SD 12 .P33 No. 9 , ^.^/ Digitized by the Internet ' "^"^^ -^iR"-^ "^*^ ^^^^ ^'^^ funding in 2010 witin funding fron\o^ ^^v^ Tine tiibrary of Congress f^B G^ \b '-..5^ .'V <. ■^^^ c^ 0^ 0° -^ii;:' °o .,** . .G^ ^ ^^ -^^o^ ^0^ V .^^"-^^ ': k> http://www.arcliive.org/detaifs/woodusingindustrOOsim ■to /^ «.«^Kr?l ^°-;^ .<^^ ^"^^^ ^^ 0^ ^^-^^^ 4 o "^^^ . .-^ .^^^^/U-o -^^ .-^^ .V •^. ,^ .Va^<^a,% -^.^^ .V^ .V Bulletin No. 9. April, 1914. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY ROBERT S. CONKLIN, Cammissioner of Forestry in Cooperation With the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester Wood-Usinff Industries OF PENNSYLVANIA By ROGER E. SIMMONS, United States Forest Service, 1912. HARRISBURG, PA.: WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE I'R INTER 1914 CeRecteel set. Bulletin No. 9. April, 1914. C ommonwealth of Pennsylvania DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY ROBERT S. CONKLIN, Commissioner of Forestry in Cooperation With the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester Wood-Usins: Industries OF PENNSYLVANIA „ '. . 'to « i J. m. 01 mi By ROGER E. SIMMONS, United States Forest Service, 1912. .^l HARRISBURG, PA. 'WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER 1914 D. of D. m 16 ai5 (2) Fig. 1. — Virgin hemlock mixed witli white piue iu the Jack's Mouutaiu Division of the Seven Mountains' State Forest. Shove's types which Pennsylvania did and can produce. 1-^ ^ CONTENTS Page. Introduction , 8 Purpose of the Study 9 Forest Conditions , 10 Importance of Manufacturing, 12 Future Timber Supply , 12 Scope of tlie Study , 13 Part I. Kinds of Wood , '. ' 14 The Woods Grown in Pennsylvania , 17 Specific Descriptions , 18 SOFTWOODS , 19 Pines , 19 Hemloclis 27 Cypress , 28 Spruce , 29 Douglas Fir , 30 Cedars , 31 Redwood 32 Tamarack 33 Balsam Fir 33 THE HARDWOODS 33 Oaks, 34 Yellow Poplar , 35 Maples , 37 Chestnut, 39 Beech 40 Red Gum, 42 Basswood , 43 Birches 44 Hickories , 45 Ashes , 47 Elms 48 Cottonwood , 49 Gums , 50 Cherry 52 Black Walnut, ,52 Sycamore , 53 Hornbeam , 54 Black Locust 55 Cucumber , ' 55 Buckeye , 56 Applewood , 57 Dogwood , 57 Persimmon , 58 Butternut , 58 Minor Species , 59 Foreign Woods , 59 Description of Qualities , 60 Part II. INDUSTRIES , 61 Planing Mill Products , 63 Boxes 65 Car Construction , 68 (3) i Furniture , 69 Chairs , 73 Vehicles and Vehicle Parts , 76 Ships and Boats 78 Caskets and Coffins , 82 Mine Equipment, 84 Mine Rollers , 85 Sprags , 86 Fixtures , 88 Cloth , Hosiery Boards , etc. , 90 Patterns and Flasks , 91 Handles , , 93 Laundry Appliances , 96 Cigar Boxes , 98 Woodenware and Novelties , 99 Tanks , Vats , and Silos , 101 Machine Construction , 103 Agricultural Implements , 105 Toys 107 Trunks and Valises , 109 Brushes , 110 Shuttles , Spools and Bobbins , Ill Dairymen's and Poulterers' Supplies, 113 Musical Instruments , 114 Machinery and Electrical Apparatus, 116 Water Pipes and Pumps 117 Baskets and Veneer Packages , 118 Frames land Mouldings 119 Refrigerators and Kitchen Cabinets , 120 Excelsior 121 Playground Equipment , 123 Printing Material , 123 Ladders , 124 Elevators , 126 Canes and Whips , 127 Plumbers' Woodwork 129 Insulator Pins and Brackets , 130 Butchers' Blocks and Skewers , 130 Weighing Apparatus 132 Professional and Scientific Instruments, 132 Pulleys and Conveyors , 134 Boot and Shoe Findings . 135 Smoking Pipes 137 Sporting land Athletic Goods , 137 Saddles and Harness , 138 Gates and Fencing , 139 Clock Cases 140 Rollers and Poles 141 Manual Training Practice, 142 Miscellaneous , 143 Part III. Wood Uses 145 Directory of Manufacturers , 177 APPENDIX. Rough Forest Products 201 Lumber , 201 Laths , 202 Shingles 202 Cooperage , 202 Pulpwood 203 Hardwood Distillation , 204 Veneer , 204 V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. Page. 1 Virgin hemlock mixed with white pine in Jack's Mountlain Di- vision of Seven Mountains' State Forest, 3 2 Collection of finished boxes, made in Pennsylvania 64 3 Box shocks and nailing machine in a Pennsylvania box factory, 65 4 Interior of a small Philadelphia box factory. Boxes when nailed are used for city trade , 65 5 Utiliziajtion of mill waste. Rough squares are bolted from slabs and edgings, and then turned into chair stock, 76 6 Chair parts and the squares or dimension stock from which they are made , 76 7 Parts of a farm wagon and the woods used in their manufacture, 76 8 Showing pants of delivery wagons and woods used 76 9 Body of an old-time Conestoga w a -g fa Ph '^ c^ White pine, Shortleaf pine Longleaf pine, White oak Red oak Yellow poplar, Sugar maple, Chestnut Loblolly pine Hemlock Beech Cypress (bald) Red gum, Spruce, Basswood, Birch Hickory Ash Pitch pine, White elm, Cottonwood Cotton gum Spanish cedar, Red and silver maple, Black gum, Southern white cedar, Mahogany, Douglas fir, Western white pine, , Cherry (black) , Scrub pine Norway pine, Sugar pine, Red cedar Western yellow pine Black walnut Sycamore, .Cork elm Hornbeam, , Locust (black) Redwood Western hemlock, . . Cucumber , Yellow buckeye Applewood, T)ogwood, Kbony, Persimmon, Ciri^assian walnut, . Butternut, French briar, Teak, Holly (American) , . Congo Westerp red cedar, Pimis StroMts Finns ecJiinata, Pinus palustris, Quercus alba, Quercus rubra, Liriodendron tulipifera Acer sacchanim, Castanea dentata Pinus taeda Tsuga canadensis Pagus atropunicea (P. grandi- folia). Tarodium disticTium, Td(iuidambar styraciflva Picea species, Tilia americana Bctula species, Hicorla species= (Oarj/a species) Fraxinus species TPiniis rigida Vlmus americana Pnpnlus deJtoides yyssa aquatica, Ccdrcla ndorata Acer ruhrum and Acer sacchar- imtm. ^'yssa sylvatica Cliamaecyparis tliyoides, Swietenia mahagoni Pseudotsuga tawifolia Pinus moniicola, Prunus serotina, Pinus virginiana, Pinus resinosO; Pi.nvs la.miertiana Juniperus virginiana Pinus ponderosa ■Jncilans nigra Platamts occidentalis Tlmus racemosa Ostrya virginiana, RoHnia pseudacacia^=(.R, Pseu- do-Acacia). i^equoia sempervirens Tsuga heterophylla Magnolia acuminata ^esculus oc.tandra Pyrus species, Vornus florida Diospyros species, Diospyros virginiana, Jtiglans regia Juglans cinerea, Erica species Tectona grandis Ilex opaca, Diospyros species, , TTiuja plicata, 160,749,759 149, 744, 213 108,577,308 98,190,060 83,837,570 56, 720', 991 54, 955., 805 51,326,097 51,241,544 43,027,872 40,244,300 23,195,290 22,865,144 20, .539, 02s 18,698,836 18,635,582 17,8.53,255 14,304,627 10, 630. 700 9,708,643 6.335,8.50 5,957,687 5,812,660 5,711,275 4,957,160 3,737,300 3,680.254 3 364,138 3, 070, 50O 2,723,493 2,386,095 2,327,340 1,213,700 878,509 830,000 782, 615 697,073 672,200 547,184 505,8,50 505, 682 500,000 351,400 324.200 172,435 164.137 134,777 113,0.10 ■ 108.140 86,810 SI . SOO 65,. 590 61,000 60.000 55,000 14.43 13.44 9.75 8.81 7.52 5.09 4.93 4.61 4.60 3.86 3.61 2.08 2.05 1.S4 1.68 1.67 1.60 1.28 .95 .87 .57 .54 .52 .51 $31 55 - 23 34 31 71 34 00 30 94 $5,071,607 3,494,950 3,443,246 3,338,005 2,593,836 32 62 22 29 25 22 19 91 20 60 1,850,151 1,225,049 1,294,609 1,020,167 886, 201 17 42 701,244 38 94 22 78 21 34 29 53 908,285 520,842 438,216 552,118 28 05 40 59 44 02 18 07 27 61 522,774 724,635 629,752 192,084 268,014 26 66 32 29 112 93 21 66 168,938 192.3.50 656,435 123. 690 19 35 95,923 41 74 122 29 43 19 40 22 39 73 155.986 450,064 145.296 123,496 108,191 19 10 25 74 50 53 56 29 26 as 45,557 66,897 61,323 49.454 21,630 72 94 28 73 32 88 43 83 57,085 20,080 22,102 23,985 22 93 11,601 50 36 20 00 24 73 25 19 48 84 25,464 10,000 8,691 8,168 8,422 22 59 188 18 58 92 340 45 33 72 3,708 25,363 6,659 36,816 2,927 351 34 191 95 99 10 133 00 39 09 28,740 12,590 6.045 8,000 2,150 16 Table 1. — Summary of kinds of wood used in Pennsylvania, year ending June, 1912— Continued. Kind of Wood. Quantity Used. Common Name. Botanical Name. Feet b. m. a g Tamarack, Balsam fir. Boxwood, . Aspen (popple) , Willow (black), Sitka spruce, . . . Rosewood, Eucalyptus Tjignum-vitae, . . . Mountain laurel, Sumach, Olive wood, Satinwood, , Sassafras, . , Weichsel roots. Sarbo, . . Doncella, Total, Larix laricina, Ahiei, balsamea, Tabebuia pentaphylla and Buxus sempervirens Populiis tremuloides balix nigra, P'icea sitcliensis Dalbergia species, . Eucalyptus species, Giiajacwm officinale, Kalmia latifolia, .. Rhus hirta (R. typMna) , Olea europea Chloroxylon swietenia Sassafras sassafras (8 varii- foUum). Pnimis malialeb, Byrsonima spicata. 40,300 40,000 32,416 30, OOO 15.000 fl,185 5,000 2,050 1,000 50O 4S0 120 50 1,114,219,650 : 28 81 45 50 * 298 90 15 00 13 00 * 35 40 462 89 260 00 175 61 40 00 * SO 00 81 25 200 00 25 00 * 540 00 * 200 00 lOO OO 100.00 $29 15 1,161 1,820 450 325 531 2,863 1,300 360 40 40 39 24 1 $32,483,227 Reeds 24,C0O lbs. Rattan 2,000 lbs. *Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. Under the lieading "Kind of Wood" the above table shows two separate lists of names. In the first column appear the names of the several woods as they are known to the trade, called common names. The scientific names which the botanists use to distinguish species are shown in the second column. In this and similar State reports, it has been the purpose of the Forest Service to call woods by their proper name with a view of standardizing nomenclature. Common names vary considerably according to locality but botanists as a rule are in agreement as to the scientific names. There are exceptions to this and among those shown in the above table are hickory, beech, locust, and sassafras. It will be noted that two botanical names are given for these woods. The first set is used by the Forest Service as given in the publication issued by the Federal Government entitled "The Check List of the Forest Trees of the United States." The second set is from the seventh edition of Gray's Botany which is used as a standard by the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry. Thirteen of the species shown in the above table are foreign woods, the most prominent being Spanish cedar, and mahogany, followed by ebony and teak. Those accustomed to purchasing foreign woods in the form of logs, flitches, or lumber may regard the average cost of these woods as excessive. This is because a part of the supply of these woods is purchased in the form of thin veiieer which, in order to be included in the tables of this report, was reduced to feet board measure with no allowance for waste or the cost of production. 17 THE WOODS GROWN IN PENNSYLVANIA. Of the seventy-two woods which the manufacturers reported using, the en- tire amount of only six was home grown. These were aspen, (or popple), mountain laurel, sometimes called kalmia, black locust, sassafras, sumach and willow. The forests in the State also furnished a part of the supply of thirty-six other woods, making an aggregate of State-grown material used equal to a little more than 28% of the total consumption. Instead of arranging the woods in the order of the quantity consumed, as in Table 1, they are shown in Table 2 alphabetically according to their generic names. This arrangement throws together consecutively the birches, the cedars, the oaks, the maples, and the pines, and allows an easy compari- son of amounts of each species used, and if desired, an aggregate of any of them can be made readily. For a more convenient comparison of the home- grown woods with those grown out of the State, not only the quantities of these two classes are given for each species but also the per cent, which each class represents. Table 2. — Summary of State-grown and shipped-in wood used in Pennsylvania, year ending June, 1912. Grown in Pennsyl- Grown Out of vania. Pennsylvania. Kind of Wood. a ri ^^ ^ *>./:" a "SoJ o ■S OJ 0) __• §fe 0) is u C3 c ^ a ^ r^ Applewood Ash, Aspen (popple) Balsam fir Basswood, Beech, Birch, Boxwood Buckeye, yellow Butternut, Cedar, red, Cedar, southern white, Cedar, western red, ... Cherry, black Chestnut Congo, Cottonwood, Cucumber, Cypress (bald) Dogwood Doncella, Douglas fir Ebony Elm, cork Elm, white, Eucalyptus, (Trench briar, Gum, black, Gum, cotton, Hemlock, Hemlock, western, ... Hickory, Holly, American Hornbeam, Laurel, mountain, 87,435 6,568,952 30,000 7,933,764 27,556,900 9,S26,6W 184,000 79,50« 17,500 1,802,880 212, 479, 333 88,500 235,600 154,600 846,300 272,716 '31,217,942 397,184 1,000 50.71 45.92 100.00 68.47 52.73 56. 7G 91.58 66.20 43.80 1.40 67.05 85.37 23.00 8.72 5.50 '7155 72.59 100.00 85,000 7,735,675 49.29 54.08 40,000 10,765,072 lOO.OO 57.57 12,687,400 8, SOS, 968 32,416 140,200 7,310 31.53 47.27 100.00 43.24 8.42 861,000 3,737,300 55,000 920,613 28,846,764 98.01 lOO'.Ofl lOO.OO 33.80 56.20 60,000 6,247,350 115,800 23,195,290 24,015 lOO.OO 98.60 33.95 100.00 14.63 10 3,364,138 134,777 517,600 8,862,343 lOO.OO lOO'.OO 100.00 77.00 91.28 5,000 81,800 4,684,444 5,957,687 11,809,930 lOO.OO lOO.OO 94.50 lOO.OO 27.45 500,000 9,485,659 61,000 150,000 lOO.OO 53.13 lOO.OO 27.41 172,435 14,304,627 30,000 40,000 18,698,836 40,244,300 18,635,582 32, 416 324,200 86,810 878,500 3,737,300 55,000 2,723,493 51,336,-097 60.000 6,335,850 351,400 33,195,290 164,137 10 3,364,13S 134,777 672,200 9,708,643 5,000 81,800 4,957,160 5,857,687 43,027,872 500', OOO 17,853,255 61,000 547,184 1,000 18 Table 2. — Summary of State-grown and sliipped-in wood used in Pennsylvania, year ending June, 1912 — Continued. Grown in Pennsyl- Grown Out of vania. Pennsylvania. Kind of Wood. a g t''^ a i:-= ^ ■^+j 0) ? ^* a! 3g a! 03 a dl 5 Clj ^ Lignum vitae, I-ocust, blaoli, Mahogainy, Maple, red and silver, Maple, sugar, Oak, red, .... Oak, white, Olivewood, Persimmon. Pine, loblolly, Pine, Pine, Pine, Pine, Pine, longleal, Norway, pitch, .. scrub, . . shortleaf. Pine, sugar, Pine, western white. Pine, western yellow, Pine, white Red gum 1? edwood , Rosewood, Sassafras, Satinwood, Sarbo, . . . Spanish cedar. Spruce, Spruce, Sitka, Sumach Sycamore, Tamarack, Teak Walnut, black, .... Walnut, Circassian, Weichsel roots, . . . Willow, black. Yellow poplar. 505, S5C 3,Ci73,275 35,482,2»£ 25,681,38.2 41,536,349 25,000 4,432,^)0 105,501) 10', OO'P 69,236,764 5,50C 1,786,400 500 31,603 SCO 443 JOS 25,000 13,013,636 313,683,63: 53.81 64.56 30.63 42.30 41.69 4.42 .01 43.07 .02 100. OO 4.53 .74 56 [76 lOfli.OO 2:2.94 2,050 im.m 3,6S0,2S4 2,638,000 19', 473, 605 58,156,208 56,653,711 480 113,010 51,241,544 108,577,308 2,302i,340 6,198,500 2,280,595 149,734,213 1,213,700 3,070,500 830,000 91,512,983 22,859,644 506, 682 6,185 120 30 5,812,660 18,753,628 15,000 "665, 470 40,000 65,590 338,910 108,140 SO 43,707, 355 800,536,018 100.00 46.19 35.44 69.37 57.70 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 58.31 95.58 99.99 ICO. 00 100.00 100. OiO 56.93 99.98 100.00 lOO'.OO 100.00 100.00 100.00 91.30 lO&.Ofl 95.47 99.26 1001.00 43.30 100.00 lOfli.OO 2,050 505,850 3,680,254 5,711,275 54,955,805 83,837.570 98,190,060 480 113,010 51,241,544 108,577,308 2,327,340 10,630,700 a,3S6,0»; 149,744,213 1,213,700 3,070,500 830,000 160', 749.. 759 32,865,144 505,683 6, 185 50 120 30 5,812,660 201,539,02s 15,000 50O 697,073 40,300 65,590 782, 615 108,140 SO 25,000 56,720,991 1,114,219,660 SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS. Notwithstanding the very general substitution of other materials like con- crete, metals, stone, and clay for wood there is no clear indication that the call for lumber and other forest products is decreasing at this time. With the opening of the Panama Canal and the changing conditions v/hich are con- stantly taking place in trade, it is difficult to predict Avhat the future will bring forth. As it is there is a large demand for lumber of all kinds and es- pecially for the better grades of native woods. If there were an inexhaustible supply of timber now as there appeared to be fifty years or more ago, there would be less reason for making a study of this kind; but on account of the growing shortage of commercial timber it is most important that investiga- tions be made to determine the qualities of woods that best fit them for a particular use. With this in view, this section of the report has been de- voted to a brief account of the several woods used by the manufacturers. 19 In dealing with tlie properties of woods in tlie following paragraphs, a graded set of terms, such as hard, very hard, fairly hard, soft, very soft, etc., is used. These terms of course indicate an approximate scale and apply only to the average run of woods, as many conditions governing the growth of the tree affect materially the structure of the wood so that the same kind appears to have slightly different qualities. Generally the scale of terms used will serve to give a fairly clear idea of the properties of woods. To prevent confusion in their application, efforts have been made not to use them too loosely. The schedule setting forth the terms showing the relative grada- tions to which all descriptions of qualities conform will be found on page 60. By reference to this schedule the properties of the woods described may read- ily be studied and compared. Lumbermen divide woods into two general classes, hardwoods and soft- woods. This classification is not based so much upon the qualities of hard- ness and softness as upon distinction which custom has standardized because it is practical and holds true generally. Hardwoods are trees with broad leaves, while the softwoods have the needle leaf. THE SOFTWOODS. There are nineteen species of conifers going into final manufacture in Pennsylvania. Ten of them are pines, constituting nearly fifty per cent, of the total consumption, and of these the supply of seven is obtained entirely from other states, and of the three home-grown species, scrub and pitch pine are required in relatively small amounts, leaving white pine the foremost soft- wood representative of the Pennsylvania forests. Pine lumber is generally ad- mitted to be the most valuable wood that the earth produces and the species that are used in Pennsylvania together with the other softwoods are described m the order of quantity as follows: PINES. White Pine (Pinus Strobus). White pine was the first lumber tree in Pennsylvania that attracted the attention of the lumbermen. It was not found in this State in thick stands of vast areas like the white pine in the Lake regions and parts of New England, but it grew plentifully in various parts of the State. The trees were generally of large development, and in the early j'ears of lumbering, Pennsyl- vania trees contributed a large proportion of the total white pine cut of the country. In 1880 the estimated cut of white pine in Pennsylvania amounted to- 380,000,000 feet, in 1900, 221,000,000 feet, and in 1910 only 92,000,000 feet. In a few localities the remnants of the original stands are still being cut and here and there trees are found scattered among the hemlocks and hardwoods, besides the second growth that helps to make up the supply. White pine reproduces vigorously and in certain parts of the State under favorable con- ditions grows with astonishing rapidity. In quantity, it is the most used of any wood for manufacture in Pennsylvania, and owing to its valuable qualities of being light, soft, comparatively durable, of whitish color, easily worked, and holding its shape when in place, it is called for by the factories comprising thirty-two of the fifty-four industries. The largest quantity was used for making planing mill products and general mill work, and the next largest for boxes, these two industries accounting for 71% of the supply going to the Pennsylvania factories. It is interesting to note that white pine cut for Pennsylvania was only 2,000,000 feet more than the reported quantity of home-growii wood used. This gives white pine the distinction of being con- 20 sumed by manufacturers in the largest proportion of the amount cut in the State of any home grown tree tliat is important in the production of lumber. Table 3. — Consumption of White Pine, year ending June, 1912. k, Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- o ci vania. sylvania. J= ft Industry. °& a +j ^ o +j g a jo 0) .d xi -tJ q! ■+-» ri 4j .^ fa IS o fe! &( Planing mill products, Boxes and crates, packing, Car const) uetion, Patterns and flasks — Caskets and coffins Ship and boat building, Pumps, Boards, Tanks and silos, , Machinery and apparatus, elec- trical, Toys, Fixtures, Trunks and valises, Furniture, Mine equipment Baskets, fruit and vegetables, Woodenware and novelties, Butchers' blocks and skewers,.. Machine construction Vehicles and vehicle parts, Agricultural implements, Instruments, musical, Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- arists' supplies Laundry appliances, Excelsior Elevators Manual training practice (sloyd). Gates and fencing, Plumbers' woodwork, Instruments, professional and scientific Refrigerators and kitchen cabi- nets, Miscellaneous Total 62,556,492 51,583,373 12,829,420 9,141,449 4,7.^13.003 38.92 32.00 7.8S 5.69 2.98 $36 53 21 03 31 38 56 0i9 18 90 2.83 1.30 .62 .51 46 85 24 59 32 00 34.84 787,2,00 .49 40 0'2 ,725,000 453,450 428,500 298,700 239,000 .45 .28 .27 .19 .15 24 90 45 64 28 60 44 32 23 70 230,000 225,000 200i.000 143, 500 140, 550 .14 .14 .12 .09 .09 21 00 11 78 22 00 41 34 34 62 116,000 88,000 .07 .05 31 71 34 56 79,000 78,200 63,500 .05 .06 .04 22 58 35 92 15 00 62,200 21,575 5,000 2,500 .04 .01 40 45 72 35 22 OO 36 CO 1.000 * 90 00 500 7,002,000 4.36 28 00 26 00' 160,749,759 100.00 $31 5i5 $2,285,337 1,084,714 402, 837 512,735 138,495 212,928 51,435 32,000 2S,570 31,504 18,050 20,649 12,255 13,239 5,665 4,830 2,650 4,400 5,932 4,866 3,678 3,041 1,784 2,809 953 2,516 1,561 110 90 90 14 182,070 29,261,299 19,390,373 4,041,869 2,276,198 708,500 2,733,150 1,575,000 60,000 150,000 487,500 100,450 128,500 281,500 13,000 230,000 225,000 200,000 83,500 118,050 26,000 15,000 25,000 63,500 32,200 8,675 5,000 $5,071,607 500 7,002,000 69,236,764 33,295,193 33,193,000 8,787,551 6,865,251 4,089,500 1,811,500 517,0,50 1,000,000 760,000 637, 2»a. 237,500 352, OOO 300,000 17,200 226,000 60,000 22,500 90,000 88,000 64,000 53,200 SO, OOO 12,900 2,500 1,000 91,512,995 *Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata). In quantity shortleaf pine is the most important yellow pine used by the Pennsylvania wood users. It was demanded, next to white pine, in the largest amount of any wood going into final manufacture in the State. Twenty-four industries report using this wood, but over ninety-one per cent, of the total went to three of them: boxes, planing mill products, and car con- struction. Shortleaf pine grows in Pennsylvania and, to a limited extent, is sawed into lumber; but the manufacturers report the use of the home cut wood in very small quantities and purchase almost their entire supply in the southern states. Shortleaf pine is a soft, yellow wood with considerable sap and has wider rings than the longleaf pine. Its qualities may be indicated 21 as intermediate or coarse grained, moderately hard, dense, tough and elastic, strong, stiff, durable, resinous, moderately stable, rather easy to work, and takes paint well. It is not infrequently bought and sold as longleaf pine, especially that coming from the Gulf states. The Virginia and Carolina shortleaf pine is generally handled under the name North Carolina pine, being a mixture of loblolly and shortleaf in the proportion of about four to one. Table 4.- — Consumption of Shortleaf Pine, year ending June, 1912. ^ p4 Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- o o vania. sylvania. r-T tH .Q Industry. a 6 a H O a" a ■°' » CD J2 ji C3 fe Ph d o 1^ OJ ^ ^ < H fci fc Boxes and crates, packing, Planing mill products, Car construction Boards, clotb, hosiery, et Patterns and flasks, Equipment, playground, ., Ladders Trunks and valises, Fixtures, Elevators, Furniture, Vehicles and vehicle parts Machine construction Instruments, musical,. Miscellaneous, Total 36,173,420 7,307,090 4,827,625 1,(»0,OOC 579,000 400, OOO 400,0*0 160,000 153,000 96,500 58,000 41,900 25,000 3,000 17,00i0 70. 5S $17 51 1 14.26 27 52 I 9.42 25 9S 1.9: IS 13 : 1.13 20 27 .78 20 00 .78 20 00 .31 21 22 .30 23 17 .20 33 31 .11 22 79 .08 28 07 .05 32 00 .01 40 OO .03 100. oo 30 00 $19 91 $6?3,483 201,076 125,422 18.125 11,738 8,000 8.000 3.875 3.392 3,118 1,322 1,176 800 120 510 $1,020,167 36,173,429 7,307,090 4,827,625 l.OJO.OCO 579,000 400,000 400,000 160,000 153,000 96,500 58,000 41,800 25,000 3,000 17,000 51,241,544 Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida). Pitch pine furnishes the largest amount of yellow pine lumber that is cut in Pennsylvania. The tree has a large proportion of sapwood and is de- cidedly resinous. It grows scatteringly throughout the State and is more extensively used than the total in Table 7 would indicate, owing to the fact that after it is cut into lumber it is difficult for the manufacturer to identify it. The wood is very brittle, of medium weight, hard, coarse grained, weak, stiff, durable, and does not hold paint. Its principal use in Pennsylvania for manufacturing is for boxes and crates, though it meets a wider demand for structural work and for other uses where rough timber is required without further manufacture. Table 7. — Consumption of Pitch Pine, year ending June, 1912. ^H >-. Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- O o ^ vania. sylvania. u . Industry. Ih 6 a ^■ "3 d a a .o OJ brj,c3 J3 £ ■t; ^ -2 X t; ^ Ch < ^ b, fa Boxes and crates, Planing mill products. Car construction, Mine equipment, Vehicles and vehicle parts. Machine construction Patterns and flasks, Fixtures Total 6,931,800 3,826,000 458,600 346,000 55,200 49,100 44,000 20,0'00 65.21 $16 32 36.58 22 37 4.31 16 10 2.32 23 017 .52 22 77 .46 16 44 .41 20 84 .19 16 OO 100.00 $18 07 112,519 63, 200 7,383 5,675 1,257 917 320 $192,084 979,600 2', 826, 000 214,800 246,000 55,200 49,100 41,500 20,000 5,952,200 '243,800 2,500 6,198,500 24 Western White Pine (Pinus monticola). This is not the species which produces tlie wliite pine lumber of Pennsyl- vania and the Lake states, but in appearance the wood closely resembles eastern white pine and is suitable for naost of the purposes for which the eastern wood is used. Idaho, western Montana, and Washington supplied the most of it used in Pennsylvania. The industries demanding it are the makers of planing mill products and the car builders. Table 8. — Consumption of Western White Pine, year ending June, 1912. >> Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- vania. sylvania. .Q Industry. o a ^ o 4-» a a j= a o .Q ja 0) 0) > CJ o a> 2 fe fc < H fa fa Planing mill products Car construction, Patterns and flasks, Fixtures, Caskets and coffins, Total, 3,0(70,500 94.92 $39 55 ZS~y 54 99 .91 56 93 .67 46 7S .65 42 50 100.00 $40 22 $115,281 4,S12 1,59'4 959 850 $123,496 2,914,500 g;7,50O 28,000 20,500 20,000 3,0(70,5001 Scrul) Pine (Pinus virginiana) . This tree occurs most frequently in the coastal plain region from New York to Virginia, and for that reason is found in New Jersey and Delaware more extensively than in Pennsylvania. Its range extends from the clay ridges in the southeastern part of the State westward and northward into the foot- hills and mountain regions, scattered among the hardwoods. The common names in different localities are: Jersey pine, nigger pine, and bastard pine. On cut over areas restocking is heavy and springs up rapidly but the reproduc- tion is best on old fields where in some localities it forms thick stands. It grows more slowly than loblolly or shortleaf and only a comparatively small proportion of the trees reach a size large enough for lumber. It has coarse, straight grain, wide sapwood, and is very brittle, soft, moderately strong, stiff, splits rather easily, is fairly durable and resinous. It can be recognized readily by its short dark green needles, two in a sheath, and by the fact that cones generally remain on the trees several years after they have dropped their seed. In Virginia the box makers and excelsior manufacturers use large quantities of this wood, while in Maryland and Delaware, it is cut into railroad ties, converted into boxes and crates, and, to a limited extent, is used for building materials. In Pennsylvania a quantity equal to the entire cut of yellow pine went to the box makers. 25 Table 9. — Consumption of Scrub Pine, year ending June, 1912. ^ Grown in Grown Out Quantity. s Pennsyl- of Penn- g o vania. sylvania. *~t ^ .a a Industry. o a ■^ o m a a ^ a 0) o ^•2 O xi .Q O 0) o b PM > Grown in Grown Out Quantity. 2 Pennsyl- of Penn- O vania. sylvania. ^ o. 6 Industry. oh a _^ ^s a a J2 CI 0) J2 ^ a > 03 o 0) ■w CL, < fa fa Car construction, Planing mill products, . . Elevators, Boxes and crates, packinj Tanks and silos, Patterns and flasks, Total 1,518,300 526,000 100,000 901,000 50,000 43,040 2,327,340 65.34 $28 97 1 22.60 29 20 4.29 28 00 3.87 20 OO 2.15 35 OO 1.85 2S 00 100.00 $28 74 $43,985 15,357 2,800 1,800 1,750 1,205 $66,897 25,000 1,493,300 526,000 lOOi.OOO 90,000 50,000 43,040 25,000 2,302,340 26 Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana). Sugar pine is the largest pine tree in the United States and is cut almost entirely in California. The name is due to a sugary substance which exudes from the tree when the wood is bruised. It is a true white pine and the wood, except for its being slightly more resinous, is quite similar in appearance to eastern white pine. The uses of the two pines are almost identical, and for a number of purposes the western wood is substituted for the eastern. Sugar pine has a fine straight grain, narrow sapwood, is soft, fairly dense, of very light weight, moderately strong, stiff, non-elastic, easily split and seasoned, and very easy to work. Over a million feet are annually demanded by the Pennsylvania manufacturers. The largest quantity goes to the producers of sash, doors, and blinds. It is also demanded in considerable quantities for foundry patterns and for special uses in store and office fixtures. Table 11. — Consumption of Sugar Pine, year ending June, 1912. +J 1=^ Gro\Yn in Grown Out Quantity. o Penns.vl- of Penn- o (3 vania. sylvania. '-^ ^ ,n Industry. o f^ en g o to a ■ a ^ a CD II X! XJ Cj fa fe. Planing miU prducts, Patterns and flaglis, Fixtures, Instruments, musical, Instruments, professioiial and scientific, Manual training practice (sloyd). Total 1,1212,000 25,000 11,2»0 5,000 500 1,213,700 32.45 4.12 2.06 .92 $48 20 85 00 05 00 87 50 .41 70100 .04 100. CO SO OO $50i 53 $54,078 4.250 1,625 9S0 530 40 $61,323 1,122,0«) 50,000 25,000 11,2:00 5,000 500 1,213,700 Western Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa). This species next to Douglas fir is more extensively cut into lumber than any of the other western woods, and in the western and central states is used for every purpose for which wood can be employed. Its range includes nearly all of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast states. On the market it goes to a large extent as white pine. Sometimes it is called California white pine and in the eastern states dealers give it assumed names, as in Philadelphia it was found being sold as maraschino white pine. The wood in a large number of cases closely resembles white pine and by ocular examination it is difficult to distinguish. It is, however, a true yellow pine, fine grained, and al- though somewhat heavier and more resinous than white pine, meets a number of uses for which white pine has heretofore been used. It is a cheaper wood and for that reason is a valuable lumber tree and has great possibilities. Box makers and the planing mills are the industries using it most extensively in Pennsylvania. 27 Table 12. — Consumption of "Western Yellow Pine, year ending June, 1912. Industry. tM ity. ^ ^ 1 CJ c. ^ ^ o a 0) 1'- i-t •JS (U i Grown in Grown Out Quantity. 1 Pennsyl- of Penn- o o c« vania. sylvania. ■-(" 1 ^ A c< Industry. Sh «w a +j ^s o a a £! V '^ ^ .Q -4-) S +j ca ■4-) +j OJ > cS o s s fe Oh <) b fel fe Planing mill products Boxes and crates, pacliing, Ship and boat building, Mine equipment Car construction, Caskets and coffins, Machine construction, Patterns and flasks Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies Machinery and apparatus, elec- trical, Fixtures, Refrigerators and kitchen cabi- nets Tanks and silos, Elevators, Instruments, musical, Manual training practice (.sloyd). Miscellaneous Total 23,077,000 9,2:69,631 4,343,000 53.63 21.54 10. OO $21 24 16 85 25 93 2,260,750 2,W3i6,075 5.26 4.66 20 82 15 53 1,000,000 2.32 28 OO 296,000 .69 18 2a 291,500 .6S 18 37 215,000 .50 15 49 143,600 .33 26 85 44,300 .10 26 64 37,100 25,000 .09 .06 32 13 IS 00 3,S00 2,600 .01 .01 30 Oft 35 00 262 34 35 12,250 .03 28 16 43,027,872 100.00 ?20 60 $490,263 156,2214 112,551 47,066 31,153 2S,000 5,392 5,356 3,330 3,856 1,180 821 450 114 91 9 345 15,349,900 5,365,055 4,217,000 2,2.60,750 1,975,075 1,000,000 296,000 291,500 215,000 143,600 30,300 33,100 25,000 3,800 1,600 262 10,000 31,217,942 7,727,100 3,904,580 126,000 14,000 4,000 1,000 2,250 11,809,930 CYPRESS. (Taxodium distichum) In Pennsjdvania cypress next to yellow pine is the most widely used of any lumber coming from the southern states. It is typically a swamp tree of the southeastern coast and gulf region and up the Mississippi Basin as far as Missouri. The wood is light, soft, straight-grained, and of fine texture. Though more difficult than some woods to season properly, it holds its shape when thoroughly dried and is one of the most durable woods for which the manufacturers call. These qualities make it desirable for many purposes. The planing mills use the largest quantities, not only for porch, cornice, and other exterior wo-rk, but also for doors, sash, panels, moulding and other interior finish. The other seventeen industries in the State demanding this wood and the quantities used are listed in the following table: / 29 Table 14. — Consumption of Cypress (Bald), year ending June, 1912. Is;, Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- § 03 vania. sylvania. £3 p. Industry. a ig oi o 0) V ' 1 fe C^ "^ B fe &( Planing mill products, Boxes and crates, packing, Tanks and silos Dairymen's, poulterers', etc., . Car construction Ship and boat building, Fixtures, Furniture, Ladders Laundry appliances Agricultural implements, . . Caskets and coffins, Elevators Gates and fencing, Instruments, musical Manual training practice (sloyd) Vehicles and vehicle parts, . . . Machine construction, Total 18,790,200 1,719,230 1,13S,000 545,000 352,800 2S7,OO0 111,800 80,500 62,5U0 39,00« 30,000 2.«, am 10,000 3,840 2,500 1,750 1,000 150 23,195,2S0 81. 04 $39 68 7.41 16 62 4.90 56 32 2.35 37 02 1.52 37 93 1.24 55 64 .48 37 38 . .35 43 19 .27 54 64 .17 39 10 .13 35 GO .09 40 00 .04 55 00 .02 55 00 .01 43 60 .01 63 43 50 00 75 OO 100. 00- $38 94 $745,612 28,570 64,090 20,175 13,380 15,970 4,179 3,477 3,415 1,525 1,060 800 550 211 109 111 50 11 $903,285 18,790,200 1,719,250 1,138,000 545,000 352,800 287,000 111,800 80,500 62,500 39,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 3,840 2,500 1,750 1,000 150 23,19&,290 SPRUCE. Two species of eastern spruce, namely, red and white, and one north- western species, Sitka spruce, are reported by the Pennsylvania manufactur- ers. It is impossible from the information obtained to present separate statistics for the eastern species. The red spruce, the species common in New York, Maine, and New Hampshire, is the tree appearing on the mountains in various parts of Pennsylvania. In 1912 spruce was reported cut by 129 saw- mills of the State. The white spruce came into the State largely by water through the Great Lakes, from Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota, where it is the common lumber tree. In appearance, qualities and sizes white spruce resembles red spruce. Spruce lumber irrespective of species is being substituted for white pine, especially in constructive work, box making, tanks and silo manufacture, and many other less important places where white pine was formerly used. Compared with it, however, spruce is weaker, less durable, more brittle, harder to work, whiter and of finer grain. It is non- resinous and therefore valuable for containers of foodstuffs. The western wood, Sitka spruce, comes from Washington and is used for a few special pur- poses. The planing mills reported its entire amount. 30 Table 15. — Consumption of Spruce, year ending June, 1912. Boxes and crates, packing, ... Planing miU products, Car construction, Sliip and boat building, ' Refrigerators and kitchen cabi- nets Instruments, musical, Patterns and flasks, Ladders Frames and moulding, picture,.. Tanks and silos, Machinery and apparatus, elec- trical, Cfates and fencing, Elevators Vehicles and vehicle parts Fixtures Toys, Woodenware and novelties Miscellaneous, Total, 14,648,870 1,993,734 1,367,636 1,013,000 413, 800 325,500 223,988 191,000 100,000 100,000 87,700 36,000 101,000 8,000 1,500 1,300 1,000 10,000 2fli,539,0a« 71.32 $17 42 9.74 29 96 6.66 26 35 4.93 31 06 2.01 37 39 1.58 43 24 1.09 33 63 .93 43 40 .49 30 00 .49 30 00 .43 26 00 ".17 2S GO .05 30 00 .04 48 8S .01 42 00 .01 43 00 43 00 .05 201 00 lOO.OO $21 34 $255,211 59,904 36,032 31,464 15,474 14,075 7,533 8,290 3,000 3,000 3, 280 900 300 391 63 43 200 $438,216 *-H Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- O o C3 vania. sylvania. d aj Industry. It- o ■ a 4J o i S js 0) ^'=H J2 ■w r; P-^ o a c fa C^ <1 H fa- fa 975,350 176,350 189,700 200,000 190,000 10,000 1,000 1,786,400 13,673,520 1,823,384 1,177,936 813,000 2SS,8O0 325,500 179,988 191. 00« 100,000 100,000 87,700 36,000 7^000 1,500 1,300 l.OOO 10,000 18,752,628 DOUGLAS FIR. (Pseudotsuga taxifolia). Over tliree and a tliird million feet of Douglas fir, often called Oregon pine, is brought from the far western states to Pennsylvania to meet the demands of three industries: Ship building, planing mill products, and the manu- facture of tanks and silos. It is primarily reported for structural work, be- cause it possesses superior tensile strength, and, because it grows in large sizes and timbers of large dimensions are readily obtainable. In this latter respect it is the chief competitor of longleaf pine in the eastern and middle states. It is also valuable as a decorative wood, owing to its attractive grain and figure and the fact that it takes stain readily. This accounts for its rapid growth in popularity in recent years for doors, moulding, wainscot- ing, stairwork, and for other interior finish. 31 Table 16. — Consumption of Douglas Fir, year endii^g June, 1912. >^. Grown in Grown Out Quantity, o Pennsyl- of Penn- S =1 vania. sylvania. 1^ ;2 ^ d tc • ■4-: o r= a +j -o 3 s j£ a ^-5 o J2 .a 'a ^ti .5 "£ -M o o a; fa u^ ^ ^ fa fa Ship and boat building, Tanks and silos, Machine construction. Planing mill products, Car construction, Miscellaneous, Total, 2,521,000 450,000 200,000 108,500 70,23S 14,400 3,364,13$; 74.94 $42 41 13.37 43 33 5.94 51 25 3.23 43 33 2.09 45 55 .43 50 00 $43 19 lOO.OO 106,926 19,500 10, 250 4,701 3,199 720 ?145, 296 2,521,000 450,000 200,000 108,500 70,238 14,400 3,364,138 CEDARS. Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) . The Pennsylvania wood users report the use of three woods known as ced- ars. Two of them grow in Pennsylvania and the other is a western wood. Red cedar, often called juniper, has a range covering all the states east and several west of the Mississippi River, but now commercially most abundant in Tennessee and southward. The Pennsylvania factories consume annually 861,000 feet of this and only about two per cent, was cut in the State. It was called for by nine industries , the most important of which were makers of professional instruments, including the lead pencil makers, planing mill products, furniture and caskets. Table 17. — Consumption of Red Cedar, year ending June, 1912. +J >i Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- o =3 vania. sylvania. /3 CD Industry. o >■■ O a ^ « 3 4J a a § M^ • Feet iS 2:« < o 0) fa 1 Instruments, professional and scientific, Planing mill products, Furniture, Caskets and coilins Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies, Brushes, Boxes and crates, packing, Manual training practice (sloyd). Miscellaneous Total 240,000 213,000 178,100 169,000 45,000 23,000 5,000 400 5,000 878,500 27.32 m 00 2;4.2o 49 27 20.27 60 81 19.24 66 72 5.12 55 00 2.63 64 57 .57 35 00 .04 97 50 .57 401 00 100. OiO $56 29 $13,480 101,495 101,830 11,275 2,475 1,485 175 39 200 $49,454 10,000 5,000 2,500 17,500 240,000 203,000 178,100 169,000 45,000 18,000 2,500 400 5,000 861,000 32 Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata). The western cedar is the largest cedar that grows and it is the foremost shingle wood of the country. It is commonly cut into wide boards and plank and is more abundant than eastern cedar, but the wood is lighter, weaker, softer, less durable, and more spongy in texture. The red cedars are so named on account of the color of the heartwood and the white cedar on account of its lack of color. The planing mills are the only class of factories bring- ing the western red cedar into Pennsylvania. Southern White Cedar (Ghamaecyparis thyoides). Southern white c6dar grows principally near the Atlantic Coast on lowlands and is best developed in states from New Jersey southward. The western limit of its range is in the extreme eastern portion of Pennsylvania, but none of the wood the manufacturers used was State-grown. The boat builders and the tank and silo makers accounted for ninety-seven per cent, of all the nearly four million feet used in the State. White cedar lumber is readily seasoned, easily worked, splits straight, and is regarded the most durable of any of the domestic woods. It possesses a remarkably straight, fine grain and a fine compact structure. It is probable that a small per cent, of this wood reported as white cedar may have been the northern white cedar often called arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) , but there was nothing in the informa- tion received to indicate it. Arborvitae is found on high elevations as far south as North Carolina but south of New York State rarely attains sufficient size to be of any commercial importance. Table 18. — Consumption of Cedar, Southern White, year ending June, 1912. 03 o 1 fe ^ < fe fe Boxes and crates, packing Planing mill products, Laundry appliances, Chairs and chair stock Furniture Shuttles, spools, and bobbins, .. Handles, Car construction, Brushes, Woodenware and novelties Agricultural implements, Mine equipment Toys, Boards, Instruments, musical Vehicles and vehicle parts Machinery and apparatus, elec- trical, Baskets, fruit and vegetable,.. Pumps Fixtures Machine construction Butchers' blocks and skewers, .. Whips, canes, and umbrella sticks Weighing apparatus, Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- arists' supplies, Elevators, Boot and shoe findings, Sporting and athletic goods,.. Refrigerators and kitchen cab- inets, Pulleys and conveyors 11,647,000 9,6S1,S90 6,340,500 5.348,100 4,743,900 2,528,000 2,307,850 1,976,110 1,066,800 1,040,500 1,032,690 790,200 762,500 705,000 647,800 625,800 558,500 549.000 400,000 366,000 288,700 270,000 241,100 171,000 152,950 141,200 100,500 97,500 80,750 68,000 21.19 17.62 11.54 9.73 8.63 $16 43 23 75 23 75 18 54 26 72 4.60 4.20 3.60 1.94 1.89 24 85 19 02 18 14 23 22 23 34 1.88 1.44 1.39 1.28 1.18 28 04 IS 67 25 31 46 45 32 20 1.14 2? 67 1.02 1.00 .72 .67 34 85 • 18 15 17 00 23 17 .53 .49 29 69 20 37 .44 .31 17 57 33 13 .28 27 96 .26 .18 .17 49 74 55 86 36 14 .15 .12 28 71 43 68 $191,340 229,963 150,613 99,180 126,632 62,816 43,897 35,858 24,772 24,280 28,952 14.751 19,300 32,750 20,857 17,940 19,465 9,963 6,800 8,572 5.500 4,237 5,665 7.023 5,614 3,524 2,318 2,970 3,282,500 8,673,090 3,385,500 4,746,500 3,640,100 1,870,000 1,727,700 1,344,660 1,066,800 737,500 365,500 790,200 712,500 50,000 225,300 314,200 150,000 549,000 400,000 317,500 145,700 270,000 241,100 21,000 23,500 81,200 47,500 80,750 66,000 8,364,500 1,008,800 2,955,000 601,600 1,103,800 658,000 580,150 631,450 "'m,m 667,100 ""50^066 655,000 422,500 ■ 311,600 408,500 ""481500 143,000 150,000 129,450 60,000 100,500 50,000 38 Table 22 — Concluded. =(-* ^^ Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- =. a vania. sylvania. s Industry. ^ '^ =■ 1 1 t^- " S 1-2 ^. s 2 "£ 'i a>-M f % fR '- ^ fc ^ Patterns and flasks Ladders, ~. Caskets and coffins, Rollers and poles, Equipment, playground, Frames and moulding, picture. Ship and boat building, ....■ — Manual training practice (Sloyd) Instruments, protessional and scientific, Printing material, Plumbers' woodwork Miscellaneous Total, 50,550 50,000 35,000 27,425 23,000 20,000 3,500 3,350 930 500 300 11,500 54,955,805 .09 .09 .06 .05 .04 47 46 27 00 25 00 16 59 26 96 .04 .01 22 50 29 14 .01 50 45 40 00 SO 00 "".02 30 00 20 00 100.00 $22 29 2,399 1,350 S75 455 620 450 102 $1,225,049 38,850 50,000 27,000 3,000 20,000 2,500 3,050 11,500 35,482,200 11,700 35,o66 425 20,000 1,000 300 430 300 19,473,605 Red and Silver Maple. Red and silver maple both go in commerce under the name of soft maple. The former is cut from the hills and mountains of the State, where it grows abundantly and is associated with beech, birch, and hemlock, while the latter thrives best in bottomlands and along streams, in company with the willows; black ash, and river birch. The wood of these soft maples is similar to that of sugar maple except that it is lighter, softer, and slightly tougher. Relatively, they meet only a few uses and ^ are distributed among only nineteen industries. Maple lumber, including all species, ranks next to oak in the hardwood cut of Pennsylvania. Table 23. — Consumption of Red and Silver Maple, year ending June, 1912. . Grown iu Grown Out Quantity. 3 Penn.syl- of Penn- a vania. sylvania. r-T r* -^ a Industry. i& -■ g J.; o i S .a M/^ ^ j£ .d t; ci ij ■i -^ ^ f^ fe Furniture, Boxes and crates, packing, Chairs and chair stock, Toys, Shuttles, spools, and bobbins,.. Fixtures, .' Woodenware and noveltie.s Brushes, Baskets, fruit and vegetable, . . Whips, canes, and umbrella sticks 1,478,500 1,267,000 918,500 450,000 375,000 25.89 22.18 16.08 7.88 6.57 $25 49 12 38 28 17 24 00 26 43 260,000 210.525 156,000 145,000 4.55 3.68 2.73 2.54 15 00 14 43 18 96 20 00 107,000 1.87 26 45 $37,682 15,685 26,876 10,800 9,910 3,900 3,038 2.957 2,900 2,830 730,500 872, 000 155,000 450,000 40, 000 260,000 210,525 136,000 2,000 748,000 395.000 763,500 20,000 145,000 105,000 39 Table 23 — Concluded. « ^^ Grown in Quantity. 1 o Penn.syl- yania. 0- '- Industry. Ih s ^ a>-2 g a ^ £ 0/ ■- = &( -' ^ fe Grown Out of Penn- sylvania. Laundry appliances Planing mill products Vetiicles and veliicle parts, Instruments, musical, Printing material, Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- arists' supplies, Pulleys and conveyors Patterns and flasks Miscellaneous, Total 80,000 71,750 47,000 44,000 25,000 15,000 10,000 1,000 50,000 5,711,275 1.40 25 00 1.26 26 19 .82 26 13 .77 26 82 .44 31 60 .26 10 00 .18 14 00 .02 55 00 .88 100.00 14 00 $21 66 1,990 1,879 1.228 i;i80 790 $123,690 42,500 31,750 47,000 20,000 15,000 10.000 1,000 50,000 37,500 40,000 44,000 5,000 2,638,000 CHESTNUT. (Castanea dentata). Over 1,000 sawmills in Pennsylvania report the cut of chestnut, and the production of this lumber exceeds that of any other hardwood cut in the State. Manufacturers, classified among twenty-seven industries, report chest- nut for nearly 200 separate and distinct uses. Though Pennsylvania is second in importance in the production of chestnut lumber and annually cuts nearly twice as much as the manufacturers consume, only forty per cent, of the total quantity purchased was home-grown wood. The wood is coarse straight grained, light weight, moderately strong and hard, very stiff and brittle, dur- able when exposed, easily seasoned, and holds nails well. The wood is also rich in tannin and is therefore largely used in making tannin extracts. Its other valuable Qualities are ease in working, great porosity, stiffness, non- elasticity, light weight, and brittleness. It has an attractive grain and a beau- tiful figure, and therefore has lately grown in popularity for inside finish of houses and buildings. Nearly two-thirds of the reported usage by manufactur- ers in Pennsylvania is for these and other planing mill products. The largest, demand for chestnut is for rough forest products, as posts, telegraph poles, cross ties, mine props and tanning extract. The growing tree is subject to at- tacks by boring insects, which make the wood usually defective. Large quantities of the chestnut lumber used in Pennsylvania, therefore, are of the low grade known as "sound wormy" which shows the galleries of insect larvae, but is otherwise sound. It is this grade which the box makers use in amounts equal to more than twenty-three per cent, of the total , and it is this grade that the furniture manufacturers and piano builders demand for veneer backing, being light, holding its shape M^ell, and with a special affinity for glue, and is especially adapted for this purpose. The casket makers use chestnut ahead of any other wood as experience has proved that this wood is one of the most durable underground. The sound wormy grade is most frequently employed as the injury by the borers does not seem to affect particularly its lasting qualities. In recent years, the chestnut bark disease that has killed chestnut trees in New York and southern New England has made' great inroads on the stand 40 in Pennsylvania. Tlie rapid spread of tlie infection and its devastation in the infected areas of the State has produced such an alarming situation that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania adopted measures looking to the possible con- trol of the disease. A chestnut tree killed by the blight is killed by the gird- ling of the trunk. The disease does not injure the wood although it pene- trates a few annual rings. The problem of utilizing the blight killed wood, the Federal Government has ascertained, is merely a question of using dead timber. The wood generally answers for all purposes for which healthy chestnut is demanded, and recent official strength tests have proved that sound killed chestnut is fully as strong as live healthy wood. To owners of blight killed timber, the Forest Service has pointed out the necessity of its use within two years after death as subsequent to that period, deterioration, due to checking, insect injury and decay, is quite rapid. Table 24. — Consumption of Chestnut, year ending June, 1912. Quantity. Industry. E a ji a CD fe '"^ (H f^ Grown in Grown Out Pennsyl- of Penn- O c; vania. sylvania. T-H ^ a c ■w 9 >, :, c -J g a .0 ^ '^i A ^ -M :. 9tL s f Oi fcl - < ^ ^ fc Pumps, Agricultural implements, Tjadders, Instruments, musical, Sporting and athletic goods Pulleys and conve.vors, Rollers and poles, Machine construction Patterns and flasks, Ships and boat building Printing material Manual training practict , (sloyd), Miscellaneous, Total, 50,003 42,000' 22,000 20,000 20, 000 15,000 12,000 11,000 10, 000 2,500 2,000 600 175,003 40,244,300 .12 15 00 .10 22 86 .05 '18 27 .05 22 00 .05 17 25 .04 20 00 .03 14 00 .03 14 55 .03 25 00 .01 26 00 .01 30 00 28 33 .43 14 86 100.00 $17 42 750 960 402 440 345 300 168 160 $701,244 50,000 32,000 22,000 20,000 15,000 12,000 11.000 10,000 1,.500 2,000 600 175,003 10,000 20,000 12,687,400 RED GUM. ( Liqiiiclamhar styraciflua) . Red gum in late years has grown in commercial importance more than any other domestic wood. It was formerly considered of little value, owing to difficulty in seasoning; but with the coming of improved methods of kiln-dry- ing, both for veneer and lumber, these obstacles have been overcome and the wood has become available for a great number of uses. It was reported In Pennsylvania by twenty-three industries. The red gum tree grows in Pennsyl- vania, especially in the southeastern and middle portions of the State, where its cut was reported by 130 mills. It is not related, as its common name indi- cates, to the other gums, the water gum, and black gum, the cotton or tupelo gum, though often growing with them in the southern extension of its range. The red gum has a starlike leaf and bears its numerous seeds in spiny, round balls. The black gum has an oval leaf, and bears a small bluish black drupe containing a single seed. The wood of the red gum is fairly strong, soft and tough. It has a slightly interlocked grain, a fine, uniform texture, and takes a good polish. The color of the wood is not uniform. The sapwood is almost white and on the market is sold separately as sap gum. The heartwood is generally a reddish light brown. In some trees it is uniformly dark, while in others the dark wood runs in irregular streaks mottling the wood and giv- ing it a figure resembling Circassian walnut. Pennsylvania furniture makers use this wood in the largest quantities, finishing it often to imitate more ex- pensive hardwoods, mahogany, walnut, quarter-sawed oak, and cherry. 43 Table 26. — Consumption of Red Gum, year ending June, 1912. >. Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- g ^ vania. sylvania. ^ £! ■ p^ Industry. 8^ tt-' = -M o^ O S E a ■D TO -+.4 .Q .o fe 3 < o 0; Boxes and crates, packing, ... Cliairs and etiair stock Furniture, Planing mill products, Boxes, cigar, Vehicles and vehicle parts, Woodenware and novelties, .... Handles, Mine equipment Fixtures, Instruments, musical Frames and moulding, picture. Brushes, Car construction, Caskets and coffins Agricultural implements, Trunks and valises Whips, canes, and umbrella sticks Pipes, tobacco, Clocks Toys, Refrigerators and kitchen cab- inets, Manual training practice (sloyd) Total, 12.8C'6,0S4 4,326,000 2,297,000 1,610,300 549,750 315,500 225,000 195,000 150,000 94,000 50,000 50, 000 37,000 35,140 30,000 24,000 20,000 20,000 12,000 10,000 5,000 2,900 470 22,865,144 56.01 16 68 18.92 25 97 10.05 34 25 7.04 31 31 2.41 49 79 1.3S 32 37 .98 23 50 .85 29 38 .66 12 00 .41 44 00 .22 51 20 .22 30 00 .16 27 00 .15 27 02 .13 40 00 .11 36 00 .09 35 00 .09 50 CO .05 50 OO .04 60 00 .02 25 00 .01 50 00 100.00 72 34 $22 78 12,806,084 4,326,000 2,297,000 1,610,300 549,750 315,000 225,000 195,000 150,000 94,000 50,000 50,000 37,000 35.140 30,000 24,000 20,000 20,000 12,000 10,000 ,900 370 BASSWOOD. (Tilia americana) . Probably a larger per cent, of the cut of basswood in Pennsylvania goes to the manufacturers than that of any other hardwood. Pour hundred and thirty mills in 1912 report cutting over 10,000,000 feet, while the wood-using fac- tories consumed almost 8,000,000 feet, making more than 200 distinct com- modities. There is one species of basswood of commercial importance growing in Pennsylvania, and it is found in all parts of the State, but more abund- antly on rich, well drained soils. It is a favorite shade tree and for that pur- pose is extensively planted. Lumbermen often refer to the tree as linden and call the lumber "linn," but throughout its range it is probably most commonly known as basswood. This is due to the "bast" or inner bark, which is of considerable commercial importance for making cords, ropes, and doormats. Especially in midsummer is the tree easily identified, when the fragrant yel- low flowers attract the attention of the passer-by. Basswood is the softest hardwood and in its qualities is similar to yellow poplar and aspen. This wood is stiff, light, weak, and non-durable, with an intermediate grain, wide sapwood scarcely distinguishable, and a lack of taste and odor. It is more easily worked than any of the other hardwoods,. with the probable exception of yellow poplar, does not warp or check, is tough, and takes paint well. It is used by thirty-one of the wood-using factories, besides being preferred by slack coopers over all other woods for heading, particularly flour and sugar barrels. 44 TaWe 27. — Consumption of Basswood, year ending June, 1912. Industry. Quantity. Grown In Pennsyl- Grown Out of Penn- sylvania. Furniture, Boxes and crates, packing Planing njill products, Toys, Trunks and valises Woodenware and novelties, Frames and moulding, picture,.. Excelsior, Boxes, cigar Vehicles and vehicle parts, — Laundry appliances, Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- arists' supplies, Car construction, Ladders Instruments, musical, Fixtures, Baskets, fruit and vegetable, . . Ship and boat building, Agricultural implements, Brushes, Handles, Pulleys and conveyors Rollers and poles Boot and shoe findings Chairs and chair stock Refrigerators and kitchen cab- inets, Manual training practice (sloyd) Whips, canes, and umbrella sticks Machine construction, Clocks • Machinery and apparatus, elec- trical Total, 3,945,400 2,936,400 2,738,576 1,404,000 1,374,500 944,000 902,000 749.000 495,000 477,850 437,000 370.000 366,010 275,000 271,500 269,100 220,000 150,000 80,000 42,300 41,200 40,000 37,500 35,500 33,000 21,60ft 14,400 12,500 8,500 5,000 1S,69S,S 21.10 $35 13 15.70 16 93 14.65 30 97 7.51 40 80 7.35 27 SO 5.05 4.82 4.00 2.65 2.55 2.34 1.98 1.96 1.47 1.45 1.44 1.18 .80 .43 .22 .22 .21 .20 .19 .18 24 26 23 09 13 77 64 95 30 10 32 52 18 00 40 74 29 18 42 36 33 92 20 IS 16 00 31 06 34 96 29 73 20 00 20 00 50 73 22 12 31 11 43 06 32 48 36 47 60 00 55 60 $29 53 $138,592 49,708 84,811 57,286 38,209 22,905 20,825 10,315 32,150 14,384 14,210 6,660 14,911 8,025 11,500 9,128 4,440 2,400 2,485 1,479 1,225 800 750 1,801 730 $552,118 1,105,400 1,324,400 1,396,900 560,000 754,500 228,500 352,000 749,000 258,500 108,500 140,214 150,000 11,000 176,100 220,000 150,000 30,000 42,300 41,200 40,000 37.. 500 18,000 25,000 1,600 7,650 5,000 500 7,933,764 2,840,000 1,612,000 1,341,676 844,000 620,000 715,500 550,000 ""m,'m 219,350 328,500 370,000 225,796 125,000 260,500 93,000 17.500 8,000 20,000 6,750 7,500 8,000 5,000 2,000 10,765,072 BIRCHES. Three species of birch are of commercial importance in Pennsylvania. They are sweet or cherry birch, in Pennsylvania often called black birch (Betula lenta) , well distributed throughout the State ; yellow birch (Betula lutea) , found mainly on altitudes associated with beech, maple, ash, and elm; and that called red or river birch (Betula nigra) , of little commercial impor- tance, inhabiting the banks of streams and rivers in all parts of the State. In 1912, the cut of birch in Pennsylvania exceeded by nearly 8,000,000 feet the quantity of State-grown lumber reported by the manufacturers, these fac- tories drawing forty-three per cent, of their requirements from the producing regions of other States, principally New York and Vermont. Sweet birch lumber can be identified by the fact that its sapwood is nearly white and its heartwood red or nearly black. It is a fine wood, hard and strong, easily worked, takes a high polish, due, it is claimed, to the bright lining of the wood cells, and takes stains readily, which allows its use in imitation of more 45 expensive cabinet woods. It has an intermediate grain, is hard, dense, lieavy, moderately stiff, tougli and durable, rather difficult to season, hard to split, and rather easy to work. Curly birch is an accidental structure in the wood, due to cross grain corresponding to the similarly figured maples and is highly prized by cabinet makers and manufacturers of high class furniture. Yellow birch is also an excellent wood. Much of it is marketed with sweet birch without distinction. In Pennsylvania it was not possible to determine to what extent the two woods were desired for similar purposes, or for what uses the manufacturers preferred the one to the other; so accordingly they have been presented in this report under one name. In vehicle making birch bolts are used extensively in competition with elm for hubs, and it is in this industry that the red or river birch finds its chief market. Birch lumber cut from river birch is usually of low grade and most of that used in Pennsylvania was reported by the box makers, who used birch of all species in larger amounts than any other industry. The planing mills and fixture makers demanded birch for interior trim in imitation of mahogany, and the furniture makers called for it for the same reason be- cause it is the nearest approach to mahogany of any of the domestic woods. Table 28. — Consumption of Birch, year ending June, 1912. Quantity. s Grown in Pennsyl- Grown Out of Penn- o ^ Tania. sylvania. 0) Industry. a a Co 4J o a J2 a OJ-M > =3 < 1 Boxes and crates, packing Planing mill products, Vehicles and vehicle parts, Furniture, Laundry appliances, Chairs and chair stock, Fixtures, Toys Woodenware and novelties, Mine equiptnent, Car construction Handles, Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- arists' supplies, Plumbers' woodwork, Instruments, musical, Baskets, fruit and vegetable, . . Refrigerators and kitchen cab- inets, Brushes Pumps Printing material, Agricultural implements, Rollers and poles Pulleys and conveyors Frames and moulding, picture. Clocks, Machine construction : Pipes, tobacco, Caskets and coffins, Miscellaneous, Total, 5,999,000 4,493,442 1,514,500 1,138,270 1,090,000 992,400 S32,300 617.000 466,500 336,075 312.845 207,750 100,000 95,000 90,000 70,000 65,000 51,000 50,000 30,000 20,000 12.000 10,000 7,500 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 25,000 18,635,582 32.19 $16 76 24.11 39 84 8.13 4S 11 6.11 29 10 5.85 12 72 5.33 30 05 4.47 36 60 3.31 23 84 2.50 25 95 1.80 24 23 1.68 28 86 1.11 18 13 .54 18 00 .51 30 95 .48 23 89 .38 22 43 .35 25 15 .27 14 02 .27 17 00 .16 50 00 .11 24 00 .06 14 00 .05 20 00 - .04 75 00 .02 45 00 .02 25 00 .01 50 00 .01 24 00 .13 14 00 100.00 ?28 05 $100,556 179,033 72,864 33,126 13,860 29,824 30,461 14,708 12,105 8,143 9,029 3,766 1,800 2,940 2,150 1,570 1,635 715 850 1,500 480 168 200 562 ISO 75 100 24 350 $522,774 2,488,500 2,138,844 455,000 525,900 1,070,000 583,500 438,500 617,000 230.000 336,075 231,045 205,250 100,000 75,000 50,000 70,000 30,000 51,000 50,000 10,000 20,000 12,000 10,000 3,000 1,000 25,000 9,826,614 3,510,500 2,354,598 1,059,500 612,370 20,000 408,900 393,800 ""'236,'500 81,800 2,500 20,000 40,000 35,000 '20,066 7,500 4,000 2,000 46 THE HICKORIES. Two industries in Pennsylvania, vehicle parts and handles, together use nearly five-sixths of the 18,000,000 feet of hickory going into products of final manufacture. The remainder is divided in varying small amounts among eigh- teen industries, of which car building, making of mine sprags, and machine construction are the principal ones. On account of the variety of special uses for which hickory is demanded, a large amount of waste is occasioned, both in the preparation of the raw material as well as in the finished commod- ity. This waste probably exceeds that of any other valuable hardwood. Six species of hickory grow in Pennsylvania and some of them are found more or less generally throughout the State. In the tree they can be readily identified by their botanical characteristics, but when cut into lumber the species are difficult to distinguish. The information available to guide in their separation was so meager that they are therefore presented in this re- port under the generic name hickory. The growing scarcity of hickory, to- gether with the fact that no suitable substitutes have been found for it in a number of its special uses, accounts for the high average price the manu- facturers paid for it. Apart from its scarcity, the wood is a most valuable one, owing to its combination of qualities of extraordinary hardness, strength, toughness, and fiexibility. No such combination exists in any other domestic hardwood. Further, it has a straight grain, is moderately elastic, hard to split, and very perishable; it is a difficult wood to season and to work and to be made to hold its shape. Table 29. — Consumption of Hickory, year ending June, 1912. +^ >> Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- s 5 vania. sylvania. ^ s Industry. 1^ o c " t^ ^ a .^ i "^ ^ J X ■^ i^ $ t; ^ - < '^ fe Vehicles and vehicle parts. Handles, Car construction, Mine equipment, Machine construction, Agricultural implements, Planing mill products Shuttles, spools, and bobbins,.. P.utchers' hlocks and skewers, .. Ship and boat building Whips, canes, and umbrella sticks Ladders, Chairs and chair stock, Saddles and harness Pollers and poles, Woodenwaro and novelties Fixtures Manual training ])ractice (sloyd) Furniture Printing material, Total, 10,819,552 3,973,350 1,115,306 816,363 69!), 000 124, 400 80,100 63,000 50,000 28,000 26.000 25,000 15,001) 10', 000 2,500 2,500 1,000 934 750 500 60. '60 $48 51 22.26 31 97 6.25 24 50 4.57 13 51 3.91 27 27 .70 33 41 .45 27 03 .35 46 98 .28 18 00 .16 65 00 .15 55 85 .14 IS 00 .08 17 20 .06 60 00 .01 60 00 .01 60 00 .01 65 00 .01 70 66 81 33 100.00 50 00 $40 59 $524,895 127,045 27,325 11,031 19,063 4,156 2,165 2,960 900 1,820 1,452 450 258 600 150 ,$724,635 3,642,252 2,599,300 343,697 816,363 643,000 99,400 70,100 30,000 50,000 26,500 25.000 15,000 2,500 2,500 1,000 234 250 500 8,367,596 7,177,300 1,374,0.50 771.609 25,000 10,000 33,000 "iisoo 26,000 io'ooo 700 500 9,485,659 47 THE ASHES. Ash is one of the most widely distributed of tlie North American trees. It ranges from tlie Rocky Mountain states eastward tlirough every state but Maine, and the fact that 606 Pennsylvania sawmills in 1912 reported cutting this wood, indicates that the tree is also well distributed throughout this State. Manufacturers do not distinguish the species for particular uses but, like the oaks, they separate them into classes, white ash and black ash. In Pennsylvania the white ash (Fraximis americana) and black ash (Fraxinus nigra) are the most important commercial species of ash growing within the State and they make up the bulk of the material which the Pennsylvania manufacturers consume. The white ash is one of Pennsylvania's valuable hardwoods. It possesses a coarse, straight grain, fine texture, is moderately hard and strong, besides being rather resilient and tough. However, it lacks durability. The manufacture of vehicle parts, handles, agricultural imple- ments, boats, sporting goods, and framework of various kinds where the Qualities of strength and toughness are desired call principally for white ash, both in Pennsylvania and the country at large. The uses of black ash are quite different from those of the white ash be- cause of its different qualities. It is much softer, not as strong or as elastic, and is more durable. Black ash has a pronounced attractive figure and is more desirable for decorative work. It is, therefore, called on to meet large demands for interior finish of houses, railroad and trolley cars. The lack of taste and odor makes ash valuable for containers of foodstuffs, such as butter tubs, woodenware, flour barrels, and boxes of various kinds. Only forty-six per cent, of the ash going into further manufacture was State- grown, in spite of the fact that the lumber cut exceeded by over 4,000,000 feet the amount of home-grown material used. Table 30. — Consumption of Ash, year ending June, 1912. Industry. Quantity. ■■4H ^_ Gi-o\vn in Grown Out g o Pennsyl- vania. of Penn- sylvania. '"' a> ^ o 4_, 9 >^ m" =,? COS S s M« a, -M (S ^ _^ " < H fa fe Car construction, Vehicles and vehicle parts. Handles, Planing mill products, Woodenware and novelties, Ag-ricultural implements Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- arists' supplies, Ship and boat building, Toys, Furniture, Plumbers' woodwork Chairs and chair stock Saddles and harness, Elevators, ., Trunks and valises, Machine construction , Equipment, playground Boxes and crates, packing, ,. Fixtures, Mine equipment, .,..,,. 4,396,915 30.74 $56 70 3,590,472 25.10 44 16 1,969,750 13.77 28 45 791,315 5.53 51 89 634,500 4.43 30 67 599,100 4.19 38 73 400', 000 2.80 15 00 388,700 2.72 41 47 320,000 2.24 42 03 175,500 1.23 28 43 110,000 .77 34 00 104,300 .73 24 54 100,000 .70 44 80 93,000 .65 71 17 87,500 .61 36 42 83,000 .58 44 88 75,000 .52 33 00 54,200 .38 23 51 49,900 .35 58 62 43,425 .30 22,01 $249,311 1.58,564 56,032 41,062 19,462 23,202 6,000 16,118 13,450 4,989 3,740 2,5.59 4,480 6,619 3,187 3,725 2,475 1,274 2,925 956 933,908 2,096.204 1,1.30,750 533,165 259,500 103,100 395,000 262,700 182,500 82,500 37,300 76,000 43,600 87,500 5,000 37, .500 53,500 41,000 43,425 3,463,007 1,494,268 839,000 258,150 375,000 496,000 5.00O 126,000 137,500 93,000 110.000 67,000 24,000 49, 400 78,000 37,500 700 8,900 48 Table 30 — Concluded. ^■ f. Grown In Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- vania. sylvania. u j£ a Industry. o h o a a o " p o fa di ■< fa fa Refrigerators and kitchen cab- inets Baskets, fruit and vegetable,.. Sporting and athletic goods, .. Machinery and apparatus, elec- trical Instruments, professional and scientific, Pulleys and conveyors, Brushes, Frames and moulding, picture. Rollers and poles, Instruments, musical, Ladders, Manual training practice (sloydj. Laundry appliances Weighing apparatus, Miscellaneous, Total, 32,000 30,000 30,000 25,000 15,000 15,000 12,600 10,000 6,150 5,300 4,000 I.IO'O 1,000 900 50,000 14,304,627 .22 38 19 .21 21 00 .2.1 66 83 .17 60 00 .10 58 67 .10 30 00 .09 34 29 .07 35 00 .04 32 68 .04 44 34 .03 70 00 .01 70 91 .01 2o 00 .01 93 08 .85 25 00 100. OO $44 02 1,222 630 2,005 1,500 880 450 432 350 201 235 280 78 25 84 1,250 $629,752 4,000 30,000 30,000 5,000 7,000 12, 600 10,000 5,000 5,000 4,000 300 1,000 900 50,000 6,568,952 28,000 25,000 10,000 8,000 1,150 300 7,735,675 45.92% in. 54.0 THE ELMS. Only two species of elm were reported by the Pennsylvania wood users, white elm (XJlmus americana) and cork elm fUlmus racemosa) ; but it is possible that small quantities of slippery elm (JJlmus pubescens)^(U. fulva) were used, but because it is cut in this State in only small quantities it is usually mar- keted mixed with white elm and, therefore, was not identified and reported separately. Cork elm is the most valuable of the three elms because the wood is most durable, but white elm in Pennsylvania is the most abundant species and composes the largest proportion of the 3,000,000 feet of elm that the Pennsylvania sawmills cut in 1912. Elm, irrespective of species, is' one of the strongest and most elastic hardwoods growing in Pennsylvania. In addition to being heavy, tough, hard, and dense, it is hard to work and difficult to season. The two species reported are together demanded by 16 industries. The largest amount of the cork elm went to the vehicle maker, while the chair industry was foremost in demanding the white elm. The trunk makers also bid for a large amount of this wood for slat material. 49 Table 31. — Consumption of Elm*, year ending June, 1912. -4J Grown in Grown Out Quantity. t^ Pennsyl- of Penn- vania. sylvania. OJ .a Industry. oh a a ^0 a) V a a J3 fo a) fa ^ Chairs and chair stock, Trunks and valises, Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- arists' supplies, Woodenware and novelties, Vehicles and vehicle parts, ... Boxes and crates, packing Baskets and veneer packages for fruit and vegetables, Car construction, Agricultural implements Elevators, Toys, Patterns and flasks, Mine equipment, Planing mill products, Machine construction, Total, 6,213,500 1,837,500 600,000 500,000 484,400 429,800 115,000 63,343 50,000 32,500 25.000 15,000 8,800 4,000 2,000 10,380,843 59.85 17.70 $26 76 30 82 5.78 4.83 4.67 25 00 28 00 35 92 4.14 24 20 1.11 .61 .48 .31 21 87 49 43 25 00 64 98 .24 .14 .OS .04 .02 21 00 33 00 26 14 23 00 50 00 100.00 $27 95 $166, 56, 15, 14, 17, $290,116 62,000 250,000 250,000 95,800 132,300 115,000 50,000 20,500 12,500 4,000 1,000,900 6,151,500 1,587,500 350,000 500,000 388,600 297,500 63,343 ii'ooo 12,500 15,000 2,000 9,379,943 9.64% in. 90.36% out. *The white and cork elm groups have been combined in this table. In Part II of this report the information is given separately. COTTONWOOD. (Populus deltoiclesj. Cottonwood belongs to a widely distributed tree family, which includes the willows, aspen, balm of gilead, and other poplars (not yellow poplar). The Cottonwood referred to in this report is the Popuhis cleltoides, the tree found in large sizes and most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley. It grows in moist soil in almost all the states east of the Rocky Mountains. Owing to the difficulty in seasoning cottonwood, it is better adapted for veneer than lumber. Yellow and white cottonwood are often distinguished in trade. The former refers to the heartwood, the latter to the light colored sapwood of the tree. However, the amount consumed for veneer production in the United States is only about 10 per cent, of the lumber cut. The manufacturers of built up lumber used this wood in large amounts as veneer. On account of its qualities of toughness, flexibility, and its capacity for being easily worked, it is especially adapted for bent work as in vehicle bodies and auditorium chairs. It is also popular with trunk makers for trunk boxes and tops. The lumber serves many uses as a substitute for basswood and yellow poplar, and, like these woods, is light, weak, and non-durable; but of fine even texture and a lack of taste and odor. The last two named qualities commend it as a material for food containers, while for packing cases and crates its other excel- lent qualities, combined with its whitish color, make it especially desirable as a background for printing and stenciling. This tree is not commonly cut in Pennsylvania, which accounts for the fact that only about one and one- half per cent, of the total amount used was State-grown. Eleven industries 50 together demand over six and one-third million feet of cottonwood, of which 74 per cent, is used by the box industry, nearly 8 per cent, for laundry ap- pliances, and 6 per cent, by the furniture makers. Table 32. — Consumption of Cottonwood, year ending June, 1912. Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- vania. sylvania. ^. ^ ludustry. o >-• s g +: '^ 3 o = g -■ ^ tccj o ^ .= O o fe Ch < ^ ^ "^ Boxes and crates, packing, .... Laundry appliances, Furniture, : Planing mill products, Trunks and valises, Eefrigerators and kitchen cab- inets, Vehi'cles and veliicle jjarts Fixtures Sporting and athletic goods, .. Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- arists' supplies, Pulleys and conveyors Total, , 4,680,000 500,000 380,000 330,000 177,350 150,000 64,000 40,000 10,000 2,500 2,Cft0 73.86 •124 60 7.89 32 90 6.00 34 87 5.21 25 36 2. SO 37 95 2.37 32 00 1.01 34 ?S .63 38 50 .16 32 00 .04 40 00 ,.03 21 00 100.00 ?26 6C $115,135 W, 450 13,250 8,370 6,731 4,800 2,200 1,540 320 $168,938 24, 000 20,000 2,500 2,000 4,640,000 5CO.O0O 380,000 330,000 177,350 150,000 40,000 20,000 10,000 6,247,350 THE GUMS. Black gum is the common name given in various states to three trees, black or sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) , cotton gum or tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) , and water gum (Nyssa Mflora) , all belonging to the dogwood family. Red gum, though it bears the name of "gum" does not belong to the same family and, therefore, has been discussed under a separate heading. One of the above named species, the black or sour gum. grows within the State. It is found in wet lowlands and along the slopes of the foothills and mountains. It is not abundant and only a little over 5 per cent, of the total of nearly ■5,000,000 feet used by 11 industries is State-grown wood. It attracts atten- tion by its bright green summer foliage, which in the autumn turns to brilliant yellow and red, and also by its clusters of two or three oblong berries of bluish black color and sour taste. The v/ood of this tree has an interlaced fiber and is difficult to split and work; hence it is valuable for certain special uses, such as vehicle hubs, pulleys, mine rollers, mauls, mallets, and cogs. In the South it is cut into veneer and goes into wooden dishes, berry cups, fruit baskets, and veneer boxes. 51 Table 33. — Consumption of Black Gum, year ending June, 1912. _^ Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- g vania. sylvania. ° i. ndustvy. o h 6 a +j ^ o o a a - V bna ^ s ■^ ^ £, < 1 o a. Poxes and crates, packing,.... Mine equipment, Vehicles and vebicle parts Baskets, fruit and vesetable, .. Pulleys and conveyors, Instruments, professional and scientific, Eollers and poles, Ship and boat building, Fixtures Car construction, Patterns and flasks, Total, 3,aS9,80O 62.33 $15 36 1,628,460 .32.85 24 37 181,800 3.67 37 57 20.000 .41 22 00 14,000 .28 33 71 12,000 .24 52 83 6,000 .12 20 00 3,000 .06 70 00 1,000 .02 28 00 600 .01 58 00 500 .01 24 00 $19 34 4,957,160 100.00 $47,463 39,678 6,831 634 120 210 28 35 12 $95,923 219,216 31,500 20,000 2,000 272,716 3,089,800 1,409,244 150, 300 " "i4,'666 10,000 6,000 3,000 1,000 600 500 ,684,444 Cotton Gum (Nyssa aquatica). Most of the cotton gum or tupelo lumber came from Virginia and the Caro- linas. It grows only on the swamps and lowlands and in lumber can be dis- tinguished from the black (sour) gum by its darker yellowish hue, its ten- dency to split straight, besides being soft and more easily worked. Nearly 6,000,000 feet of this wood is demanded by eight industries. The box makers use most of it. Cigar box material also claims a fairly large amount. The two industries together consume 92 per cent, of the total. Table 34. — Consumption of Cotton Gum, year ending June, 1912. Industry. Quantity. — ' o '^ 1-1 J_l -4 ^_, >) o o ■OL -t-l > « < Grown in Pennsyl- vania. Grown Out of Penn- sylvania. P>oxes and crates Boxes, cigar, Furniture, Planing mill products, Agricultural implements, . Instruments, musical, Woodenware and novelties, Toys, Total 3,458,722 2,043,917 236,500 151,648 35,000 20,000 6,900 5,000 58.05 $14 13 34.31 63 37 3.97 33 54 2.54 26 55 .59 36 00 .34 25 00 .12 ,20 00 .08 20 00 100.00 $32 29 $48,873 129,519 7,933 4,027 1,260 500 138 100 $192,350 3,458,722 2,043,917 236,500 151,648 35,000 20,000 6,900 5,000 5,957,687 52 CHERRY. (Prunus serotina). In the lumber cut of claerry, Pennsylvania is second only to "West Virginia. Notwithstanding the fact that the production of cherry in Pennsylvania is nearly 5,000,000 feet more than the consumption, one-third of the require- ments of the manufacturers was supplied by the forests of other states. Black cherry is the only cherry species used commercially. Its technical quality is high in that it combines strength and hardness, a fine straight grain, compact structure, and stability. It also takes a fine polish and excels most other hardwoods in its capacity to hold its shape. It is this quality which commends it for electrotype backing. In Pennsylvania this is its chief use. The car manufacturers give it preference over any other domestic wood for the best grade interior finish of passenger coaches. It is a favorite with the fixture and furniture manufacturers. The qualities, in addition to those mentioned above, are durability, stiffness, density, and ease in splitting. It is somewhat brittle, with a fine, straight grain. Table 35. — Consumption of Black Cherry, year ending June, 1912. ^• Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- o s vania. sylvania. .. «M C, Industry. o h o tt-j a £3 a 0) o bccs a'" o a a - a! > a o 0) &( CM '' fe -^ Printing material, Brushes, Car coustructiou, Planing mill products, Fixtures Furniture, Patterns and flasts, Poxes and crates, packing. .... Caskets and coflBns, Instruments, professional and scientific, Handles Refrigerators and kitchen cab- inets, Weighing apparatus , Instruments, musical, Plumbers' woodwork Vehicles and vehicle parts Manual training practice (sloyd) Sporting and athletic goods, .. Total 1,166,800 482,900 431,414 177,385 128,700 113,900 86,894 ■ 70,00'0 20,000 10,000 7,500 7,500 7,500 4,400 4,400 2,250 1.850 lOO 42.84 17.73 15.84 6.51 4.73 $29 14 25 43 60 50 64 48 66 14 4.18 3.19 2.57 .73 34 74 71 58 19 OO 60 OO .37 100 00 .28 50 00 .28 .28 .16 .16 62 50 27 00 75 68 94 5.5 .08 91 56 .07 55 68 46 00 100.00 $39 73 $34,003 12,282 26,140 11,438 8,512 3,957 6,220 1,330 1,200 1,000 375 469 202 333 416 206 103 $108,191 634,000 482,900 216,951 110,085 83,250 105,600 54,644 70,000 • 20,000 2,500 7,500 7,500 3,600 400 2,000 1,850 100 1,802,880 214,463 67,300 45,450 8,300 32,250 10,000 5,000 SOO 4,000 920,613 BLACK WALNUT. (Juglans nigra). The cut of black walnut in Pennsylvania is equal to three times the total consumed by the factories and five times the quantity of the home grown wood that they report. Black walnut is the most expensive hardwood native to Pennsylvania and was demanded by 17 industries. It is very durable, easy to work, hard, porous, strong, stiff, heavy, stable in place, non-elastic, and with an intermediate straight grain. The makers of caskets and cofiins used 53 the most, followed by the manufacturers of organs and furniture, using nearly equal Quantities, and by 14 other industries demanding varying smaller amounts. Table 36. — Consumption of Black Walnut, year ending June, 1912. . Grown in Grown Out Quantity. ^ Pennsyl- of Penn- g vania. svlvania. 03 fa Ph '>1 B fa &< Caskets and coffins, Instruments, musical Furniture, Planing mill products, Car construction, Chairs and ebair stock, Fixtures Clocks, Patterns and flasks, Frames and mouldings, picture. Machinery and apparatus, elec- trical, Vehicles and vehicle parts, Handles Brushes Manual ti'aining practice (sloyd). Plumbers' woodwork, Miscellaneous, Total 214,000 131,200 130,000 77,265 56,890 50,000 35,860 21,000 14,500 10,500 2,. 500 1,400 1,050 1,000 850 300 34,200 782,615 27.35 $59 50 16.77 44 05 16.61 95 04 9.87 111 31 7.27 101 13 6.39 66 OS 4.58 82 91 2.6S 50 95 1.85 50 CO 1.34 80 67 .32 40 OO .18 91 42 .14 81 90 .13 80 00 .11 87 06 .04 35 00 4.37 71 SI ICO. 00 $72 94 $12,732 5,779 12,365 8,600 5,753 3,304 2,973 1,070 725 847 100 128 10 2,456 182,000 67,700 21,000 52,365 44,000 28,860 21,000 4,500 4,500 2,500 1,100 1,050 1,000 650 3O0 10,200 443,705 32,000 63,500 100,100 24,900 55,910 6,000 7,000 10,000 6,000 24,000 338,910 SYCAMORE. (Platanus occidentalis). Not more than 4J per cent, of the requirements of the Pennsylvania wood- users was drawn from the State-grown sycamore. This is not surprising, as this species is not an important lumber tree in this State. Sycamore's fine grain revealed by rift sawing and its rich color commend its use for cabinet work. It has a coarse, distinct grain, somewhat contorted, and is hard,- heavy, stiff, hard to split, moderately strong and durable, difficult to season and to work, and unstable in holding its shape. Forty-two mills report it, but only in small quantities. Probably the most exacting use of this wood in the country at large is for butcher blocks, but in Pennsylvania none of the manufacturers report using it for that purpose. The chair makers de- manded the most that was used, almost 72 per cent, of the total, while the rest was about equally distributed among five other industries, the brush makers being the most important. 54 Table 37. — Consumption of Sycamore, year ending June, 1912. Industry. Quantity. +-j Grown in Grown Out Pennsyl- of Penn- o Tama. sylvania. C3 .O a O "t^ • . 4-> a o ^« '"^ ^ .a < ^ ^ ^ Chairs anrt oliair stocli, ... Brushes. Furniture Planing mill products Ship and boat building, . Boxe.s and crates, packing, Total 500,00'0 71,000 66,170 28,300 20,000 11,603 697,073 71.73 $25 00 10.19 26 00 9.49 43 89 4.05 45 72 2.S7 65 0* 1 66 16 O'O $2S 73 100.00 12,500 1,846 2,904 1,294 1,300 186 $20,030 3,000 17,O'O0 11,603 31,608 50O, 000 71,000 63,170' 11,300 20,000 665,470 HORNBEAM. (Ostrya virginiana). ' , Hornbeam is frequently called ironwood because of its great weight and strength. It has an intermediate grain, is somewhat contorted, is very hard and dense, tough, stiff, durable, and difficult to split, besides being heavy, difficult to season and hard to work, but capable of wearing smooth by use. The wood being heavy, tough, and resilient, is used extensively by the handle makers and the manufacturers of vehicle parts. Its other uses in this State are for mine sprags and for sides of cheese boxes. It is possible that the material reported for the last named use may have been blue beech (Carpinus caroliniana) , which is also called ironwood and closely resembles hornbeam. Nearly three-fourths of the total amount of the material that is used was supplied by the State, while of that coming from a distance a part was supplied by Canadian forests. Table 38. — Consumption of Hornbeam, year ending June, 1912. Industry. Handles, Vehicles and vehicle parts, Mine equipment (sprags), Dairymen's, poulterers', and apiarists' supplies, 'I'otal, Quantity. 415,500 100,000 21,684 10, Ofl* 547,184 ^■ Grown in o Pennsyl- o o o vania. i j£ ~ 6 oh %j ^3 ^_, a OJ V .Q a,' +-' > n 5 < ^ fc 75.93 18.28 3.96 1.83 100.00 $49 53 30 00 13 14 12 00 .'i;43 S3 .?20,5S0 3,000 285 $23,985 Grown Out of Penn- sylvania. 315,500 50, 000 21,684 10,000 397,184 100,000 50,000 55 BLACK LOCUST. (Robinia pseuclacacia^=R. Pseudo-Acacia). All the black locust used by the Pennsylvania manufacturers was grown in the State, and in quantity was equal to more than one-tenth of the total lumber cut of locust in the United States. This was because the wood is demanded for uses which usually require raw material in the forms of billets and bolts, and it is an exception that it leaves the sawmills in the form of planks or boards. Only three industries use this wood in Pennsylvania and two of them cut it into billet form. They are the makers of insulator pins, brackets, and mine sprags. The third industry, vehicle part manufacture, purchases locust in bolt form and uses it for wagon hubs. This species has the distinction of being the most durable native hardwood both in the open when exposed and in contact with the ground, thus accounting for its exten- sive demand for fence posts. It has a coarse, straight grain, is hard, porous, heavy, and tough, splits easily, holds its shape well, and easily turned. Table 39. — Consumption of Black Locust, year ending June, 1912. \ ^ Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- s vania. sylvania. '"' - Industry. o>- o a ^ " 3 o a a .d Z ^'- o £5 .Q CS fa < H ^ fe Insulator pins and brackets, Mine equipment ( sprags ) , Vehicles and vehicle parts, 463,508 31,350 11,000 91.63 6.20 2.17 $23 9(1 10 IS IS 73 $11,07G 319 20(1 463,500 31,350 11,000 505, 850 Total, •505,850 100.00 $22 93 $11,605 CUCUMBER. (Magnolia actiminata). This tree frequents the mountain slopes and grows to large and symmetrical dimensions. It is a member of the magnolia family, which includes the yellow poplar. It derives its name from the similarity in form and appearance of its fruit cone to the cucumber. The appearance and technical quality of the wood so resemble yellow poplar and the uses of the two are so nearly identical that as a rule they are marketed together without distinction. Owing to this fact it is probable that the manufacturers use more cucuinber than the table shows, and it also accounts for Pennsylvania's not being included with West Virginia and Virginia in the production of this kind of lumber. The prin- cipal industries using this wood are planing mill products and boxes. 56 Table 40. — Consumption of Cucumber, year ending June, 1912. -m' Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- § vania. sylvania. ^ .o p. Industry. oh d a +J " o o a a .Q bu s £i ^ o b CM <1 B fe fcl Planing mill products, ... Boxes and crates, Pulleys and conveyors, .. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Agricultural implements, Total 267,3019 70', OCO 10,000 3,800 300 351, 400 76.07 $27 00 1&.92 17 00 2.85 18 00 1.08 25 00 .08 30 00 lOO.OO $24 73 $7,217 1,190 180 95 $8,693 255,300 "iojooo 300 235,600 42,000 70,000 BUCKEYE. Buckeye, like cucumber, often loses its identity and goes to market mixed with yellow poplar. It is called for separately by the manufacturers of arti- ficial limbs to meet what may probably be termed its most exacting use, but for this purpose was not reported in Pennsylvania. The wood is light, soft, cross grained, compact, and diflBcult to split. The color is creamy white and so uniform that the sapwood can hardly be distinguished from the heartwood. Two species of buckeye are native to Pennsylvania, the fetid buckeye (Aesculus glabra) and the yellow or sweet buckeye (Aesculus octandra). The western part of this State is the eastern limit of both species and it is impossible to ascertain the quantity of each that the manufacturers use. This wood is more evenly distributed among the various classes of manu- facture calling for it than any other shown in this report. Table 41. — ^Consumption of Buckeye, year ending June, 1912. Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- s o vania. sylvania. 3 .a a Industry. oh a ^ " s 4.J o a a ^ bjci ^ JD J2 % tH -^ a o +J 0) &< CL| < in fc< fa Laundry appliances, Woodeuware and novelties, Bo.xes and crates, packing, Planing mill products, ... Total 125,000 83,700 SO, 50'!) 35,000 324,200 3S.56 25.82 24.83 10.79 $28 00 25 OO 22 99 20 71 100.00 $25 19 $3,500 2,093 1,851 725 $8,168 125,000 40,000 19,000 184,000 83,700 40,500 16,000 140,200 57 APPLEWOOD. (Pyrus species). This wood may be of many species and is consumed in larger quantities in Pennsylvania than in any other state in which reports similar to this have been made. It is demanded for a few special purposes, the manufac- ture of smoking pipes being the most important, while under the heading of printing material, it is used for wood type. As in other states, it is used for making carpenters' tools, particularly handsaw handles. Table 42. — Consumption of Applewood, year ending June, 1912. +J Grown in Grown Out Quantity. t4 Pennsyl- of Penn- § vania. sylvania. u 0) si p. Industry. ■w o a ^ " o +J a" a a htlfi .Q ji -*-» Cli 4-» fe h < C^ fe fe Pipes, smol 172,435 1 1 70.42 29.00 .58 $52 42 40 00 50 00 100.09 1 $48 84 ?6,372 2,000 50 $8,422 61,435 25,000 1,000 87,435 60,000 25,000 85.000 DOGWOOD. (Cornus florida). Nearly all of the dogwood going into final manufacture in Pennsylvania was grown in the State. It is exceedingly hard, strong, of compact structure, and tough, and these qualities together with its ability to wear smooth give it preference over any other wood in the manufacture of shuttles, and com- mend it for mine sprags. These two industries use 95 per cent, of the total amount reported. Three other industries use the remainder. Table 43. — Consumption of Dogwood, year ending June, 1912. Industry. «H Grown in Grown O-at Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- g 4.^ vania. sylvania. OS oh =H a a o 0)0 o a a 4.J GJ +.» c! 4-) +J fe (u « o C5 o Ol Bi CLi H ^ &, Planing mill products, Boxes and crates, packing, . . . Car construction Furniture, ' Ctiairs and chair stock Veliicles and vehicle parts, .. Ship and boat building, Caskets and coffins Mine equipment, Fixtures Boards— cloth, hosiery, etc., .. Patterns and flasks, Handles, Laundry appliances Boxes, cigar, Woodenware and novelties, ... Tanks and silos, Machine construction, Agricultural implements, Toys Trunks and valises, Brushes, Shuttles, spools, and bobbins. Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies, Instruments, musical 281,717,600 273,804,094 22S,3SO,90'0 58,995,170 33,117,000 25.28 24.58 20.50 5.29 2.97 ?33 46 18 00 20 53 35 24 25 80 31,S0a,509 26,716,000 13,982,500 11,948,897 11,888,220 2.85 2.40 1.26 1.07 1.07 42 63 38 44 29 77 19 52 42 25 11,775,000 11,495,011 11,014,907 10,795,700 9,930,755 1.06 l.OS .99 .97 .89 26 69 51 39 26 68 22 17 92 77 8,574,780 7,853,200 7,040,350 7,004,800 6,421,50(1 .77 .71 .63 .63 .58 23 57 36.07 28 33 32 89 28 37 4,122,850 4,037,090 3,347,985 .37 .36 .30 29 72 22 34 27 U 3,240,450 2,945,000 .29 .26 23 82 39 38 $9,427,936 4,928,991 6,743,700 2,078,971 854,412 1,355,655 1,026,722 416,278 233,283 508,323 314,315 590,708 293,919 239,336 921,242 202,141 283,240 206,508 230,387 182,193 122,520 90,189 90, 888 77,188 115,982 83,652,088 51,353,325 41,069,552 19,045,400 14,406,600 13,482,774 11,017,200 4,044,500 9,173,653 3,685,310 50,000 2,887,092 7,425,050 6,631,500 24,500 5,328,62E 150, 000 3,858,20* 2,134,000 5,O04,30« 1,238,000 3,761,700 1,970,000 1,326,000 748.200 198,065,512 222,550,769. 187,311,348 39,949,770 18,710,400 18,318,735 15,698,800 9,938,000 2,775,244 8,202,910 11,725,000 8,607,919 3,589,857 4,164,200 9,906,255 3,246,155 7,703,200 3,182,150 4,870,800' 1,417,200 2,884,850 275,390 - 1,377,985 1,914,450 2,196,800 62 Table 46 — Concluded. ft. Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsj'l- of Penn- o vania. sylvania. T~t Industry. o ^- ^ g ^ cost g a .a o ^ •= £! > '^ CJ t, < H ^ ^ Machinery and apparatus, elec- trical, Pumps, Baskets and veneer packages foi fruit and vegetables, Frames and moulding, picture, Refrigerators and kitchen cab- inets, Excelsior, Equipment, pla.vground, Printing material, Ladders Elevators ■V\hips, canes, and umbrella sticks Plumbers' woodwork, Insulator pins and brackets, .. Butchers' blocks and skewers. Weighing apparatus, Instruments, professional and scientific Pulleys and conveyors, Boot and shoe findings Pipes, tobacco Sporting and athletic goods, . . Saddles and harness, Gates and fencing, Clocks, Rollers and curtain poles, .... M a n u al Training practico (sloyd), ■ Miscellaneous, Total 2,715,200 2,692,00'0 2,683,000 2, 619, 000 2,463,SftO 1,682,000 l,50r?,300 1,274,326 1,108,500 l,0'CS,90fl 882, 880 584,250 .578,500 520, 000 393,40'0 326,448 294,500 265, OOO 227,515 215,150 188,000 161,340 139,500 125,575 95,945 7,416,353 1,114,219.650 .24 31 54 .24 23 90 .24 19 44 .24 25 00 .22 30 73 .15 14 28 .14 28 60 .11 31 27 .10 29 16 .09 42 OS .OS 63 90 .06 39 43 .05 21 65 .05 20 77 .04 31 93 .OS 57 44 .03 29 30 .02 56 51 .0'2 165 49 .02 3S 76 .02 55 32 .01 22 58 .01 65 08 .01 19 77 .01 66 44 .67 26 m 100.00 $2& 15 85,633 64,335 52,156 65,480 75,720 24,016 43,106 39,853 32,321 42,459 56,412 23,055 12,526 10,800 12,561 18,750 8,629 14,975 37,651 8,339 10', 400 3,643 9,078 2,483 6,375 193,466 $32,483,227 456,100 2,075,000 2,408,000 1,040,500 1,002,250 1,682,000 497,800 668,000 251,000 245,100 500,100 145,700 578,500 520', 000 39,400 8,500 200, 500 18,000 61,435 139,100 136,000 16, 500 26,000 115,000 51,875 7,333,703 313,683,632 ,259,100 617,000 275,000 1,578,500 1,461,550 1,009,500 606,326 857,500 763,800 382,780 438,550 354,000 317,948 94,000 247,000 166,080 76,050 52,000 144,840 113,500 10,575 44,070 82,650 ,536,018 In the consumption of wood four classes of factories in Pennsylvania lead all other states: brushes, patterns and flasks, toys, and mine equipment; in seven others the State stood second; car construction, printing material, caskets and coffins, laundry appliances, playground equipment, machine construction, and tobacco pipes. The State was third in box making and the manufacture of wooden clock cases. Excelsior factories, manufacturers of insulator pins and brackets, and the makers of butcher blocks and skewers were the only industries procuring all of their wood from the forests of the State. Nineteen others use a larger amount of State-grown than shipped- in material, leaving 29 that find the major portion of their wood supply out of the State, every industry reported the purchase of some Pennsylvania wood. It is surprising that the box makers, who use only low grades, used more shipped-in material than any other industry, while on the other hand, the handle makers, who usually seek their raw material over a wide extent of territory, procured considerably over two-thirds of their needs within the State. Nearly $32,500,000 are annually expended by the Pennsylvania wood users for raw material. Not over 20 per cent, of this is paid for home-grown woods, 63 leaving not less than $25,000,000, a large portion of which each year goes to other states. In a great many cases this purchase money could be expended at home, since it is quite evident that the State is not manufacturing as much of its annual cut as is possible. On the succeeding pages the several industries are considered separately in the order of the quantity of wood consumed. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. The extent to which lumber is used in Pennsylvania in the manufacture of building materials is shown statistically in Table 47. This does not, of course, include large quantities of rough lumber used for construction which needs no further change than the hatchet, chisel, and saw to fit it to place on the building. The factories grouped into this industry include four classes. , (1) Factories specializing in the manufacture of sash, doors, and blinds or any one of these commodities. Formerly these products were made by small mills operating in nearly every town and city in Pennsylvania doing a general planing mill business but within recent years specialty manufacturing in enormous quantities has demonstrated that these commodities can be manu- factured, distributed, and sold cheaper than they can be made at home in small quantities. (2) Factories producing only planing mill products or the more universal commodities kept in stock like flooring, ceiling, siding, stock finish, etc. Planing mills operated in connection with large sawmills are the principal source of these commodities but portable mills having planers and local sash and door factories also produce large quantities. In this class are included mills specializing in the manufacture of hardwood flooring which in Pennsylvania is an important industry, also parquetry flooring. (3) There are planing mills and builders' factories engaged in the general planing mill business. This class is the most numerous and widely distributed over the State. They manufacture chiefly according to special design and usually for local consumption. Included in their production are special size sash, doors, blinds, and in small quantities floorings, ceiling, etc., besides material for window and door frames, stair work, cupboards, mantels, panel work, colon- nades, grills, and all exterior and interior house finish. A number of fac- tories belonging to this class are formidable industries, especially those located in cities. (4) Industries other than wood-using that maintain a woodworking shop equipped to manufacture various commodities like those mentioned above for their own needs and mainly for the repair and upkeep of their own plant. Steel mills, collieries, railroad companies, textile mills, and various otlier large manufacturing enterprises are examples. Over 25 per cent, of the lumber cut of the United States is demanded for manufacturing products belonging to this industry and more wood and a greater number of kinds goes into this line of manufacture than into any other. It is not surprising, therefore, that these same facts apply to Pennsylvania and that in this report the planing mill industry as to quantity leads all others. The table following lists the kinds and amounts of woods used but in no manner does it represent all the lumber required in the State in this line. Forty-four kinds of wood were reported by the factories grouped under this industry which is the largest number making up any of the forty-eight indus- tries comprising this report. This can probably be explained by the many and varied uses of lumber for building purposes in which operations range as in Pennsylvania from the construction of a rude shanty to expensive palatial residences. An examination of the list of woods in the table shows that a number of the species used in large amounts do not grow plentifully in the State. The Pacific coast states furnished a considerable quantity, including western white 64 pine, western yellow pine, redwood, Douglas fir, western red cedar, Sitka spruce, and sugar pine. The region of the southern states contributed large amounts, equivalent to 34 per cent, of all, including more particularly the several species of southern yellow pine lumber and cypress. The Ohio valley, the Lake states, and New England, sent in varying amounts, which explains the comparatively small quantity of home-grown woods used by the planing mills. It must be remembered, however, a large number of these species are not common lumber trees in Pennsylvania. Only 28 per cent, of the total amount of lumber used was produced in the State. But of the species consumed that are plentifully cut in Pennsylvania, the reports show the demand for a high per cent, of home-grown woods. For instance, over 45 per cent, of the white pine, 67 per cent, of the hemlock, one- third of the chestnut, 80 per cent, of the sugar maple and beech, 60 per cent, of the birch, and half of the basswood reported by the planing mills, were cut from State timber, indicating the importance the forests bear to the de- velopment of the State. The planing mill industry is not only the most promi- nent wood consuming industry in the State but it appeals more widely to the interest of every class of citizens than any other. In order that the supply of lumber the State contributes for building material may be maintained and probably increased in the future, it is necessary to protect and improve the forests as far as possible. With this in view the Commonwealth has put into effect and has in operation a progressive forest policy which if given popular support will help to solve the problem of future lumber supply. Table 47. — Wood for Planing Mill Products, year ending June, 1912. -^J Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- - 1 vania. sylvania. a Kind of Wood. o?^ «H a a ^5 Q) O o a a oj fa ti < H fe, fc, Wbite pine, Shortleaf pine, Hemlock Longleaf pine Cypress (bald), Chestnut, Yellow poplar, Red oak, White oak, Sugar maple Loblolly pine, Birch, Western white pine. Pitch pine, Basswood, Beech Spruce, Red gum Sugar pine, Ash Mahogany Norway pine Cottonwood Western yellow pine, Cucumber, 62,556,492 22.21 $36 53 51,870,590 18.41 26 68 23,077,000 8.19 21 24 19,612,698 6.96 28 39 18,790,200 6.67 39 68 17,400,350 6.18 37 65 17,123,372 6.08 37 38 16,092,048 5.71 41 73 13,714,723 4.87 46 78 9,681,890 3.44 23 75 7,307,090 2.59 27 53 4,493,442 1.60 39 84 2,914,500 l.OS 39 55 2,826,000 1.00 22 37 2,738,576 .97 30 97 2,461,750 .87 16 35 1,999,734 .71 29 96 1,610.300 .57 31 31 1,122,000 .40 48 20 791,315 .28 51 89 716,050 .25 159 92 526,000 .19 29 20 330,000 .12 25 30 320.000 .11 34 94 267,300 .10 27 00 $2,285,337 1,383,733 490,263 576,370 745,612 655,450 640, 042 671,551 641,582 229,963 201,076 179,033 115,281 63,206 84,811 40,250 59,904 50,422 54,078 41,062 114,512 15,357 8.370 11,180 7,217 29,261,299 15^349,' 900 5,815,700 4,127,990 6,483,450 4,325,950 8,673,090 2,138,844 2,826,000 1,396,900 1,972,250 176,350 533,165 225,300 33,295,193 51,870,590 7,727,100 19,612,698 18,790,200 11,593,650 12,993,382 9,608,598 9,388,773 1,008,800 7,307,0i9O 2,354,598 2,914,500 "i,'34i,'676 489,500 1,823.384 -1,610.300 1,122,000 258,150 716,050 526,000 330,000 320,000 42,000 a^ 65 Table 47 — Concluded. " " =H > CS o OJ o ^ CLi ->J H fc fe Red cedar, Redwood Clierry (black), , Cotton gum, Douglas fir Hicliory, Blaclc walnut Red and silver maple. Scrub pine Western red cedar, Balsam fir, Yellow buckeye, Tamarack Sycamore Sitka spruce, Butternut White elm, Southern white cedar, Circassian walnut, . . . Total 213,000 .08 49 27 197,132 .07 49 19 177,385 .06 64 48 151,648 .05 26 55 108,500 .04 43 33 80,100 .03 27 03 77,265 .03 111 31 71,750 .03 26 19 70,000 .03 20 50 55,000 .02 39 09 40,000 .01 45 50 35,000 .01 20 71 SO.OOO .01 23 GO 28,300 .01 45 72 15,000 M 35 40 9,600 • 30 21 4,000 * 23 00 1,000 * 120 00 50O * 250 00 281,717,600 lOO.OO ?33 46 10,495 9,697 11,438 4,027 4,701 2,165 8,600 1,879 1,435 2,150 1,820 725 690 1,294 531 290 92 120 125 $9,427,936 10,000 'iio!ci85 70,100 52,365 31,750 25,000 19,000 'i7,'666 6,600 4,000 83,652,088 203,000 197,132 67,300 151,648 108,500 10,000 24,900 40,000 45,000 55,000 40,000 16,000 30,000 11,300 15,000 3,000 i,'666 500 198,065,512 *Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. BOXES. Next to building material, more wood goes for making boxes and crates in Pennsylvania than for any other use. Over six hundred factories reported the information collated in Table 48. Not more than half of these were regular box manufacturers, as is shown by the list of names in the appendix. There are included glass factories, steel mills, refractories, machinery manufactur- ers, makers of electrical apparatus, foundries, furniture makers, silk and textile mills, paper factories, large jobbing and department stores, etc., which maintain box departments for making packages and shipping contain- ers to meet their own requirements. The uses of boxes are so numerous in Pennsylvania that it is not practical to attempt to mention or list them. Generally it can be said they are of two kinds, set-up boxes and box shocks. The former includes the nailed, the reinforced, the veneer, the locked corner, and dovetailed, or boxes that are sold ready to use. The nailed box is usually sold in the locality in which it is made. It is rarely shipped put together. The large number of this kind accounted for in Pennsylvania was principally in the large cities where there is an extensive demand or else near to factories and mills using the wooden packages. The reinforced box is a nailed box, the nailed joints and often the body of the box being reinforced with cleats, wire, or steel bands. These are used for shipping ponderous ma- terials where the package is subjected to great strain. Of late this method has also become popular for containers for light materials, including large boxes for millinery, etc., ^vhen only very thin resawed material about three-eighths to one-fourth inch is used and the necessary strength supplied by the cleats. Re- shippers belong to this class, most frequently reinforced with steel bands. 66 They are box crates for carrying back and forth bottled goods and are made of strong material. All that are used in Pennsylvania are not made in the State. Many are shipped in from Maryland , Delaware and Virginia. The veneer box has recently made remarkable progress. The question of saving in weight and the revenue from the sale of second hand boxes, which lately is being given considerable attention by shippers, has helped the veneer package. The single ply box, wire bound, competes actively with the fiber shipping box but the progress these have made is not so surprising as that of the three ply veneer box. In these the sides, top, and bottom are panels built of three sheets of veneer with the grain transversing and well supported with cleats of thick material. The panels are not only strong and light in weight but the appearance of the single piece sides makes an attractive pack- age. The glue pot enters as an important factor in their manufacture as a good glue joint is the most essential requirement, and, if assured, panel making is simple and makes both for economy and efficiency. Many more of these boxes are shipped into Pennsylvania knocked down than are made in the State. The panel makers are largely in the south where the stands of cheap veneer woods, principally the gums, are easily accessible. "White pine and basswood are the woods for dovetailed and locked corner boxes and large quantities are annually demanded for their making. These are small size containers but probably present the most attractive appearance of any form of wooden packages. They are used for articles of food, pow- dered substances, jewelry, etc., as the close joints make them more dust and moisture proof. The dovetailed box requires no gluing but the locked corner does. Both kinds are made in Pennsylvania, the latter in the largest quantities. Boxes with the bevel joint corner are not made any more in large quantities. Only a few manufacturers in Pennsylvania reported them. Shooks are knocked down boxes sold conveniently bundled to facilitate their being assembled and nailed. Different from nailed boxes made and sold in the same region, shooks are manufactured close to the source of the raw material and sent over long distances to consuming centers. A lafge part of the boxes used in Pennsylvania, but not made there, are brought in in shook form. Shook making includes both shooks for boxes and knock-down crates. Rough lumber of any thickness or kind used to do for crating, and the lumber yard rather than the box factory was the source of the supply. Today the manu- facturer shipping his wares in crates desires to express as much character in his package as do those using box containers. In consequence, the shook makers are called on for neat and attractively designed crates and like shooks they are sold with the several parts bundled together, due attention having been given to the size, kind, and thickness of the material in accordance with the weight and character of the goods to be shipped in them. Another increasing use for crating is the growing tendency to crate articles of steel, iron, and other infrangible metals which heretofore were shipped un- boxed. This more especially applies to Pennsylvania than any other state because of the number of industries manufacturing steel and iron products. Massive parts of machinery and electrical apparatus, sheet steel, engines and motors, parts of steel bridges, farm machinery, steam and hot water radiators, stoves and ranges, galvanized iron goods, steel frames for street cars, etc., are examples, and crating is intended more to prevent scarring the finish than to protect from breakage. As Table 48 shows, the Pennsylvania box makers do not demand a few kinds of wood greatly in excess of others. Nor do they use State-grr.wn woods in preference to lumber thaf comes from other timbered regions. There were 34 kinds of wood and the total of 11 Avere shipped in from other states. Of 67 these the principal were several species of southern pine, and the gums that come chiefly from Virginia and the Carolinas. The total quantity is equiva- lent to 65 per cent, of the total box material used. White pine, chestnut, hem- lock, yellow poplar, and beech were in quantity the principal Pennsylvania woods reported, and cherry, sycamore, and butternut the only kinds re- ported as entirely home grown. Considering the cut of hemlock in the State, the amount used for boxes and crates was disappointing. But in this par- ticular, this report should prove most useful as with the names and addresses of the box makers and of those using lumber for crating the opportunity is given for increasing the home market for the low grades of lumber cut in the State. Woods are listed in the table that are rarely used for packing boxes. Their appearance can be accounted for by the fact that they are for novelties which are more or less fancy boxes like sewing cases, for toilet articles, utility boxes, shoe polishing outfits, and those more or less ornamental used in stores for keeping cutlery, jewelry, drugs, etc. Table 48. — Wood for Packing Boxes and Crates, year ending June, 1912. ft. Grown In Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- § vania. sylvania. 1-1 .Q , Kind of Wood. s& O a -i-j '^ o 6 S H •= C,' y--2 " xi .o S ^-^ a -M +J o fc. e:^ < ^ fci fe Shortleaf pine, White pine Loblolly pine, Yellow poplar Spruce, Red gum Beecli, Chestnut Sugar maple, Hemlock, Red oalv, Pitch pine, Birch, Cottonwood, Cotton gum Black gum, Basswood Scrub pine Cypress (bald) , Silver and red maple Western hemlock Western yellow pine, White oak Longleaf pine White elm, Cork elm, Norway pine, Yellow buckeye Cherry (black), Cucumber, Ash, Sycamore, Butternut, Red cedar Total, 52,719,727 19.25 $18 00 .->1, 583,373 18. S3 21 OS 36,173.429 13.21 17 51 18,576,293 6.7S 17 44 14,648,870 0.35 17 42 12,806,084 4.68 16 6S 12,505,839 4.57 16 17 11,977,692 4.37 16 04 11,647,000 4.25 16 43 9,269,635 3.39 16 85 7,224,377 2.64 15 67 6,931,800 2.53 16 32 5,999,000 2 19 16 76 4,680.000 1.71 24 60 3,458,722 1.26 14 13 3,089,800 1.13 15 36 2,936,400 1.07 16 93 2,251,400 .82 18 93 1,719,250 .63 16 62 1,267,000 .46 12 38 50O, OC'O .IS 20 00 500', OOO .18 20 00 380,500 .14 23 84 241,800 .09 22 04 229,800 .OS 23 50 200,000 .07 25 OO 90,000 .03 20 00 SO, 5O0 .03 22 99 70,000 .03 19 00 70,000 .03 17 OO 54,200 .02 23 51 11,603 * 16 00 5,000 * 16 00 5,000 35 00 273,904,094 lOO'.OO $18 OO $949,003 1,084,714 633,493 ■ 323,971 255,211 213,611 202,272 192,165 191,340 156,224 113,179 112,519 100,556 115,135 4S,S73 47,463 49,708 42,613 28,570 15,685 10.000 10,000 9,070 5,330 5,400 5,000 1,800 1,S51 1,330 1,190 1,274 $4,928,991 19,390,373 4,330,100 975,350 3,735,339 6,275,328 3,282,500 o,36o,055 1,801,877 979,600 2,488,500 40', 000 1,324,400 30,000 148,000 "82^300 50,000 40,000 70,000 53,500 11,603 5,000 2, SCO 52,719,727 32,193,000 36,173,429 14,246,193 13,673,520 12,80'6,OS4 8,770',50O 5,702,364 8,364,500 3,904,580 5, 422, 500 5,952,200 3,510,500 4,640,000 3,458,722 3,089,800 1,612,000 2,221,400 1,719,250 • 395,000 50O'.CO0 500,000 232,500 241,800 147,500 150,000 90,0ri0 40, 500 7oi6o6 70i0 222,550,769 *Less than l-lOO of 1 per cent. 68 CAR CONSTRUCTION. Formerly all rolling stock except locomotive engines were built of wood but in recent years cars made entirely of metal or of wood with steel under- frame equipment have begun to be substituted both for freight and passenger cars; and in the increasing extent in which they are meeting the demand each year, it is safe to predict that the amount of wood used in this industry will show a rapid decline. In this connection it is interesting to note that the last session of Congress in the interest of public safety had four bills pend- ing requiring replacement of wooden passenger cars with steel equipment on all railroads. This movement is largely in accord with the present policy of the railroads as recent statistics show that approximately 90 per cent, of the passenger cars ordered for future delivery were specified to be of steel con- struction. Notwithstanding the increasing substitution of metal for wood in car build- ing, lumber in large amounts is still in demand. In Pennsylvania 228,000,000 feet or more reported for building or repair of cars for 1911 made that in- dustry as to consumption third in the State. The building of cars of all kinds is represented by Table 49. Electric cars for city and interurban transporta- tion is a division of the industry which requires special mention as more wood is used for passenger vehicle equipment in this line than in any other. Vast amounts of lumber are required each year for building mine cars. The num- ber of mining establishments appearing in the directory appended to this report indicates to what extent work of this kind is done by wood-using de- partments maintained in connection with mining operations. Only one other state exceeds Pennsylvania in the quantity of wood used for car construction. The order of the principal states and the amount consumed is as follows: Illinois, 407,000,000 feet Pen nsylvania , 228,000,000 feet New York, 77,000,000 feet Indiana, 59,000,000 feet Ohio , 56 , 000 , 000 feet Missouri , 51 , 000 , 000 feet Virginia, 51,000,000 feet Twenty-nine woods were used by the car builders in Pennsylvania and long- leaf pine heads the list, contributing a little over one-third of the total. The superior tensile strength of this wood, its durable properties, and being easy to fit brings it first in demand by the car builder. If all the species of southern yellow pine were combined the amount would represent over one- half the car material reported and taking into consideration the needs of this industry in other states this wood is pre-eminently the principal wood for car construction. Lumber brought from the western states is not used so ex- tensively in Pennsylvania as in other eastern states. Douglas fir and west- ern white pine appear in the table but they were demanded in very limited quantities. The progress made of late in the use of steel underframes for cars of all kinds and especially gondolas and box cars has perhaps affected the use of oak more than any other wood as when these basal parts are made of wood, oak, preferably white and chestnut oak, are the kinds most extensively called for. The great strength of oak and its shock resisting capacity still brings it into wide use for car framing and such purposes, like draft timbers, tie beams, engine beams, platforms, truck parts, etc., and on account of its conspicuous figure, for interior finish of passenger and trolley cars. In this latter capacity it served with ash, birch, yellow poplar, cherry, mahogany, walnut, and red gum. Ash, poplar, and Douglas fir are the woods used in 69 building the principal parts of locomotive cabs. The floors of the cabs are of sugar maple, the bumpers, pilots, and other parts of the engines are made of white oak. The annual drain on the forests of the State by the car builders amounts to over 41,000,000 feet. This is less than one-fourth of the total but compared with requirements of other states where the industry is important the quantity of home-grown car material used in Pennsylvania is the largest. Some part of the supply of 20 of the 29 woods were cut in the State. Oak, white pine, hemlock, maple, ash, and beech in the order named as to quantity being the most prominent while the statistics for other woods are as follows: Table 49. — Wood for Car Construction, year ending June, 1912. tw >. Grown in Grown Out Quantity. t- Pennsyl- of Penn- c« vania. sylvania. a XJ P. Kind of Wood. °& o S a ^ o 0)0 o a a ,Q

*^ bS M » &< Oh < b fc Ea Red oak Chestnut White oak, . . Sugar maple, Bass wood, ... Yellow poplar, Bed gum Red and silver maple, Beech Mahogany, Birch Cottonwood, White pine. Cotton gum. Red cedar, Ash Shortleaf pine, . Longleaf pine, . Black walnut, .. Cherry (black), Circassian walnut, . . Cypress (bald) Sycamore, I/ObloUy pine Western yellow pine. Rosewood, Eucalyptus, Butternut Spanish cedar Southern white cedar, Mountain laurel, Hickory, Sumach Teak Satinwood Total, 16, Wl, 11,556, 10,133, 4,743, 3,945, 2,892, 2,297, 1,478, 1,453, 1,145, 1,138,270 380,000 298,700 236,500 178,100 175,500 141,000 138,500 130,100 113,900 92,840 80,500 66,170 58,000 10,000 5,180 5,000 3,500 2,500 1,3C0 1,000 750 500 190 120 27.28 $35 73 19.59 19 52 17.18 47 30 8.04 26 72 1 6. 69 35 13 1 4.90 36 86 3.89 34 25 2.51 25 49 1 2.46 16 23 ' 1.94 116 42 j 1.93 29 10 i .64 34 87 .51 44 32 .40 33 54 : .30 60 81 .30 28 43 .24 23 92 .23 31 83 .22 95 04 1 .19 34 74 i .16 364 08 .14 43 19 .11 43 89 1 .10 22 79 1 .02 45 00 i .01 500 00 i .01 260 00 1 .01 26 61 * 80 00 1 * 120 OO * 40 00 , * 81 33 * 80 00 1 * 200 00 « 200 00 100.00 135 24 $574,997 225,599 479,283 126,632 138,592 106,593 78,666 1 37,682 1 23,582 ! 133,378 j 33,126 I 13,250 ' 13,239 7,933 ; 10,830 4,9S9 3,374 4,408 12,365 3,957 33,801 3,477 2,904 1,322 450 2,590 1,300 93 200 156 40 61 40 38 24 2,443,600 5,586,300 2,771,050 3,640,100 1,105,400 346,700 730,500 1,397,000 525,900 '2sii500 82,500 21,000 105,600 3,000 3,500 $2,078,971 1,000 250 500 19,045,400 13,648,100 5,970,550 7,362,000 1,103,800 2,840,000 2,545,300 2,297,000 748,000 56,000 1,145,650 612,370 380,000 17,200 236,500 178,100 93,000 141,000 138,500 109,100 8,300 92,840 80,500 63,170 58,000 10,000 5,180 5,000 2^500 1,300 190 120 39,949,770 *Less than l-lOO of 1 per cent. CHAIRS. Pennsylvania is one of the three leading states in the manufacture of chairs. Over 30,000,000 feet of wood is annually required for their manufacture and of this amount considerably over half is furnished by the forests of the State. The order of the first six states in quantity of wood consumed for chairs is as follows: Wisconsin, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New l:ork, and Vermont. It may occur to some that chairs should be grouped with furniture but in Pennsylvania as in other states their manufacture is essen- tially a distinct industry, generally the form of the raw material is different, the processes of manufacture are in nowise similar, and the products are marketed separately. Dimension stock is the form of raw material that is utilized in the chair industry perhaps to a greater extent than any other. Sawmills cutting hard- woods and factories using them, principally beech, birch, and maple, often operate as a side line the bolting of low grades and waste into these squares. 74 Many go as far as to turn the dimensions on lathes after bolting and sell them in that form to chair factories ready to assemble. In the case of the lumber- men, frequently small crooked logs, tops, wind shakes, cut offs, which can be worked for sale in no other way, are thus disposed of. The chair makers, therefore, play an important part not only in lending to the industrial de- velopment of the State but also to the movement of conservation in their ef- forts to encouriige utilization or waste. One manufacturer purchases hardwood slabs and edgings from a nearby sawmill and transports this material to his factory for turning handles and chair stock. Another purchases part of the refuse of hardwood stave manufacturers, selects the core and other large pieces, and converts them into chair dowels and rungs. Chair dimensions include stock of various sizes and kinds for the large number of different designs the chair manufacturers turn out. Table 51 shows the number and kinds of woods that were used in Pennsylvania. Not all chair material is in dimensions by any means. Because seats and backs are altogether cut out of plank ranging from 1^ inches to 2i inches thick and be- cause the factories are not able to secure enough dimension and turned ma- terial to meet their requirements, they are compelled to buy large quanti- ties of plank and rip them up into squares for posts, pillars, spindles, rounds, dowels, etc. The chair stock is always seasoned before used, but those producing squares and turned stock often use unseasoned wood allow- ing it to air-dry under cover after being manufactured. To prevent loss caution is taken to make allowance for shrinkage and the producer is particu- lar to see to it that the chair stock is straight grained, practically free from defects, and accurately manufactured to conform to specifications. Perhaps the largest part of the wood used in Pennsylvania is required for turned chairs but quantities are also demanded for straight line designs where the parts are cut considerably wider than they are thick. The demand for these in late years has been on the increase and has led up to the mission patterns in which the stock is still wider and heavier. Unlike the parts of turned chairs, the manufacturers do not buy their material for the square designs to any extent in the form of dimensions but usually cut them from plank. This is unfortunate because the sawmills have a considerable amount of waste which it is practical to cut into dimen- sion stuff suitable for this line of manufacture. Millmen should note this opportunity and consider negotiations for furnishing this material from waste; and, on the other hand, the economy to jthe manufacturers should induce the latter to consider the advisability of making overtures to the mill- men. Oak, both red and white, ash, and chestnut are the principal woods for chairs of square and mission designs. Other woods like red gum, birch, and elm are used and a figure is stamped on them resembling oak, mahogany, and other woods. That the better grades of chairs are made in Pennsylvania as well as cheaper ones, is evident by the quantity of mahogany brought into the State each year to meet the demand. Birch is most used for imitating mahogany. Woods used for various parts of chairs are as follows: CHAIRS. Arms. WBacks. Mahogany. |f| Birch. Red gum. i;^ Elm. Soft maple. • '. Mahogany. White oak. Red gum. Red oak. Soft maple. Bent arms. White oak. Elm, Yellow poplar. 75 Camp chairs and stools. Beech. Birch. Sugar maple. Chair -frames, upholstered. Chestnut. Red oak. Soft maple Sugar maple. White oak. Doioels. Beech. Birch. Soft maple. Sugar maple. Fancy chairs. Mahogany. Sycamore. Walnut, black. Pillars. Beech. Birch. Sugar maple. White oak. Posts. Beech. Birch. Mahogany. Sugar maple. Red oak. White ash. White oak. Rockers. Elm. Sugar maple. White ash. White oak. Rolling chair parts. Hickory. Red oak. Sugar maple. White oak. Rounds. Beech. Birch. Hickory. White oak. White ash. Seat frames. Red oak. CHAIRS— Continued. Seats. Elm. Mahogany. Red gum. Red oak. Soft maple. White oak. Yellow poplar. Split seats. Hickory. Split hacks. Hickory. Legs. Beech. Birch. Mahogany. Sugar maple. Red oak. White oak. Mission chairs. Red oak. White oak. Panels. Mahogany. Piano stools and benches. Birch. Mahogany. Sugar maple. White oak. Spindles. Beech. Birch. Sugar maple. White ash. Stretchers. Beech. Birch. Sugar maple. White ash. Built-u'p chair stock, veneer. Basswood. Birch. Chestnut. Mahogany. Red gum. Red oak. Soft maple. Sugar maple. Walnut, Circassian. White ash. White oak. 76 Table 51. — Wood for Chairs, year ending June, 1912. >H >^ Grown in Grown Out Quantity. t^ Pennsyl- of Penn- § oj vania. sylvania. 01 £: Pi Kind of Wood. 0& d •H a a ""-2 o B a J3 0) '■' J3 a +J ^ ''t; oj *J o fa fn Ea Pj < H fei Hickory White oak, ... ■I'l'Uow poplar, A-U Bu i Eeo -ik Sugar maple, Beech, Longlepi iiiur , Bass wood, Shortleaf pine, Cork elm, Red gum, . . . . Black gum , ... White pine, . . . 10,819,552 34.02 $48 51 10,819,552 34.0'2 $48 51 3,764,335 11.84 50.49 3,590,472 11.29 44 16 1,514,500 4.76 48 11 994,900 3.13 28 43 625,800 1.97 28 67 587,883 1.85 21 97 576,550 1.81 34 33 477,850 1.50 30 10 467,200 1.47 26 67 390,900 1.23 36 30 315,500 .99 32 37 181,800 .57 37 57 140,550 .44 34 62 $524,895 $524,895 190,055 158,564 72,864 28,285 17,940 12,916 19,791 14,384 12,461 14,190 10,212 6,S31 4,866 3,642,252 4,378,300 755,285 2,096,204 455,000 589, 800^ 314,200 537,883 25,300 500 31,500 118,050 7,177,300 2,500,667- 3,009,050 1, 494, 268 1,059,500 405,100 311,600 50,000 576,550 219,350 467, 20O 365,600 315,000 150,300 22,500 78 Table 52— Continued. ^ Orown iu Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- o rt vania. sylvania. t. £' a Kind of Wood. 6 ?;> O a -• ^ o 6 a = •= t ^''=2 ^ .o ■= -M 0) o -w 0) fa Cn <1 ^ ^ &- Hornbeam , AVliite elm, Cottonwood Pitch pine Silver maple, Loblolly pine, Chestnut, Mahogany, Locust (black), Spruce, Cucumber, Cherry (black) Walnut (black), ..., Cypress (bald). Walnut (Circassian) Rosewood, Total, 100,000 93,500 64,000 55,200' 47,0«0 41,900 30,200' 14,900' 11,000 8,000 3,800 2,2.50 1,400 1,000 500 100 31,S0'1,50S .32 30 00 .29 34 31 .20 34 38 .17 22 77 .15 26 13 .13 28 07 .10 19 77 .0'5 159 13 .04 18-73 .03 48 88 .01 25 00 .01 91 oO 91 42 50 OO 350 00 260 OO 100. OO $42 63 3,000 3,208 2,200 1,257 1,228 1,176 597 2,371 206 391 $1,355,655 50,000 70,500 24,000 55,200 47,000 18,200 11,000 1,000 2,000 1,100 13,482,774 50,000 23,000 40, OOO 41,900 12, 000 14,900 7,000 3,800 250 300 1,000 50O 100 18,318,735 SHIPS AND BOATS. The Delaware River's close and direct connection with the Atlantic Ocean as far up as Philadelphia affords sufficient depth and natural advantages to make that city one of the principal harbors of the Atlantic coast. All kinds of seafaring vessels land at its ports, including men-of-war and oce*an liners, and railroads have located their terminal docks along its banks on the Pennsyl- vania side providing conveniences for the loading of coal, grain, and other commodities for export. In the western part of the State the Ohio River and its navigable tributaries afford excellent advantages for river navigation and accordingly the transportation of coal, sand, ore, lumber, steel, and other heavy freight for short hauls has become an important industry. Flat bottom boats are the kind used, such as packets, river tugs, barges, scows, flats, etc. A number of rivers in Pennsylvania, navigable only for small crafts, traverse parts widely known for their picturesque scenery. These are rarely used in commerce, but are inviting to the pleasure seekers for sailing, rowing, and canoeing. It is evident that in order to meet the local demand, the industry of ship and boat building in Pennsylvania must neces- sarily be varied. Crafts of all kinds are built in the State, from dreadnaughts and ocean steamers down to the shell used by the professional oarsmen. In building large vessels, steel construction has, to a large extent taken the place of wood. Probably in no other industry has substitution been carried so far as in shipbuilding. It has been less than a century when wood for this kind of boat was the most important and valuable material used, and though still required, its use is only incidental and answers principally for decking, interior finish, furniture, masts, spars and booms, armor backing, templates, joinery work, etc. Smaller boats like steamers for inland water transportation, ferry boats, tugs, etc., use wood more extensively. Their hulls are of metal but their superstructure is mainly of wood while river crafts, 79 scows, and barges are entirely of wood, and the same is true of small sail boats, canoes, launches, and other pleasure craft. This industry not only supplies a large part of the local demand but boats built in Pennsylvania are sold world wide. Other states have more extensive harbor facilities, water fronts, and inland waterways than Pennsylvania, but are not comparable in the size and importance of their shipbuilding in- dustry. In fact only one state surpasses Pennsylvania in the quantity of lumber consumed for boat building. New York in 1912 used 37,700,500 feet while other states in order for quantity are as follows: Pennsylvania , 27,635,000 New Jersey, 13,341,000 Virginia, 11,138,000 Delaware, 7,679,000 Connecticut , 7 , 084 , 354 The uses of wood in boat building are multitudinous. In an ordinary schooner made of wood there are 500 different parts separately named. A large number of them require lumber wuth special qualities, which probably ac- counts for the long list of woods shown in Table 53. It is impossible to under- take to specify here the different woods for all parts of the many kinds of boats produced in the State but a few of the principal uses of lumber were mentioned by the boat builders and from their reports the following list has been arranged: SHIPS, YACHTS, AND RIVER CRAFT. Frames. Decking. White oak. Cypress. Red oak. White pine. Hemlock. Hemlock. Douglas fir. Keels. White pine. Rails. White oak. Teakwood. Cypress. Mahogany. Hemlock. White ash. Red oak. White oak. Longleaf pine. Knees. ' "^ '' Hickory. White oak. White ash. Masts. Sassafras. Spruce. Tamarack. Hemlock. Douglas fir. Paddle Wheels. White oak. Booms. Yellow poplar. Spruce. „ , Hemlock. Stern Posts. Douglas fir. White oak. Shortleaf pine. Tamarack. Longleaf pine. bidders. . II caUns (Interior). White oak. i^\ t- t- White pine. 2lT''''^- Cypress t 1°^ J' ^ Teakwood. „, , . White ash. Planking. S^^e^t ^^.^^-^ Cypress. Sycamore. White pine. Cypress. Shortleaf pine. *Black walnut. Douglas fir. *Circassian walnut. Spruce. Butternut. 80 SHIPS, YACHTS, AND Cabins (Exterior). White pine. Yellow poplar. Hemlock. Douglas fir. Cypress. Longleaf pine. RIVER CRAFT- Spai-s. Spruce. Hemlock. Douglas fir. -Concluded. Cabins. White pine. Yellow poplar. Hemlock. Longleaf pine. Frames. White oak. Red oak. Hemlock. Decking. Longleaf pine. Hemlock. Stern Posts. White oak. CANAL BOATS. Keels. White pine. V/hite oak. Cypress. Douglas fir. Red oak. Knees. White oak. White ash. Red oak. Planking. Hemlock. Longleaf pine. Douglas fir. BARGES, SCOWS, Frames. White oak. Red oak. Longleaf pine. Bottom Boards. White pine. Spruce. AND FLATS. Douglas fir. Red oak. Planking. White pine. Spruce. Douglas fir. Red oak. Stems. White oak. White ash. Keels. White oak. White ash. Stern Posts. White oak. White ash. Becking. Mahogany. White cedar. Spanish cedar. Cypress. White oak. MOTOR BOATS. Deck Beams. White oak. Red oak. Ribs. White oak. Red oak. White ash. CoaTtiing. White ash. White oak. Planking. Cypress. White cedar. / "Not reported. 81 CANOES AND .SKIFFS. Gunwales. Spruce. Mahogany. Paddles. Spruce. Sugar maple. Planking. White cedar. Spruce. Spanish cedar. Ri^s. White cedar. Spanish cedar. White ash. DecTcs. White ash. Sweet birch. Sugar maple. Mahogany. Bottom, Boards. Shortleaf pine. Douglas fir. Spruce. White pine. Cypress. Sides. White pine. Douglas fir. Hemlock. Spruce. Oars. Spruce. White ash. ROW BOATS. Stern Posts. White oak. Red oak. Longleaf pine. Transoms . Shortleaf pine. Spruce. Hemlock. White pine. Seats. White pine. Longleaf pine. Shortleaf pine. Hemlock. Longleaf pine is the principal species for shipbuilding. It is listed ahead of all other woods, not only in Pennsylvania but in all the important boat building states. Douglas fir is brought from the Pacific coast states especially for parts, as is seen above, requiring timbers of large dimensions and long lengths. It is easily worked, holds its shape, and, similar to longleaf pine, possesses great tensile strength and elasticity. The Pennsylvania ship build- ers demand more of this wood than is shown by the same industry in any other state. The same is true of hemlock and this is quite significant in that it serves principally for bottoms, planking, and other parts of river crafts for which white pine heretofore has been most extensively used. White pine still meets a portion of the ship builders' demands, irrespective of its grow- ing price. Of the total amount used, 65 per cent, was reported as home grown. Mahogany, teak and Spanish cedar were the only foreign woods re- ported. 82 Table 53. — Wood for Ship and Boat Building, year ending June, 1912. +j Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- 1 a d vania. sylvania. T-l «w j; XJ P. Kind of Wood. oh a ^ " o O a a .Q Ml« ^ J2 a +J S-t- ■q! "S Bi Cb <1 H fe fa T.ongleaf pine White pine, Hemlock, Wliite oak, Douglas fir Red oak, Southern white cedar, Spruce Shortleaf pine Ash, Cypress (bald) Basswood, Yellow poplar Teak, Mahogany, Hickory, Sycamore, Redwood, Tamarack, Spanish cedar, Butternut, Sugar maple, , Chestnut Black gum, Beech Sassafras Total, 5,286,000 4,544,650 4,343,0'0O 3,871,409 2.521,000 2,434,0 d O s ^ Pk < ri &. fa Chestnut White pine, .. Hemlock Yellow poplar, Red oak, Wliite oak, . . . Mahogany, Black walnut, Red cedar, Sugar maple, . 5.387,000 38.53 $20 57 4,793,000 34.28 28 90 1,000,00* 7.15 2S OO 748,000 5.3d S2 10 665,000 4.76 40 44 523,500 3.74 62 20 331,000 2.37 76 30 214,000 1.53 59 50 169, OCO 1.21 66 72 35,000 .25 25 00 $110,807 138,495 28,000 24,008 32,562 25,255 12,732 11,275 875 1,573,500 703, ^W l,000,Ot>0 432,000 55,m 77,.50« '182,' OOO 3,813,500 4,089,500 "316,000 610,000 446,000 331,000 33,000 169,000 35,000 84 Table 54— Concluded. Kind of Wood. Quantity. a a .Q fe en Red gum, "'esterii wliite pine. Redwood, Cherry (black) Cypress (bald), — Longleaf pine, Birch Total, 30,(fOO 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 6,000 1,000 13,982,500 .22 40 00 .14 42 50 .14 54 00 .14 60 OO .14 40 OO .04 37 50 .01 24 00 lOO.OO $29 77 Grown in Pennsyl- vania. 1,200 850 1,080 1,200 800 225 24 $416,278 20,000 1,000 4,044,500 Grown Out of Penn- sylvania. 30,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 6,000 9,938,000 MINE EQUIPMENT. In conjunction with the operation of coal mining, there is usually main- tained a wood-working department for the manufacture and repair of all wooden equipment required in connection with the work. Table 55 includes all the kinds of material used for these various purposes except that used in the rough, as props, lagging, caps, segments, sills, etc. In the interior of the mines lumber goes for uses in connection with ventilation schemes; brat- tices, doors, airways, manways, and for pit railing, etc. On the breakers in collieries it is used for tipple parts, drum bands, chutes, screens, scraper lines, flights, etc., besides it answers for parts of haulage systems, slope rollers for example, and for sprags and various other less important com- modities. The lumber used for mine cars and their repair has been included as shown above, under car construction, while that going into manufactured parts for houses, buildings, and other building operations was listed with similar material under the planing mill industry. The available statistics reported by both anthracite and bituminous operations in Pennsylvania are as follows: Table 55. — "Wood for Mine Equipment, year ending June, 1912. Hemlock, . White oak. Black gura, Hickory, .. Bed oak. 2,260,750 18.92 $20 82 2,019,927 16.91 18 22 1,628,460 13.63 24 37 816,363 6.83 13 51 807,845 6.76 14 73 $47,066 36,805 39,678 11,031 11,892 2,260,750 2,019,927 219,216 816,363 807,845 tM Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- g vania. sylvania. ;"S 03 0) Ol O Ol o fe eu '^ H & fa Sugar maple, . Chestnut, ..... Beecli, Sliortleaf pine, Longleaf pine, Bircb Pitch pine, . . . White pine, . . . Red gum, . Dogwood Ash Locust Hornbeam, Yellow poplar, Cork elm, ; — Total, ... 790,200 749,405 656,525 567,000 423,000 336,0-75 246,000 239,000 150, OOO 139,088 43,425 31,350 21,684 14,000 8,800 11,948,897 6.61 18 67 6.27 15 42 5.50 17 49 4.75 21 14 3.54 26 39 2.81 24 23 2.0'6 23 VI 2.0O 23 70 1.26 12 00 1.16 15 73 .36 22 01 .26 10 IS 1 .18 13 14 .12 22 50 .07 26.14 100. CO $19 52 14,751 11,557 11,781 11,983 11,163 8,143 5,675 5,665 1,800 2,188 956 319 285 315 230 790,200 749,405 656,525 336,075 246,000 13.000 139, 088 43,425 31,350 21,684 14,000 567,000 423,000 226,000 150,000 $233,283 9,173,653 2,775,244 Two commodities included in the above table deserve special mention and to show the kinds of wood used in making them, separate statistics have been arranged and are presented in the supplemental tables, 55a, mine rollers, and 55b, sprags. MINE ROLLERS. Table 55a shows seven woods going into slope rollers. They aggregate nearly 2,500,000 feet of material used annually, but this does not represent wood for rollers that are manufactured elsewhere and brought to the State ready for use. Slope mining in recent years is being superseded by the shaft method and with the change is a corresponding decline in the demand for rollers or pulleys used on the slope to prevent abrasion of the cable against the ground. Two-thirds of the roller material is black gum. That obtained from timber cut in the State is mostly the species, Nyssa sylvatica, but that coming from a distance, usually in the form of bolts, is a mixture of the above named species with water gum (Nyssa Mflora) , and a small amount probably of tupelo (Nyssa aguatica). Black gum is frequently the common name for all three. The first two species are the most desirable for rollers because of their interlaced fiber that will not splinter nor roughen but wears smooth to a polish by use. Further than this, the woods possess the superior qualities of hardness and toughness, and on account of their abundance, especially in the southern states, are the lowest priced hardwoods. Maple is especially adapted for slope rollers, but owing to its growing scarcity and high price black gum has largely superseded it. Formerly maple was the most used wood for the purpose, but the table shows that the demand for it at present is only one-sixth of that of black gum. Veneer cores, the symmetrically round pieces left after the veneer has been removed by the rotary cut process, are now being used for making mine rollers, when the species is one of the black gums. These cores are an off- 86 fall that represents to a large degree a complete waste and the fact that they are suitable for this line of manufacture should certainly be a means of utiliz- ing a large quantity of this discarded material. Table 55a. — Wood for Mine Rollers, year ending June, 1912. +J Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- s t; vania. sylvania. T-l ^ XJ a Kind of Wood. °& ^ > 1 a si a 0) /" o O a a J2 Cit & CLi < H fa fel Black gum, . Sugar maple, White oak, . Bircli, Beech YelloAV poplar, Cork elm, 1,623,960 277,200 212,080' 183,200 123,200 12, COO 2,-140,440 66.54 $24 38 11.36 26 99 S.69 30 57 7.51 30 70 5.05 30 84 .49 18 75 .36 26 14 100. OO $25 99 7,482 6,483 5,624 3,799 225 230 $63,431 219,216 277,200 212,080 183,200 123,2-00 12,000 8,800 1,035,696 1,404,744 1,404,744 SPRAGS. This is a second division of this industry which deserves special attention, not that it represents a commodity that is important in the amount of wood consumed nor economically prominent in the operation of large factories and the use of skilled labor, but because it serves to illustrate the tendency in Pennsylvania towards waste utilization. A sprag is a cylindrical wooden commodity pointed at each end, about 21 inches long, ranging in thickness from 2^ to 3^ inches and is used in coal mining operations for checking and regulating the speed of a mine car as it runs in and out of the laterals leading to the shafts. The speed of the car is checked by locking one of its wheels. This occurs when the sprag, having been cast between the spokes of the rotating wheel, strikes againsit the car still. Mine cars are not equipped with brakes like freight cars and upon the sprag often depends the safety of the car and more often a train when run- ning downgrade. Sprags must therefore necessarily be very strong and many companies are particular in the specifications of their orders for manufactur- ing them. Small sprags of not proper thickness are a slight economy, if any, as the frequent breakages entail considerable waste. Also the species of wood used for making them, if not of the requisite strength, hardness, and durability, would in nowise pay in service the expenses of making the sprags. This industry excludes the softwoods and a number of soft hardwoods, like aspen, yellow poplar, basswood, etc. Chestnut is not suitable owing to lack of sufficient strength, though if easily available and very cheap, it is used to a limited extent. The most practical sprag woods, listed according to amounts, are given in Table 55b following: d#s'!,' Fig. 12. — River scows after being launched, and ready to be taken to market down the Allegheny River. , . 'ft- r."*-^ "'^^■4»*v t^ »r "•■i^^^ :^ •^k^ ^ fe^^'" ^' Fig. 13. — Racing shell being built by a Pennsylvania manufacturer for the Univer- sity of Pennsj'lvania . f^ ' :-,i -' =i Fig. 14.— Manufacture of mine sprags in Xortbern Pennsylvania. Fig. 15. — Drawing sliowing standard dimensions of a mine sprag. 87 Table 55b. — Wood for Sprags, year ending June, 1912. ^ Grown in Grown Out Quantity. O Pennsyl- of Penn- O o d vania. sylvania. tH .a Kind of Wood. d a d 1 a a ■ F^ o d'n ^_, ■° Feet 0) > 03 Tota 0) w fe White oak, Hickory, Red oak Sugar maple, LTogwood, Beech, Ash Locust Chestnut, Hornbeam ( ironAvood ) Birch, Black gum Hemlock Total 1,0&1,847 816,363 612,845 304,200 139,088 92, 325 37 425 31,350 23,205 21,684 10.875 4,.50O 750 3,186,457 34.27 $14 OO 25.62 13 51 19.23 14 18 1 9.55 13 55 1 4.37 15 73 2.90 10 71 1.17 21 54 .98 10 18 .73 16 42 .68 13 14 .34 14 62 .14 20 OO .02 13 33 ICO. 00 $13 92 $15,286 11,031 8,701 4,121 2,188 806 319 381 285 159 90 10 $44,366 1,091,847 816,363 612,845 304,200 139,088 92,325 37,425 31,350 23,205 21,684 10,875 750 3,181,957 Over 3,000,000 feet of wood is required annually for making sprags in Pennsylvania. This is not representative of all the material that is used as many of these commodities are made by hand and concerning which it is im- possible to get information; others are made elsewhere and shipped in for use in Pennsylvania collieries. Sprags at present are almost entirely made from young timber, pole size; coppice oak and maple being cut for this purpose. This is often a sacrifice of valuable second growth timber since it is practicable to make this com- modity from material considered as waste. In that connection the present report may aid in bringing about the utilization of woods waste, like tops, limbs, cut offs, fire killed poles, etc., the most difficult to market of all the off-fall from lumber operations. In this connection the Department of Forestry of Pennsylvania recently made a valuable experiment, an outline of the results of which will prove of considerable importance not only to mining companies and others owning their own timber, but to all interested in forest conservation. During the winters of 1911-12 fire killed a stand of oak and chestnut cop- pice 14 years old on 75 acres in one of the State Forests in the northeastern part of Pennsylvania. This timber was not merchantable because of the size and distance from market. The Department of Forestry conceived the idea of its sale in the form of sprags and accordingly arrangements were made with an owner of a sprag machine to move onto the tract and use all suit- able timber for making this commodity. A contract was made for manu- facturing and delivering the finished product to the nearest shipping point :for $9.30 which included, owing to distance, a cost of $4 for wagon transporta- tion. . Eleven dollars was the price received for the finished sprags at the sid- ing,, leaving a balance of $1.70 a thousand pieces for stumpage. The De- partment of Forestry scored a success in the undertaking partly because of the revenue received from the fire killed timber, otherwise a waste; also by 88 this operation a vast amount of what would otherwise have been debris was removed from the woods, assuring less of a tangle when the trees fell and thus allowing a closer fall to the ground and quicker decomposition. Ten years ago sprags were made with ax and knife, 200 per day being the most one man could produce. Repeated efforts were made to eliminate the manual work by the invention of machinery, but it was not until four years ago that a manufacturer made a successful device which, with the work of two men, enables a possible daily output of from eight to nine thousand sprags. In ordinary commercial runs, however, the average production with this machine is probably not over half the capacity. FIXTURES. The fixture manufacturers make certain lines of commodities so closely related to similar ones grouped under the furniture and planing mill indus- tries, that it is difficult at times to determine under which classification they properly belong. Generally fixtures include furnishings for oflSces, stores, lodge rooms, sa- loons, banks, hotel lobbies, lunch rooms, courthouses, churches, dentists' and surgeons' cabinets, account registers, cash registers, index files, and other similar commodities. The materials for making these are distinguished from that going into high class inside house finish such as mantels, colon- nades, cabinetwork, and general mill work. The latter are stationary, while fixtures are readily portable. Prom furniture woods they are separated ac- cording to the uses of the finished products. OflSce desks, book cases, store tables, etc., belong to furnishings of business headquarters while commodi- ties of the same name for residences go in the furniture class. Large manu- facturers specialize in one or the other lines but in small cities and towns where the local demand does not justify specialization the fixture makers and the planing mills manufacture products belonging to both industries. Nearly the same woods are employed for fixtures as for furniture but a larger part of the fixture material is of the higher grades. In both indus- tries the woods can be put into two classes, for outside finish and for interior or hidden work. Veneers enter largely into the former class and are growing in favor, chestnut being the favorite backing or core material. For painted work or store counters, bar tops, display racks, show window platforms, and other fixture parts, it is necessary to use solid wood instead of cheaper woods overlaid with veneer. This accounts for the average prices of the woods listed in Table 56 being higher than in the furniture industry. Yellow poplar, white oak, red oak, and chestnut supply the largest portion of the fixture material in Pennsylvania. Seventy-five per cent, of the quantity used is of these four kinds. Yellow poplar serves both for exterior and in- terior work. Its adaptability to hold paint and stains, its soft texture and even straight grain make it an easy material to smooth and commend it probably above any other wood for both exterior enameled work and for drawer bot- toms, reinforcements, hidden parts of skow cases, shelving, interior of wall cases, partitions, etc. Oak with its ornamental figure is universally the premier fixture wood as it is the foremost furniture wood. Both classes of oaks, red and white, are in demand, and together the amount is greater than that of any other of the woods the Pennsylvania fixture makers purchase. A large part of oak is quartered stock which merely designates the method of sawing. It is the same as rift sawed and arises from first cutting the log into quarters and the quarters into boards, the saw crossing the circles of growth at or nearly at right angles. Oak shows more figure when the log is sliced ordinarily into 89 boards but the pleasing effect of rift sawing is more in favor and besides being desired by the fixture makers on account of minimum shrinkage and warp. Birch is ahead of any other domestic wood for imitating mahogany. The heartwood of the tree is used for this work. Tlie sapwood has a much lighter color but like the heartwood is specially adapted to take stain and receive and hold a soft brilliant polish. Besides mahogany, birch can readily be stained to imitate cherry, Circassian walnut, fumed oak, bog oak, black walnut, and other pleasing effects. The figure of curly birch is especially at- tractive and it brings high prices, going into the highest grades of fixtures. Other finishing woods are mahogany, sugar maple, including large quantities of bird's eye maple, cherry, red gum, black walnut, butternut, and Cirdas- sian walnut. The last named is the most expensive wood and goes only into the most expensive work. Red gum and butternut are frequently found richly mottled and in some respects resembling Circassian walnut. For that reason they are most frequently used of any domestic wood to be finished in imita- tion of this foreign wood. This industry calls on the State for only a limited portion of its raw ma- terial. Only a little more than one-third of the total was reported as home cut and of the entire amount of eleven of the woods shipped in from other states, two-thirds were oak and yellow poplar which being demanded in high grades made it necessary to obtain a large portion in regions where the virgin stands of these species are the most abundant. States in the southern Appalachians furnished most of this material. Of the woods listed in the fixture table that are abundantly cut in Pennsylvania the chestnut, birch, sugar maple, bass- wood, cherry, beech, ash, black walnut, and butternut, most of the supply used was State-grown. The fixture manufacturers, therefore, like the other class of manufacturers using home-grown material should be vitally inter- ested in conservation and the movement looking to the State's future timber supply. Table 56. — Wood for Fixtures, year ending June, 1912. ■H & Grown in Grown Out Quantity. B Pennsyl- of Penn- O cS vania. sylvania. .O a Kind of Wood. >> «H a ^ "b o a a ^ a 0) 2 .a ^ 4-3 +j 4_) < Fee CI Yellow poplar, ■^hite oak Red oali, Chestnut, Birch White pine Sugar maple, Mahogany, Basswood Ked and silver maple, Shortleaf pine Loblolly pine Cherry (black), Cypress (bald), ... Red gum Beech, Ash Hemlock, , Cottonwood, Longleaf pine 2,237 2,127 2, ICO, 1,S03 832 452, 366 332, 269, 260, 256,000 153.000 128,700 111,800 94,000 71,000 49,900 44,300 40,000 39,500 18.82 $37 21 17.89 59 79 17.67 41 36 15.17 25 16 1 7.00 36 60 ! 3.81 45 64 1 3.08 23 17 1 2.80 135 11 2.27 33 92 2.19 15 00 2.15 25 92 1.29 22 17 1.08 66 14 .94 37 38 .79 44 00 .60 21 85 .42 58 62 .37 26 64 .34 38 50 .33 32 41 $83,229 127,184 86,902 45,364 30,461 20,649 8,482 44,910 9,12S 3,900 6,635 3,392 8.512 4,179 4,136 1,551 2,925 1,180 1,540 1,280 167,500 303,600 509, 500 1,114,250 438,500 100, 450 317,500 176,100 260,000 83,250 60,000 41,000 30, 300 20,000 2,.C'69,500 1,823,510 1,591,450 689,100 393,800 352,000 48,500 332,400 93,000 256,000 153, OOO 45,450 111,800 94,000 11,000 8,900 14,000 20,000 J9.50O 90 Table 56— Concluded. hJ & Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- o 03 1 vania. 1 sylvania. " .n a Kind of Wood. o ^ a ^ ° a a ^ a 0) M^ ,o si (S <1 Tota « ^ 0) Black walnut, Sugar pine Western white pine. Pitch pine Butternut Spruce, Black gum Hickory, Kedwood, Circassian walnut. Total, 35,860 .30 82 91 •15,000 .21 65 OO 20,500 .17 46 78 20,000 .17 16 OO 13,500 .11 44 30 1,500 .01 42 CO 1,000 .01 28 OO l.OflO .01 65 OO 5C0 * 55 00 500 * 250 00 11,888,220 100'. 00 $42 25 2,&73 1,625 &59 320 $502,323 2S,860 20,000 13,500 1,000 7,000 25,000 20,500 1,500 1,000 50O 500 3,685,310 8,202,910 *Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. CLOTH, HOSIERY BOARDS, ETC. Cloth boards, commonly called wrapping boards, upon which to wind woolen and other textile goods, hosiery boards used in stocking factories and stores, hammer boards for beating brass and other sheet metals, and lap boards used by the seamstress, are the commodities which have been classed under Table 57. The largest part of the total was for cloth boards and the species used were loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, yellow poplar, and white pine. The size of cloth boards varies from 6 to 8 inches wide and from 16 to 20 inches long and one-fourth to five-eights of an inch thick. Sugar maple supplies the entire demand for hosiery boards or driers. They are made of j inch material which is strong, dense and not liable to roughen up or splinter. Yellow poplar sufficed for sewing or lap boards and for stocking forms. Because maple does not split easily and is strong and hard, it is preferred of all woods for hammer boards. Considerable ma- terial is used in Pennsylvania for the manufacture of ironing and sleeve boards, meat, pastry, and steak boards or planks, but these have been listed and referred to under the industry entitled "Woodenware." Table 57 — ^Wood for Boards, Cloth, Hosiery, etc., year ending June, 1912. Kind of Wood. Quantity. ii & Grown in Grown Out o Pennsyl- of Penn- o oi vania. sylvania. ,-H ,000 1,000,000 705,000 11,775,000 67.94 $25 OO 9.09 29 38 S.49 32 OO 8.49 18 13 5.99 46 45 100.00 • $26 69 $200,000' 31,440 32,000 18,125 32,750 $314,315 50,000 8,000,000 1,070,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 655,000 50,000 I 11,725,000 91 PATTERNS AND FLASKS. Table 58 shows that nearly eleven and a half million feet of lumher are re- quired annually in Pennsylvania for making patterns, flasks, and for other needs of the moulders and foundrymen. Of this amount nearly 80 per cent, is v/hite pine. All of this did not go for patterns, since white pine was demanded for flasks in greater amounts than was any other wood. It is, however, the predominant pattern wood not alone in Pennsylvania, but throughout the country at large. Its suitability is due above all to its susceptibility to hold shape under atmospheric changes, to its grain being close, straight, and even, with obscure figure, to its being easily worked, and at the same time not so soft as to be injured by rough usage, and to its being light in weight and easily portable. Since the pattern must be designed in the exact shape and dimensions of the article to be moulded, the highest grades of lumber are required, and, in many cases, material of considerable width is required and is usually often quarter-sawed, which will not warp as easily as straight sawn lumber cut without regard to grain. These are the factors which have increased the cost of this species to the point of creating a demand for a sub- stitute wood. Thus far no kind of wood experimented upon has been equal to white pine. It will be noticed that the western white pine cut in the Rocky Mountains appears in the table and also the sugar pine of California. Neither of these woods can be distinguished at sight from the eastern white pine. The western white pine is heavier than the eastern, and the sugar pine more resinous. The kinds of wood used for patterns in Pennsylvania are as follows: White pine. Yellow poplar. Cherry. White oak. Mahogany. Black walnut. Sugar maple. Butternut. Sugar pine. Teak. Western white pine. Silver maple. Redwood. Standard patterns, or patterns used often and therefore submitted to con- siderable wear, are made as durable as possible. For these very hard dense wood is required and mahogany, cherry, butternut, sugar maple, black wal- nut, and teak wood — the latter a foreign wood — are the ones used in Penn- sylvania. Large patterns, like those for moulding massive machine parts can not with economy be used entirely of these woods. Only the parts that come in direct contact with the sand, where the greatest wear is, are made of hardwoods, the inside or filler being of a softer, cheaper wood, and one more easily worked, such as white pine, sugar pine, yellow poplar, or red- wood. Mahogany is the best of the hardwoods for patterns, though cherry is the favorite of the domestic woods. These are of even straight grain and less liable to shrink and swell when enclosed in the matrices of damp sand. In addition they stand well the ramming, knocking, and rough usage a standard pattern receives. Sugar maple would be more used than it is were it not for its tendency to warp. Being hard, of straight, compact structure, with a capacity to wear smooth , and easily worked , it otherwise possesses excellent qa.?J{iies for pattern material. For fiasks lower grades of lumber are required than for patterns. Flasks serve as the frame or box, holding the sand in which to make the mould. A two-part flask is used when the pattern is in two pieces, one resting upon the other, the upper part is the cope, the lower the nowel. Flask material does not last long, its destruction being due more to frequent burning than to the general rough wear. The firing results from intense heat of the sand after the molten metal is poured into the mould. Buckets of water are conveniently 92 at hand to extinguish a blaze as soon as it Is discovered. Wood slow to take fire is the best flask materia,!, though choice is usually limited to kinds near at hand or that are cheap. Redwood , when not too costly is preferred , because it is generally conceded to be more fireproof than any other domestic wood. Coating the inside of flasks with a fireproof chemical has been tried recently as an experiment. Flask woods in order of their importance in Pennsylva- nia are as follows: White pine. Loblolly pine. Hemlock. Shortleaf pine. Longleaf pine. Yellow poplar. Spruce. Chestnut. White oak. Pitch pine. Norway pine. Sugar maple. White elm. Red oak. Beech. The Pennsylvania forests furnished only one-fourth of the total pattern material used. This was probably due to the diminishing stand of white pine timber in the State of the size demanded by the high grade lumber pattern makers. Nearly seven-ninths of all that was used was shipped in from West Virginia, the Great Lakes region, and western states. Table 58. — Wood for Patterns and Flasks, year ending June, 1912. *H >, Grown in Grown Out Quantity. 3 Pennsyl- of Penn- g ce I vania. 1 syl vania. ,-1 ^ Xi a Kind of Wood. 8& •^ a a o B a .Q o Oj=H ,—1 ^ ^ fa t^ iS < o Feet 0) fa White pine, Loblolly pine, Hemlock, Shortleaf pine, Longleaf pine Spruce, Redwood Chestnut Cherry (black), Mahogany, Sugar maple Sugar pine, Yellow poplar, Pitch pine, Norway pine, Western white pine, . White oak, White elm, Black walnut, Bed oak, Beech, Butternut Teak Red and silver maple Black gum, Total 9,141,449 579, 000 291,500 242,012 234,000 223,988 136,00'0 128,200 86,894 86,268 50, 550 50, 0'OO 46, SO'O 44,000 43,040 28,000 24,000 15,000 14,500 12,000 10,000 5,210 1,400 1,000 11,495,01] 79.53 $56 09 5.04 20 27 2.54 18 37 2.11 20 89 2.04 20 70 1.95 33 63 1.18 60.74 1.11 19 24 .76 71 58 .75 124 92 .44 47 46 .43 85 00 .40 38 82 .38 20 84 .37 28 00 .24 56 93 .21 39 50 .13 33 00 .13 50 00 .10 25 OO .09 25 00 .05 79 85 .01 250 OO .01 55 OO 1 * . 24 OO lOO.OO ?51 39 $512,735 11,738 5,356 5,066 4,844 7,533 8,260 2,466 6,220 10,777 2,399 4,250 1,806 917 1,205 1,594 948 495 725 300 250 416 350 55 12 $590,706 2,276,198 6,865,251 579 OOO 291, 500 242,012 234,000 179,988 136,000 44,000 47,500 54,644 80,700 32,250 86,268 38,850 11,700 50,000 9,000 2,500 43,040 37,500 41,500 28,000 24,000 15 OOO 4,500 12,000' 10,000 10,000 3,900 1,310 1,400 l.OOO 50O 2,887,092 8,607,919 *Less than l-lOO of 1 per cent. 93 HANDLES. Other states take precedence over Pennsylvania in the quantity of wood annually consumed in the manufacture of handles, but it is probable that none surpasses it in the different kinds of handles made. The principal ones re- ported have been listed and the woods from which they are made arranged in order of quantity as follows: Axe Handles. Fork Handles. White ash. White ash. Hickory. Cherry. White oak. CJ-.ab Maul Handles. Brick Troioel Handles. Hornbeam. Dogwood. Hickory. Persimmon. Hammer Handles. Broom Handles. ^j^j^^ ^^^^ Basswood. Hickory. Beech. Bifc'h."'''^^^' Hatcnet Handles. Hickory. Butcher Knife Handles. White ash. Birch. Beech. Hay Knife Hayidles. Sugar maple. White ash. Cant Hook Handles. jjoe Handles. Sugar maple. White ash. Hornbeam. g,^,gar mapls. Hickory. Bggch. ^ . „ , Birch. Carrying Poles. Hornbeam. Instrument Handles. Hickory. Rosewood. Chisel Handles. Jack Handles. Coal Pick Handles. Hickory. White oak. Sugar maple. Sugar maple. ^, „ , „ ,, White ash. Mallet Handles. Sweet birch. Dogwood. Hickory. Hornbeam. Hickory. Concrete Ra')nmer Handles Hickory. Maul Handles. Hornbeam. Hickory. Crosscut Saw Handles. Mop Handles. Beech. Beech. Sugar maple. ' Si'gar maple. Hickory. Birch. Basswood. Door Knohs. Sugar maple. Pcavey Handles. Hornbeam. D-Fork Handles. Hickory. White ash. Pick Handles. D-Shovel Handles. Hickory. White ash. White oak. Sugar maple. Hornbeam. 94 Pipe Wrench Handles. Basswood. Plastering Trowel Handles. Basswood. Pole Brush Handles. Basswood. White ash. Shortleaf pine. Rake Handles. Sugar maple. Beech. Bircli. Ash. Saddler's Tool Handles. Black walnut. Sad Iron Handles. Red gum. Sand Rammer Handles. Hickory. Hornbeam. Saio Frames. Red Oak. Birch. Sugar maple. Saw Handles. Red gum. Sweet birch. Applewood. Beech. Spade Handles. White ash. Black ash. S'pud Handles. Hickory. Hornbeam. Sugar maple. Beech. Stamper Handles. Hornbeam. Hickory. Street Brooms. Beech. Sugar maple. Hickory. Track Tool Handles. White oak. Hickory. Sugar maple. White ash. Hickory is unquestionably the best wood used for long-handle tools, includ- ing the maul, axe, striking hammer, sledge, and track tools used on rail- roads for construction work and for maintenance of way. Besides exceptional strength, this wood possesses other important qualities for handle material, — weight, stiffness, shock-resisting ability, and susceptibility to wear smooth by use. Manufacturers of this class of handles usually specialize in this line, since the processes of manufacture and the machinery required are distinct from those employed in making other classes. Hickory is becoming scarcer each year, and this fact has induced a number of northern handle makers to move southward nearer to the source of the largest supply. Not a few firms, however, continue to maintain factories in the north and to ship billets, bolts, and rough-turned handle stock from the south to the north as far as Connecticut and New Hampshire. It is interesting to note from the following table that the Pennsylvania hickory handle manufacturers procure 66 per cent, of their raw material from the State. It would be well for farmers and timber owners in Pennsylvania who own stands of hickory to understand the increasing demand for the wood for handles and that second-growth hickory- is preferred. This tree is not a rapid grower but it is not so slow as many other trees and it will soon prove a good investment to preserve stands of second-growth hickory to aid their development, and to cut the timber only as it becomes large enough for handle bolts. The list given below shows the kinds of wood which are being tried as substitutes for hickory in handle making, white oak, cow oak, swamp oak, sugar maple, hornbeam, and ash being the principal ones. For coal-pick handles these woods are suitable and most largely used, there being less strain as to strength and shock-resisting than if used for the more strenuous work of the pick, axe, and maul. 95 The manufacture of fork and garden tool handles is another distinct class of this industry. What hickory is for the axe, pick, and sledge, white ash is to this class, namely, the pitch-fork and hay-fork, the long handle and D- shovel, and the hoe, rake, etc. Stiffness, toughness, aijd strength without excessive weight are the properties which commend ash for this use. It is surprising that the handle manufacturers demanding this wood procure only 58 per cent, of their requirements from State-grown woods. This condition offers another opportunity to timber owners to encourage the growing of ash for handle stock, to meet the demand of the increasing home market. In forest management ash is an important tree. It is a fairly rapid grower and is not particular as to situation, as are many other trees. Other woods serve with ash for meeting the demand for this class of handles, but they are used in considerably smaller quantities. In the order of their importance, they are sugar maple, beech, birch, and cherry. In other states elm, sycamore, and soft maple are included. More wood in Pennsylvania is reiiuired for broom and mop handles than for any other class, and like hickory handles, the manufacturer makes no other kinds. The maples, chiefly sugar maple, the birches and beech be- cause they turn well and wear smooth in use, and to a less extent, bass- wood, red gum, ash, and sycamore, are the broom and mop handle woods; and all of them are reported being used in Pennsylvania. Sugar maple is preferred and only a few years ago was most used. Its demand for other uses at higher prices is probably the chief cause for bringing birch into first place. High grade material is required for broom handles and squares are usually cut direct from the log, the less desirable being put into mop handles. Mop handle squares were found being bolted in Pennsylvania from slabs and edgings of sawmills cutting beech, birch, and maple. For handles where weight is not an objection and strength is the foremost consideration, hornbeam or ironwood has been found very satisfactory. Cant hook and peavey handles, stomper and rammer handles are examples. Applewood is very well adapted for handsaw handles, being hard, suf- ficiently strong, of uniform texture, and susceptible of high polish. The attractive uniform color has caused it to become the principal wood for bet- ter grades of handles. Red gum, cherry, and sweet birch have proved satis- factory for saw handles, but more because they can be finished to resemble applewood closely than because of any other special quality which they pos- sess. Beech furnishes the material for cheaper grades. Its color is against it and also the fact that it is not capable of high polish, but its toughness and greater strength and ability to wear smooth probably make it nearly equal to applewood. Other woods used for saw handles but not reported in Penn- sylvania are mahogany and black walnut. Saw frames for buck saws are of red oak, birch, and maple and handles of crosscut saws are of sugar maple, hickory, and beech. The bricklayers' trowels have handles of dogwood and persimmon. These woods are dense in structure and among the hardest domestic woods and therefore best stand the wear for use as a hammer for imbedding the brick into mortar after placing it. The plaster trowels are made of basswood. Be- ing porous this wood absorbs the moisture from the wet hand of the mechanic and it is claimed does not slime. In the New England states popple or aspen is used for the same reason. 96 Table 59. — Wood for Handles, year ending June, 1912, +J k. Grown in Grown Out Quantity. s Pennsyl- of Penn- 1 C3 1 Tanla. , sylvania. ■^ XJ Q* Kind of Wood. ■ 8& C3 03 o 1 fe Ck < H fa fe Hickory, Sugar maple, . Ash, Beech Hornbeam, Bireli Red gum, White oak, ... Applpwood, . . . Basswood, Red oak, . Shortleaf pine. Cherry (black Persimmon, ... Black walnut. Ebony Dogwood, Rosewood, Total, . . . 3,973,350 2,307,850 1,969,750 1,752,300 415,500 207,750 195,000 59,000 50,000 41,200 15,000 12,000 7,500 7,000 1,050 327 230 100 11,014,907 36.07 $31 97 20.95 19 02 17. 8S 28 45 15.91 17 31 3.77 49 53 1.89 18 13 1.77 29 38 .54 27 42 .45 40 OO .38 29 73 .14 17 50 .11 30 00 .07 50 OO .06 54 00 .01 81 90 * 305 81 » 67 57 t 360 OO 100. 00 ?26 68 $127,045 43,897 56,032 30,412 20,580 3,766 5,730 1,618 2,000 1,225 263 360 375 378 $293,919 2,599,300 1,727,700 1,130,750 1,302,800 315,500 205,250 59,000 25,000 41,200 15,000 2,500 'i.'oso 7,425,050 1,374,050 580,150 839,000 449,500 100,000 2,500 195,000 ""25i666 12,000 5,000 7,000 327 230 100 3,589,857 *Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. The fourteen woods demanded by the Pennsylvania manufacturers for mak- ing laundry accessories are listed in Table 60 following and they aggregate a cut of over nine million feet. Four Woods, sugar maple, beech, birch, and yellow poplar, contributed nearly 70 per cent, of the total. Of these sugar maple is the most important, in quantity furnishing more than one-half of the entire demand. Four woods were cut entirely outside of the State but nearly three-fourths of the aggregate employed grew in Pennsylvania, show- ing to what extent this industry, is dependent upon the forest resources of the State and why manufacturers should be interested in the movement to protect and improve the forests. Clothespins are the smallest commodity grouped under this heading but they are not the least important as more wood is used for their manufacture than for any other laundry product. Over four million feet is the amount annually required. Fine grained beech and sugar maple in nearly equal quan- tities were the principal woods used. The other kinds include birch and yellow poplar. The last named and maple also are used for making clip pins, which are two wooden scales held together by a wire spring. The woods used in Pennsylvania as clothespin material are the same as those used in other states except in Virginia where the manufacturers report black gum, both the water gum and cotton gum varieties, which in those parts are in- discriminately called black gum. Three processes are necessary in the manu- facture of clothespins, (1) the rough billets are turned to proper form, (2) they are put through another machine which slits them, (3) they are finally consigned into revolving cylinders to be tumbled or smoothed by abrasion. 97 Ironing boards and stands are an important part of tliis industry and the woods used are selected according to their fitness for the several parts. The frames or the collapsible stand upon which the boards rest require a strong wood and one that turns readily. Sugar maple and beech are reported in Pennsylvania while in Michigan elm and yellow birch joined with these in furnishing this material. Ironing boards are preferably of a wood that is soft and easily smoothed and one that in the presence of high temperature holds its shape well. It should be made of light weight wood so as to be easily portable. Cottonwood answers well but buckeye, basswood, yellow poplar, and white pine are probably the favorites. Besides regular-size iron- ing boards, these woods were also reported for skirt and sleeve boards used for specialty work. Beech, birch, and maple, because they are strong, tough, and not easily split, were reported for making clothes racks, sometimes called horses, and for clothes driers. Light weight wood like basswood or aspen were used for the stringers. The racks are made of turned stock and fold together like a screen. The driers are revolving reels through the arms of which wire is strung for hanging clothes. These include the ones that are temporarily attachable to back porches of apartment buildings and also the kinds that are placed in back yards. Adjustable curtain stretchers used in laundering lace and other thin fabric window curtains are included in this industry. Basswood was the only wood used while a large amount of loblolly pine was called on for clothes props. Mangles are ironing machines used for domestic purposes in ironing flat work such as table and bed linen, towels, handkerchiefs, etc. In appear- ance they resemble clothes wringers, having their rolls operating at a tangent. Some of them are intended only for cold ironing or smoothing. In these the rolls are of wood and the pressure of the rolls alone does the work giving the clothes the same smooth appearance as if hot ironed. In Pennsylvania they are made alone of sugar maple but the Michigan report also shows beech and elm though in much smaller quantities. Machines are also made for hot ironing and in these the upper roll is hollow metal heated while the lower one is wood covered with padding and a top dress of muslin. Mangle rollers vary in size from 3* inches in diameter and 20 inches long to 6 inches diameter and 24 inches long. Washing machines are of various designs and shapes, some in box form, some conical shape similar to a wash tub, and others are cylindrical. The last named is the design used in steam laundries. Cypress is more suitable than any other wood for washing machine bodies because it is less liable to warp and more durable in situations of alternating moisture and dryness. Ash and to a small extent white pine were also reported. Of the Pacific coast woods, redwood seems to give the best result. On account of the strength of sugar maple it was called on for the legs of washing machines; and beaters or agitators which work inside of the machine to turn the clothes in washing are made of beech or maple. The reasons which commend cypress for washing machines make it the principal wood for wash tubs In Michigan spruce was the favorite wood while the Illinois manufacturers used cypress, cotton gum, and red gum in the order named. The increasing use of these woods, especially cotton gum, which is tupelo, is worthy of note. For washboards, the manufacturers require woods that are light in color, especially for the print board, which is stenciled. Yellow poplar alone is called on in this State but in Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan, basswood, Cot- tonwood, and cotton gum were demanded. Washboard sides or posts are 98 made from beech and sugar maple. Tlie former is more extensively used. The rubbing surface at one time was made of maple and beech, but now metal or glass rubs have been substituted. Table -Wood for Laundry Appliances, year ending June, 1912. -.j h Grown in Grown Out Quantity. s - Pennsyl- of Penn- 1 s vania. , sylvania. X! d Kind of Wood. O >j ^ a Oh < Grown in Pennsyl- vania. Grown Out of Penn- sylvania. Beech, Sugar maple, Basswood, .. Ash, White elm, . 3,639,000 42.44 120 46 1, (MO, 500 12.13 23 34 944, O0« 11.01 24 26 634,500 7.40 30 67 500,000 B.S3 2S 00 $74,446 24,280 22,905 19,462 14,000 3,356,000 737.500 228,500 259,500 2S3,0OO 303, OOO 715,500 375,000 500,000 . . " ',■"'' "«^, t'-'Y I i'- I I 1.1 I I >^ ^ I ,0 o I N , IComp/efe r/as. n Cope J- AJOi. ) %- _^ /yp. - --T.Cope. 2. A^oM/e/ 3. Sof/v/n boarcf ^. Cop>a 6a^ ^^9^^~ ^ Botf-or?7 doarc^ Fig. 19. — Sixty different kinds of novelties made by one manufacturer of Pennsylvania. dp:scription of figure 19. *1 . Plumber's turnpin — dogwood . 2. File handle — black walnut. 3. Candlestick — soft maple. 4. Drift plug (plumber's) — dogwood. *5. Banner pole emblem — yellow poplar. *6. Banner pole emblem — yellow poplar. 7. Turned handles, bench tools — sugar maple. 8. Rolling pin — sugar maple. 9. Bench rammer, foundry tool, made from 10. 10. Rough square — sugar maple. 11. Ten pin, made from 10. 13. Duck pin, made from 12. 15. Indian club made from 14 (rough square) — yellow poplar, *16 . Ga vel — rosewood . 17. Tinner's mallet — lignum-vitae. 18. Carpenter's mallet — dogwood, maple handle. 19. Dental mallet — dogwood. *20. Flag pole top — sugar maple. 21. Foundry mallet — dogwood, maple handle. 22. Spoons — soft maple. *23. Baseboard, mounting used by taxidermist — red oak. *24. Watch case frame — yellow poplar. 25. Plasterer's houck — sugar maple. 28. Bung starter, made from rough square 27 — dogwood. *29. Candle pedestal — yellow poplar. *31. Policeman's club — rosjwood, made from rough square 30. *33. Watchman's billy — mahogany, made from rough square 32 34. Spigots — red cedar. 35. Spigot, oil barrels — red cedar, two unfinished parts. *36. Fid (rope slicer) — hickory. 37. Air pump handle — hickory. 38. Large and small plumber's dressers — lignum-vitae. 39. Bottle corker — sugar maple. *40. Lemon squeezer — sugar maple with cup and filler— lignimi vitae. 42. Bolt — lignum-vitae. 45. Ten pin ball made from 42. *46. Bull's eye used as a rope tie on ship.s — lignum vitae. 47. Electrical apparatus part, 9 layers glued — mahogany. *48. Gavel — ebony. *49. Alms plate — black walnut. 50, 51 and 52. Coopersmith's mallet — dogwood and water gum, hickory handle. 57. Bolt — water gum. 60. Maul — hickory, handle made from 57. 61. Maul — hickory, handle made from 62. 62. Bolt — water gum. 67. Maul — hickory, handle with bark made from 62. 68. Kraut stamper — sugar maple, handle made from 70. 70. Bolt— water gum. *71. Pedestal for loving cup — red gum. *98. Candlestick — mahogany. '^M^^^^^^^i^9s^[ tiit.'^ksL^.'^.' ' i '^S- 101 Table 62 — Concluded. «(-i & Grown in Grown Out Quantity. O Pennsyl- of Penn- g oj vania. sylvania. ■;; ;= a Kind of Wood. I& B ^ o a a ^ 0) 03 "M .Q .Q -H o 0) jj 03 o fa (S > CJ o Fee b Loncrleaf pine, Southern wbite cedar, Cypress (bald) : White pine, uiglas fir hpruce Shortleaf pine ' "hite oak, Norway pine, Hemlock Chestnut, Total 2,565,000 2,554,000 1,138,000 820,000 450,000 100,000 86,200 50,000 50,000 25,000 15,000 7,853,200 32.66 ?26 57 32.52 36 31 14.49 56 32 10.44 34 84 5.73 43 33 1.27 30 00 1.10 29 47 .64 43 00 .64 3."^ OO .32 18 00 .19 20 00 100.00 $36 07 $68,150 92,740 64,0SO 28,570 19,500 3,000 2,540 2,150 1,750 450 300 $283,240 60,000 50,000 15,000 2,565.000 2,554,000 1,138,000 760,000 450,000 100,000 86,200 50,000 150,000 1 7,703,200 103 MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. Most parts of the machinery equipment of paper mills, flour mills, ice factories, sawmills, cotton gins, etc., are made of iron and steel, but for others wood is required and it is the different kinds of lumber for making these parts that are listed in Table 64. Electrical machinery parts and other electrical apparatus are not included in this class. This information will be presented subsequently as a separate industry. It is natural to infer that wooden parts of machinery must, in a great number of cases, call for lumber of great strength. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that white oak is the preponderant wood, comprising over one-third of the total and that long- leaf pine and hickory follow it in quantity. The largest amount of hickory in the form of plank i's shown in this industry. The vehicle and handle makers report using more but their raw material is in billet form, in squares, and in bolts. Douglas fir is the only Pacific coast wood listed. Like long- leaf pine it possesses considerable strength and because the trees grow large and of great height, timber of large dimensions and length can readily be ob- tained. This probably accounts for its appearance in this industry, far from where it is cut. The average price is nearly twice that of longleaf pine. Machine parts must necessarily be made from high grade lumber and in this connection it is interesting to note that nearly 55 per cent, of all that was reported was grown in the State. The factories included in this indus- try are numerous, though compared with other industries they use small amounts of wood. The fact that the requirements of these manufacturers are met so largely by the forests of the State should elicit their interest in the movement to protect forests and thereby perpetuate the State's timber supply. Some parts of 14 of the 19 woods listed in the table were cut in Pennsylvania, and their principal uses have been arranged in the order of their importance as follows: Bins (Road Equipment). Shortleaf pine. Breaker. Yellow poplar. Cider Mills. Yellow poplar. Clay Working Machinery. Hemlock. C7'anes. Yellow poplar. Coal Mining Machinery. White oak. Hickory. White ash. Shortleaf pine. Maple. Birch. Basswood. Yellow poplar. Chestnut. Hemlock. Derricks. White oak. Cork elm. Sugar maple. Douglas fir. Elevators. Red oak. Chestnut. Longleaf pine. Yellow poplar, (feed mills). Basswood. White oak. Engine and Machinery Skids. Beech. Sugar maple. Hemlock. Hickory. Flour and Feed Mill Machinery. Red oak. Yellow poplar. Longleaf pine. Sugar maple. Hickory. Chestnut. White ash. White pine. General Still Machinery. White pine. Longleaf pine. Sugar maple. White oak. Cypress, 104 Hoists. Yellow poplar. Sugar maple. Hickory. Horse Poioer Machinery. Sugar maple. Yellow poplar. Ice Machines. White oak. Red oak. Longleaf pine. White ash. Oil Well Machinery. White oak. Red oak. White pine. Shortleaf pine. Hemlock. Sugar maple. Beech. Douglas fir. Longleaf pine. Ore Machinery. Red oak. Chestnut. Push Poles. Hickory. Ash. Road Scrapers. Longleaf pine. White pine. Road Engine Parts. Yellow poplar. Red oak. White oak. White pine. Rock and Stone Crushers. Red oak. Chestnut. White oak. White pine. Sawmill Parts. Longleaf pine. Hickory. Red oak. White oak. Shortleaf pine. Miniyig Screens. Red oak. Chestnut. Paper Mill Machinery. White oak. Yellow poplar. Longleaf pine. Sugar maple. Vi'ater Wheels. White oak. White pine. Shortleaf pine. Poplar. Table 64. — Wood for Machine Construction Parts, year ending June, 1912. ^ >, Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- o ci vania. sylvania. '^ xi o (1 o OOQ. ^^ O ^ «w a H q; U MC3 o a a .Q S ._ u 0. +-» C3 o a> ^ Oh < H fe fe White oak, . . . Longleaf pine, Hicliory, Yellow poplar, Red oak, Hemlock, Sugar maple, . Douglas fir, .. . Shortleaf pine, White pine, . . . Ash Chestnut, Pitch pine, . . . Loblolly pine, Beech 2,366,100 33.61 $26 31 1,431,000 20.33 27 66 699,000 9.93 27 27 640,800 9.10 42 86 557,500 7.92 27 79 296,000' 4.20 18 22 288,700 4.10 29 69 200,000 2.84 51 25 163,000 2.31 23 99 143,500 2.04 41 34 83,000 1.18 44 88 73,000 1.04 35 67 49,100 .70 16 44 25,000 .35 32 00 11,000 .16 14 55 $62,258 39,585 19,063 27,463 15,491 5,392 8,572 10i,25O 3,910 5,932 3,725 2,604 807 800 160 2,311,100 ""eisiooo 29,800 247,500 296,000 145,700 "io.ooo 83,500 5,000 23,000 49,100 '""ii.'ooo 55,000 1,431,000 56,000 611,000 310, OOO 143.000 200,000 153,0001 60,000 78,000 50,000 105 Table 64 — Concluded. fj Grown in Grown Out Quantity. p. _o Pennsyl- of Penn- Kind of Wood. as 6 , vania. sylvania . a a || 6 a J2 ^ -4-J 0) Basswood Birch, Cork elm, Cypress (bald), Total 8,500 3,000 2,000 150 7,040,350 .12 36 47 .01 •lo 00 .03 50 OO * 75 00 lOO.OO $29 33 310 75 100 11 500 3,000 3,858,200 2,000 150 3,182,150 *Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. All commodities used by farmers in the preparation of the soil and in gathering and garnering crops are grouped under this industry. The prin- cipal uses of the eighteen woods called for are as follows: Cider Mill Presses. Sugar maple. White pine. Cultivator Parts. Ash (handles, pole). Shortleaf pine. White oak (handles). Gorji Planter Parts. Basswood. Yellow poplar. Corn Sheller Parts. Beech (frames). Birch (frames). Chestnut. Shortleaf pine (sides). Sugar maple (boxes, posts). Eveners. Hickory. Red oak. White oak. Feed and Ensilage Cutter Parts. Beech (frame work). Cypress (boxes). Shortleaf pine (box sides). Yellow poplar (sides). Fertilizer and Lime Distrihutors. Cotton gum (boxes). Longleaf pine (poles). Red gum. Hand Rakes. Hickory (teeth). Harroios, Spike Tooth. Red oak. " White oak. Hay Ladders. Ash. White oak. flay Presses. Sugar maple. White oak. Horse Pokes. White elm. Horse Rake Parts. White ash. Land- Roller Parts. Longleaf pine (poles, tops). Shortleaf pine (tops). Sugar maple (blocks, tongues, tops). White oak (frames). Tjatvn Moioer Handles. Black ash. White ash. Levers. Variotis Implements. White ash. Fertilizer Distributor Parts. Red gum. 106 Litter and S^raw Carrier Parts. NecJc Yokes. Sugar maple. Hickory, White oak. White oak. Yellow poplar. Beech. Threshing machines, including grain threshers and clover hullers, are the most important commodities of this industry, and in this particular line of manufacture Pennsylvania leads all other states. There are many interior parts of these machines that require woods of different qualities. The general tendency to substitute metal for wood has not proved practical and consequently a majority of these parts like grain registers, dust conveyors, and screen frames are still made largely of wood. Likely for the same rea- son, frames and siding or exterior panels of threshers call for wood and white pine and yellow poplar are the principal panel woods because these woods are light, easily worked, take paint readily, and are not given to twist and check. Straw-carriers, closely allied to threshers, are another product Important In this industry in Pennsylvania. Woods similar to those for threshers are demanded; white oak, yellow poplar, and sugar maple in the order named being most frequently called for. Corn shellers and land rollers demand a considerable amount of lumber each year. Beech for framing, shortleaf pine, and yellow poplar for panels play an important part in making the former, and sugar maple and oak for the latter. The rollers of land rollers were formerly made of wood. A cross-section from a sycamore or yellow poplar log was usually selected and the rollers were usually made on the farm or at nearby blacksmith shops. Today these implements are in universal use and have been found indis- pensable, as a labor saver. The factories sometime ago began making them and now use metal almost entirely, but a small amount of wood is still in use and hard maple meets the demand in the State. The bottoms of the roller platforms are of shortleaf pine but any strong wood will answer for this purpose. The roller blocks or bearing frames are of hard maple. The hay baler manufacturers also use sugar maple ahead of other woods; but oak, both white and red, is indispensable for certain parts. Table 65. — Wood for Agricultural Implements, year ending June, 1912. ^j Grown in Grown Ou Quantity. s Pennsyl- of Penn g vania. sylvania • tj ■a p. Kind of Wood. o >> o a a 0)0 o a S .Q bccs ^' ^ Feet fe CD 4-. < o o fa Feet White oak, Red oak Sugar maple, . . Yellow poplar, Ash, Ix)ngleaf pine, Chestnut Hickory White pine, Shortleaf pine, 1,678,700 23.97 $35 60 1,617,000 23. OS 32 58 1,032,600 14.74 2S 04 757,500 10. SI 34 59 599,100 8.55 38 73 563.200 8.04 31 77 140,000 2.00 19 07 124,400 1.78 33 41 116,000 1.66 31 71 95,000 1.36 29 74 $59,768 52, 680 28,952 26, 205 23,202 17,893 2,670 4,156 3,678 2,825 887,700 447,000 365,500 33,000 103,100 40,000 99,400 26,000 791,000 1,170,000 667,100 724,500 496,000 563,200 100,000 25,000 90,000 9S,000 107 Table 65— Concluded. S-H £? Grown in Grown Out Quantity. 1 o Pennsyl- of Penn- y vania. sylvania. t-H i-l X 0) p. o Kind of Wood. i>; ^ a c o o a a X! a S'H ^ ^ fa ^^ o fci Fee Basswood, Cork elm Beecli, Cotton gum, .. Cypress (bald). Red gum Birch Cucumber Total, . . . . 80,000 50,000 42,000 35,000 30,000 24,000 20,009 300 7,004,SOO 1.14 31 06 .71 2& 00 .60 23 86 .50 36 00 .43 35 00 .34 36 OO .29 24 OO * 30 00 100. CO $32 89 2,485 1,250 960 1,260 1,050 864 4S0 9 $230,387 30,000 50,000 32,000 20,000 30O 2,134,000 10,000 35,000 30,000 4,870,800 *Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. TOYS. The commodities included in this industry and the woods that supplied the material for making them are as follows: Animals. Basswood. Blocks (Toy Wagon). White pine. Boats. • Basswood. White pine. Cannon and Fort Sets. Basswood. Sweet birch. Beech. Chairs (Children's). Hard maple. Beech. Chairs. Birch. Circus Sets. Basswood. White pine. Yellow poplar. Sweet birch. Beech. Dolls. Basswood. Furniture. White pine. Beech. Yellow poplar, Chestnut. Birch. Soft maple. Sugar maple. . White oak. Red oak. Elm. Games. White ash. White oak. Yellow poplar. Basswood. Holders (Christmas Tree). Yellow poplar. ■Jumpers (Swing). Red gum. Pianos (Children's). Basswood. Pastry Sets. White elm. Red oak. White oak. Play Yards (BaTjy). White oak. Red oak. Shooting Galleries. White pine. Beech. Sweet birch. Basswood. 108 Rockers. White oak. Red oak. Tricycle Seats. Yellow poplar. Basswood. Stick Horses. Heads. White pine. Yellow poplar. Sticks. Basswood. White pine. Wheels. Beech. Sweet birch. Stocks, Pop Otm. Basswood. Beech, Sugar maple. Swings. Red oak. Sugar maple. Walkers. Hard maple. Yellow poplar. Red gum. Beech. Rocking Horses. White ash. Toy Parts. Basswood. Beech. Cotton gum. Spruce. Yellow poplar. Hard maple. Red oak. White oak. V.'agons and Autos. White pine. Basswood. Yellow poplar. Tops. Birch. Beech. Yellow poplar. Chestnut. Soft maple. Sugar maple. White oak. Red oak. V/heelbarroivs. White pine. BassY/ood. Yellow poplar. Xylophones. Sugar m^aple. Rosewood. Basswood is the principal material for wooden toys and^for the wooden parts of metal toys. It is not only demanded in the greatest amount but it enters into the manufacture of more kinds than any other species. It alone supplied the material for the all-wood doll which is made in no other state. This doll is unique, ingenious, and wonderfully useful, in that nearly all parts, — body, arms, legs, hands, feet, — even the head — are made of solid wood. The face is artistically carved and when enameled in lifelike colors and the doll dressed, it is difficult to tell that it is made of wood. The parts of the body are jointed with steel bands having swivel connection, which gives flexibility and freedom of movement. The all- wood doll is made with facial characteristics representative of different nations and of comical characters. The making of toy pianos is another important division of this industry. Basswood is the prevailing M^ood again and it goes into all the various parts except the base of large size pianos where a stronger wood is needed, and ash and oak meet this demand. Because it is easily bored and turned to shape, this wood answers first for toy cannons. It is also principally used for wooden animals in menageries and for horse heads and bodies for stick horses. Though Pennsylvania was sixth in the list of states in the production of basswood lumber, the toy manufacturers reported purchasing 60 per cent. of their requirements from other states. Sugar maple, white pine, and yellow poplar were used not only in almost equal amounts but the average price paid for these woods was also nearly equal. That so much yellow pop- 109 lar was State-grown is somewhat surprising. In no other industry of this report does wood, State-grown, e_:ual so large a per cent, of the total. Nearly six and a half million feet was required and of this over 85 per cent. is cut in Pennsylvania. Table 66. — Wood for Toys, year ending June, 1912. Kind of Wood. Quantity. ^ i t-, J= 0) O, o m 2t^ -I- a>3 o ;-, 0^ ^ 0) Oi E^ Grown in Grown Out Pennsyl- of Penn- vania. sylvania. a a j6 x> ,^_J -M b U^ Basswood, Sugar maple White pine, Yellow poplar, Beech, Birch Chestnut, Red and silver maple. Ash White oak, Red oak, White elm, Cotton gum, Red gum Spruce, Total, 1,404, WO 762,500 725,000 703,000 627,400 617,000 500,000 450,000 320,000 153,000 125,309 25,000 5,000 5,000 1,300 6,421,500 21.86 $40 80 11. S7 25 31 11.29 24 90 10.93 25 48 9.77 18 41 9.61 23 84 7.79 21 00 7.01 24 00 4,98 421 03 2.37 29 2,6 1.95 27 17 .39 2a 00 .08 2» 00 .08 25 00 .02: 43 00 lOO.OO $28 37 $57,2S0 19,300 18,050 17,888 11,553 14,708 10,500 10,800 13,450 4,448 3,404 525 100 125 56 $182,193 560,000 712,500 487,500 659,500 585, OW) 617,000 500,000 450; 000 182,500 133,000 100,800 12,500 5,000 5,004,300 844,000 50,000 237,500 42, 500 42,400 137,500 20,000 24,500 12,500 5,000 1,300 1,417,2»0 TRUNKS AND VALISES. Nine woods make up the four million feet of lumber required yearly in Pennsylvania for making trunks. A number of manufacturers do all the work from the arrival of the rough lumber to the covering, lining, and varnishing of the finished commodity, but others make only the rough boxes in the white, others slats, and others purchase the different parts already manufactured and merely put them together and finish them. The last named class of manufacturers did not make reports for this study be- cause they do not operate wood-working machinery and are merely as- semblers. The fact that white elm leads in quantity all other woods listed in the table indicates that in Pennsylvania the slat makers form the most important division of this industry. The quantity demanded, though' fairly large, does not equal the amount of ash, which, next to elm, is generally the principal slat wood. Hickory is a frequently used slat wood on sample cases because of its strength but none of the trunk makers reported its use in Pennsylvania; its weight and its high price being against it. Basswood is the favorite wood for trunk boxes and in Pennsylvania fur- nished about three-quarters of the material which the manufacturers used. It works easily and holds its shape. The fact that it is fairly strong for its weight qualifies it more than any other factor for this use. Cottonwood is its principal comoetitor and in the country at large is used in larger ruantities. Like basswood it enters largely into veneer and then into built- up lumber from which the better grades of trunk boxes are largely made. Three and four-ply are the thicknesses principally used. Besides being of no lighter weight than ordinary solid trunk box material it is also more sub- stantial and, therefore, in most cases, does not require slat reinforcement. The trunk maker does not buy veneer and make panels. He buys panels already glued together in various thicknesses according to his varied needs. Red gum appears in the table in only small quantities. In other states the demand for it for trunks seems to be increasing and, like cottonwood, is purchased mostly in the form of built-up lumber. White pine is a favorite wood for trunks made of solid lumber. It is purchased surfaced two sides and edged in thicknesses ranging from f inches to I inches according to the size and purpose for which the trunk is designed. In quantity the Pennsylvania trunk makers demanded white pine next to basswood. In the country at large loblolly pine is probably called on for solid trunk boxes ahead of any other wood. Lumber from second growth trees is preferred because of the large proportion of sapwood, its freedom from pitch, its light color and light weight. It goes for making the cheaper grades. As little of the wood is visible in the finished product, being covered with leather, cloth, and metal, the figure or color of the wood is not essential. To save weight, a light wood, cut as thin as the maximum stress will allow, is demanded for trays and inside compartments. Basswood met the largest part of the demand in Pennsylvania while in other states yellow poplar, cotton gum, buckeye, and cottonwood were the species principally employed. Table 67. — Wood for Trunks and Valises, year ending June, 1912. Quantity. a o 6 Grown in Pennsyl- vania. Grown Out of Penn- sylvania. Kind of Wood. S X3 a o 8& g>2 o a fc! (S a o fc fcl White elm, Basswood, . . Wliite pine, Cottonwood, Loblolly pine, Ash, Chestnut, Red gum, .. Total, 1,837,500 1,374,500 428,500 177,350 160,000 87,5.00 37,500 20,000 4,122,850 44.57 $30 82 33.34 27 SO 10.39 28 60 4.30 37 95 3.88 24 22, 2.12 36 42 .91 25 OO .49 35 00 100.00 $29 72 ?56,625 38,209 12,255 6,7S1 3,875 3,187 938 700 $122,520 250,000 754,500 128,600 87,500 17,500 1,238,000 1,587,500 620,000 300,000 177,350 160,000 20,000 20,000 2,884,850 BRUSHES. Pennsylvania surpasses all other states in the production of brush blocks and for their manufacture the factories consume over four million feet of wood annually. Of this material the forests of the state furnished over 93 per cent, of the total, a fact which should appeal to this class of manufac- turers when giving consideration to the source of future supply of raw ma- terial and what measures are to be taken when the present timber stand is gone. Each kind of the almost multitudinous variety of brushes that are manufactured requires a block of special size and shape, and a wood pos- Fig. 21. — Oil tank staves preparatory to assembling Fig. 22.— Finished oil tank. 'I%fr~^.l^^ '•^H,, fit - ^> -^-•wf^ i i - X r-: i?-#'<^.' '%-'-»;. \ I "- -^ <^<^.i:^-:^ k .?^ ^i **^ ¥•■;. -• 'if : ■*"' -a , ,/.*. ».1^' ril' ;fe I '^--CJSfVt. 4i.-i 'H'? 9 -^-isH^lJSl^^ll^^i^ll^ H)C '.I/' S^S P-- ,J, '* y> '; ,«f : Fig. 25.— Brush Blocks. SfPf i| M^aP** V^c-"* ; :^*^ - 1 ! ' • - ' ' , , ? ^* , .■ v^'.?^ ,- : J;VV .; ^:!^ ^ •*.'. i^' Fig. 2G.— Brush Blocks. Ill sessing qualities adaptable to the special use of the brush. This accounts for the long list shown in the table. There are sixteen woods, and beech constitutes much the largest amount, being equal to almost half of the total. This wood is one of the most plentiful hardwoods growing in Penn- sylvania, having properties admirably suited for cheap brushes, and is one of the factors making the industry important in the state. Maple fur- nishes material for brush blocks considerably more desirable than beech, and, therefore, is in demand for a better grade of brushes. It follows beech in importance as to quantity but of course is higher priced. In no other industry is cherry reported in so large amounts as for brushes. Its low average price as compared to that paid for the same wood by other classes of factories in the State is quite surprising. This industry does not include altogether the production of cheap brush blocks such as are used for making scrubbing, creamery, and brewery, sinks, dust pan, horse, feather dusters, window, stove, carpet, paint, whitewash, and frescoing brushes, and stable and street brooms, but it includes blocks for better grades re uiring higher priced woods, — such as red cedar, ash, sycamore, holly, red oak, black walnut, rosewood, boxwood, and other foreign woods. The latter kinds are used for hair brushes, hat, jewelry, clothes, hand, nail, and flesh brushes. The absence of mahogany and ebony from the list of high grade brush woods is hard to explain but none of the manufac- turers reported them in this State. Table 68. — Wood for Brushes, year ending June, 1912. > Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- vania. of Penn- sylvania. Pi Kind of Wood. ib > Grown in Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- vania. of Penn- sylvania. 0) Q, 6 ■5 +■> t-i t^ *j Oj 0) fH <"" &^ fa fa Dogwood, Persimmon, Boxwood (West Indian) Sarbo, Doncella, Total 17,5S5 7,010 1,3S0 30 10 3,347,985 .52 69 60 .21 60 06 M 62 96 * 200 CO * 100 00 100.00 $27 14 1,224 421 1,970,000 17,585 7,010 1,350 30 10 1,377,985 *Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. DAIRYMEN'S AND POULTERERS' SUPPLIES. The new methods in vogue for carrying on the dairy and creamery as well as the poultry business along scientific lines has brought about the use and manufacture of special equipment among which are included important articles made of wood. The factories manufacturing these articles are the ones that have supplied the data which has been compiled in the table fol- lowing. They are in no way related and have been combined only for con- venience in presenting the statistics since it is considered in this way the uses of the various woods may be more readily discussed. No one factory was found making the entire equipment for all of these above lines of business. They usually specialize either in one particular line or in the manufacture of a single commodity as incubators, butter tubs, egg crates, etc. Under dairymen's supplies for Pennsylvania are grouped the making of churns, butter tubs, cheese boxes, churn vats, milk bottle washers, and curd grinders. Ash is the principal wood for churns, both for the staves and for the paddles because it retains its shape and is less liable than any other wood to impart taste. This wood is used for making all kinds from the small domestic nhurns propelled by hand to the large cylindrical churn used in creameries. For the same reason that ash is used for churns it is called for ahead of any other wood for making butter tubs and butter pails. Maple is used with it for bottoms and covers of butter tubs but the quantity is relatively small. In some states experiments have been made with cypress for butter tubs but it was not in use in Pennsylvania although it was re- ported with ash for churn vats. Over a million and a half feet of wood is required for making cheese boxes. Because white elm has the property of bending it is used for these commodities ahead of any other wood, not only in Pennsylvania, but elsewhere. Other woods are used in fairly large amounts probably more for the reason that they could be purchased cheaper than for any special adaptability. These woods include beech, yellow birch, oak, hemlock, and ash. Wooden parts of the curd grinding machines in cheese factories account for the appearance in the table of cottonwood, iron- wood, and a large part of the sugar maple. The manufacturers of poulterers' supplies required almost as much lumber as the factories making dairymen's equipment. Incubators and brooders were the commodities manufactured. Cypress in the largest amounts answered 8 114 with yellow poplar and white pine for incubator cases and also for trays and other inside work. Its stability, affinity for paint and durability are the qualities desired for these uses. The bases and legs of incubators are of red oak and sugar maple, probably selected for strength. Brooder case woods are the same as for incubators except red oak instead of cypress went for frames. Table 70.- -Wood for Dairymen's, Poulterers', and Apiarists' Supplies, year ending June, 1912. «+-( ti Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- § C3 vania. sylvania. t-l .d P< Kind of Wood. ifi a a o a a £1 o 2-2 ^ X! s « ^ -ft*- a J-i tu CL< ^"^ H 0) White elm, Cypress (bald), Ash, Basswood, r.... Yellow poplar, Hemlock, White oak, Sugar maple, Shortleaf pine, Beech Birch, White pine, Red cedar, Red oak, Red and silver maple, Horbeam Cottonwood, Total, 600,000 IS. 51 $25' 01/ 545,000 16. S2 37 02 400,000 12.34 15 00 370,0001 11.43 18 00 220,000 6.79 29 82 215,000 6.63 15 49 205,000 6.33 IS 90 152,950 4.72 37 96 145,000 4.4S 15 69 100,000 3.09 16 00 100,000 3. OS IS 00 79,000 2.44 22 5S 45,000 1.39 55 00 36,000 1.11 28 00 15,000 .46 10 00 10,000 .31 12 00 2,500 .08 40 00 $23 82 3,240,450 100.00 $15,000 20,175 6,000 6,660 6,560 3,330 3,875 4, 276 2,275 1,600 1,800 1,7S4 2,475 1,008 150 120 100 $77,188 250,000 395,066 215,000 200,000 23,500 100,OC.0O 32 20 11.05 43 24 9.23 42 30 6.83 S3 11 4.59 70 54 4.46 44 05 3.46 32 25 3.06 23 89 2.99 53 90 2.99 34 56 1.70 51 20 1.49 26 82 .6S 22 00 .6S 25 00 .67 34 52 .38 87 50 .34 40.00 .18 44 34 .15 75 68 .10 40 00 .09 35 00 .08 43 60 100. OO $39 38 $16,669 20,857 14,075 11,500 16,713 9,530 5,779 3,290 2,150 4,743 3,041 2,560 1,180 440 5«0 687 980 400 255 333 120 91 109 $115,982 327,000 225,300 11,000 24,000 67,700 50,000 33,000 5,000 3,600 748,200 344,900 422,500 325,500 260,500 201,100 111,100 63,500 102,000 40,000 55,000 88,000 50,000 44,000 20,000 20,000 19,900 11,200 10,000 300 80O 3.000 1,000 2,500 2,196,800 MACHINERY AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. The wood used in Pennsylvania for making parts of electrical equipment is represented by Table 72. There are fourteen species required, their prin- cipal uses being: Gaile Reels. White pine. Shortleaf pine. Hemlock. Red oak. Spruce. Wire Spools. Sugar maple. Yellow poplar. Basswood. Red oak. InsiLlating Pieces. Sugar maple. Relay Boxes. White pine. Red oak. Fi' 'frk Boards. Mahogany. Wire Reels. Hemlock. White pine. Red oak. Yellow poplar. Spruce. FAectrical Cabinets and Cases. White ash. Walnut. Ped oak. Sugar maple. Mnhogany. Longleaf pine.' Triinking. Shortleaf pine. White pine. Sv.ntch Signal Blades. White pine. White ash. Sugar maple. 117 The largest amount and greatest number of woods of this industry go into cable and wire reels and spools for small size insulated wire. It will be noted that the softwood or conifers not plentiful in Pennsylvania are pre- ferred in their manufacture which probably accounts for so great a per- centage of the material being shipped in from other states. Hemlock and black walnut were the only woods listed as wholly home-grown. Penn- sylvania wire manufacturers use a much larger number of wood reels than is indicated in this table but because they are manufactured elsewhere and brought to the State ready for use after being assembled merely, informa- tion concerning this material was not asked for. It had previously been accredited to the state where the reels were actually manufactured. Table 72. — Wood for Machinery and Electrical Apparatus, year ending June, 1912. Quantity. O /3 Grown in Pennsyl- vania. Grown Out of Penn- sylvania. Kind of Wood. a, -t-> d a 2>. o a a 4-1 0) ; S ^J 0.5 s y^ --H CD fa ^ Gvown in Pennsyl- vania. Grown Out of Penn- sylvania. White pine, . . Sugar maple, . Yellow poplar, Birch Beech, Total, .., 2, 092, 000 400,000 100,000 50,000 50,000 2,692,000 7Y.71 $24 59 14.86 17 00 3.71 45 00 1.86 17 00 1.86 15 00 100. 00 $23 90 4,500 850 750 $64,335 1,575,000 400', OOO 50,000 50,000 2,075,000 517,0*0 looiooo 617,000 BASKETS AND VENEER PACKAGES. The products of this industry are made exclusively of veneer cut from close grained non-resinous woods with the tops and bottoms of thicker material — thin lumber, — which is often sawed from the cores (that part of the log after the veneer has been removed) , or from low grades of lumber. Formerly splint baskets were the kinds used. There is a wide difference between split wood and woods suitable for veneers. The former require straight grained woods, easily rived. The sapwood of white oak, basket oak, cow oak, ash, and hickory were among those frequently used. After the introduction of rotary veneer machines they began to make them, as they are doing in Pennsylvania, from veneer cut into wide strips and woven; and cheaper woods, usually with close compact cross grain without much resin, have taken the place of the splint woods. For stave baskets a great deal of the veneer is cut into staves varying in length from 12 inches to 18 inches. The bottom is of solid edged lumber, to which the narrow ends of the staves are tacked. The staves are held in place at the top and added strength is given at the bottom by the use of thin cut rims of white elm, beech, and soft maple. These baskets are made in many sizes and have a bent handle which is often of beech, hard maple, and white elm. Various woods answer for the veneer part of the stave baskets; the principal ones reported by Pennsyl- vania manufacturers are beech, soft maple, elm, ash, birch, and black gum. Other commodities made by this industry include packages used in mar- keting fruits and vegetables such as tills, hoppers, vendors' trays, and the like. This industry in Pennsylvania used a comparatively small amount of wood compared with the amounts used in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. The number of firms specializing in this line as well as in basket making justifies the grouping of the information concerning this line of manufacture into a separate industry instead of including it with the material going into boxes and crates, as has been the case in a number of other state reports where the veneer package industry is relatively un- important. 119 Table 74. — Wood for Baskets and Veneer Packages, year ending June, 1912. tA Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- ^ ^J vania. sylvania. ■=. " .d c< Kind of Wood. i& S a o 3 a .o o oi^ ^ .Q ij a. HI 1^ o fa Beech, Sugar maple, White pine, Basswood Red and silver maple, Red oak, White elm, Chestnut, Birch, Ash Black gum, Total, 1,(W9,(KjO 549,000 230,000 220,000 145,000 125,000 115,000 100,000 70, 0«) 30,000 20,000 2,6S3,0(iO 40.22 ?1S 63 20.46 18 15 8.57 21 OO 8.20 20 18 5.40 20 00 4.66 23 00 4.29 21 87 3.73 19 OO 2.61 22 43 1.13 21 00 .74 22 00 100.00 $19 44 $20,C93 9,963 4,830 4,440 2,900 2,875 2,515 1,900 1,570 630 440 $52,156 W9,0OO 549, 000 230.000 220TOOO 125,000 115,000 100,000 70,000 30,000 20,000 2,408,000 130,000 145,000 FRAMES AND MOULDINGS. Woods used in Pennsylvania for picture frame mouldings — plain, enameled, embossed, and carved, — electric wire moulding, and frames for school slates and blackboards, are listed in Table 75. This industry excludes all mould- ings employed in the interior finish of houses except those which are put in place by the paper hangers for drop ceiling work and for picture hanging. Furniture, casket, and fixture moulding are grouped with the material respectively for the industries making these commodities. Twenty-one woods are called on for the manufacture of the commodities mentioned above and scarcely one-fourth of the total quantity was cut from trees that grow within the State. Basswood is the principal material used, exceeding thre^ times the total of all others. It went principally for fancy finish such as gilt, enamel, and embossed mouldings. Basswood not only holds paint well but keeps its shape and is easy to work and to cut, nail, and fit to place. Yellow poplar met part of the demand but was consumed in relatively small quantities. Frames displaying the figure of the wood are usually the highest priced moulding. Mahogany, white oak, black wal- nut, ash, and chestnut are called on by the Pennsylvania manufacturers for these lines of work if they are finished in oil or wax to bring out the natural beauty of the wood or else are darkened by stains or ammonia fumes for mission effects. Red gum is an important wood in this industry. It stood third in a similar table in Illinois, second in Michigan, and fourth in New York. It answers with sweet birch for the imitation of expensive woods. Considerably over half a million feet of lumber each year is demanded in Pennsylvania for mouldings to conceal and protect electric wiring on walls and ceilings. Shortleaf pine and red oak were used in small quantities, but basswood met practically all the demand. Slate frames, except those covered with cloth, were entirely of beech. Basswood answered for the felt-bound ones and to^'-'ther with spruce supplied the material for blackboard frames. 120 Table 75. — Wood for Frames and Mouldings, year ending June, 1912. Kind of Wood. +j £? Gfown In Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- s s vania. sylvania. , T^ 0) p) o 4J s& ^ E 4J a o o a a £i o cj^g ^ Xi Xi fe 0^ < o fe 0) fa Beech, Basswood, White oak, ... Spruce, Chestnut Yellow poplar, Red gum Sugar maple, . Mahogany, Red oak Black walnut. Ash Birch, Shortleaf pine. Total, . . . 1,2001,000 45. S2 $2» OS 902, OOO 34.44 23 09 10'7,0O0 4.oe 55 46 100,000 3.82 30 00 93,000 3.55 22 41 S7,000 3.32 38 51 50,000 1.91 30 00 20,000 .76 22 50 15,000 .57 120 00 12,000 .46 44 00 10,500 .40 80 67 10,000 .38 35 00 7,500 .29 75 00 5,000 .19 30 00 2,619,000 100. 00' $25 00 $24,100 20,S2S 5,934 3,000 2,084 3,350 1,500 450 1.800 528 847 350 562 150 $65,480 600,000 352,000 Z7,000 25,000 20,000 "2,m 4,500 10,000 1,040,500 600,000 5oO,000 80,000 100,000 68, OOO 87,000 50,000 15,000 10,000 6,000 7,500 5,000 1,578,500 REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS. Table 76 lists the woods used in Pennsylvania in the manufacture of re- frigerators, kitchen cabinets, and cupboards. The combination cabinets and cupboards have become almost indispensable to housekeepers in that they provide a convenient place for all the accessories to cooking that are neces- sary to be kept at hand. In late years they have become popular and fac- tories making them specialize in this line. Because they are sold at low prices they are not usually made of the upper grades of lumber that are employed in the manufacture of furniture. Yellow poplar and oak, both red and white, and to a limited extent birch, are the woods mainly used in Penn- sylvania for the case or outside work. The interior parts, such as shelving, compartment partitions, drawer sides and bottoms, etc., are made of yellow poplar, spruce, cottonwood, maple and beech. The backs of these cases are also made of low grade material and none of special quality or kind was de- manded. Almost any cheap species, easily worked, will answer. In conse- quence, a proportion of nearly all listed in the table served for this use. Shortleaf pine, spruce, and white oak were reported for framing. Refrigerators run from what are practically small ice boxes to large sec- tional cases the size of a room used by butchers and others doing business requiring cold storage equipment. Refrigerators and chests for domestic purposes call for soft woods of conifers for linings. The reason for this is that many hardwoods have an odor and therefore are unfit for a storage compartment of perishable foodstuffs. Spruce is the principal lining ma- terial in Pennsylvania, and was also employed for ice pan supports. Cypress in some states is used for this purpose and in others white and yellow pine is used. The siding or outer case is usually hardwood, — white oak, white ash, red oak, birch, cherry, and red gum. They are selected as being not only best for the work intended, but the exterior properly finished gives the chest the appearance of an article of furniture. The case ig not attached 121 , to the lining, since between the lining and the case there is provided an in- sulation space, which in some refrigerators is filled with materials like sawdust, cork, and charcoal, and in other refrigerators the space is left unfilled, the dead air being regarded the most effective insulation. Lum- ber for refrigerators must be well dried as otherwise the extreme variations of temperature are apt to cause it to buckle and check. The large refrigera- tors or cooling rooms are built to order in the place in which they are used. Though hardwoods are called on for the exterior or case work of the higher priced work, softwoods answer to a considerable extent both for the linings and cases. The materials for both of these parts are usually rather thick and are preferred to guard more effectively against the penetration of heat. It is possible, so the Pennsylvania manufacturers claim, to secure a temperature of 38 degrees from ice alone in these large refrigerators. Table 76. -Wood for Refrigerators and Kitchen Cabinets, year ending June, 1912. *J >> Grown in Grown Out Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- 1 V vania. sylvania. :-, ^ fa H^ ii'' o 0) fa 4> fa Yellow poplar, Shortleaf pine, White oak, ... Spruce, Cottonwood, .. Red oak, Sugar maple, Birch Beech, Hemlock, Ash, Basswood, Chestnut, Cherry (black), Red gum White pine, . . . Total 566,200 S3. 98 $28 zr 453,750 18.42 27 07 448,450 18.30 30 44 41S,S00 16.79 37 39 150,000 6.09 32 00 117,450 4.77 41 91 80,750 3.28 28 71 65,000 2.64 25 15 55,000 2.23 17 36 37,100 1.50 22 13 32,000 1.30 38 19 21,600 .88 31 11 11,SOO .48 28 05 7,500 .30 62 50 2,900 .12 50 CO 500 .02 2S CO 2,463,80C lOO.OO m 73 $16,009 12,284 13,649 15,474 4,800 4,922 2,318 1,635 955 821 1,222 672 331 469 145 14 $75,720 363,000 250,000 190,000 80,750 30,000 30,000 33,100 4,000 1,600 11,800 7,500 500 1,002,250 205,200 453,750 198,450 223,800 150,000 117,450 35,000 25,000 4,000 28,000 20,000 2,900 1,461,550 EXCELSIOR. Formerly excelsior was called wood fiber but later it received its present name given it by an upholstery firm in its advertisement. In 1860 this commodity was first placed on the market by a Maine manufacturer, but it was not called on to meet much of a demand for a decade; then with the improved machinery invented by Europeans the manufacture of excelsior was greatly facilitated. Since that time it has become a staple product. According to a recent report by the Forest Service and the Bureau of the Census, it was ascertained that 85,000,000 feet of forest material is yearly demanded for its manufacture. Pennsylvania is not so important an excelsior state as either Virginia or New York, the former being second and the latter third. Pennsylvania is the tenth, consuming each year over one and a half million feet of wood all cut within the State. In the New England 122 and Lake states, aspen or popple, basswood and willow are used; in Vir- ginia and North Carolina, scrub and loblolly pine, yellow poplar, and white pine meet the demand. In the Mississippi Valley states excelsior makers report the use of cottonwood, yellow poplar and yellow pine, and in the Pacific coast states black cottonwood alone furnishes all of the demand. For the United States, in quantity, aspen is the favorite excelsior wood, yellow pine next. Pennsylvania manufacturers prefer basswood and yellow poplar next. These woods with aspen make the best grades of excelsior. The con- sumption of yellow poplar in this line of manufacture is greater in Pennsyl- vania than in any other state, though it is used in eight others. Butter- nut appears in only one other state. New Jersey, and, next to Michigan, beech finds its greatest demand in Pennsylvania for excelsior. Chestnut excelsior is solely a product of Pennsylvania and until this investigation, the Forest Service had received no record of the use of this wood for this purpose. Excelsior wood should be straight grained, soft, dense, light in weight and color, moderately non-brittle, stiff when dry, and odorless. The raw material used for making excelsior comes in the form of bolts and split billets, usually in lengths the multiples of 18 inches. The wood is thoroughly seasoned before manufacturing but if seasoned too long it be- comes brittle and often is injured by certain forms of incipient decay. The billets are set in the excelsior machines and without further handling are shaved into the finished product. The output of an eight block machine varies from 6,000 to 10,000 pounds per day according to the fineness of the product. From the cutting machines the excelsior is taken to the bal- ing room where presses, similar in operation to hay balers, put it into marketable form. The first use of excelsior was for packing wares liable to injury in trans- portation, but later it proved valuable for filling cheap mattresses and up- holstered furniture. In France not only does excelsior answer for this pur- pose, but highly improved machinery has made it possible to manufacture a product of such fine grade as to be a fit substitute for the absorbent lint used in hospital, or filtration purposes, and for weaving into floor coverings. Various grades of excelsior are frequently dyed without losing their elasticity. They serve as an ornamental packing material, and for color schemes in dis- playing goods in show cases, but none was reported in Pennsylvania. Table 77 gives the available statistics. Table 77. — Wood for Excelsior, year ending June, 1912. Kind of Wood. -M ti Quantity. g o . Grown in Grown Out Quantity. r-i O o C3 Pennsyl- vania. of Penn- sylvania. ^ ,o Kind of Wood. ft 6 a ti 0.2 g a a J2 O g<2 ^ Sl .o Tota Feet •4-" Eed oak, Loblolly pine, Shortleaf pine. White oak Beech, Ash Yellow poplar, Sugar maple, . Longleaf pine, Total, ... 456,300 40O,00'& 240,000 151,000 130,000 75,000 25,000 23,000 7,000 1,507,300 30.27 $32 23 26.54 2»00 15.92 27 00 10.02 37 95 S.62I m 46 4.9S 33 00 1.66 36 00 1.53 26 96 .46 52 on 100.00 $28 60 $14,707 8,000 6,480 5.730 3,830 2,475 900 620 364 $43,106 216,300 98,500 130,000 37,500 12,500 3,000 497,800 240,000 400,000 240,000 52,500 37,500 12,500 20,000 7.0OO 1,009,500 PRINTING MATERIAL. Electrotype backing, woodcut engravings, and wood type are the only products listed under this head. Four woods were demanded for their making. Cherry heads the list as to quantity and went entirely into elec- rotype mountings, which is probably the most exacting use it has. Because it is less liable to warp than any other American woods that possess the other requisite qualities for this use is the reason the electrotypers demand cherry exclusively. Its strength and density, its resistence to splitting, and its property to work smoQthly are other important qualities which com- 124 mend it. Electrotype backing is not made, as formerly, entirely from solid lumber. Glue is to a large extent called on to put together narrow strips or thin layers for built-up mountings that are beginning to be used ex- tensively. The growing scarcity of cherry, together with the rapidly in- creasing demand for this line of work requires the electrotypers to pay a price over twice as great as that asked five years ago. For wood engravings, boxwood from Turkey and Russia was the only wood reported and in other states as well it met most of the demand, especially for high grade work. It is the most expensive wood that is listed in any industry. The price, $1,300 per thousand feet, is little, if any, above the usual cost of this wood for engravings and it is usually sold in terms of cubic inches, four cents being the average reported in Philadelphia. Owing to the high cost of this wood, engra^vers employ domestic substitutes to a large extent, but they are for the cheaper grades of work. Sugar maple, apple, and pearwood are the kinds most used. Metal has almost entirely replaced wood for printer's type. Wood is still called for to a limited extent, chiefly for manufacturing large size type such as is used for printing billboard advertisements. Formerly boxwood furnished the material, but its high cost now stands in the way and sugar maple, which was the only wood reported in Pennsylvania, now furnishes most of the supply. Table 79. — Wood for Printing Material, year ending June, 1912. ^ & Grown in Grown Out Quantity. B Pennsyl- of Penn- i us vania. sylvania. u .o Kind of Wood. ■"^ o a 8b o a a X3 Ma 03 VI ^ .Q i£ ■+J iS c Fee Cherry (black) Birch Red and silver maple, Mahogany Redwood, Yellow poplar, Beech, Applewood, Sugar maple, Hickory, Boxwood (Turkish), Total, 1,166,800 91.56 $29 14 30,000 2.36 50i CO 25,000 1.96 31 60 23,500 1.84 85 96 20,000 1.57 63 00 5,000 .39 IS 00 2,000 .16 30 CO 1,000 .OS 50 00 500 .04 80 00 50O .04 50 00 26 * 576 92 1,274,32.6 lOfli.OO $31 27 $34,003 1,500 790 2,020 1,260 90 60 50 40 25 15 $3^,853 634,000 10,000 20', 000 2,000 1,000 500 50C 668,000 532,800 20,000 5,000 23,500 20,000 5,000 *I>ess than 1-100 of 1 per cent. LADDERS. Nine manufacturers reported the making of ladders, including step lad- ders, travelling store ladders, firemen's ladders, and extension ladders used by painters and other mechanics. In other state reports ladders have been classified under woodenware but owing to the number of concerns in Penn- sylvania specializing in making them and because of the large quantity of wood which they annually consume, their presentation under a separate heading is justified. 125 Loblolly pine and basswood supplied the largest part of the demand and were called on mostly for step ladders because being strong and at the same time light in weight they are well adapted for this line of use. Beech was used extensively for steps because of its strength, and in order not to make the ladders too heavy, it was used with a lighter wood for styles. Other step ladder woods were cypress, longleaf pine, and spruce. The staffs, which are the hinged supports, are made of various woods and usually of the same kind as the styles except those of considerable length where extra strength is desired. In order not to add too much weight staffs are made of strips of small dimension and to meet the stress imposed are well braced and made from material free from imperfections. For extension and firemen's ladders high grades are used. Spruce is most in demand for the styles or uprights while for the ladder rungs, hickory, ash, beech, and maple were employed in the order mentioned. Travelling ladders are so named because they are readily moved by the occupant without descending. They are used in stores. Pulleys, movable on a track, are attached at the top, and in some designs the bottoms rest on castors. Lightness of weight is not a consideration in these as in step ladders and thicker materials and heavier woods are therefore used. Long- leaf pine was used mostly but sugar maple, loblolly, and shortleaf pine also met a part of the demand. Sixty-five per cent, of the ladder woods were kinds that do not grow plentifully and some not at all in Pennsylvania. This accounts for only 20 per cent, of the requirements of this industry being met by the forests of the State. Of the kinds reported common to Pennsylvania, the entire amounts consumed were home-grown except basswood, nearly one-half of which was brought in from forests of other states. Table 80. — Wood for Ladders, year ending June, 1912. Kind of Wood. Quantity. E d d _^ Ol ^ h^ a< Loblolly pine, . Basswood, Spruce, Cypress (bald), Longleaf pine, . Sugar maple, . . Hickory Shortleaf pine, . Beech Ash, Yellow poplar, . Total 400, 000 36.08 $20 CO 275,000 34.81 29 18 191,000 17.23 43 40 t 62,500 5.64 54 64 .50,000 4.51 28 00 : 50,000 4.51 27 00 : 25,000 2.26 18 OO ' 25,000 2.26 25 00 ' 22,000 l.ftS 18 27 ! 4,000 .36 70 00 j 4,000 .36 21 00 1,108,500 100.00 .?29 16 $8,000 8,025 8,290 3,415 1,400 1,350 450 625 402 280 $32,321 150,000 50,000 25,000 22,000 4,00fl 251,000 400, 000 125,000 191,000 62,500 50,000 25,000 4,000 857,500 1^6 ELEVATORS. Fifteen manufacturers reported using wood for tlie manufacture and re- pair of freight and passenger elevators, both hand power and traction, lifts, dumb waiters, etc., and many of them are important industries maintain- ing formidable establishments. In the production of the finished commodity they give Pennsylvania a high standing among the states but in consumption of lumber they report the use of only a little over a million feet, annually, making this industry 35th in the list or 17th from the last. Not many years ago lumber was the most essential material the elevator manufacturers used but generally steel construction began to take the place of wood and proved to be such a practical and desirable substitute that now for power elevators , especially passenger, wood is employed only incidentally for a few minor parts. The sight of the old time wooden passenger elevator car today is an exception, but on the other hand many small freight elevators and dumb waiters are made entirely of wood, the initial cost being much lower than steel. Some are made that are part steel and part wood. The rough lumber demanded for elevator construction is shown in Table 81. Eleven kinds were reported and their principal uses are as follows: Car Platforms. Sugar maple. PASSENGER ELEVATORS. Overhead Machine Platform. Sugar maple. Guide Posts. White pine. Longleaf pine. Norway pine. Guide Strips. Sugar maple. White ash. Upper Frames. Sugar maple. Longleaf pine. White ash. Enclosures. Longleaf pine. White pine. Loblolly pine. Gates. White oak. Loblolly pine. Car Platforms. Sugar maple. Cypress. Longleaf pine. FREIGHT ELEVATORS. Panel Sides. Longleaf pine. Loblolly pine. White oak. Sugar maple. Overhead Beams. Sugar maple. Longleaf pine. Loblolly pine. White ash. Car 'Beams. Sugar maple. White elm. White oak. Norway pine. Weight jams. Longleaf pine. Sugar maple. White elm. Footing Pieces. Longleaf pine. Norway pine. Sugar maple. Cork elm. Car Blames. Spruce. Cork elm. Longleaf pine. Sugar maple. DUMB WAITERS. Shaft Lining. - White oak. Hemlock. Chestnut. Loblolly pine. 127 Car Finish. Yellow poplar. Loblolly pine. White pine. Guide Posts. Yellow poplar. White pine. Guide Strips. White ash. Sugar maple. Weight Jams. Yellow poplar. White pine. Cork elm. Weight Boxing, Loblolly pine. Yellow poplar. White pine. This industry does not depend on the forests of the State to any great extent as a source of raw material. Less than one-quarter of the total was grown in Pennsylvania because the lumber chiefly used in elevator con- struction is of kinds that are rarely, if at all, cut in Pennsylvania. Long- leaf, Norway or red, loblolly, and shortleaf pine, and cypress together constitute over 52 per cent, of the total. Sugar maple and ash were the prin- cipal home-grown woods demanded and from the average prices recorded the upper grades were principally purchased. The available statistics are: Table 81. — Wood for Elevators, year ending June, 1912. +J £? Grown in Grown Out Quantity. s o Pennsyl- vania. of Penn- sylvania. Kind of Wood. a 13 SjI o g a ^ ^ j2 ci fe 0) o OJ Longleaf pine, Sugar maple, . ^or\Tay pine, .. Loblolly pine, . Asli Yellow poplar, White pine, . . . White oak, Shortleaf pine, Cork elm, White elm, ... Cypress (bald) , Spruce, Chestnut, Hemlock, Total 269,900 141,200 100,000 96,500 93,000 82,600 62,200 53,200 50,000 20,500 12,000 10, 000 10,000 4,000 3,800 1,008, 90C 26.75 $36 73 14.00 49 74 9.91 28 OO 9.56 32 31 9.22 71 17 8.19 41 88 6.16 40 45 5.27 48 03 4.96 22 00 2.03 65 00 1.19 65 00 .99 55 OO .99 30 00 .40 70 00 .38 30 00 100.00 $42 08 < $9,913 7,023 2,800 3,118 6,619 3,459 2,516 2,555 1,100 1,332 780 550 300 280 114 $42,459 43,600 30, 600 32,200 23,200 20,500 10,000 "3,800 245,100 269,900 60,000 100.000 96,500 49,400 52,000 30,000 30,000 50,000 12,000 10', 000 4,000 763,800 CANES AND WHIPS. The variety of woods used for canes, umbrella and parasol handles ex- ceeds that reported by any other industry in Pennsylvania. Table 82 in- cludes 72 species of wood. Because the raw material for these commodities is most usually purchased in billet, pole or twig form, and very frequently by the piece, it was impractical to reduce the amount of the material re- ported to board feet except in a few cases when certain woods were used in comparatively large quantities. The total of Table 82 does not, therefore, represent the entire amount of wood that is used for manufacturing these 128 products in Pennsylvania, but in order tliat the remarkable number of dif- ferent kinds of wood, — many of which have not been reported in any other state report, — may be presented, they have been listed in the table without accompanying statistics. Most of them are high priced and a majority are foreign woods. As many as were readily available will be found included in the preceding illustration. A large per cent, of all the sugar maple and soft maple shown in the table went for dowels or shanks of umbrellas and para- sols, while the entire amount of beech answered for whip stocks and handles. Reed cut in large quantities from rattan shipped from the Orient v/as also used for whips but it was reported in pounds and could not be reduced to feet to be included in the table. Table 82. — Wood for Whips, Canes, and Umbrella Sticks, year ending June, 1912. 5H & Grown In Grown Out Quantity. $. Pennsyl- of Penn- 1 03 vania. sylvania. "^ .O c. Kind of Wood. o ti *H a ^ o P a a .Q

on 3? 4:1 W 78 13!,OOI1 Tl.'M 40 on itn.odfl U\S3 34 00 95,C(lfl 16.2fi 30 !):> 30,ono r..l3 30 00 *i ^ Orown in Grown Out Quantity. _2 Pennsyl- of Penn- g vania. sylvanra. T-H a a Kind of Wood. 9 >■■ O ■Si o a a J2 T' > d ■^ ii V ^ - < H ^ $8,297 5.360 I 3.740 I 2.940 900 40,000 75,000 30,' 0(1 149. FOO 1:4, onn 110,000 20.000 130 Table 83 — Concluded. ^ & Grown in Grown Out Quantity. c Pennsyl- of Penn- S ^ vania. sylvania. y-i .Q Kind of Wood. O a o a a /2 > d o OJ « b C^ H fe fa Shortleaf pine, Matiogany, Clierry (black), Wiiite pine, .. Sugar maple, . Black walnut. Total, ... 12,250 6,000 4,400 2,500 300 300 584,250 2.10 28 CO 1.03 155 00 .75 94 55 .43 36 00 .05 30 00 .05 35 00 100.00 $39,43 343 930 416 90 10 ?23,035 300 145,700 12,250 6,000 4,000 2,500 43S,550 INSULATOR PINS AND BRACKETS. Durability and strength are the requisite qualities of insulator pin ma- terial, and locust is the wood principally used in their manufacture. In the country at large, its use for this purpose exceeds seven times the amount of all other woods combined and in Pennsylvania over 425,000 feet are used each year. White oak, red oak, elm, and osage orange are other v/oods used for pins in various states, but, unlike locust, where these are em- ployed they are ordinarily dipped in paint or some antiseptic solution, such as creosote, in order to increase their durability. In Pennsylvania locust was the only wood reported for insulator pins and the other woods appearing in the table were used for pole brackets. Table 84. — Wood for Insulator Pins and Brackets, year ending June, 1912. ^ & Grown in Grown Out Quantity. !■ o o Pennsyl- vania. of Penn- sylvania. a Kind of Wood. d tA ^ a ^ o a d .a d ^i J2 JD 03 fa o < O fa fa Locust (black) White oak, . . . Red oak Total, ... 463,. 500 60,000 55,000 578,500 80.12 10.37 9.51 $23 90 13 33 11 82 100.00 $21 65 $11,076 800 650 $12,526 463,500 60,000 55,000 578,500 BUTCHERS' BLOCKS AND SKEWERS. The two important woods for butchers blocks are sycamore and sugar maple. On account of their desired qualities, hardness and uncleavability, together with their strength and tastelessness, they are first among the do- mestic woods for this use. Formerly butchers' blocks were round, usually 131 a cross section of a large tree barked and trimmed symmetrically, rarylng in thickness from 18 to 30 inches. It is exceedingly difflcyjt to season pieces of this size thoroughly and trouble results by blocks checking, rendering it difficult to keep them clean and sanitary. Lately considerable improTement in seasoning processes has partly overcome the only objection to sycamore blocks. The advancement made in the art of gluing woods, which has brought into prominence built-up lumber, has entirely overcome all check- ing difficulties and enabled the making of blocks lighter In weight but with requisite strength, equally as serviceable and with a more attractive ap- pearance. The built-up block is the only kind of block being made in Pennsylvania, and sugar maple is the wood used. The size of the pieces that are glued dif- fer slightly according to the dimensions of the finished block but most com- monly they are 3 inches thick, 4 inches wide, and 16 to 18 Inches long. It is very important that the lumber for the blocks be thoroughly seasoned and to bring it to the desired condition both air and kiln-drying methods are used. Before gluing the pieces together, they are jointed by machinery in order that they fit perfectly, leaving no apertures along edges for glue to collect and thus taint the meat. That they may more readily adhere to the glue the smooth flat surfaces are roughened. This process is important since the rough usage given the meat block brings great strain on the glued joints which must be as strong as it Is possible for the best glue to make them. The flat glue joint is used and to weld the pieces together after being heated and covered with glue, they are subjected for 12 or 14 hours to the pressure of a hydraulic machine. They are then bored for several iron rods that are added as a reinforcement for the glued joints. The legs are made usually of the same kind of wood as the meat blocks, namely, maple, but sometimes red oak is used. Hickory and white pine are the principal woods used for skewers. Those made from the latter wood are employed In kitchens for holding in shape croquettes and other dainties and by confectioners for taffy sticks. Hickory skewers were made to meet the demand of the butchers. Beech and maple are prominent for meat skewers but none were reported by the manufac- turers in Pennsylvania where these woods are common lumber trees. Table 85. — ^Wood for Butchers' Blocks and Skewers, year ending June, 1912. ^J fr Grown In Grown Out Qnantltj. i-T B Pennsyl- vania. •f Pena- gylTanU, o Kind of Wood. 1^ e 3 ^ s B 1 J2 a g5 ^ ^ A < o Si fa 1 Snsrar maple, White pine, Hickory Total, . 270,000 200.000 50,000 520,000 F1.92 38.46 9.62 $20 37 22 00 IS 00 100.00 $20 77 $5,500 4,400 900 ?10,S00 270,000 200,000 50,000 520,000 132 WEIGHING APPARATUS. This industry as measured by the consumption of wood is one of tlie small ones of this report. It includes material for scale manufacture such as is used, by, railroads,, called track scales and hay wagon scales, often used in coal yards, besides platform and counter scales for stores, warehouses, and cabinet scales such as are used for compounding medicines, weighing gold, silver, and precious stones. Longleaf pine is the most common wood for large scales on account of its durability, strength, and elasticity. It goes principally into the framework of track and wagon scales and was shipped to Pennsylvania from the Gulf states. Sugar maple is next in quantity answering more for the counter and platform scales than any other use because, being hard, tough, strong, and close grained with a tendency to wear smooth, it is specially adapted for this purpose. The handsome finish of mahogany and cherry, together with their compact structure, and the property of holding their shape, com- mend them for use as material for making the basal parts of cabinet scales and for the frame of the glass cases usually enclosing these scales. Table 86. — Wood for Weighing Apparatus, year ending June, 1912. hJ ^ Grown in Grown Out Quantity. _o Pennsyl- of Penn- § 1 vania. sylvania. 1-t j^ .Q a Kind of Wood. o t>. 5M g ^ o o a a ^ d TO VH ^ J2 •a Cm 0) fa fa Longleaf pine, Stigar maple, . Yellow poplar, Cherry (black) Mahogany, Ash Total, ... -200,000 50.84 $30 00 171,000 43.47 33 13 10,000 2.54 25 00 i 7,500 1.90 27 CO 4,000 1.02 90 00 900 .23 93 06 $31 9\\ 393,400 100.00 $6,000 5,665 I 250 i 202 360 $12,561 j 200,000 21,000 I 150,000 10,000 j 7,500 ! j 4,000 900 I 39,400 354,000 PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. The amount of lumber used by this industry is relatively very small, but the products grouped under it are numerous and vary according to the uses they serve in the several trades or professions included. In the quantity of wood used the pencil makers are the most important class. Similar to the pencil manufacturers in New Jersey, New York, and other states, they report using only one wood , red cedar , which is brought to Pennsylvania from the southern states. Tennessee and Florida are at present the centers of production of this wood. Other kinds, both domestic and foreign, have been considered as possible substitutes because of the growing scarcity of red cedar, but the experiments indicate that only a feAV species have been found fairly successful and these answer mostly for a cheap pencil. This brings out how difficult it is to find a wood combining all the qualities requisite for pencil material and how essential it is that pencil woods pos- sess qualities almost identical to red cedar. Pencil makers procure their raw material in the form of slats that are usually 2^ inches wide and 7 inches 133 long, and i inch thick. Not frequently the pencil makers manufacture their own slats, but there are concerns specializing in cedar products who convert their best material into pencil slats and the remainder into lumber for utility boxes, furniture squares, and closet linings. Formerly when cedar was abundant pencil slats were manufactured entirely from logs, but rapidly decreasing supply of cedar timber has brought into the market old stumps, fence rails, gate posts, barn and cabin logs, and material in various shapes and condition, even partly decayed and weather checked. As can be expected, therefore, waste incident to the sawing of pencil slats is large and has been estimated to be about four-fifths of the original amount pur- chased. A pencil slat makes six half-pencils. The same operation that grooves them to accommodate the lead also gives them their final form and the corresponding halves are identically made from another slat and glued to- gether. Carpenters' tools belong to this industry. They include commodities made almost entirely of wood such as spirit levels, rules, gauges, mallet heads, level boards, etc. Tools part wood and part metal like screwdrivers, chisels, gimlets, etc., have been grouped under the handle industry. White oak alone met the demand for gauges which require a hard dense light colored wood and from the price given only the best grades were used. In other States boxwood and sugar maple were also used but neither kind was re- ported in Pennsylvania. White ash and mahogany, because most stable when in place, answered for spirit levels and plumbs. In Connecticut and New Jersey, where a quantity of these Commodities are made, cherry is an important wood and large quantities are used. Level boards were entirely of white pine, while for mallets a variety of woods is used. For carpenters' and tinners' mallets sugar maple answered while lignum-vitae, shipped from Mexico, and dogwood served for bung starters and coppersmiths' mallets. Heads of mauls used by sheet metal workers are made of black or sour gum and it is interesting to note that recently this wood has begun to replace sugar maple for this use. Its interlaced fiber, which prevents it from split- ting, commends it, besides it is cheap and owing to the large dimensions the trees attain the bolts can readily be had in desired sizes. In Pennsylvania, as in other states, boxwood is the principal rule ma- terial, both for mechanics' collapsible rules and office rulers. It is shipped to this country usually from Turkey or other Mediterranean countries, and ov/ing to its hardness, light color, and stability, it is preferred to any other wood for this commodity. The same qualities commend it to the makers of draftsmen's scales, such as straight-edges, triangles, graduated and slide rules. Camera makers report using three woods, — mahogany, cherry, and yellow poplar. The first two are the important ones, being strong, close-grained, and free from warping tendencies as well as ornamental. Yellow poplar is used in only relatively small amounts in this line of work and when so de- manded goes principally into kits. Ebony was the highest priced wood shown in the table and was reported by the makers of drafting instruments. lU Table 87. — Wood for Professional and Scientific Instruments, year ending June, 1912. *J i Grown In Grown Out Quantity. Pennsyl- of Penn- .a vania. sylvania. Oi Kind of Wood. lit "W i 3 a 1 a fe fo ^ Grown in Grown Out Quantity. O Pennsyl- of Penn- S si vania. sylvania. r-< ;= a Kind of Wood. i& V4 H a tj}§ 1 S a 7j %-H ^ .o 0) 0) ^;C3 o V fe C^ H k fe Yellow poplar, , Sugar maple Basswood, Ash Beech, Black gum, White oak Birch, Red oak, Red and silver maple, Cucumber Butternut Cottonwood, Total SO, 000 6S,000 40,000 15,000 15,000 14,000 10,500 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 2,000 27.16 $2S 75 23.09 43,68 13. 5S 20 00 5.09 30 00 5.09 20 00 4.75 33 71 3.56 30 95 3.40 20 00 3.40 25 00 3.40 14 00 3.40 18 00 3.40 20 00 .68 21 00 100.00 $29 30 $2,300 2,970 800 450 300 472 325 200 250 140 180 200 42 $8,629 10,000 66,000 40,000 7,000 15,000 10,500 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 2,000 70,000 2,000 8,000 BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. Nearly all shoes in the United States are made over wooden lasts and, therefore, the manufacture of these lasts as well as other shoe findings is an important enterprise. In comparison with the quantity of woods consumed In other states, particularly Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, and New York, this industry in Pennsylvania is relatively small; but because of the substantial well equipped establishments, of the skilled labor employed, and in the high grade of products manufactured, it is of considerable industrial importance. Lasts, shoe forms, and wood soles are the commodities to which the statistics in Table 89 refer. Lasts are made from sugar maple and persimmon because they possess the essential qualities of hardness, density, capacity for smooth finish, and per- manence in final shape. No other domestic woods have been found equally suitable. The former goes into lasts, all sizes and kinds, both for leather and rubber shoes, and the latter for the better grades of children's and misses' sizes. Considering the great number of shoes made in this country, compar- atively few lasts are needed as many pairs are made over the same pattern. The wear on the last is considerable and it can be used steadily for no longer than twelve to fifteen months. For that reason only the high grade select wood is required. There are two distinct divisions of the last industry, — the manufacture of the last block from bolts, and the manufacture of the finished last from the rough turned blocks. The industry in Pennsylvania covers only the manu- facture of the latter and the fact that no last and filler blocks were found being made in the State, though maple and basswood are commonly cut in Pennsyl- vania, explains the fact that the entire amount of wood used by the last makers was reported as coming from other states. Last block manufacture entails various difficulties in kiln-drying and many who have started the business have failed. Those who have mastered the obstacles and acquired efficient processes of seasoning manufacture on a 136 large scale and therefore reduce the number of block factories many times below the number of the last makers. Last blocks are split from bolts winter cut and then rough turned to various sizes on machines usually of special design. The seasoning begins after the blocks are turned. First, they are air-dried about twelve months after they are placed on racks under sheds. The seasoning is completed by means of dry kilns and for this a period, approximately three months, is required when the block is ready to send to the last maker. Shoe trees, to be inserted into shoes to hold the shape, are an important part of this industry but none are manufactured in Pennsylvania. Formerly they were made solid of wood and were expensive. The best are still so made; but recently, by the introduction of a combination tree of steel bands and wood blocks, it has been made possible to make them to sell at a nominal cost. Basswood is used as exclusively for forms or fillers as is sugar maple for lasts. Forms are turned similarly from rough turned blocks. They are used to maintain the natural shape of the shoe in samples displayed in show cases and when being handled by traveling salesmen. They fit the shoes perfectly and give an effect similar to the appearance of the shoe on ,the foot. Fillers should be light in weight to save cost in transportation in salesmen's trunks. To reduce weight to the minimum many are hollowed, and basswood being soft, easily worked, light, and sufficiently tough, holding its shape well, is the most practical wood to use. The growing high cost of basswood has made a demand for a suitable substitute at a lower price but as yet none has been found. Clog or wooden soled shoes have leather tops and are used by people working in wet and cold places, such as breweries, tanneries, creameries, mines, dye works, fish canneries, slaughter houses, paper mills, also in foundries and metal works, and by others who desire a very durable shoe at a reason- able price. High grades of yellow poplar and basswood are the materials de- manded for clog soles in Pennsylvania, but in Illinois, Michigan, and Ken- tucky, beech, maple, and basswood in the order named contributed the material. Table 89. — Wood for Boot and Shoe Findings, year ending June, 1912. Kind of Wood. «H (4 nrown in Grown Out Quantity. _2 Pennsyl- of Penn- s vania. sylvania. ,H 3 o. 8E? d a +J a B ji fcjjca ^ xi a jj 03 0) &I < H f^ ^ Sugar maple, Persimmon, Basswood, Yellow poplar, Total, . . 100,500 99,000 35,500 30,000 265,000 37.92 37.36 13.40 11.32 100.00 $55 86 59 19 50 73 56 67 $56 51 $0,614 5,860 1,801 1,700 $14,975 18,000 100,500 99,000 17,500 30,000 247,000 137 SMOKING PIPES. Pennsylvania leads all other states in the consumption of wood for smoking pipes. Five woods supply the raw material for this line of manufacture; two of them are foreign species. Applewood leads the list as to amount, and is the only wood reported cut in the State. The best grades of pipes are made from French briar, ebony, and rosewood, but the last named was not re- ported in Pennsylvania. The sapwood of sweet or cherry birch and red gum is used for cheap pipes, che former to imitate calabash and the latter rose- wood. Olivewood pipes resemble meerschaum when finished. Table 90. — Wood for Tobacco Pipes, year ending June, 1912. +j ^ Grown in Grown Out Quantity. _o Pennsyl- of Penn- 1 vania. sylvania. ^ J= 0. Kind of Wood. o tA OS < 73 j2 /2 CD Southern white cedar, Spruce, Chestnut White pine, Yellow poplar Cypress (bald), Total, 100,000 61. 9S $20 00 .S6,000 22.31 25 00 11,500 7.13 25 39 5,000 3.10 22 OC 5,000 3.10 26 00 3,S40 2. 38 55 00 161,340 100.00 ?22 5S ,000 900 292 110 130 311 ,643 6,500 5,000 5,000 16,500 100,000 36,000 3,840 144,840 CLOCK CASES. In the quantity of wood consumed, the manufacture of clock cases in Penn- sylvania is one of the minor industries. However, since wood is only one of a number of materials required , it is not a fair basis for comparison. Clock makers report the use of lumber for mantel and wall clocks, and to a limited extent for large hall and grandfather clocks. Mahogany is the principal wood used and represents over 50 per cent, of the total. This is the only in- dustry in which an imported wood leads the list of species. Next to ma- hogany, the oaks were in the largest demand for the exterior work of wall clocks finished natural or darkened by fumes or stain to produce the mis- sion effects. The backs of cases of all kinds and the bottoms of mantel clocks are not visible and are therefore made of cheaper wood. Yellow poplar and bass- wood met this demand because they hold their shape and are easy to work and nail. Yellow poplar is also called on to a limited extent for the base or backing of enameled work. The art of enameling wood has made rapid progress of late years and imitations are made not only to resemble foreign woods but also marble and other materials. Veneer takes a prominent place in this industry, both as a finish and as layers in 3-ply built-up stock used in making clock cases. The appearance of chestnut and yellow poplar in the table is accounted for in this form. In re- gard to the price shown for red gum, it should be noted that it was used for finish or exterior work and as it is frequently found beautifully modeled with figure and color similar to Circassian walnut it furnishes a substitute for that wood for finish. UI Table 94. — Wood for Clocks, year ending June, 1912. (M & Grown in Grown Out Quantity. O V Pennsyl- vania. of Penn- sylvania. o ft Kind of Wood. o >, tw a ^. , o O a a ^ V Mc3 ■^ .Q CS 'Z O S Z Mahogany, ... Yellow poplar, Black walnut, White oak, .. Eed gum, Chestnut, Basswood, Birch, Eed oak Total, .. 43,000 35,000 21,000 13,500 10,000 5,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 139,500 30.83 fl03 84 25.09 33 57 15.05 50 95 9.68 74 30 7.17 60 00 3.58 , 30 00 3.58 60 00 2.87 45 00 2.15 . 45 00 100.00 $65 08 ?4,46d 1,175 1,070 1,003 600 150 300 ISO 135 $9,078 21,000 5,000 26,000 43,000 35,000 13,500 10,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 ROLLERS AND POLES. Window shade rollers belong to this industry but none are manufactured in Pennsylvania, though sawmills cutting white pine were found furnishing large quantities of material in the desired form to the New York shade roller makers. Curtain poles and brackets, rug and drugget poles, and awning rollers are the articles to which the statistics in Table 95 refer, Basswood is the leading wood and it went entirely into curtain poles. It serves well for this use, first, because it is so easily worked, and second, the ease and permanence with which it takes paint and stain allows it to be finished to imitate expensive hardwoods like walnut, mahogany, and oak. Hard maple, sweet birch, white oak, and white ash are other important curtain pole woods and the ones reported mainly for curtain pole fixtures and brackets. Rug and drugget pole manufacturers called principally for black gum, but beech, basswood, and yellow poplar met part of the demand. Awning rollers require a heavy wood. Sugar maple, hickory, beech, and black gum were the ones reported. The two former, being expensive, were used in small quan- tities only. Black gum is practically a new wood for this use but the demand is increasing owing to its being one of the cheapest hardwoods with the re- quisite weight, strength, and adaptability for being turned. Redwood was the only wood reported for shade hangers. 142 Table 95. — Wood for Rollers and Curtain Poles, year ending June, 1912, ^ it Grown in Grown Out ' Quantity. o Pennsyl- of Penn- g vania. sylvania. h A 1 S Kind of W»od. ! lb M ! *: O a s ^ i 8 ^.- V .Q ji Feet Per 1^ 1! - fe Bassvfood, Sugar maple. White oak, . . Beecli Birch Ash Black gum, ... Hickory, Redwood IfeUow poplar, Total, ... 37,500 27,425 19,000 12,000 12,000 «,150 6,000 2,500 2,000 1,000 125,575 29.86 $20 00 21.84 16 59 15.13 16 63 9.56 14 00 9.56 14 00 4.90 32 68 4.7S 20 00 1.99 60 00 1.59 45 00 .79 65 00 100.00 ?19 77 $750 455 316 168 168 201 120 150 90 65 $2,483 37,500 27,000 19,000 12,000 12,000 5,000 '2^566 115,000 1,150 6,000 2,000 1,000 10,575 MANUAL TRAINING PRACTICE. Improved systems of public school education today endeavor to give not only a thorough grounding in the usual elementary subjects but also offer op- portunities to acquire the fundamentals of various artisan trades by methods of practical work in the laboratory, the shop, or the field. These specialized schools or departments are known as "Manual Training" and in connection with the excellent system of public education in Pennsylvania there has been established a large number of them throughout the State. They offer instruc- tion in a diversity of practical courses. Important among these is wood craft. Shops equipped with tools of all kinds and with wood-working machinery af- ford training in the making of many kinds of commodities and an insight into all lines and processes of -wood-working. Woods that are soft and possess properties to work easily are naturally the kinds in greatest demand. That white pine, yellow poplar, and basswood head the list in Table 96, therefore, is not surprising, but that so small amounts of yellow pine and hemlock are employed, these being the cheapest woods, is interesting, especially as these woods are important in many wood manufacturing industries. If both the red and white oaks had been compiled under one heading, oak, this wood would have been first in the table. Of the twenty species used, mahogany is the highest priced and beech the lowest. ■•>"ri>!il%>'lilXl, fej A.I. w^ ..t , .* ; "i f-vllifirfBii^t '^t'.Ss' . ..i^, '**". **-.•. # ;-1^ .*!,.' ** '*. •*» - ■^~'. 143 Table 96. — Wood for Manual Training Practice, year ending June, 1912. %~t t? Grown in Grown Out Quantity. s Pennsyl- of Penn- S vania. eylvanla. Vi ^ o. • Kind of Wood. lb v4 a ^ g S S .Q a .Q xi i> i^ si c 4) fa P. ■< H fe &I White pine, .. Yellow poplar, Bass wood, Red oak Wliite oak, ... Cliestnut Sugar maple, Cherry (black) Cypress (bald), Ash Hickory Black walnut, Mahogany Beech Sugar pine, ... Red gum , Red cedar, Hemlock Shortleaf pine, Hedwood Dogwood, Total, .. 21,575 16,250 14.400 13,070 10,500 7,000 3,350 1,850 1,750 1,100 934 850 750 600 500 470 400 262 250 50 34 95,945 22.49 $72 35 16.94 66 95 15.01 43 06 13.62 72 61 10.94 83 81 7.30 64 14 3.49 50 45 1.93 55.68 1.82 63 43 1.15 70 91 .97 70.66 .89 87 06 .78 134 C7 .62 28 33 .52 80 00 .49 72 34 .42 97.50 .27 34 35 .26 40 CO .05 60 00 .04 90 00 100. 00 $66 44 $1.5«1 1,088 590 949 881 448 169 103 111 78 64 77 101 17 40 34 39 9 10 3 $6,375 8,675 9,550 7,650 9,070 4,950 5,000 3,050 1,850 12,909 6,708 6,750 4,000 5,550 2,000 soe 1,750 800 700 20fl 750 300 234 650 600 501 470 400 262 250 50 34 51,875 44,070 MISCELLANEOUS. In soliciting information from the various manufacturers concerning the extent of their operations in the consumption of wood, the Forest Service and tlie Pennsylvania Department of Forestry made assurance that the data would be treated confidentially and not used in the report so as to reveal the identity of the establishments furnishing it. Whenever, therefore, fewer than three factories making similar commodities were entitled to be grouped as an industry, rather than discard the information from the report it was placed under the head "Miscellaneous." The nearly seven and a half million feet shown as the total of the table includes considerably over five million of State-grown white pine for matches, more than 100 M feet of beech cut in the State for brewer chips, used in brew- eries to clarify beer, nearly 200 M feet of white ash, Douglas fir, soft maple, and beech for flag poles and shafts, and nearly one-half that amount consisting of spruce, hemlock, and yellow pine for tent poles. Small quan- tities of red cedar were used for oil barrel faucets, and black walnut and Circassian walnut for stocks and fore-ends of both fire-arms and of air rifles. Table 97. — Wood for Miscellaneous, year ending June, 1912. fc- Grown in Grown Out Quantity. T-H .2 X3 Pennsyl- vania. of Penn- sylvania. Q< Kind of Wood. E j ■^ 1 1 8b o d "3 a S fe Oh ■< g b fa White pine Beech Ked and silver maple, Ash, Black walnut, Birch Loblolly pine Douglas tir, ;... Hemlock, Sugar maple, Spruce, Circassian walnut, . . lied cedar, Total 7,002,000 175,003 50,000 50,000 34,200 25,000 17,000 14,400 12,250 11,500 10,000 10,000 5,000 7,416,353 94.41 $16 OO 2.36 14 86 .67 14 00 .67 25 00 .46 71 81 .34 14 00 .23 30 00 .20 50 00 .17 - 28 16 .16 20 00 .13 20 00 .13 183 00 .07 40 00 100.00 $26 09 $182,070 2,600 700 1,250 2,456 350 510 720 345 235 200 1,830 200 $193,466 7,002,000 175,003 50,000 50,000 10,200 25,000 10,000 11,500 7,333,703 24,000 17,000 14,400 2,250 10,000 10,000 6,000 82,650 145 PART III. THE USES OF WOOD BY PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS. The following list indicates the various uses of wood reported by Pennsyl- vania manufacturers. The collation comprises over 6,000 separate commodi- ties, and is probably the most complete statement of this kind ever pre- sented. Handles, handsaw APPLEWOOD. Pipes, smoking Screws, bookbinders Baskets Bats, baseball Beams, plow Bodies, sleigh Boxes, comb Boxes, knife Boxes, salt Boxes, tin plate Box shooks Cabinets, kitchen Cabs, locomotive Chairs, kitchen Chests, ice Commodes, interior Cooperage stock Covers, butter pall ASH, BLACK. Crating Finish, boot Frames, automobile bodies Frames, carriage bodies Frames, wagon bodies Handles, garden trowel Handles, hammer Handles, hand drill Handles, hoe Handes, lawn mower Handles, paint brush Handles, rake Handles, wheel hoe Hoppers, vegetable Moulding, picture Pails, candy Pews, church Poles, pike Poles, plow Refrigerators Seats, auto Seats, carriage Sides, cheese box Slats, bed Slats, trunk Sleds, coaster Tops, cheese box Tubs, butter Tubs, lard Washboards, laundry Wood pulleys Bottoms, automobile seat Automobile bodies Axle beds, buggy Axle beds, perch spring wagon Axle beds, surrey Back boards, piano Backing, cases Backs, automobile seats Backs, hair brush Backs, nail brush Backs, scrubbing brush Balusters (stair) Base blocks, house interior trim Base corners, house interior trim Base board, house interior trim Base moulding, house interior trim Baskets, split Bats, baseball Batters, dumb waiter Beams, dining room ceiling Beams (elevator) Beds, light delivery wagons Belt panel, light delivery wagon bodies Benches, mess (boat) Benches, piano Blocks, brake Bloclis, brush Blocks, pulley \ Blocks, tackle - Boards, drain Bodies, automobile Bodies, cart Bodies, wheelbarrow Book racks Bottoms, washing machines Bows, automobile Bows, buggy top Bows, carriage top Bows, hay bed farm wagons Bows, wagon tops Boxes, creamery shipping Boxes, roller sign, (electric cars) Brackets, plate rail Brackets, stair Brushee ASH, WHITE. Bushel crates Cabinets, filing, exterior Cabinets, printer Cab'nets, special work Cabinets, typewriter Cabins, interior, river craft Cabins, interior, ships Cabins, interior, yachts Cabs, locomotive Carpet strip, house interior trim Cars, elevator Cases, binnacle Cases, ship chart Cases, type Casing, controller box, electric cars Casing, door Casingj pipe organ Casing, window Chair arms, railway cars Chair bottoms Chair rail, house interior trim Churn parts Cleats, dumb waiter Coaming, motor boat Colonnades, house interior trim Consoles Corner blocks, house interior trim Corner posts, light delivery wagons Costumers. Counter tops, bar room Covers, hatchway (ship) Covers, switch boxes (electric cars) Cues, billiard Cupboard doors, railway cars Decking, canoe Doors Doors, dumb waiter shaft Doors, folding Doors, locker (boat and ship) Doors, sliding Drain boards Drop gate, light delivery wagon bodies Dumb waiters Dumb waiter parts Dust guards (railway passenger ears) Elevators, grain Eveners Facing, window partition (elec- tric cars) Felloes, heavy vehicle wheels Felloes, light delivery wagons Fifth wheel bars, light delivery wagons Fifth wheel circles, light de- livery wagons Fifth wheel spools, light de- livery wagons Fillers, Scotch hame Fillet, house interior trim Finish, interior engine cab Finish, yacht cabins Fixtures, office, exterior Flat battens, house interior trim Flooring Flooring, freight car platform scales Flooring, freight elevators Flooring, (passenger elevator cars) Frames, automobile bodies Frames, bob sleds Frames, chair Frames, coal screens Frames (elevator cars) Frames, gravel screens Frames, sand shaking screens Frames, tennis racket Framework, automobile cushion Front panels, light delivery wagons Grilles (ship and boat cabins) Guide posts, dumb waiter Handles, bottom pick Handles, brush Handles, clay pick Handles, coal pick Handles, collier shovel Handles, cultivator Handles, garden hoe Handles, garden rake . Handles, hay knife Handles, Jatk ^orefw 10 U6 Handles, lawn mower Handles, lawn rake Handles, manure fork Handles, mining pick Handles, paint brushes Handles, piano Handles, pick Handles, pitch fork Handles, scoop Handles, shovel Handles, spade Handles, special brushes Handles, varnish brushes Hay beds, farm wagon Hay bed blocks, farm wagon Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house Interior trim Heading, nail keg Heading, slack cooperage Heel board, light delivery wagons Hind spring bars, light delivery wagons Horses, rocking Hounds, light delivery wagon Hubs, wheelbarrow Key bottoms, piano Keels, motor boat Knees, canal boat Knees, river craft Knees, ship Knees, yacht Knobs, door Ladders, hay Ladders, river craft Ladders, ship Ladders, step Lagging, refrigerator machine cylinders Lagging Lath Legs, billiard tables Lining, cases Lower head blocks, light de- livery wagons Lower panels, light delivery wagon bodies Jacks, wagon Jambs, door Interior finish Interior finish, electric cars Interior finish, house Interior finish, (railway cars) Interior finish, traction engine cabs Mantels Milk counters, dairymans Mirror doors, house Moulding, automobile Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, cap, house Interior trim . ^ ^ Moulding, cove, house interior trim Moulding, crown, house con- struction Moulding, picture Moulding, plaster, house in- terior trim Moulding, quarter round, house interior trim Moulding, spring cove, house construction Neck yokes Newel posts, angle Newel posts, starting ASH, WHITE— Continued. Novelties Nosing, house interior trim Oars, row boat Panels, automobile bodies Panels, ceiling (railway cars) Panels, door Panels, wagon bodies Panels, windows, railway cars Panel strips, interior house trim Panel wainscoting, railway cars Paper pulp Parts, flour mill machinery Piano cases, veneer Pilasters, piano Pillars, light delivery wagon Pilot wheels, river craft Pilot wheels, ship Pilot wheels, yacht Planks, fish Planks, steak Plate rail, dining room Pole futchels, light delivery wagons Posts, chair Posts, piano Posts, wagon Posts, warehouse trucks Push carts (bodies) Racks, display Racks, magazine Rails, doors Rails, guide (dumb waiter) Rails, river craft Rails, ship Rails, stair Rails, yacht Reaches, buggy Reaches, farm wagon Reaches, lumber wagon Reaches, perch spring wagon Reaches, surrey Reaches, wagon Rear end posts, light delivery wagons Refrigerators Refrigerators, exterior Ribs, boat Ribs, canoe Ribs, motor boat Rims, automobile wheels Rims, carriage wheels Risers, stair Rockers, chair Rollers Rollers, caster Rosettes, wall (stairway) Rounds, ladder Rounds, plow Rungs, ladder Runners, bob sled Running boards, automobile Saddletrees Sash, electric cars Sash, railway cars Seat boards, light delivery wagons Seat frames, canoe Shackle bars, light delivery wagons Shafts, lisht vehicles Shelves, dumb waiter Shoe rails (stair) Showcases, exterior Sides, biirard tables S'des, push cart Sides, truck Side pillars, light delivery wagons Sides, wagon bodies Side futchels, light delivery wagons Side slats, light delivery wagons Signal blades, railroad Sills, automobile Sills, buggy Sills, buggy bodies Sills, carriage Sills, carriage bodies Sills, delivery wagons Sills, light delivery wagons Sills, inside window (electric cars) Sills, window, inside (railway cars) Slats (automobile tops) Slats, bed Slats, trunk Slats, wagon top Sleds Sleds, frame work Sleds, toy Splinter bars, light delivery wagons Spokes, automobile wheels Spokes, heavy vehicle wheels Spokes, light delivery wagons Spokes, push cart wheels Spring yokes, light delivery wagons Staffs, flag Stakes, log cars Stands, umbrella Staves, butter pail Staves, slack cooperage Staves, tight cooperage Staves, washing machine Stay bars, light delivery wagons Stays, boat Stems, canoe Stems, motor boat Stems, river craft Stems, ships Stems, yachts Stern posts, motor boat Stiles, door Stops, door, house interior trim Stops, drawer Stretchers, curtain String boards (stair) Strips (elevator cars) Strips, guide (elevator) Swing cleats, curtin pole Tables, sewing Tables, telephone Tillers, canal boat Tillers, river craft Top rails, light delivery wagon bodies Top slats, light delivery wagon bodies Tops, washing machines Treads, stair Tripods, camera Upper head blocks, light de- livery wagon Veneer Wainscot rail, house interior trim Wainscoting, house interior trim Wainscoting cap, house Interior trim Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, hou^e Interior trim ASPEN. Excelsior Altars, church Animals, toy Astragals, folding door Astrn^nls, sliding door Backing, mirror Backs, buffets Backs, burenns Backs, chiflBoniers Backs, mirror BASSWOOD. Baskets, split Base blocks, house interior trim Base boards, house interior trim Base corners, house interior trim Base moulding, house interior trim Beams, dining room ceiling Bedsteads, bidden work Bellows, organ Bellows frames, organ Binding strips, school board Blinds, window Blocks, brake Blocks, brush Blocks, tassel Blo'wers, DTga.n ? 147 Blowers, player piano Boards, iroumg Boards, pastry Boards, potato chip Boards, potato peeler Boards, skirt Boards, slaw Boats, toy Bodies, baby carriage Bottom panels, piano cases Bottom rails, sash Bottoms, buffets Bottoms, case Bottoms, chilfioner Bottoms, dressers Bottoms, grape basket Boxes, bottle Boxes, candy Boxes, knife Boxes, novelty Boxes, packing Boxes, shirtwaist Boxes, trunk Boxes, type Brackets, plate rail Brake blocks, mine pit wagon Bushel crates Capping, sink, house interior trim Carpet strip, house Interior trim Carts, dump Carvings, wood Cases, clock Cases, sample Cases, silverware Cases, type Casing, door Casing, house Casing, window Ceiling Chair rail, house interior trim Cheeks, piano case China closet, interior Clog soles (shoe) Clothes driers Coal boxes, traction engine Colonnades, house interior trim Communion rails, church Consoles Corner blocks, house interior trim Crates Crating Cups, soap Curtain stretchers Display forms, hosiery Display forms, shoe Doll parts Doors Doors, folding Doors, sliding Dowels Dust cap, house interior trim Dust conveyors, threshing ma- chine Dust guards, freight car axles Dust guards, railway cars Elevators, flour mill Excelsior Excelsior, packing Excels'or, ribbon (mattress stuffing) Pall boards, piano cases BASSWOOD— Continued. Feet, piano Fillet, house interior trim Flag sticks (railway) Flat battens, house interior trim Flooring Frames, corn graders Frames, front door side light Frames, jewelry case Frames, lounge Frames, mirror Frames, picture Frames, store fixture Frames, suit case Front doors, house Game boards Grain registers, threshers Grilles, house interior trim Handles, broom Handles, brush Handles, long handled dust brush Handles, mop Handles, pipe Handles, plastering trowel Handles, street brushes Handles, wall brush Handles, window brush Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house Interior trim Heading, nail keg Heading, slack cooperage Interior finish, churches Interior frames, store fixtures Ironing boards, folding Jambs, door Key blocks, piano cases Key bottoms, piano cases Key slips, piano cases Ladders, step Lath Lids, grape basket i^antels Mantels, painted work Meeting rail, sash Mirror doors, house Molding, bed, house construc- tion Molding, brick, house construc- tion Molding, cap, house interior trim Molding, casket Molding, cove Molding, crown, house interior trim Molding, drip cap, house con- struction Molding, electric wire Molding, piano cases Molding, picture Molding, plaster, house con- struction MolcVng, quarter round Molding, spring cove, house construction. Molds, butter Mud shields, traction engine MuUions, sash Music shelf, piano cases Nosing, house interior trim Novelties Novelties, burnt wood Pails, candy Panel strips, house interior trim Panels, door Paper pulp Parting strip, house Interior trim Partition moulds, house interior trim Pedal boards, piano cases Pews, church Pianos, toy Pilasters, piano cases Pipes, organ Plate rail, dining room Backs, curtain display Backs, rug display Kails, door Kails, table Reels, electric wire Keels, solder wire Kefrigerators Kims, split wood pulleys Sash, window Seats, automobile Seats, chair Seats, tricycle Serving tables, hidden work Shelving Sideboards, Interior work Side boards, wheelbarrow Sides, piano cases Sides, toy wagons Sides, wagon bodies Sides, wheelbarrow Sidinir, house Sink aprons, house interior trim Slats, automobile tops Slats, wagon tops Spouting, flour mill Stands, bible Staves, slacli cooperage Staves, tight cooperage Step ladders Sticks, umbrella Stiles, door Stops, door, house interior trim Stops, window, house Interior trim Stretchers, curtain Strips, felt bound school slates Tables Tables, ironing Templates, shipbuilding Top panels, piano cases Top rails, sash Top slats, light delivery wagon bodies Tops, kitchen table Tops, piano cases Tops, table Toy pianos Trays, incubator Trays, trunl£ Trunks Veneer Wainscot rail, house, interior trim Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Wheelbarrows, toy Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim Acetate of lime Alcohol, wood Astragals, folding door Astragals, sliding door Back posts, piano Backing, desk Backs, chair Backs, drawer Balusters, porch Base blocks, house interior trim Base board, house interior trim Base comers, house interior trim Base moulding! house interior trim Baskets BEECH. Baskets, split Bay brackets, house construc- tion Beams, dining room ceiling Blocks, brake Blocks, brush Boards, bosom Boards, bread Boards, lap Boards, pastry Book shelves Bottom panels, piano cases Bottom rail, porch Bottom rails, sash Bottoms, basket Bottoms, carriage bodies Bottoms, fruit baskets Bottoms, jack plane Bottoms, wagon bodies Boxes, comb Boxes, foundry moulding Boxes, knife Boxes, packing Boxes, plate glass packing Boxes, salt Boxes, tin plate Brackets, mine Brackets, plate rail Brackets, porch Brooms, street ~ . . Dapping, sink, house juterior teim 148 Carpet strip, house interior trim Cases, blacking Cases, shipping Casing, door Casing, window Celery crates Center aims, split wood pulleys Chair rail, house interior trim Chairs, chlidrens' Chairs, folding camp Chairs, ladder Charcoal Cheeks, piano case ■ Chips, brewers Chopping bowls Clamps, trouser hanger Clothes driers Colonnades, house interior trim Commodes Consoles Corner blocks, house interior trim Costumers Cots, camp Crating Cresting, porch roof Cross-ties, railroad Door boards, coal car Door boards, railway grain car Doors, folding Doors, sliding Dowels Dust cap, house interior trim End sills, log cars Face brackets, house construc- tion Fall boards, piano cases Feet, piano Felloes, wheelbarrow wheel Fillet, house interior trim Fixtures, curtain Flat battens, house interior trim Flooring, house Flooring, mine dump cars Frame "work, farm machinery Frames, buck saw Frames, corn sheller Frames, door Frames, front door side light Frames, light vehicles Frames, school slate Frames, window Frieze rail, porch Front doors, house Furniture, camp Gable brackets, house construc- tion Gable ornaments, house con- struction Grilles, house interior trim Handles, awl Handles, boning knife Handles, broom Handles, butcher knives Handles, carpenter try-square Handles, coal sieve Handles, crosscut saw BEECH— Continued. Handles, fruit baskets Handles, lawn rake Handles, long handled dirt pans Handles, plane Handles, skinning knives Handles, steak knife Handles, sticking knife Handles, wheelbarrow Handles, whip Hangers, clothes Hangers, garment Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house interior trim Heading, cooperage Heading, nail keg Heading, slack cooperage Hubs, wheelbarrow Interior finish, freight cars Jambs, door Key blocks, piano case Key bottoms, piano cases Key slips, piano cases Lath Legs, table Legs, ironing board Mantels Medicine cabinets Mine props Meeting rails, sash Mirror doors, house Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, cap, house Interior trim Moulding, cove Moulding, crown, house con- struction Moulding, drip cap, house con- struction Moulding, picture Moulding, p;ano case Moulding, plaster, house con- struction Moulding, quarter roimd Moulding, spring cove, house construction Mullions, sash Music shelf, piano case Nosing, house interior trim Novelties Panel strips, house interior trim Panels, door Paper pulp Parasol sticks Partition moulds, house interior trim Parts, bookbinders machinery Pedal boards, piano cases Pilasters, piano cases Pins, cartridge Pins, clothes Pipe, wooden water Planes, moulding Plate rail, dining room Poles, curtain Porch columns, built up Porch newels, built up Porch spandrels Posts, chair Posts, dresser Eails, bed Rails, door Rails, kitchen table Reels, hose Eefriaerators, exterior Rims, fruit baskets Rounds, chair Ruling machines, bookbinders Rungs, ladder Screens, door Screens, window Scroll sawed balusters, porch Seat;, buggy Seats, lawn swings Sides, cheese box Sides, drawer Sides, mine dump cars Sides, piano case Sides, step ladder Sink aprons, house interior trim Slats, ash can Slats, lawn swings Slides, table Spindles, porch Sprags, mine Staffs, flag Staves, cement barrel Staves, cooperage Staves, slack cooperage Step ladder chairs Steps, step ladder Sticks, flower Sticks, umbrella Stiles, door Stools, camp Stops, door, house interior trim Stops, window, house interior trim Tabourettes Tongues, toy wagon Top panels, piano case Top rail, porch Top rails, sash Tops, kitchen table Tops, piano cases Tops, sleds Toy express wagons Toy furniture Toy tops Traps, game Traps, mouse Traps, rat Veneer Wainscot, rail, house interior trim Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Walkers, baby Wedges, mine cap Wheelbarrows Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim Wire cloth display racks Benches, piano Cabinets, medicine Costumers BIRCH, BLACK. End sills, log car Felloes, heavy vehicle wheels Handles, butcher knives Rims, automobile wheels Studding, log cars Backing, cabinet Backs, brush Baskets Blocks, brush Bobbins Boxes, druggists' Chair frames, rattan Chairs, turned parts Clothespins Excelsior Handles, brush Handles, carrying Handles, eiflge iwols BIRCH, PAPER. Handles, engravers tools Handles, file Handles, pail Hubs, toy wagon Hubs, toy wheelbarrow Knobs Knobs, drawer Mold'ng, piano Novelties Organ parts Plugs, paper Poles, rug Rbllers, curtain Rollers, lawn mower Shelving, cabinet Spindles, chair Spools Spools, ribbon Spoons, wooden Sticks, candy Toothpicks Toys Turnings Wheels, toy wagon Wood wool 149 Acetate of lime Alcoiiol, wood Arms, chair Astragais, folding door Astragals, slidmg door Axles, farm wagon Backs, chair Back posts, chair Back tosts, piano Backing, postotHce furniture Backing, desk Balusters, stair Base blocks, house interior trim Base board, house interior trim Base corners, house Interior trim Base moulding, house interior trim Baskets Baskets, fruit and vegetable Baskets, split Beams, dining room ceiling Beds, folding Benches, piano Blocks, brake Blocks, brush Boards, meat Boards, potato chip Boards, slaw Boat parts, row Bodies, light vehicle Bookcases, exterior Bookcases, interior Book racks Bottom panels, piano cases Bottoms, automobile seat Bottoms, carriage bodies Bottoms, heavy vehicle bodies Bottoms, wagon Bottoms, wagon body Box shooks Boxes Boxes, cheese Boxes, comb Boxes, glove Boxes, knife Boxes, packing Boxes, plate glass packing Boxes, salt Boxes, telephone Boxes, veneer Boxes, veneered Bowls, chopping Brackets Brackets, mine Brackets, plate rail Brackets, stair Brackets, wall (stair) Bread boards Buffets, bar room Bureaus, exterior Cabinet work Cabinet work, passenger cars Cabinets Cab'nets, medicine Cabinets, music Cabinets, parlor Cab'nets, phonograph Cab'nets, toilet Caliins, interior, yachts Cabins, interior, ships Cabins, interior, river craft Capitals Carpet strip, house interior trim Cars, elevator Cases, blacking Cases, clock Cases, medicine Cases, organ Cases, piano Cases, railroad tickets Cases, shipping Cases, wall Cases, water closet tanks Cas'nsr Casing, door Cfif'insr, window Caskets Chair rail, house interior trim Chairs Cba'rs, adiiistable Chairs, barber Chairs, dining room Chairs, office Charcoal BIRCH, SWEET. Cheeks, piano case China closets Clamps, trouser hanger Cottins Colonnades, house interior trim Columns, porch Commodes Consoles Cores, veneer Corner blocks, house interior trim Coruice, house construction Costumers Couches Counter tops, bar room Counters, bar Counters, office Counters, store Cradles Crating Cutting boards, meat Davenports Decking, canoe Division boards, collapsible crates Doors Doors, folding Doors, sliding Dowels Dowels, parasol Drawers, post-office furniture Dressers, Dressing tables, exterior Dust cap, house interior trim Exterior finish, house Fall boards, piano cases Feet, piano Fillet, house interior trim Fixtures, bar room Fixtures, barber shop Fixtures, curtain Fixtures, laboratory Fixtures, office Fixtures, soda fountain Fixtures, store Flat battens, house interior trim Flooring Flooring, house Flooring, inlaid Flooring, mine dump cars Frame work, farm machinery Frames, chair Frames, cheval mirror Frames, davenport Frames, door Frames, front door side lights Frames, light vehicle bodies Frames, light vehicle seat Frames, lounge Frames, parlor furniture Frames, roller towel Frames, sofa Frames, upholstered furniture Furniture, case goods Game boards Gear parts, light vehicles Grille work Grilles Grilles, house interior trim Hall racks Handles, coal sieve Handles, file Handles, hoe Handles, lawn rake Handles, rake Handles, saw Handles, screw wrenches Handrails, porch Handra'ls. stair Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house interior Heading, cement barrels Heading, cooperage Head'ng, slaclv cooperage Interior finish Interior fin'sh, freight cars Interior finish, house Jambs, door Key blocks, piano cases Key bottoms, piano cases Key slips, piano case Keys, organ Keys, piano Ladders, exterior Ladders, step Lath Launch parts Leaves, table Leg, table Lining, motor boats Lounges Mantels Medicine cabinets Mirror doors, house Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding cap, house interior tr.m Moulding, cove Moulding, crown, house con- struction Moulding, drip cap, house con- struction Mouldings, piano Mouldings, piano case Moulding, picture Moulding, plaster, house con- struction Moulding, quarter round Moulding, spring cove, house construction Moulds, butter MuUions, sash Music cabinets Music shelf, piano cases Newel posts, angle Newel posts, starting Nosing, house interior trim Novelties Organ cases, exterior pipe Ornaments, furniture Panel strips, house interior trim Panel work, show windows. Panels Panels, stair work Panels, veneered Paper pulp Parquetry flooring Partitions, office Patitions, post office letter racks Partitions, store Parts, row boat Passenger cars, interior finish Patterns, machine Pedal boards, piano cases Pedestals Pen racks Pilasters Pilasters, piano cases Pillars, chair Pins, cartridge Pins, clothes Pipe, wooden water Pipes, (imitation calabash) Plate rail, dining room Poles, curtain Racks, book Racks, display Racks, key Rails, stair Reels, fence wire Refrigerators Rims, split wood pulleys Risers, stair Rockers, chair Rollers, towel Rosettes, wall (stairway) Rough horses, stair Rounds, chair Ruling machines, bookbinders Rungs, chair Sash Seat frames, canoe Screens, door Screens, window Seats, chair Seat=, water closet Sewing machine parts Shelves, book Shoe rails, stair Showcase Sideboards, exterior Sides, bookcase Sides, cheese boxes Sides, china closet Sides, desks Sides, dressers 150 Sides, mine dump cars Sides, piano cases Sills, cart Sinlv mats Slats, bed Slides, table Somnols Spindles, chair Spools, electric wire Sprags, mine Staffs, flag Staves, cement barrels Staves, cooperage Staves, slack cooperage Sticks, flower Stools, foot Stools, office Stools, piano Stops, door, liouse interior trim Store fronts BIRCH, SWEET— Continued. Stretchers, chair String boards, stair Swings, lawn Switchboards, telephone Tables Tables, billiard Tables, library Tables, pool Tables, sewing Tabourettes Tool chests Top panels, piano cases Top slats, light delivery wagon bodies Tops, case goods Tops, piano cases Tops, post office furniture Tops, table Toy chairs Toy furniture Toy tops Trays, pen Treads, stair Veneer Veneer cores, piano cases Wagon boxes Wagons AVainseoting Wainscoting cap, house interior tr.m Wainscot rail, house interior tr!m Wardrobes Wardrobes, exterior Wedges, mine cap Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim Balls, croquet Blinds Blocks, brush Boards, chopping Bobbins Boxes, butter Boxes, packing Boxes, tinware Cabinets, kitchen Chair arms, railway cars Chairs, folding Chairs, kitchen Controller box casing, electric cars Costumers Covers, switch boxes, electric cars Crates, tinware Crating Cupboard doors, railway cars Dairy accessories BIRCH, XELLOW Dishes, butter Facing, window partition Handles, broom Handles, dust brush Handles, wrench Heads, spool Horses, clothes Implements, agricultural Interior finish, electric ears Interior finish, railway cars Interior finish, railway coaches Mallets, croquet Middles, spool Mills, coffee Mirrors, hand Moulds, butter Novelties Panel wainscoting, railway cars Panels, ceiling, railway cars Panels, window, railway cars Pins, clothes Plates, pie Prints, butter Sash, electric cars Sash, railway cars Screens, door Screens, window Seats, chair Sills, inside window (electric cars) Sills, window, inside (railway cars) Sleds Spools Tallies, kitchen Tenpins, toy Toy furniture Toy tops Toys Turnings Boxes, comb Engravings, wood Handles, umbrella BOXWOOD Handles, shaving brush Quoins, printers' Rules, carpenters' Scales, draftmen's Shuttles Type measures, printers' BRIAR ROOT Pipes, smoking Baluster?, porch Base blocks, house interior trim Base board, house interior trim Base corners, house interior trim Base moulding, house interior trim Bay brackets, house construc- tion Beams, dining room ceiling Blind stop, house construction Boards, ironing Boards, pastry Boards, sleeve Bottom rail, porch Boxes, packing Brackets, plate rail Brackets, porch Capping, sink, house interior trim Carpet strip, house interior trim Casing, door Casing, window Cliair rail, house Interior trim Colonnades, liouse interior trim Corner blocks, house interior trim Cresting, porch roof Doors, foldine Doors, sliding Dust cap, house interior trim Face brackets, house construc- tion Fillet, house interior trim BUCKEYE, OHIO Flat battens, house interior trim Frames, door Frames, front door side lights Frames, window Frieze rail, porch Front doors, house Gable brackets, house construc- tion Gable ornaments, house con- struction Grilles, bouse interior trim Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house interior trim Jambs, door Mantels Mirror doors, house Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, brick, house con- struction Moulding, cap, house interior trim Moulding, cove Moulding, crown, house con- struction Moulding, drip cap, house con- struction Moulding, picture Moulding, plaster, house con- struction Moulding, quarter roimd Moulding, screw Moulding, sprung cove, house construction Nosing, bouse interior trim Panel strips, house interior trim Parting stop, house interior trim Partition moulds, house interior trim Plate rail, dining room Porch columns, built up Porch columns, solid Porcli newels, built up Porch newels, solid Porch spandrels Racks, clothes Racks, towel Scroll sawed balusters, porch Siding, house Sink aprons, house interior trim Slide, fly screen Spindles, porch Stops, door, house interior trim Stops, window, house interior trim Top rail, porch Wainscot rail, house interior trim Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim 151 Base blocks, house interior trim Baseboard, liouse interior trim Base corners, house interior trim Base moulding, house interior trim Beams, dining room ceiling Brackets, plate rail Capping sink, house interior trim Carpet strip, house interior trim Casing, door Chair rail, house interior trim Chests, clothes Chests, flour Colonnades, house interior trim Corner blocks, house interior trim Doors, folding Doors, sliding Drain boards, sink Dust cap, house interior trim Excelsior, packing BUTTERNUT Excelsior ribbon (mattress stuffing) Fillet, house interior trim Finish, boats Flat battens, house interior trim Frames, door Front doors, house Grilles, house interior trim Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house interior trim Interior finish Jambs, door Mantels Moulding Moulding, bed, house interior trim Moulding, cap, house interior trim Moulding, cove Moulding, crown, house con- struction Mirror doors, house Moulding, drip cap, house con- struction Moulding, picture Moulding, quarter round Moulding, spring cove, house construction Nosing, house interior trim Panel strips, house interior trim Paper pulp Patterns, foundry Plate rail, dining room Rims, split wood pulleys Ship furniture Sink aprons, house interior trim Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Wainscot rail, house interior trim Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim Benches, porch Benches, rustic lawn Box shooks Boxes, fuel Butter workers, dairymen's Cal)inets, parlor Cases, casket Cases, coffins Caskets Ceiling Chests, clothes CEDAR, RED Churns, butter Coffins Cross arms, telegraph pole Cross ties, railroad Faucets, oil barrel Frames, couch Frames, davenport Frames, lounges Frames, upholstered furniture Handles, paint brushes Handles, varnish brushes Lining, Liuing, Pencils Pergolas Posts, fence Shingles Siding, house Silos Summer houses Tanks Vats closets clothes closets Cigar boxes Decking, motor boat Floor boards, rowboat (round bottom) Handles, tennis racket CEDAR, SPANISH Hulls, boats Hulls, canoes Hulls, racing shells Planking, canoe Planking, rowboats (flat bot- tom) Kibs, canoe Veneer Cabinet work Caskets Ceiling Cornice work CEDAR, WESTERN RED Fixtures, office Flooring, porch Frames, screen door Frames, window screen Sliingles Siding Silos Tanks, windmill Boat boards Boat siding Boats, motor Boats, superstructure Box shooks Canoes Decking, motor boat Finish, interior Furniture CEDAR, WHITE Hulls, boat Hulls, canoes Hulls, racing shells Pickets, wire fence Planking, canoe Planking, boat Planking, motor boat Planking, yacht Ribs, canoe Siding, canoe Siding, launch Silos Tanks Tanks, paper mill Tubs, washing machine Vats Shuttles CHERRY Acetate of lime Actions (organs) Alcohol, wood Backing, electrotype Backs, clothes brush Backs, drawer Backs, hairbrush Backs, nail brush Balusters (stair) Balusters, stairway Base blocks, house Interior trim Baseboards Baseboard, house interior trim Base corners, house interior trim Base moulding, house interior trim Beams, dining room ceiling Blinds. Venetian Blocks, brush Bootlis, telephone Boxes, plate glass packing Boxes. roller sign (electric cars) Boxes, sewing Boxes, veneer Brackets, plate rail Brackets, stair Brackets, stairway Brushes Bureaus, exterior Cabinet work Cabinet work, boat Cabinet work (electric cars) Cabinet work (Pullman cars) Carpet strip, house interior trim Carvings, wood Cases, dental Cases, optical Cases, wall Cases, water closet tank Casing, door Casing, window Casings Caskets Chair arms, Pullman coaches Chair rail, house interior trim Charcoal Chiffoniers Coffins Colonnades, house interior trim Colonnades, Pullman coaches 152 Commodes Consoles Corner blocks, house interior trim Counters, bar Counters, store Covers, switch boxes (electric cars) Covers, switch box (Pullman coaches) Cupboard doors, Pullman coaches Dashboards, automobile Deck trimmings, motor boat Doors Doors, folding Doors, sliding Doors, upper berth, sleeping cars Drawer parts, office fixtures Drawer parts, store fixtures Dust cap, house interior trim Facing, window partition (elec- tric cars) Files, newspaper Fillet, house interior trim Finish, interior (automobile bodies) Fixtures, bank Fixtures, bar Fixtures, barber shop Fixtures, office Fixtures, store Fixtures (store display) Fixtures, window display Flat battens, house interior trim Flooring Flooring, parquetry Foot rails (stair) Foot rail, stairway Frames, door Frames, mirror Frames, picture Furniture, bank Furniture (barroom) Furniture, barber shop Furniture, drug store Furniture (office) Furniture, store Grilles Grilles, house interior trim Grilles, Pullman coaches Hand rail, stairway Handles, reciprocating drills Handles, varnish brushes CHERRY— Continued Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house interior trim Heading, nail keg Interior finish Interior finish (camera) Interior finish, electric cars Interior finish, Pullman coaches Interior trim, house Jambs, door Levels, carpenters' Lids, water closet Linings, boat Lunch tables, portable (Pull- man coaches) Mantels Mantels, soda fountain Mirror doors, house Mirror frames, passenger eleva- tor cars Mirror frames, Pullman coaches Models Models, machine Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, cap, house interior trim Moulding, cove Moulding crown, house con- struction Moulding, drip cap, house con- struction Moulding, plaster, house con- struction Moulding, quarter round Moulding, spring cove, bouse construction Moulds, fire brick Mountings, electrotype Newel posts, angle Newel Posts, starting Nosing, house interior trim Organs, cabinet Organs, pipe Panel strips, house interior trim Panel wainscoting, Pullman coaches Panel work, office partitions Panel work, store fixtures Panels, ceilings (Pullman coaches) Panels, door Panels, passenger elevator cars Panels, window (Pullman coaches) Paper pulp Partitions, office Partitions, store Parts, automobile bodies Patterns Patterns, foundry Peel blade.'!, bakers' Pipes, organ Plate holders (camera) Plate rail, dining room Platforms, counter scales Poison cases (drug store) Press boards, bookbinders' Push button frames (Pullman coaches) Rails, door Kails, stair Rails, table Range finders, camera Refrigerators, soda fountain Risers, stairway Ruling machines, bookbinders' Sash Sash, automobile Sash, electric cars Sash, Pullman coaches Seats, water closet Seats, wire frame chairs Show cases Sides, drawer Sills, inside window (electric cars) Slides, drawer Squares, draftsman Stands, city directory Stiles, door Stops, door, house interior trim Tops, counter Tops, table Tops, wire frame tables Track sections, camera Treads, stair Triangles (billiard) Triangles, draftsman Veneer Wainscot rail, house inteHor trim Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim CHERRY, WILD Paper pulp CHESTNUT Astragals, folding door Astragals, sliding door Backs, brush Backing, bureau Backing, desk Backing, dresser Backing, furniture Backing, sideboards Backing, washstand Backs, piano Balusters (stair) Base blocks, house Interior trim Baseboards Baseboard, house interior trim Base corners, house interior trim Base moulding, house Interior trim Beams, dining room ceiling Beds, folding Bedsteads, exterior Bedsteads, hidden work Blinds, window Bodies, toy wheelbarrows Bookcases, sectional Book racks, revolving Booths, voting (exterior) Bottoms, grape basket Box ends, fertilizer sowers Box shooks Boxes, clothiers' Boxes, coal sieve Boxes, packing Boxes, plant Boxes, tin plate Boxes Boxing Brackets, plate rail Brackets, stair Buffets, exterior Bureaus, hidden work Bureaus, exterior Bushel crates Cabinets, magazine Cabinets, scale Cabinets, smokers. Carpet strip, house interior trim Cars, passenger elevator Cases (casket) Cases, medicine Cases, piano Cases, veneer Casing Casing, door Casing, window Caskets Ceiling Cellarettes Chair rail, house interior trim Chairs Chairs, arm Chairs, desk Chairs, mission Chairs, rocking Chests, hall ChlfConlers China cases, shelving Coffins Colonnades, house interior trim Columns, china closet (Columns, sideboard (Dommodes Consoles Cores, door Cores, veneering Corner blocks, house interior trim Couch frames Counters, store Crates Crating Cross arms, telegraph pole Cross ties, railroad Desks Doors Doors, folding Doors, sliding Drain boards, sink Drawer fronts Drawer sides Dressers 153 Dust cap, house interior trim Fillet, house interior trim Fixtures, banli Fixtures, bar Fixtures, barber shop Flasks, foundry Flat battens, house interior trim Flooring Flooring, porch Foot rests Footstools Frames, coal sieves Frames, furniture Frames, lounge Frames, mirror Frames, office fixtures Frames, picture Frames, upholstered chairs Frames, upholstered furniture Front doors, house Furniture Furniture, bed room Furniture, mission Furniture, office Grilles, house interior trim Hall mirror hatracks Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house interior trim Heading, slack cooperage Interior frames, office fixtures Interior finish, house Jambs, door Keyboards, organ Keyboards, piano Kitchen furniture Lath Lids, grape basket Mantels Mirror doors, house Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, cap, house interior trim CHESTNUT— Continued Moulding, cove Moulding, crovpn, house con- struction Moulding, picture Moulding, plaster, house inte- rior trim Moulding, quarter round Moulding, spring cove, house construction Moulding, stair Newel posts, angle Newel posts, starting Nosing, house interior trim Outer cases Panel cases, veneer doors Panel strips, house interior trim Panels, organ case Panels (piano cases) Panels, veneer Partitions Partition moulds, house interior trim Parts, flour mill machinery Pickets, fence Plate rail, dining room Posts, porch Rails, billiard tables Rails, china closet Rails, shoe (stair) Kails, stair Refrigerators Refrigerators, exterior Risers, stair Roller feeders, flour mill ma- chinery Rosettes, wall (stairway) Screens, fire Seats, chair Settees Settles Sewing machine parts Sheathing Sheathing, house Shelves, book Shelves, piano Shingles Showcase Sideboards Sideboards, built in Sideboards, exterior Sides, billiard tables Siding, house Sides, piano cases Siding, plate glass shipping cases Slats, trunk Sofas, exterior Stands, plant Staves, cement barrels Staves, slack cooperage Staves, tight cooperage Stops, door, house interior trim String boards (stair) Swell boxes, pipe organ Tables, dropleaf Tables, extension Tables, library Tables, tea Tool chests, toy Top frames, piano Tops, piano Tops, table Toy furniture Toy tops Treads, stair Veneer Veneer cores, piano cases Wainscot rail, house interior trim Wainscoting Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Washstands Washstands. exterior Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim Handles, butcher steel Handles, carpenters' brace Handles, combination tool sets COCOBOLO Handles, hand wood drill Handles, palette knife Handles, paring knives Handles, putty knife Handles, scraping knife Heads, carpenter brace CONGO Handles, umbrella Balusters, porch Base blocks, house interior trim Baseboard, house interior trim Base corners, house interior ' trim Base moulding, house interior trim Baskets, berry Battens, O. G. barn Bay brackets, house construc- tion Beams, dining room ceiling Beds, manure spreaders Bevel siding, house Bins, curd grinding machines Blind stop, house construction Boards, ironing Boards, skirt Boards, mortar Boards, pastry Bottom rail, porch Bottom rails, sash Bottoms, drawer Bottoms, trunk Bottoms, trunk trays Boxes, bottle Boxes, bottlers Boxes, packing Boxes, trunk Boxes, wheat drills Brackets, plate rail Brackets, porch COTTONWOOD Brooders, poultry Cabinets, inside work Cabinets, kitchen Capping, sink, house interior trim Carpet strip, house interior trim Cases, beer Cases, egg Casing, door Casing, window Caskets Chair rail, house interior trim Cigar boxes Cloth boards Coffins Colonnades, house interior trim Commodes, interior Consoles Cooperage, slack Coops, poultry Corner blocks, house interior trim Crates, berry Crates, milk bottle Crating Cresting, porch roof Cupboards, kitchen Doors, folding Doors, sliding Dowels, chair Drawers, incubator Excelsior Face brackets, house construc- tion Fillet, house interior trim Fixtures, barroom Fixtures, office Fixtures, store Flat battens, house interior' trim Footstools Frames, box couches Frames, door Frames, front door sidelight Frames, upholstered furniture Frames, wood Frieze rail, porch Front doors, house Gable brackets, house construc- tion Gable ornaments, house con- struction Grilles, house interior trim Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house interior trim Hoppers, curd grinding ma- chines Incubators Interior work, electric shoe shining machines Jambs, door Lath Lining, freight cars 154 Lining, wagon bodies Mantels Meeting rails, sash Mirror doors, house Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, brick, house con- struction Moulding, cap, house interior trim Moulding, cove Moulding, crown, house con- struction Moulding, drip cap, house con- struction Moulding, picture Moulding, plaster, house con- struction Moulding, quarter round Moulding, screen Moulding, spring cove, house construction Mullions, sash Nosing, house interior trim Packages, fruit Packing cases, plate glass Panels, agricultural machinery COTTONWOOD— Continued Panels, door Panels, light vehicle bodies Panels, lisht vehicle seats Panels, spring wagon bodies Panel strips, house interior trim Panels, threshing machine Parting stop, house interior trim Partition molds, house interior trim Parts, door Parts, flour mill machinery Plate rail, dining room Porch columns, built up Porch columns, solid Porch newels, built up Porch newels, solid Porch spandrels Roof slats, wagon bodies Scroll sawed balusters, porch Shredders, fodder Shipping cases, butter Sides, farm wagon bodies Sink aprons, house interior trim Slide, fly screen Soil rollers Spindles, porch Stiles, door Stops, door, house interior trim Stops, window, house interior trim Tables, kitchen Top rail, porch Top rails, sash Tops, kitchen cabinets Tops, kitchen table Tops, trunk Tops, veneered, trunks Tray bottoms (trunk) Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Wainscot rail, house interior trim Washboards, laundry Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim Wood pulleys Base blocks, house interior trim Baseboard, house interior trim Base corners, house Interior trim Base moulding, house interior trim Beds, spring wagon Blind stop, house construction Brackets, plate rail Carpet strip, house interior trim Casing, door Casing, house Casing, window Chair rail, house interior trim Colonnades, house interior trim Corner blocks, house interior trim Doors, folding Doors, sliding CUCUMBER Dust cap. house interior trim Fillet, house interior trim Frames, door Frames, window Grilles, house interior trim Head blocks, house interior trim Jambs, door Mantels Mantels, painted work Mirror doors, house Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, cap, house interior trim Moulding, cove Moulding, crown, house con- struction Moulding, drip cap, house con- struction Moulding, picture Moulding, quarter round Moulding, spring cove, house construction Nosing, house interior trim Paper, pulp Partition moulds, house interior trim Plate rail, dining room Rims, split wood pulleys Siding, house Slide, fly screen Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Wainscot rail, house interior trim Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim Astragals, folding door Astragals, sliding door Balusters, porch Bars, greenhouse Base blocks, house interior trim Baseboard, house interior trim Baseboards Base corners, house interior trim Base moulding, house interior trim Battens, O. G. barn Bay brackets, house construc- tion Beams, dining room ceiling Beams, pergola Beehives Belt poles, machinists' Bevel siding, house Blind stop, house construction Blinds (house) Bottom boards, rowboat Bottom rail, porch Bottom rails (.sash) Boxes, bottle Boxes, packing Brackets, plate rail Brackets, porch Brooders, Interior Cabins, exterior, river craft Cabins^ exterior, ships Cabins, exterior, yachts Cabins, interior, river craft Cabins, interior, ships Cabins, interior, yachts Carpet strip, house interior trim Cases, casket Cases, coffin Cases, incubator CYPRESS Cases, packing Casing Casing, door Casing, window Caskets Chair rail, house interior trim Ctiurns, butter Coflins Colonnades, house Interior trim Columns, pergola Consoles Corner beads, house interior trim Corner blocks, house interior trim Cornice, house construction Cornice work, house Crates, shipping Crestinsr, porch roof Cross arms, telegraph pole Cross ties, railroad Decking, motor boat Doors, Doors, folding Door, railroad passenger coaches Doors, sliding Dust cap, house interior trim Exterior finish, house Face brackets, house construc- tion Fillet, house interior trim Finish, locomotive cabs Finish, yacht cabin Flat battens, house interior trim Floor boards, rowboat, round bottom Flooring, porch Frames, door Frames, front door sidelights Frames, window Frieze rail, porch Front door, house Gable brackets, house construc- tion Gable ornaments, house con- struction Gates, railroad crossing Grilles, house Interior trim Hatch covers, river craft Hatch covers, ship Hatch covers, yacht Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house interior trim Interior, cupboard Interior finish, house Jambs, door Keels, canal boats Keels, river craft Keels, ship Keels, yacht Keels on rowboat (flat bottom) Ladders Lattice Leeboards, canoe Lids, washing machine Mantels Meeting rails (sash) Mirror doors, house Moulding, bed, house Interior trim Moulding, brick, house con- struction Moulding, cap, house interior trim Moulding, cove 155 Moulding, cro\Yii, house con- struction Moulding, drip cap, house con- struction Moulding, exterior house Moulding, picture Moulding, plaster, house con- struction Moulding, porch Moulding, quarter round Moulding, screen Moulding, spring cove, house construction Moulding, stair MuUions (sash) Nosingi house construction Panels, door Panel strips, house interior trim Parting strip, house interior trim Partition moulds, house interior trim Parts, automobile bodies Planking, motor boat Planking, river craft OTPEESS— Continued. Planking, ship Planking, yacht Plate rail, dining room Porch colums, built up Porch columns, solid Porch newels, built up Porch newels, solid Porch, spandrel Rafters, pergola Rails, door Rudders, river craft Rudders, ship R'lidders, yacht Sash Sash, hotbed Sash, railroad passenger coach Screens, door Screens, window Scroll sawed balusters, porch Shingles Sides, rowboat (flat bottom) Silos Slide, fly screen Spindles, porch Staves, tight cooperage Stiles, door Stops, door, house interior trim Stops, window, house interior trim Sub-frames, hotbed Tanks, Tanks, dairyman's Tanks, paper mill Tanks, pickling Tanks, wooden Thresholds, porch door Top rail, porch Top rails (sash) Tubs, washing machine Vats Vats, dairyman's Vats, paper mill Wainscot rail, house interior trim Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Washboards, dairyman's Water tubs, wooden bridge Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim Bobbins Handles, brick trowel Handles, kitchen knife DOGWOOD Handles, kitchen fork Handles, small tools Mallets, coppersmith Mallets, tinner'i Shuttles DONCELLA Shuttles Backs, clothesbrush Backs, hairbrush Canes Checkers EBONY Chessmen Handles, chaflng dish Handles, drawing instruments Handles, pocket knife Handles, tea strainer Handles, umbrella Pipes, smoking Walking sticks Baskets, vegetable . Battens, dumb-waiters Beams, elevator cars Beds, coal wagon Bent seats, automobile Blocks, hub Boxes, packing Boies, weight fdumb-waiter) Boxes, wheat drills Cabinets, kitchen Chair rockers Chairs, stepladder Churns, butter Cleats, dumb-waiters Crating Doubletrees Dumb-waiters Eveners Egg cases Frames, sieve Friction blocks, derrick ELM, CORK Gear parts, flour mill machinery Grain boxes, corn planters Guide posts, dumb-waiters Guide rails, dumb-waiters Handles, machine Handles, plow Hay rake parts Heading, slack cooperage Hoops, slack cooperage Hoppers, grain Hounds, light vehicle Hubs Hubs, carriage wheels Hubs, light delivery wagons Hubs, light vehicles Ladders Over-head beams, dumb-waiters Parts, automobile bodies Parts, hay baler Pews, church Platforms, elevator Platforms, machine Reaches, light vehicle Rims (automobile wheels) Rims, basket Rims, butter tub Rollers, cable Runners, sleigh Shelves, dumb-waiters Singletrees Skids, engine Staves, cement barrels Staves, slack cooperage Swings, lawn Traps, mouse Traps, rat Trees, saddle Trucks, gasoline engine Tubs, lard Whiflletrees Yokes, neck Backs, chair- Backs, kitchen cabinets Baskets Baskets, split Baskets, vegetable Blocks, brush Boards, ironing Boards, pastry Bookcases, inside work Bodies, automobile Boxes, wheelbarrow Boxes, trunk Boxes, knife Boxes, comb Boxes, cheese Boxes, candy Box shooks Brooders, poultry Bureaus, Interior work Bushel crates ELM, WHITE Bushel measures Cabinets, medicine Cabinets, printers' Cabinets, seed Cases, type Chairs Chairs, kitchen Chairs, rocking Chests, ice China closets, inside work Commodes, inside work Crating Doors, automobile Eveners Fixtures, bar Fixtures, office Fixtures, store Flasks, foundry Flooring Frames, chair Frames, couch Frames, cultivators Frames, davenport Frames, lounge Frames, sofa Frames, upholstered furniture Furniture, toy Game boards Handles, basket Handles, canthook Handles, cross-cut saw Handles, peavy Heading, slack cooperage Hoops, slack cooperage Hubs, wheelbarrow Ladders, step Lath Locomotive cabs, interior Paper pulp Parts, washing machine 156 Pastry sets Pews, church Pins, insulator Pokes, horse Ketrigerators Kims, cheese box Kims, sieve Kungs, ladder Seat frames, chair ELM, WHITE Showcases Stops, drawer Sieves, ash Tables, communion Signboards Telephone apparatus Slats, trunk Tops, sleds Sleds, bob Traps, mouse Slides, extensionable Traps, rat Splint baskets, porch hammocks Tubs Stands, bible Washboards, laundry Staves, slack cooperage Veneer EUCALYPTUS Furniture, special work Freezers, ice cream Lath FIR, BALSAM Oars, boat Pulp, paper Astragals, folding door Astragals, sliding door Balusters, porch Base blocks, house interior trim Base board, house interior trim Base icorners, house interior trim Base moulding, house interior trim Battens, 0. G. barn Bay brackets, house construc- tion Beams, dining room ceiling Bevel siding, house Blind stop, house construction Blinds, window Booms, river craft Booms, sliip Bottom boards, barge Bottom boards, row boat Bottom boards, scow Bottom rail, porch Bottoms, piano cases Brackets, plate rail Brackets, porch Brackets, telegraph pole Bumping posts, railroad Cabins, exterior, river craft Cabins, exterior, ships Cabins, exterior, yacht Capping, sink, house interior trim Carpet strip, house interior trim Casing, door Casing, window Celling Chair rail, house interior trim Colonnades, house interior trim Corner blocks, house interior trim Cornice, house construction Covers, vats Covers, water tank Cresting, porch roof Cross-arms, telegraph pole Cross-ties, railroad Declcing, boats Decking (ship and boat) Derricks, hoisting Derricks, oil well Doors, folding Doors, sliding Drop siding, house Dust cap, house interior trim Face brackets, house construe tion Feed mill machinery parts Fillet, house interior trim Fiveless cookers, exterior FIR, DOUGLAS Flat battens, house interior trim Flooring, electric passenger cars Flooring, freight cars Flooring, house Flooring, porch Flooring, railway passenger coaclies Flooring, scale platforms Frames, door Frames, freight car Frames, front door side light Frames, target Frames, window Frieze rail, porch Front doors, house Gable brackets, house construc- tion Gable ornaments, house con- struction Gates, railway crossing Hay balers, parts Hayloaders, parts Hayrakes, parts Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house interior trim Hods, mortar Jambs, door Joiners, deck (ship) Keels, canal boats Keelsons, river craft Keelsons, ship Keelsons, yacht Ladders, extension Ladders, step Lath Lattice Masts, river craft Masts (ship) Mirror doors, house Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, brick, 'house con- tion Moulding, cap, house interior trim Moulding, cove Moulding, crown, house con- struction Moulding, drip cap, interior trim Moulding, plaster, house con- struction Moulding, quarter round Moulding, screen Moulding, spring cove, house construction Nosing, house Interior trim Panel strips, house interior trim Parting strip, house interior trim Partition, house Partition moulds, house interior trim Planking, barge Planking, canal boat Planking, river craft Planking, scow Planking, ship Planking, yacht Plate rail, dining room Plates, railway car frames Poles, flag Poles, pike Porch columns, built up Porch columns, solid Porch newels, built up Porch newels, solid Porch spandrel Pump rods, windmill Push poles, locomotive Refrigerators, exterior Ridge poles, railway car frames Scroll sawed balusters, porch Sides, row boat Siding, barge Siding, canal boats Siding, railway box cars Siding, railway passenger coaches Sills, freight cars Sills, oil well drilling machin- ery Sink aprons, house interior trim Slides, fly screen Spars, ship Spindles, porch Staves, silo Staves, tight cooperage Staves, water tanks Stops, door, house interior trim Store fronts Tongues, farm machinery Top rail, porch Towers, oil well Towers, water Vats Wainscot rail, hpuse interior trim Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim FIR, OREGON Push poles, locomotive Baskets, split Blocks, hub Boxes, tin ware Crates, tin ware GUM, BLACK Cross-ties, railroad Hubs Fenders, river craft Hubs, Friction blocks (railway cars) Hubp, Heading, oil bands Hubs. carriage wheels light delivery wagon wheelbarrow 157 Mauls Mine loUeis GUM, BLACK— Concludea Packing cases, plate glass Rollers, oar Rollers, mine Staves, oil barrels Baskets, splint Baskets, vegetable bottoms, aravver Boxes, berry Boxes, cigar Boxes, cracker Boxes, milk bottle Boxes, packing Boxes, trunk Cases, sample Cases, traveling GUM, COTTON Coops, poultry- Crates,, beer Crates, fruit Crates, vegetable Crating Cross-ties, railroad Dishes, lard Heads, maul Hoppers, machine Legs, table Mallets, ship builders Mortars Paper pulp Parts, agricultural machinery Pestles Pins, clothes Plates, pie Rammers, street Rollers, awning Rollers, shipbuilders Truck barrels, veneered Baskets, split Blocks, hub Boxes, ti_& ware Crates, tin ware Cross-ties, railroad Fenders, river craft GUM, BLACK Friction blocks (railway cars) Heading, oil barrels Hubs Hubs, carriage wheels Hubs, light delivery wagon Hubs, wheelbarrow Mauls Mine rollers Packing cases, plate glass Rollers, car Rollers, mine Staves, oil barrels Astragals, sliding door Backs, chairs Backing, case goods Balusters, porch Base blocks, house interior trim Base board, house interior trim trim Base corners, house interior Base moulding, house interior trim Bay brackets, house construc- tion Beams, dining room ceiling Blinds, house construction BlocKS, brake Bottoms, case goods Bottom rails, porch Bottom rails, sash Box shooks Boxes, creamery shipping Boxes, macaroni Boxes, packing Boxes, trunk Brackets, porch Cabinets, music Capping, sink, house, interior trim Carpel strip, house interior trim trim Cases, casket Cases, clock Cases, coffin Cases, sample Cases, shipping Casing, door Casing, window Caskets Chair rail, house interior trim Chairs, rocking Coal boards, engine tender Coffins Colonnades, house interior trim Consoles Commodes Coolers, water Corner blocks, house interior trim Crating Cresting, porch roof Cross-ties, railroad Doors Doors, folding Doors, sliding Drawer sides Drawers Drawers, cabinets Dust cap, house interior trim GUM, RED Face brackets, house construc- tion Fertilizer distributors, parts Fillet, house interior trim Flasks, foundry Flat battens, house interior trim Frames, chair Frames, davenport Frames, door Frames, dresser Frames, front door side light Frames, window Frieze rail, porch Front doors, house Front rails, beds Front rails, dresser Furniture Gable brackets, house construc- tion Gable ornaments, house con- struction Handles, saw Handles, sadiron Head blocks, pattern Head blocks, house interior trim Head cases, house interior trim Hidden work, walnut furniture House interior trim Interior finish, house Jambs, door Jumpers, baby Lath Legs, chiffonier Legs, dresser Mantels Meetmg rails, sash Mirror doors, house Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, brick, house con- struction Moulding, cap, house interior trim Molding, cove Moulding, crown, house con- struction Moulding, drip cap, house con- struction Moulding, picture Moulding, plaster, house con- struction Moulding, quarter round Moulding, spring cove, house construction Mullions, sash Nosing, house interior trim Panel strips, house interior trim Panels, door Panels, light delivery wagon bodies Panels, light vehicle bodies Panels, stair work Paper uulp Parting stop, house interior trim Partition moulds, house con- struction Pipes (smoking) Plate rail, dining room Plate rail, house interior trim Porch columns, built up Porch columns, solid Porch newels, built up Porch newels, solid Porch spandrels Posts, beds Posts, dresser Pulleys Rails, door Rails, dresser Refrigerators, exterior Scroll-sawed balusters, porch Seat frames, chair Shelving, cabinets Sink aprons, house interior trim Slide, fly screen Spindles, porch Standards, chiffonier Standards, dresser Staves, cement barrels Sticks, parasol Stiles, door Strips, weather Stops, door, house interior trim. Stops, window, house interior trim Tables, library Top rail, porch Top rails, sash Tops, desk Tops, dressers Tops, chiffoniers Tops, sideboards Traps, mouse Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Wainscot rail, house interior trim Walkers, baby Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim Astragals, folding door Astragals, sliding door Balusters, porch Balusters (stair) Barge constructloa HEMLOCK Base blocks, house interior trim Base moulding, house interior Base board, house interior trim trim Base corners, Ihouse interior Battens, 0. G. barn trim Bay brackets, house construc- tion 158 Beams, dining room ceiling Blind stop, liouse construction Booms, nver craft Booms, ship Bottom boards, fomidry flasks Bottom rail, porcU Bottoms, river barge Box siiouks Boxes, coal sieve Boxes, packing Brackets, plate rail Brackets, porch Brackets, stair Bridge construction Bull-wheel cants, oil well ma- chinery Cabins, canal boats Capping, sink, house interior trim Carpet strip, house interior trim Casing, door Casing, window Chair rail, house interior trim Cheese boxes, veneer Colonnades, house interior trim Consoles Corner blocks, house interior trim Cornice, house construction Cornice work, house Crating Cresting, porch roof Cross-ties, railroad Decking, barge Decking, canal boats Doors, folding Doors, sliding Dust cap, house Interior trim Face brackets, house construc- tion Fencing Fillet, house interior trim Flasks I'lasks, foundry Plat battens, house interior trim Flooring Flooring, freight elevator cars Flooring, passenger elevator cars Flooring, wharves Frames, canal boat Frames, coal sieve Frames, door Frames, freight car Frames, front door side light Frames, river craft Frames, ship Prnmes, window Frames, yacht HEMLOCK— Concluded. Frieze rail, porch Front doors, house E'ruit jar cases Gable brackets, house construc- tion Gable ornaments, house con- struction Grilles, house interior trim Hatch covers, river craft Hatch covers, ship Hatch covers, yacht Head blocks, house interior trim Head casing, house interior trim Heading, nail keg Heading, slack cooperage stock Incubators Jambs, door Keels, river craft Keels, ship Keels, yacht Kelsons, canal boat Ladders, river craft Ladders, ship Lath Lattice Lining, canal boats Mantels Masts, river craft Masts, ship Mirror doors, house Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, brick, house construc- tion Moulding cap, house interior trim Moulding, cove Mould. ng, crown, house con- struction Moulding, drip cap, house con- struction Moulding, picture Moulding, plaster, house con- struction Moulding, quarter rotmd Moulding, screen Moulding, spring cove, house construction Newel posts, angle Newel posts, starting Nosing, house interior trim Packing, boat launching Packing cases, plate glass Pallets, fire brick Panel strips, house interior trim Paper pulp Parting strip, house interior trim Partition moulds, house interior trim Patch-boards, freight car Planking, canal boat Planking, river craft Planking, ship Plankmg, yacht Plate rail, dining room Poles, flag Porch columns, built up Porch columns, solid Porch newels, built up Porch newels, solid Porch spandrel Rails (stair) Reels, cable Reels, wire rope Refrigerators Risers, stair Rosettes, wall (stairway) Rough horses (stairway) Scroil-sawed balusters, porch Seats, row boat Shoe rails (stair) Sides, ore car bodies Sides, row boat Siding, freight car Siding, house Siding, plate glass shipping cases Sink aprons, house interior trim Skidding (machine) Skidding (steam-pump) Slides, fly screen Spars, ship Spindles, porch Stair horses Stair work, hidden Staves, silo Staves, slack cooperage Stems, canal boat Stops, door, house interior trim Stops, window, house interior trim String boards ( stair) Thresholds, house interior trim Top rail, porch Transoms, row boat Tread (stair) Veneer Wainscoat, rail, house interior trim Wainscot cap, house interior trim Weatlier boarding, house Window apron, house interier trim Window stool, house interior trim Arms, chair Axle beds, perch spring wagon Axle beds, surrey Axle beds, buggy Axles, light vehicles Axjes, lumber wagons Axles, wagon Backs, rustic porch chairs Backs, split chairs Bottoms, wagon boxes Boxes, creamery sliipplng Bows, automobile top Brake beams, freight ear Brake lining, hoisting engines Canes, walking Caps, aiie Caps, light vehicle Carts, dump Carts, road Cogs, flour mill machinery Cross bars, buggy shafts Cross bars, light vehicle Door boards, coal cars Door boards, railroad grain cars DoubiPtrees Dowels Eveners, buggy Eveners, carriage Eveners, wagon Felloes Felloes, heavy vehicle wheels HICKORY Felloes, light delivery wagons Fifth wheel bars, light delivery wagon Fifth wheel circles, light de- livery wagon Fifth wheel spools, light de- livery wagon Fillers, hame Flooring, motor truck Forks, shaking Frames, bob sled Frames, coal screen Frames, gravel screen Frames, porch chair, rustic Frames, sand shaking screen Gear parts, automobile Gear parts, buggy Gear parts, light vehicle Gear parts, vehicle (Jear parts, wagon Gear woods, flour mill machin- ery Grain cradles Hacks, vehicle Hames Handles, adze Handles, axe Handles, bench hatchet Handles, blacksmith's hammer Handles, bookbinders' machin- ery Handles, broad hatchet Handles, cant hook Handles, chisel Handles, double bitted axe Handles, drawing knife Handles, electric car Handles, extension saw Handles, golf club Handles, go-devil Handles, grab maul Handles, granite hammer Handles, grub hoe Handles, hammer Handles, hand drill Handles, hatchet Handles, single bitted axe Handles, lawn rake Handles, machinists' hammer Handles, meat cleaver Handles, masons' hammer Handles, maul Handles, paint brush Handles, peavy Handles, peeling axe Handles, post mauls Handles, rig builders' hatchet Handles, riveting hammer Handles, shingle and lathing- hatchet Handles, sledge hammer 159 Handles, timber carver Handles, trolley car Heads, grab maul Heads, mallet Hind spring bars, light delivery wagon Hounds, light delivery wagon Interior finisii, houses Interior trim, house Ladders, hay Lower head blocks, light deliv- ery wagon Mallets Mallets, printers' Mauls Neck yokes Neck yokes, light vehicle Neck yokes, wagon Quoins, printers' Parts, automobile body Picker sticks, loom Pole futchels, light delivery wagon Poles, buggy Poles, hanging strap (electric carsj Poles, light vehicle Posts, wagon body Push poles, railway engine Bails, automobile Kammers Rammers, concrete Kammers, street HICKORY— Concluded Reaches, buggy Rests, foot,, (electric cars) Rests, foot, (railway cars) Kibs, wagon top Rims Rims, automobile wheel Rims, vehicle rims Rims, wheel Rolleri Rounds, chali Rounds, split bottom chair Rounds, ladder Rungs, ladder Runners, sleigh Runner frames, sleigh Runners, bob sled Screws, bookbinder Seats, rustic porch chair Seats, split chair Shackle bars, light delivery wagon Shafts, buggy Shafts, vehicle Shooting sticks, printers' Side futchels, light delivery wagon Singletrees Singletrees, light and heavy vehicles Skewers, butchers' Slackers Splits, split bottom chair Splint baskets, porch hammock Splinter bars, light delivery wagon Spokes, automobile wheel Spokes, buggy wheel Spokes, heavy vehicle wheel Spokes light delivery wagon Spokes, light and heavy vehicle Spotes, push cart wheel Sprags, mine Spring bars Spring bars, light and heavy vehicle Spring blocks, wagon Spring yokes, light delivery wagon Stakes, heavy vehicle Stakes, log car Sweep sticks, loom Teeth, lawn rake Teeth, spur gears Tongues, corn planter Tongues, light vehicle Tongues, wagon Treadle sticks, loom Trucks, warehouse Upper head blocks, light deliv- ery wagon Vehicle stock Wheelbarrows, Wheels, vehicle Wreckskids, railway Whiffletrees, vehicle HOLLY Backs, bath brush Blocks, brush Cups, soap Forks, wooden, cooking Forks, wooden, salad Handles, rolling pin Mashers, potato Paddles, butter Pins, rolling Spoons, wooden mixing Sticks, toddy HORNBEAN Balls, duckpin Balls, tenpin Handles, adze Handles, canthook Handles, grab maul Handles, peavy Handles, timber carrier Heading, nail keg Heads, grab maul Neck yokes Neck yokes, jockey Sides, cheese box Whiffletrees LAUREL, MOUNTAIN Inlaid work, furniture LANCEWOOD Rods, fishing Balls, lemon squeezer Balls, lime squeezer Bung starters LIGNUM-VITAE Cups, lemon squeezer Cups, lime squeezer Heads, mallet Mallets, coppersmith Mallets, printers' Brackets, telegraph pole Cross-arms, telegraphs pole LOCUST Hubs, light delivery wagon Paper pulp Pins, Insulator Pins, telephone Antique furniture, exterior Arms, chair Balusters, stair Back posts, chair Base boards, house Interior trim Base moulding, house interior trim Beams, dining room ceiling Beds, folding, exterior Bedsteads, exterior Benches, piano Book racks, revolving Book cases, sectional Brackets. ]lnte rail Brackets, stair Cabinets, magazine Cabinets, music Cabinets, phonograph Cabinets, scale MAHOGANY Cabinets, smokers Cabins, interior ships Cabins, interior, yachts Carpet strip, house interior trim Carvings, wood Cases, binnacle Cases, chart (ship) Cases, dental Cases, hall clock Cases, oiitical Cases, piano Casing, door Casing (veneered), pipe organ Casing, window Caskets Cellarettes, exterior Chair arms, sleeping coaches Chair rail, house interior trim Chairs, arm Chairs, morris Chests, hall Chests of drawers, exterior Chests, silverware Cheval mirrors Chiffoniers, exterior Coffins Colonnades, house interior trim Colonnades, pullman coaches Commodes, exterior Consoles Counters, bar room, exterior Covers, switch boxes, (electric cars) Covers, switch box (Pullman coaches) Cupboard doors, Pullman coaches Deck boards, automobile Dash boards, automobile Decking, canoe 160 Decking, motor boat Desk chairs Door strips, automobile Doors, folding Doors, locker, boat and ship Doors, ship cabin Doors, sliding Doors, upper berth (sleeping coaches) Facings, window partitions (electric cars) Filing cases, sectional Fillet, house interior trim Fine cabinet worK Finish, yacht cabins Flat battens, house interior trim Flooring, parquetry Foot rails, stair Foot rests Foot stools Frames, chair Frames, couch Frames, davenport Frames, door, house interior trim Fi-ames, mirror B'rames, picture Frames, settee Frames, upholstered chair Furniture Furniture, office Furniture, special period Gauges, carpenters' Glass front boards, automobile Gunwales, canoe Gr.lles, house interior trim Grilles, Pullman coach GrJles, ship cabin Ground glass frames, camera Hall mirror hatracks Handles, camera slides Handles, hand scraper Hand rails, yacht Head casing, house interior trim Hubs, pilot wheels, boat and ship Interior finish, camera Interior finish, electric cars Interior finish, Pullman coaches Key bottoms, piano MAHOGANY— Concluded Legs, piano Degs, table Lens boards, camera Lids, water closet Lunch tables, portable, pull- man coaches Mantels Mirror doors, house Mirror frames, passenger ele- vator cars Mirror frames, puUman coaches Mirror frames, ship cabins Models Models, machine Moulding, bed, house construc- tion Moulding, cap, house interior trim Moulding, cove, house interior trim Moulding, crown, house con- struction Mouldings, piano Mouldings, quarter round Moulding, spring cove, house interior trim Music shelf, piano Newel posts, angle Newel posts, starting Panel strips, house interior trim Panel wainscoting, ship cabin Panel wainscoting, Inside Pull- man coaches Panels,' case Panels, celling, Pullman coaches Panels, clock case Panels, desk Panels, passenger elevator cars Panels, piano cases Panels, window, Pullman coaches Parts, automobile bodies Patterns Pilasters, piano Pillars, chair Pilot wheels, ship Pilot wheels, yacht Plate holders, camera Plate rail, dining room Players, piano Princess dressers Push button frames, Pullman coaches Rails, stair Range finders, camera Rims, pilot wheel (boat and ship) Rockers, chair Ruling machines, bookbinders Sash, Pullman coaches Sash, ship cabins Screens, bank Screens, fire Seats, piano Seats, water closet Servettes, dining room table Settee Settles Shelves, book Showcases Sides, piano case Sills, inside window (electric cars) Sills, window, inside (pullman coaches) Spindles, chair Stands, chafing dish Stands, plant Steering wheel rims, automobile Stools, piano Tables, drop leaf Tables, tea Tops, counter Tops, table Trays, jewelry display Trays, sewing Treads, stair Veneer Veneer, furniture Veneer, piano cases Wainscot rail, house interior trim Wainscoting, house interior trim Wainscoting cap, house interior trim Wardrobes, auto-valet Wheel trays, dining room Window apron, house interior trim Window stool, house interior trim Acetate of lime Alcohol, wood Backing, cases Baskets Baskets, split Beds, folding Blinds, porch Blinds, Venetian Blocks, brush Boards, hosiery Bobbins Bottom rails, sash Bottoms, butter pails Bottoms, carriage bodies Bottoms, fruit baskets Bottoms, wagon bodies Box shocks Boxes Boxes, bottle Boxes, comb Boxes, creamery shipping Boxes, knife Boxes, plate glass packing Boxes, salt Boxes, tin plate Boxes, veneer Brooders Brushes, wall Brushes, window Biireaus, enameled Cabinet work Cab'nets. medicine Cases, blacking Cases, pgg Cases, liquor Celery crates Center arms, split wood pulleys Chairs, children's Chairs, kitchen Chairs, laundry MAPLE, SOFT Charcoal Checkers Chessmen Cheval mirrors, enameled Clothes racks, laundry Chiffoniers, enameled Clothespins Cores, veneer Commodes Commodes, enameled Costumes Cradles Crates, fruit and vegetable Crates, milk bottle Crating Dowels, chair Driers, towel Dumb-waiter posts Dusters Flooring Frames, chair Frames, collapsible crates Frames, couch Frames, davenport Frames, door Frames, parlor furniture Frames, sofa Frames, upholstered chair Frames, u)ilioIstered furniture Frames, window Furniture, case goods Furnilnre, doll Fiirnitiire, interior work Guide rails, dumb waiter Handles, paint brush Handles, umbrella Handles, whitewash brushes Heading, slack cooperage Heads, spool Interior trim Interior work, sideboard Lapboards Lath Lining, case Meeting rails, sash Middles, spool Moulding, picture Mullions, sash Novelties Quills Panels, door Paper pulp Patterns Pedal boards, organ Porch blinds Rails, door Reels, cordage mill Reels, wire Ruling machines, bookbinders Sash Saw horses Screens, door Screens, window Seats, haby carriage Seats, chair Sh(>lves book Shelving Shuttles , Signboards Signs, advertising Speeders Spool heads Spools Stanchions Staves, slack cooperage Sticks, parasol Sticks, umbrella 161 stiles, door Stools, camp Swings, porcli Tabourettes MAPLE, SOFT— Concluded. Tables Tables, kitchen Top rails, sash Toy furniture Toy tops Veneer Wash benches Wash stands, enameled Armor backing, ship Armor blocking, ship Arms, chair Arms, split-bottom chair Axles, cornplanters Axles, farm wagon Axles, wagon Back boards, piano Back posts, chair Backs, ^r«8h Backs,