenth Indiana Cavalry, and participated in the skirmishes of Pulaska, Tennessee, Decatur, ^Alabama, and Mussel Shoals. He fought bravely in the battle of Nashville, where about one-fourth of his regiment was captured. He re- ceived his discharge May 26, 1865. On the 15th of January, 1S73, he married Anna Niehaus of Huntingburgh, Ind. Six children were, born to them: Eva, John, Bernhard, Leopold, Elizabeth, and one deceased. Dr. DeMott was educated in the public schools of Dubois County and attended the Rockport Col- legiate Institute one year and graduated from the College of Medicine and Surgery at Cincinnati, Ohio, February 27, 1871. He is the only physician in Haysville, and has an extended practice; he and family belong to the Methodist Church, and he is a member of the I. O. O. F. and the G. A. R. PHILLIP DILLY is a son of Phillip and Mary Dilly, who were natives of Germany. The father, born January K), 1816, and the mother March 25, 1816. They came to the United States in 1840 and 1845, respectively, They married in Cincin- cinnati, Ohio, and became the parents of three children, two still living: Phillip and Katherina. The mother died November 2(), 1873. The father was a blacksmith bv trade, and worked at this BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 659 business after coming to America. He still resides in Perry County, Ind. Our subject was born on the 'iOtli of January, 1847. At the age of twenty-four he married Barliara A. Leist- ner, of Harbison Township. To them were born three children: Kathrina. John G. and Elizabeth (deceased). Mr. Dilly and family are members of the Lutheran Church, and he is a Demo- crat in politics and was elected to the office of assessor in 1872, and served three years. In 1875 he was elected trustee and faithfully discharged the duties of that office four years. In 1870 he was re-elected assessor, and in 1884 was again elected to the office of trustee. He is })Ostmaster of Kellerville and is the senior member of the firm of Dilly & Leistner, dealers in general merchandise; he is a successful l)usiness man and faith- ful office holder. ^^^^JAMES P. HARBISON is the son of James P. and Elizabeth Harbison. The father was born in Kentucky February 12, 1803, and the mother was born March 18,1808. They married in Ken- tucky, and in 1827, removed to Dubois County, Ind., where the father followed farming as an occupation. His death occurred August 18, 1841, and the mother died October 11, 1885. Our subject was born in Harbison Townshi[>. February 14, 1830, and lived with his parents until his marriage, Avliich took place De- cember 19, 1851. His wife, Allatha Miller, was born born May 13, 1834. This union was blessed with four children: Eva, Emma, Lota B. and one not named. His wife died October 24, 1880, and about a year later he married Mary J. Miller, his pres- ent wife. They belong to the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Mr. Harbison is a Republican, and has held the office of justice of the peace for twelve years. He is one of the old pioneer settlers of Harbison Township — a successful farmer and an honest and respected man. JOHN C. HARDER was born in Germany, October 30, 1843, son of Fred and Margaretha Harder, who were also natives of Germany. The father was born in 1808, and came to this country in ls4(), and settled in Dubois County, Ind. At the age of twenty-two John C. married Barbara Angerer of Dubois County. To them were born ten children — six sons and four daughters: John L., George, Fred, Peter, Henry E., John D., Eva (deceased), Maggie, Anna and Kathrina. Mr. Harder is quite well educated, having received a good German education. He is an ardent Democrat, and a successful farmer and prominent man of Harbison Township. He and family are members of the Lutheran Church, and he is one of the old settlers of the county and has seen the country transformed from a wilderness inhabited by numerous wild animals, to Avell cultivated fields and comforta- ble homes. 660 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNT V. JOHN HEETEL was born in Baiern. Germany. February 14, 1814. He came to the United States in 1843 landing at New Orleans, and finally settled in Dubois County, Ind., when the country was a densely wooded tract of land, and when the settle- ments were few and far between. He remained there a short time and then removed to Louisville, Ky., where he remained five years ; then returned to Dubois County and began tilling the soil. November 20, 1847. he married Margaretha Arnold, a native of Baiern, Germany. This union remains childless. He and wife belong to the Lutheran Gliurch, and in politics he is a Democrat, and is a successful farmer and a prominent man of Harbison Township. He is quite well educated in his native language l)ut his English education is limited. JOHN H. HOFFMANN was born March 1, 1844. in Jasper, Ind. On reaching his majority he left his parents and soon after married, tlis father and mother were natives of Germany. The father died in this country but the mother is still living. Our subject received a very limited education in German, and has followed the occupation of farming all his life and has for the last sixteen years run a threshing machine. Our subject married Anna Klebner, who resided in Harbison Township. Five chil- dren were born to them, all daughters: Barbara, Margaretha, Mary. Lizzie and Emma. He and family are meml)ers of the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is a Democrat, and an honest and upright man, respected by all who know him. GEORGE HOFFMAN is the son of John G. F. and K. Hoffman, who were natives of Germany and who immigrated to the United States in 1848. and finally settled in Harbison Town- ship, Dubois Co., Ind. Here they were married and made their home. The father was engaged in store keeping and the brewery business, and at last in farming. His death occurred August 26, 1883. The mother yet lives in Harbison Township. The sub- ject of our sketch was born May 4, 1854, in Harbison Townshij). Here he married Barbara Heebner, April 24. 1877. To them were born four children — two sons and two daughters: Harry, Jacob, Lizzie and one deceased. Mr. Hoffman and family are members of the Lutlieran Church and in ])olitics he is an ardent Democrat. He is one of the company that has leased several farms for the purpose of mining silver and lead. He has been quite successful as a farmer and trades quite extensively in stock. He is a prominent man and leading citizeji of the township in which he lives. THOMAS P. HOPE is the son of James and Abigail Hope, who were natives of Kentucky. The father was born Noveml)er V), 1789, and was a farmer by occupation, and after coming to Indiana served as justice of the peace until his death, a period of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 6t31 twenty years. His wife died June *2, 1863. Our subject was born February 15, 1820, in Dubois County, Ind. May 21», 1841 >, he married Nancy Harris of Dubois County. Their union was blessed with six cliildren — two sons and four daugliters: Helen M.. wife of J. A. Chrisman. of Jasper, Ind. ; Emily A., wife of Lyman Curry ; Laura, Erastus E., Lovicy and Thomas P. Thomas received as good a common school education as could be obtained in the schools of his boyhood. By hard work and economy he lias become a well to do and influential farmer. He and family ])elong to the United Brethren and Christian Churclies. In poli- tics he is a Democrat and has held the office of trustee for one year. He is one of the old pioneers of the county and an honest and upright man. JOHN KELLER, the founder of Kellerville. Ind., was born August 23, 1830, in Baiern, Germany. He came to the United States in 1852, and landed at New York. He then came to Louis- ville, Ky., where he remained three years, engaged in buying and selling wood. Fr(3m Louisville he came to Dubois County, Ind., and October 4, 1854, he married Margaretha Hogan, native of Germany. In 1867 he started a general merchandise store in Kellerville, and was engaged the e as a merchant for fourteen years. He then sold out and engaged in farming. He and wife became the })arents of eleven children — six sons and five daugh- ters: John A., John H., Michael, Conrad, Lena, Lizzie, Marg^a- retha, Emma, George ( deceased ) , Barbara and one not named. Mr. Keller received a good German education and can read English. He and family belong to the Lutheran Churcli. lu politics he is a Democrat, and has been a successful merchant and prominent farmer. JOHN C. KELLER, farmer of Harl)ison Township, Dubois Co., Ind.. is a son of John M. and Magdalena Keller, who were natives of Germany, where the mother was born July 18, 1830. Tliey removed to the United States in 1S55, and settled on a farm which they began clearing and cultivating. Previous to this Mr. Keller was engaged in the shoe-maker's trade in Louisville, Ky., for some time. His death occurred October 26, 1884, and the mother's November 22, 1871. The subject of our sketch was born July 18, 1858, in Harbis(m Township. April 30, 1881, he married Lizzie Hagan, of Harbison Township. To them Avas born one child — a son — George C. Mr. Keller and wife are active members of the Lutheran Church, and he has a very good education in English and German. He is a Democrat and a good farmer and })rominent man of Harbison Tovvuship. JOHN B. KRODEL is a son of John and Anna Krodel. who were natives of Germany and came to the United States in 1842, and settled near Haysville, where our subject was born October 662 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY\ 24, 1848. The father, who was a farmer, died in 1875 ; the mother still lives. At the age of twenty-five John B. married Barbara Hoffman, who bore him five children — four sons and one daughter: George, John H.. John A., John W. and Emma M. He and family belong to the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is an ardent Democrat. He is at present engaged in the brewing business and farming. His large brewery was erected near Haysville in 1871. He has been quite successful in that occupa- tion, but at the present time devotes most of liis time and attention to farming, in which he has succeeded well. He is a good farmer and an honest business man. KEY. JOHN LAUTENSCHLACxEE, pastor of the Lu- theran Church at Haysville, was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, and. came to America in 1854, residing first in Dayton, Ohio, where he remained two years. He then studied theology at the Capital University in Columbus, Ohio, four years and graduated in 1860. He began his pastoral duties in Greenville, Ohio, where he remained nine years, and then went to Irontown, Ohio, remaining there three years also, thence to Ashland, Ky., remain- ing six years. Li 1884 he was called to Haysville where he is serving in his ministerial capacity at the present time. The con- stitution of the church at Haysville was framed by John Her- mann, and adopted March 3, 1849 ; Christian Nix succeeded him and served twenty-nine years. He was succeeded by Rev. Bauer, who remained two years. The corner-stone of the church Avas laid December 15, 1867, and dedicated September 13. 18(58. There are about 140 voting members, and the church and property are valued at !^3,000. JACOB LEISTNER, was born on the l»th of June, 1824, in Baiern, Germany. In 1841 he left his native land and immi- grated to the New World. He landed at Baltimore. Md., and finally settled in Dubois County, lud. February 9, 1846, he was married to Elizabeth B. Heebner, a native of Baiern, Ger- many, and to them were born ten children — four sons and six daughters: John G., George, Adam (deceased), Conrad (de- ceased), Barbara A. (wife of Phillip Dilly), Margaretha (wife of Jacob Nigg),Kathrina, Mary (wife of Daniel Neukam), Elizabeth B. and Anna M. January 28, 1884, the mother departed this life. Mr. Leistner received a fair German education, and in pol- itics he is a Democrat, and [is one of Dubois County's most suc- cessful farmers. He and family are members of the Lutheran Church, and he is an honest and respected man. JOHN G. LEISTNER, of the firm of Dilly & Leistner, is the son of Jacob and Elizabeth Leistner (elsewhere written), he was born January 19, 1849, in Harbison Township, Dubois County, Ind., and remained with his parents on the farm until BIOGRArHICAL SKETCHES. 66S thirty-two years old. December, 1883, he married Lizzie Lottes of Harbison Township. He and wife belong to the Lutheran Church. Owing to the undeveloped schools of early times he received a limited education. In politics he is a Democrat. September, 1881, he purchased a one-half interest in a general merchandise store at Kellerville, and has worked at the business ever since. The firm is doing a paying business, and he is a good business man and excellent citizen. CONRAD LEITZ was born December 11), 1841), in Har- bison Townshi}). At the age of twenty-one years he left home, and began working for himself. In July, 1874, he married Anna K. Grossman, a native of Harl)ison Tow^nship, and they became the parents of six children — three sons and three daughters : Con- rad, George, Frederick, Kundel (deceased), Margaretha (de- ceased), and Eva. He and family are members of the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is a Republican. He is engaged in farming, and is also one of six men who have leased several farms for the purpose of mining. He has fine prospects for ore on his own farm in Harbison Township. Mr. Leitz is a farmer, but at times engages in the mason trade and carpentering. He is a member of the A. O. U. W., and is much respected for his many good qualities. GEORGE LEITZ was born January 14, 1851, and remained with his ])arents until he was twenty-five years old, assisting them on the farm. On the 30th of November, 1875, he married Margaretha Hoffmann, of Harbison Township. To them were born five children^three sons and two daughters: Joseph P., John A., John E., Margaretha and Barbara Emeline (deceased). Mr. Leitz and family are members of the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is a Democrat of long standing. He has a good farm in Harbison Township, furnished with fair buildings. He is quite successful in business, and is much respected by all who know him. JOHN LEITZ is a son of John and Margaretha Leitz, who were born in Germany. The father came to this country in 1845» and the mother some years later. The father died in April, 1876. The mother still lives in Harbison Township. Our subject was born September 21, 1858, in Dubois County, and in 1878, he married Elizabeth Neukom, native of the county. Three chil- dren were born to them — ^one son and two daughters: John W., Barbara, and Maggie. He and family belong to the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is a Democrat, and is also a member of the A. O. U. AV., of Portersville, Ind. He is one of the first settlers of Portersville, and engaged in the grocery, saddlery and saloon business, and also keeps a hotel, doing a good business in that line. Mr. Leitz is one in a company that has purchased a 604 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. lease of a farm that promises to be very rich in minerals. He has had some of the ore assayed, and in every ton of raw mate- rial, were found eight ounces of silver. South of Haysville, he also contemplates opening a region that promises to be very rich in the production of lead. He is a wide-awake energetic man, aiid is very successful in whatever he undertakes. FEEDEEICK MANN is the third son of Wolfgang and Mar- garetha Mann, who were natives of Germany, the father born in iSll, and the mother in 1818. They came to the United States in 1841, married and settled in Dubois County, Ind. ; June 24, 1S( ')('), the father died and since that time the mother has lived with our subject, who was born January 27. 1847. August 27, 1808, he married Margaretha Hoffmann, of Harbison Township. They became the parents of eight children — six sons and two daughters: Frederick, Eva, George and Margaretha (deceased ), and Jolin,AVill- iam, George and Loraine, living. Mr. Mann owns and cultivates a very large farm, on which are excellent and beautiful l)uildings. He and family belong to the Lutheran Church, and he is a Dem- ocrat and a prominent and successful business man. GEOEGE MEYEE is the son of Frederick and Margaretha Meyer, who were natives of Germany and born in 1811 and 1821, respectively. They were married in the old country and immi- grated to the United States in 1842, landing at New Orleans and linally locating in Dubois Count}', Ind., where the father farmed. He died in August, 1888. and the mother still lives with her son Michael. George Avas born October 20, lfS43, and when nineteen years old enlisted in Company K., Sixty -fifth Indiana Volunteers. He fought bravely in the battles of Knoxville, Jonesboro, Zolli- coffer. Bean Station, PauFs Valley and Mulberry Gap and was with Sherman on his march to the sea. His health finally failed liim and he was sent to the hospital and received his discharge August 8, 1864. He was in Ford's Theatre the night President Lincoln Avas assassinated. June K), 1S07, he married Margaretha Freyberger of New Albany, Ind. They became the parents of eight children: John S., George A., John A.. George W., John E.. John L.. Eva and Anna. Mr. Meyer is at present engaged in cabinet-making, carpentering, farming, making shingles and manufacturing about 1,000 gallons of molasses annually. He and family l^elong to the Luthera]i C'hurch and in politics he is a Democrat. MAETIN MEYEE, is a son of Christopher and Ursula Meyer, who were born in Germany in 1801) and 1815, respect- ively. They came to this country in 1841 and landed at Balti- more, and afterward settled on a farm in Dubois County, Ind., where they remained some time and then moved to Crawford Ccmnty, Ind., where they yet live. Our subject was born June .;4-^ • ^^ '.^^'^o-^:^:^ O' /C^//2U;^e^ V^ •^ BIOaRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 667 2, 1840. He remained with his parents until the breaking out of the Rebellion, when he wished to enlist as a regular volunteer soldier, but owing to his youth, he was not accepted. August 25, 18()4, he was mustered as a regular soldier in Company A, Forty- ninth Indiana Veteran Volunteer Infantry, and served over a year, receiving his discharge September 18, 18()5. Margaretha Weidenhammer became his wife May 26, 1868. To them were born seven children: Andrew, Barbara, Anna K. (deceased), Mary W., Anna, Michael and one not named. Mr. Meyer is en- gaged in farming, and in connection with this engages at times in carpentering and harness-making. He is also a fair musi- cian, which he acquired without the aid of an instructor. He and family are members of the Lutheran Church and he is a Democrat. HENRY MEYER is the son of John and Christina Meyer, who were natives of Germany, and born in 1807 and 1810, respectively. They came to the United States in 1844, landed at New Orleans, and finally settled in Dubois County, Ind., where the mother died July 1(), 1851. The father yet lives with his son Henry. The subject of our sketch was born April 10, 1847, in Harbison Townshij), Dubois Co., Ind. Here he passed his boy- hood days on the farm, hard at work. He received his English education in the public schools of his native State and received a somewhat limited education in Germany, in subscription schools. December 14, 1871, he married Barbara Kiefner, of Haysville, Ind. They became the parents, of seven children — five sons and two dauofhters : Conrad, John A., Martin, Maggie, Amelia, Fred- O 111 oo ■ ■ erick W. and John. Mr. Meyer and family are members of the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is a stanch Democrat and a respected citizen. JOHN L. OPEL is a son of John and Margaretha Opel, natives of Germany, who came to the United States in 1837, and settled in Dubois County, Ind. The father, who was born in 1803, was one of the leading men of Jasper, doing business in groceries, farming and live-stock; he died in 1874, and his wife in 1872. John L. was born in Dul)ois County, May 3, 1843, and at the age of twenty-three left home and began farming and keep- ing saloon. Shortly after he engaged in the butchering business in Petersburg, Ind., where he remained four years, and then went to Washington and engaged in the same business; he left there after a short time and finally came to Haysville, where he has been retailing liquors and following his old trade. Barbara Doernhoefer became his wife September 5, 1865. They are the parents of eight children: George W., Sophia, Leander, Eliz- abeth, John, Frederick, Mathilda (deceased) and Caroline. He and family are members of the Lutheran Church, and iji politics 668 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. he is a Democrat, and a member of the A. O. U. W. He has served as constable two years, and in 1881, was elected to the office of assessor, which position he has held satisfactorily four years. A. T. POTTS is the son of John L. and Sarah Potts. The father was born in Tennessee in 1818, and died December 22, 1883. The subject of our sketch was born November, 11, 1847, in Lost Eiver Township, Martin Co., Ind. January 21, 1869, he married Susan Kutherford, of Martin County. To their union were born six children — two sons and four daughters: Virgin M., wife of John Drabing; William H., Sarah C, Susan K., Ida and Thomas R. Mr. Potts is a member of the Christian Church, and his wife of the Methodist Episcopal Church; he is a warm Republican and is a notary public, and holds the office of post- master at Hickory Grove, Ind. ; he served one term as constable of Harbison Township, giving the best satisfaction; he is at present a partner in the firm of Potts & Potts, at Hickory Grove, dealers in dry goods, notions, groceries, boots and shoes. They are doing a paying business. DANIEL PREUSZ was born in Germany on the 16th of September, 1822. January 1, 1839, he left his native land and came to America, landing at Baltimore, and after a short period came to Indiana and settled in Harbison Township, Dubois Coun- ty, where he has since lived and followed the occupation of farming. August 27, 1849, he married Barbara Neukam, a na- tive of Germany, who bore him nine childi'en — three sons and six daughters: George, John, Thomas, Mary (wife of Edward Stucker), Maggie, Barbara (wife of John Scliott), Lizzie (wife of George Bretwieser), Katie and Kunigunda. Mr. Preusz and family are members of the Evangelical Lutheran St. John's Church. In politics he is a Democrat, and served two years as trustee of Columbia Township. He obtained a good German education, but his children are well educated in both English and German. November 13, 1884, he was appointed postmaster of Ludlow, which office he at present holds. He is one of the early pioneers of Dubois County, and one of its most prominent citizens. JOHN RUCKRIEGEL, only son of George and Margaretha Ruckriegel, was born February 2, 1841, in Dubois Count}^ Ind. The parents were natives of Germany, and shortly after coming to this country the father died. John staid with his parents until 1864, when he enlisted in Company D, Seventy-fourth Indiana Volunteers. He fought bravely in many bloody battles, and at the close of the war returned to his native home. In 1866 he married Lizzie Brietboch, of Boone Township. To them were born these children: Maggie (deceased), Henry, Maggie, Mary, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 669 Eva, Frederick and Adam. Mr. Ruckriegel has a fair German education. In politics he is a Democrat, but liberal in his views. He and family belong to the Lutheran Church. As a business man he is very successful. He is one of the old pioneers, and a veteran soldier of Harbison Township. ADAM EUDOLPH. of the firm of Rudolph Bros., Hays- ville, Ind., is a son of Henry and Elizabeth Rudolph, natives of Germany. They married in Pennsylvania, and were the parents of nine children. The old folks are still living near Portersville, where our subject was born June 1. 18, he was married to Eosena Jackoby, a native of Allegheny County, Penn. They have seven children: Margaret, Peter, Frances, Susan, Mary, Joseph and Paul. After marriage he lo- cated on the old homestead, which ^he bought,' and which he has since increased to 120 acres. He is an industrious hard-working farmer and deserves success. In politics he is a Democrat cast- ing his first vote for Seymour and Blair. The family are Cath- olics. J. H. BECKMANN was born in Ferdinand, Ind., March 12, 1842. He is a son of John and Anna M. (AVheeler) Beckmann. Our subject was the first child born in Ferdinand. He received a common school education and worked in his father's store until he reached the age of seventeen. He then worked at the carpen- ter's trade for about three years. During the Eebellion he enlisted in Company E, Ninety-first Indiana Infantry, and served for three years. He took an active part in the battle of Nash- ville, and was in the entire Atlanta campaign and many minor engagements. He remained till the close of the war, then returned home and began Avorking for his father. In 1808 he started in business for himself, establishing a merchandise store in Ferdinand. May 12, 1868, he married Kate Schmid, daugh- ter of Henry and Catharine Schmid. They have one child, Berta. Mr. Beckmann remained in the mercantile business for twelve years. He then sold out to his brother in 1880, and commenced dealing in lumber. In connection with this he speculated in tobacco and grain, and now carries on the three lines of business BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 671 ^'ith marked success. He handles, on an average, ()0(),000 pounds of tobacco, 1,00(),()()() feet of lumber and 100,000 bushels of grain annually. He is a stanch Democrat, and he and his wife belong to the Catholic Church. JOHN G. BECKMANN, merchant of Ferdinand, Ind., was born January 4, 1852, in Dubois County, Ind. He is a son of John G. and Anna M. (Wheeler) Beckmann, who were born in Germany. His father came to the United States in 183(), and some time after settled in Dubois County, which he afterward made his home. His death occurred Decend^er 25, 1870, aged sixty-one. The mother died February 10, 1880, at sixty-four years. The subject of our sketch was reared at home, and at the age of twelve entered St. Meinrad College, which he attended for one year. He was for some time a clerk in a large dry goods house in Louisville, Ky., where he worked one year. He then came home and worked in a store belonging to his father until 1870, when he went to Dayton, Ohio, and attended St. Mary's College for six months. Owing to the death of his father, he returned home and some time after hired out as a commercial traveler for a Louisville house. He continued in this business for three years. August 22, 1875, he married Lizzie Snyder, daughter of Charles and Catharine Snyder, to whom four children were born: Anna Mary, Charles Robert (deceased), Ella and John Charles. After marriage he worked some time for his brother, Harman, and in 1877 he commenced buying and shipping poultry to New Orleans. About 1878 he became a leading mer- chant of Ferdinand. He is also an agent for several kinds of farming implements, and is doing a profitable business. Mr. Beckmann, with his wife, is a member of the Catholic Church, and is a Democrat in politics. JOHN B. BRINCKMANN was born Septem])er :30, 1S38, in Hanover, Germany, and is a son of John B. and Mary Ann (Lindermeyer) Brinckmann, who were natives also of Germany. The father immigrated to this country in 1845, locating at Louis- ville, Ky., where he remained about seven years and then moved to Fulda, Spencer Co., Ind., where he bought eighty acres of land and began tilling the soil. His death occurred January 21, 1881, at the age of eighty years, and his wife's in 1840. Our siibject lived with his parents on the farm until he reached his majority, when he began workinij for himself. March 10, 1858, he mar- ried Mary Anna Miller, a native of the State of Ohio. To them were born eight children, these now living: Margaret, Lizzie, Frank, John, Louisa, Sophia, Peter and Susan. After marriage he moved to Louisville and hired out as a teamster. He lived there two years and then came to Dubois County, Ind., and bought forty acres of land in Ferdinand Township and forty 672 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. acres in Spencer County. He has improved his farm very much and now has a nice home. He is a Democrat, casting his first vote for Stephen A. Douglas. He and his family are members of the Catholic Church. JOHN BAUNLEIN was born in Germany, August 24, 1823, and is a son of Michael and Frances (Bowes) Baunlein, who were also born in Germany. The father followed farming as an occupation, and remained in his native country until his death, which occurred in 1851. His wife died three years later, about sixty years of age. The subject of our biography received a common school education in his native land and remained at home until he was twenty-one years of age, when he enlisted as a soldier and served six years. In 1852 he came to the United States and located near Ferdinand, Dubois Co., Ind., where he has since lived. September 24, 1853, he married Elizabeth Krapf, a native of Germany, to whom three children have been born: John (deceased), Andrew and Catharine. By industry and close attention to business, he now owns 140 acres of land. He has erected him a fine dwelling house, built good barns, and added other improvements. In politics he is a Democrat, having cast his first vote for Stephen A. Douglas. He and his family are members of the Catholic Church. JOSEPH DROLL, one of the old settlers of Dubois County, Ind., was born November 8, 1822. in Germany. He is a son of Anton and Margaret (Droll) Droll, both of whom were natives of Germany. Our subjecfs father came to this country in 1835, locating in Pittsburgh, Penn., where he lived for five years and then moved to Dubois County and bought eighty acres of land, where he remained until his death, which occurred in June, 18(36. His wife died in October, 1831). Our subject received a common school education in his native land, and came with his parents to this country when he was about twelve years of age; he made his home with them until he was twenty-five, when he went to Louisville and hired out as a bar-keeper, at which he worked for seven years, the last year working for himself. In March, 1850, he married Mary Josephine Schum, a native of Germany, to whom four children were born: Catherine, Alexander (deceased), Mary O. and Margaret. In 1840 he moved to Dubois County and worked on his father's farm during the summer seasons, and for two winters went to Louisiana and chopped cord wood. He again tried farming the old place, but owing to ill health he was obliged to abandon that business. He then moved to Hawsville, Ky., where he kept hotel for one year, at the end of which he returned to the farm where he has since lived. Between 1843 and 1845 he bought eighty acres of land Avhere he has since lived. Mr. Droll is a Democrat, and he and his wife are mem- bers of the Catliolic Church. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 673 MICHAEL EGLER was born February 2, 18-27, in Prussia, and is one of a family of four children liorn to Wendel and Eliz- abeth Egier, both of whom were natives of Prussia. His father left his native country and came to the United States, locating in Dubois County, Ind., where he bought eighty acres of land and began tilling the soil. Here he remained until his death, which occurred about 1840, and his wife's about 1859. Our subject re- ceived a common school education in his native country and came to America when about ten years of age, and made his home with his parents until their deaths. He followed steam-boating for three winters, meeting with fair success. April 12, 1855, he married Susana Trexler, a native of Pittsburgh, Penn., to whom eleven children were born: Joseph, Michael, Frances, Mary, Catherine, Josephine, Lulu, Jacob, Wendel, Rosa and Bertha. After marriage he located on the old home place, Avhere he yet resides. By good management he now owns 440 acres in Dubois County. In politics he is a Democrat, and he and family are members of the Catholic Church. ANDREW J. FISHER, postmaster at Ferdinand, Avas born October 21, 1853, in Connecticut. He is a son of John and Bar- bara ( Gutting ) Fisher, the former a native of Switzerland, and the latter of Bavaria, Germany. His father was a cabinet-maker, but on coming to the United States, in 1840, he followed the oc- cupation of farming. About 1859 he removed to Spencer County, Ind., and bought eighty-five acres of land, on which he still re- sides. His wife died January 2, 1888, seventy-two years old. The subject of this sketch received a common school education. He lived with his parents until he was twenty-five years of age. In 1869 he commenced learning the art of photography, in Rock- port, Ind. He soon began business for himself, and had good success. October 9, 1877, he married Catharine Rickelmann, born January 21, 1856, in Ferdinand, Ind. They have one child, Edwin J., born October 30, 1878. Mr. Fisher bought a home in Ferdinand soon after he was married, and has since been keeping a bar-room in that place. He is a Republican, casting his first vote for Garfield. In 1880 he took the census of Ferdi- nand Township. JOHN B. GOHMANN. merchant and hotel proprietor, of Ferdinand, Ind., was born July 25, 1826, in Prussia, Germany. His parents. Theodore and Mary Ann (Eilker) Gohmann, were natives of Germany, and came to America in 183(1 The father died in Washington, Ind., in 1838. The mother died July 16, 1863. The subject of our biography received but little education, owing to the early death of his father. At the age of fourteen he commenced as an apprentice making cig- ars, at Louisville, Ky. He worked at the business for about 674 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. seven years, when he hired out as a salesman for a wholesale liquor and cigar house in Louisville. He worked at this business for about six years, accumulating some property. July 25, 1847, he married Mary Ann Frances Stoever, a native of Germany, who bore him three children, all of whom are deceased. In 1853 he moved to Dubois County, Ind., and bought a house and two lots in Ferdinand, where he has since resided. His wife died March 25, 1855, and April 5, 1856, he married Augusta Bunke. They have two childi'en: Clara and Emily. His wife dying May 21, 1860, he married Mina Hanhart, July 2(j, 1860. Seven children were born to them: John, Albert, Theodor Frederick, Josephine Caroline, Edward Beta, Rosa Augusta and Eugene Otto. Mr. Gohmann began keeping a general merchandise store, at which he is now engaged. In 1860 he started a hotel, known as the " Indiana Hotel." In 18()8 he was elected superintendent of some mineral lands that were discovered southeast of Ferdinand. The mine Avas worked for some time, when it was abandoned, owing to the difficulty of transportation. In 1851 he was appoint- ed postmaster at Ferdinand, and held the office for twenty years, but not without intermission. In 1875 he was nominated and elected county commissioner, and held that office for three years. His wife then filled the office as postmistress. Mr. Gohmann made an efficient officer, and in 1878 was re-elected the second time. He and his wife are members of the Roman Catholic Church. CHARLES GOEPRICH, one of the old settlers of Dubois County, Ind., was born November 12, 1829, in Germany, and is a son of George J. and Frances (Wallicht) Goeprich, both of whom were natives of Germany. They died in the old country, the father in 1835, and the mother in 1833. The subject of our sketch was left an orphan when but a small boy. He lived with his sister and aunt, and worked as a farmer until he was eighteen years of age, when he came to the United States, and located in Dubois County, and hired out as a day laborer, working one year, when he went to Louisville, Ky., and worked on a farm nearly two years. He then began working on a steamboat that sailed on the Ohio, Mississippi, Red and Missouri Rivers, and continued at that work for upward of six years. February 21, 1854, he married Catherine Deering, a native of Germany, to whom eleven children were born: Mary, Leonard, Elizabeth, Frances, Joseph, John, Charles, Catherine, Paul, Rachel, and Susan. After his marriage he returned to Dubois County and bought eighty acres of land, where he located and commenced his career as a farmer. By good management he now owns 320 acres, all in Ferdinand Township. In politics he is a Democrat, and he and his family are members of the Catholic Church. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 675 GERHARD B. HOPPENJANS was born in September, 1821, in Hanover, Germany. His parents were Bernard and Mary Hoppenjans, both of whom were bom in Germany. They came to this country in 1847, and settled in Dubois County, Ind., where the father died March 8, 1848, in his sixty-fourth year. The mother's death occurred May 15, 1870, at the age of sixty- eight. The subject of our sketch received a common school edu- cation in his native land, and came to this country in 184(3, and settled in Dubois County, where he bought eighty acres of land, which he has since increased to 197, in Ferdinand Township, where he now lives. May 6, 1852, he married Cecelia Anlage, who was born in Hanover. Germany, in 1824. They have one child, named Henry. He is living in Ferdinand, and is running a grist-mill, and is township trustee. Our subject's wife died April 30, 1854, and April 2, of the next year, he married Mary Dall, a native of Germany, to whom four children were born: Herman, Anna, Benjamin and Chrysostomus. Mr. Hoppenjans is a Democrat, casting his first vote for Pierce. He and his fam- ily are members of the Catholic Church. HENRY HOPPENJANS was born April 28, 1854, in Du- bois County, Ind. His parents, Gerhard Bernard and Cecelia (Anlage) Hoppenjans, were natives of Germany, who came to this country and located in Louisville, Ky. About 1851 Mr. Hoppenjans came to Dubois County, and bought 120 acres of land. He yet lives on the old place, and is sixty-five years of age. His wife died April 30, 1854. The subject of our sketch received a common school education, and in addition to this was three years a student in the St. Meinrad College, in Spencer County. At the age of eighteen he became a teacher, and has taught each winter since, with one exception. February 11, 1879, he married Mary E. Axe, born February, 1862, in Ohio. They have three children; Bernard H., Mary Cecelia and Henrietta. In 1881 he bought two lots, and erected a fine dwelling house and a large flouring-mill in April, 1885. John W. Willmer owns a half interest in the mill at the present time. In politics he is a Democrat, and was elected township trustee in 1884, for the term of two years, which office he has very successfully filled. ANDREW HASSFURTHER, one of the old settlers of Dubois County, Ind., was born March 14, 1828, in Bavaria, Ger- many, and is a son of Matthew and Eve (Helmuth) Hassfurther, who were born in Germany. His father Avas a farmer, and pos- sessed quite a talent for music, playing on almost any kind of instrument. He immigrated to America in 1840 and settled in Dubois County, where he bought eighty-six acres of land. His death occurred June. 1869. and his widow's February 10 of the 676 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. following year. Our subject came to America with his parents when twelve years of age, and made his home with them until his marriage to Barbara Gessner, August 5, 1855. They have five children: Elizabeth, Mattie, John, John Peter and Mary. After his marriage he settled on the old homestead, where he now lives. His father g^ve him forty acres of good land, and by en- ergy and industry he now owns 205 acres, all of which make liim a good home. He inherits his father's taste for music, and is quite a skillful player on nearly all instruments. Mr. Hass- further is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Cath- olic Church. JACOB JOCHEM, one of the enterprising young farmers of Ferdinand Township, was born February 15, 1848, in Dubois County,Ind.,and is one of a family of ten children born to Nicholas and Maggie (Louer) Jochem. His father was born November 2, 1815, in Hanover, Germany, and was a farmer by occupation. He immigrated to the United States in 1847 and settled in Dubois County, where he liought 105 acres of land and where he yet lives. Our subject was reared at home, attending school for four years. He made his home with his people until he was twenty- three years old. January 31, 1872, he married Mary Stroumeyer. a native of Indiana. They have had born to them five children: Maggie, Barbara, Katie, John (deceased), and Mary (deceased). After marriage he located on eighty acres in Ferdinand Township which was given him by his father and which has since been his home. In politics he is a Democrat, casting his first vote for Horace Greeley. His wife died February 28, 1882. He and family belong to the Catholic Church. CHARLES KNAPP, waojon and carriaoje manufacturer, was born September 20, 1835, in Germany, and is a son of Frank and Anna M. Knapp, both of whom were also natives of Germany. His father carried on farming as an occupation, and in connection with this worked at blacksmithing. He is yet living at the age of eighty-one. His motlier died in ^807. Our subject after receiv- ing a common school education, worked in his father's shop and on the farm. At the age of eighteen he came to the United States, locating in Louisville, Ky., where he remained upward of four years, working as a blacksmith. In 1854 he removed to Spencer County, Ind., and worked in Fulda and Rockport for one year, at the end of which he came to Dubois County and settled in Ferdinand. In 1857 he bought eighty acres of land, and a year later he bought two lots in the village. September 8, 1868, ( he married Jacobin Hees, born May, 1838, in Spencer County, Ind., to whom werQ born twelve children: Martin, Mary, Lizzie, Lena, John, Theresa, Bertha, Frankie, August (deceased), Har- mon (deceased), Johanna (deceased) and Rosa (deceased). By BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 677 good management Mr. Knapp now owns eighty acres of land and nine lots, and five acres of land in Ferdinand. In politics he is a Democrat, casting his first vote for Stephen A. Douglas. He and wife are members of the Catholic Church. ANTHONY KELLEE, one of the prominent farmers of Du- bois County, Ind., was born January 1(5, 1847, in the county where he now lives. He is a son of Polycarp and Margaret (Spann) Keller, both of whom were natives of Germany. His father followed farming as an occupation and came to this coun- try about 1837, and lived in tlie State of New York a few years, when he came to Dubois County and bought 120 acres of land three miles east of Jasper where he now lives at the good old age of seventy-eight years. His wife died December 27, 1877, in her fifty-eighth year. The subject of our biography received a com- mon school education, and worked for his parents until he was twenty-five years of age. February 8, 1870, he married Mary Rice, a native of Jasper, Dubois Co., Ind., to whom seven chil- dren were born: Mary, Frances, Katie, Anthony, Susan, Theresa and Leo Joseph. After marriage, Mr. Keller bought 231) acres of land in Ferdinand Township, where he moved and has since lived. He is a skillful and industrious farmer, and deserves his good fortune. He is a Democrat, casting his first vote for Hor- ace Greeley. He and his family are members of the Catholic Cliurch. JOSEPH G. KIPPANBEOCK was born April 6,1826,in Prus- sia, Germany, and is a son of George G. and Mary Ann (Eichter) Kippanbrock, both of whom are natives of Prussia. His father was a farmer by occupation, and lived in his native country until his death in 1880, at the age of eighty-four years. His mother died in 1850, fifty-seven years old. Our subject remained in his native country until he reached his majority, when he came to the United States, stopping in Toledo, Ohio, a short time, thence to Pennsylvania, working on a canal boat one summer, thence to Carbondale, N. J., and there worked on a railroad for one winter, at the end of which he went to Michigan City, Ind., and worked at the same business for five months, when he "pulled up stakes" and went to St. Louis, Mo. He remained in the last named place only a short time, when he went to Louisville, Ky., and drove dray for one year. From there he went to Cannelton, Perry Co., Ind., and worked in the cotton factory for four years. He then came to Ferdinand. Dubois Co., Ind., and January 15, 1857, he married Mary A. ( Hidemann) Eerchted, a native of Germany. To them were born four children: Jose})liine (de- ceased), John, Benjamin and George. After marriage Mr. Kip- panbrock bought 120 acres of land in Ferdinand Township, on which he has since lived. He has good Imildings on his farm, 678 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. and is doing well. He is a Democrat, and he and his wife are members of the Catholic Church. HENEICH KITTEN, who was born September 19, 1828, in Prussia, is a son of Henry and Theresa (Heke) Kitten, both of whom were born in Prussia. His father, who was a wooden-shoe- maker by occupation, left his native land in 1850, and came to the New World, settling in Dubois County, Ind. He lived with his son Joseph about three years, and died July, 1853. Our subject received a common school education, and worked on the farm until he was about eighteen years old, when he began learn- ing his father's trade. He made shoes for two years, and in 1848 he came to America, and settled in Lawrence County, Ohio, where he worked as a day laborer, breaking iron ore. He lived in that county two years, and then came to Dubois County, Ind., and bought 80 acres of land which, by good management, he has since increased to 200 acres. April 5, 1853, he married Mary Thieman, a native of Germany, to whom seven children have been born: Anna (deceased), Henry, Joseph (deceased), Caro- line (deceased), Theresa, Mary and Catharine. In politics Mr. Kitten is a Democrat, and he and his family are members of the Catholic Church. FLORENS KITTEN, mechanic, of Ferdinand, was born Sep- tember, 1840, in Prussia, and is a son of Henry and Theresa (Heke) Kitten, both of whom were born in Prussia. His father was a wooden-shoe-maker by occupation. He left his native country in 1850, and came to Dubois County, Ind., where he lived with his son Joseph for about three years. He died in July, 1853, and the mother in the spring of 1859. The subject of our sketch was reared at home, receiving a common school education. He came to this country with his parents when about ten years old, and worked on the farm until he was nineteen years of age, when he abandoned farming and commenced learning the carpen- ter's trade, at which he worked for six years. In 18G8 he mar- ried Kate Laugis, a native of Spencer County, Ind., to whom one child was born, named Joseph. After marriage he commenced manufacturing^ threshing machines, at which he is still engaged. In 1882 he commenced the manufacture of traction engines, and has built three. He invented and made the entire machine, thus forcibly illustrating his skill as a number one mechanic. He has in his employ from three to five hands, and is doing a thriving business. He and his wife are members of the Catholic Church. GEORGE LINDER, who was born December 1, 1818, in France, is a son of John and Mary Magdeline Linder, who were natives of the same country. Mrs. Linder died in Havre de Grace, France, in 1832, and that same year Mr. Linder came to America to seek his fortune. He first located in Perry County, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 679 Ohio, where he remained five years, at the end of which he moved to Mercer County, Ohio, and bought eighty acres of land, where he commenced his career as a farmer. In 1854 he moved to Shelby County of the same State, and died in the winter of 1857. Our subject was educated in the common schools of France, and came with his father to the United States in 1832. For the first three years, he worked for his board and clothes, and at the age of sixteen he commenced working for himself in a brickyard, and the next two years on a canal. He then went to Morgan County, Ohio, and worked seven years in a salt manu- facturing establishment. He next worked seven years in a foun- dry in Cincinnati, Ohio, and then took a trip to the ''Golden Gate" by land and remained there two years. He then returned to Cincinnati and married Wilhelmena Kcei'ner, a native of Ger- many, in 1855. To them were born nine children: John Henry (deceased), Joseph William, Stephen August, George Alexander, Rosa Amanda (deceased), Rosa Emily, Laura Anna, Mary Ca- cillie and Everhart Edmund. After his marriage he came to Du- bois County and bought eighty acres of land. By good manage- ment he now owns 320 acres Avith good l)uildings. In politics he is a Democrat, and he and his wife are members of the Catholic Church. MATHIAS OLINGER. son of Mathias and Margaret Olin- ger, was born January 20, 1842, in Germany. His father fol- lowed farming and blacksmithing as an occupation, and came to this country in 184{) and settled in Spencer County, where he bought WO acres of land and commenced his career as a farmer. Both he and his wife are yet living at a good old age. Our sub- ject received a common school education and remained with his parents until he was twenty-three years of age, working on the farm. Becoming tired of this, he went to Chicago, in 1805, to to learn the carpenter's trade, where he remained three years. He then returned home, and November 24, 1868, he married Catha- rine Kellermann, who was born July 5, 1849, in Madison, Ind. To them were born eight children: Mathias, Catherine, Bertha. Rosa, John, Mary, Albert and Michael. After his marriage, he located in Ferdinand, Ind., and began keeping a furniture store. In connection with this, he bought a saw-mill, and, as the mill proved to be more profitable, in 1880 he sold out his furniture store and has given his time to the mill. He now owns about 170 acres of good land, besides tAvo saw-mills, and an interest in a third. He also has a fine vineyard from which he makes from three to eight barrels of wine per year. Mr. Olinger is a Demo- crat, and he and his wife are members of the Catholic Church. FRANK QUANTE, architect, of Ferdinand, Ind., was born December 9, 1833, in Prussia, Germany, and is a son of Gerhard 680 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. and Theressa (Vitli) Quante, also natives of Prussia. Gerhard, who was an architect by occupation, traveled in Holland and his native country overseeing the buildings he had designed. Both parents died in Germany, the father in 1858 and the mother in 1875. Our subject received the benefit of the common schools of Germany, and in addition took a business course of two years. At the age of sixteen, he commenced learning the carpenter and cabinet-maker's trade, and in 1855. he immigrated to the United States, locating in Dubois County, Avliere he continued at his trade. April 21, 18G1, he married Thrasa Heilan, a native of Prussia. Mr. Quante worked at his trade for upward of eight years, when he bought an interest in a saAV-mill, at which he worked for seven years, meeting with fair success. In 1870 he resumed his trade atid has been working at it ofP and on ever since. He is quite a genius in his line of business, and has had excellent success. He is now engaged in erecting a large brick building or young ladies' seminary. In politics he is a warm Democrat, and in 1877 he was appointed assessor of Ferdinand Township by the county commissioners. He served tAvo years, and in 1879, he was elected as county surveyor for two years. Mr. Quante may be proud of his career, for he commenced life as a poor boy, but by energy and economy, he now owns 800 acres of land, two houses and seven lots in Ferdinand, and two lots in St. Mark's. He and his wife are members of the Catholic Church. HENEY EEMKE, born February 28, 1815, in Germany, is a son of Herman and Elizabeth Kemke, both of whom were na- tives of Germany. His father followed weaving as an occupa- tion, and in connection did farm work. He and wife lived and died in their native country. The former's death occurred in 1831, and the latter's in 1832. The subject of this memoir re- ceived a common school education in his native land, and after leaving school began supporting himself, at the early age of six- teen years. When twenty-two years of age he came to the United States, and located in Maryland, where he worked on a canal for nearly four years. He then moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and worked in a brickyard for two years, and finally came to Dubois County, Ind., and bought forty acres of land, where he has since lived. May 7, 1843, he married Mary Aversmann, a native of Hanover, Germany, to whom eight children were born, four of whom are living: Mary, Catherine, Henry and Elizabeth. By his energy and industry he now owns 160 acres of good land. In politics he is a Democrat, casting his first vote for James K. Polk. He and his family are members of the Catholic Church. JOHN G. STALLMAN, son of Andrew and Catherine ( El- man) Stallman, who were natives of Prussia, was born June, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 681 1820. He came with his parents to America when nearly seven- teen years of age, and located in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 183* >. where they lived about three years, at the end of which they came to Dubois County. Ind.. and settled in Ferdinand Township, where the father died in June, 18 GO, at the age of sixty-eight years, and the mother in l8t)8, in her eighty-fifth year. While in Cincinmati our suliject worked in a stone quarry, and in 1840 he came to Dubois County, and bought forty acres of land in Ferdinand Township, where he settled and has since lived. July '22, 1848, he married Catherine Woebkenberg, a native of Prussia, to whom eight children were born: Benjamin, Mary, Garhard. Catherine, Ungler, AVilliam, Lena and John. Mr. Stallman set- tled on his farm when it Avas a wilderness, but by energy and industry he has cleared the place and erected good, substantial buildings. He now owns KH) acres of land, in a g-ood state of cultivation. In politics he is a Democrat, being one of the lead- ing men of his party. In I8t')l> he was appointed county com- missioner to fill a vacancy from the Third District. In 1872 he was re-elected for another term, receiving a very large majority, thus illustrating his popularity among the people. He and his family are members of the Catholic C^hurch. ALBEKT BONDER MANN (deceased) was born September 3, 1838, in Prussia, Germany, and is one of a family of four chil- dren. His parents, Antony and Josepha (Sondermann) Sonder- mann, were natives of Prussia. The father, who followed school teaching as an occupation, died in 1839. His mother then mar- ried Antony Theile, and in 1875 left their native country and came to Ferdinand, Ind. Her death occurred October 4, 187(>, at the age of sixty-one. ' Our subject received the benefit of the schools of Germany for seven years. After leaving school he worked on a farm for three years. At the age of seventeen he came to America, locating in Ferdinand. In 1857 he hired out to John Gohmann as a clerk, and the next year began to work for Mrs. Poschen, with whom he stayed for about four years. November 21, 18(15, he married Frances Rademacher, daughter of Charles and Catharine Rademacher. She was born in Louisville, Ky. They have nine children: Joseph, Augusta (deceased), Mary, Frank, Louisa (deceased). Bertha, Rosa (de- ceased), Matilda and Albertine. After marriage Mr. Sonder- mann rented the building occupied by Mrs. Poschen, and began keeping a general merchandise store. He soon accumulated money enough to buy eighty acres of land, on which he erected a large brick store — -one of the finest in towai. He died September 10, 1884. Since then Mrs. Sondermann and her son, Joseph, have carried on the business. Both Mr. and Mrs. Sondermann were members of the Catholic Church. 682 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. JOHN SCHILLING, an enterprising farmer of Ferdinand Township, was born September 6, 1850, in Alleghany County, Penn., and is one of the children of Jacob and Angel (Casper) Schilling, both of whom were natives of Germany. Jacob came to this country Avhen quite a small lad; locating in Pittsburg, he became a coal miner. He stayed for about twelve years in that city when he moved to Dubois County, Ind., and bought 192 acres of land. His death occurred about 1852, and his Avidow died June 16, 1881. Our subject received such education as could be obtained in the common schools, but after his father's death he aided his mother on the farm until he was thirty years of age. In January, 1880, he married Susan Simon, a native of Spencer County, Ind., to whom three children were born: Mary, Johnnie and Susie. At the death of his father he inherited one-third of his estate, or sixty-four acres, on which he located after marriage and now lives. In politics he is a Democrat and he and wife are members of the Catholic Church. JOSEPH STELTENPOHL was born February 28, 1838, in Germany. He is one of nine children born to Henry and Ger- trude (Klene Fortmann) Steltenpohl, who were natives of Ger- many, the former died in the summer of 1845, the latter, about 1871. Our subject, according to the law of his native land, at- tended school seven years. He then became a sailor, which occu- pation he followed for about ten years. He then came to Cincin- nati, Ohio, and began work as a cabinet-maker at which he has since continued. June 3, 1873, he married Caroline Bencken, a native of Germany, by whom he is the father of seven children: Joseph, Josephine, Carrie, Frankie (deceased), Anna, Frankie and Henry. In 1878 he moved to Dubois County, Ind., bought two lots in Ferdinand, on which he erected him a commodious furniture store and dwelling house combined. He is a Dem- ocrat in politics and cast his vote for Gen. Hancock. He and his wife are members of the Catholic Church. LAWKENCE TEETTER was born in 1843, in Germany. He is a son of John and Elisabeth ( Fondersmith ) Tretter, both of whom were natives of Germany. The father came to this country in 1845, and located in Dubois County, Ind., where he bought 100 acres in Jackson Township where he has since lived, and has "reached the age of seventy -three years. The mother died August, 1877. The subject of our sketch received a com- mon school education and came to America at the age of three years and made his home with his people until he was twenty-six years old. In October, 1874, he married Philomena Pfaff, a na- tive of France, to whom six children were born: John, Henry, Emma, Charles, Mary and Laura. After marriage he located on an eighty acre tract in Ferdinand Township, which was given -€/^M^/^ ay^^^^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 685 him by liis father. He is an industrous, hard working man, and by his energy he has added forty acres more to his farm. In politics he is a Democrat. He and wife are members of the Catholic Clnirch. EOBEKT T. VENEMANN, A. M., M. D., of Ferdinand, Ind., was born in Evansville, Ind., and is a son of Theodore and Mary (Rogers) Venemann, both of whom were natives of Cin- cinnati, Ohio. At the age of twelve years the father went to Evansville. Ind., and while in his teens commenced the study of law. He graduated at St. Joseph's College, Bardstown, Ky., in 1858 and in 1850 he graduated at the Cincinnati Law School. That same year he married, and entered into a partnership with Hon. Charles Denby, the present minister to China. He soon after entered into partnership with his father and brother as agents for railroads and steamships for home and foreign lines, which position he yet holds. He is one of the leading business men of Evansville. His wife died April (>, ISBfi, in her thirty- fifth year. Our subject received his early education at St. Mary,s School in Evansville, and in 1873 he attended the classical de- partment of the University of St. Louis, Mo., but owing to ill health he remained but a short time. He then studied in the Sterling Academy the remainder of the term, and in 1874 he entered St. Mary's College. Montreal, Canada, and remained one year. In 1875-7() lie attended a literary school at Worcester, Mass., and in 1877 he returned to the University of St. Louis, wliere he graduated June 25, 1871*. He then took two courses of lectures at the Medical Colleiie in Evansville, o-raduatino: March. 1881. In April of the same year he entered into partner- ship with Dr. E. Linthicum, and began the practice of medicine, in which business he continued for one year. He then entered the Long Island Hospital Medical College of Brooklyn, N. Y. : while there he became acquainted with Jennie A. Gerald, daugh- ter of William H. and Catharine Gerald, of Boston, Mass. They were married April 26, 1882, and have two chikb-en: Tlieo and Gerald. After graduating from that school, the same year as his marriage, he again began his }>ractice, and about the same year was appointed as lecturer on Physiology in the Medical College of Evansville. Iji June, 1888, he returned to Brooklyn and re- mained there until November, 1884, when he came to Ferdinand, Ind., where he has since resided. He and wife are members of the Baptist Church. JOHN G. WOEBKENBERG. one of the old settlers of Dubois County. Ind.. was born May 4, 1830, in Hanover, Ger- many, is a son of John B. and Margaret (Burlage) Woebkenberg, both of whom were natives of Germany. The father came to this country in the fall of 183() and located first in Baltimore, 27 686 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. and afterward in different cities along the Potomac. He finally reached Cincinnati, Ohio, where he remained four years. In 1842 he moved to Dubois County, and located on an eighty acre farm in Ferdinand Township. He cleared his land of timber, built him a house and remained on the old place until his death, which occurred September 24, 1850. Our subject's mother lived with him until her death, August 7, 18t)9. He received a com- mon school education and worked on the farm at home until his father died. His father willed him the old place, and he (subject) was to pay his two sisters $150 apiece and furnish them with clothing until married. May 22, 1851, he married Angela Tepen, to whom eight children were born: Mary, Henry, Anna, Josephine, Bernard, Theodora (deceased), Catharine and Philumina. In 1858 he began teaching, and taught, in all, eight terms. In 18<:)3 he was elected justice of the peace of Ferdinand Township for four years. He Avas re-elected in 1867 and again in 1871, serv- ing in all twelve years. In 1880 he was elected township trustee of Ferdinand Township for two years and again ill 1882, thus forcibly illustrating his efficiency as an officer. He and his wife are members of the Catholic Church. BEENAKD WEYER was born in Dubois County, Ind., March 24, 1851. He is a son of Gerard and Elizabeth (Sassa) Weyer, who were natives of Germany. His father came to this country when about thirty years of age and lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, for three years, when he moved to Dubois County, Ind., and bouglit 230 acres in Ferdinand ToAvnship, Avhere he and his wife now live, at a good old age. Our subject received a common school education and lived Avitli his parents until he was twenty-five years old. February 11, 1879, he married Mary Helming, a native of Germany. To this union were born two children: Frank and Theodora. After marriage he located on a sixty-two acre tract, which is his present home. He now owns 142 acres, 102 of which his father gave him. Mr. Weyer is a hard work- ing industrious man and full of enterprise and push. In politics he is a Democrat, casting his first vote for Tilden and Hendricks. He and wife are members of the Catholic Church. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 687 CASS TOWNSHIP. GEOEGE HENEY BALSMEYEE is one of the eicrht cliil- dreii of William F. and Anna (Meyer) Balsmeyer. The father was born November 6, 1822, in Hanover, Germany. The mother is a native of the same province, born October 22, 1828. In 1852 they were married at Cincinnati, Ohio, and in 1853 they moved to Dnbois County, Ind., and settled on the farm of 140 acres on which the widow now lives. By hard work and good management Mr. Balsmeyer increased his farm to 200 acres, of which about 120 acres are in a good state of cultivation. His death occurred in December, 1874. The immediate subject of this biography was born November 25, 1853. In early life he received a common school education in English and German. At the age of twenty-six he began farming for himself, having bought a farm of 100 acres; he has 75 acres under good culti- vation. Mr. Balsmeyer is a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, as are his parents. He is a warm Republican, and uni- versally respected. JOHN S. BEADEMEYEE was born at Burlington, Iowa, April (), 184t). He is one of eleven children — five boys and six daughters — born to William and Henrietta (Eothert) Brademeyer, both of whom were natives of Hanover, Germany. The father was born November 19, 1809, and the mother December 15, 1815. They came to this country and were married in Septem- ber, 1837, at Cincinnati, Ohio, and soon after moved to Louis- ville, Ky. While there he moved his family to this county. The subject of this memoir had very poor advantages for educa- tion, but through his own efforts secured a good practical educa- tion. At the age of fifteen he enlisted in his country's cause, en- tering its service in 1861 in the Fifty-third Indiana Infantry. In 1862 he obtained a discharge, but in 1864 he again took part in he bloody conflict as one of the Tenth Indiana Cavalry, and was soon promoted to corporal. He took part in many of the principal battles of the war and at one time he, two other soldiers and two negroes captured eleven fully equipped rebels, without the loss of a man. September 7, 1865, he received his discharge, having served his country for two and a half years. In 1871, October 1, he was married to Miss Charlotte Stilwell, born in 1850. To them were born two children: Laura and Josephine. Since that time contracting and building has been his occupation, 688 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. in which he is wide-awake and enterprising. He is an old war Democrat, and cast his first vote for Seymour and Blair. HENRY BEOONER is one of the eight children of Peter and Nancy ( Rusher Brooner. The father was born in Pennsylva- nia, the mother in Virginia. When Henry was two years old he came with his father to Kentucky, near where Louisville now stands. In 1819 he moved to Dubois County, Ind., and engaged in farming. He lived here until a short time before his death, which occurred in 1853. Henry, the subject of this biography, was born February 7, ISOl. He was married to Miss Margaret Cox, who died in 1848, leaving eight children: William, Eliza- beth, John P., Mary J., Benjamin D., Matilda A., Amelia and Martha. His second wife was Eliza J. Rice. There were no children born to this union, but they have raised or partially raised thirteen orphans. Both husband and wife are members of the United Brethren Church. Mr. Brooner is one of Dubois County's old settlers, having lived here sixty-six years. In poli- tics he is a warm Republican, although having cast his first vote for Jackson. WILLIAM A. BROONER is one of the 'ten children of Henry and Margaret (Cox) Brooner. He was born in Dubois County, May 17, 1829, and educated in the subscription schools, attending about eighteen months. At the age of twenty he began working for himself, and soon cleared a field of eighty acres, on which he built a log house. He was married to Mary Kemp, born December 20, 1829, and who died AjDril 5, 1861, leaving three children: Aaron, Sarah E. and Martha A. In 1802 Mr. Brooner married Miss Minerva J. Person, who has borne him eleven children — seven sons and four daughters: James V., Milton W., William A., Mary E., Minnie M., George T„ Efiie C, Lydia J., John S., Robert C. and Charles P. Mr. Brooner is a member of the United Brethren Church, and has been a life-long W^hig and Republican, casting his first vote for Franklin Pierce. He has now a farm of 100 acres, which he has obtained through untiring energy. In connection with farming he held the office of justice of the peace for one term. JASPER CLIFFORD, M. D., was born in Pike County, Ind.. August 17, 1850. His father, A. W. Clifford, born at Lex- ington, Ky., March 25, 1810, removed to Indiana about 1838, where he followed the occupation of farming until 1882. He was married to Miss Susanna Moore in 1838. To this union were born seven children: Nancy B., Ambrose, Jesse H., Warrick H., Julia A., Jasper and Allan W. When Jasper was about four years old his mother died, and his father married again in 1854. In 18(59 he entered the Oakland Institute, graduating among the first of the class. He then began the study of medicine with BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 689 Dr. Beeler, of Huiitingburgli, In J. In 1881 he graduated from the Eclectic Medical College at Cincinnati, Ohio, with high hon- ors. Dr. Clifford was married to Miss Annie M. D. Meyerholtz. They have four children — ^two sons and two daughters: Emily J., George H. E., Mary L. and Lloyd H. He began the practice of his profession in this county in 187o, .*$•"")()() in debt, but has con- quered all obstacles, and is now living in ease and has an exten- sive practice. JOHN EDELE is a son of Michael and Louise (Haesel) Edele, who were natives of Germany. The father was a stone- mason and worked at his trade during life. They were married in the old country, and soon after remove;! to America, locating at Wheeling, Va. In 1815 they came to Dubois County, and lived at Ferdinand, Ind., until their re3})3ctive deaths. The sub- ject of this memoir was born in the same province as his parents. March 31, 1832; he received a practical education in the com- mon schools of his native land; at the age of twenty, learned the ship-carpenter's trade; he plied his trade in Louisville, Ky., and soon earned enough to enable him to purchase eighty acres of land which he has since increased to 100 acres, well-improved; he came to Dubois County soon after, and commenced farming; In 1855 he married Christina Schmitz. To them were born six children: Urban. Mary. Michael, Tracy, Christina and Katie. The family are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Edele is a life-long Democrat; he served as a soldier in the Mexican war, and has been an enterprising and useful citizen. UKBAN EDELE, son of John and Christiana (Schmitz) Edele, was born May 25, 1850: he received a good education in both German and English, and at the age of twenty-five began business for himself, retailing liquors in St. Henry. Mr. Edele is a warm Democrat, casting his first vote for Gen. Hancock; he is an active and earnest member of the Catholic Church and as a business man has been prompt and energetic; as a citizen, wide- awake and enterprising, and is respected by all. WILLIAM H. ELSHOFF is one of six children born to Harmon and Elizabeth (Fehneman) Elshoff, natives of Germany. The father was born March 2(5, 1807, the mother in 1810. In 1841 they came to America, and settled on a farm of eighty acres, near Holland, Ind., where they lived for thirty-two years. The mother died in 1851 : the father still lives, at the ripe old age of seventy-eight. The subject of this sketch was born in Dubois County, January 18, 18-15; in 1808 he bought the farm of 120 acres, on which he now lives, of his father-in-law. April 8, 1809, he was married to Anna W^illiams, born October 11, 1818, in Dubois County. To them were born five children: Henry L., Lydia, W^illiam, Jacob and Samuel. Both husband ai;;] 690 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Elshoff is a Eepublican, having cast his first vote for Gen. Grant. JOHN EKNE is a son of Nicholas and Appelona (Isele) Erne. The father was born in Baden, Germany, and was burgomaster of Berau. Duriiig the rebellion of 1S48, he became one of the leading spirits, mustering the men and preparing to resist oppres- sion. He was imprisoned twice, and each time the citizens se- cured his release; he was afterward elected to his old position, which he filled till his death, which occurred about 1S57. The subject of this sketch was born in Germany, May 24:, 1837 ; he was educated in the common schools of his native land, and at the age of fourteen, learned the miller's trade as a pre-requisite to learning the baker's trade. In ISoi he came to this country; and after a short stay in New York, went to Kentucky, then to Evansville, Ind., then to Illinois, and finally to this county in 1858, where he bought 120 acres of land, which he has increased to 200 acres. On the 0th of May, 18(51, he was married to Mary Miller, born April 21, 1841, in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, who has borne him six children: Lizzie B., William H., John A., Mary K., Frank S. and Ottillie C. M. Both parents are members of the Evangelical Association. Mr. Erne is a strong Republican, having cast his first vote for Lincoln. AUGUST FINKE. November 23, 1852, near Holland, Du- bois Co., Ind., was born the suliject of this notice. The father, Henry E., was born in Germany in 1814. His mother, Henrietta Taylor Finke, is also a native of the old country. They came to America and settled in the eastern part of Ohio. August is the second of the children. He received a. limited education on ac- count of having to assist his father on the farm. When eighteen years old he commenced learning the saddle-maker's trade with Jtniathan Kruger, of Huntingburgh, Ind. He has ever since practiced that vocation in Holland. In 187(3 he and Miss Min- nie Imbush were united in marriage. Four children were born to this union — two sons and two daughters: George and Henry (deceased), Nora and Lurena. Both Mr. and Mrs. Finke are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Finke was at one time a trustee of Cass Township, which position he filled for two years. He declined renomination as a brother-in-law was one of the candidates. The latter was elected but soon sickened and died and Mr. Finke was chosen to fill the vacancy. He is a prompt, enterprising citizen and a reliable Democrat, having cast his first vote for S. J. Tilden. CASPEE FULLING is a native of Germany. About 1833 he left his native land and came to America. In 1869 he moved to this county and settled on the farm of 100 acres where he now lives. September 22, 18(54, he was married to Mary E. Koch, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 691 born in Dubois County, Ind., July 1, 1847. To them were born ten children: John B., born July 19, 18()5; Sarah A., September 15, 1867; Emma E., March 27, 1869; Mary E., March 29, 1871; John R, July 12, 1873; Elauora E., April (5, 1875; George AV., March 25, 1877; Lucinda, February 13, 1879; Amanda M., Jan- uary 22, 1881, and Arpha E., May 13, 1883. Both parents are members of the Evangelical Church. Mr. Flilling is a Repub- lican, having cast his first vote for Lincoln. He began life's bat- tle poor and with but limited means at his command. He has overcome many obstacles in his labor, but energy and perseverance have crowned his labors with success. JOHN GRIFFITH is a son of John L. and Mary Guin Griffith, who are natives of Virginia. The father was born in April, 1798, and Mrs. Griffith in March, 1803. They were married in Virginia and removed to OhioAvhere they remained till 18(55, and then moved to this county, where he and his son John purchased 140 acres of land. The subject of this sketch was born January 1, 1833. At the age of twenty he began working in the lumber business for himself, and soon saved enough to enable him to purchase a farm. In 1857 he was married to Jane Blackburn, born June 15, 1836, who has borne him thirteen children: Mis- souri K., Albert G., Clarence V., John B., Belle, Mary F., Fan- nie, Norman, Sylvia, Bertha, Emma, J. Franklin and Nora. Mrs. Griffith is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Griffith is a warm Democrat, casting his first vote for Buchanan. He is a good farmer and well respected. JOHN H. HEMMER is one of four children born to Will- iam and Elizabeth (Helsmeyer) Hemmer, who were born in Prussia, Germany, and who 'came to America in 1843, settling on a farm of eighty acres, near Holland, Ind. The father built a log house, and began clearing off his farm. In 1856, be- fore the work was completed, he died, and in about three years the wife followed him. The subject of this biography was born January 3, 1839. He received about nine months' instruction in the German schools, and about thirty-six days in the English schools. Through persistent effort he has acquired a practical education in business affairs. When quite young he worked for his board and clothes, and on reaching manhood received ^5 per month for his labor. October 18, 1860, Mr. Hemmer was mar- ried to Elizabeth Katterhenry. The fruits of this union are seven children: Carrie, William N. W., Eli B., Louis AY., Henry W., Lizzie C. and Sarah S., all of whom are at home. In 1857 Mr.- Hemmer bouo^ht the farm of 120 acres, on wdiich he now CD ' lives, and which he has since increased to 150 acres. Both hus- band and wife are members of the Evangfelical Association. Mr. Hejumer is a wide-awake citizen, and has helped to make Dubois County one of the best in the State. 692 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. FKANK R KINCHEL is one of six children born to Fred- erick and Frederica (Zoerner) Kincliel, who were natives of Ger- many, and who still live in the old country. The subject of this sketch was born December 3. 1835, in Germany. There he re- ceived a common school education, and at the age of fifteen left home, and came to America to seek his fortune. He landed at New York, and in the spring of 1843 came to Spencer County, Ind., and worked on a farm. During the Rebellion he enlisted in Company E, Twenty-fifth Indiana Infantry. He took part in many noted battles, and after four years of faithful service he re- turned home, bearing an honorable discharge. He was married to Rachel Hack, June 1(), 18()7. To them were born five children: William F.. Henry B., Anna E., Sarah N. and Mary H. (de- ceased). In 186() Mr. Kincliel bought eighty acres of land north of Ferdinand Station, and, by good management, has been able to purchase 100 acres more where he now lives. Mr. Kincliel is a wide-awake Republican, having always supported that party since his first vote. He has been a prompt and suc- cessful business man, and an influential citizen. GERHARD H. KLAUSMEIER is a son of John F. and Caroline ( Meyer ) Klausmeier. Both parents are natives of Ger- many, the father being born in 1800 and the mother in 1801. They lived to a ripe old age and died in their native land. The subject of this memoir was born September 20, 1835, in Hanover, Germany. He was educated in the common schools of that country and came to America "in 1853, and settled in Dubois County, Ind. He was married to Anna M. Weglage in September, 1858. To this union were born thirteen children: Henry, Carrie, Fred, Louise, Willie, Earnest, Anna, Christ, Sophia, Sarah, Daniel, Lydia and Samuel. Mr. Klausmeier bought KH) acres of the farm on which he now lives, and by industry and care it has become one of the finest farms in Cass Township. He now owns 173 acres. He is a warm Republican, and he and his wife have long been members of the Evangelical Church. He is a capable and industrious man, and is much respected by those Avho know him. EDAVARD H. KUNZ was born at Holland, Dubois Co., Ind., October 21, 1805. His father was born in Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, October 12, 1824, and his mother, Mary E. (Tonnah- lan) Kunz, in Hanover, Germany, January 21, 1851. At one period the father was a ship builder ; later, a house carpenter. In 1855 he built the first house of Holland, Dubois Co.,. Ind., and may rightly be called the founder of the town. During this year he began to keep store, and by persistent energy and industry increased his stock till it became the largest in town. He con. tinned in this business until his death 'January 22, 1885. Mr- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. G9:> Kunz was an honest and upright citizen, and a zetdous worker in the Methodist E[)iseopal Clnirch. The immediate subject of this sketcli is one of eight chihlren — four sons and four daughters. After completing the course in the graded schools of Holland, lie attended the high school at Jasper, Ind. In 1883 he because a [)upil in the art school at Cincinnati, Ohio, where he showed superior ability as an artist. On his return home he entered the schoolroom as a teacher, in which occupation he was very success- ful. Inheriting the sterling qualities of his father, he is now carrying on the mercantile business with success, and promises to rank high as a prosperous citizen and merchant. WILLIAM KUPEPt is one of six children born to Henry and Elizabeth Kuper. Both parents were born in Hanover, Germany, and came to this country at an early period. They were soon after married in Louisville, Ky. In 1847 the father came to this county and bought a farm of 120 acres, which he has since increased to 200 acres. The subject of this sketch was born Jan- uary 18, 1848. He attended both German and English schools, and later took a two years* course at St. Meinrad's College, where he was very successful. He then began teaching, which business he followed for seven years, teaching six years at one place. In 1872 he was married to Miss Elizabeth Deic, born January 18, 1855. To them were born two children : John and Frank. Both husband and wife are members of the Catholic Cliurch. In 1S72 Mr. Kuper began the mercantile business in St. Henry's, where he has since been doing a thriving business. LOUIS LAMMER was born in Cass Township, Dubois County, Ind., May 21, 1858. In Ijoyhood he attended the com- mon schools, and on reaching his majority, began working at the carpenter's trade, which he followed three years. He then bought a fourth share in Daniel Tohmolen & Co.'s saw-mill, and after that a share in the planing and saw-mill, known under the title of Rottger & Lammer. His father, Adolpli W., was born in 1819, in Hanover, Germany. At the age of seventeen he came to this country and worked as a day laborer. In March, 1852, he came to Dubois County, and bought a farm, where he has lived ever since. His mother, also a native of Germany, was born November 11, 1820, and was united in marriage to Adolph Lammer, in 1847, at Louisville, Ky. To this marriage Avere born nine children, two of whom are dead. At the age of twenty- one, Louis identified himself with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and has been an active member ever since. He has no ])articular political views, but cast his first vote for Gen. Han- cock. Mr. Lammer is a steady young man, and is doing a good business. J. B. LUBBERS is a son of J. B. Lubbers. Sr., and Anna (394 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Winterman Lubbers. Both parents were born in Germany, as were also their children. The father died in his native land, and the mother and five children came to this country in 18(3(), set- tling at Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1868, the mother came to this county, where she died in 1884. The subject of this biography was educated in the common schools of Germany. He afterward learned the blacksmith's trade, and came to Dubois County, Ind., where he has since been working at that l)usiness. He married Rosa Deil, of Cincinnati, Ohio. To them were born four chil- dren: Caroline, William, John and Elizabeth. At the end of nine years his wife died, and about a year after, he was married to Victoria Handschiegl, a native of Spencer County, Ind. To them were born two children: Emma J., and FranciskaH. Both husband and wife are members of the Catholic Church. In pol- itics Mr. Lvibbers is a stanch Democrat. In 1880 he started a grindstone quarry, which proved to be an excellent one. In all his dealings he is prompt and honest. AUGUST LUBBERHUSEN is one of five children born to Henry and Elizabeth Lubberhusen. Both parents were born in Germany, and about 1845, the father came to this country, and lived successively in Dayton and Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was married, and then came to this county in 1854. He pur- chased a farm of 120 acres, where he still lives. The subject of this sketch was born July 15, 1851, at Cincinnati, Ohio. At the age of fourteen, he began to learn the shoe-maker's trade, at which he worked until 1884, when he formed a partnership with W. H. Cooper, for merchandising. Shortly after he quit this business, and began keeping hotel and bar. In addition to this he is suc- cessfully filling the office of justice of the peace. On the 13th day of May, 1872, he was married to Miss B. Barth, born in Prussia, in 1854. Their children's names are Joseph, Lizzie, Mary, August, Louise and Beno. Both Mr. and Mrs. Lubber- husen are members of the Catholic Church, and he is a warm Democrat, casting his first vote for Horace Greelv. JOHN LUEBBEET was born January 30, 1855, near Hol- land, Dubois Co., Ind. His parents are natives of Germany, the father being born June 11, 1829, and the mother April 15, 1834. They immigrated to this county in 1853, and were married Janu- ary 12, 1854. To them were born eight children: John, Emma, Louise, Julia, Lizzie, Dina, August and Mary, all of whom are living. The father was a stone and brick-mason, and followed that trade until his death, which occurred in October, 1882. His mother is still living, making her home with her son-in-law, on the farm. The subject of this sketch received a good education, both in English and German. At the age of. eighteen he began to learn the miller's trade, and is now one of the proprietors of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 6^5 the flouring-mill of Meyev, Luebbert & Co. Mr. Luebbert has been a member of the German Lutheran Cliurch for six years. He is a Democrat in politics, casting his first vote for S. J. Tilden. GERHARD H. MEYER is one of the children of Adam and Elizabeth (Wistuf ) Meyer, who were natives of Germany. The subject of this memoir was born February, 1814, in the same province as his parents. He attended the common schools of Germany, and at the age of twenty, according to the require- ments of his Government, was drafted into the regular army, where he served his full time. In 1841 he crossed to America and landed at Baltimore; a year after he began working in the iron mines in Lawrence County, Ohio. He soon accumulated money enough to buy eighty acres of land in this county, which he has since increased to 2(H) acres, and on which he has ever since lived. He married Miss E. Bunte, born in 1819, and a native of Germany. To this union were born nine children — four sons and five daughters — the sons being Christian, Henry, Ger- hard and William. Both husband and wife are members of the Lutheran Cliurch. The two sons, Henry and Gerhard, are mar- ried and settled in the neighborhood. William is also married, and living at home with his father. His wife, iiee Lizzie Shafer, lias borne him two children: George H. and Clemens W. Mr. Meyer is a successful farmer, and has helped make Dubois County what it is. GEORGE MEYER, son of Gerhard H. (elsewhere written), was born March 18, 1848, in LawTence County, Ohio. During his boyhood he received a practical education in both English and German. On reaching his majority he began working for him- self, and in 1881 was able to purchase 100 acres, the farm on which he now lives, and which he has since increased to 1()5 acres. In October, 1875, he was married to Caroline Smith. To them were born two children, both boys. After the brief space of three years his wife died. In 1882 he was united in marriage to Lizzie Massman. To this union were born two chil- dren — one boy and one girl: Amelia and Edward W. Both par- ents are members of the Lutheran Church. In 1882 Mr. Meyer was elected to the office of assessor, which he has filled ever since. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, having cast his first vote for Horace Greeley. REV. CHRISTIAN F. ROTHERT was born May 17, 1817, in Hanover, Germany. At the age of twenty, in order to escape service in the regular army, he secured an elder brother's certifi- cate of service and escaped to the sea-shore. He there took pas- sage in a ship bound for Baltimore, and traveled on foot from that city to Philadelphia. In 1845 he settled near Holland, Dubois Co., Ind., where he followed the occupations of cooper- 696 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. ing and farming, and gradually became a well to do farmer. In 18-1:0 he married Miss Catherine H. "Wibbeler, of Olden- burg, Germany. To this union were Ijorn these children: Fred- erick W., Eliza C, Anna M., Louis P., John F., Harmon H., John H., Randolph D., John and Martin. The eldest of these, Frederick W. Rothert, was born March 4, 1840, at Louisville, Ky., and came to Dubois County, this State, when about four years old. He enjoyed such educational advantages as could be obtained at that time. At the beginning of the great civil war, he enlisted in the Forty-second Indiana Regiment, and for six months fought bravely for his country. In March, 1865, he was married to Sophia Feldwish. To him and wife were born Hellina (deceased), Martin, Emma, Louis H., Caroline, Matilda. Arthur and Franklin. Mr. Rothert was for four years township trustee, and is now engaged in merchandising, doing a good busijiess, and is known all over the county. JOHN ROTHERT, the youngest but one of 'the children of Christian Rothert, was born July 13. 1853, at Holland, Dubois Co., Ind. After attending the common schools he spent a year at the Huntino-buriJ^h Hioh School. At the aQ-e of twen- ty-five he became a teacher, retaining one position for five years. He afterward taught the first school in the new building at Hol- land. He was married to Miss Sophia Lammmers (born August 23, 1856), at Cincinnati, Ohio. To them were born four chil- dren — two sons and two daughters: Caroline S., Christian D., William H. and Anna M. In 1883 he moved to Holland to en- gage in the mercantile business, as one of the firm of Rothert & Bro., and at one time he was appointed deputy postmaster of Hol- land. Mr. Rothert is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and is a stanch Republican, casting his first vote for Lincoln. He is a successful and enter})rising business man. CHRISTIAN ROTTGER was born on the 5th day of August, 1838, in Prussia, Germany. His father, Frank, and his mother, Alinne Siebe Rottger, were natives of the same })rovince. They were married in the old country and immigrated to America in 1846. They settled near Cincinnati, Ohio, and engaged in gardening. In the spring of 1858 they removed to Dubois County, Ind., and bouglit a farm near Holland. The same year the father died, leaving four children — three sons and one daughter — and a widow who lived till 1884. Christian, the eldest, is the subject of our sketch. He received a common school edu- cation and then began farming. In 1862 he was engaged in the saw-mill business as one of the partners of the firm. He has remained one of the stockholders ever since, although the name of the firm has changed several times. In 1858 he was married to Miss May Rust, who bore him twelve children: Min- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 697 iiie, William, Frederick, Anna, Frank, Lizzie (deceased), Matilda, Henry, Otto. Amelia, Lydia and May (deceased). All are at liome save the eldest, who is a farmer near Holland, Ind. Mr. Rott^er is a member of the Lutheran Church, and is a Avell known business man throughout the county. H. F. RUST is one of the four children of Fred and Mary (Rease) Rust. His parents were natives of Hanover, Germany. His fathers death occurred in 1838 inhisnative land.and hismother soon after married Fred Busch, and both immigrated to this coun- try. The subject of this biography was born September 7, 183(), in the same province as his parents and came with them to Amer- ica in 185(). He received instructions in the common schools of Germany, and at the age of twenty-one began working for him- selt in eastern Indiana for $5 per month. In 1858 he came to this county and soon after went to Evansville where he remained eleven years, working in the saw-mill, foundry, and as a dray- man. By hard work aiid economy he thus saved enough to buy a farm of 1<)() acres, on Avhich he now lives. He was married, in 1S63, to Anna Horst, who was born September 27, 18311, in Prus- sia, Germany. There were six children born tt) this union: Mary, Sophia (deceased), William, Tillie. Frederick. Amelia and Ed- ward. The ])arents and children are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Rust has always been a Republican, casting his first vote for Lincoln. He is an industrioiTs and thrifty farmer, and is highly esteemed bv the communitv in which he resides. WILLIAM SCHULTE is one of ten children born to John F. and Katie (Schroer) Schulte. Both parents were born in Hanover, Germany, the father in 1801, the mother in 1813. They immigrated to this country in 1845, and settled at Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was a general laborer. During the great cholera ravage of 1849, he fell a victim to its fury, and after his death his widow married Henry Rixse, and with him moved to this county. After residing here three years she returned to Cincin- nati where she still lives. The subject of this memoir was l)orn in Germany, September 1(), 1S|3(). There he received a common school education, and hj his own efiPorts has reached considerable perfection in English. When twenty-two 3'ears of age he began farming his ste})-father"s place. By energy and economy, he has since bought the farm, and is considered one of the prosperous and enterprising farmers of the county, and an agreeable and es- teemed neighbor. THOMAS SIMMONS is a son of Moses and Elizabeth Sim- mons, who were both born in North Carolina, Avhere they were married. They lived successively in Kentucky, Harrison County, Ind., Martin County, Ind., and finally came to Dubois County, Ind., where they both died at a very old age. The subject of this 698 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. biography was born October 12, 1807, in Kentucky. At the age of twenty-two he began farming for himself on the place where he now lives. He was married to Anna Martin, born in Ohio in 1810, and to them were born ten children: Thomas, Greenberry, Jefferson, Eichard, Alfred, Phillip, Martin,' Jesse, Mary A. and Martha A. He, together with three of his brothers, participated in the late war, and all returned save Thomas, who sickened and died at LaGrange, Tenn. Mr. Simmons and all his boys are strong Democrats, the father casting his first vote for Jackson. In early times he killed two black bears (one of which was not more than seven feet from him when he shot it) and three wolves. He is a successful farmer and a highly respected citizen. J. H. SMITH is a son of Adam H. and Elizabeth (Behlner) Smith. They were natives of Germany, and were married there in 1828. In 1852 they immigrated to this country. On the way the father took the cholera and died at Troy, Ind. The mother lived biit five years longer, dying at her son Henry's in 1857. The subject of this biography was born April 19, 1828, in the same province as his parents. At the age of twenty-four he purchased a farm of eighty acres, and began to cultivate it ; by good management he now owns 120 acres, well furnished with buildings. In 1850 he was married to Mary Weismann, born November 27, 1840. To this union were born thirteen children: Louise, Anna, Lizzie, Lesette, Carrie, John, William, Sophia, Henry, Ida, Mary, Tillie and Amelia. Both parents are members of the Evangelical Church. Mr. Smith is a stanch Eepublican, after having voted the Democratic ticket for fifteen years. He is a good citizen and well liked. JOHN F. STEINKAMP was born May 21, 1849, in Dubois County, Ind. His father, Frederick J., was born in Hanover, Germany, in 181t). At eighteen years of age he left his native land, settling at Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was married. About six years later his wife died, leaving no children. He married Miss Mary Barkman for his second wife, in 1845. To them were born eight children: Eliza. John F., Henry. Frederick, Mary, Louise, Harmon and Caroline. Both father and mother are still living. The subject of this biography received a common school education, and when fifteen years old, began to learn blacksmith- ing. He began plying his trade at Holland, Ind., and still fol- lows his vocation. He married Lucinda Smalkop, of Ohio, born August 8, 1849, who bore him two children: Louis and Louise (both deceased). In 1877 his wife died, and two years later he took a second wife, Lucinda Imbusch, by whom he has one child, Franklin Benjamin. Mr. and Mrs. Steinkamp are members of the Lutheran Church. In politics Mr. Steinkamp is a stanch Democrat. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 699 H. W. STORK, M. D., of Holland, is a native of Prussia, his birth occurring September 21, 1840. He is one in a family of four sons and three daughters born to his parents, who were also natives of Germany. His father, a farmer by occupation, was born in the year 1812, and served two years in the Prussian Arm v. His mother, Mary (Walmann) Stork, was born in 1818. In 1847 the family immigrated to the United States, and the year following settled in Cass Township, Dubois Co., Ind., which has since been their home. The subject of this sketch received a good practical and commercial education in youth and early man- hood, and after attending a full course of instruction at the Medi- cal College of Evansville, graduated with honors in 1878. Since that time he has been actively and successfully engaged in the practice of medicine at Holland, and for some time has also con- ducted an apothecary store. Dr. Stork has been twice married; first in 1865 to Christina Finke, who bore him four sons: William P., Daniel, John W. and Jesse K. Dr. Stork's second wife, for- merly Miss Emma Katterjohn, has borne him one son: Arthur Milroy. He is one of Dubois County's most esteemed, enterpris- ing and well known citizens. JOHN F. WESSEL is one of nine children born to John F. and Mary (Prior) Wessel, who are natives of Germany. They came to this country at an early period, and were married at Louisville, Ky., where the father worked in a livery stable, and the mother worked by the week till they saved enough to buy eighty acres of land in Dubois County, Ind. Here they moved about 184e5, and by earnest efforts have increased their farm to 440 acres. In 1804 Mr. Wessel was thrown before a reaper while driving from Huntingburgh and sustained injuries from Avhich he died in a few hours. The subject of this biography was born June 27, 1850. At the age of twenty-one he began working on the farm of 130 acres, where he now lives, and on the 4th of April, 1872, he was married to Elizabeth Lammers, born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug'ust 21, 1850. To them five children have been born: Anna (deceased), Charles F., Victor D., Harvey F. and Eno O. Both husband and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. AVessel is a Republican, casting his first vote for Gen. Grant. He is a successful farmer and a good citizen. 700 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. BOONE TOWNSHIP. HENRY BREIDENBAUGH, son of Nicholas and Margaret (Lotz) BreidenbaugL, was born in Germany, July 7, 1809, and at the age of fifteen, learned the paper-maker's trade, at which he worked thirteen years. In 1837 he left his native land and came to the United States, landing at Baltimore. Soon after he went to Springfield, Ohio, and worked on the tnrn})ike and helped build the canal running through Dayton. He then came to Orange County, Ind., and farmed ten years. In 1849 he settled on a ninety acre farm in Dubois County, where he yet lives. Sep- tember 1, 1839, he returned to Ohio, and married Mary Franken- berg, born February 7, 1820, and then returned to Indiana. To them were born these children; Caroline, George. J»ohn, Henry, "William. Joseph, Margaret, Mary A., Julia and Lizzie. Mr. Breidenbaugh is an old time Democrat, casting his first vote for Polk. In ISoC) he was elected trustee of Harbison Township, and filled the office satisfactorily. July 14, 1883, his wife died, and he now lives with his children. GEORGE BREIDENBAUGH is a son of John and Dorothea (Lintner ) Breidenbaugh. Both parents were born in Germany, and in 1837 the father came to America and settled on the farm where his son Adam now lives. Our subject was born February 0, 1857, in Dubois County, Ind. , and at the age of eighteen began farm- ing for himself on the home place. In 1884 he l)ouglit the farm of 102 acres, seventy-five acres of which are under good cultivation. August 21, 1884, he married Susan Hoffman, born September 30, 18(30, native of Dubois County, and daughter of John and Catharine Hoffman, natives of Germany. Mr. Breidenbaugh is a warm Democrat, casting his first vote for Hancock; he is an energetic young business man of Dubois County, and Avill make life a success. ADAM BREIDENBAUGH. brother of George Breiden- baugh (see sketch), was born July 10, 1849, and at the age of twenty-four he began working on the farm of 100 acres where he now lives. By hard work and good management he now has 100 acres under good cultivation, with excellent buildings. In 1874 he married Miss Nancy Able, and by her has one child, a daughter, Nancy. His wife died April 25, 1875, and four years later Mr. Breidenbaugh married Lena Huffman, born October 26. 1860. The fruits of this union are three children — two BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 703 daughters and one son: Louella, Anna D. and Walter A. In politics lie is a leading Democrat of Boone Township, casting his first vote for Horace Greeley. WILLIAM L. BPJTTAIN, born November 25, 1826, is a brother of John C. Brittain (elsewhere written ). He received but little education in boyhood, but has since educated himself in the practical affairs of life. At the age of twenty he began work- ing for himself and soon after rented a farm where he continued for about four years. In 185:3 he Ixnight eighty acres of timber land, part of the farm on which he now lives. By hard work and good management he has increased his farm from eighty to 270 acres, 180 acres of which are cultivated. January 18, IS-tH, he married Martha Norton, l)orn August *>, 1828, in Kentuckv. Hlie is a daughter of Drury and Nancy (Johnson) Norton. Mr. and Mrs. Brittain are the parents of five children : Sarah E., Mary E., Nancy I.. John A. and Oliver P. Both husband and wife are members of the Gundierland Presbyterian Church, and Mr. Brittain is a leading Republican, and an example of wliat a young man of energy and brains may do. He began life with no capi- tal but liis two liands, but is noAv a successful and influential farmer. JOHN C^. BRITTAIN, farmei-, was born in Dubois County, Ind., May 1. 1881, son of John CI. and Sarah (Lindsey) Brittain. The father was born in South Carolina in 171*0, and the mother born in Tennessee in 1808. John was a farmer and carpenter and came to this State about 1828, locating near Haysville, where he died in August, 1858. The mother is still living, aa"ed seventy-seven years. Our subject received but little education, but by taking an active part in business life he acquired a good practical education. At the age of twenty he began working for himself and soon saved enough to purchase forty acres of timber land. This he clearetl and then erected a log house. He now owns 214 acres of land, 150 acres being under cultivation. October 20, 1854, he married Rachel Cooper, born in 1887, daughter of William B. and Mary (Ferre) Cooper. They are the parents of twelve children: Marv J.. Elbridge E., Abraham L., Rachel L.. Ulysses H.. George R.. Clara V.. Estella B., John C, James A. and two unnamed. Mrs. Brittain is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Mr. Brittain is a Repub- lican and a good example of a self-made man. Starting from a hired laborer, he has risen step by stej) until he has acquired a comfortable c< )mpetency. WILLIAM S. BISSEY is a son of Elias and Angeline (Mc- lutyre) Bissey. The father was born in Pennsylvania and the mother in New York. They came to Dubois County, Ind,, and settled near Ireland, where the father died April 0, 1805. Will- 28 704 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. iam was born March 9, 1848, in Ohio. In boyhood he received a practical education in the common schools and at the age of twenty-one began working for himself on a rented farm. At the end of one year he went to Illinois, where he stayed four years. Having returned he purchased a farm of 120 acres in 1881. He has now 1()0 acres of good land, 100 acres being under cultiva- tion. In 1868 he married Melvina Kelso, after the brief space of twelve years she died, leaving three children: Olive, Charles and Harry. About a year later Mr. Bissey married Mrs. N. E. McCane. To them was born one child, Eliot. Both parents are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church and Mr. Bissey is a stanch Republican, who cast his first vote for Grant. He is much respected by friends and neighbors. LEMUEL L. COOPER, son of William B. and America (Brittain) Cooper, was born October 17, 1851, in Dubois County, Ind. The parents were natives of Virginia and Indiana respect- ively. The father's death occurred July 15, 1865. Lemuel at- tended the common schools and afterward spent two years in the high school of Huntingburgh, after which he taught school for five years, meeting with excellent success. In 1877 he purchased the farm of 160 acres on which he now lives and which affords him a good home. Josephine Green became his wife September 15, 1877. She was born January 26, 1858, daughter of Nenian and Charlotte (Dillen ) Green. The father was a victim of yellow fever at Corinth, Miss., while he was there serving his country in the Fifty-eighth Regiment Indiana Infantry. Mr. and Mrs. Cooper are the parents of five children: Belle, Edna, Lilian, Kate and Alexander B. For two years Mr. Cooper has filled the office of township trustee and is now township assessor. He is a lead- ing Republican and cast his first vote for Grant. He is an honest and reliable citizen and much respected. His Avife is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. N. B. COFFMAN, son of Henry J. and Sarah (Garrison) CofPman, was born July 24, 1852, in Floyd County, Ind. His father was born in 1818, and his mother in 1828. Our subject received but poor school advantages, but by contact with business life he has a good practical education. At the age of twenty-one he began working for himself on his father's farm. March 14, 1876, he married Essa M. Hedden, born in Floyd County, Ind., August 24, 1854, and daughter of Alexander and Amelia Hedden. Mr. and Mrs. Coffman are the parents of three children: Win- nie, Jessie and an infant. In 1881 our subject bought eighty acres of land where he now lives, and has charge of 400 acres belonging to his father. He is a Republican, and has held the office of township trustee. He has taken great interest in school afPairs, and has helped bring the schools to their present perfec- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 705 tion. Mrs. Coffman is an earnest member of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. THOMAS FAEIS is a son of James and Elizabeth (Thomp- son) Faris. The father, born in 1771, was a native of Mary- land; the mother, born in 1779, a native of South Carolina About 1806 they came to Dubois County, Ind., where they en- tered 500 acres of timbered land. James' death occurred May 8, 1833, and his widow's in August, 1870. Thomas was born April 5, 1820, near Portersville, Ind. He lived with his mother and helped care for his younger brothers and sisters until twenty- five years of age, when he began working for himself on the home place. March 20, 1850, he married Mary E. Doherty, born July 4. 1835, daughter of Joseph and Mary Doherty, born in 1791 and 1800, respectively. Mr. and Mrs. Faris are the parents of nine children: James M. E., Rachel E., Emma E., Florence G., Ida K., Joseph, Fannie A., Andrew A., Lulie B. and one de- ceased. Both parents are members of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church. Mr. Faris is an old time Republican, who cast his first vote for Henry Clay. He held the office of townshij) trustee for two years, and gave good satisfaction. ELLIS F. FARIS,son of Robert and Palina (Ellis) Faris. was born November 22, 1855, in Boone Township, Dubois Co., Ind. His father came to this county in 1806, and after a residence of about two years settled on the farm near Portersville. When twenty- one years old Ellis began working for himself on eighty acres of land, which he received from his father's estate. He sold this land and boiight 110 acres which he also sold and afterward })ur- chased 14-4 acres, where he now lives. He owns 160 acres of land, 120 acres of which are cleared and under good cultivation. January 12, 1879, he was married to Anna Rudolph, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth Rudolph, born February 27, 1859, in Du- bois County. They are the parents of two children: Alice May and John Elmer. Mrs. Faris is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Mr. Faris is one of the leading Republi- cans of Boone Township, and cast his first vote for R. B. Hayes. JAMES W. FARIS, an enterprising young farmer of Du- bois County, Ind., was born May 14, 1858, and is a brother of Ellis Faris (elsewhere written). He received a fair education, and at the age of eighteen began working for himself. At the end of four years he bought a farm of 160 acres in Boone Town- ship, and about two years later sold that and purchased the farm of 110 acres where he now lives. April 23, 1879, he married Miss Savina Miller, born June 2, 1862, in Dubois County, daugh- ter of Adam and Mary A. (Kelso) Miller. To them were born three children — one son and two daughters: Maud. Frank and Edith. Both parents are members of the Cumberland Presby- 706 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. terian Church. Mr. Faris is a leading Republican in his town- ship, and cast his first vote for James A. Garfield. He is a young man of excellent principles, and is much respected and esteemed. ALBERT C. GRAY is a son of John and Elizabeth ( Mc- Cofferty ) Gray, who were born in 1818 and 1825, respectively. They were married in 1843 and settled in Pike County, where they lived but a short time. They afterward bought a farm in Boone Township, where they passed the remainder of their lives. The father died in 1856 and the mother in 1876. Our subject was born July 4, 1845. Attaining his majority he began farm- ing for himself on the old home place. In 1868 he bought a farm of 120 acres, and May 14, of the same year, he led to Hymen's altar, Mary E. Harris, born August 13, 1848, daughter of Daniel and Elizabeth (Paris) Harris. To Mr. and Mrs. Gray were born these children: William, John, Emma (deceased), Mattie, Rater and Roy. Mr. Gray is a well to do citizen, and is the possessor of 234 acres of land where he now lives; 160 acres are well cultivated and furnished with first-class buildings. Both husband and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and in politics he is a Democrat, never having voted any other ticket. CHARLES HORTON, farmer, son of Raughley and Mar- garet (Gray) Horton. was born May 30, 1827, in South Carolina. The parents were natives of Virginia and South Carolina, respect- ively, and came to Dubois County, Ind., in 1832. Here they lived about twenty-five years, and then came to Boone Township, where the father died March 28, 1872. The mother died August 3, 184(). Our subject came to this State with his parents, and at the age of twenty he began working for himself. In 1854 he purchased sixty acres of land in Boone Township, where he built a log house and began clearing his land. He now owns 120 acres of land, seventy acres under good cultivation. April 17, 1851, he married Mary I. Brittain, born March 1, 1833, in Dubois County, daughter of John G. and Sarah (Lindsey) Brit- tain. Mr. and Mrs. Horton are the parents of eight children: William A., Basil L., Louis E., Sylvester H., Thomas A., Charles W., Mary I. and Edward A. All the family are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Previous to the war Mr. Horton was a Democrat, bvit since that time he has been a Republican. GEORGE W. HASKINS is a son of Daniel and Sarah (Weedman) Haskins. The father was born July 11, 1806, at Cumberland Gap, and the mother born in 1807, in Indiana. In 1827, the year following their marriage, they came to this county, remaining here ten years and then moved to Crawford County. The mother died in August 1856. George was born August 15, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 707 lS2s, near Jasper, where lie attended school in the hrst school- house ever built in the town. At the age of eighteen he began working for himself on his father's farm. A year later he went to Pike County where he farmed two years. He then returned to this county and entered eighty acres of land where he now lives. B}' good management he has since increased his farm to 200 acres. Ellen Chappell, born in 1828, became his wife in 1852. To them were born two children: Sarah M, and William E. The wife died in 185-1, and about a year later he married Malinda Hall, born March 10, 1831, daughter of David and Sarah (Day) Hall. They became the parents of thirteen children: James, George, Saverna and one unnamed, are deceased; Harriet M., Laura A., Francis I., Els worth. Rachel C. Mary E., Rillie J.. Lillie A. and Susan E.. are living. Husband and wife are inem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Haskins has filled tke office of justice of the peace for seven years, and has given the best of satisfaction. He has voted the Republican ticket since the breaking out of the war. LEMUEL L." KELSO, farmer, was born July 7, 1832, at Knoxville, Dubois County, Ind. His parents, Andrew F. and Susannah E. (Hargrave) Kelso, were "born in 1807 and 1813, re- spectively. They moved to this county in 1817, when the father put up the first grist-mill in the county. He afterwnrd sold his }uill and purchased a farm in Boone Township, then afterward sold out and bought a mill in Ireland. At the age of twenty, Lemuel inherited 120 acres of land from his father's estate. He has been a farmer ever since and has noAv -140 acres of good land. Octo- ber 11, 1853, he married Sarah Chappell, born July 21. 1835. They are the parents of nine children: Oscar L., Elizabeth F., Erasmus L., Lincoln P., Susaniiali B.. Benjamin H., Ulysses B.. Edith and Effie. At the breaking out of the war he enlisted in Company F, Tenth Indiana Cavalry. He was in numerous fam- ous battles and skirmishes, and after serving nearly two years returned home. His son Oscar is a graduate of the State Uni- versity and State Normal School and is now* principal of the high school at Richmond. Ind. Erasmus is a promising young lawyer in Iowa. The rest of the sons are farmers. Mr. Kelso's first wife died of heart disease September l',>, 1879, and August 29, 1881, he married Mary Coffman, born November -1, 1853. To them were born two children: Zenas C. and Isaac H. Mrs. Kelso is a member of the Methodist Church, and her husband is a warm Republican, who cast his first vote for Filmore. BENNETT C. KELSO, son of Samuel and Isabel ( Horton) Kelso, was born October 15, 1842. in Dubois County, Ind. At the age of seventeen he enlisted in Company E, Fifty-eighth In- diana Volunteer Infantry'! and durin«: three vears faithful service 708 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. lie and his comrades took part in some of the bloodiest engagements that history has ever recorded. After returning home his health was never the same. By exposure he had sown the fatal seeds of consumption and fifteen years later his death occurred. April 21, 1867, he married Mary E. Graham, born June 28, 1847, To this marriage were born two children : Manora and Lizzie B. Both husband and wife were members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Kelso was one of the prominent Republicans of the township and an active member of the I. O. O. F. He was an excellent citizen and honest upright man, much respected and esteemed. CLAY LEMMON, "farmer, was born December 20, 1842, in Diibois County, Ind. His parents were Elijah and Isabella t Summerville) Lemmon. The father was born near Portersville, Ind., in 1815, and in early life followed flat-boating on the White Kiver, and in 1830 he entered 1(30 acres of land. Before divid- ing his land among his children, he possessed about 880 acres, and received a large income from the loan of money. July 15, 187G, he was taken from among the living, his wife having passed away in 1860. Clay was educated in the primitive schools of his day and at the breaking out of the Eebellion, he shoul- dered his musket with the other brave boys of Indiana, and enlisted in Company E, Twenty-fourth Indiana Volunteers. He partici- pated in the battles of Shiloh, Port Gibson, Champion Hill, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and many others, fighting bravely for his country for over four years. After coming home, lie worked on the farm until his marriage to Lucy Anderson, which occurred September 3, 1872. They are the parents of four chil- dren: Isaac B., Charles O., Earl S. and Jessie I. At his father's death, Mr. Lemmon became the possessor of the 230 acres of land, which he afterward increased to 390 acres. Both husband and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and Mr. Lemmon is a leading Republican, having cast his first vote for Grant. W. S. LEMMON, brother of Clay Lemmon (above writ- ten), was born March 19, 1847, in Dubois County, Ind. At the age of sixteen he enlisted in Company E, Twenty-fourth Indiana Volunteers, and served his country faithfully nearly two years. In March, 1864, he returned to home and friends, and he and his brother worked on the home farm until 1867, when he bought a farm of 120 acres in Pike County, which he sold fifteen years later. In 1877 he purchased the farm of 230 acres, and which he has since increased to 270 acres, 110 acres being under culti- vation. November 29, 1868, he married Emma McDonald, born July 27, 1849, daughter of John and Margaret (Bacon) McDon- ald. They are the parents of four children: Clara I., Ira C, Eliza M. and Harley S. Mr. Lemmon and wife are members of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 709 the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and he is a warm Republi- can, who cast his first vote for Grant. He is a successful farmer, and is now the possessor of 377 acres of good land. JOHN MEHNE, one of two children of John and Barbara (Price) Meline, who were born in Germany, is a native of Ken- tucky, and was born November 10, 1853. The father came to America, and after marriage settled in Kentucky, where he re- mained for a feAV years, then came to this county and engaged in the saw-mill business. A short time after he bought 280 acres of land where his widow now lives. His death occurred January 12, 187(). In early life John learned the carpenter's trade, at which he worked about ten years. In 1881 he bought a store- room, and filled it with a large stock of general merchandise, at which business he has been quite successful. He married Mar- garet Bacher, September 2(), 1878, and to them were born three children: Johanna F., Margaret B. and Elizabeth M. Both husband and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, and he is a Democrat, having cast his first vote for Tilden. BARBARA MEHNE is the only child of Munkert and Kate Mehne, natives of Germany. The father died in the old country in 183(^, and the mother about five years ago, in New Albany, Ind. Our subject, who was born December 80, 1827, came to the United States in 1850, and settled in Dubois County. That same year she married George Hoffmann. To this union were born these children: Frederick, Margaret K., John, Anna M., George, Eva and Christian. Janiiary 20, 1803, Mr. Hoffman died, and after a widowhood of eight years she married J. Mehne, born in 1819. In 187() he also died. Since that time she has remained a widow. Mrs. Mehne is a woman of pluck and enterprise, and manages a farm of 280 acres, 140 of which are under cultivation. By hard work and good management she has saved enough money to buy out all the heirs to the |)roperty, save one. She is an act- ive member of the Lutheran Church, and an energetic and capable business woman. RICHARD F. MILBURN, one of the leading farmers of Boone Township, is a son of Francis and Mary (Inman) Mil- burn. The father was born in Kentucky in 1804, and the mother in 1809. They moved to Dubois County, Ind., in 1859, Avhere they farmed. Francis died in November, 1861, and the mother died September 5, 1865. Richard was *born' October 24, 1832. He received but little schooling in his boyhood, but by his own exertions acquired a good business education. From early boy- hood he worked in a mill in Kentucky until 1853, when he came to Dubois County and settled on a rented farm where he remained two years. He afterward bought eighty acres of the farm where he now lives. He built a house and furnished it, but one 710 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. day during his absence it burned to tlie ground. With the assist- ance of his neighbors lie erected another in four days. He now owns 200 acres of good land. In 1852 he was married in Ken- tucky to Liza J. McCarthy^ born December 13, 1834. They were blessed with six children: Sarah E., John W., Richard M., James S., Mattie J. and one unnamed. Richard is a wide-awake young teacher, and has attended the State Normal School three terms. Husband and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Mr. Milburn has served as constable seven years, and has tilled the ofhce of justice twelve years. He is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Buchanan. LOUIS L. MILLER, one of the leading young farmers of Boone Township, is a son of Adam and Mary A. (Kelso) Miller, who were natives of Dubois County, Ind. In early life the father began merchandising in Patoka Township, and soon after began farming. At the breaking out of the war he enlisted in Com- pany E, Fifty-eighth Indiana Volunteers. After a service of two years he sickened and died March 11, 1863. The mother is still alive. Louis received a common school education, and at the age of twenty he began farming on a rented place. In 1883 he bought the farm of 140 acres on which he now lives, ninety acres are under cultivation, and are furnished with good buildings. Septem- ber 0, 1883, he married Alice N. Faris, born September (>. 18G4. To their union one child was born, Ellis H., born March 8, 1885. In 1882, Mr. Miller was elected constable, wliich position he ably filled for two years. He is a strong Republican, and cast his first vote for Garfield. As a farmer he has been fairly suc- cessful. JOHN RUDOLPH, a native of Germany, is a son of Henry P. and Elizabeth Rudolph, who were also natives of the old country. The father was born 1778, and died in 1836, the mother was born 1781. died in 1854. John was born July 9, 1819, and at the age of twenty-three, having learned the shoe-maker's trade, he worked for wages till 1847 when he set up shop for himself. In 1852, he with his mother and other members of the family left their native land to find a liome in the New World. They located in Portersville, Dubois Co., Ind., where he purchased eighteen lots. He now owns thirty-two, and is in good circum- stances. December 9, 1854, he married Anna C. Harter, born March 5, 1830. To their union were born seven children: Lizzie C, Elizabeth. Anna E., Belle, Henry P., John D. A. and Chris- tian W. For the last twelve years Mr. Rudolph has been keep- ing hotel in Portersville with good success. He and family are members of the Lutheran Church, and he is a life long Demo- crat, having cast his first vote for Buchanan. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 711 CHRISTIAN H. RUDOLPH, fanner of Dubois County, Ind., was born June 14. IS-iC). in Pittsburgh, Penn. ; at the age of eighteen he began working for himself on a rented farm, where he remained three years. He then purchased the farm of 135 acres where he now lives. In 1882 he bought a half interest in 270 acres of river bottom land, which he yet owns. April 80, 1875, he was married to Elizabeth Bauer, who died April 28, 1882. To them were born three children: Frank, Anna and Harry. September 5, 1882, he married Catharine Bauer. They have two children: William and Dora. In 1878 Mr. Rudolph was elected township trustee, and in 1882 was re-elected. He is a Democrat and an enterprising and successful farmer. His parents, Henry and Elizabeth Rudolph, who were natives of Ger- many, were born in 181(^) and 1825, respectively, and came to this county in 1851, and still reside here. ADAM RUDOLPH, brother of Christian Rudolph (else- where written), was liorn in Pittsburgh, Penn., December 20, 1847. He received a practical education in the common schools, and at the age of twenty-two he began tilling the soil on his father's farm, where he remained eight years, and then bought a half interest in the business now owned by C. H. and A. Rudol})h. In 1879 Adam bought his brother's interest, and now has entire control of affairs. In 1888 he and his brother, Henry, established a general merchandise store in Haysville, and are having a lively trade. May 28, 1882, he married Barbara Tenfal. To them were born two children: Zenobia and Olga. Mr. Rudolpli is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and his wife of the Lutheran Church. Our subject was assistant postmaster at Portersville for some time. He is one of the leading Democrats of the township, having cast his first vote for Greeley. GEORGE RUDOLPH, brother of Christian Rudolph (else- where written), was born in Dubois County, Ind., December 28, 1854. In boyhood he received a practical education, and on reaching his majority, began working for himself. Six years later he purchased a oiie-half interest in the farm of 278 acres, now owned by himself and brother, Cliristian. In 1881 George led to Hymen's altar Miss Laura Bowers, born August 81, 1801, daughter of George and Caroline (Grossman) Bowers, both natives of Germany. Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph are the parents of two children: Margaret and Walter C. The former bcn-n October 10, 1882, the latter born March 14, 1884. Mr. Rudolpli's politi- cal views are Democratic, having cast his first vote for Tilden. As a farmer he has lieen quite successful, having one of the best farms in the White River bottom. JOHN N. RUDOLPH, son of Henry and Elizabeth (Buer- line) Rudolph, was born April 27, 1852, at Portersville, Ind.. 712 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. In early life he received a practical business education, and on reaching his majority began to n^ork for himself on his father's farm. In 1881 he bought his father's interest in the home place, which amounted to 107 acres, which, together with forty-seven acres he had previously owned, make him a good home. In 1882 Mr, Rudolph married Miss Mary J. Weisman, born May 3, 1865, near Huntino^burgh, Ind., dausrhter of Frederick W. and Eliza- beth (Bretz) Weisman. They have three children: Cora, Her- man and Helen, the last two, twins. Mrs. Rudolph is a member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Rudolph is a leading Democrat of Boone Township, and cast his first vote for S. J. Tilden. He has been quite successful in business, and is a good citizen. PHILIP SCHWANK, one of the leading farmers of Boone Township, is the only child of John and Margaret (Harley) Schwank. The parents were natives of Germany and came to this country in 1843, and settled in Dubois County, Ind., on the farm where Philip now lives. He first entered forty acres of land. His personal property consisted of an old horse, a one-horse wagon and an ax. By hard labor and economy he increased his forty acres to 240 acres. His death occurred in 1864. The mother still lives with her son at the ripe old age of eighty- five. Our subject was born in Barracks, Penn., April 9, 1841. At the age of twenty he began doing for himself, taking charge of the home farm, of which he became sole proprietor at tlie death of his father. He has improved his home very much by erecting a good dwelling house and barn, and adding eighty acres. Cath- arine Birk became his wife May 8, 18'51). To them were born eleven children : John, Ellis, Margaret, Rachel, Joseph (deceased), Anna, Lizzie, Jacob, Frank, Katie and Edward. Both husband and wife are members of the Catholic Ghiirch, and he is a Dem- ocrat, and cast his first vote for Greeley. ADAM SCHNARR is a native of Hesse Cassel, Germany, where he was born November 25, 1825. His parents, Christian and Barbara (Breidenbaugh) Schnarr, came from the old coun- try, where the father was born about 1794, and the mother about three years later. They reached America in 1851 and settled in Dubois County, Ind., where the father died in 1867 and the mother in 1847. Adam learned the tailor's trade and worked at it until 1846, when he came to the United States. After working in Pittsburgh, Penn., for two years, he came to Dubois County, and a year later bought the farm of eighty acres near Portersville, on which he lived until 1883, then moved to the above town. Mr. Schnarr married Margaret Hoffman in 1848. To them eight children were born: Henry, Adam, Peter, Carrie, John, Lee, Mollie and Annie F. Both husband and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, and lie is a life-long Democrat, having cast liis first vote for Pierce. BIOGRArillCAL SKETCHES. 713 WILLIAM B. SHEREITT, a son of John and Jane (Brown) Sherritt. was born January 12, IS 22. He received but little schooling, but by application and contact with business life, he has a good practical education. At the age of twenty-one, he liegan working on a farm of fifty-two acres of timber land given him by his fathei'. In 18-18, he bought out the heirs to the farm of 500 acres, on which he now lives. March 13, 1851, he married Miss Margaret Carender, born February 10, 1832, in Perry County, Ind. To them four children were born: Emma F., James W.. William G. and Irvin B. James and William died in infancy, and at the age of twenty-three, Irvin was cut down in his young and vigorous manhood. His death occurred June 11, 1885. Mr. Sherritt' s ])arents were married in Troy, Ind., in 1828. The father died October 23, 1875, and the mother December 1-1. 187(5. Our subject is a member of the Cumber- land Presbyterian Church, and a stanch Eepublican, casting his first vote for Harrison. CHRISTIAN SINNING, son of John and Elizabeth (Tyler) Sinning, was born February 22, 1842, in Pittsburgh, Penn. His parents were natives of Germany, and immigrated to America in 1827. The father was a miller by trade, but after coming to the United States, he located in Pittsburgh, and Avorked in an iron foundry till 1845, when he came to this county, locating on his farm of 200 acres, near Haysville. He sold that and bought eighty acres in Boone Township. He again sold out and moved to Portersville, where he died in 1870. The mother's death oc- curred eighteen years before. At the age of nineteen. Christian enlisted in Company I. Twenty-fourth Indiana Infantry, and fought bravely at Shiloli, Grand Prairie, Ark., Port Gibson, Champion Hill, siege of Vicksburg. Jackson, Miss., and Fort Blakely. December 1865, he returned home. He was married March 10, 1803, to Margaret Meline. The fruits of this union are eleven children : Conrad, Caroline, John, Susannah, Eva, Liz- zie, Georp-e. Christian, Barbara, Amelia and Sebastian C. Both parents belong to the Lutheran Church. In politics he is a stanch Republican, having cast his first vote for Gen. Grant. For about five years he farmed, and then began merchandising in Portersville, where he still continues in business. He has a farm in connection Avith his store, and is doing Avell. JESSE TEAYLOR, one of a large family of children born to Joel and Catherine (Bomar) Tray lor, w^as born January 9, 1820. The parents were natives of South Carolina, where they folloAved farming till their removal to Pike County, Ind. Here Joel bought a farm of KK) acres, on AAdiich he and wife lived un- til their deaths. In 1841, Jesse came to Dubois County and pur- chased 200 acres of land. By hard Avork and good management, 714 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. lie succeeded in clearing about 125 acres. In 18-41, lie married Jane McDonald, l^orii in Dubois County, in 1822. To them were born these children: William A., Joel, Lockliart, Perry G., Louis, Ellis, Edward S., Albert and Basil. In 1861 Mrs. Traylor died, and a year later Mr. Traylor married Margaret Drinkhouse. They are the parents of three children : George, Kerr and Hugh. In politics Jesse is a Democrat, never having voted any other ticket. ALBERT H. TRAYLOR, an enterprising young farmer of Dubois County, Ind., is a son of Jesse and Jane (McDonald) Traylor. Albert was born April 5, 1854:, in Dubois County. He received a practical business education in the common schools and at the age of seventeen, began working for wages on the farm; he was married to Frances A. Chattin, March 14, 1875. She was born April 10, 185(5, and is a daughter of Nathaniel and Susan (Allen) Chattin. To Mr. and Mrs. Traylor were born five children: Charlotte J., Flora M. (deceased), Lola, Floyd and Bertha. Both husband and wife are members of the Cum- berland Presbyterian Church, in which Mr. Traylor is an elder. He is a warm Democrat and cast his first vote for Tilden; he is a wide-awake and enterprising young man and is sure to make a success of life. J. N. AVALLAR is one of a family of seven children born to William and Sarah ( Camp ) Wallar. Both parents were born in Virginia, the father in 1809, and the mother in 1810. The father was a farmer and moved to Ohio Avliere they remained till 1851. His death occurred in 1862 and his widow's in 1883. Our subject was born July 9, 1835, in Guernsey County, Ohio. He re- ceived a practical business education, and at the age of twenty- seven years, began to work for himself; he soon after bought a farm of 120 acres, which he worked four years. In 1866, he came to this county and bought 160 acres, where he remained about thirteen years ; he then bought his present farm, of 240 acres. By hard work and good management he has made his farm one of the best in the township. September 5, 1861, he married Margaret McVey, born February 8, 1842. To their union Avere born two children: Alice M. and Ida A., both of whom are married, the former to U. G. Bixley, and the latter to his brother W. F. Both Mr. and Mrs. Waller are members of the Methodist Church. He is a strong Republican. HENRY WEISHEIT, one of two children of John and Elizabeth (Baumbach) Weisheit, was born in Germany April 10, 1835. The father, who was a teamster, was born in 1818, and the mother in 1812. They came with our subject to this country in 1852. After residing here two years the father died, and in 1865 the mother passed from amcwig the living. About 1855 oui- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 715 subject came to Dubois County, Intl., and purchased eighty acres of Land, where he lived twenty-two years. He then sold out and bought the farm of 100 acres where he now lives. He was mar- ried to Emma Munkel, who has borne nine children: John, Josephine, Margaret. Joseph. Mary, Charles, August Otto, Anna and Christian. In 18(U, at his country's call, he shouldered his musket and went to the field to aid in the great struggle between North and South; he aided in the battles of Nashville and Deca- tur, Tenn.. Raleigh, N. C, and numerous others. Mr. Weisheit and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, and he is a warm Democrat in politics. SAMUEL W. WINEINGER is a son of John A. and Cath- erine Wineinger. The father, a native of Tennessee, was born in 180S. In 1835 he and his family moved to Orange Countv, Ind., where they lived about twenty-one years, and then came to this county. Samuel was l)orn November 18. 1832, in Tennessee. He was poorly educated, the sum total of his schooling being about three months. In 1870 he came in ])ossession of KU) acres of land, mostly timbered. He now has ninety acres cleared and under cultivation. He married Nancy A. Harris March 21. 18()5. To them were born five children: Albert (deceased), Olga, Mar- shal (deceased), Homer, Delle and one unnamed. At the end of eight years his wife died, and January (5. 1870, he married Malissa Anderson, born August 14, 1852. They are the parents of four children: three unnamed and Dora. During the war Mr. Wineinger was mail carrier from Jas})er to Albany. He is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Douglas. He and wife are church members. JOHN F. WINEINGER, son of John A. and Catharine (AVineinger) Wineinger, was born February 28, 1840, in Orange County, Ind. He had poor advantages for education, but now is a good business man. At twenty-two years of age he began work- ing for himself on his father's farm. He now owns 200 acres of land, 100 under cultivation. About 18*)! he married Rachel Corne, who lived only two years. A year later he took for his second wife, Maria White, who bore him four children: Irvie W., Belle, Stella and Charles. After a few years she was called from amonof the livino-, and in 1877 he married agfain — Caroline Walters became his wife, born June 23, 185*5. The family born to this union are Nancy A.. Andrew, Harvey L. and Cora V. Mr. AVineinger is a warm Democrat, never having voted any other ticket. As a farmer he has been fairly successful, and he is much respected by his neighbors. 716 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. GEORGE F. ATKINS, of Birdseye, Ind., was born Febru- ary 9, 1853, in Dubois County, his parents being Martin and Elizabeth (Denbo) Atkins, who were natives o£ this county, where they still reside. Our subject received a very limited edu- cation, owing to the inconvenience of school surroundings. Thus his boyhood was passed, mainly at hard work on his father's farm. Principally by his own exertions he acquired sufficient education to teach. He taught several terms before his marriage Avith Mollie Hilt, of Perry County, Ind., October 19, 1873. Mr. Atkins has been teaching ever since with periods of rest. He taught his last term in the spring of 1881, and may be called a first class teacher. He sold his farm in Perry County, and came to Dubois County in 1879, where he purchased another farm. In 1881 he sold this farm also, and engaged in general merchandise in Birdseye, with E. H. Baxter as partner. In 1885 he (our sub- ject) purchased the other's interest, and now controls the business. Mr. and Mrs. Atkins have four children: Eldora, Ella, Hattie and Charles Herbert. Mr. Atkins is a Republican, and a mem- ber of the I. O. O. F., also of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His wife is a Baptist. MATHIAS BREIT of Mentor, Ind., was born February 24, 1849, in Prussia, Germany. John and Mary (Klein) Breit were the parents of eight children, our subject being the oldest. The father who was a blacksmith, immigrated to the United States in 1882 and died in Cincinnati, Ohio, the same year. The mother's death occurred in Germany in 18G0. Our subject cajne to Am- erica in 1871. He had good educational advantages and came to the United States to escape regular army service at home. He worked in Philadelphia for some time and then came to St. Meinrad, Ind., and began blacksmithing and manufacturing wagons, buggies, etc. From there he moved to Mentor, Ind., where he accumulated property worth $1,000. All his people are in the United States except one brother who is still in Ger- many. He was married in December, 1876, to Katrina Rein- hart. They have had five children, two of whom are living: Charles and Anna. Mr. Breit is a Democrat and he and his family are Catholics. JOSEPH E. BUCHART of Schnellville, Ind., was born January 1, 1854. Edward and Katrina Buchart were the par- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 71T ents of nine cliildren. seven now living, our subject being the third in the family. The father was a native of this State and among the early settlers. The mother was a native of Germany. Our subject spent his boyhood at home on the farm, where he re- ceived a limited education in English, remaining there until he was twenty-three years of age. He then left home and engaged in the general merchandise business at Schnellville, Ind., where he still continues to hold forth. He has a complete line of goods, carrying over a $10,0()() stock, and has no competition in town. He was married, in May, 1878, to Catharine Schnell, daughter of Henry Schnell, the result of their union being two children: Edward and Harry. Mr. Buchart is a member of the Catholic Church and a Democrat in politics. WILLIAM M. CHANLEY, of Irish descent, was born De- cember 25, 1830, in Kentucky. He is a son of George W. and Malinda (Baysinger) Chanley, who were the parents of seven- teen children, ten of whom are now living. They were natives of Tennessee and Kentucky and came to Dubois C^ounty, Ind., where they have since resided. Our subject came to Indiana when about four years old, and was a pioneer boy on a wilderness farm till he was about twenty. He was married, October 31, 1855, to Sarah Miles, born and raised in southern Indiana. To them were born nine children, two of Avliom are dead. Those now living are Matilda, Mary, John W., Nancy J., Malinda, Barbara and Nora. After marriage Mr. Chanley sejbtled on a farm of forty acres, all in heavy woods. He received no assistance and made what he has by his own exertions. He now owns -lOO acres of fine land, 180 acres being cleared. He deals quite ex- tensively in stock, and is a prosperous farmer. Mr. Chanley is a member of the Masonic fraternity and a Democrat, and takes an active part in politics. He and wife are members of the Chris- tian Church. SAMPSON COX was born October 12, 1851, in Dubois County. Ind., and is the eldest of eleven children born to James and Nancy (Conley) Cox. The father was born in Kentucky, and came with his parents to Dubois County at the age of seven years. Here he was married and now lives. Our subject re- mained at home with his parents until he reached his majority, when he began working for himself. His previous education was quite limited, but he now began attending school at Marengo Academy, and getting a good classical and literary education. He made his own way through school, doing farm work between terms. At the age of sixteen he began teaching in Dubois County, and has continued in that work ever since, with the ex- ception of his academic schooling. He also owns 120 acres of land, which he farms successfully. Sixty acres are under culti- 718 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. vation, and the rest is in timber land. December 25, 1878, he married Maggie A. Wheeler, of Perry County, Ind., the result of this union being one child — a son — Lunsford E. Mr. Cox is a Democrat and a Mason. He is a minister in the Christian Church, and has been such for fourteen years. CHAELES C. CUMMINGS was born March 3, 1826, in Tennessee. He is a son of Andrew and Sarah (Johnson) Cum- mings, who were the parents of nine children, our subject being the youngest and the only one now living; the rest died of con- sumption. The parents were natives of Tennessee, where the mother died. The father moved to Dubois County, Ind., near Huntingburgh, and died very suddenly on his way home from that place. He left a wife and three daughters, our subject be- ing his only son. Charles C. was raised by Berry T. Goodman, who married his sister. He was an excellent man and a first- class citizen. Charles was married, at the age of twenty, to Nancy Hobbs, a daughter of Hiram Hobbs, one of the very first settlers of Dubois County. They have seven children, all now grown. After marriage Mr. Cummings worked until he had ac- cumulated $25. He then borrowed $25 more from his brother, and entered forty acres of land. By industry and attention to business he now owns 1,080 acres of splendid farming land. He has given each of his seven children eighty acres of land, and yet has 520 acres, well stocked, and under good cultivation. His children's names are Thomas, Hiram, Woodson, Nancy Jane, Andrew, John and Maze. He is a Democrat in politics, all his sons being the same. He and wife are members of the Christian Church. JOHN CUMMINGS, fifth son of Charles Cummings, was born February (>, 1S57, in Dubois County, Ind. He was raised at home on his father's farm, and received a common school edu- cation. At the age of twenty-two years he began working for himself. February 20, 1879, he was married, and began his wedded life on a farm, which was presented him by his father. He has continued farming since that time, and now owns eigfhtv acres of good land. He married Mrs. Alice (Brown) White, of Newton Stewart, Orange Co., Ind., the result of this union being two children : Benton D. and Dessie May. Mrs. Cummings' par- ents were natives of Maryland and Indiana. Her relatives now live in Orange County. Mr. Cummmings and wife are members of the Christfan Church. He is a Democrat, and his brothers and father are the same. He was elected trustee in the spring of 1884, and now holds that office. MARTIN ECKERT was born September 25, 1844, in Prus- sia, Germany, and is the eldest of six children born to George and Catharine (Volkman) Eckert, who Avere natives of the same BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 721 province and came to the United States in 1854, landing at New Orleans and settling in Cincinnati, Ohio, where they lived for about eighteen months. From there they came to Dubois County, Ind. The father was a plasterer by trade and died in 1859. The mother is still living. Our subject lived on a farm till the war broke out, when he enlisted in Company K, Thirty-eighth Indiana Volunteers, and served three years and eleven months. He Avas in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Cliickamauga, Jonesboro, and with Sherman on his march to the sea; after coming home he worked for some time on a farm. November 11, 1866, he married Alice Howard, who has borne him nine children. Mr. Eckert is a well to do farmer and now owns 3(54 acres of good land. He is a Republican in politics and a member of the Masonic lodge and G. A. R. HENRY AV. FARVER, a prominent druggist of Birdseye, Ind., was born March 15, 1845, in Westmoreland County, Penn. His parents were George W. and Eliza (Cazier) Farver. His father moved from Pennsylvania to Michigan in 1864 and bought a fine farm on which he yet resides. His mother died in August, 1883. His educational advantages were quite limited. He en- tered the army at the age of eighteen, enlisting in 186)4, and re- mained till the close of the war. After coming home he began the study of medicine which he pursued at intervals for fifteen years. At this time he was in Indiana, from thence he went to the West Indies and began shipping red cedar timber to Ger- many, England and France. He left the West Indies and came to Indiana in 1880; he lived in various counties in this State and finally settled in Birdseye. where he has since been selling drugs. He now owns two drug stores, one in Birdseye and the other in Riceville, this State. He has an excellent stock and his business is comparatively large. He has led quite an adventurous life, being twice shipwrecked on account of storms, once having to swim two miles to reach the shore. His father was a Democrat in politics but at the opening of the war our subject became a Republican and is a ])rominent member of that party. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., of Birdseye. JOSEPH F. FAULKNER, M. D.. of Birdseye. Ind., was born in Green Coi^nty. Ky.. March 2, 1834. He was one of eleven children born to William and Anna (Harned) Faulkner. His father was born and raised in Kentucky and his mother in Virginia. They were married in Indiana, whither she had gone to live; soon after they removed to Kentucky and began farm life, where they remained till 1841, wiien they purchased a farm in Orange County, Ind., and moved there. Here his father died in 1858. The mother remained on the farm till 1880, when she moved to Paoli and died in 1883. Our subject lived with his 722 HISTORY OF Dubois county. parents until of age. at which time lie began teaching school. His educational opportunities were very limited, he only getting the benefit of schooling for about one year, owing to the fact that there were no schools near his home. When about grown he procured some books and by his own exertions acquired sufficient education to teach school. He began teaching when about twenty- one years old and continued in that work for about twelve years. As a teacher he was appreciated as one of the most successful of his day. During intervals between terms of school he worked on a farm until 1864, when, owing to a wound received in the army, he was compelled to quit teaching and chose medicine as a pro- fession. He began practicing in 1872, at Schnellville, Ind., and has since been successfully engaged in that profession, practicing over ten years in Schnellville. He then removed to Birdseye, where he has since made his home and built up a good practice. In December, of 1861, he enlisted in Company F, Forty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, and was in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh; in the latter battle he was severely wounded in the foot, which has caused him much trouble ever since. He was honor- ably discharged in August, 1862. Our subject was married, October 20, 1863, to Sarah C. Long, the result of this union being seven children, six of whom are living: Emma, Charles. John,. William, Anna and Marion Marcus. The Doctor is a Republican, and is recognized as one of the leading men in this section of the county. He is a Freemason and a member of the G. A. E. He and wife are members of the Baptist Church. FREDERICK GOBBEL, M. D., of Birdseye, Ind., was born October 18, 1831, in Orange County. Ind. He is the eldest of seven children born to Absalom and Julia Anne (Davis) Gob- bel. Absalom was a farmer by occupation and a native of Orange County, N. C. The mother was born in Kentucky and was mar- ried to Mr. Gobbel in Orange County, Ind., where they made their home. Our subject remained at home receiving an ordin- ary education at the district schools. When twenty years of age he married Hannah Hammond, of Orange County, December 1, 1850, who bore him five children. The eldest, Frederick R., is now practicing medicine in Grantsburg ; the youngest Francis O. has now begun the study of medicine. Soon after marriage our subject began keeping a dry goods store. At the end of eight years he closed out, moved to Orange County and began studying medicine; moved back to Unionville and began practicing, graduating at Indianapolis Medical College in 1873. He prac- ticed at Unionville until 1875 and then moved to Grantsburg and remained till 1871*. He then gave up his profession and invested about $4,000 in a saAv and grist-mill. In this he was not very successful, so began practicing medicine again, this time in Birds- BIOGRArHICAL SKETCHES. 723 eye. Dr. Gobbel lived with his wife till 1878. He married Maggie Nelson of Louisville, Ky., September 17, 1884. He is a Democrat in politics and is a man of influence, has been a dele- gate to Congressional and State conventions divers times. He is a member of the Christian Church and his wife is a Presbv- terian. ISAAC L. HOBBS was born in Perry County, Ind., Jul}- (>, 1841. His parents were Hiram and Sabra (Hifield) Hobbs, who were natives of Virginia and Indiana. At the age of eighteen Hiram left Virginia, came West, and finally settled in Perrv County, Ind., where he entered land at ^1.25 per acre. At that time the country was a wilderness inhabited by Indians and wild animals. The father and his family wore clothing made from the hides of deer, and were entirely dependent on their own exer- tions for a living. Our subject remained with his father until twenty-six years of age, when he married and began farming in Dubois County, Ind. He married Nancy Bradshaw. December 29, 1865. To them were born eight children: Sarah M., Joseph S., Sabra B., Maude, Marietta, Charles, Emma and Rosa. Mr. Hobbs has been a successful farmer. He began life very poor but now owns 300 acres of good land, well stocked and conven- iently arranged, of which 200 acres are under cultivation. This he has made by his own exertions. He is a Democrat in politics and takes great interest in political affairs. He had tliree sons who took an active part in the late war, one serving the entire time, another two years and the other about eighteen months. AMERICUS J. HUBBARD, a prominent man of Birdseye, Ind., was born November 10, 1845. He is a brother of Charles J. (elsewhere written), and the eldest of the family. His father and mother were natives of Vermont. The father's death occurred in 1877, preceded by his wife in 1870. Our subject remained at home, where he attended the graded schools until the breaking out of the war, when he enlistetl in his country's service in Com- pany K, One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Volunteers, and mustered out at the close of the war. After coming home he attended two terms of school at Berea. He then remained at home until his marriage with Elvira Hestong, July 26, 1869. He was given the position of foreman in the Bedford Rolling-mill Company where he remained about three years. He went to the old home and staid there until after his father's death, and then came to Dubois County and worked at making staves until 1884, where he engaged in general merchandising, still continuing the store busi- ness. He is a Freemason and I. O. O. F., and a stanch Repub- lican in politics. He was well acquainted with James A. Gar- field, being raised near the martyred President's old home. 724 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. CHARLES J. HUBBARD, of the firm of Hubbard Bros., of Birdseye, Ind., was born February 15, 185(), in Bedford, Ohio. He is the youngest of three children born to Hine and Thankful (Francis) Hubbard. He received the advantages of a high school education at Bedford, and afterward attended Oberlin College two terms, receiving a literary and commercial education; he was a teacher both before and after attending college, and was very successful; at the age of twenty he went to California, teaching there for about four and a half years; he returned to Shoals, Ind., and began keeping books for McGregor & Hubbard, a stave firm of that place ; he came to Birdseye about a year later ; in the spring of 1882, he engaged in the grocery business for himself, remaining thus engaged for about one year, and then began a general merchandise business in which he was joined by his brother A. J. They have a thriving trade. Charles was married October 4, 1881, to Anna I. Dillon, of Columbus, Ind. They have one child, a son, Charles Hine. In politics Mr. Hub- bard is a Republican and a member of the A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. JAMES M. INGLE, of Dubois County, Ind., was born De- cember 11. 1837, in Harrison County, Ind. His parents, Samuel and Margaret (Crowder) Iiigle, had two children, our subject being the younger. The father was born and raised in Tennes- see, and came to Indiana in 1832, being among the first settlers of Harrison County; he endured many of the hardships of fi'ontier life, and died in 1853, preceded by the wife's death in 1839. For some time after his father's death our subject worked about among the farmers of the neighborhood and earned his living as best he could; he worked for seven years as teamster about a large mill; he then came to Dubois County, and after remaining a year, bought 120 acres of land, mostly wooded. At the break- ing out of the war he enlisted in Company K, Ninety-third Indi- ana Infantry, and served three years and three months ; he Avas at the siege of Vicksburg, in the main battle of Mobile, at Holly Springs, Nashville, Tenn., and many others of note; he Avas dis- chargfed November, 1865, and went to his farm in Dubois Coun- ty, and was married in 1867 to Martha Underhill, of Crawford County, this State, the result of this union being eleven children, who are all at home. Mr. Ingle is a Democrat, and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His wife is a member of the Christian Church. ENOCH E. INMANN, of Birdseye, Ind., was born February 20, 1843, in Schuyler County, 111. He is one of thirteen chil- dren born to Pamenius and Martha E. (Pascal) Inman, who were natives of Tennessee, and came to Indiana during Dubois County's early settlement. After a time they moved to Illinois, BIOGRAPFIICAL SKETCHES. 725 where our subject was born. The father died in 184:4, of scarlet fever. After his death the mother moved to Dubois County, where she died in 187(). Our subject was raised on a farm, and entered the army at the age of eighteen ; he enlisted in Company I. Twenty-fourth Indiana Volunteers, and was discharged De- cember 31, 1863; he re-enlisted in the same company in 1805, when he was mustered out; he was in the Missouri campaign, and at Shiloh, Corinth, Grand Prairie, Port Gil)son, Champion Hill, siege and surrender of Vicksburg, Fort Blakely, Mobile, and was on garrison duty at Galveston. Coming from the army he beofan farming. In 18()() he sold his farm and moved to Martin County, Ind., and bought another farm; he remained here about twelve years, and then came to Birdseye ; he was married October 22, 18()(), to Clarissa Hawlie, of Orange County, Ind.. to whom were born six children, three now living: Lillie L., Pamenius E. and Alvin H. This wife died June 11, 1878. He was married to Martha J. Jacobs, of Birdseye, July 5, 1879. He is a reliable Republican, and a member of the G. A. R. He and wife are members of the Methodist Church. JEREMIAH W. JACOBS, was born October 10, 1845, in Dubois County, Ind, He is a son of David M.. aod Elizabeth (Kellams) Jacobs, both natives of Dul^ois County, and who after- ward moved to Orange County near Paoli. The father was born August 28, 1824, and died November t), 1857. The mother was born July 8, 1828, and died July 14, 187(1 Our subject's educa- tion is limited owing to the undeveloped system of schools at that time. When the war broke out he enlisted in the Thirteenth In- diana Cavalry. He was at Franklin, Tenn.. Murfreesl:)or() oppos- ing: Hood's invasion from Atlanta. Was at Mobile. Ala., and in several cavalry skirmishes and six regular engagements. He re- ceived his discharge in November 18()5. with the rest of the reg- iment. On coming home frcnn the army he engaged in black - smithing in Orange County, Ind., continuing in tlie shop two years, at the end of which he went to Newton Stewart, Ind., and began a shop of his own. In 18()9 he became clerk in Pritchard & Hadle's dry goods store in the above place, remain- ing one year. He then engaged in drugs at the same })lace with Capt. William Swift. In 1872 he began the peddling business, continuing in it three years. In 187() he came to Birdseye, Ind., and resumed his business, and now owns several lots in Birdseye. August 12, 1809, he married Lucinda Brown, who has borne him six children: Alicia. Viola, John E.. Sarah E.. Hattie F., Ervin O. and Ethel. Mr. Jacobs is a Mason and a member of the I. O. O. F., Lodge 004, and G. A. R., and a Republican, and has been elected to two townshi}) offices but declined to serve. He was elected justice of the peace at Birdseye, and is a member of the 726 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Reformed Methodist Clinrcli. His wife is a member of the Metliodist Episcopal Church proper. GEOEGE AV. KING, son of Isaac and Catharine (Borden) King, natives of Kentucky, was born June 4, 1830, in Harbison County, Ind. The parents were married in Indiana and lived successively in this State and Kentucky, and finally settled near Birdseye, Lid., where the father died in 1881. The mother still lives with a daughter on the old homestead, and is seventy-seven years of age. George, the subject of this sketch, received a com- mon school education in the country schools of his county, and in early life followed farming for his father with whom he re- mained till 1857, when he married Mary Anne Kendall, March 12, 1857. The result of this union was fourteen children, eight noAv living: Isabel (Potter), Jane (Grant), Elijah M., Emily (Montgomery), Amanda E., Phoebe M., Theodore and Alvin R. After marriage Mr. King began farming on some vacant land near Mentor, Ind. He soon after bought forty acres of land, on which part of Birdseye now stands. In 1854 he bought eighty acres more. In 1885 he traded this farm for one of ninety-four acres near Schnellville where he now lives. He is a Republican, and did a great deal for the North during war times, although he did not enter the army owing to his large helpless family, who needed his support at home. He and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. AUGUST H. KOERNER of Birdseye, Ind., was born Septem- ber 4, 184G, in Prussia, Germany, he is a son of John and Louisa (Pipper) Koerner. both natives of Germany. John Koernerwas a railroad contractor in the old country, but on coming to the United States in 1851, engaged in general merchandise business in Franklin County, Ind., which is now carried on by one of his sons. The mother died in 1874. August our subject, received a good education in English and German, and at the age of fif- teen attended a commercial college in Cincinnati, Ohio, for about five months. Leaving this school, he was given a clerkship in a fancy grocery store in Cincinnati, and soon became traveling agent for the firm and remained with them about ten years. He then went into the stave business with his brother Louis in eastern Kentucky, Avhere he remained two or three years. They then removed to near Cincinnati, where they remained about three years and then came to Birdseye, and entered into partnership with another brother. Louis then left the firm and his brother AVilliam took his place. They have been very successful in their business affairs and now own two portable factories near the town which brings them in an annual income of over $30,000. Besides this they own 2,800 acres of good timber land in D.ubois County, 120 in Pike, 160 in Crawford, 1()0 in Perry and prop- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 727 erty to the amount of $2,500 in Birdseye. They represent the Standard Oil Company, and are supplying staves to them. Their business in 1884 amounted to about -§52,000. August was mar- ried in Cincinnati, July 28, 1874, to Antonia Arand, the result of the union being three children: Louis, August and Norma. He is a Democrat, and a leading man of liis party. He is a Free- mason, and he and family are members of the Lutheran Church. HERMAN T. KOERNER, a brother of A. H. Koerner, and a partner with him in the stave business in Birdseye, Ind., was born March 28, 1853, in Franklin County, Ind. He received a good common school education, and at the age of thirteen at- tended a commercial college in Dayton, Ohio, for one year. Soon after he received a position as clerk in a wholesale and retail hardware store in Cincinnati, Ohio. This position he held for four years. About this time he went to Lake County. 111., and engaged in the general merchandise business with Frank Zim- mer, where he remained eight years. He then returned to his father in Franklin County, Ind., and remained two years. In 1880 he came to Birdseye and entered into the stave business with his brother August. He was married, August 20, 1876, to Carrie Sandman, a native of Lake County, 111. To them were born two children — one boy (infant) and one girl, Louisa. He belongs to the Democratic party and to the fraternity of Masons. He and familv are members of the Lutheran Church. "WILLIAM N. KOERNER was born July 20, 1861, in Franklin County, Ind. His parents were John and Louisa (Pep- per) Koerner. The father is now a merchant in Franklin County, Ind. The mother's death occurred in 1874. Our sub- ject received a good common school education, and when about sixteen years of age went to Illinois and learned the tinner's trade, working four years. He then plied his trade in Pepper- town, Ind., till 1883, when he came to Birdseye, Ind., and entered into partnership with his brothers, Herman and August, who sold general merchandise. In 1884 Frank Zimmer, of Illinois, liought the interest of the tAvo older brothers, and the firm became known as Koerner SAMUEL M. NASH, born May 13, 1S88, in Westmorelanorn to John A. and Katharine Dudine, who were natives of Germany. Tlie father was born in 171*7 and the mother in 1802. They married in Germany and came to this country in 1832, and settled in Adams County, Penn., where they remained seven years. They then came to Dubois County, Ind., where the mother died the Dth of March, 18»U. Our subject lived with his parents both before and after marriage. He was married to Barliara Metz February 27, 1851, and to them were born ten children: John A. (deceased ), John A., Henry P. (deceased), Henry P. T., Joseph, Katharine (deceased). Marv B., Rosa K., Joseph J. and Anna K. Mr. 750 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Diidine lias a limited education in English and German. He and wife are members of the Catholic Church and in politics he is a Democrat, and a successful and influential citizen. On his farm is an overhanging rock nearly 200 yards in length, and about twenty feet thick. Near the middle was an Indian cave hewn in the form of a room, in which Mr. Dudine found many Indian utensils and implements, some of which he still possesses as relics of former times. GEOBGE DEKEMPEK is a son of George and Maria Mag- dalena Dekemper, avIio were natives of Germany. The father was born in 1821 and the mother in 1831. They came to the United States in 1833 and landed at New York; from there they came to Cincinnati, Ohio, and finally located in Dubois County, Ind. The father departed this life on the 27th of October, re- spected and esteemed l)y all. Our subject was l)orn October 31, 1854, in Dubois County. At the age of thirteen he began learn- ing the blacksmith's trade in Jasper. June 23, 1877, he married Elizabeth Mathias of Dubois County. The union was blessed with four children: Joseph, John, George and Maria. Mr. De- kemper has a fair English and German education, and is doing a good business in the blacksmith and wagon-making trade. He and family belong to the Catholic Church. In politics he is a Democrat, and is a successful and prominent man of Knoxville. C. W. ELLIS is the son of Marvin and Phermelia J. Ellis, who were liorn and resided in the United States. March 23, 1873, the father died, and on the 21st of June of the same year the mother followed him. C. W. Ellis, our subject, was born March 17, 1845, in Dubois County, Ind. He began teaching at the early age of seventeen and followed the profession until the age of twenty-one. His marriage occurred April 20, 1860, the result being eight children: Ida, Phermelia K., Mary A., Marvin W. (deceased), Charley, Heber, Herl and Helen. Soon after mar- riage Mr. Ellis engaged in the saw and grist-milling business, and in 1880 he erected a large two-story frame house, where he is at present carrying on an extensive trade in merchandise. His enterprises have been so successful that his mill, formerly run by water-power, is now run by steam. He has good farming land near Knoxville, and is carrying on his different enterprises suc- cessfully. He is well educated, having spent two terms of school at the Indiana State University. He and family belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics he is a Kepublican, and a very enterprising and successful business man. JOSEPH FISCHER is a son of George and Adalheit Fischer, who were natives of Germany. The father was born in 1794, and the mother in 1800. They were married in 182(]. To them Avere born nine children, all of whom are dead except the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 751 above named. They came to the United States in 1837, and in 1845 settled in Marion Township, Dubois Co., Ind. Tlie father died April 4, 18 SO, and the mother November 17. 18()1». The subject of (Hir memoir was born in Germany June 1(), 1827, and came to this country with his parents, with whom he lived until their deaths. July 13, 1858. he married Anna M. Sliepers, a na- tive of Germany. They became the parents of nine children — six sons and three daughters: Joseph B., John, Mary, George, Bernhard, Henry, Herman, Anna and Katy. Mr. Fischer settled on a farm that was very heavily timbered, and ])v his energv and industry changed the forests anmnd him into tillable helds. He has a good education, being educated in the public schools of Cincinnati, Ohio. He and family belong to the Catholic Church. He is a Democrat in politics, and has served two vears as consta- ble and trustee of the township, tlius showing that lu^ is well re- spected and an upright man. ADAM FITTEEEE, a prominent farmer of Dubois County, Ind.. born January 15, 1825. was the eldest of a family of thirteen children. The parents were natives of Germany, and came to this country in 1831. landing at New Orleans, and lived suc- cessively in Ohio, Kentucky, and lastly in Indiana. For thirteen years they lived in Dearborn County: then sold oiit and came to Dubois County in 1845. Both parents died in 1875. The sub- ject of our sketch was born in Baden. Germany. He came with his parents to this country, and remained Avitli them until he was twenty -three years old. He then engaged iu different kinds of work, and was married when he was about twenty-nine years old. February 8, 1853, he led to Hymen's altar Mary Louisa Bloch, a native of France. They li^ed one year at Louisville. Ky., and then moved to Dubois County, Ind.. and settled on a farm. At the end of four years he moved to Minnesota, and there bought a farm. He left there in a short time, and returned to Louisville, and from there came to Dubois County and settled on a farm of 120 acres, and sold out again with the intention of going West, but bought a farm in Marion Townshij) instead, where he has since lived. He has eight children, named Philomena (de- ceased), John B. (deceased), Frank X. (deceased), Theressa (deceased), Isabella, Mary L., Barbara M. and Tliomas J. Mr. Fitterer and wife are members of the Catliolic Church, and he is a Democrat. BEKNHAED GEHLHAUSEN is the fourth of a family of twelve children born to Frank and Mary A. Gehlhausen, who were natives of Germany. They immigrated to this country and were married at Pittsburgh, Penn. They came to Dubois County, Ind., and bought a farm, but soon sold it and moved to Ferdinand, and engaged in farming. July 12, 187(3, the mother died. The 752 HISTORY OF Dubois county. father still resides on his farm at Ferdinand, and has been en- gaged in teaching school for over thirteen years. Our subject was born in Ferdinand July 10, 1848, and lived with his parents the greater part of the time. May 3, 1870. he was married to Mary Anna Heeke, of Marion Township. To them were born eight children: Bernhard H., Mary K., Anna M., Theresia M.. Frances M., Rosa P., Joseph A. and Andrew G. Mr. Gehlhau- sen is able to read and write in both English and German, and is quite well educated. He and wife belong to the Catholic Church. In politics he is a Democrat, and has served as special constable. He is now assessor of his township, and has held that office for four years. JOHN B. HOCHGESANG is the eldest son of Michael and Magdalena Hochgesang, who were natives of Germany, and came to the United States and were married in Dubois County, Ind., in 1843. They are still living near Jasper. The subject of our sketch was born in Dubois County, January 14, 1844, and lived with his parents until twenty-three years of age. June 8, 1S»^)7, he married Barbara K. Oestreich, of Wheeling, W. Va. To them were born eight children — six sons and two daughters: Mary J. (convent sister), Michael A., Joseph P., John A., Frank S., Anthony, William J. and Kathrina. Both he and wife are members of the Catholic Church, and he is a Democrat in poli- tics. He has a limited knowledge of both English and German, which he has acquired by his own efforts. Through energy and industry Mr. Hochgesang has turned the woods into tillable fields, and has a nice farm and home. He is an influential citizen, and is respected by all. JOHN LOTTES, born June 2, 1851, is a son of John G. and Elizabeth Lottes, who were born in Germany, the father in 1825 and the mother in 1820. They were married in this country and were the parents of ten children, eight of whom are living. They still reside in Dubois County, Ind. Our subject, when about twenty- one years of age, learned the cooper's trade. March 18, 1875, he married Margaret Angerer of Harbison Township. The union was blessed with six children — four sons and two daughters: Simon, John S., Anna L., Maggie, Andrew and John C, all of whom are dead except Andrew and John C. Mr. Lottes received a fair education in English and German. He is a well read man and is a stanch Democrat in politics. At one time he kept a saloon in Knoxville, but at the present time he is working at the cooper trade and farming, and is a very successful business man ; he owns a good farm near Knoxville and has a pleasant residence in the town; he and family are members of the Lutheran Church. JOHN LEISTNEPi is the youngest of a family of six children born to Conrad and Catharine Leistner, who were natives of Ger- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 753 many. They were married in Germany and came to this country in 1841, and settled in Dubois County. Ind., where the father died in 1813 and the mother in 1845. The subject of our sketch was born in Germany, May 15, 1881. and came to this country with his parents, and remained with them until he was fifteen years of age, when he began learning the shoe-maker's trade. Worked at that business one and a half years, then went to New Albany and continued to ply his trade, but finally started a grocery. May 15, 1855, he married Eva M. Hemsel of Dubois County. To them were born nine children: Louis, (deceased,) John M.. George W., Henry Edward, John P. W., Henry T., Mary M.. Emma K. and Elizabeth B. He and family belong to the Lu- theran Church and he is a Democrat and an honest and useful citizen. PHILLIP MILLER, a prominent citizen and farmer of Marion Township, Dubois Co., Ind., was born in Germany, August 5, 1845. He came with his parents, Jose])]i and Anna (Scherr) Miller, to America in 1855. The mother died while on the journey, but the father came on and settled in Dubois Count^•. where he married again. His second wife was Mrs. Margaret (Smith) Carver. In 18()1 he enlisted in Company I, Eorty- ninth Indiana Volunteers. He was killed at Trenton, Ky., in December, 18()2. Our subject remained with his step-mother, aiding her as much as possible, until his marriage Avith Miss Mary Brang, daughter of Andrew and Josephine ( Hardwick ); Brang. To this union eight children were born: Tracy (tie- ceased), Margaret (deceased), Joseph, John. Jacol). Ignaz (de- ceased), Catharine and Lizzie. Mr. Miller is a well to do farmer, and owns 120 acres of fertile, well improved land, which ^^e has accumulated by his own exertions. He is a Democrat in politics, and he and wife are members of the C-atholic Clnirch. PAUL MEHRINGEPi, an old pioneer settler. of Marion Township, Dubois Co., Ind., was born June 24, 1818. He came to this country in 1838, landed at New Orleans and finally located in Dubois County. That same year he married Barl)ara Gebner. a native of Germany, who died a few months after marriage. Nearly two years later he married Caroline Steger, of Dubois County. To them were l)orn these children: Kathrina, George, Barbara. John. Kathrina (all deceased). Adalheit (wife of John Marks), John N., Joseph L., Lawrence. Nicolaus. Mary (wife of George Marks), and Margaretha. Mr. Mehringer's second wife died February 22, 1883. He has a fair English and German ed- ucation, and he and family are members of the Catholic Cliurclu In politics he is a Democrat, and is a very successful and enter- prising farmer and well respected. JULIUS NOEDHOFF is a son of Joseph and Clara Nord- 754 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. hoff, wlio were natives of Oldenburg and Hanover, Germany. Our subject was born November 18, 1840, in Oldenburg. At the age of seventeen lie came to the United States, landing at Balti- more. He went to Cincinnati, Ohio, and engaged in the dairy business and at various occupations until the breaking out of the civil war, when he enlisted in the Ninth Ohio Volunteers and served three years. He fought bravely in the battles of Chicka- mauga, Mill Springs, Corinth, Missionary Ridge and others, and was with Sherman on his march to the sea; witnessed many of the horrible sights incident to army life. For one year he served at various occupations in the war and returned to Cincin- nati after peace had been proclaimed. April 15, 1865, he mar- ried Elizabeth Haggemann. of Dubois County, Ind. To them were born these children: Theresa, Joseph, Siegfried, Clara, Philomena. Barbara, and Lizzie (deceased). Mr. Nordhoff has a fair German education and can read and write English. He and family belong to the Catholic Church, and he is a Republican. He is a successful farmer, and an honest and enterprising man. JOHN G. PREUSZ was born in Germany, August 10, 1820. His parents were John and Margaretha Preusz, natives of the same place. They came to the United States and settled in Du- bois County, Ind., in 1839. To them were born four children, only two now living. The subject of our sketch remained on the farm aiding his parents. His education in English is limited, but he can read and write the German language. February 12, 18^)1, he married Catharine Bimm. The union resulted in two sons: Daniel and John. His wife dying July 7, 1866, he took for his second wife Caroline Linning, August 15, 1867. Two daughters were born to them: Margaretha and Kathrina. His second wife departed this life May 22, 1873. He and family are members of the Lutheran Church. In politics he is a Democrat, he is a useful citizen and a prominent man. ROCHUS REUSZ, was born August 13, 1838, in Germany, a son of Adam and Eva Reusz, who were natives of the same province. They were married in the old country and immigrated to this country in 1850, settling first in Kentucky, and finally in Dubois County, Ind. The father died January 22, 1875, and the mother in 1840. Our subject came to this country with his par- ents, and at the breaking out of the Rebellion, he enlisted in the Forty-ninth Indiana Regiment. October 2, 18f)l, and was a faithful soldier for over three years. He took an active part in the battles of Vicksburg, Arkansas Post and Yazoo River. At Black River bridge Mr. Reusz lielped capture a whole brigade, and at Cumberland Gap he lived for some time on one-fourth ra- tions, and nearly starved to death. He received an honorable discharge in November, 1864, and came back to Dubois County, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 755 and married Emma Prosmer, Noyeinber 7, 18(')5, and together they raised eight children: John A., Eosa, Lizzie, Emma, Willie (deceased), Mary (deceased), Barbara and Anna. Mr. Eeusz and family, are members of the Catholic Church. In politics he is a Democrat, and a successful and enter} )rising farmer. JOHN G. STEIN, born April 22, ls2t», in Hanover, Germany, is a son of John G. and Margaret A. Stein, natives of Germany. They were married in 181^*, and came to the United States in 1845, landing at New Orleans. From there they came to Cincin- nati, Ohio, and finally settled in Dubois County, Intl. The fa- ther's death occurred November 18, 1855, and the mother's, Octo- ber 1-1, 1856. Our subject was married to Mary A. Fischer in 1855. They were blessed with seven children — foiir sons and three daughters : John J., Mary A., Mary (deceased), John, Eliz- abeth. Bernhard (deceased), and Mary. Mr. Stein has a very good English and German edvication, receiving scmie of his edu- cation in Europe, and the rest in the public schools of Louisville, Ky. He and family belong to the Catholic Church, and in poli- tics he is a Democrat, and at present a notary public. Has served as justice of the peace for eighteen years, and has held the office of township clerk for four years. A coal mine has been discovered on his farm which has been worked to some extent, and contains the best quality of coal. He is an intelligent and successful farmer of Marion ToAvnship and is highly respected. FELIX SCHNEIDER, a prominent citizen of Dubois County, Ind., and native of the same, w^as born February 14, 1848, and is the third son in a family of nine children born to John E. and Gertrude (Wigant ) Schneider, who were natives of Germany. They were married in Philadelphia, Penn., and about the year 1835, came AVest. and located in Dubois County, Ind., where the father died in 1S()<). The mother is still living. Our subject received a common school education, and at about sixteen years of age went to Louisville, Ky., ajul engaged as an appren- tice in the wagon-maker's trade, serving tAvo years. He then came back to his native county and began plying his trade, which he has carried on successfully ever since. A Democrat in politics he was elected township trustee in 18/4, and re- elected in 187('., and again in 1878, serving in all five and a half years. He is the owner of 180 acres of land well im- proved. He was married to Mary Schneider, September 13. 1809. To this union were born eight children: Ferdinand, An- thony, John (deceased), Barbara "(deceased). Anna, Lucy, Jo- seph and Catharine (deceased). He and wife are members of the Catholic Church. ANDREW SPRAUER is the fourth of a family of six chil- dren, and was born in Baden, Germany, October 1, 1810. He 756 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. came to the United States in 1831, landing at New York, and worked about two years in Bedford County, Penn. ; from thence he went to Fairfield County, Ohio, and engaged in the making of brick. He lived there about six years, and then removed to Marion Township, Dubois Co., Ind., where he resides at the pres- ent time. April 20, 1835, he was married to Barbara (Binder) Sprauer of Baden, Germany. To them were born a large family of children, among them being Alois (deceased). Joseph. Peter, John, Alois, Magdalena, Elizabeth (deceased), Mary, Philomena and Anna. Mr. Sprauer received a limited German and English education. He and wife are members of the Catholic Church, and in politics he is a Democrat. He is one of the oldest settlers of Marion Township, and an honest, upright man. JOHN H. WIBBELS, a prominent citizen of Marion Town- ship, Dubois Co., Ind., was born February 18, 1857. His parents were natives of Hanover, Germany, came to this country and were married at Cincinnati, Ohio. Our subject was raised in Marion Township and has always engaged in farming up to three years ago, when he began lumbering and saw-milling. He has been very successful in each business, owing to his enterprising spirit and good management. He was married to Rosa A. Vamppa, November 17, 1874, in Louisville, Ky. To them were born five children — two sons and three daughters: Henry J., Benjamin J., Philmina, Caroline M., and Mary K. Mr. Wibbels has a fair English and German education, and he and wife are members of the Catholic Church. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, and was elected constable, but resigned. He afterward was elected trustee by a strong majority and has served to the satisfaction of his patrons. He is recognized as one of the prominent and influ- ential men of his township, and an upright and honest man. BIOGRAnnCAL SKETCHES. 757 HALL TOAVNSHIP. JOHN J. ALLES, a prominent man of Dubois County, was born in Prussia, April 23, 1S24, a son of Jacob and Catharine (Hahn) Alles, who were the parents of ten chilch-en. The familv immigrated to America in 1840, and settled in Dubois Count}', Ind. The father was a school teacher in the old country, and was in the Russian war with Napoleon, acting as quartermaster in that army ; was captured by the Russians and taken to Siberia. He joined the Russian Army in order to escape prison life, and after serying two years was sold to England. He was in the bat- tle of Waterloo, serving under Wellington. Coming to America he still continued teaching, being the master of several languages. His death occurred in April, i8»)3, and the mothers in 18t)8. Our subject received a good education in the schools of Europe. After coming to America he worked on the farm, and by industry now owns 400 acres of good farming land. At the breaking out of the war he enlisted in Company I, Forty-ninth Indiana Volun- teers, as captain, and participated in the battle at Cumberland Gap and the siege and surrender of Vicksburg. In all he took part in fourteen battles, and was wounded at Vicksburg by the explosion of a shell, for which he receives a pension. In 185(5 he was elected justice of the peace, and served continuously for twenty-five years, except when he was in the army. In 1880 he was elected trustee of Hall Township for four years, and in 1884 was elected county commissioner, and will take his office in De- cember, 1885. He was married to Jacobiua Hoffman, to whom were born seven children, three now living: Frederick, Catha- rine and Barbara. The family are members of tlie Catliolie Church, and he is a Democrat. CASPER BLUME was born September IW, 1831, in Ger- many. John and Mary (Franke) Blume were the parents of five children, our subject being the fourth. The father Avas a tailor by trade; he died in Germany in 1840. Casper came to the United States in 1851, and the mother about six months later. She died in Louisville in 18()8. Our subject was raised a gar- dener and florist in the old country, but on coming to America he began learning cabinet-making, and worked at tliat business about two years, and then went into the regular army in 1854, and served exactly five years, taking part in "Indian expeditions" in Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming and Dakota. He next went to 758 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Louisville, Ky., and began a clothing store, at wliicli lie continued until 1861. He espoused the Union cause; consequently, in that year he enlisted in the Fourth Kentucky Cavalry; was elected first lieutenant of Company G, and soon after was made captain. He was on many scouting expeditions, and in the bat- tle of Murfreesboro, and was the first man on the field of Cliata- nooga. He came home from the army, and located in Dubois County, Ind., where he purchased eighty acres of land, and has since lived. He is now the possessor of 310 acres of good farm- ing land. July 3, 1860, he married Gertrude Meyer, who has borne him eight children, all living at home. The family are members of the Catholic CJiurch, and Mr. Blume is a Democrat. AUGUST BETZ, an unpretentious, but honored citizen of Celestine, Ind., was born March 2, 1841, a son of John L. and Elizabeth (Autli) Betz, who were natives of Germany, and came to the United States in 1835, locating at Wheeling, W. Va., where they remained about seven years, and then came to this State and settled in Dubois County, where the father died in 1840. The mother is still living with our subject on the old homestead. August received such imperfect educational advan- tages as were accorded in the country schools of that day, but has since acquired a good business education. He has always been the mainstay and prop of his mother, and on that account was forced to abandon the idea of aiding his country in the late war. He lias been quite successful in his farming enterjirises, and now owns 160 acres of excellent farming land. He was married, April 21, 1863, to Mary Schlegel, the result of this union being ten children, all living. The eldest (Fred) is married and liv- ing near Celestine ; the rest are at home. In politics Mr. Betz is a Democrat. He and family are memliers of the Catholic Church. JESSE COPE was born in Knox Cbunty, Ky., September 11, 1855, and is one of seven children born to Andrew J. and Winnie (Lewis ) Cope, natives respectively of Kentucky and North Caro- lina. They were married in Kentucky and came to Indiana in 1862. The father was in the late war about eight months, but became disabled and returned home. He was persecuted by the rebels in Kentucky, consequently he moved to Indiana at the above date. The mother died in Kentucky in 1862, and the father married again and came here. He died December 15, 1873. Our subject was early thrown on his own resources for a livelihood. When about twenty-three years old he married and began farming, and has dealt quite extensively in the log and lumber business for a firm in Jasper. He owns 333 acres of land, 100 acres under cultivation and the rest timber land. May 29, 1870, he married Jeannette Beaty. To them were born three children: John Elmer, Ada Anne and Everett E. Mr. Cope is a BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Toll meml^er of the Masonic lodge aiid a firm and active Ive[)ublican. He and wife are meinbers of the Christian Chnrch. LAFAYETTE ELLIS, brother of James Ellis, was l)orn near Ellsworth, Ind., November 3, 1849. He was educated in the dis- trict schools and passed his early life on his father's farm. At the age of nineteen he began life for himself, working on a farm his father gave him. He has continued at that work ever since and by industry and economy has been quite successful, and now owns 120 acres of good farming land and some |)rope]'ty in Orange County, Ind. He was married, January 24, 1S()'.), to Sarah J. Hubbs, the result of this union being five children: Willis W., Cecil C, Albert A., Lillie L. and an infant. Mr. Ellis is a member of the Masonic lodge of Newton Stewart, Ind.. and a Republican in politics. He and wife belong to the Methodist Episco})al Church. In connection witli fai-ming he is running a general merchandise store in Ellsworth, the firm being known as Ellis & Henry. SAMUEL R. HENRY, merchant, of Ellsworth, Ind., l)orn January 13, 1850, is a native of east Tennessee. His parents, Cicero and Martha (Rutherford) Henry, were born and raised in Tennessee and came to Indiana in 1870, settling in Orange County. In 1878 they moved to Dubois County. Avhere the father became a tiller of the soil. His death occurred in 1879. The mother re- turned to New[)ort, Tenn., and has since kept hotel. Samuel R. received but little schooling, but owing to natural abilities he has acquired a good business education. He worked on a farm for some time after reaching his majority and then engaged in gen- eral merchandising in Ellsworth. In 1.S81 he bought eighty acres of land and began farming. Avliich work he continued till Febru- ary, 1885, when he again began the mercantile business, Avitli Lafayette Ellis as partner. He was married, Octol)er 5, 1879, to Elizabeth M. Kendall, to whom were born two children : Ellis M. and Maggie E. In politics Mr. Henry is a Republican and al- ways has been. He and wife are members of the ^rctliodist Episcopal Church. JAMES M. ELLIS, born June 30, 1842, in Dubois County, Ind., is a son of Marvin and Permelia (Roberts) Ellis. His educational advantages were quite limited. When nineteen years old he began Avorking on a farm in Knox County for one season, and then enlisted in Company A, Forty-ninth Indiana Volunteers, September 25, 18(51; was mustered out February 4, ISCI, and re-enlisted and served till the close of the war. He was before Vicksburg in all the battles and was severely wounded at Cham- pion Hill, and still suffers from the wound. Coming home fi-om the war he began working on the farm. He nmv owns 100 acT(-s of land mostly under cultivation. In connection with farming 760 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. he runs a general merchandise store at Ellsworth. He has been very successful in both undertakings. He has been in the mercantile business since 1S78. He was married, July 28, 1864, to Mary A. Beaty. To them were born six children — five now living: Marvin, Elliot E., Ida E., Thomas G. and Joseph. Mr. Ellis is a Republican and has been postmaster at Ellsworth since 1878. He and family are members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. LEVI K. ELLIS was born October 17, 1846, in Dubois County, Ind. His parents were Marvin and Parmelia (Roberts) Ellis, who were natives respectively of Indiana and Kentucky. The father, who was a well respected farmer, died in 1873, and the mother in June 22, of the same year. Our subject passed his boyhood hard at work on the farm. At the age of twenty he started in life for himself, farming on part of his father's land. He remained here until his father's death, when he fell heir to part of the farm. He has made farming his occupation and now owns eighty -five acres of good land — fifty acres under cultivation and the rest in timber land. When the war broke out he enlisted in Company E, Forty -third Indiana Volunteers. June, 1865, he was discharged. He is a Republican, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and has been three times married ; first in 1866, to Ruth Russell — result, one child, Charles W. She died in 1868. To his second marriage, with Mary Brown, which was solemnized in 18()8, three children were born, two now living: Permelia A. and Samuel M. This wife died in 1873, when he took for his third wife Nancy Riley, to whom were born four children, two now living : James T. and William C. His present wife was born in Orange County, Ind. ISAAC HARMON, a native of Dubois County, Ind., is a son of Jacob and Mary (Clarke) Harmon, and was born January 19, 1826. The parents were natives respectively of Virginia and Kentucky, and lived alternately in Harrison and Dubois Counties, moving four times. The father died in Dubois County Decem- ber 27, 1870, the mother died in 1858. Isaac received a limited education in the log sclioolhouses of early times, most of his edu- cation being acquired since grown. He worked for some years on a farm and then engaged in running a carding-mill, at which he continued one year. The father then bought a farm, and the son followed farming and running a peddling wagon. He also ran a blacksmith shop for some time in Newton Stewart, Ind. February (>, 1865, he enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-third Indiana Volunteers, and was out till June, when he was dis- charged, owing to disability caused by measles. He has been farming the greater part of the time since coming from the war. He was married, in 1851, to Nancy A. Roberts. To them were BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 761 born six children, three living. The wife died in 1871, and in November, of the same year, he married Violet (Johnson) Kelley, the result of this union being five children, four now livino-. Mr. Harmon is a Democrat in politics, and was elected justice of the peace in 1882. GEOKGE HASENOUPt, native of the Blue Grass State, was born August 15, 1841. His parents, Martin and Tharsila Hase- nour, were natives of Germany and came to this country in 1888, and after living in several places, finally settled in Dubois County, Ind., where the father bought a farm of 200 acres and began tilling the soil. Here our subject was raised to manhood, receiv- ing but an ordinary education, and when twenty years old en- listed in Company I, Forty-ninth Indiana Volunteers. He was discharged in the winter of 1863-()4, having been wounded at Champion Hill. He was at Cumberland Gap and the first attack on Vicksburg. In the second fight at Vicksburg he was quite severely wounded and had to be discharged. He now receives a pension. Coming from the war, he attended school for some time and then began to ''teach the young idea." He continued at this work about three years, then began the general merchan- dise business at Celestine, handling a complete line of goods. Besides this property, he owns 320 acres of good farming land. He was married October 15, 18G7, to Eofina Schnous, to whom were born seven children. Mr. Hasenour is a Democrat, and he and family are members of the Catholic Church. JOHN W. KELLAMS, a prominent farmer of Dubois County, Ind., was born October 24, 1831). His parents. Pleasant and Mary (Conley) Kellams, natives of Kentucky, were the par- ents of thirteen children. The father was a farmer all his life and was among the early settlers of Hall Township. The luother died November 1, and the father November 5, 1882. Our sub- ject received a limited education owing to the undeveloped school system of that period. At the age of twenty years he went to Knox County, Ind., and worked on a farm for one year. He then went on a flat-boat trip to New Orleans, and worked about in this manner for a year or so and when the war l)roke out, enlisted in Company A, Forty-ninth Indiana Volunteers, and was discharged in 1804. He participated in the battles of Cumberland Gap, Memphis, in all the fights before Vicksburg, Thompson's Hill and Champion Hill, and others of lesser note. Coming home from the war he bought forty acres of land and began tilling the soil. He has been very successful, now owning 443 acres of land, 130 under good cultivation. December 1(5, 1S(M\ he mar- ried Mary Roberts, who has borne him five children: Wilbur, Charles, George, Lizzie and Rosa. He is a Democrat, and he and wife belong to the Methodist Church. 762 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. ■WESLEY KELLAMS, farmer, was born March 12, 1849, in Dubois County, Ind. He attended tlie district schools in youth, was raised on a farm and on attaining majority began working for himself on the farm where he now lives. He purchased 140 acres of very rich bottom land and has forty acres under culti- vation and the rest timber land. He is also engaged in the saw- log business, running logs down the Patoka River. His marriage occurred November 1, 1873, to Diana Harman, the result of their union being seven children, six now living: Isaac A., Pleasant S., Mary E., Lillie A., Omer H. and Grover C. He has been a Democrat all his life and is a brother of John W. Kellams (see his sketch for father's history). Mr. Kellams is an excellent citizen and good business man. JAC0B'"H. LENG of Celestine, Ind., is the oldest of twelve children born to Louis and Elizabeth (Hoffmann) Leng. The father and mother were both natives of Germany, and came to the United States, settling in Indiana, where the father worked on the first railroad in this State. Tliey still live in Dubois County where the father owns about 2()() acres of land. Here our sub- ject spent his boyhood and at the age of eighteen years, began working for himself, learning the blacksmith's trade. He worked at this business for about twelve years and then engaged in general merchandising in Celestine, at which he has continued ever since. He also has a farm of 120 acres which he runs in connection with his store. May 5, 1874, he married Elizabeth Buchart, To them were born five children, three now living: Katie M., John L. and Frank J. In politics Mr. Leng is a Democrat and an earnest worker for his party. In 1884 he was elected trustee of Hall Township and is now serving in that capacity. He and family are members of the Catholic Church. ANTHONY MILLER, son of Charles and Caroline Miller, was born February 24, 1819, in Germany. The father was wealthy, owning a fine farm and was a farmer and weaver. When our subject was two years old his mother died; he remained with his father in Germany, where he was well educated, until he was nineteen years old when he came to America in 1839, landing at Baltimore. He was eighty-two days on the journey owing to severe storms. He worked as a weaver until February, 1840, when he came to Dubois County and worked in brickyards. In 1853 he began his career as a farmer and has succeeded well, now owning eighty acres of good land. He was married in Jan- uary, 1844, to Clara Ward, who was born and raised in Germany. They were the parents of nine children — only five of whom are now living: Anthony F., Charles, Leopold, Mathias and Frank. The wife came to the United States when only fourteen years old, in 1839. Mr. Miller is a D'^mocrat and he and faniily are mem- bers of tlio Cr>th(.lic Chiirch. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 76o THOMAS J. NOLAN, teacher and farmer, was born Sep- tember '27, 1844, in Warrick County, Ind., son of Timothy and Elizabeth (Stukey) Nolan, the father a native of Ireland and the mother of Ohio. Timothy Nolan came to America in 18:]y ; after about four years of unsettled life settled in Warrick County, where he afterward married. He died February 18, 1881. and the mother in 1873. Thomas J. received a very limited educa- tion, knowing nothing of arithmetic until after twenty-one years of age, but by his own unwearied efforts he has now a good edu- cation and has been a teacher ever since 1869, meeting with excellent success. At the age of seventeen he enlisted in Com- pany A, Forty-ninth Indiana Volunteers and at the end of the year was transferred to the artillery service and served three years. He participated in the battles of Cumberland Gap, Port Gibson, Champion Hill, seige and surrender of Vicksl)urg and numerous other engagements. At the close of the war he began teaching and working on a farm which he had purchased in White liiver bottom. He now owns 108 acres of rich bottom land and is do- ing well. He was married, September 24, 1871, to Elizabeth Ellis, who has borne him eight children, seven now living: El- mer E. (deceased) and Elda J., who were twins; Verner, Florin, Oscar, James and Charles (twins), and an infant. In })olitics Mr. Nolan is a Republican, and has been notary public since 1883. He and wife are members of the Methodist Church. EGID SCHNAUS, farmer, was born August 21t, 1843, in Germany. He came with his parents, John and Mary Schnaus, to the United States in 1836. They landed at New Orleans, and afterward located in Dubois County, Ind.. where they have since lived. The father has been a farmer all his life, and liis son Egid, follows the same vocation. His advantages for an education were limited, but his natural abilities overbalance this. He remained with his parents until twenty-two years old, when he launched out in business for himself, hauling goods from Celes- tine to New Albany and Troy, in which occu])ati()n he continued for nearly three years. He then began farming on ItU) acres of land, forty acres being given him by his father, and is very suc- cessful. He also owns a one-half interest in the Celestine Saw- mill. November 9, 1869, he married Mary Buchart, daughter of Edward Buchart, the result of this union being six children: Caroline, Lizzie, Joseph, Anna, Rosina nnd Allius. He and his family are members of the Catholic Church, and he is a Democrat. JACOB SANG, Sr., was born December 26, 1828, in Wheel- ing, W. Va.. son of Francis and Mary (Hildebrand) Sang, who came from Germany to America in 1827. They were eleven weeks on tlie iournev. the vessel liavinii" been shattered by a storm when 764 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. in sight of land and driven out to sea, taking them about five weeks to get back. They were out of water and provisions for nearly a week, and were almost starved when they reached land. They lived for some time in AVheeling, then in Cincinnati, then in Madison. Ind.. and finally moved to Celestine, where they began farming and have since lived. The father died in 1863; the mother still lives with our subject on the old home farm. Jacob followed carpentering for some time, but now tills his farm of 1*20 acres. He was married, April 16, 1856, to Barbara Nodler. They became the parents of eleven children, nine now living. He is a Republican and worked hard for his party in the State election. He has been subjected to some annoyance on account of his political belief, but he stands firmly by his party. He was in Government service in time of war, but was enlisted as a regular soldier. JOHN 8CHAAF was born May 15, 1834, in Nassau, Ger- many, son of Frederick and Barbara (Opper) Schaaf, who were the parents of four children, and came to America in 1854, set- tling in Harrison Township, Dubois Co., Ind. The father died in 1883 and the mother in 186)7. John remained in Germany with his father till the age of sixteen years. He received a good education in his fatherland, and attended night schools in Ameri- ca for about two months. He worked at cabinet-making before and after coming to America, and at the age of twenty-fiVe he started a shop of his own at Lanesville, Harrison Co., Ind., remaining there four or five years. In 1870 he moved to Celes- tine and engaged in the same business. Two years later he be- gan dealing in furniture. He is now a carpenter, cabinet-maker and furniture dealer, the only one in Celestine. He was married in 1858 to Theresa Lygast, to whom were born six children: John A., Andrew H., Mary T., Mary A., George E. and Conrad A. The four youngest are at home. The second one is attending St. Meinrad's Seminary with the intention of becoming a priest. Mr. Schaaf is a Democrat in politics, and he and his family are mem- bers of the Catholic Church. BIOGHAPHICAL SKETCHES. 765 COLUMBIA TOWNSHIP. JACKSON BEIDGES, a prominent citizen of Columbia "Township, Dubois Co., Ind., was born January 81, 1840, and is tlie eldest son of Edmond and Alsada (Pulse) Bridges, who were born in the South. About the year 1883 they located in Colum- bia Township, where the mother died March 28, 1883, after spending a useful life. Our subject received a good common school education and lived with his parents, on the farm, until his marriage to Miss Sylvina M. Putnam, Sej)teml)er 12, 18<)(). Mrs. Bridges is a daughter of Sylvester and Elizabeth ( Pixley) Putnam, of Lawrence County, 111., and was born February 1, 1848. She has presented Mr. Bridges with seven children: Sylvester (deceased), William E., Charley E., Mary (deceased), Nellie, Elizabeth E. and Sadie Florence. Mr. Bridges is a lead- ing and active farmer, and owns 100 acres of well improved land. He is a warm Republican, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church and worthy citizens. RILEY BURTON was born in Lawrence County, Ind., March 1, 1838, he being the second scm of Younger and Mary (Higginbotham) Burton, who were natives of North Carolina and Georgia, respectively. They were married in Louisville, Ky., and soon after settled in Lawrence County, Ind., about 1834, where they remained until 185(), and then moved to Dubois County and located in Columbia Township, where they now reside. Our sub- ject was reared and educated by his parents and remained at home until his marriage, which occurred September 14, 1884. He married Bell Pullom, daughter of Horner and Martlia Pul- lom. of Orange County, Ind. Mr. Burton is an enterprising farmer and stock raiser and owns 42() acres of good land, mostly well improved with good substantial buildings. In politics he is a warm Democrat and was elected township trustee in the spring of 1884, on the Democratic ticket, which office he still holds to the satisfaction of the people. His wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM COLLINS, who was born February 8, 1820, is a son of William and Elizabeth (Wineinger) Collins, Avho were natives of Tennessee, where they were also married. They im- migrated to Indiana in early times, and settled in Columbia Township, Dubois County, in'l82(). where they afterward lived. The father was an earnest member of the Regular Baptist 766 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Church, and an excellent citizen. Our subject received such edu- cation as could be obtained in the schools of his boyhood, and re- mained at home aiding his father on the farm until his marriage with Christina Wineinger, June 3, 1849. To them were born these children: Mary M., Felix, John, Timanza (wife of Nicholas Howe), Sarah and Betsey. Mr. Collins, by good management and industry, owns a good property of 1()() acres of excellent land with good buildings and improvements. He is a stanch Democrat and a prominent and useful citizen. NELSON HARRIS, a prominent citizen of Columbus Town- ship, Dubois Co., Ind., and native of the same, was born Septem- ber 5, 1848; he was the eldest child in a family of three — Nelson, America and Basil B. — born to William and Hester (Simmons) Harris, natives of Kentucky and Indiana. They were married in Dubois County, where they made their home and where the father died. The mother yet lives on the old place with our subject. The father served four terms as township trustee, and was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and a Republican in politics. Our subject received a limited education, and has al- ways remained on the home farm. March 3, 1870, he was mar- ried to Charity Weaver, born May 12, 1855, daughter of Wesley and Elizabeth (Haymer) Weaver. To them were born five chil- dren: William N., Sarah E., Mary E., Solomon E. and Albert D. Mr. Harris owns 240 acres of land, Avell improved, and is an industrious farmer, well known, and respected by his neighl)ors. He is a Republican in politics. GEORGE W. KESTERSON, a prominent young farmer of Columbia Township, Dubois Co., Ind., was born August 6, ISOI; he is the only child of Alfred and Martha E. (Beaty ) Kesterson, who were born and married in Dubois County, where they re- mained until the Rebellion, when Mr. Kesterson enlisted in Com- pany G., Forty-ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry; he was killed in battle, at Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1802; the mother married John W. Simmons, who is now deceased, and still resides in Columbia Township. Our subject, George W., made his home with his mother and step-father, and received a good common school education. He was married, March 1>, 1881, to Miss Lucinda Nicholson, daughter of Joseph H. and Elizabeth (Coon- rad) Nicholson. To them were born three children: Charles C. William F. and Ida 5- Mrs. Kesterson was born November 13. 1863. They own a good farm of eighty acres, and are energetic and enterprising young people. Mr. Kesterson is a Democrat in politics. DAVID C. LANE was born September 20, 1840, and was one of a family of three children — Jesse A.. Henry and David C. — born to Mordica and Mary (Allen) Lane, natives, respectively. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 767 4 of Nortli Carolina and Tennessee. They Avere niurried in Orano-e County. Ind., where they remained until 18T1>, when the^- moved to Dubois County, Ind., and lived there until their deaths. The mother was an earnest and useful member of the Christian Church. Our subject was reared and educated by liis parents, and remained at home until his marriage, which occurred June 11, 1S()3 ; his wife w^as Miss Mary McGrew, daughter of Wash- ington and Susan (Archer) McGrew, of Orange County. Ind. Eight children were born to this union: William M., Em'ma J., Lavina. Andrew, Zerilda, Martha, Sarah A. and Charley H. Mrs. Lane was born iu 1845, and is a faithful member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Lane owns 340 acres of ex- cellent land, well improved, and is a good farmer and stock raiser, and by energy and industry has acquired all his propertv since his marriage. WILLIAM A. LINE, M. D., was born January 12, lS44. ami is a son of John and Phoebe (Pierson ) Line, who were natives of Tennessee and Indiana, respectively. The father's parents came from England and settled in Tennessee. Our subject's father made his home in Orange County, Ind., where he died in 18o4. He was a colonel in the State militia, and county surveyor of Or- ange County, and filled several other minor offices. His wife still resides on the old farm in Orange County and is a member of the Baptist Church. Our subject was educated by his parents and remained with them until his marriage. At tlie age of eighteen he began the study of medicine with Drs. Schoonover and Ellis of Hardinsburg, Ind. About tAvo years after he entered the med- ical college of Louisville, Ky., Avherehe remained one term. Pie- turning home he was united in marriage to Margaret Ellis, De- cember, 18()4. To them were 1iorn U\o children: John C. and William M. For his second wife he took Mrs. Mary ( Radcliffe ) Young, and to their union three children were born: Mary, Fran- cis and August. His wife dying January 1, 1881, he married Jennie Wininger, August 8, 1881. Dr. Line began ])racticing medicine in the toAvn of Hillham in 18»'>r). where lie remained vmtil 1883. Since then he has given up his profession to some extent and is now running a general store, and is doing a'thriving business. He owns 200 acres of land, well improved. The Doctor is a Democrat in politics, and is one of the central committee of Dubois County, and he is well and favorably known in his neigh- borhood. His present wife belongs to the Baptist Church. THOMAS McCUNE. a native of Kentucky, born March .. 1829, is the youngest in a family of twelve children born to James and Keziah McCune. The father came to Orange County. Ind., in 1832, and later came to Dubois County where he died. His wife was a member of the Baptist Church and died in Law- 768 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. rence County. Our subject was left an orphan when about twelve years of age and made his way as best he could, working by the day and month until his marriage to Miss Lucinda Par- sons, April 5, 1850. She is a daughter of Robert and Jane Par- sons, and is the mother of nine children: Jane (deceased), Mary, Elizabeth, Sarah A. '(deceased), Lucinda, Missouri, Viola, Rob- ert and James. Mr. McCune owns eighty acres of land, wel lirn- proved, and is a good substantial citizen of Dubois County. In politics he is a warm Democrat, and his wife is a member of the Christian Church. DAVID >S. MORGAN was born August 5, 1834, in Orange County. Ind., and is the eldest son in a family of ten children born to Samuel G. and Mary (Taylor) Morgan, natives respec- tively of North Carolina and Indiana. They were married in Or- ange County, Ind., and resided there the rest of their lives. They were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which the father was a minister for about fifty years. Our subject re- ceived a liberal education and made his home with his parents until his marriage. October 19, 1853, he led to Hymen's altar Adaline McPheron, to whom one son was born, namely: Will- iam. Mrs. Morgan was born February 17, 1838, and died Sep- tember 12, 1854. For his second wife Mr. Morgan took Rachel Horton, April 20, 1854, who has presented him with eleven chil- dren: Alfred, Samuel, John J., Fidelia E., Mary E., Milly J., David G., Charles, Adaline I., Rachel M. and Pleasant. Mr. Morgan owns 245 acres of good land mostly under cultivation, and is a Republican in politics. In the late war he enlisted in Company G, Forty -ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served his country for over three years. He is well and favorably known throughout the county, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Courch. JOHN W. NICHOLSON, a native of Orange Coimty, Ind., was born December 7, 1836. He is the eldest son in a family of eleven children born to Harvey and Maria (Connel) Nicholson, natives of North Carolina and Indiana, respectively. They set- tled in Orange County, and, about 1840, located in Dubois County, Columbia Township, where they spent the remainder of their lives. The father held the office of county com- missioner two terms, and was township trustee under the old school law. The subject of our sketch received as fair an educa- tion as could be obtained in the schools of his boyhood, and January 31, 1861, he was united in marriage to Catherine Mc- Iver, born January 20, 1831, and daughter of Kenneth and Elizabeth (Cox) Mclver. To this union seven children were born: Benjamin F., Attosey H., Thomas S., John W., Joseph S. and two children deceased. Mr. Nicholson owns forty acreB BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 769 of land, well improved. He is a Democrat in politics and Inin served as constable and notary public in his townsliip, and is well respected by his neighbors. Mrs. Nicholson is a member of th^- Christian Church. BENJAMIN OWEN was born February 20. 1N24. in H;nvkiii> Comity, Tenn. He is a son of William and Phoebe ( Luna ) Oweii, natives of Tennessee, who lived and died in their native State. Our subject received a limited education, and during the Mexicai. war he enlisted for live years, but served only one year. No- vember 5, 1840, he was united in marriage to Miss Adaline Crowder, born July 19, 1828. daughter of Jacol) and Susai. (Henley) Crowder. To this union were born eleven children- seven of whom are living: Susan J., Martha E., William P., Benjamin B,, Thomas S., Commodore P., and Orlena A. ' Mr. Owen is an extensive farmer and stock raiser, and owns o();> acres of fertile land, well improved. Politically he is a Repub- lican. August 31, 181)1, he enlisted in Company P. Thirty- eighth Regular Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was veteranized in January, 1864, at Rossville, Ga. He was first lieutenant of his company, and a tried and true soldier; he and liis Avife art- members of the Christian Church, and he is well and favoral)ly known throughout the county. JOHN PENDLAY, a native of Lincoln County Ky.. was born June 1, 1881, and is the second son of Joshua and Jane A. (Darter) Pendlay, natives of V'irginia. wliei-e they Avere married. They soon after settled in Kentucky, Avliere the father died. Some years later the mother came to Indiana and died in Lawrence County of that State. Our subject received a limited education, and followed farming as an occupation. February 2, 1S."34, lie wedded Matilda J., daughter of Stephen and Susan ( Highen- botham) Owens of Wayne County, Ky. This lady has presenteil her husband with ten children, namely: Giles (deceased), An- drew J., Nancy D., Samuel W. L., Lemuel R., Martin S., Theo- dore, Alonzo, Malinda F. and Nora B. Mr. Pendlay is a wide- awake farmer and owns 270 acres of first-class land. During the Rebellion his patriotic feelings were aroused, and he enlistetl in Company B, One Hundred and Forty-Fifth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, January 20, 18()4. February 1, 18()r),he was discharged, owing to expiration of service. Mr. Pendlay is a Democrat in politics and an esteemed citizen. BENJAMIN A. SIMMONS was born in Columbia Townshi[., Dubois Co., Ind., March 11, 1845. He was one of five children born to Benjamin and Hester Simmons, natives of Washingtcin County, Ind. Soon after marriage they settled in Columbia, Township, Dubois County, where the father ilied in ls44. The mother is still living and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal 770 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. Church, She was married twice. Her last husband being Will- iam Harris. Our subject was raised by his mother and step-father and remained with them until the breaking out of the Rebellion, when he enlisted in his country's cause November 14, 1864, in Company E, Twenty-fourth Regular Indiana Volunteer Infantry, He was discharged at Galveston, November 17, 1865, Returning home lie married Elizabeth Harmon, born December 25, 1843, and daughter of Asa and Nancy (Sullivan) Harmon, of Orange Coun- ty, Ind. Their nuptials were celebrated February 11, 18()(). Six children were born to this union: America T., William G., Charles N., Henry S. John W. and Porter A. Mr, Simmons is a farmer and stock raiser, and owns 280 acres of land with good buildings and improvements. He is a Republican and has served the township six years as assessor. He is a well known and re- respected citizen, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM S. WINEINGER was born in Virginia, Novem- ber 30, 1828, and was the eldest child of a family of fifteen chil- dren born to John A, and Catherine ( Wineinger) Wineinger, who were natives of Virginia and Tennessee, respectively. They were married in Virginia and came to Orange County, Ind., in 1837, and in 1855 located in Hillham, and some years later settled near Jasper, where he and wife remained till their deaths. He was a good and honest citizen, and he and wife were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Our subject was educated by his parents and remained at home until he reached his majority. He was united in marriage with Miss Diana Roberts, December (>, 1849, To this union eleven children were born: John A, (de- ceased), Nancy J., George AV., Lydia A, (deceased), Lucy E,, Martin L., Sarah E„ Charles W„ Mary C, Stephen S. and Will- iam K. Mr. Wineinger is quite an extensive farmer and stock raiser, and is well and favorably known throughout the neighbor- hood. He has 440 acres of excellent land, partially improved with fair buildings. He is a Republican in politics, and he and Avife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Wineinger gave about $800 to the construction of the church, and has always taken a great interest in its wellfare. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 771 JACKSON TOWNSHIP. • DAVID G. ABELL (deceased), was a native of Crawford County, Ind., born December 10, 1821). He was one of thirteen children born to Francis and Elizabeth Abell. When he was six years old his father died, and he came with his mother to Dubois County. They located near Ferdinand where they lived about eight years after which they removed to Jackson Township and bought the farm upon which he resided until his death, April 28, 1881. He was a very successful farmer, and at his death, he owned 220 acres of land which is now managed by his son Jasper N. In 1851 he married Jane Dameron. who died two years later. He chose for his second wife Katharine Bretz, a native of Ger- many, whom he married in October, 1855. To their union were born ten children, Jasper N., born September 10, 1856; Maggie, born August 16, 1858; Mary E., deceased; David, born Janu- ury 29, 1862; Anna, born June 6, 1864; William T., born De- cember 10, 1865; Sarah, deceased; Jacob, born June 30, 1869; George E.. Iwrn March 5, 1871, and Peter S., born November 23, 1873. Mrs. Abell is a member of the Christian Chui-ch, and the family is universally respected and esteemed by the community in wdiich they live. GEORGE BRENNER, a native of this county, was born in Jackson Township, July 8, 1845. He is one of two surviving children born to John and Anna (Miller) Brenner, both natives of Germany. The father, who had been previously married, came to America in 1840, and located in Harrisburg, Penn., where he worked at his trade of shoe-making for about three years. His wife died in that city, and he married the mother of our subject. After working one year in Pittsburgh he came to Dubois County, and located on a farm in Jackson Township, where he died in 1863. George was reared at home, receiving only a limited amount of instruction in the schools. In 1864 he went to Tell City, Ind., and worked at brick-molding the greater part of the time for several years. In 1869 he opened a brick- yard at Ferdinand, this county, which he operated for a short time. He was also a resident for a short time of Owensboro, Ky. In 1872 he came to St. Antlumy, where he was engaged for three years in the retail liquor business. He has since been en- gaged in operating a saw-mill. In connection with his other business, he has had considerable experience as a solicitor, sell- 772 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. ing papers, sewing machines, fruit trees, etc. November 17, 1868, Mr. Brenner was united in marriage with Eva Gilles. by whom he is the father of six children, only three of whom are now living. They are William, Theodore and Frederick N. Mr. Brenner is a Democrat in politics, and is one of the well informed men of the township. PHILIP BRETZ, a native of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, was born July 13, 1836, being the third of ten children born to the marriage of Philip J. Bretz and Ann M. E. M. Frick. also natives of Germany, from which country they came to the United States in 1840, and located on a farm in Jackson Township, Du- bois Co., Ind., where the father died in 1884, at the age of eighty years. The mother is still living. Philip remained at home un- til attaining his majority, receiving but little instruction in school. He has, however, obtained a fair education through his own efforts. For many years he spent the greater part of his time in hunting. January 4, 1879, he was united in marriage with Margaret Bretz, a daughter of William Bretz. He has since been engaged in the retail liquor business at Bretzville. He has three children: Charles W., P. J. Edward and Gertrude. Both he and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. In pol- itics he is a Democrat, and is one of the well informed men of the township. JOSEPH FRITZ, one of the enterprising farmers of Dubois County, was born in the county, February 14, 1843, being one of a family of four sons and three daughters born to the mar- riage of John Fritz and Mary U. Blo.ck, natives of Alsace, Ger- many. The father, when a young man, came to the United States, and located at Pittsburgh, Penn., where he worked at various kinds of work until about 1840. In that year he came to Dubois County, and bought the farm where he resided until his death, which occurred November 9, 1879. The mother died June 28, 1871. Joseph was reared at home, receiving a good educa- tion, obtained mainly through his own efforts. September 26, 1864, he entered the service of his country, and was enrolled in Company K, Twenty-fifth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which regiment he served until June 4, 1865. He was with Sherman on his famous march to the sea and through the Carolinas. After his return from the war he began farming on the home farm. He was married, January 8, 1867, to Josephine Kessler, a native of the county, and to them have been born eight children. Those living are Joseph J., Susanna C, Anna M., George, Adam, Frank J., Michael and Katharine. Both he and wife are mem- bers of the Catholic Church. Politically Mr. Fritz is a Demo- crat, and has been trustee of the township for two terms. BIOGRArmCAL SKKTCHES. 773 JACOB FKICK. fi prominent farmer of Jac-kson T()^vn^;llip, was born in Bavaria, German^-, July 24, 1821), beinj^tlie youngest of six children born to John and Mary (Bollen])och ) Frick The father, who was a farmer, came to America in iS-tT. and located in Dubois County, where he lived until his death in 1856. The mother dietl in 1830, and Jacob was reared without her care, and remained with his father until lie was fourteen years of age, when he learned the blacksmitlrs trade, and fol- lowed it in his native country until 184:(). In that year he came to the United States and worked at his trade in Jas]ier. Ind... Louisville, Ky. and St. Louis, Mo. In lsr)2 he went to Cali- fornia as a gold seeker, and worked in the mines with fair suc- cess until July, 1865, when he returned to Dubois County, and bought the farm upon which he still resides. He now has 200 acres of good land, well improved. February 22. 185(5. he mar- ried Mary A. Onspaugh, a native of Ohio, who died March 28. 1872, leaving five children: John, Sarah, Mary A.. Philip and Jacob. Jnly D, 1874, he was united in marriage with Lizzie C. (Risch ) Hagan, by whom he is the father of six children, five of whom — Hammond, Otto. William, Valentine and Charles AV. — are living:. Both Mr. Frick and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, and are highly esteemed by the communit}' in which they live. HENRY C. HOSENOUR, dealer in general merchandise, St. Anthony, began Imsiness in August, 1881, in a small room, which he has since enlarged. He carries a well selected stock, consisting of almost every article in any line of goods. He does about an $8,000 business annually, dealing largely in produce. Mr. Hosenour was born in Duljois County in February, 1853. being the youngest child in a family of four sons and three daughters, born to the marriage of Martin Hosenour and Tharsela Kaeruer, both natives of Germany, from which country they came to the United States soon after their marriage. They lo- cated in Louisville, where they remained only a short time when they came to Dubois County, where the father died in 1861. The mother is still living. Henry remained at home with his mother until he was fourteen years old. He then worked in his brother's store for eleven years. July 22, 1878, he married Elizabeth Miller, a native of Louisville!! by whom he is the father of four children: George W., Mary A., Elizabeth and Rosa. After his marriage he worked for his father-in-law on the farm until he came to St. Anthony, and engaged in his present business. Both he and wife are members of the Catholic Church. JOHN KLEM, ex-trustee of Jackson Townshi]). is a native of Pittsburgh, Penn., born April 10, 1842. He is the eldest of nine children born to the marriage of Michael Klem and Jane 774 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. M. Schneider, both natives of Germany. The father, when a young man, came to the United States and located at Pittsburgli, where he worked at the stone-mason's and brick-layer's trade un- til about 1853, when he came with his family to Dubois County. He settled on a farm which he had bought some years previous, and upon Avhich he still resides. The mother died about 1859. John was reared at home, receiving his education in the schools of his native State. In October, 18()1, he enlisted in Company I, Forty-ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which he served, participating in all its battles and marches until mus- tered out in November, 18(^4. He was present at the battles of Chickasaw BlufPs, Champion Hills, Vicksburg and numerous lesser engagements. In 18G() he bought the farm of eighty acres upon which he has since resided. October 27, 1868, he was united in marriage with Kate Ands, a native of the county, and to their union have been born seven children: Michael, Jacob, Joseph, John J. (deceased), Frank, Mary and John M. Botli he and wife are members of the Catholic Church. In politics he is a Democrat, and has served two terms as trustee of the township. FRANCIS LEISMAN, a farmer of Jackson Township, was born in Oldenberg, Germany, April 3, 1835, being the eldest in a family of six sons and three daughters born to the marriage of John P. Leisman and Margaret Klem, also natives of Germany. The father, who was a farmer, came with his family to the United States and located at Pittsburgh, Penn., where he remained until 1842. In that year he came to Dubois County and located in Jackson Township, where he still lives. The mother died in October, 1850. Francis, when a boy, was sent to Pittsburgh by his parents in order that he might attend school. He remained about eighteen months, receiving instruction in both German and English. June 5, I860, he was united in marriage with Chris- tina Berg, after which he bought the farm of eighty acres where he still lives. He and wife are members of the Catholic Church. They are the parents of twelve children, seven of whom are liv- ing. In ])olitics he is a Democrat, and is now serA-ing his second term as trustee of Jackson Township. JOHN MERKLEY, a native of Dubois County, Ind., was born June 21, 1847. He is one of a family of six sons and one daughter born to the marriage of Frank Merkley and Francis Hengstler, natives of Germany. The father, when a young man, came to the United States and located at Pittsburgh, Penn., where he worked in a glass factory for eight years. He then came to this county and bought a farm in Ferdinand Township, where he lived until his death, which occurred in 1866. The mother is still living with her son, at the advanced age of seventy- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. TTo seven years. John was reared at home, receiving a fair education in the common schools. At the age of twenty-tliree he bought the farm where he now resides, and began farming for himself. He now has 280 acres of as good land as can l)e found in tin- township. May IG, 1870, Mr. Merkley was joined in marriage with Katharine Fisher, a native of the county and a daughter of AndreAv Fisher. The}^ have eight children, seven of wlumi are living. They are Andrew, Sophie, William. Joseph, Mary, Pliilo- mine and Frank E. Bt)th he and wife are members of the Catholic Church. CHAELES G. 8CHNECK (deceased) was ]).)ni in Witten- berg, Germany, October 18, 1827. He was one of a family of four sons and an equal number of daughters born to the marriage of Heinrich P. Schneck and Christina Green, also natives of Germany, where they passed their lives. Charles G. was reared at home on the farm, where he remained until iSol, when he came to the United States and located near Jeffersojiville, Ind He worked there on a farm until 1855. September 10 of that year he was united in marriage with Sophie Spiddler, also a native of W^ittenberg, wdio came to America one year ])revious. Soon after thsy cim3 ta Dubois County and bought a farm in Hall Township, where they lived until 1861. In that year they bought the farm of 210 acres, where he resided until his death, which occurred May 15, 1881. He was a very successful Farmer, and occupied a high place among the enterprising men of the county. His death was a loss not only to his family but to the entire community. He was the father of five children: Henry P. (deceased), George W., Paulina (now Mrs. Jacob Frick, Jr.). Mary and Sophie. Henry P. was a young man of rare ability and gave promise of a brilliant career. He graduated at the Louisville Medical College, taking the first honors of the class of 1883. His death occurred May 1, 1884. JOHN F. SCHUPtZ, a prominent farmer of Dubois County, is a native of the county, born March 5. IS 52. being the eldest of a family of three sons and six daughters born to George F. and Charlotte (Bretz) Scliurz, both natives of Germany. The father, at the age of sixteen, came to the United States, where he followed steamboating on the Mississippi and its trilnitaries for eight years being first mate during a part of that time. For about two years he was also on an ocean steamer. After leaving thp.t busi- ness he, worked at various places until about 1811) or 1850, when he came to Dubois County and located near the present site ot Bretzville, where he opened a general mercliandise store which he conducted in partnership with Phillip Frick for a short time. He then bought the farm when our subject now lives, and was en- cased in a mercantile business there until his death which oc- TT6 HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY. cuired May 17, 1871. He served for a time in the Mexican war, and was a member of the Masonic fraternity. The mother died February 24-, 1S()1). John F. was raised at home, receiving his education in the common schools, and also attended the Evansville Commercial College for a time. In 1873 he ensraajed in a sen- era! merchandise business at Bretzyille with J. N. Deindorfer, but continued only a few months. November 29, 1875, he was united in marriage with A. M. Bartley, a native of Dubois County. They have since resided on the home farm. They have one child, John F. J., born August 12, 1876. Mr. Schurz is a Democrat in politics and was for four years a justice of the peace. CYRIX THOMAS, Reverend Father of St. Anthony's Church, was born at Marion, Grant Co., Ind., January 1, 1853, being the sixth of tliirteen children born to the marriage of Enoch G. Thomas and Jane Votaw. The Thomas family is one of the oldest and largest families in the country; is of Welsh descent, and the earliest trace of it in this country is found in South Carolina. The first settlement made by the family in In- diaiia was in Wayne County in 1810, when John Thomas came with his family from his native State and settled near Richmond. A large number of his descendants are still residents of that county. Enoch G. Thomas, when a child, removed with his par- ents to Grant County, Ind., where he grew to manhood, was mar- ried and liA^ed until 1857. In that year he moved to Wabash county, and in 1870, to Huntington, Ind., where he now resides. He is a practical miller and mill-wright, and is at present the president of the Huntington Mill Company. Of the maternal ancestors of the subject, the earliest record is of one Isaac Votaw, who was descended from French ancestors, and was born in Penn- sylvania, January 29, 1741. He married Ann Smith, in Bucks County, Penn., February 11. 1768. Both were numbered among the peaceful followers of George Fox, and their marriage was sol- emnized according to the ceremonies of the Quaker Church. Cyrin Thomas was reared at home, receiving a good general edu- cation. He attended South Wabash Academy about two years, and the Rural Home Institute at Huntington one year. In 1874 he entered St. Meinrad's College when he was ordained to the priesthood in 1880. The next two years was prefect of that institution, and in September, 1883, he came to St. Anthony. He is now very acceptal)ly engaged in ministering to a congregation of ninety-six families, and is pushing on to completion a new church, a history of which appears in this work. HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 777 778 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 779 780 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 781 782 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 783 784 ' HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 785 786 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA.