M il', 5^ )<•■.'': . J OUTLINES AND STUDIES TO ACCOMPANY MYERS' MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY A STUDENTS' NOTEBOOK BY FLORENCE E. LEADBETTER RoxBURY High School, Boston GINN & COMPANY BOSTON . NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON LIBRARY of CONGRESS Tw» Copies Received JAN t 6 1907 /l Oepyrifht Entry _, mss A xxc, No, COPY B. Copyright, 1907 By GINN & COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 56.12 GINN & COMPANY • PRO- PRIETORS ■ BOSTON • U.S.A. CONTENTS to I- Age Outlines and Studies in Medieval History Outline of Mediseval History . . General Introduction .... The Barbarian Kingdoms . The Church and its Institutions . The Fusion of Latin and Teuton The Roman Empire in the East The Rise of Islam .... Charlemagne and his Empire The Northmen : Coming of the Vikings Feudalism and Chivalry . : • The Normans in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries The Papacy and the Empire to 1122 . The Crusades . . ■ • ■ ' The Church and the State (1122-1431) The Life and Culture of the Middle Ages The Growth of England to 1500 • ■ France under the Capetians and the Valois The Rise of Spain . . . ■ Growth of the German Nation to 15 19 Mediaeval Italy Northern and Eastern Europe to 1500 The Renaissance . . ■ • Studies on the Middle Ages Chronology of the Middle Ages . Outlines and Studies on the Modern OutUne of Modern History Discovery and Colonization in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries The Beginnings of the Reformation . The Ascendancy of Spain .... The Tudors and the English Protestants . The Revolt of the Netherlands . The Huguenot Wars in France . The Thirty Years' War . . • ,• The Ascendancy of France under Louis XIV The Stuarts and the English Revolution . The Rise of Russia The Rise of Prussia The Expansion of England in the Eighteenth Century The French Revolution The Napoleonic Period Influence of the French Revolution on the Nineteenth France since the Second Restoration . England since the Battle of Waterloo The Liberation and Unification of Italy The Making of the New German Empire Spain, Austria, and the Lesser States in the Nineteenth Century Russia and the Eastern Question . . . European Expansion in the Nineteenth Century . The World State and the Industrial Age . Studies in Modern History .... Chronology of the Modern Age .... Century KEY TO REFERENCES Adams HOURNE Church Emerton Emerton Harding MUNRO Myers Myers Robinson Robinson SCHWILL Whitcomb Civilization during the Middle Ages Medi(eval and Modern History The Beginning of the Middle Age. Introduction to the Middle Ages The Middle Ages . Essentials in Mediceval and Modern History A History of the Middle Ages The Middle Ages . The Modern Age . History of 11 'estern Europe . /Headings in European History History of Modem Europe . A History of Modern Europe (A) (B) (C) (E) (Em) (H) (M) (Mm) (Mo) (R) (Rr) (S) (VV) Note. Roman numerals refer to chapters, Arabic figures to pages. Yet I doubt not through the ages one increasing purpose runs, And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns. — Tennyson. As we can follow through the feudal epoch the development of the monarchical idea •which was to destroy feudalism, and as we can follow across the monarchical epoch the development of the national idea which was to throw dynastic interests back into the second place, so we can follow across the history of the last two centuries the development of economic and industrial interests, the social idea, which is destined to overthrow the national. — Monod (Adams). One lesson, and only one, history may be said to repeat with distinctness : that the world is built on moral foundations ; that, in the long run, it is well with the good ; in the long run, it is ill with the wicked. — Fronde. Mini6 is good, but, spite of change, Gutenberg's gun has the longest range. — Lowell. In these addresses the memory of your forefathers speaks to you. Think that with my voice there are mingled the voices of your ancestors from the far-off ages of gray antiquity, of those who stemmed with their own bodies the tide of Roman domination over the world, who vindicated with their own blood the independence of these mountains, plains, and streams. . . . They call to you : " Take ye our place . . . But as matters now stand with you, seek not to conquer with bodily weapons, but stand firm and erect before them in spiritual dignity. Yours is the greater destiny — to form an empire of mind and reason ; to destroy the dominion of rude physical power as the ruler of the world. Do this and ye shall be worthy of descent from us." — Fichte\ OUTLINES AND STUDIES IN MEDIEVAL HISTORY The period of the " Dark Ages," so called, is a period of decay only in the sense in which the leaf decays, that it may make the ground fruitful for more abundant life. The three chief forces working together in the making of a new and fairer civilization were : First, — the organized Christian Church. Second, — the Germanic races, coming in upon the soil of Rome, taking possession of the Roman land, subjecting the Roman population to their political control, but in their turn taking up the religion, the language, and the customs of the conquered. Third, — the domination of the Frankish race over all the Germanic races of the continent. — Adapted from Emerton. All in all the Middle Ages was a period of transformation, when the old classical civilization, Christianity, the vigorous Teutonic races, and elements drawn from the Mohammedan East combined in bewildering variety. It was essentially the period when Europe became Europe and made ready to found new Europes across the seas. — Harding. The mediaeval period is one in which the great effort of human society is to fit itself to certain great abstract ideas and institutions. The peculiar thing about these is that they demand of the individual member of society that he shall as far as possible sur- render himself to them, and seek his highest usefulness by sinking his own personality in some form of corporate life. — Emerton. The Middle Ages molded into a perfect unity, a living and organic world civiliza- tion, the best contributions of Greek and Roman, Christian and German. — Adams. Outline of Mediaeval History The " Dark Ages ' (476-1000) The Barbarian Kingdoms. Fusion of Latin and Teutonic Civilizations. The Church and its Institutions. The Eastern Empire and Rise of Islam. Charlemagne and the Restoration of the Empire. ^ The Coming of the Northmen. Age of Revival (1000— 1492) Feudalism and Chivalry. The Normans. The East and the Crusades. The Papacy and the Empire. The Life and Culture of the Middle Ages. Growth of National Governments and Literatures. The Renaissance. General Introduction I. Periods of European History (a.d. 476-1900). 1. The Middle Ages. a. " Dark Ages " (476-1000). b. Age of Revival (1000— 1492). 2. The Modern Age. a. Era of the Protestant Revolution (1492-1648). b. Era of the PoHtical Revolution (i 648-1900). 3. Characteristics of each period. II. Meaning of "Fall of Rome." III. European Civilization. 1. Factors in its formation. 2. Relative importance of these factors. 3. Chief actors in its history. 4. Parts played by these actors. 1. Compare the area, physical features, climate, and productions of Europe with those of the United States. 2. Give some examples of the influence of the physical features of Europe upon its history. 3. Point out natural boundaries which have Hmited or failed to limit political boundaries. (B) 4. Why is it impossible to divide the course of history into periods by hard and fast lines ? What is true of changes seemingly so abrupt as the downfall of Rome, the invention of printing, or the French Revolution? 5. How much does one lose through ignorance of the history of the Middle Ages ? Why has it been called the key to modern history? 6. What did the Middle Ages have to do? How long did it take to do it? (A) 7. Why is the expression " Fall of Rome " misleading? Show that this period is con- structive and not merely destructive of civilization. 8. Into the hands of what new race did the fate of Europe pass with the decline of Roman power? What did it inherit from the ancient world to build upon? 9. How much of real value in ancient civilization was lost to the world? [o. Show the importance of the principles of Christianity as a factor in the making of Europe. (Am) 1. Point out the virtues of the Teutons which made them worthy to be trusted with the fate of civilization. What characteristics have made them leaders in the movements of modern times ? (Mm) 2. Why is it impossible to understand mediaeval history without some knowledge of the organization of the Roman Empire ? The Barbarian Kingdoms I. The RoiNiAN Empire of the Fifth Century. 1. Extent and character. 2. Condition of the people. II. The Barbarians within the Empire. 1. Ostrogoths in Italy (493-553). a. Reign of Theodoric. b. Work of Belisarius. 2. Visigoths in Spain (415-7 11). 3. Vandals in Africa (429-533). 4. Burgundians in Gaul (443-534). 5. Franks under the Merovingians (486-752). a. Clovis at Soissons (486). b. Pippin II at Testry (687). c. Charles Martel at Tours (732). 6. Lombards in Italy (568-774). 7. Anglo-Saxons in Britain. a. Legends of King Arthur. b. The English kingdoms. III. The Barbarians without the Einipire. *«•«■- ..■^ studies on the Barbarian Kingdoms The hope and not the despair of the world lay hi the Teuton. — Kingsley. ! 1. On an outline map indicate the limits of the Empire at its greatest extent and locate the barbarian kingdoms established within its borders by the year 500. 2. Show the unity of the Empire at the opening of the fifth century. What destroyed that unity? (Rii) 3. What did men do to avoid the burdens imposed by the Roman government? Show the results of the decline of military spirit among the Romans. 4. Prove that " the grinding to death of the middle class harmed the Empire more than all the ravages of the barbarians." 5 . Write a comparison of life among the Romans with that among the barbarians in the fifth century, according to Salvian and Priscus. (Rrii) 6. How did the civilization of the Germans outside the Empire compare with that of the North American Indians? (A) 7. What events mark the permanent occupation of the Empire by the Germans? How had they been kept out for almost five centuries? 8. Can you account for the indifference of the provincials to the German invasions? How did the invaders compare in numbers with the original population of the invaded territory? (Rm) 9. Picture the march of the Ostrogoths from the Danube to Italy. (Mmi) 10. Which of all the barbarian chieftains showed the most kingly qualities? In what respects is his history Hke that of Philip of Macedon? 11. Why does Theodoric deserve especial praise for his effort to create "a fatherland, a city, and a state "? What was his attitude toward the Emperor and Roman culture? How did he show his superiority in religious convictions? 12. What contradictions do you find in the life of Theodoric? Who were his advisers? What monument still keeps his memory green? 13. What service did the Visigoths render to the Empire? What was thei^ reward? 14. Show that the Gothic realm of Spain was the most flourishing and most advanced of the new Teutonic kingdoms in the seventh century. (Em) 15. Describe the character and achievements of the "Vikings of the South." 16. In what ways have the Burgundians, although for so brief a time an independent nation, left a lasting impression on history ? (E) 17. Can you account for the superior strength of the Franks in conquest? 18. What was the double task of Clovis? By what means did he become chief of the Franks? Did his conversion have any effect upon his character or conduct? What right has he to a place among the great men of history? 19. Compare the Lombard rule with that of any other conqueror of Italy. How could a people so few in numbers keep the upper hand ? 20. Tell the Lombard legends of the proud Rosamond and the lovely Theodolinda. (Evi) 21. Which was "the one purely German nation that rose upon the wreck of Rome"? What conditions made it possible? 22. Explain the origin of the province of Brittany in France and the legends of King Arthur. The Church and its Institutions I. Conversion of the Barbarians. 1. Ulfilas, apostle of the Goths (about 341). 2. Clovis and the Franks. 3. Patrick, patron saint of Ireland (425). a. Work of Irish missionaries. l\ lona and St. Gall. 4. Augustine, missionary to England (597). a. Council of Whitby. b. Christian literature ; Credmon, Bede. 5. Boniface, apostle of Germany, 6. Vladimir, and evangelization of Russia (9S8). 7. Progress of Christianity to the year 1000. 8. Importance of the spread of Christianity. II. Reaction of Pac^anism upon Christianity. III. Rise of Monasticism. 1. Its spirit and aims. 2. St. Antony and the hermits. 3. St. Benedict and the monasteries. 4. Services of the monks to civilization. IV. Rise of the Papacv. 1. Organization of the Church. 2. Privileges of the clergy. 3. Primacy of the Roman see : Leo and Gregory. 4. Separation of the Greek and Latin churches. Studies on the Church and its Institutions ■"^ rhS'^iask of guarding the Roman name and something of Ro7nan ideas and institution, passed to the Chtirch. — Bourne. 1. What has been the strongest force in the making of modern civilization? Show th« source of its power. 2. Show the difference in the religious life of the two peoples separated by the Rhine Danube frontier about a.d. 300. 3. What religious ideas of their own made the Germans ready to accept Christianity] Point out traces of these ideas in the life of to-day. 4. Who has been called " the John Ehot " of the Germans, and for what reason ? 5. Give some idea of the great work of St. Boniface for the Germans. 6. What was the feeling of the Franks for the Goths? Which race and which religio triumphed in Gaul and in Germany? 7. Of what political importance to the Franks and the Angles was their conversion t the orthodox Catholic faith? 8. Compare the Christian with the pagan literature of the Anglo-Saxons. 9. What do you find most interesting in Bede's account of the conversion of the Nortl umbrians? Tell the legend of Boniface and the oak of Thor. (Rrv) 10. Why may the missionaries from Ireland be said to have laid the cornerstone of wes: ern civilization on the Continent? 11. What power in this age was "stronger than force and greater than kings "? Giv some examples of its wonderful influence over the barbarians. 12. How did the circumstances of the conversion of Russia affect her relations with othe European states? 13. What was the inevitable reflex influence of the barbarians upon Christianity? Sho^ the result to European civilization. 14. How can we account for the rapid spread of monasticism in the Middle Ages Name some monks who greatly influenced the course of history. (Rv) 15. Can you prove that "the Rule of St. Benedict is as important as any constitution ever drawn up for a state "? Give some idea of its requirements. (R57) 16. Estimate the good work of the monasteries as the hospitals, inns, schools, libraries and publishing houses of the Middle Ages. 17. In what respects did the organization of the Church correspond to that of th' Empire? Describe the conditions which led the Church to assume many functions of civil government. 18. Name the four great Latin "fathers" who tell us of the Church in the fourth and fifth centuries. With what purpose did Augustine write his City of God ? 19. Show that Gregory the Great was statesman, missionary, " Servant of the servants of God." Give some idea of his power as prefect and as pope. 20. What effect did the separation of the Greek and Latin churches have upon the civilization and history of Europe? 21. Comment on Tertullian's boast that "nothing was so foreign to a Christian as public affairs." \ I! The Fusion of Latin and Teuton ^^^'^^^'^ I_ The Relations of Conquerors to Conquered. 11. The Formation of Romance Nations and Languages. III. The Influence of the Teutonic Laws : Ordeals. IV. The Triuimph of Roman Law. T/ie German glory is not to have had little to learn from Rome, but to have learned so much and zvith such aptitude. — Andrews. 1. When does history first hear of the Teutons? Summarize the relations of the Romans and Teutons uneier four periods. 2. Why could not the Empire make more effectual resistance to the Germans? Give some specific examples of the decline of national will power and the misuse of official position for personal gain. (A) 3. Describe the treatment that the conquered inhabitants of the Empire received at the hands of the Germans. How did this treatment vary in different places? (Mmiv) 4. Summarize the important additions made to ancient ci-\alization by the Germans. 5. What correspondence can you find between the political organization of the Germans and that of the Homeric Greeks? 6. Suppose the Latins had kept the Teutons out of Gaul, Italy, Spain, and Britain, — what then ? Show how the Teutonic influence varied in these states. 7. What parallel may be drawn between the results of the Roman conquest of Greece and the German conquest of Rome? 8. Show by the lives of the hterary men of the later Empire the extent of the influence of Latin learning. (Bi) How did the barbarians look upon it? 9. What do we mean by Romance languages? What were the most serious consequences of the confusion which attended their formation ? 10. Why was Latin more easily corrupted in the Roman provinces than English can be in the mouths of foreigners to-day? 11. What advantages did Latin have in its struggle with the Teutonic tongues? 12. What was the fate of the Roman schools and Latin Hterature? 13. Did the municipal system of the Romans hold its own in the barbarian states? He did the invaders become "caught ia the meshes of the Roman law"? 14. How did the Teutonic laws differ from the Roman? Mention some laws which show the ruder civilization of the Germans. Which of the Germanic peoples first" had written laws? 15. Why was the German law a more effectual influence for liberty .than the Roman? 16. Specify the elements in modern government which owe their origin to the Germans, In which of their institutions do we find the germ of our modem free legislatures! How did they change the ancient idea of the relation of individual and state? (Av) 17. What is meant by "the personality of law" among the Germans? What is the corresponding expression for the character of Roman law? (Eviii) )e ) ^^'*" The Roman Empire in the East I. The Era of Justinian (527-565). 1. " Imperial Restoration " : Belisarius. 2. "Body of the Roman Law." 3. Dark side of the era. II. Reign of Heraclius (610-641), 1 . Struggle with Persia. 2. Conquests of the Arabs. III. Services to European Civilization. 1. Defender and preserver. 2. Teacher and civilizer. The abiding life of the Eastern Empire still seems to be to many minds the hardest J lessons. — Freeman. 1. What does Europe owe to the emperors in the East? 2. What races were restorers of the Empire in the persons of Justinian and BehsariusBi 3. Why has this era been called " so great and so unhappy "? '! 4. Outline the career of Belisarius and prove his right to a place among the great commanders of the world. 5. At what cost was the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy overthrown? Show that the result was not worth the cost. 6. On a sketch map indicate the imperial possessions when Tustinian ascended the; throne, and the lands he reconquered from the barbarians. \ 7. Why does Justinian desen-e to be called " the Hadrian of the East "? 8. Describe the building which caused Justinian to say - I have surpassed thee O Solomon ! " ' 9. Explain this statement: "A man of Slavonic birth, he reigned over a people who spoke Greek and called themselves Romans, to whom he issued a Latin law book which few of them could either read or understand." 10. Describe the making of the Corpus Juris Civilis as given in Hadlev's Introduction to Roman Law. 11. What was the most important effect of the codification of Roman law? Show how widespread has been its influence. (An) 12. What parts of Europe are still under the influence of Roman law? How has it affected the common law of England? Has it fomid any place in the United States > 13. Compare the struggle of Heraclms and the second Persian Empire with the struggle of Greeks and Persians ten centuries before. ^^ 14. Why are the terms Greek or Byzantine more correct than Roman for the Eastern Empire after the time of Heraclius? 15. Outline the ser^•ices of the mediaeval Byzantine Empire to European civilization. Why was It able to perform these services? (Mx) '^ The Rise of Islam I, The Arabs. 1. Origin and character. 2. Religious condition about a.d. 600. II. Mohammed. 1. The boy and the man. 2. The prophet at Mecca : Hegira (622). 3. The lawgiver and king at Medina. 4. The conqueror at Mecca. III. Doctrines of Islam. 1, The Koran. a. Origin. b. Teachings. 2. The Sunna. IV. The Caliphate. 1. Conquests east and west. a. Check at Constantinople (717). b. Check at Tours (732). 2. Extent of Moslem power (750). 3. Golden age at Bagdad. V. Saracen Civilization. 1. Sources and importance. 2. Govemiment and law. 3. Literature and learning. 4. Science and art. VI. Evil and Good in Islam. Studies on the Rise of Islam ^.,,,-- kVhat people became a great power in world history with the rise of Islam? Outline briefly their previous history. 2. Describe the peculiar political and religious conditions which prepared the way for Mohammed. 3. Write a short biography of Mohammed. What did he owe to Kadijah? (Mmvi) 4. Account for Jewish and Christian elements in the Moslem faith. What happy con- trast do religious conditions in Arabia in the sixth century offer to those of almost any other country? 5. What form of government did Mohammed establish? What other did it most resemble? 6. Describe the making of the Koran. What are the four cardinal virtues it inculcltes? What are the rewards it promises to the faithful ? 7. Quote from the Koran the description of the future condition of '' the people on the right hand," and those "on the left hand." 8. Was Mohammed more or less cruel and unjust than other founders of Asiatic empires? Why were the Moslems such fierce fighters ? 9. How did the work of Boniface differ from that of Mohammed? Which man would you rather have been? 10. In what respects have the Moslem conquests of the seventh century never been equaled? Can you account for their success? 11. What three alternatives were offered to the conquered Christians? Upon what terms were they allowed to remain in possession of their cities? 12. What did the Moslem conquest mean for the civilization of northern Africa? Tell the story of the destruction of Alexandria. (Mmvi) 13. According to tradition, who was the Judas that betrayed Europe to the Saracens? How long were they in doing what cost the Roman legions two centuries? 14. What two allies helped the Saracens to conquer Spain? What battle was the Hastings of Spain? 15. Why was the duel between the Moslem and the Christian fought out so much earlier m the West than in the East? Account for the difference in results. 16. How did the Franks respond to Charles Martel's call for help? Was Tours a deci- sive battle? (Ex) 17. On an outHne map show the limits of the Saracen dominions a.d. 600 and about A.D. 750. 18. Point out some respects in which the Saracen civilization is unrivaled. 19. Prove that Arab Spain under the Caliphs was the most prosperous and enlightened ■ country of Europe. Give examples of their wise policy. (Mix) JO. Picture — according to the Arabian Nights -Ut in Bagdad in the golden age. J I. In what branches of learning did the Arabs excel? Which of their inventions and productions have been most vakiable? \^•hat hampered their progress in art? :2. Compare Islam with Christianity. What effect did the Moslem taunt of "idolater" have upon the eastern emperor? :3. What is the Saracen Odyssey? Explain the origin of the title of the heir apparent of Spain, Prince of Asturias. JSfe Charlemagne: Restoration of the Empire in the West I. Rise of the Carolingians. 1. Mayors of the Palace. 2. Duke Pippin, King of the Franks. 3. Donation of Pippin. II. Charles the Great (768-814). 1 . King of the Franks. 2. Military campaigns. a. Lombardy ; the " Iron Crown." b. The Spanish March. c. Saxons and Avars ; important results. 3. Emperor and Augustus (Christmas Day, 800). 4. Administrator and legislator. a. General Assembly ; Capitularies. b. Royal commissioners. c. Supervision of religion. d. Education \ Alcuin and the Palace School. e. Public works. 5. Estimate of his achievements. III. Break-Up of Charlemagne's Empire. 1. Lewis the Pious (814-840). 2. Struggle for the Empire. a, Strassburg Oaths. b. Treaty of Verdun (843). 3. Decline and extinction of the Carolingians. IV. Renewal of the Empire by Otto the Great (962). 13 Studies on Charlemagne and his Empire / was France. / Why did Henry VII pursue a peace policy? How did he judge his friends? Relate the experience of Erasmus with Henry's revenue laws. (M091) 3. What seems to you the most worthy achievement of Henry VII's reign? Outhne the voyages upon which the Enghsh based their claim to the best part of North America. 4. Show the result of Henry VIII's abandonment of his father's peace pohcy. Can you prove that Queen Catherine of Aragon was " the better man " of the two? 5. According to Wolsey, what was the source of greatness for England and her best attitude toward continental affairs? Has England followed this policy? 6. What previous political measures made the break with Rome easier for Henry? What had the humanists done? 7. Did Henry have any special reason for supporting the Papacy in 15 21? Why did he afterward turn against it? Was he a Protestant? 8. " What a man has England and what a friend have I lost ! " Of whom and by whom said? 9. What was the effect of the Act of Supremacy upon English liberty? To what is due the clause in the Constitution of the United States, " No bill of attainder . . . shall be passed "? 10. For what one thing, at least, are the English people indebted to Henry VIII? 11. On what pillars did More rest his visionary kingdom? What evils of his time did he point out? Which of his suggested reforms have since been achieved? (S70) 12. Point out the permanent good resulting from "the Protestant misrule" of the time of Edward VI. For what role was he better fitted than that of king? 13. Why was Mary so gladly hailed as queen? How did she undermine her throne? 14. Tell some pleasant tale of Lady Jane Grey and her tutor, Roger Ascham. What did the " nine-day queen " call the happiest day of her life? 15. What was the effect of the religious persecutions upon the English people? 16. Outline the achievements which made the reign of Elizabeth the strongest and most illustrious in the annals of England. 17. What statesmanlike qualities did Elizabeth possess? What detracted from them? 18. Why was Elizabeth specially fitted to settle the religious question? Show how the various rehgious parties complicated matters. Were the Pilgrim Fathers Puritans, or the Puritans Pilgrim Fathers? 19. Who in England were the most bitter enemies of Mary Queen of Scots? What reason had they to fear her? j 20. Find some comparisons that have been made between Elizabeth and Mary Stuart. 1 What does Melville show himself to be in his interview with Elizabeth? (Rri86) 21. What motives urged Philip to crush England? How did Drake singe " the beard of the Spanish king"? Give some incidents from Hawkins's letter about the fight with the Armada. (RR189) 22. Picture the new life and activities of the England of EHzabeth. 23. Make a list of the great men of the EUzabethan Age and indicate the chief work of each. 50 Revolt of the Netherlands : Rise of the Dutch Republic I, The Land and the People. II. Condition of the Netherlands about 1500. III. The Low Countries under Charles V and Philip II. 1. Tyranny of the Regent Margaret and the Duke of Alva. 2. Rise of nobles and people : William of Orange. 3. Beginning of Dutch sea power (1572). Pacification of Ghent (1576). 4. Foundation of the Dutch Republic : Union of Utrecht (1579). 5. Declaration of Independence (July 26, 1581). 6. Struggle for freedom. Assassination of William the Silent (1584). IV. Independence: truce with Philip III (1609); acknowledged (1648). 1. Show how the Netherlands were divided racially, religiously, and economically. What was the only sort of union between them? 2. Outline the history of the Low Countries before they came into the hands of Charles V. To what was their prosperity largely due? (Sv) 3. Give some extracts from the Venetian ambassador's description of the Netherlands. (RR171) How did Charles and Philip cast a blight upon their prosperity? 4. Illustrate the character of the government of Charles V by describing the fate of Ghent when it refused to be taxed save by its own vote. (Moiv) 5. By what measures did the government of the Regent Margaret alienate every class? Explain the origin of the " Beggars." 6. AVhat results of the rousing of the people to desperation do we most deplore? How did Philip take vengeance? 7. For what is the name of the Duke of Alva a synonym? 8. What did England gain by the Spanish cruelty in the Netherlands? 9. In what ways does William of Orange remind you of George Washington? In what respect was he far in advance of the spirit of his time? 10. How long did the Netherlanders struggle for their liberty? Why did they stand almost alone? To what was their final triumph due? 11. Relate some incidents of the heroic resistance of- the United Provinces. What won- derful achievement does the University of Leyden commemorate? 12. What answer did the Prince of Orange make when his disheartened folliD^ers begged him to make some strong alliance? What reply did he make to Philip's bribes? 13. Why is it to be regretted that the northern and southern provinces separated? What does the history of the Dutch show to be indeed the " seed of the Church " ? 14. Quote PhiHp's ban against Wilham and some lines from the famous "Apology." 15. What discouraged the Dutch patriots? How is Sir Philip Sidney connected with their struggle for liberty? 16. How was Spain finally forced to let go her hold of the Netherlands? 17. Contrast the conditions in the northern and southern provinces at the end of the war. How can the difference be accounted for? 18. Describe the commercial advance of the Republic during the war. Where were its principal trading stations? Why were they little more than trading stations? 51 The Huguenot Wars in France I. The Rise of Protestantism in France to 1559. II. Reign of Francis II (1559-1560) : parties in the state; Coligny. III. Reign of Charles IX (1560-15 74) : Catherine de' Medici. 1 . The Guises and the Huguenots : treaty of St. Germain. 2. Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (August 24, 1572). IV. Reign of Henry III (1574-1589): constant turmoil. V. Reign of Henry IV (1589-1610) : first of the House of Bourbon. 1. Compromise : Edict of Nantes (1598). 2. Prosperity of the French people : the Duke of Sully. VL Reign of Louis XIII (16 10-1643). 1. Power and pohcy of Cardinal Richeheu. 2. Political power of the Huguenots crushed : La Rochelle. 1. Where do we find the chief causes for the rapid progress of Protestantism in France? Show the influence of Lefebre and the circle at Meaux. (Si 21) 2. What turned Francis I from a friend to a persecutor of the Protestants.? Of what did he and his son sow the seed ? 3. Distinguish the chief parties in France in 1559. How did Catherine de' Medici try to maintain her influence ? What was the inevitable result ? 4. How did the Guises gain control of the government ? In what way did they pre- cipitate war ? 5. Why were the reUgious wars in France particularly bitter and miserable? 6. Who stands head and shoulders above all the men of the period, " a man whose faith was not to be bought and sold " ? ^^'hat were his patriotic plans ? 7. Show how hope of peace was roused by the Treaty of St. Germain. 8. Where in history can we find a parallel to the horror of St. Bartholomew's Day? Did it crush the Huguenots ? 9. How many assassinations cleared the way for the House of Bourbon ? How did Henry IV bring peace to his distracted kingdom ? 10. How far did the Edict of Nantes go beyond the Peace of Augsburg. or the Treaty of Westphalia in religious toleration ? \\'hy is it a milestone ? 11. What did the religious wars cost France? Show how Henry IV and Sully restored prosperity to France. 12. Quote some of the sayings of Henry IV which proclaim him " Father of his people." How do the French still regard him ? 13. Was Mary de' Medici any wiser as a ruler than Catherine? Why is the States- General of 1 614 memorable ? 14. From what did Richelieu save France ? \'\^hat was his program ? 15. Explain how the Huguenot wars had created a state within the state. Was this in line with the traditional spirit of France ? How did Richelieu remedy matters ? 16. Is there any more hope to-day than there was three hundred years ago of carrying out the "Grand Design" which Sully attributes to Henry IV? 5- The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) I. Causes of the War : general and special. 11. Periods of Warfare. 1. Bohemian (1618-1623) : Protestantism almost uprooted. 2. Danish (1625-1629) : Christian IV, Tilly, Wallenstein. 3. Swedish (1630-1635) : Gustavus Adolphus ; Lutzen. 4. Swedish-French (163 5-1 648) : aims of Richelieu. III. Peace of Westphalia : difficulties in the way. IV. Effect of the War upon Germany and Europe. 1. What were the principal causes of discord in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg?! Was it possible to reconcile the religious differences ? 2. Show how the affair at Donauworth brought open opposition. How did each party protect itself ? Which side was the stronger ? 3. Where and when occurred the incident which precipitated the first European war involving all the great states ? Describe this famous scene. 4. Tell the story of the driving out of the " Winter King." What was the fate of Bohemia ? 5. What is the strongest plea in the charming letter of Elizabeth of Bohemia to , James I of England ? Why should he be interested ? Why did he hold aloof ? I 6. Was any good accomplished by the interference of the King of Denmark ? What service did Wallenstein render the Emperor in this period of the war ? 7. Why did the name of Wallenstein arouse terror in Europe? What cause had the German princes to fear him ? What did they force the Emperor to do ? 8. What motives led Gustavus Adolphus to go to the aid of the Protestants ? Follow his steps from his entrance into Germany to his death at Lutzen. I 9. How did the German princes receive the Swedish king? What changed their attitude ? 10. Had Napoleon good reason to call Gustavus the foremost captain of all history? What did the " Protestant Hero " put in the place of Alexander's Homer ? 11. Who is responsible for the continuation of the war after 1635? Point out the change in the character of the war. ' * 12. What were the armies of the last years of the war? (S156) (W104) How does a writer of the time describe the destruction of Magdeburg? (Rr2ii) 13. Why is the Peace of WestphaUa one of the most important documents in history? How did it alter the map of Europe ? (H339) 14. Is it easy to believe the accounts of the barbarism of Germany at the end of the war ? What were some of the worst conditions according to Schlegel ? 15. What was the effect of the war upon German patriotism? How many separate domains remained under an absolute monarch with an independent court ? 16. What is the only thing to be said of the history of Germany for the next one hun- dred and fifty years ? 17. About 163 1 who in America had stirring in their hearts the wish of the Elector of Brandenburg, that " at least the private exercise of religion " should be free to all ? 53 The Ascendancy of France under Louis XIV (1643-17 15) I. Bequest of Louis XIII and Richelieu. II. Administration of Mazarin : Wars of the Fronde. III. Louis XIV, his own prime minister (1661). 1. Ideals and policy. 2. Influence of Colbert. IV. Wars of Louis XIV : purpose and character. 1. War concerning the Spanish Netherlands (i 667-1668). a. The Triple Alliance. b. Fortification of the frontier ; Vauban. 2. War with the Protestant Netherlands (i672-.-i678). a. Heroic defense of the Dutch ; the Prince of Orange. b. Failure of Louis ; Franche-Comt^. 3. Louis the Great. a. Seizes Strasburg. b. Revokes Edict of Nantes (1685). 4. War of the League of Augsburg or King William's (i 688-1697). a. Causes, political and religious. b. The Grand Alliance ; the Peace of Ryswick. 5. War of the Spanish Succession or Queen Anne's (1701-1714). a. Interests of the European nations. b. Second Grand Alliance. c. Famous generals — the Duke of Marlborough, Prince Eugene. d. Famous battles — Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet. e. Conditions of the Treaty of Utrecht. V. New France. 1. Patronage of the king. 2. Mistaken policy : evils of paternalism. VI. Close of Louis XIV's Reign. 1 . Court of the Grand Monarch : Versailles. 2. Condition of the French people. 3. The Sun King's unlamented death. VII. Augustan Age of French Literature. 1. Richelieu and the French Academy. 2. The drama: Corneille, Racine, Moliere. 3. Great writers : Descartes, Pascal, La Bruyere, Bossuet, F^nelon. 4. Memoirs of Saint-Simon. Letters of Madame de Sevigne. VIII. Decline of the Monarchy under Louis XV (17 15-17 74). 1. Misgovernment of the regency. 2. Financial distress: "The Mississippi Bubble." 3. Weakness and vice of Louis XV : Madame de Pompadour. 54 studies on France under Louis XIV Vench kings knew how to exact obedience but they did not know how to govern.''^ 1. State the theory of government in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries which corresponded to the theory of the Empire in the Middle Ages. In which nations did it have the most influence? 2. What experiences led men to accept the political axiom of the Homeric Greeks, "The rule of many is not a good thing; let there be one leader only, one king"? 3. How did Richelieu prepare the way for the ascendancy of France? Repeat his promises to Louis XHI. What reason had the people to hate him? 4. Why was the government of Anne of Austria and Mazarin opposed by both nobles and people? What was the Fronde? Did it deserve to succeed? 5. State briefly Louis XIV's own theory of government. What did his personal charm do for his theory? 6. To whom did Louis owe the prosperity of the best years of his reign? Give some idea of his work for France. How does he remind us of Wolsey? 7. Show that under Louis XIV there was but one will in France, and that all classes and bodies were servilely submissive to it. (M0203) 8. When did France take from Spain her ascendancy in Europe? In what respects were the aims of Louis like those of Napoleon? Did Louis reckon on a European coalition ? 9. Why were the Dutch and Louis inveterate enemies? Why did England side with him? I 10. In what words does an old writer describe the prosperity of the Dutch Netherlands in the seventeenth century? What two dangers had decreased it before the attack of Louis? (H352) I 11. "I know one means of never seeing it [that the Republic was lost], — to die on the last dyke." Whose words and whose spirit ? 1 2 . By what act did Louis injure France as deeply as all her enemies could have done ? Who influenced him ? Who gained by the loss of France .? 13. What caused the formation of the Augsburg League against Louis? Where was the center of interest in King William's War in America ? 14. What made the War of the Spanish Succession One of the greatest European wars ? State the questions at issue. 15. What has been said of the greatest general of this world struggle,? (H360) 16. Which state gained the lion's share from the Peace of Utrecht? Of what was Spain stripped ? 17. On whose work did France base her claim to the St. Lawrence valley? What great project did the explorations of La Salle set on foot ? 18. Account for the weakness of the French colonies in America; for the presence of Huguenots with the English who besieged Quebec. 19. What saved France when her king and his court had ruined her? 20. Speak for and against the character of Louis. Show the bright side and the dark side of his absolutism. In what words did he condemn himself on his deathbed ? 2 1 . Sketch the history of the Monarchy under Louis XV. 22. What did the wars of the eighteenth century do for France? 55 The Stuarts and the English Revolution (1603-1689) I. The First Stuarts : Bourbon Influence. 1. James I (1603-162 5) : union of crowns of England and Scotland. a. Religious and political differences with the English people, (i) Gunpowder Plot. (2) Contest with the Commons; the Great Protestation (1621). b. Colonization in America and the Indies. (i) Jamestown and Plymouth. East India Company at Surat. (2) Plantation of Ulster; wrongs of the Irish. c. Literature; King James Version of the Bible (161 1). 2. Charles the First (i 625-1 649). a. Contest with Parliament; Petition of Right (1628). b. Absolute monarch (162 9-1 640). (i) Three tyrannical ministers, three iniquitous courts. (2) The "ship money"; John Hampden. (3) The Bishop's War ; the Covenant. c. The Long Parliament (i 640-1 660). ( 1 ) Reform legislation ; the Grand Remonstrance. (2) Charles precipitates war. d. The Civil War or Puritan Revolution (i 642-1 649). (i) The two parties, Cavaliers and Roundheads; their characteristics. (2) Oliver Cromwell and his Ironsides ; the New Model. (3) Naseby (1645) ; Charles in the hands of Parliament. (4) " Pride's Purge " ; trial and execution of the English king. IL The Commonwealth and the Protectorate (i 649-1 660). 1. Organization of the government. 2. Troubles of the Commonwealth at home and abroad. 3. Cromwell ejects the Long Parliament : Barebone's Parliament. 4. The Protectorate : Cromwell, virtual dictator. a. Measures at home and abroad. b. Richard Cromwell and the Restoration. 5 . Puritan literature : Milton and Bunyan. 6. Influence of the Puritan Revolution. III. The Restoration (1660-1688). 1. Charles the Second, the Merry Monarch (166 0-1685). a. Measures against the regicides and nonconformists. b. Calamities, — war, plague, and fire. c. Intrigues with Louis XIV. Popish Plot. Habeas Corpus Act. 2. James the Second (1685-1688) : despotism. a. Monmouth's invasion ; the " Bloody Assizes." h. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 ; the Declaration of Rights. 3. Literature of the Restoration : reaction from Puritanism. IV. William and Mary: constitutional government (1689). s6 studies on the Stuarts and the English Revolution S^^-'i. What made the Stuarts such obstinate upholders of the theory of "divine right": Why was it an opportune time for the English people to assert their theories of gov- ernment? What was the natural result? I 2. Did the character and ability of James the First accord with his pretensions? Com- pare him with Henry IV of France. 3. How did James alienate both religious parties and Parliament as well? (Si 66) 4. What conditions in England does Winthrop cite in justification of emigration tc America? (RR225) 5. Was Charles I any wiser than his father? Mention some of his despotic acts. 6. What is the place of the Petition of Right among the documents of Anglo-Saxoi liberties? 7. What forced Charles to summon Parliament in 1640? How did the Long Parlia ment treat his whole system of government? What effect did it have upon the Kinj and his supporters? 8. Who precipitated the Great Rebellion, and how? Was Puritanism wise to take u] the sword? What better work had it to do? 9. How did Charles settle his own fate after Naseby? (B250) 10. Where lies the responsibihty for the execution of the Enghsh king who said tha would be a glorious death he should die, it being for the laws and liberties of thi land? 1 1 . Who was the head and front of the Commonwealth ? How did he carry himself ii the midst of the troubles which beset it? 1 2 . Did Cromwell get along any better with Parliament than had the Stuarts ? Describ the turning out of the Rump Parliament. (W115) 13. Prove that the Protectorate was "a glorious period in English history." Why dij Louis XIV say he should have to call Cromwell " father "? I 14. Gather all the testimony you can concerning Cromwell's place in history. 15. Why did the English people go mad over Charles the Second? What idea do yoi get of him from the portrait by a man of his own time? (RR253) 16. To whom were Charles II and his Parliament particularly hostile? How did th Quakers succeed in worshiping God as they chose? (RR258) 17. What changes in the New World followed Charles's war with the Dutch? 18. What were the principal charges against James II in the Bill of Rights? 19. Who invited William of Orange to rule over England? Why did they do it? Wh stood by James? 20. State some provisions of the Bill of Rights which show real advancement. Wh does it remind you of the Constitution of the United States ? 21. Show how Ireland suffered from the civil strife in England. (S249) 22. What was the result of the attempt of the Stuarts to estabhsh absolutism? Shoi how the struggle for constitutional government in England affected the history c Europe and of America. 23. Tell the story of Admiral Van Tromp's broom; the flight of Jenny's stool; Cron well's Ironsides ; Pride's Purge ; Barebone's Parhament. 57 The Rise of Russia I. Condition "of Russia in the Fifteenth Century. II. Ivan the Terrible (1533-15 84) : conquests. III. Michael founds the House of Romanov (16 13). IV. Peter the Great (1682-1725). 1. His task and methods of accomplishing it. 2. Reforms, — political, religious, and economic. 3. Conflict with Charles XII of Sweden. V. Catherine the Great (i 762-1 796). 1. Conquest of the Crimea. 2. Partition of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795). " Russia, the last-hoim child of European civilization^ 1. Describe the condition of Russia at the close of the Middle Ages. What circum- stances made the Russians more Asiatic than European ? 2. Why did Ivan receive such a terrible surname ? How did he make it honored in his own land and in Europe ? What did he claim for Moscow ? 3. What was the condition of the State when Michael Romanov revived it ? 4. Why was the conquest of Siberia a natural one for Russia ? Who accomplished it i 5. Relate some incidents in the boyhood of Peter the Great. (M0277) 6. Draw two portraits of Peter which shall show the opposite sides of his character. Tc which does his treatment of his sickly brother Ivan belong ? 7. On a sketch map show the geographical isolation of Russia from Europe in 1700 Show the great change before 1800. 8. Quote Peter's own words to prove that he was an enlightened despot. From whoir did he get his progressive ideas ? 9. Give some account of Peter's first visit to the West. Was he a bore ? 10. Point out the reforms which made Russia an unlimited despotism. How was Petei at the same time a champion of Russian liberties ? 11. Why was Peter's conflict with Sweden inevitable? In what condition was Sweden to meet him ? How did her neighbors feel towards her ? 12. Sketch the career of " the last of the Vikings." (S222) 13. Describe the making of Peter's "window to the West." (H397) 14. What did Poltdva mean for both Russia and Sweden ? Show Peter's share of the spoils on the death of Charles. 15. Point out Asiatic habits of the Russians which Peter tried to get rid of. How did he force the people to wear western dress ? (RR310) 16. Where was the greatest opposition to Peter's work in Russia.'' What prevented his son Alexis from succeeding him ? 17. Show how Catherine continued the work of Peter. What were her tastes ? 18. Why has the assassination of Poland left such deep traces in history and literature! Can you excuse it ? Who in Poland were to blame ? 19. What dream did Catherine bequeath to her successors? Why is it still unrealized! 20. Who were the Strelsi; Catherine's door mat; Mazeppa; " the widow of the Tsar " i 58 The Rise of Prussia ^^^ I. The Beginnings of Prussia, The Hohenzollerns. 11. The Great Elector Frederick William (i 640-1688) : unification. III. Elector Frederick III (1688-17 13): King in Prussia. IV. Frederick William I (17 13-1740): State strengthened and extended. V. Frederick the Great (i 740-1786). 1. War of the Austrian Succession (i 740-1 748) : Maria Theresa. 2. The Seven Years' War or French and Indian (175 6-1 763). 3. Spoils of the partition of Poland. VI. Position of Prussia at the Close of the Eighteenth Century. 1. What relations have we found between the beginnings of Prussia and the Crusades How did it come into the hands of the House of HohenzoUern ? 2. Tell the story of the origin of the HohenzoUern family according to Carlyle. 3. Show how the Great Elector formed a united monarchy out of his scattered posses sions. (S233) Upon what did he lay the basis of Prussian power ? 4. Why is the acquisition of royal power by the Hohenzollerns a landmark in Europeai history ? What aroused in Elector Frederick III the desire to be a king ? 5. Why was the title King in, not ^t/ Prussia ? Why Prussia and not Brandenburg ? 6. How did Frederick William I and his big stick prepare the way for the " ables statesman and general of his times " ? (B294) 7. Tell one of Carlyle's stories of Frederick William. What was Frederick's opinion his son at the age of sixteen ? .(RR322) 8. Prove that Frederick the Great was worthy of his title. 9. How much of the world was involved in the War of the Austrian Succession ? Wh( was the only practical gainer by the war ? What does Macaulay say of it ? 10. Why was an alliance between Austria and France so startling to Europe ? What wa the real contest fought out in the Seven Years' War ? 11. Compare Frederick's resources with those of his enemies. How do you account fo his marvelous successes in 1757 and 1758? 12. Outline the results of the Seven Years' War in the Old World and in the New. 13. Quote Frederick's statement as to the importance of Prussia's gains from Poland. 14. Does not Maria Theresa seem to you every inch a queen ? What made her s( charming ? Vv^hat was her feeling in regard to the partition of Poland ? (RR328) 15. Why is it a pleasure to turn from Frederick's foreign relations to his work for hii people ? Show by his own words his idea of a king's duty. 16. Why is "Our Fritz " a national hero ? Who is to blame for his lack of principle ? 17. Comment on this statement of Frederick the Great: To conquer provinces ove: which we have no claim is unjust and criminal rapacity. 18. What sort of company did the great Frederick enjoy? Quote his estimate of th« German Uterature of his time. (RR326) 19. Why did Joseph II of Austria fail when he tried to imitate the work of Frederick ? 20. Explain: " No tall fellows, no professor"; "the Possessor of Voltaire " ; "the las' of the kings " ; " Tobacco Parliament " ; Sans Souci. 59 The Expansion of England in the Eighteenth Century ^^^1. Reign of Queen Anne (1702-17 14). 1 . Territorial gains of Queen Anne's War : the Assiento. 2. Political union of England and Scotland (1707). 3. Literature : Pope, Swift, Addison, Defoe. II. The Early Hanoverians: George I, George II, George III (1714-1820). 1. Wars : King George's, French and Indian, American Revolution. a. Result of struggle with France, east and west. b. Effect of the independence of the American colonies. 2. Political reform : Premier and Cabinet government. 3. Moral reform : Methodism; abolition of slave trade (1807). 4. Economic reform : agricultural and industrial. 1. What did religious toleration and constitutional government enable England to do in the eighteenth century? 2. How had William of Orange as " arbiter of Europe " renewed the rivalry of England with France? 3. By what treaty did England become "the sea power without any rival"? Where was her struggle with France for world power fought out? 4. What made the colonial empires of England and France more permanent than any other in the New World? Point out the mistakes of the French government which put the French colonies at a disadvantage. I 5. What change did King George's War make in the relative strength of France and England in America? in India? on the sea? 6. How was the colonial empire of France ruined in America and in India? 7. To what man more than any other does the English king owe his title "Emperor of India"? Read his own account of his greatest victory. (RR342) 8. How much of England's success is due to the administration of Lord Chatham? 9. Why may the American Revolution be called one of the consequences of England's contest with France? 10. What question, not yet settled, caused the revolt of the American colonies? Speak for the colonies and for the mother couniry on this question. What circumstances made compromise impossible? 11. Where, besides in America, was England obliged to carry on the war? Was the injury to England deep or abiding? Give reasons for your answer. 1 2 . With what great documents of English liberty may the Declaration of Independence be compared? Who drafted it? 13. What acts passed under William the Third prepared the way for the present govern- ment of England? Who have been the real rulers of England since the middle of the eighteenth century? Upon whom does their power depend? 14. Explain the origin of the English Cabinet. Compare it with the Cabinet of the President of the United States. 15. Describe the moral condition of the English people when the great Methodists brought her new light and life. Show good results of their work. 16. Mention the great inventions which revolutionized the industrial life of England and the world. Were the results all for good? (B 319) 60 The French Revolution (i 789-1 799) ^ I. Spirit and Aims of the French Revolution. II. Growth of the Revolutionary Spirit before 1789. 1. Political, social, and economic evils of the Bourbon absolutism. 2. Intellectual awakening : desire for liberty, equality, fraternity. III. Eve of the Revolution. 1. Folly and crime of Louis XV : " After us the Deluge." 2. Helplessness of Louis XVI : attempted reforms. IV. The States-General (May 5-June 17, 1789): the elections ; the cahiersJ V. The National Assembly (1789-1791): first French constitution. 1. Character of the members : Lafayette, Mirabeau, Abb6 Sieyes. 2. The Commune of Paris : the National Guards. 3. Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) : its meaning. 4. Abolition of feudal privileges : Declaration of the Rights of Man. 5. Bread riots : "To Versailles" : the Joyous Entry. 6. Confiscation of Church property : treatment of the clergy. 7. Flight and arrest of the King (June 20, 1791). VI. The Legislative Assembly (Oct. i, 1791-Sept. 19, 1792). 1. Members: ConstitutionaUsts and Girondists. 2. Beginning of war with monarchy : the Marsellaise. 3. Massacre of the Swiss Guards : September Massacre. 4. Defeat of the allies' at Valmy. VII. The National Convention (1792-1795). 1. Parties: Girondists, Mountainists, the Plain. 2. The Republic established : the Year I (Sept. 21, 1792). 3. Trial and execution of the King (Jan. 21, 1793). 4. Coalition against the Revolutionists : La Vendee. 5. Committee of Public Safety : Fall of the Girondists. VIII. The Reign of Terror (i 793-1 794). 1. Opposition to the Revolution: Charlotte Corday. 2. Great Committee of Public Safety : its principles. 3. The " Holy Guillotine" : Marie Antoinette. 4. Reforms of the Revolutionists : worship of Reason. 5 . Factions of the Jacobins : Robespierre. 6. Horror of the Reign of Terror : reaction. IX. The Directory (1795-1799). 1. Attack on the convention : Napoleon Bonaparte. 2. The Republic makes republics. a. Bonaparte's Italian campaign ; Treaty of Campo Formio. b. Campaign in Egypt and Syria ; Nelson and Sir Sidney Smith. c. Three new republics ; coalition of European powers. 3. Bonaparte overthrows the Directory. 61 studies on the French Revolution t'Vould you " collect the facts of the Fre?ich Revolution^ you must go dow?i to hell and up to heaven to fetch them.'''' 1. In the truest sense of the word, what was the French Revolution and what its real cause? (R537) 2. Show the great disorder in the government arising from varying systems of law and inequalities of taxation. What powers had the king? 3. What reason had the people to hate the nobihty and the clergy? What was the only recognized use of the peasants? 4. Were the French any worse off than other European peoples ? Why were they the first to strike for political liberty? 5. Which estate was most intellectual and patriotic? Name the men who most influ- enced the minds of the people. What were their teachings? 6. If Louis XVI had been as strong and able as he was honest and kindly, what might France have been spared? Why did Turgot's reform measures fail? 7. How did X\iQ parlements serve the cause of the people? By what means did the leaders reach the people's ears? (R559) 8. What did the King confess when he called the States-General? How long since it had met? What do we learn from the cahiers? 9. Of what long process was the union of the three estates in the National Assembly but the result? Show Mirabeau's part in the final triumph of the Third Estate. How could he, a noble, be a deputy of the Third Estate? 10. Quote the words of a despot and of a lover of freedom on the fall of the Bastille. 11. What was the " St. Bartholomew of feudalism "? 12. State the dominant claims of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. (RR409) 13. Why did the people insist on the King's return to Paris? Describe the Joyous Entry. What was the feeling of the people towards Louis in 1789? 14. How did the nobility show their weakness and lack of wisdom? What might they have done? Were the friends of monarchy outside of France any wiser? 15. Point out serious mistakes in the reforms of the Assembly. 16. Give three reasons for the failure of the constitution of 1791. (H445) 17. What caused the overthrow of the monarchy? Show the influence of the Jacobins, the Cordeliers, and the newspapers. 18. How were the Parisians driven to fury and the massacres of August and September? 19. Why were the members of the Convention all Republicans? Compare "Pride's Purge." What did its leaders propose? 20. Was the execution of Louis more or less justifiable than that of Charles I? 21. Write a dialogue between Robespierre and Danton, each defending his policy. 22. Can you say anything in favor of the Terror? Did the guillotine sadden Paris? 23. What visionary attempts caused a European coalition against the Revolutionists? When does Napoleon Bonaparte appear on the scene? How did he serve the Directory ? 24. Explain: Assignats ; "Madame Deficit"; Oath of the Tennis Court; lettres de. cachet; " play the bourgeois" ; Citizen Capet; a nclen regime ; the gadelle. 62 The Napoleonic Period (1799-18 15) - i'HE Consulate: Bonaparte, First Consul, Dictator (1799- 1804). 1. Centralization of the government. 2. England's hostility : Peace of Amiens (1802). 3. War with Austria. a. Second campaign in Italy; Marengo. b. Moreau at Hohenlinden ; treaty at Lun^ville. 4. Regeneration of France (i 801-1803). a. Colonial projects \ Louisiana. b. Code Napoleon ; its influence. c. The Concordat. d. Amnesty to Royalists ; restoration of society. e. Public works ; roads, canals, etc. f. Education ; University of France. 5. Napoleon, Consul for life (August, 1802) : Royalist plots. II. The Napoleonic Empire: Rise (1804-1811). 1. Napoleon restores the Empire of Charlemagne. 2. Europe aroused : war of the giants. a. Preparations ; sale of Louisiana. b. Naval resources ; Trafalgar (1805). 3. Campaign against Austria. a. Ulm and Austerlitz ; Confederation of the Rhine. b. End of the Holy Roman Empire ; results of reconstruction. 4. Campaign against Prussia : her humiliation after Jena. 5. Campaign against Russia. a. Eylau and Friedland ; Peace of Tilsit. b. Partition of the world ; sacrifice of Poland and Prussia. 6. The Continental Blockade : results in Europe and in America. 7. Seizure of Portugal and Spain : revolt of Spain. 8. Congress at Erfurt : height of Napoleon's career (1808). 9. Revolt of Austria : Wagram ; Napoleon's gains. 10. Attempt to make Paris the capital of Christendom. 11. Napoleon's empire at its greatest extent (1811). III. The Napoleonic Empire: Fall (1812-1815). 1 . Weakness of the Empire : resistance of the nations. 2. Rise of Prussia : awakening of national patriotism. 3. Napoleon's invasion of Russia : tragedy of the retreat from Moscow. 4. War of Liberation. a. Battle of the Nations, Leipzig (18 13). b. Surrender of Paris (1814) ; Napoleon deposed ; at Elba. c. Louis XVIII ; reaction ; return of Napoleon. d. '' The Hundred Days " ; Waterloo; St. Helena. IV. Napoleon, the man : his private life ; his place in history. 6-, studies on the Napoleonic Period .v'Wiiat had been the object of the coup d'etat oi November 9, 1799? Show how the genius of Bonaparte appears in its accomphshment. 2. Why did William Pitt refuse to recognize Bonaparte's government? 3. How did the treaties of 1801 prepare the way for the present German Empire ? 4. What forced Bonaparte to give up his projects for a colonial empire ? What reason has the United States to be grateful to Toussaint Louverture ? (B364) 5. Upon what work does Napoleon's truest title to fame rest? Why did the people welcome his despotism ? Why was he so considerate of the emigres ? 6. Mention some prototypes of the Code Napoleon. Where is it still used? (Moxv) 7. How did the Concordat strengthen Napoleon's position ? When was it annulled ? 8. Comment upon the most remarkable feature of the plebiscites of the Consulate. 9. Why did Lafayette oppose the life consulship ? With what feelings did many repub- licans look upon the creation of the Legion of Honor ? 10. Show that the execution of the Duke of Enghien was a grave error of judgment as well as a crime. How can we explain Napoleon's blindness in trying to restore Csesarism in the nineteenth century ? What was his dream ? (R609) 11. Why was Napoleon at a disadvantage in dealing with England? How did he succeed in terrifying her ? Why has she been called " the paymaster of Europe " ? 12. How did Napoleon's greed for power strengthen the rival which was one day to humiliate France? Account for the weakness and cowardice of the Prussians before him. What do you think of his treatment of Poland and Prussia ? 13. What earlier partitions of the world does the conference at Tilsit recall? 14. Show that Napoleon's pohcy for the ruin of England was suicidal. How did it affect the United States ? 15. By what means did Napoleon get possession of the Spanish Crown? Why was the uprising of the Spanish so significant ? Point out the measures of Napoleon in Spain which are typical of his good work for Europe. 16. On an outline map trace the growth of Napoleon's empire from 1801 to 181 1. 17. How did Napoleon weaken his position, ahenate even his friends, and create dis- trust everywhere ? Account for the devotion of his soldiers. (RR488, 496) 18. Why is it a pleasure to turn from the schemes of Napoleon to the rise of Prussia? Show how the national spirit of the Germans was aroused. 19. Quote from Frederick William's famous address "To My People." (RR522) 20. What does Stein say of the battle of Leipzig ? Was there any further hope for " the enemy and destroyer of the world's peace " ? 2 1 . Was the private life of Napoleon any happier than his public career ? Of what avail was his wrongdoing in the hope of founding a dynasty ? 22. Point out the dominant traits in Napoleon's character. To what motives did he always appeal in others ? What was the secret of his military success ? (S3 18) 23. Write an account of one of these events: battle of Trafalgar; retreat of Sir John Moore ; Congress at Erfurt ; coronation of Napoleon ; Waterloo. 64 fluence of the French Revolution on the Nineteenth Century I. Ideas bequeathed by the Revolution. 1. Civil equality : Code Napolt!on. 2. Popular sovereignty and constitutional government. 3. Nationality and personal liberty. II. The Congress of Vienna : reaction to absolutism. 1. Purpose and principles of the diplomats. 2. The new map of Europe. III. The Age of Metternich (18 15-1848). 1. Spirit and influence of Prince Metternich. 2. The Holy Alliance, or " Metternich's System." IV. Results of the Struggle between the Old and the New. 1. Intellectual progress — Renaissance. 2. Religious toleration — Reformation. 3. Constitutional government — Revolution. 4. Spread of European civilization — Expansion. 5. Industrial and commercial development — Prosperity. The Revolution was a creating force even more than it was a destroying force ; it was an inexhaustible source of fertile influences. — Harrison. 1. Prove that all the suffering and bloodshed of the French Revolution was not in vain.. 2. Describe the personnel of the Congress of Vienna, one of the most brilliant gatherings of the Modern Age. What does it mark in international law ? 3. Could the diplomats undo the work of the Revolution for Europe ? What did they try to do ? How might they have brought peace and prosperity to Europe .-' 4. How did the Congress of the kings show its blindness to the spirit of the times ? Point out its worst violations of national unity in its settlement of European affairs. 5. Mention one measure of the Congress which shows moral progress. 6. By what decision did the Congress of Vienna begin the struggle between France and Prussia ? 7. Contrast the feelings of Talleyrand when leaving Pdris for the' Congress and after concluding the aUiance with England and Austria. (RR533) I 8. Give some idea of the spoils taken by Napoleon which were restored by the allies. (W185) 9. Why was Metternich so opposed to constitutions ? How was he able to keep inde- pendence and self-government from the European peoples for years ? 10. Show the contrast between the theory and practice of the Holy Alliance. Who was chiefly responsible for its formation ? 11. Compare the number of sovereign peoples in Europe in 1815 with the number to-day. How has this result been brought about? (M0456) 12. How did the Monroe Doctrine prevent "Metternich's System" from operating in the New World ? 65 1 France since the Second Restoration (1815) I. Louis XVIII (1815-1824): Constitutional Charter. II. Charles X (i 824-1 830) : reactionary measures. III. The July Revolution in Paris: Louis Philippe (1830-1848). IV. The February Revolution in Paris: the Second Republic (1848-185 i). V. The Second Empire: Napoleon III (1852-1870). 1. The foreign policy of Louis Napoleon. 2. The Franco-Prussian War (1870). VI. The Third Republic (1870- ). " The strength of monarchy and the risks of despotism, the nobility of faith and the cruel cowardice of bigotry, the ardor of republican fraternity and the terrors of anarchic disintegration, — -the J7iost famous instance of any ajid every extreme, — is to be found in the long annals of France.'" 1. In what position did the Congress of Vienna leave France? 2. What did every revolution in Paris in the nineteenth century mean for Europe? 3. Justify the words of Louis XVIII, that he had sought the principles of the Constitutional Charter in the French character and in the venerable monuments of past centuries. 4. What shameful commission from the Holy Alliance did Louis execute in Spain? 5. State the reasons given by the Chamber of Deputies for calling the Citizen King to the throne. What part had Lafayette in this revolution? (RR542) 6. How did the socialist scheme of national workshops turn out? In what did the present enmity between the bourgeoisie and the workingmen originate? (H517) 7. What reason had Lamartine to say the government had succeeded in making a nation of citizens a vile band of beggars? (W190) 8. Was the Revolution of 1848, as Metternich said, a second 1793? 9. Describe the revolutionary condition in Paris which led the people to turn to Louis Napoleon for peace. 10. Prove that the Second Empire was but a copy of the first in origin, spirit, and pohcy. 11. Show the prosperity of France under Napoleon III. (H529) 12. To what condition did Napoleon Ill's blunders in foreign affairs briiig France by the year 1870? 13. Prove from the circumstances of the declaration of war that both the French and German governments desired war in 1870. Did Napoleon? 14. Was the French army "ready to the last gaiter button"? Compare the condition of the German army. What was the Leipzig of the Second Empire? 15. State the humiliating conditions of the Peace of Versailles. What were the most terrible consequences? the most pathetic? 16. How did the Bourbons lose their last chance because "the throne was not worth a piece of cloth "? 17. Have the various revolutions of the last century greatly changed the French govern- ment ? How do you account for the stability of the Third Repubhc ? 66 England since the Battle of Waterloo (1815) - ' i. Progress towards Democracy. T. Influence of the French Revolution. 2. Reform measures, — electoral, municipal, economic (1832, 1835, 1867). 3. True character of the government by 1900. II. Progress of Religious Equality. 1. Removal of disabilities (1828, 1829, 1858). 2. DisestabUshment of the State Church : in Ireland (187 1) ; in England (?). III. England and Ireland. 1. Home Rule : Gladstone. 2. Agrarian legislation. Englafid in the nineteenth century has served as a political model for Europe. The English people developed the political mechafiism of modern Etcrope, — constitutio?ial monarchy, parliamentary governmefit, and safeguards for personal liberty. — Seignobos. 1. When every other state in Europe suffered from armed revolution how did England avoid it? (H573) 2. How did George HI give the final blow to personal government in England? 3. Point out the chief abuses in the English government which called for reform at the opening of the nineteenth century. (W296) 4. Why did the French Revolution postpone reform measures for a generation? 5. What is meant by "rotten" boroughs? Give Macaulay's description of the passing of the bill which remedied this abuse. How was the opposition overcome? 6. Show how England has led the way in humanitarian reforms. (M0328, 486) 7. Why could not the United States have abolished slavery as England did? 8. What were the Corn Laws? What forced their repeal? Describe the effect upon England of the tariff principle thus established. 9. How were the disabihties which deprived Protestant, Catholic, and Jew alike of the rights of citizenship removed? 10. When did men of the "fourth estate" first vote in England? How is it made possible for poor men to give their time to Parliament? 11. Trace the improvements in municipal government in nineteenth-century England. Why has Glasgow the honor of being called " the best governed city in the world "? 12. What conditions in Ireland caused so large an emigration to America in the middle of the century? 13. Point out the chief abuses in Ireland which called for reform in the last ceiitury. What reforms have already been made with the help of the Liberals? 14. By what measures did the " Grand Old Man " try to extend liberty and self- government in the world? Which do you more admire, Disraeli or Gladstone? Why? 15. Why has the cause of free education made such slow progress in England? Which nation first had a ministry of public education? 16. What do Cobden, Peel, Bright, and O'Connell stand for in the nineteenth century? Why may the history of this century be best studied in biography? 67 The Liberation and Unification of Italy I. Settlement of Italy by the Congress of Vienna. II. Struggle against Austrian Despotism. 1. The Carbonari : uprising of 1820. 2. Revolution of 1830: three parties ; Mazzini. 3. Revolution of 1848 : Charles Albert of Sardinia. III. Victor Emmanuel II : the Liberators of Italy. 1. Cavour's policy : Austro-Sardinian War (1859). 2. Garibaldi : the Kingdom of Italy (1861). IV. Rome, the Capital of Italy (1870): the Roman Question. V. Italy since 1870 : mistakes and reforms. Educate the children and the young people, — govern with liberty ! — Cavour. 1. How did Metternich make the Italians a "Helot nation"? Where was the only patch of free people in the whole peninsula? 2. Who had sown the seeds of hberty and self-government in the hearts of the Italians? 3. What was the natural result of the despotic rule of the restored princes? 4. Mention the various schemes for Itahan unity proposed by the intellectual leaders of Italy. 5. What was Mazzini's "Monroe Doctrine"? On what conditions did he base inde- pendence? What was his splendid ideal for the third life of Italy? (W241) 6. Why was the cry of the Italians, " Death to the Germans "? Was it anything new? 7. What was the signal for the uprising of the Italians in 1848? Why did they turn to Charles Albert of Sardinia as their natural leader? 8. Tell the story of Mazzini's Roman Republic of 1 848-1 849. (S3 65) What lessons did the Italians learn from defeat? 9. Why is Charles Albert such a pathetic figure? Quote the proclamation of his abdication. (RR569) In what was his son most fortunate? 10. Who solved the problem of Italian unity? How did he employ the ten years before the Italian War of 1859? 1 1 . Why did Napoleon break his alliance and abandon the Austro-Sardinian War ? How was he paid for his services? What did it mean for the Italians? 12. Tell the story of Garibaldi's campaign of i860. Try to give some idea of the devotion of the Italian people to this " simple, great, and good man." 13. When and where did the first general Itahan Parhament meet? When did Victor Emmanuel show wisdom in withstanding the hot-headed Garibaldi ? 14. What events made Victor Emmanuel king at Rome of a united Italy? 15. What has been the effect upon Italy of the controversy over the Roman Question? In spite of all mistakes, what progress has been made? 16. Explain: the Quadrilateral; the Alsace and Lorraine of Italy; " Red. Shirts " ; "Massala Thousand " ; Young Italy ; the Bismarck of Italy. 17. When did Italy cease to be "a geographical expression "? 68 The Making of the New German Empire -^ I. The Formation of the German Confederation (1815). II. Struggle for Freedom against Metternich and Absolutism. 1, The Zollverein : influence of Revolution of 1830. 2. Uprisings of 1848 : gains for constitutional government. a. Revolution in Vienna ; flight of Metternich. b. Frederick William IV gives Prussia a constitution. III. Unification of Gerjmany : King William I and Bismarck. 1. Convictions and purposes of "the Iron Chancellor." 2. Wars of Bismarck and Moltke. a. Austro-Prussian ; North German Confederation (1867). d. Franco- Prussian ; the German Empire (1871). IV. The German Empire since 187 i. 1. The Kultiirkampf. The Triple Alliance. 2. Reign of Emperor William II. The Social Democrats. 1. Who were the men that laid the foundations of the greatness of modern Prussia? Outline the reforms of the first quarter of the nineteenth century. (Wxii) 2. Why was not Germany made a national state in 1815 ? How did the Liberals show their disappointment ? By what means did Metternich stifle the spirit of freedom for another generation ? 3. Was the German Confederation any step in advance ? What made the machinery of government practically unworkable ? 4. What was the vital question to be settled before there could be a united Germany ? In the rivalry for controlling power what advantages had Prussia ? 5. Point out the parallel movements in Germany and Italy for a half century after the Congress of Vienna. 6. Why did Frederick William refuse the crown offered him by the Frankfort Assem- bly ? Name some great Liberals who lost hope and left Germany. 7. Who was the Cavour of Germany? What did he say was his "one guiding star"? 8. Describe the personnel and training of the Prussian army. Did its bayonets meet Mazzini's requirement ? (Mo) g. How did Bismarck gain his will in spite of the Prussian Representatives? 10. When and where was Austria's Waterloo ? To what was she forced to agree ? 1 1 . Show Bismarck's wisdom in his treatment of the South German states. 12. What event brought the South and North spontaneously together? 13. Why did the Franco-Prussian War seem absolutely necessary to the nations con- cerned ? How long did it take the Germans to lock up the French army ? 14. Give some account of the siege of Paris and the escape of the Empress. 15. Describe the scene at Versailles when King WiUiam was proclaimed Emperor. (RR594) 16. Compare the constitution of the new Empire with that of the United States. 17. Has Germany popular government ? What do the Social Democrats want ? (Rr6i8) 18. Give some idea of the area and population of the North German Confederation in 1867, and of the German Empire in 1900. 69 Spain, Austria, and the Lesser States Pl^'* I. Spain and the Revolt of her American Colonies. 1. Constitution of 1812 : Bourbon Restoration; Revolution of 182 0-1823. 2. Revolt and loss of American colonies. 3. The Holy Alliance and the New World : Monroe Doctrine.' 4. Constitutional monarchy : the Carlists. II. Portugal, the most backward country of Western Europe. ill. Austria-Hungary after 1866. 1 . Reorganization : the dual monarchy. 2. Austro-Hungarian problems: effect upon Europe.. IV. Switzerland in the Nineteenth Century. 1. Federal Pact of 1815 : growth of democracy. 2. The Swiss Republic: Constitution of 1848. V. The Scandinavian States : separation into three kingdoms. VI. Belgium and Holland : source of their prosperity. 1. Trace the events which gave Spain the Constitution of 1812. Who were responsible for the return of absolutism ? 2 . How have efforts for a more liberal government in Spain resulted .-' 3. Who are the most bitter enemies of the reigning Spanish house ? 4. Point out abuses in the government of the Spanish-American colonies which caused rebellion. What remains of Spain's great colonial empire? 5. How does the term Austrian differ in its significance from French or Spanish ? 6. Show on a sketch map the location of the various races within Austria-Hungary. 7. What gave the people of Vienna courage to overthrow Metternich and their old- fashioned government ? What resulted throughout the Empire ? 8. How was absolutism restored in the Empire ? What was the greatest obstacle to the independence of the rebellious peoples ? 9. Why did Kossuth fail? How did Hungary gain equality with Austria? (Mo542,556) 10. Where Ues the greatest danger to the peace of the dual monarchy? What seems the logical solution of the problem ? How does it affect Europe^? (W-235) 1 1 . When did Switzerland become a real nation and a strong federal state ? 12. Why has the Swiss republic been called "a miniature Parliament of Man"? Why do students of political science give so much attention to the Swiss government ? 13. Show the progress of the Scandinavian states during the past century. 14. How have the intelligence and patriotism of the Norwegians been rewarded? 1 5 . What was the origin of the Kingdom of Belgium ? In what respects was it in advance of all other states on the continent in 1830 ? 16. Comment on the peculiar system of voting in Belgium. (W292) 17. What is the political constitution of the Netherlands ? Why is it a special center of interest to the nations of to-day ? 18. Account for the great present prosperity of Holland and Belgium. In what respects are they an example to all Europe ? 70 Russia and the Eastern Question I. Tsar Alexander I, Liberal, then Absolutist. 11. War of Greek Independence (1821-1829): Navarino. III. The Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 : Kingdom of Greece (1832). IV. The Polish Revolt: Poland, a province of Russia (1832). V. The Crimean War : the Eastern Question. VI. Tsar Alexander II: Emancipation of the Serfs (1861). 1. Russo-Turkish War of 187 7-1 878 ; Bulgarian atrocities. 2. Congress of Berlin: creation of new states. VII. The Liberal Movement in Russia. International Peace Conference. 1. By what route did liberal ideas make their way into despotic Russia.'' (M0561) 2. How does Russia differ from Austria in the settlement of her race questions? 3. Mention some of the reforms of the liberal Alexander I. What turned him into a despot ? 4. Why is Turkish rule an anachronism in Europe .'' What stirred Europe to aid the Greeks in their struggle for independence ? 5. Why may we say of Lord Byron, " Greater love hath no man than this " ? 6. How long ago did the rulers of Russia begin to dream of acquiring Constantinople? Who first discovered the " Sick Man of Europe " ? Why should France and Eng- land object to Russia becoming his heir ? 7. Mention some of the most interesting incidents of the Crimean War. Summarize its results. (M0568) 8. Describe the life of a Mir. How large a proportion of the Russians live in these communities ? What has been the result of emancipation ? 9. Were the serfs before emancipation better or worse off than the serfs of the Middle Ages ? Compare their condition with that of the slaves in the South. 10. Speak for and against the settlement of the Eastern Question by the Congress of Berlin. What is your own opinion ? 11. Describe the present condition of affairs in Turkey and the Balkan States. To what has the Ottoman Empire in Europe been reduced ? ^ . 12. Contrast the state of Greece in 1829 with its condition to-day. What makes Athens a center of world interest ? 13. What are the greatest obstacles in the way of political freedom in Russia? What has most influenced the rulers against liberalizing the government ? 14. Show that the Russian people, high and low, are their own worst enemies. 15. Account for the fact that the Russian students are leaders in revolutionary move- ments. (W255) Why has the Siberian exile system so stirred the world? 16. "In 1800 we prayed to be allowed to live, in 1900 we know that we shall live." To what do these words of a Polish historian bear witness ? 17. Point out recent events which give hope of better conditions in Russia. (H608) 18. Describe the greatest work of Russia for the progress of civilization. Through what great institution has the Tsar helped forward world peace ? 71 European Expansion in the Nineteenth Century I. Extension of European Civilization. 1. Decline and revival of interest in colonization. 2 . Opening up of the Dark Continent : Livingstone and Stanley. 3. Founding of the Congo Free State. Partition of Africa. II. The British Empire. 1 . Dominion of Canada : industrial and agricultural development. 2. Commonwealth of Australia : growth and prosperity. 3. The English in Asia. a. The East India Company; Sepoy Mutiny; the Indian Empire. b. Opium War with China ; Hongkong. 4. England in South Africa. a. Antagonism of Boer and Briton ; the Boer War. ■ b. Plans for federation. Cape-to-Cairo railroad. 5. EngHsh influence in Egypt. a. French and English protectorate ; expeditions against the Sudanese. b. English protectorate ; "justice and water." III. French Colonial Possessions. 1. In North Africa. a. Conquest of Algeria. Senegal. b. Plans for conquest of the Sahara. 2. In Asia : Indo-China. IV. Germany seeks Foreign Possessions. 1 . German protectorates in Africa. 2. Germanization of Syria and Asia Minor. Seizure of Kiau-chau. V. Russia's Advance : three objects in view. 1. Character and extent of her conquests. 2. The Trans-Siberian Railway. 3. England on guard. VI. Growth of the United States. 1. Natural extension of territory. 2. Foreign possessions : problems of imperialism. VII. A Crisis in World History. 1. Problems facing Europeans. a. The Far Eastern Question. b. The future of Japan. ^ c. The Mongolian Monroe Doctrine. 2. The revolt of the East. a. Chino-Japanese War of 1894. b. The Boxer uprising of 1900. c. Russo-Japanese War of 1904- 1905. 72 studies on European Expansion - xtlow has the pohcy of the powers of Europe become a world poUcy ? What has made the globe in 1900 no larger than the continent of Europe in 1800 ? 2. Outhne the rise and dechne of the early colonial anpires. (8409) 3. Show the feeling of European statesmen toward colonial enterprises in the early nineteenth century. What aroused their interest later ? 4. Tell the story of the meeting of Stanley and Livingstone in the Dark Continent. With what purpose did Livingstone go to Africa ? 5. What was Stanley's greatest work for Africa ? How could the European states excuse their undignified scramble for possessions in Africa ? 6. Speak for and against King Leopold's administration of the Congo State. (W) 7. How did Canada obtain self-government.-' What great change in English colonial government resulted ? 8. In what did the colonization of Australia begin ? Trace its growth to a new English nation. 9. When and why did the EngHsh government take over the rule of British possessions in India ? Is India well governed ? Are the natives satisfied ? 10. When did England gain a foothold in South Africa? How did the trouble between Boer and Briton begin ? Tell the story of " The Great Trek." 1 1 . Can one help sympathizing with the Boers in their fight for independence ? What has been gained to offset the desolation of South Africa and England's thousand millions of money, to say nothing of unnumbered human lives ? 12. Describe the prosperity of present-day Egypt. To what is it due ? 13. Who built the Suez Canal ? How did England gain control of it ? Why does she think it necessary to keep a hold on Egypt ? How is she conquering the desert ? 14. How are France and Germany handicapped in their colonization schemes? 15. In what respect is the expansion of Russia more commendable than that of any other state ? How large a part of the world does the " Colossus of the North " dominate ? 16. Trace the progress of Russia through Asia. (H595) Where do the Russian Bear and the English Lion stand almost face to face ? 17. What principle of the founders of the government did the United States virtually abandon at the opening of the century ? To what has it led ? 18. How was Japan forced into relations with the outside world ? Describe her develop- ment in the last half century. Why is she so far ahead of China.? 19. How has the unjust " Opium War" affected the attitude of China toward all for- eigners ? State the Far Eastern Question. 20. Make a comparative table of the area and population of the possessions of England, Germany, France, Holland, and Portugal by the Statesman'' s Year Book. 2 1 . Show by maps the partition of Africa and the occupation of Asia by the European states. (W313, 332) 22. Point out the chief characteristic of modern imperialism.- 23. What is the position and opportunity of the Anglo-Saxon race to-day? 73 The World State and the Industrial Age ^^i. Forecast of the Future in the Light of the Past. 1. The federal state : the United States of Europe. 2. The world state : the Federation of the World. II. Preparations for the World State. 1. Representative government : growth of democracy. 2. Federalism and international good will. 3. Annihilation of time and space by scientific inventions. 4. Interparliamentary Union and International Court of Arbitration. III. Problems of the New Age. 1. Social democracy : abolition of class distinctions and privileges. 2. Political democracy : equality of all men in law and government. 3. Economic democracy : just distribution of wealth and opportunity. IV. Socialist Solution : an industrial revolution. 1. Give some proofs that "Europe to-day differs perhaps more fundamentally from the Europe Napoleon knew than did Napoleon's world from Charlemagne's." 2. Give some idea of the cost of New Europe to the European people. Is the burden cheerfully borne ? (B473) 3. Trace the steps in the progress from mediaeval to modern warfare. What makes modern armaments so expensive and so frightful? (Wxx) 4. Does the world agree with John Hay that war " is the most futile and ferocious of human follies "? Who are the greatest opponents of war? 5. Point out the progress already made toward a federation of nations. 6. Judging from recent events, which principle is stronger to-day, unity or separation? 7. Prove that " the distance is much greater between the industrial processes of the eighteenth century and those of the present day than between those of the eighteenth century and the ancient arts, even those of Egypt." 8. Explain the difference between the " domestic " and the factory system. Mention the inventions which brought about the change. (R675) 9. Give some example of the increase in the production of goods by machinery. I o. What was the immediate effect of the factory system upon the life of the workman ? Compare the condition and intelligence of the factory hand of the early nineteenth century with that of the workman of to-day. 1 1 . How has industrial progress affected the political influence of the working classes ? Why are not the Socialists satisfied? 12. What has been called the most important factor of industrial progress? (RR6ri) 13. Why is the present period often called the Scientific Age? Mention some of the discoveries which have alleviated human suffering. 14. Show the influence of the newspaper and the penny post on world unity. 15. Has moral progress gone hand in hand with material improvement? 16. What new organizations of labor and capital seem to threaten independence? Pro- pose some solutions of the problem of true democracy. 17. Above and beyond the strife of nations, what are the true conquests of modern civilization? 74 studies in Modern History ^^?^ummarize the economic, political, and scientific revolutions which ushered in the Modern Age. 2. Which of all the geographical expeditions of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries most enlightened the world? Show its effect upon the minds of men, 3. Show how the discovery of a new world was to serve the peoples of Europe in their struggle for religious and political freedom. 4. By what expedition did England establish a claim to the New World? Account for the naming of America. 5. When did the first European ship reach China? 6. Trace the most important mediaeval trade routes and show how new discoveries improved or abolished them. 7. When and by whom was the doctrine that the sea should be free to all first promul- gated ? What is the present international law ? 8. Account for the difference in popular regard of an alliance with the Turkish Sultan in the sixteenth century and in the nineteenth. 9. What improvements did the Dutch make in trading methods? 10. Which was the greater conquest, that of the British in India or that of the Spanish in America ? Was there much difference in the methods of conquest ? 11. What war decided whether America and India should be French or English ? 1 2 . Speak briefly of the men these places suggest : Louisburg ; Pennsylvania ; Lake Champlain ; Fort Frontenac ; Pittsburg ; Lake George ; Cliveden ; Washington. 13. Why does the Emperor of Austria bear the title "King of Jerusalem," and the King of Spain that of " King of the Two Sicilies, of the Western and Eastern Indies " ? 14. Show how the political condition of the various European states influenced the character and results of the religious revolution in each. 15. Explain the origin of St. Paul's School, London; the "Blue Laws" of the Puritans; the Book of Common Prayer. 16. Give some account of the work of Zwingli. Has the shameful traffic in soldiers which he denounced yet ceased in Switzerland ? 1 7 . Explain why the Swiss laws are promulgated in three languages. 18. How did the faith of the nation come to depend upon the princes in Germany and in England .'' 19. Who was the father of Puritanism and where the first Puritan congregation ? 20. Who objected to printed books, and why? 21. Why has Erasmus been called " a citizen of the Christian world " ? 22. How did America benefit by King James's declaration, " I shall make them conform themselves or I will harry them out of the land, or else do worse " ? 23. Explain this statement: " The murmuring Parliament of Elizabeth developed into the mutinous Parliament of James I and the rebellious Parliament of Charles I." 24. Show by examples how often liberty has been indebted to bad kings. Is it true that " in general, a stupid king or an insane one is as good as any or better " ? 25. Can you prove from your knowledge of history that, as Dean Shaler says, "in the long run the people are right"? 75 studies in Modern History ^he apostle of liberty in Europe, she has exemplified every form of tyranny known] to man. . . . We see her, proud to frenzy of her own nationality, take for her idolsjj a German and an Italian." Explain the allusions. 2. What sort of a conquest of Europe did the French make in the seventeenth cen- tury ? Quote interesting Hnes from the patent estabHshing the Academy. (RR271) 3. "The most characteristic feature in the government of the eighteenth century was the existence and work of the enlightened despots." Name several of these despots and show good as well as evil in their rule. 4. Compare the sight-seeing of Peter the Great with that of modern princes. 5 . Is the history of Russia under women rulers an honor to the sex .'' Compare Cathe- rine the Great and Queen Victoria. 6. Judging by what you have read, can absolute power be safely placed in the hands of one person ? What is the danger in an absolute hereditary monarchy ? 7. Why was the French Revolution so much later and more violent than the English and American ? Can you give the real cause in four words or even in one ? 8. Why might Voltaire well say, "I have accomplished more in my day than either Luther or Calvin " ? Speak of the work of some of his contemporaries. 9. " In the French Revolution men turned from the New Testament to Plutarch." Why? 10. Contrast the purging of Parliament in 1648 and of the National Convention in 1793. 11. What did Napoleon say of his civil code ? What does the world say of it ? 12. "The true conquests, the only conquests which cause no regrets, are those achieved over ignorance." What if Napoleon had been controlled by this, his own sentiment ? How did he degrade the title of Emperor forever ? 13. Explain why Wellington "had to thank Blucher for Quatre-Bras, and Gneisenau for Waterloo." 14. Show how and why the ancient and modern estimates of the assassin of a ruler differ. 15. Prove by historical examples that states are most dangerous as conquerors during or after periods of civil war. Can you explain why ? 16. Prove that the rise of Prussia was one of the most momentous events in European history. 17. On a sketch map show how a state of 280,000 square miles, containing 12,000,000 inhabitants, was wiped off the map of Europe by force. 18. When was England the only free nation in the world? What were the private and public rights of her citizens ? (H389) 19. When did Great Britain come into existence ? the British Empire? 20. Make a Hst of the greatest benefactors of the nineteenth century. 21. In what striking fashion does Professor Myers show that the sixteenth century was but a prototype of the nineteenth ? 22. What has President Eliot declared to be " the best fruit of the last four centuries " ? To what is the rapid progress of the world in these centuries most largely due ? 76 Chronology of the Modern Age - • fcw England France Other States 09 Henry VIII 17 19 Lutheran Revolt Charles V 1 21 " Defender of the Faith " 29 The Protestants 1 34 Act of Supremacy S5 Peace of Augsburg 15 56 Philip II 58 Elizabeth 59 Act of Uniformity 62 72 Huguenot War St. Bartholomew's Day 63 67 84 Council of Trent Alva in the Netherlands William the Silent killed 88 The Armada 89 98 Henry IV Edict of Nantes 03 James I 10 Louis XIII iS Thirty Years' War 20 Pilgrims at Plymouth 24 Richelieu, Minister 28 Petition of Right 32 Gustavus Adolphus 40 Long Parliament 43 Louis XIV 40. The Great Elector 16 49 S3 60 Charles I executed Cromwell, Protector Restoration 59 85 Peace of the Pyrenees Revocation of Edict of Nantes 48 82 Peace of Westphalia Peter the Great 88 Revolution. William II 88 Elector Frederick III 89 Bill of Rights 97 Peace of Ryswick 07 Union of England and Scotland 09 Battle of Poltava 13 Peace of Utrecht IS 48 Louis XV Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 13 40 Frederick William I Frederick the Great 56 William Pitt, Minister 56 Seven Years' War 57 Plassey 63 Peace of Paris 72 First Partition of Poland 17 76 Arnerican Revolution 74 Louis XVI 83 Independence of United States 83 86 Russia in the Crimea Frederick William II 87 Australia 89 States-General Fall_ of the Bastille 93 Louis XVI executed 93 Second Partition of Poland 94 Reign of Terror 95 Third Partition of Poland 99 Bonaparte, Consul 03 Louisiana Purchase 04 Napoleon, Emperor 07 Abolition of slave trade 14 Napoleon abdicates 07 13 Peace of Tilsit Battle of Leipzig 15 Cape Colony 15 30 Waterloo July Revolution 15 21 Congress of Vienna Revolt of the Greeks 32 Reform of Parliament 40 Canada self-governing 48 Fall of Louis Philippe 48 Fall of Mettemich 52 Napoleon III 18 54 57 68 80 82 Crimean War Sepoy Mutiny Gladstone, Prime Minister Scramble for Africa England in Egypt 70 Franco- Prussian War Third Republic S9 61 62 66 71 78 Italian War Kingdom of Italy Bismarck, Minister Austro-Prussian War William I, German Emperor Congress of Berlin 77 Reading List 7S ^. m . >^v:.'W •'■'^'^'^^■^%i LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 018 487 785 5 >lfe^iai?illd