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PICTURE OF LONDON, 
 
 ENLARGED AND IMPROMED: 
 
 BEING 
 
 A CORRECT GUIDE FOR THE STRANGER, 
 AS WELL AS FOR THE INHABITANT, 
 
 TO THE 
 
 METROPOLIS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONS. 
 
 A living PICTURE moved across the shade — 
 
 A spacious City — 
 
 The Seat, where England, from her ancient reign, 
 
 Doth rule the Ocean as her own domain. Southey. 
 
 THE TW£NTi.FOUR'ni ki>ITION, 
 
 REVISED AND CORRECTED TO THE PPESF.NT THI^. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR 
 
 LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN, 
 
 PATERNOSTER-ROW. 
 
\^\i^{, 
 
 M- 
 
 '^V 
 
 London : 
 
 Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode^ 
 
 New-Street-Square. 
 
TO THE 
 
 RIGHT HON. THE LORD MAYOR, 
 
 ^ THE SHERIFFS, 
 
 ALDERMEN, AND COMiMON COUNCIL, 
 
 ^ OF THE - 1 _ 
 
 Citp of ilontron, - 
 
 WHOSE POWERS AND PRIVILEGES ENABLE THEM TO CARRY INTO 
 EFrECT MANY SALUTARY IMPROVEMENTS, AND CONFER 
 MANY BENEFITS ON THE PUBLIC : 
 
 TO THE 
 
 POLICE MAGISTRATES OF LONDON AND WESTMINSTER, 
 
 AS CONSERVATORS OF THE PUBLIC PEACE, 
 OF MORALS, AND GOOD ORDER : 
 
 TO THE 
 
 COMMITTEE OF TASTE, APPOINTED BY PARLIAMENT, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 ATTACHED ARCHITECTS TO THE BOARD OF WORKS, 
 
 AS HAVING CONSIDERABLE INFLUENCE OVER 
 PUBLIC WORKS OF ART : — 
 
 TO THE 
 
 PAROCHIAL AND LOCAL COMMISSIONERS, 
 
 WHO ARE VESTED WITH AUTHORITY TO RENDER " OUR WAYS" 
 SAFE AND PLEASANT, ABATE NUISANCES, 
 AND AFFORD NEW ACCOMMODATIONS BOTH TO THE 
 LONDONER AND TO THE STRANGER : 
 
 AND LAST IN PLACE, THOUGH FIRST IN POWER, 
 
 TO THE 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE BRITISH LEGISLATURE, 
 
 WHOSE LAWS CAN COMMAND NEW STREETS AND PALACES 
 
 TO BE FORMED AND RAISED ; 
 
 AND BRIDGES TO BE THROWN OVER, 
 
 AND TUNNELS TO BE EXCAVATED BENEATH THE THAMES ; 
 
 This Miniature Picture of the British Metropolis,. 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY AND EARNESTLY ADDRESSED 
 LONDON, BY THE EDITOK* 
 
 Jan. J, 1826. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PrEPACB --.-.. - Vll. TO XII. 
 
 IWTUODUCTION - - - - - - xiii. TO xxxiv. 
 
 CHAPTER I. — 1 TO 23. 
 General Outlines of the Metropolis : Geographical and Relative Locality; 
 Characteristic Features ; Present Dimensions ; Extent and Importance 
 at different Periods, and gradual Augmentation; Population ; Climate ; 
 Diseases, &c. 
 
 CHAPTER II.— 24 TO 70. 
 Historical Notices of the Principal Events connected with the Metropolis, 
 from the earliest Period to the present Time. 
 
 CHAPTER III. — 71 TO 80. 
 The Municipal Institutions of the Metropolis : its Civil and Military Es- 
 blisbments. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. — 80 to 123. 
 The Religious Edifices of the Metropolis. 
 
 CHAPTER v. — 124 TO 184. 
 Public Buildings : including the principal Commercial Edifices ; the Pa- 
 lace* with their Parks j the Houses of Legislative Assembly; the Go- 
 vernment Offices, &c. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. —184 to 203. 
 Particular Architectural Ornaments : — The Squares, Statues, and most 
 embellished Streets, Bridges, &c. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. — 203 to 234. 
 The Kmg and Parliament j Courts of Judicature ; Legal Institutions and 
 Societies; Prisons. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. —234 TO 277. 
 Charitable Institutions : comprehending Hospitals, Miscellaneous Chari- 
 rities, chartered, endowed, and other Free and Parish Schools, Alms- 
 houses and Workhouses. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. — 278 TO 282. 
 
 Institutions for the Proipotion and Support of Christian Knowledge, Reli- 
 gion, and Morals. 
 
 CHAPTER X. —28a TO 350. 
 Institutions and Establishments connected with Science, Literature, and 
 the Arts : comprehending those for their furtherance and encourage- 
 ment; Lectures, Exhibitions, and principal Literary Associations. 
 
 CHAPTER XL — 350 to 363. 
 The Theatres and other Places of Public Amusement. 
 
 I 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XII.— 363X0 372. 
 
 General Public Accommodations Subscription, and Club Houses.— 
 
 Hotels Taverns. Coffee- Houses. Inns. Conveyances. — 
 
 Markets, &c. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. — 373 to 378. 
 
 Principal Manufacturing and Trading Establishments ; including Bazaars, 
 
 Water and Gas Light Companies, Insurance Offices, and Fire Offices. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. — 378 to 384. 
 Notices of the most remarkable Antiquities in and near London, with 
 Reminiscences of its Literary Men. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. — 384 to 409. 
 Environs of the Metropolis : — A description of the most remarkable Ob- 
 jects, Villages, Towns, Palaces, and Seats near London ; followed by a 
 brief Alphabetical Enumeration of Villages and Places of Interest con- 
 tiguous. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. — 409 to 415. 
 
 A Twelve Days' Perambulation in London and its Environs, with a Pano- 
 ramic View of the principal Objects of Interest. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. —416 to 420. 
 A Diary of the Public Spectacles, Amusements, &c. of London ; indicating 
 most of the Objects deserving of Notice throughout the Year, nearly in 
 the Order in which they occur. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIIL — 421'T0 430. 
 Alphabetical Enumeration of the principal Towns, Villages, remarkable 
 Seats, &c. near London. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. — 430 to 432. 
 Compendium of the History of Middlesex, exclusive of London. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 List af London Bankers, with Country Agents, 434 to 443. 
 
 Bank Directors and East India Directors, 443 : — Army Agents and Navy 
 Agents, 445. 
 
 Laws relative to the Metropolis, 446. — Paving, 447. — Lighting the Streets, 
 450.— Buildings, Fire, 451.— Watching, Police, 252.— Court of Requests, 
 Hackney Coaches, 453. — Cabriolets, ^55. — Sedan Chairs, Stage Coaches, 
 456. — Porterage, 457. — Watermen, Carts, ibid. — Cattle, Beggars, 458. — 
 Coals, Pharmacy, Freedom at Fairs, 459 Juries, ibid. 
 
 Law and Public Offices,Buildings, &c. 460. — Incorporated Trading Compa- 
 nies, 472.— Chief Seats of Trades, 475. 
 
 Maps and Plans — References to, 476. 
 
 Alphabetical List of Streets, Sec. 477. 
 
 Index, 487 to 495. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Editor of the present edition of the ** Ori- 
 ginal Picture of London,'' is fully aware of the 
 responsibility involved in the execution of his task. 
 Without fully entering into the extent of the la- 
 bour, — the multiplicity of subjects comprised, — and 
 the many difficulties that obstructed the avenues 
 to original and accurate information, he was in- 
 duced to comply with the wishes of the respect- 
 able publishers of the volume, Ho revise its jpagesfor 
 reprinting' He only anticipated a few verbal al- 
 terations and additions, and imagined that he could 
 make those with ease from personal knowledge ; 
 but on examining and analyzing the contents of the 
 " Picture," he could not satisfy himself without cor- 
 recting and re-arranging the whole, and re-writing 
 the greater part. Hence the volume has occupied 
 much time and labour ; but it is hoped it will now be 
 found as faithful, circumstantial, and impartial, as 
 can be expected from the nature of the publication, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 and the variety of subjects included within its pages. 
 Where so many names are recorded, so many facts 
 stated, and such numerous references made to 
 persons, and particularly to professional characters, 
 — where the stranger is directed to such a multi- 
 plicity of objects, and places, and where such a 
 variety and dissimilarity of matter is introduced as 
 in the present ' Miniature Picture of the British 
 Metropolis,' the Editor, though desirous of pleas- 
 ing and of anticipating the wants of all, cannot 
 flatter himself with the expectation of having fully 
 accomplished this desired end ; yet if anxious soli- 
 citude and care on his own part — if the co-opera- 
 tion and assistance of several other persons, and 
 friends experienced in literature — and if corre- 
 spondence, with personal examination and inquiry, 
 are jointly sufficient to secure exemption from 
 error, and attain accuracy and utility, this volume 
 must possess those qualities in a superior degree. 
 It is therefore submitted to the reader, with a con- 
 fidence proportionate to these exertions, the Editor 
 being assured, that whoever considers the com- 
 plexity and difficulties of the task, with the req>ui- 
 site brevity which it was essential to secure, — will 
 not be in haste to censure, where so much has been 
 accomplished. It would have been far easier to 
 have extended the volume to twice its present 
 size, than to select and compress the matter into 
 the form and compass which it now assumes. 
 
 Though intended chiefly to direct and advise the 
 foreigner and stranger, this Picture may be viewed 
 with advantage by various classes of Londoners. 
 For whatever be the profession, pursuit, or predi- 
 lection of the reader, he will most probably find 
 something herein, either to inform or to amuse him. 
 
I 
 
 If Commerce or Trade be the chief object of inquiry, 1 
 he will ascertain the seat, and present state of the 
 imports and exports, in the river Thames — the 
 history of the Customs — the manufacturing and 
 trading estabhshments : — In describing the Exhi- 
 bitions and various Works of Art, he is provided with 
 a scale by which London may be compared with it- 
 self at any previous period, and also with other 
 cities: — The review of the present state of Lite- 
 rature, will afford also an important subject of 
 parallelism with other times and other countries. 
 These two subjects in particular, as well as many 
 others, belonging to London, will be found, on 
 inquiry, and when compared with corresponding 
 features in other capitals, to surprise the foreigner 
 and gratify the inhabitant ; but the religions and 
 other public edifices of the metropolis, though more 
 numerous than in any modern city of Europe, can- 
 not compete in magnitude and architectural gran- 
 deur with those of Rome, and some other places, 
 
 London being the focus of Wealth — of Fashion 
 — of Legislation — of Law — of Literature — of the 
 Arts — of Commerce — of Science — of the most 
 intellectual, as well as the most depraved and 
 vicious orders of Society, commands the admira- 
 tion, but demands the caution, of the Stranger. He 
 may study and examine its present state of unparal- 
 leled prosperity with interest and advantage ; but lie 
 will do well to remember, that in such a vast mass 
 of population, assembled from almost every quarter 
 of the globe, there are hypocrites, sharpers, and 
 rogues of various orders. It is, however, a vulgar 
 error, to suppose that a foreigner, or person from 
 the country, cannot pass through, or reside in 
 London, without being plundered, or imposed upon. 
 
PREFACJ;. 
 
 A man of common discretion, and of sober habits, 
 may live and act for years with perfect security 
 and ease in this city, and be much more exempt 
 from personal annoyances than in almost any 
 country town of England ; and certainly with great 
 advantages over most of the continental cities and 
 towns.* The fact is, the magistracy is generally 
 impartial, independent, and well informed — their 
 police is well disciplined — the streets admirably 
 paved and lighted — numerous institutions are 
 established to protect the stranger — the poor — 
 and the houseless — to punish the vicious, and re- 
 form the repentant delinquent, whence London 
 may now be regarded rather as the seat of science 
 and morality, than of ignorance and crime. 
 
 It has been customary to annex to this volume, 
 a series o^ cautionary remarks for Strangers; but as 
 most of them seem to be irrelevant to the present 
 times, they are now omitted. Besides, they furnish 
 a false and deceptive picture. We do not deny th^t 
 there are various classes of sharpers and impostors 
 in London ; but as their places of rendezvous are 
 generally gaming-houses, fives-courts, brothels, and 
 the occasional crowds on public occasions, these 
 may be easily avoided by the wary stranger. He 
 should also forbear to carry about much money, 
 either in pocket-book or purse : at places of public 
 resort, he should resist the apparently kind and po- 
 Hte attentions of unknown persons — guard against 
 intoxication — the company of "the frail sister- 
 
 * 'ITie writer of this preface has lived forty years in London, 
 — has traversed the streets by day and night, frequented all its 
 public places, and consequently mixed with various classes of 
 society, and has never been robbed, ill-treated, or suffered any 
 personal injury. 
 
hood" — retire to his home before twelve o'clock at 
 night, and he will then find himself exempt from 
 personal dangers, and freed from impositions. 
 When Jlats voluntarily place themselves in the way 
 of sharps, the latter will readily transpose them 
 into naturals, Jf/ools obtrude themselves into the 
 company of knaves, they have no right to complain 
 of being cheated. 
 
 The numerous Institutions and Societies that 
 have recently been established in the metropolis, 
 for the benefit and improvement of mechanics — for 
 literary and scientific purposes — for the rational 
 employment of men in the hours of exemptioa 
 from business, are highly conducive to good order, 
 and morality. 
 
 If any sentiment, or statement in the following 
 pages, may be construed as indicative of party feel- 
 ing, or to favour any prejudice, the Editor une- 
 quivocally disclaims any such intention, and protests 
 against the conclusion. He has earnestly endea- 
 voured to guard against every political and reli- 
 gious bias, with a view of recording truth, making 
 impartial and disinterested statements, and leading 
 the reflecting stranger to just, honest, and discrimi- 
 nating results. Falshood and sophistry may seduce 
 and deceive persons for a short time, but truth and 
 sincerity must stand the test of investigation, and 
 be permanent. 
 
 During the progress of these sheets through the 
 press, a few events have occurred, and changes 
 taken place respecting public establishments, 
 public characters, &c. whereby two or three pas- 
 sages may be found to be inaccurate. Some of the 
 London Bankers, and many in the country, have 
 failed; — several new periodical publications are 
 
announced for the beginning of the year — some of 
 the principal players have " changed scenes," by 
 removing from one house to the other ; — and some 
 new buildings have been commenced, and others 
 finished. 
 
 NOTICE, 
 
 %* DESIROUS OF RENDERING THIS WORK AS ACCL'- 
 RATE, ORIGINAL, AND IMPARTIAL AS POSSIBLE, THE EDITOR 
 WILL THANKFULLY AVAIL HIMSELF OF ANY CORRECTIONS, 
 SUGGESTIONS, OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, FOR A FUTURE 
 EDITION, ADDRESSED TO HIM AT THE PUBLISHERS*. 
 
 J.B. 
 Jan. 1. 1826. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 [Embracing a brief review of the recent Improvements and 
 leading characteristics of the Metropolis during the past 
 year.] 
 
 A Literary " Picture ofLondori' must necessarily 
 be compiled from a multiplicity of materials, se- 
 lected from a variety of sources, and composed of 
 a miscellaneous and heterogeneous mass of discord- 
 ant matter. There can be nothing like unity of 
 design — congruity, and symmetry of composition 
 — harmonious distribution of parts and effects, to, 
 attract, and command attention. It must consist 
 rather of a series of miscellaneous Sketches^ and 
 these must be marked with fidelity of outline, with 
 strong characteristic touches, if they aspire to be 
 appropriate, intelligent, and effective. In the pre- 
 sent Topographical Manual this has been at- 
 tempted, and it is hoped will be found to answer 
 the expectations and wants of the reader. As an 
 Introduction to the general contents, it has been 
 thought adviseable to take a sort of Panoramic 
 Sketch of Lo7idon, in its present aspect and bear- 
 ings ; adverting at the same time to the most pro- 
 minent, and remarkable alterations that have 
 recently been made. 
 
 The year 1825 will ever be memorable in the 
 annals of London ; for within that period more 
 novel improvements, changes, and events have oc- 
 curred in the metropolis, than during any other 
 corresponding extent of time. The numerous 
 Schemes for the formation of new Companies — 
 
XIV INTKODUCTiO>. 
 
 the vast speculations arising out of them, tending 
 to the aggrandisement of a few persons and the 
 ruin of others, with the utilities of some, and the 
 futilities and impositions of many, may also be said 
 to belong to this period. Though they did not 
 precisely commence with the year, yet they have 
 advanced to maturity, to old age, and decay, in 
 this time ; and have been the chief occasion of the 
 many failures which are now spreading ruin and 
 dismay through the commercial world.* 
 
 The following are among the most recent im- 
 provements of London : — 
 
 A New Palace for his Majesty, on the site of Buck- 
 ingham House, from designs by Mr. Nash : — The 
 commencement of a Tunnel under the Thames^ from 
 Rotherhithe, on the south side, to a place below the 
 London Docks on the north side of the river, from 
 
 * It may not be amiss to record a few traits of these seduc- 
 tive, and deceptive plans. Some of them originated with 
 honourable men, and were founded on fair and judicious prin- 
 ciples ; but the greater part had their source with scheming at- 
 torneys and dishonest stock-jobbers, whose only object was to 
 procure business, and to get money. Unfortunately, these per- 
 sons have been far too successful, and in many instances, to an 
 amazing extent, whilst losses, and even ruin have attended those 
 private individuals who have appropriated their time and money 
 to these delusive schemes. Those companies that have bondjide 
 been established and carried into operation, for the purposes of 
 opposing monopolies, and unreasonable profits, are deserving 
 of every support and aid from the public : such are those for 
 rail-roads — canals — coaches — bridges — streets — tunnels — 
 navigation — gas- — supply of water, &c. ; but those for foreign 
 and even domestic mines, for all money speculations, and 
 gambling, should be carefully shunned by every honest man. 
 Accounts of the numbers, and objects, or rather ostensible ob- 
 jects,of these companies, will be found in'the Monthly Magazine 
 for April and May, 1825. — See also New Monthly Magazine, 
 1825. 
 
INTRODUCTION. XV 
 
 tlic plans o£ Mr. Brunei: — Tlic foundation and 
 commencement of a new London Bridge, from the 
 designs of tlie late Mr. Rennie : — The commence- 
 ment of New Docks at Si. Katharine s, under the 
 direction of Mr. Telford, Engineer, and Mr. Philip 
 Hardwic/x, Architect : — The Bcrmondsey Col- 
 lier Dock, by F, Giles, Engineer, and /. Newman, 
 Surveyor : — A new Fost Office, on a large and grand 
 scale, from the designs o^MwSmirke: — A suite of 
 new Law Courts, at Westminster ; a large and mag- 
 nificent range of buildings in Parliament Street, for 
 the Council Office, Board of Trade, and other 
 Government Offices ; and the new central and side 
 fronts to the Bank of England ; all from the designs 
 o^Mv. Soane: — Several new Churches and Chapels 
 finished, and others begun : — A spacious wing of 
 the British Mnseum, by Mr. Smirke : — A large and 
 handsome Hall for the Blue Coat School, by Mr. 
 Shaw : — Two or three spacious and handsome 
 Terraces in the Regent's Park ; — More than 2,000 
 new houses, connected with, and extending the 
 boundaries of London, consisting of detached man- 
 sions and villas, squares, streets, lanes, terraces, &c., 
 among which, the spacious and very handsome 
 square at Knightsbridge,and the terraces and man- 
 sions in the Regent's Park, will form important 
 ornaments to the metropolis: — An immense edi- 
 fice in the Regent's Park, called the Coliseum *, 
 
 ♦ This building, very similar in design, and nearly as large 
 as the Pantheon at Rome, is ISO feet in diameter, by 1 10 feet 
 in height. It is polygonal in form, and surmounted by an im- 
 mense cupola, glazed ; in front is a grand portico, with six 
 large fluted columns of the Grecian-Doric order, supporting a 
 bold pediment. The machinery and scenery of the interior 
 will be novel and interesting. The sketches made for th.c«pro* 
 jected picture, occupy 2000 sheets of paper. 
 
INTUODUCTION. 
 
 frvom designs by Mi\ D.Biniou, and intended to dis- 
 play Mr. Hornor's novel Panoramic View of Lon- 
 don. With the improvements of the Jast year 
 we may likewise class the almost 7i7iiversal adop- 
 tion of Gas for lighting the streets, shops, and 
 public offices, &c., by which the safety and com- 
 forts of the people are materially increased. The 
 M'Adamizing of some of the squares and princi- 
 pal streets, ranks also among the novelties and uti- 
 lities of the times. 
 
 During the last year, some new and important 
 laws were made respecting the Police of London^ 
 intended to check the career of crime, and afford 
 greater protection to the honest stranger and inha- 
 bitant. The foundation and permanent estabhsh- 
 ment of the London Mechanics Institute, which 
 owes its origin and principal energies to the bene- 
 volence and learning of Dr. Birkheck, is likewise a 
 new and important feature of the present age.* In- 
 timately connected with this, but holding a more 
 dignified station, is the London University, which 
 has emanated from the active exertions and influ- 
 ential talents of Mr. Brougham, and Mr. Campbell, 
 the accomplished author of ^^ The Pleasures of 
 
 • The first anniversary meeting and dinner, to commemorate 
 the foundation of this institution, took place at the Crown and 
 Anchor Tavern, on the 2d day of December, 1825. The 
 Duke of Sussex presided, and was attended by Dr. Birkbeck, 
 Mr. Brougham, Mr. Denman, three of the Vice-Presidents, 
 many distinguished scientific and literary characters, with 
 about 600 members. The accounts given by the learned 
 founder, by Mr. Brougham, and by Dr. Gilchrist, one of the 
 Vice-Presidents, all active managers of the society, were highly 
 satisfactory and interesting, as showing the vast increase of 
 members, and extensive influence and benefits which it had 
 produced. 
 
IXTUODUCTIOX. 
 
 Hope."* To' the impartial and discriminating man 
 of the world, this establishment must be hailed 
 with hopeful solicitude, and an anxiety proportion- 
 ate to the novelty, and daring innovation it makes 
 on old customs, and consequent prejudices. The 
 advocates for this measure contend that the Eng- 
 lish Universities are too expensive for educating the 
 offspring of persons of moderate incomes, and are 
 too much crowded with pupils — too indolent in 
 habits, too much attached to what ought to be an 
 obsolete routine of studies, and last, but. not least, 
 are too much occupied by idle youths of fashion 
 and fortune, to render it safe for a careful parent 
 to submit his children to the chance of being there 
 virtuously educated. f 
 
 " The IVestern Literary and Scie7itijic Institu- 
 iion" a connecting link between the two last 
 mentioned, is adapted for clerks, and persons in the 
 middle sphere of life, and intended to furnish them 
 with rational amusement and information. " The 
 Philomathic Institution' in Burton Street, and '* The 
 City oj' London Literary Institution' in Aldersgate 
 Street, are also calculated to disseminate useful 
 knowledge. 
 
 In this brief notice of the recent establishments 
 and improvements of London, it would either 
 betray an ignorance of the times, or an indifference 
 to one of its most influential objects, were we to 
 suffer the present State of Literature to pass un- 
 
 * See " Mr. Campbell's Letter to Mr. Brougham, on the 
 subject of a London University," 8vo. 1825. 
 
 t See the eloquent Poem, by J. S. Boone, entitled " The 
 Oxford Spy.** ** The Sunday Times** for January 1. 1826', 
 contains some judicious animadversions on the absurd, monas- 
 tic custom of the " Celibacy of Fellows.'* 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 noticed. In a subsequent part of this volume, the 
 reader will find some remarks on the subject, and a 
 copious list of the periodical publications. These, 
 whether diurnal, hebdomadal, monthly, quarterly, 
 or annual, are all distinguished by talent, though 
 in various degrees, and are all calculated to im* 
 prove the mental and moral faculties of the rising 
 generation. Many of them abound with brilliant 
 and profound essays : some are devoted to science 
 exclusively — some to wit, humour and satire — some 
 to religion and morals — some to the ephemeral po- 
 litics and prattle of the day ; whilst another class, ren- 
 dered very cheap in price, and of vast circulation, 
 is adapted to amuse and inform the minds of those 
 who occupy the humble stations of life, and are en- 
 gaged in laborious occupations. With these aux- 
 iliaries to knowledge, we may firmly trust, that our 
 population will improve both in wisdom and in 
 morals, and that the metropolis will become as 
 memorable for its Order and good Government, as 
 it is already renowned for its elevated rank in 
 Science and in the Arts. 
 
 From what has been already stated, the foreigner 
 and stranger may form some estimate of the pre- 
 sent state of the British Capital ; but it is proper 
 to inform them, that many other plans have been 
 proposed, and alterations commenced, which are 
 calculated to augment the conveniences, comforts, 
 una grandeur of the metropolis. These will be 
 pointed out in a tour round the environs of Lon- 
 don. Commencing at the western extremity, we 
 find that many considerable squares, streets, and 
 spacious buildings are now in progress at Ham- 
 mersmith, Kensington, Knightsbridge, Chelsea, 
 Pimlico Brompton, Fulham, <S:c., by which all those 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 places will become connected with, and form in- 
 tegral portions of this vast Capital. 
 
 Hyde Park is a public thoroughfare, and open 
 for carriages, horses, and pedestrians, from nine 
 o'clock in the morning till dark. It is under the 
 control of the Ranger, Lord Sydney, and the offi- 
 cers of the " Royal Woods and Forests," who 
 have, with the sanction of His Majesty and the 
 Lords of the Treasury, within the last year, done 
 much to improve the beauties and conveniences of 
 this most agreeable place. Besides widening and 
 levelling the roads and paths, the high brick 
 walls have been taken down, and open iron railing 
 substituted — an extensive line of new road has 
 likewise been formed, round the west and north 
 sides, to Kensington Gardens, where a bridge has 
 been raised across the water — some new lodges and 
 gates have been built, from the designs of Mr. Z). 
 Burton^ which are at once great ornaments to the 
 scenery, and highly creditable to the taste of the ar- 
 chitect — a very handsome screen of open columns, 
 with three large entrance gates, from the designs 
 of the same artist, is commenced at Hyde Park 
 Corner, and the south-east angle of the Park is laid 
 out as a pleasure-garden. Park Lane is made much 
 wider and straighten The noblemen and gentle- 
 men who occupy houses, overlooking this part of 
 the Park, have also commenced a system of archi- 
 tectural reform, by rebuilding or embellishing the 
 fronts of their houses. The Duke of Wellington 
 intends to case Apsley House with stone, and 
 build a handsome picture gallery. 
 
 To the north-west and north of London, house 
 after house, and street after street, are raised with 
 such amazing rapidity, that the parishes of Pad- 
 dington, Mary-la-bonne, and St, Pancras, have 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 been nearly doubled in dwellings, within the last 
 five or six years ; and these once rural villages, in 
 which the citizen retired to his country villa and 
 garden, and where the milch cows grazed in great 
 numbers on the ever-green turf, are now occupied 
 by an almost endless continuity of buildings. Pro- 
 ceeding along the outskirts towards the east, we 
 perceive that the village of Islington has joined 
 London on one side, St. Pancras on another, 
 and stretched itself over the White-Conduit Fields, 
 (formerly much noted by our dramatic and other 
 poets,) to the hamlet of Holloway, and through that 
 link to Highgate and Hornsey. The Regent's Canal^ 
 connecting the Paddington Grand Junction and 
 other canals west of London, with the Thames to 
 the east, or mercantile side of the City, and skirt- 
 ing the northern suburbs, has occasioned an influx 
 of trade, and its accompanying warehouses, wharfs, 
 &c., at Paddington, Battlebridge, the City Road, 
 and other places. Passing through the parishes 
 of Shoreditch, Hackney, Stratford-le-bow, &c., it 
 has given new features to those places, and contri- 
 buted materially to augment their population. At 
 the direct eastern extremity of London, we are 
 presented on the map with indications of the East 
 and West India, and the London Docks, those great 
 reservoirs for merchant shipping, and repositories 
 of imported wealth. The St, Katharine's DockSf now 
 forming near the Tower, will increase this species of 
 accommodation, and be a great improvement to a 
 district, where reform and alteration are much re- 
 quired. On the opposite, or Surrey side of the river, 
 are other mercantile basins, called the " Commer- 
 cial, or Surrey Docks," and others are in progress, 
 called the " Collier Docks." The projected Tunnel 
 under the Thames, is not only a novel object in this 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 part of London, but if accomplished, will be a won- 
 derful triumph of human talents over seeming im- 
 possibilities. Numerous improvements to this 
 district, both on the Surrey and Middlesex sides, 
 will inevitably succeed the completion of that en- 
 terprising work ; and improvement is here much 
 wanted. On tracing the face of the map, through 
 the parishes of Rotherhithe, Bermondsey, Wal- 
 worth, Newington, Camberweil and Lambeth, on 
 the south side of London, we perceive much 
 ground fortunately still covered with grass or ap- 
 propriated to gardens : these parishes, however, 
 may be said to form an immense connected town 
 in many places, and are again joined to Deptford 
 and Greenwich to the east, and Peckham, Stock- 
 well, Clapham, Battersea, &c. to the south and 
 south-west. In each and all of these places, we 
 perceive a vast augmentation of new buildings re- 
 cently " put up *," and others, in various stages of 
 progress. To mark and define the exact amount 
 of these enlargements, commonly called improve- 
 ments, at stated periods, would be certainly very 
 desirable, and interesting to the political economist ; 
 but they have recently been so rapid and numerous, 
 that they seem to baffle calculation, and to con- 
 found the judgment. 
 
 Although so many useful and even important 
 improvements have been recently effected in the 
 
 • This is a technical and very descriptive phrase used by 
 some of the modern builders, who '^put up*' houses, with such 
 slight materials, and such rapidity of placing together, that 
 they can only last for a very short time, and for that time be 
 comfortless and insecure. Our legislators and respectable 
 architects should revise, amend, and enforce the provisions of 
 the London Building Act of 14th George III, 
 
INTUODCCTION. 
 
 metropolis, there are yet man}'^ tilings left un- 
 done, that ought to be done, and others, proceed- 
 ing in a manner that will neither render it credit 
 nor benefit. The widening and opening of New 
 Streets from Pall Mall to the British Museum ; 
 from that national repository to Waterloo Bridge, 
 skirting the two theatres ; — from the Strand to 
 Lincoln s-Inn-Fields — and thence to Holborn ; and 
 again to Covent Garden ; — from Charing Cross to 
 Somerset House; — from Oxford Road to Blooms- 
 bury Square, and Holborn; — from Blackfriars 
 Bridge to Clerkenwell, removing and clearing away 
 that nuisance in a public thoroughfare. Fleet 
 Market; — from Moorfields to the Bank, and 
 thence obliquely to Southwark Bridge ; — widen- 
 ing and opening the area around St. Paul's Cathe- 
 dral, are all calculated to be very beneficial to the 
 public. Other essential alterations are still re- 
 quired, and the legislature, as well as all pubhc- 
 spirited individuals, should co-operate to pro- 
 mote them. The formation of open, respectable 
 quays, terraces, and streets, on the banks of our 
 fine river, is an event greatly to be desired ; and 
 when we see the advantageous effects of such a 
 system at Somerset House — the Privy Gardens — 
 the Adelphi — the Temple, and Waterloo Bridge, 
 we can only wonder and regret there should be so 
 much perversity, and selfishness in man, as to op- 
 pose the substitution of such places for the miser- 
 able and filthy hovels, mud basins, and warehouses 
 which now exist ; for though fully aware that trade 
 and commerce are the legitimate objects of the 
 river's banks, we are persuaded that these might be 
 better and more eligibly accommodated, in unison 
 with exterior beauties, or at least, pleasantness. 
 
INTRODUCTIOX. XXIU 
 
 To remove Smithfield Market^', and Bartholomexv 
 Fair, from the heart of the metropolis to different 
 stations at its extremities — to establish spacious 
 Slaughter-houses with open roofs for air, in difierent 
 places at the very outskirts of the town — to form 
 large cemeteries in ten or twelve different spots, also 
 in the environs ; and thus, to imitate our neighbours 
 and rivals, the French, in their best practices, and 
 shun their worst — would be worthy of London, of 
 England, and of its patriotic natives. These, in fact, 
 are reformations that must inevitably grow out of the 
 progress of knowledge and refinement ; and should 
 
 * Gwynn, in his " London and Westminfiter improved,'^ very 
 justly reprobated this, as a nuisance in 1766, when he said, 
 ** The intolerable practice of holding a market for the sale of 
 live cattle in the centre of the metropolis, has been loudly and 
 justly complained oifor many years past ; but no redress has yet 
 been given, nor indeed any attention paid to the repeated remon- 
 strances made against a nuisance alone extremely dangerous as 
 well as inelegant and inconvenient, the almost total inattention 
 of the generality of mankind to every thing which does not im- 
 mediately concern their own interest, has hitherto prevented 
 the citizens of London from taking cognizance of a nuisance, 
 which it is undoubtedly both their interest and duty to re- 
 move." He then states, that when the market was first esta- 
 blished, its site was a.Jield, i. e. Smith's-field ; on the outskirts 
 of the city, at the same time, the Slaughter-houses were in 
 Butcher-Hall Lane, also on the outside of London, and con- 
 tiguous to the market. We hear, with much regret, that the 
 Corporation of the City, eager to preserve the rites and reve- 
 nues arising out of Smithfield Market, are contemplating the 
 formation of a series of Slaughter-houses, &c. on the north- 
 west side, immediately adjoining to the market. Surely 
 ;^ome plan might be devised by which the City coffers would 
 receive an equal supply, from appropriating the present ground 
 of Smithfield to respectable buildings, and purchasing a site 
 for a new market. Even if a little were sacrificed, there are 
 such things as taste, good sense, and patriotism to be con- 
 sulted and gratified. 
 
 b 
 
XXll INTHODCCTION. 
 
 metropolis, there are yet man}'^ things left un- 
 done, that ought to be done, and others, proceed- 
 ing in a manner that will neither render it credit 
 nor benefit. The widening and opening of New 
 Streets from Pall Mall to the British Museum ; 
 from that national repository to Waterloo Bridge, 
 skirting the two theatres ; — from the Strand to 
 Lincoln's-Inn-Fields — and thence to Holborn ; and 
 again to Covent Garden ; — from Charing Cross to 
 Somerset House; — from Oxford Road to Blooms- 
 bury Square, and Holborn; — from Blackfriars 
 Bridge to Clerkenwell, removing and clearing away 
 that nuisance in a public thoroughfare. Fleet 
 Market; — from Moorfields to the Bank, and 
 thence obliquely to Southwark Bridge ; — widen- 
 ing and opening the area around St. Paul's Cathe- 
 dral, are all calculated to be very beneficial to the 
 public. Other essential alterations are still re- 
 quired, and the legislature, as well as all pubhc- 
 spirited individuals, should co-operate to pro- 
 mote them. The formation of open, respectable 
 quays, terraces, and streets, on the banks of our 
 fine river, is an event greatly to be desired ; and 
 when we see the advantageous effects of such a 
 system at Somerset House — the Privy Gardens — 
 the Adelphi — the Temple, and Waterloo Bridge, 
 we can only wonder and regret there should be so 
 much perversity, and selfishness in man, as to op- 
 pose the substitution of such places for the miser- 
 able and filthy hovels, mud basins, and warehouses 
 which now exist ; for though fully aware that trade 
 and commerce are the legitimate objects of the 
 river's banks, we are persuaded that these might be 
 better and more eligibly accommodated, in unison 
 with exterior beauties, or at least, pleasantness. 
 
INTRODUCTIOX. XXIU 
 
 To remove Smithfield Market*, and Bartholometv 
 Fair, from the heart of the metropolis to different 
 stations at its extremities — to establish spacious 
 Slaughter-houses with open roofs for air, in difierent 
 places at the very outskirts of the town — to form 
 large cemeteries in ten or twelve different spots, also 
 in the environs ; and thus, to imitate our neighbours 
 and rivals, the French, in their best practices, and 
 shun their worst — would be worthy of London, of 
 England, and of its patriotic natives. These, in fact, 
 are reformations that must inevitably grow out of the 
 progress of knowledge and refinement ; and should 
 
 * Gwynn^ in his " London and WestminHer improved ^^ very 
 justly reprobated this, as a nuisance in 1766, when he said, 
 '* The intolerable practice of holding a market for the sale of 
 live cattle in the centre of the metropolis, has been loudly and 
 justly complained of for many years past ; but no redress has yet 
 been given, nor indeed any attention paid to the repeated remon- 
 strances made against a nuisance alone extremely dangerous as 
 well as inelegant and inconvenient, the almost total inattention 
 of the generality of mankind to every thing which does not im- 
 mediately concern their own interest, has hitherto prevented 
 the citizens of London from taking cognizance of a nuisance, 
 which it is undoubtedly both tlieir interest and duty to re- 
 move.** He then states, that when the market was first esta- 
 blished, its site was a,Jield, i. e. Smith's-field ; on the outskirts 
 of the city, at the same time, the Slaughter-houses were in 
 Butcher-Hall Lane, also on the outside of London, and con- 
 tiguous to the market. We hear, with much regret, that the 
 Corporation of the City, eager to preserve the rites and reve- 
 nues arising out of Smithfield Market, are contemplating the 
 formation of a series of Slaughter-houses, &c. on the north- 
 west side, immediately adjoining to the market. Surely 
 ;>ome plan might be devised by which the City coflTers would 
 receive an equal supply, from appropriating the present ground 
 of Smithfield to respectable buildings, and purchasing a site 
 for a new market. Even if a little were sacrificed, there are 
 such things as taste, good sense, and patriotism to be con- 
 sulted and gratified. 
 
 b 
 
XXIV INTRODUCTION'. 
 
 the benign Sun of Peace shine on us for another 
 period of ten years, we may reasonably expect to 
 see them executed within that space of time. 
 Much might be accomplished, almost without exr 
 pense, by a judicious use of the means which the 
 Government now possesses ; namely, by employing 
 the military on public works. A Stajiding Army 
 might thus be rendered a standing advantage to the 
 country, and not, as at present, be regarded as an 
 useless and idle mass of soldiers, living upon the 
 toils of the husbandman and tradesman, and scarcely 
 bringing one grain of corn into the public granary. 
 We would therefore recommend, that all public 
 roads, canals, rail-ways, buildings, &c. should be 
 made and kept in repair by our soldiery, who, as 
 they have already attained, if not exceeded the 
 utmost reach of Roman valour, w ould thus become 
 equally renowned for their utility and patriotism. 
 
 The vastly-increasing population of London, has 
 occasioned a great augmentation of Churches and 
 Chapels, both for congregations of the establish- 
 ment, and for dissenters. In consequence of urgent, 
 and argumentative appeals by some truly pious and 
 benevolent Christians, the Legislature has granted 
 a large sum for the purpose of aiding parochial com- 
 mittees, to build new churches or enlarge their old 
 ones. The prelates, clergy, and many of the laity, 
 have also entered into subscriptions, and formed 
 themselves into a society for promoting this ex- 
 press object. Hence we find, that many sacred 
 edifices have been raised in different parts of the 
 metropolis, and others are in progress. It would 
 be gratifying, could we conscientiously applaud 
 the architectural character of the works that 
 have been executed ; but herein our wishes and 
 decision are at variance ; for by some unac- 
 
INTKODUCTION. XXV 
 
 countable perversity of circumstances, there is 
 scarcely one, out of the many, that approaches 
 perfection — there is much to find fault with, 
 and little to praise. The architects say, in ex- 
 tenuation or justification, that the system of 
 concealed competition — the discordance of opi- 
 nions that prevail in committees — the queru- 
 lous ordeal that an artist has to undergo in ob- 
 taining the passport of different bodies — the in- 
 fluence, and conflicting tendencies of church com- 
 missioners, and parish committees, and the misnamed 
 economy of employing that builder who sends in the 
 loivest tender, however he may be deficient in skill 
 and judgment, must jointly preclude all grandeur 
 of composition — all attempts at fine and elegant 
 works — and all hopes of originality and invention. 
 It is much to be regretted that the plea is too 
 well founded, and that the fault rests with the 
 employers, and not with the Architects.'^ The 
 Select Covimittee appointed by the House of Com- 
 mons in 1824, respecting the buildings, &:c. in 
 New Palace Yard, in their report to the Honour- 
 
 * Tlie following remarks on the subject now under discus- 
 sion, are immediately applicable to our times and purpose : 
 
 ** It is a common-place remark, that our Architects are de- 
 ficient in genius, and unqualified to be placed in comparison 
 with the applauded names of antiquity ; but is not the fault 
 rather national than personal? Does it not arise from the edu- 
 cation and habits of the people — the state of the country — 
 the nature of our government, and the freedom and inde- 
 pendence of Englishmen ? Absolute monarchs, as well as 
 domineering monks, in former times, impressed and oppressed 
 their subjects and flocks ; commanded and enforced obe- 
 dience ; raised the Vatican, the Thuilleries, and numerous 
 Cathedral Churches; but in England, under our present 
 laws, the King, like the architect of national edifices, must 
 pass the ordeal, or scrutiny of a Parliament, and is alike 
 b 2 
 
Xxn INTRODUCTION i 
 
 able House, voluntarily undertook to criticise the 
 public edifices of the metropolis, and impeach the 
 judgment and taste of the architects. If their 
 strictures originate in strict impartiality, and are 
 
 amenable to public opinion and criticism, f Reflecting on the 
 oppressions and impediments to which genius and talent have 
 been often subjected — referring to the history of St. Paul's 
 Cathedral — Whitehall — Blenheim — Somerset-House — the 
 Courts, Slc, at Westminster, we are induced to view rather 
 with astonishment and admiration those buildings, than to sus- 
 pect that the architects were deficient in science or ability.** — 
 ** The spirit of enterprize is hovering over the land — we are 
 living in the " piping times of peace" — the country abounds 
 in wealth — men aspire to greater refinements and luxuries 
 than formerly — the population is progressively and largely 
 augmenting — and our public and private buildings are in- 
 creasing to an amazing extent. If they do not advance in 
 novelty and merit in a ratio equal to their number, the cause 
 may be referred to other circumstances rather than to the jfro' 
 fession. Committees sit in judgment, diiFerences of opinion 
 prevail — and obstinacy and pertinacity too often overpower 
 and paralyse good sense and good taste. Hence the frequent 
 censures that accompany our new buildings : and hence new 
 Churches and new Chapels are raised without novelty, appro- 
 priation of style, or any ecclesiastical characteristic, except the 
 figure of a cross. We have assembly-houses, and theatres, 
 ponderous, dull, and heavy ; whilst our Churches are made to 
 imitate antient heathen temples. A Committee of Taste is 
 formed ; but its sanative effects in respect to architectural im- 
 provements, we are yet to discover. Let us hope, that every 
 gentleman who is enrolled in such a responsible list, has pro- 
 duced qualifications for the office ; and manifested on more 
 than one occasion, a knowledge of art, a familiarity with science, 
 and a scrupulous faculty of discriminating all the grades of 
 
 f *• The architect, more than any other artist, is at the mercy of his per- 
 sonal employer, and of Committees. After making the most skilful and 
 scientific plans, elevations, and sections, the result of much immediate 
 study and long experience, he finds the whole disorganised or materially 
 injured by the presumptuous interference of some person, or persons in 
 power, whose chief, or only qualification, arises from official influence, or 
 length of purse. The architect's work, however, proceeds, his taste is im- 
 peached, and he too frequently stands stigmatized for inpbccility and inca- 
 pacity, when the fault has originated with others." 
 
INTUOBUCTION. X^^'^^ 
 
 founded on the principles of good taste, it is 
 hoped they will completely influence the national 
 legislature, and thereby prevent a repetition of 
 such events as have occurred at the Custom House. 
 Criticism coming from such authority demands 
 respectful attention ; but when it is known that 
 some of the plans they have proposed, and advo- 
 cated, were far from being elegant, chaste, or 
 grand ; and that they, like certain literary critics, 
 are influenced by partiality and caprice, we must 
 
 excellence and beauty. England is not deficient in profes- 
 sional abilities, but many of the rich and influential are sadly 
 deficient in architectural knowledge. Quacks are never cni- 
 ployed by the wise, except by accident • but the weak and 
 Vciin are frequently the dupes of professional pretensions. 
 
 '* London is often the theme of reproach and invidious com- 
 parison by foreigners, on account of its public buildings ; but 
 this vast trading and wealthy city is contradistinguished from 
 every other metropolis in the world ; for here, the monarch's 
 palace is scarcely superior, in magnitude and decoration, to 
 some of tlie mansions of our nobles and private gentlemen ; — 
 here, the public money is rarely expended on the parade of a 
 public building, but rather on its utilities and essential requi- 
 sites , — here, every foot, and almost every inch of ground, is 
 rated so high, that its owner is induced to appropriate it to 
 wants and comforts rather than to luxuries and beauties. In 
 examining the London buildings, and tracing their respective 
 histories, we sliall elucidate these facts, and imperceptibly de- 
 velope many important and curious traits in the history of the 
 country, and character of its people; we shall also trace the 
 progress and lluctuations of science, taste, and the arts : and 
 these subjects cannot fail of afibrding gratification and interest 
 to the inquiring mind. 
 
 *♦ It is notorious that foreigners, in general, as well as country 
 gentlemen, and even the great bulk of Londoners themselves, 
 Inow very little of the metropolitan edifices. It is equally a 
 .<:ict, that no publication has hitherto appeared calculated to 
 furnish satisfactory information." Preface to " Illustrations 
 of the Public Buildings of London." Vol. I., 1825. 
 
 b3 
 
A 
 
 XXVlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 pause before we concede to them too much autho- 
 rity ; we must endeavour to protect the profes- 
 sional artist from the insidious and illiberal attacks 
 of travelled amateurs. Our honourable critics say — 
 
 " With regard to Public Buildings in general, this 
 vast metropolis presents a much smaller number 
 of those which can be denominated grand or 
 ornamental, than its extent and opulence would 
 induce a stranger to expect; for, it must be con- 
 fessed that, with the exception of the tvoo Cathc" 
 drals*, of three of the Stone Bridges over the 
 Thames, and some very few other structures, it 
 offers but little that deserves admiration ; and it is 
 further to be regretted, that this deficiency arises 
 not so much from cost having been spared, as from 
 good taste having been wanting. Large works 
 have, in some instances, been undertaken has- 
 tily, and without due consideration ; others have 
 been committed to the persons who accidentally 
 happened at the time to be attached as Surveyors 
 to the several departments ; but a general and 
 superintending eye has always been wanting to 
 pervade, direct, and control the whole. 
 
 " If a superintending and controlling power of this 
 description should at any time be fortunate enough 
 to meet with such a rare combination of talent, as 
 might exhibit marks of original invention, united 
 to a thorough knowledge of the principles by 
 which the great masters of antient art conducted 
 their works, we might expect to see symmetry, 
 proportion, and dignity, given to our pubhc build- 
 
 * Surely these honourable reporters cannot mistake an Ab- 
 bey Church for a Cathedral ; we do not understand what is 
 meant, by the above phrase, unless the Church of Westminster 
 Abbev be considi^red as a Cathedral by tliose gentlemen. 
 
INTRODUCTIOK. XXIX 
 
 ings, and an honorable competition successfully 
 maintained, with all that is admirable and pre- 
 eminent, either in antient or modern architecture. 
 '' Your Committee cannot dismiss the matter re- 
 ferred to them, without endeavouring to impress 
 upon the House the importance, in a national point 
 of view, of paying more attention to the public 
 edifices which may hereafter be required, than 
 has been given to those already erected. In a 
 period distinguished by its progress in improve- 
 ments of so many kinds, fertile in inventions of 
 such various descriptions, eminent in the encou- 
 ragement of all the arts which are denominated li- 
 beral, and active in the diffusion of knowledge and 
 the extension of science, it becomes a matter of 
 wonder no less than of regret, that architecture has 
 not kept pace with our other advances towards 
 perfection, and that we are still obliged to look for 
 examples of excellence in this art, either to times 
 that are passed, or to other countries, rather than 
 to our own."* 
 
 If this cursory glance at London, at the close of 
 the year 1825, should awaken an ardent curiosity 
 in the reader to investigate its history, in more mi- 
 nute detail — if he should wish to trace its growth 
 — its civil, religious, political, commercial, literary 
 and scientific characteristics at different epochs of 
 time, he is hereafter referred to some of the best 
 authorities t — 
 
 * We cannot refrain from recommending to the marked 
 attention of these Gentlemen, and more particularly to the 
 Commissioners for Building New ChurcJies, a very sensible and 
 well-written '''Letter addressed to John Sonne, Esq.'" 8\a, 
 1825. 
 
XXX INTKODUCTION. 
 
 MAPS AND PLANS OF LONDON AND ITS ENVIRONS. 
 
 Howoood's Plan of London, on forty sheets, in 
 which every house is marked and numbered, is the 
 most comprehensive. 
 
 The same reduced on two sheets, forms a very 
 interesting plan. 
 
 The Plan in the present volume contains some 
 additions and improvements to London not intro- 
 duced into any other map. 
 
 There are other Plans of London, published by 
 Wyld, Mogg, Carey, Crutchley, Smith, &c. ; all of 
 whom laudably endeavour to render their respect- 
 ive works correct. 
 
 Crutchley 's " Map of the Environs of London," 
 to the extent of thirty miles, is a beautiful and well 
 executed map. 
 
 There are other maps of the Environs. 
 
 The map of London, in the time of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, and others, in Stow's, Maitland's, &c. His- 
 tories, or " Surveys of London," will shew the pro- 
 gressive enlargement of the Metropolis. 
 
 HISTORIES AND ACCOUNTS OF LONDON AND 
 
 WESTMINSTER. 
 
 A comprehensive, accurate, and judiciously 
 executed History of London, is a desideratum in 
 topographical literature. 'Till that be executed, 
 we must refer to a large mass of miscellaneous 
 works, among which are the following : — 
 
 Fit Z' Stephen's " Description of the City of Lon- 
 don," written in the time of Henry IL, is an 
 interesting picture of the Metropolis at that time. 
 
 Stoivs " Survey of the City of London and West- 
 minster," dc. written in 1598, has been the found- 
 
INTRODUCTIOX. XXTA 
 
 ation of many other surveys and histories. After 
 passing through several editions, it was reserved 
 
 for John Stri/pe, M. A., to enlarge and continue its 
 annals down tc the year 1720. A sixth edition of 
 this work appeared in 1754, in two volumes, folio. 
 
 ** A Survey of the Cities of London and West- 
 minster, Borough of Southwark,"&c. in two volumes, 
 folio, 1734, under the assumed name of Edivard 
 Sei/moiir, Esq.,. but actually compiled or written 
 by Jo/m Motlei/, the celebrated collector of " Joe 
 Miller's Jests." 
 
 [n the year 1772, appeared two folio volumes, 
 entitled, *' The History of London, oy JVm, Mait- 
 land, and the Rev. John Entick, The last author 
 also produced a work in six volumes, octavo, 
 1766, under the title of ** A New and Accurate 
 History and Survey of London and Westminster, 
 South wark," S:q, 
 
 Several other histories and surveys of London 
 have been published, but with little originality of 
 matter, or attraction of manner. Pennanfs "• Ac- 
 count of London," first appeared in 1790, and has 
 since gone through three or four editions. It is pro- 
 perly called '* Some Account," as it is both brief 
 and superficial, but has become very popular from 
 the fascmating custom of illustrating it. Many 
 persons have spent several hundreds of pounds^ 
 in prints, drawings, autographs, &c., to embellish 
 and illustrate Pennant's meagre notices. Li the 
 British Museum is a copy of this work, extending 
 to ten volumes, imperial folio, containing a large 
 mass of Drawings and Prints, collected by Mr. 
 C]rowle,and bequeathed by him to the Museum. Mr. 
 Soane of Lincoin's-inn-fields, has also an " illus- 
 trated Pennant" in his valuable hbrary, in six lar<j:e 
 
XXXll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 folio volumes, for which he gave six hundred and 
 fifty guineas. 
 
 The late Mr. Jmnes Peller Malcolm published 
 ** Londinium Redivivurn, or an ancient History and 
 modern Description of London," four vols. 4to 
 1803. He afterwards published another work, 
 intituled, " Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs 
 of London during the Eighteenth Century," 4to. 
 1808. These volumes abound with original mat- 
 ter, but have neither method nor manner to recom- 
 mend them. 
 
 It would occupy too much of our space to enter 
 more minutel)'; into notices of the numerous topo- 
 graphic works that have treated of London generally, 
 and of particular places in it ; very copious lists of 
 these will be found in the 1st and 5th volumes of 
 "London and Middlesex," forming part of '^ The 
 Beauties of England and Wales,'' and in Upcotfs 
 ** Bibliographical Account of the principal WorKs 
 relating to English Topography," three volumes, 
 8vo. 1818. 
 
 The following publications contain much useful 
 and original information relating to London : — The 
 first and second volumes of the " London and Mid^ 
 dlesexj' above referred to, are from the faithful and 
 discriminating pen of Mr. Brayley^ (now resident 
 Secretary of the Russell Institution,) who has also 
 written two quarto volumes on Westminster Ahbey^ 
 which are distinguished for fidelity of narrative and 
 minute detail ; the latter work abounds with fine 
 engravings. A great improvement on Pennant's 
 work, by the same author, is now in the press, 
 under the title of " Londiniana, or Reminiscences 
 of the British Capital," in five volumes, small 8vo. 
 illustrated by numerous plates. Aclcermanris '^ His" 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXXIII 
 
 tory^ S^c, of Westminster Ahhey^* two volumes, 
 quarto, contains several aquatint engravings of 
 the church and its monuments. 
 
 The " Illustrations of the Public Buildings ojf 
 London^' two volumes, octavo, one of which is 
 completed, contains outline engravings of plans, 
 elevations and views, with original accounts of 
 some of the principal Edifices of the Metropolis. 
 
 Ackermann's " Select Vieivs of London^ with 
 historical and descriptive Sketches of some of the 
 most interesting of the Public Buildings," imperial 
 octavo. The literary part is by Mr. Papworth, 
 architect ; and the plates are engraved in aquatint, 
 coloured. 
 
 " The Microcosm^ or London in Miniature," by 
 the same respectable publisher, in three volumes, 
 large quarto. 
 
 Ralph's " Critical Review of the Public Buildings^ 
 Sfcin and about London,'* l!^mo. 1783. 
 
 ** London and Westyninstcr Improved, tvifh a Dis- 
 course on Public Magnificence,^' &c. by J. Gxvynn, 
 quarto, 1766, contains much useful matter re-^ 
 lating to the state of London at that time, and many 
 judicious remarks and plans for improvement. 
 
 ** London in the Olden Time, or Tales intended 
 to illustrate the Manners and Superstitions of its >iC 
 Inhabitants, from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Cen- V^ 
 tury, one volume, octavo, 1825; is a well written 
 work, and gives an interesting description of the 
 manners and customs of the Metropolis at remote 
 periods. 
 
 In the novel of the ** Fortunes of Nigel,'' by the 
 inimitable author of Waverley ; the customs, and 
 language, and characteristics of the London citi- 
 zens and courtiers are delineated with amazing fe- 
 licity, and carry the imagination of the reader so 
 
 -v^ 
 
XXXI? 1\TU()DUCT10>?. 
 
 ininiediately to every place and object, that they 
 appear like realities rather than visions, or fancied 
 pictures. 
 
 " Babylon the Great : a Dissertation and Demon- 
 stration of Men and Things in the British Capital," 
 two volumes, 1825; is a sort of novel, containing de- 
 scriptive sketches of London and its inhabitants. — 
 In the Introduction, the author says, — " Whatever 
 Js profound in science, sublime in song, exquisite 
 in art, skilful in manufacture, daring in speculation,' 
 determined in freedom, rich in possession, com- 
 fortable in life, magnificent in style, or voluptuous, 
 is to be found within the precincts of that great 
 Babylon;' 
 
 A very beautiful work is now publishing, In- 
 tituled, " Vieijos in London and Vicinity,'' engraved 
 by. C. Heath, from Drawings by Dewint, VVestall, 
 and/Mackenzie. 
 
 Dupin's " Commercial Power of Great Britain," 
 two volumes, octavo, 1825 ; contains much inter- 
 esting matter relating to London, by a learned and 
 acute foreigner. 
 
PICTURE 
 
 OF 
 
 LONDON 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 General Outlines of the Metropolis; Geographical and 
 Relative Locality; Characteristic Features; Present 
 Dimensions] Extent and Importance at different pe- 
 riods^ and Gradual Augmentation ; Population ; Cli- 
 mate ; Diseases; Sfc, 
 
 Although our title is "A Picture of London," it must 
 be apparent to the critical reader, that this volume is not 
 sufficiently large to embrace all the varied, curious, im- 
 portant, and diversified objects, that necessarily constitute 
 integral parts of this vast metropolis. Our pages can 
 only profess to give sketches of the most prominent fea- 
 tures and popular characteristics of London : we are, how- 
 ever, not a little solicitous to render these sketches faithful 
 and appropriate, thereby calculated to afford the stranger 
 clear and impressive images of the respective places and 
 objects described. Incessantly occupied, as the generality 
 of Londoners are, few of them have opportunities to 
 study either the history or topography of this city ; or 
 have ever seen one tenth part of its streets, public build- 
 ings, and private luxuries. To such persons, also, our 
 sketches may be both amiisini; and interesting; and, it 
 is hoped, may tend to mrke thorn more closely examine^ 
 
PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 and more highly estimate their native spot, or adopted 
 home. In the following pages we shall show what Lon- 
 don has been at different periods, and what it is at pre- 
 sent. Its progressive advancement in extent, wealth, and 
 power, — the calamitous vicissitudes to which it has been 
 subjected, — its unrivalled magnitude, and existing state of 
 local and political influence, cannot fail of astonishing the 
 cursory observer, and will be hailed with exultation and 
 pride by the ardent " true born Englishman.**^ He will 
 be induced to compare it with other capitals of the mo- 
 dern world, and he may also endeavour to trace analogies 
 between it, and the far-famed, but questionable, cities of 
 antiquity. These enquiries must afford much useful in- 
 formation, and will also reflect additional interest and 
 importance on the city which fui*nishes materials for the 
 investigation. 
 
 London is situated near the south-eastern extremity of 
 the county of Middlesex, on the borders of the Thames, 
 at the distance of about sixty miles from the sea, calculated 
 by the course of that river. Its geographical position is 
 fifty-one degrees and thirty-one minutes of latitude, north 
 from the equator, and five minutes and thirty-seven se- 
 conds of longitude, west from the meridian of Greenwich 
 observatory.* The following are its distances and relative 
 bearings from the principal cities of Europe: — From 
 Edinburgh, 395 miles, south ; from Dublin, 338 miles, 
 south-east; from Paris, 225 miles, north-north-west ; from 
 Amsterdam, 190 miles, west ; from Copenhagen, 610 miles, 
 north-west; from Stockholm, 750 miles, south-west; from 
 Sti Petersburgh, 1140 miles, south-west; from Berlin, 540 
 miles, west; from Vienna, 820 miles, north-west; from 
 Constantinople, 1660 miles, north-west; from Rome, 950 
 miles, north-north-west; from Madrid, 860 miles, north 
 north-east; from Lisbon, 850 miles, north-north-east. 
 
 The extended area of this vast metropolis is a gentle 
 declivity on the northern bank of the Thames, in Middlesex, 
 and an almost uniformly flat surface on the southern side 
 
 * The longitude and latitude here given, refer to the me- 
 ridian of St. Paurs Cathedral, wliich is nearly in the centre of 
 the metropolis. 
 
SITE, SOIL, AND EXTENT OF LONDON. 5 
 
 of that river in Surrey. In consequence of this disposition 
 )f the site, the buildings on the Middlesex shore stand 
 ;iigher as they recede from the water, so as to form a 
 kind of amphitheatre, stretching from east to west. The 
 Soil of this district is gravel and clay, with a mixture of 
 loam and sand. As the ground rises, this substratum be- 
 comes covered with argillaceous loam or brick earth, 
 extending frequently to the depth of several feet. To 
 the abundant supply of this substance, the amazing exten- 
 sion of London may, in some measure, be attributed ; as 
 it has afforded to builders the materials for the compo- 
 sition of bricks, on or near the spot where they were 
 afterwards used. London, considered in the aggregate, 
 comprises the citi/ and its liberties^ the city of Westminstery 
 and the borough of SoidhwarJcy with their respective sub- 
 urbs, besides many villages in Middlesex and Surrey, 
 which, though originally distinct, now form integral por- 
 tions of this great capital of the British Empire. Its ex- 
 tent from east to west, i. e. from Poplar to Knightsbridge, i* 
 full seven miles and a half; and its breadth from north to 
 south, or from Islington to Walworth, is above five miles. 
 Within the last ten years, however, the metropolis has so 
 rapidly and extensively increased in buildings, that we are 
 at a loss to fix its boundary lines. The circumference of 
 the whole, allowing for various inequalities in the exten- 
 sion of the streets, &c. at the extremities, cannot be less 
 than thirty miles. It may, therefore, be fairly estimated that 
 the entire buildings, &c. occupy an area of no less than 
 eighteen square miles, including the space taken up by 
 the river Thames, which extends about seven miles m 
 length through London, with an average breadth of almost 
 a quarter of a mile. 
 
 Independently of the various local and municipal divi- 
 ^>ons, London may be divided into six grand portions^ of 
 which the city, commonly so called, is to be considered as 
 the nucleus, and the remaining five as so many suburbs ; 
 forming altogether probably the largest assemblage of hu- 
 man habitations ever known; certainly the most extensive 
 now existing in the world. — 1 . The City comprises the 
 central and most ancient portion of the metropolis. This 
 is the chief emporium of trade and commerce of every 
 9 2 
 
4 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 description, and is mostly occupied by shops, public offices, 
 and dwellings of tradesmen and manufacturers. — 2. The 
 Western Suburb^ including Westminster, consists of the 
 buildings extending westward from Temple Bar and from 
 the western limits of the city, and bounded on the north 
 by Oxford-street, and on the south by the Thames. In this 
 portion are contained the royal palaces, the residences of 
 some of the nobility, the houses of Parliament, courts of 
 justice, many government offices, the theatres, &;c. &c. — 
 5. The North-west Suburb includes the streets and squares 
 to the north of Oxford-street and to the west of Totten- 
 ham Court Road, This may be considered as the most fa- 
 shionable part of London, in which numerous habitations of 
 the nobility and gentry are situated. These two divisions 
 are termed the " west end of the town." — 4. The Northern 
 Suburb takes in all that portion of the capital which ex- 
 tends to the north of Holbornandthe city, from Totten- 
 ham Court Road on the west, to Shoreditch and Kingsland 
 Road on the east. It comprehends the once-detached 
 villages of Hoxton, Islington, and St. Pancras, as well as 
 the more recently erected districts called Pentonville and 
 Somers Town. — 5. The Eastern Suburb , sometimes de- 
 nominated the " east end of the town," includes that part 
 of the metropolis which is situated to the east of the city 
 and of Shoreditch. The inhabitants of the southern por- 
 tion of this suburb, bordering on the Thames, are devoted 
 to commerce, ship-building, and all the necessary branches 
 of trade and manufacture, connected with the import- 
 ation and exportation of merchandize. Since the com- 
 mencement of the present century, the construction of 
 commercial docks and warehouses has given a novel cha- 
 racter to this part of London. — 6. 27?^ Southern Suburb 
 is formed by the vast and heterogeneous mass of buildings, 
 which, skirling the Thames from Vauxhall to Rotherhithe, 
 also extends towards the centre more than two miles from 
 the riv^^r side. This portion includes the ancient borough 
 of Southwark, a distinguishing feature of which is the 
 number of its manufactories of various kinds, as iron- 
 foundries, glass-houses, dye-houses, shot and hat manufac- 
 tories, breweries, distilleries, &c. 
 
 It has been computed that London at present contains 
 
STREETS AND LANES. s& 
 
 seventy squares, nine thousand streets, lanes, places, alleys, 
 rows, courts, &c., and that the houses amount to about 
 one hundred and sixty thousand. There are two princi- 
 pal ranges of streets, forming chief avenues from east to 
 west, through the heart of the metropoHs. The northern 
 ^nd most direct of these routes commences at Mile-end, 
 aad passes along Whitechapel, Leadenhall-street, CornhiU, 
 jCheapside, Newgate-street, Skinner-street, Holborn, 
 Broad-street, and Oxford-street. The other avenue, be- 
 ginning at the Tower, is continued through Tower-street, 
 Eastcheap, Cannon-street, Watling-street, St. Paul*s 
 Churchyard, Ludgate-hill, Fleet-street, the Strand, Pall 
 Mall, St, James' s-street, and Piccadilly, to Hyde Park 
 Corner. These avenues run so nearly parallel to each 
 other, and are connected by transverse streets at such fre- 
 quent intervals, that a stranger in London, by pursuing 
 either of them, as may suit his convenience, will find his 
 progress facilitated from any one part of the metropolis 
 to another, except near its northern boundar\ , where the 
 line of the City Road, and its continuation, the New Road, 
 may be more advantageously pursued. 
 
 Of the relative extent of the principal Streets and other 
 avenues in London, some estimate may be formed from 
 the following table : 
 
 Streets. Yards in length. ] Streets. Yards in lengtii. 
 
 Shoreditch is 715 St. James's-street ........ 385 
 
 Bishopsgate-street 1045 Piccadilly ,^. .............. 1694 
 
 Whitechapell High-st. 1281 Bond-stJ*eet •.. 990 
 
 Fenchurch-street 654 Oxford-street 2504 
 
 Lower Thames street .. 460 Regent-street ....,...>.. 1750 
 
 Upper Thames-street.. 1531 ; Baker-street ....^, 745 
 
 Gracechurch-street,... 357 [Tottenham Court Rd. 1177 
 Lombard-street 374 New Road 5115 
 
 CornhiU , 286 
 
 Cheapside 368 
 
 Aldersgate-street 456 
 
 Fleet-street 610 
 
 High Holborn^ 1045 
 
 Strand ^ 1569 
 
 Haymarket 557 
 
 City Road 1690 
 
 SOUTHWARK. 
 
 Tooley-street 972 
 
 Bermondsey-street 879 
 
 High-street, 781 
 
 Blackman-street 590 
 
 Pall Mall...... 610 Great Surrey-street ... 1195 
 
 S 5 
 
6 PICTURE OF LONDON/. 
 
 In taking a review of the Extent and Progressive In- 
 crease of London at different periods, the accession of 
 William the First, usually styled the Conqueror^ may be 
 fixed on as an aera, since which the gradual augmentation 
 and architectural improvements of the capital may be 
 traced, with a degree of accuracy sufficient to render the 
 subject interesting. 
 
 From the Domesday Book we learn, that Holbom then 
 consisted of only a few houses, near Middle-row, on 
 the banks of the Old-bourn, a stream which flowed 
 into the river Fleet ; and Norton Falgate, at the end of 
 Bishopsgate-street, was a small manor belonging to the 
 Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. Besides the royal erec- 
 tions at the Tower, the two castles of Baynard and Mont- 
 fichet were built within the city, in the reign of the Con- 
 queror, by two Norman barons, whose names they bear. 
 William of Malmesbury, the monkish historian, who wrote 
 in the reign of King Stephen, calls London " a noble city, 
 renowned for the opulence of its citizens, and filled with 
 merchandize, brought by the merchants of all countries, 
 but chiefly by those of Germany:" he adds, that "in case 
 of scarcity of corn in other parts of England, it is a gra» 
 nary, where it may be purchased cheaper than any where 
 else." The reigns of Henry the First and Stephen were 
 distinguished for the foundation of a great number of reli- 
 gious houses in the metropolis, more having been erected 
 in those reigns than at any preceding or subsequent period 
 of equal extent. 
 
 William Fitz-Stephen, a monk of Canterbury, in a cu- 
 rious tract written about 1 174, entitled, " Descriptio Nobi- 
 lissimcB Civitatis Londini,^^ has given an interesting pic- 
 ture of the metropolis and its customs, as they existed in 
 the reign of Henry the Second. It appears that the city 
 ■was then bounded on the land-side by a high wall, fur- 
 nished with turrets, and seven double gates, and had, in 
 the east part, a tower palatine, and in the west, two cas- 
 tles, well fortified. Further westward, about two miles, 
 on the banks of the river, was the royal palace, at West- 
 minster, " an incomparable structure, guarded by a wall 
 and bulwarks. Between this and the city was a continued 
 suburb, mingled with large and beautiful gardens and or- 
 
FITZ-STEPHLK's account of LONDON. 7 
 
 chards belonging to the citizens, who were themselves 
 every where known and respected above all others, for 
 their civil demeanour, their goodly apparel, their well-fur- 
 nished tables, and their discourse !" The numJer of con- 
 ventual churches in the city and its suburbs was thirteen, 
 besides 126 *Messer parochial ones." On t!ie north side 
 were open meadow and pasture lands ; and beyond a great 
 forest, in the woody coverts of which lurked " the stag, the 
 hind, the wild-boar, and the bull." With the three prin- 
 cipal churches were connected, by " privilege and ancient 
 dignity," three " famous schools ;" and other schools had 
 been established in different parts : upon holydays, the 
 scholars, " flocking together about the church where the 
 master had his abode," were accustomed to argue on differ- 
 ent subjects, and to exercise their abilities in oratorical 
 discourses. The handicraftsmen, the venders of wares, 
 and the labourers for hire, were every morning to be found 
 at their distinct and appropriated places, as is still common 
 in the Bazars of the East ; and on the river's bank was a 
 public cookery and eating-place, belonging to the city, 
 where, "whatsoever multitude," and ^'however daintily in- 
 clined" might be supplied with proper fare. Without one 
 of the gates also, in a certain plain field [Smithfield] on 
 every Friday, unless it happened to be a solemn festival, 
 was " a great market for horses, whither earls, barons, 
 knights, and citizens repaired, to see and to purchase." 
 To this city " merchants brought their wares from every 
 nation under Heaven. The Arabian sent his gold; the 
 Sabaeans, spice and frankincense; the Scythians, armour; 
 Babylon, its oil ; Egypt, precious stones ; India, purple 
 vestments ; Norway and Russia, furs, sables, and amber- 
 gris; and Gaul, its wines." " I think there is no city," con- 
 tinues FitZ'Stephen, * that hath more approved customs, 
 either in frequenting the churches, honouring God's ordi- 
 nances, observing holy-days, giving alms, entertaining 
 strangers, fulfilling contracts, solemnizing marri^ ges, set- 
 ting out feasts and welcoming the guests, celebrating fu- 
 nerals, or burying the dead. The only plagues are, the in- 
 temperate drinking of foolish people and the frequent fires. 
 Most of the bishops, abbots, and nobles of England have 
 fair dwellings in London,' and often resort hither. " 
 
8 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 The building of the first stone bridge across the Thames, 
 was begun in 1176, according to Stowe. It consisted of 
 nineteen arches, and was completed in 1209. In the time 
 of Edward I. the houses of London were mostly built 
 with wood, and had thatched roofs of straw or reeds; 
 which mode of construction was the chief cause of those 
 fires by which the city was frequently devastated. The 
 supply of water was derived from the Thames, and from 
 brooks which flowed through some of the principal streets. 
 The latter were : — 1. The River of Wells, so called from se^ 
 veral springs uniting to form its stream. It had its rise to 
 the north-west of the city, and ran into Fleet Ditch, at 
 the bottom of Holborn Hill. This brook had several 
 mills on it, and was thence called Turnmill brook. — 2. 
 The Oldbourn, which flowed down Holborn into Fleet 
 Ditch. — 3. The Fleet, which had its course through 
 Fleet-street. — 4. Wall-brook, which entering the city 
 between Bishopsgate and Moorgate, after many turn- 
 ings, emptied itself into the Thames at Dowgate. -^ 
 5, The Langbourn -brook, which rose near the east end of 
 Fenchurch-street and ran into theWall-brook on Dowgate- 
 hill. These streams were connected with large ponds, one 
 of which was in Smithfield, and another, called Crowder's 
 Well, near Cripplegate. — The resei-voirs, or Conduits*, 
 erected to supply the place of these streams when they 
 were spoiled or dammed up by the increase of buildings, 
 were filled with water from six springs in the village of 
 Tyburn. These conduits appear to have been large leaden 
 cisterns, cased with stone. Stowe informs us, that it was 
 customary for the lord mayor, accompanied by the alder- 
 men and principal citizens, to visit, on horseback, the 
 spring-heads whence the conduits were supplied, annually, 
 on the 18th of September, when they hunted a hare be^ 
 fore dinner and a fox after it, in the Jlelds near St. Gileses, 
 
 In 1410, Stock's market was erected where the Man^ 
 sion-house now stands ; and about the same time, Guild- 
 
 * The first and largest of the conduits stood in West-cheap, 
 and was erected in 1285. The number of them was subse- 
 quently increased to about twenty. That which stood ou 
 Snow Hill was taken down in 1742, 
 
Lir^HTING : BRICKS : PROGRESSIVE IiMPRO VEMENTS. 9 
 
 hall was built, previously to which, a small building, situ- 
 ated in Aldermanbury, was used as the city hall. 
 
 In the reign of Henry V. the city was first lighted at 
 nightby means oUanternSy slung on ropes, which extended 
 across the streets : and, at the same period, Leadenhall 
 was erected for a public granary, or corn market by Sir 
 Thomas Eyre, lord mayor. It was afterwards used as a 
 market for wool, and various foreign commodities; subse- 
 quentlyit was converted into an armoury, and at length, 
 so far as its remains extend, occupied as a market for 
 meat, &c. About the year 1474 occurs the first notice of 
 the making of bricks, which were burnt in Moorfields for 
 the purpose of repairing the city-wnlls. 
 
 In the reign of Henry VII. was erected the beautiful 
 Chapel adjoining Westminster Abbey, which bears the 
 name of that monarch. At the same period Houndsditch 
 was arched over; and the river Fleet was made navigable 
 to Holborn Bridge. Several gardens were destroyed in 
 Finsbury in 1497, and a field for archery formed in their 
 place, whence originated the present Artillery-ground. 
 The houses were still generally built of wood, and num- 
 bers of them even thatched with straw. Up to this period, 
 and, indeed, long afterwards, the civic and domestic eco- 
 nomy of London was truly wretched. The streets were 
 filled with lay-stalls of all manner of filth and garbage, 
 which the people were in vain ordered to remove from 
 their own doors; the sewers were in a very neglected 
 state; in many streets there was no pavement; and tne 
 access of pure air was prevented by th.e projecting houses, 
 almost meeting at the top, while the intervening space was 
 filled with enormous sign-boards. In regard to the interior 
 of the houses, "the floors," Erasmus says in his letters, " are 
 commonly of clay, strewed with rushes, which are occa- 
 sionally renewed; but underneath lies unmolested, an 
 ancient collection of beer, grease, fragments of fish, spittle, 
 the excrements of dogs and cats, and every thing that is 
 nasty." Even in the subsequent reign of Elizabeth, the 
 presence chamber of Greenwich Palace was, according 
 to Paul Hentzner, " strewed with hay, after the Englisa 
 fashion.*'* 
 
 In the reign of Henry VIII., however, in consideration 
 
10 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 of the almost impassable state of many of the principal 
 streets of the metropolis, they were ordered to be paved 
 mth stone. With, a channel in the middle of each street, 
 at the charge of the ground landlords. In addition to 
 these improvements, the general aspect of London, in this 
 reign, experienced a remarkable change, as a consequence 
 of the dissolution of its religious houses, which had here- 
 tofore borne so great a proportion to its other buildings 
 as to give the city the appearance of a monastic, rather 
 than of a commercial, metropolis. 
 
 But it is at the era of Elizabeth, that we are presented 
 with the most curious picture of London, in the first map 
 of a metropolis then thought too large, and, in conse- 
 quence, positively forbidden to be further extended by 
 tnat imperious sovereign. From this map it appears, that 
 the greater part of the metropolis was then contained with- 
 in the walls, in which narrow limits there were many gar- 
 dens, which have since been converted into lanes, courts, 
 and alleys. The whole of the buildings were bounded on the 
 east by the monastery of St. Catherine ; East Smithfield 
 was open to Tower Hill, and of the buildings now beyond 
 there is no appearance. The Minories were built only on 
 the east side, which fronted the city wall ; cattle grazed 
 in Goodman's Fields ; and Whitechapel extended but a 
 little beyond the bars, and had no houses to the north ; for 
 Spital Fields, now built upon, and extensive enough to com- 
 pose a very large town, were then really separated from 
 each other by hedges and rows of trees. Houndsditch 
 consisted only of a row of houses fronting the city wall ; 
 ,.and the little yards and gardens behind them also opened 
 into the fields, Bishopsgate Street, Norton Falgate, and 
 the street called Shoreditch, were then, however, built 
 as far as the church ; but there were only a few houses and 
 gardens on each side, and no collateral streets or alleys. 
 Moorfields lay entirely open to the village of Hoxton ; 
 and Finsbury Fields, in which there were several luind- 
 mills, extended to the east side of Whitecross Street. 
 Chiswell Street was not erected ; St. John's Street ex- 
 tended, by the side of the priory of St. John of Jerusalem, 
 only as far as the monastery of Clerkenwell; and Cowcross 
 Street opened into the fields. On leaving the city walls. 
 
LONIKJN AT THE ELIZABETHAN ERA. 11 
 
 the buildings were even less extensive; for, though 
 the village of Holborn joined London, the backs of its 
 houses, particularly on the north side, opened into 
 gardens and fields ; a part of Gray'^s Inn Lane included the 
 only houses that extended out of the main street ; the 
 greater part of High Holborn had no existence ; St. Gileses 
 was another village, contiguous to no part of London ; 
 the Strand had gardens on each side, and, to the north, 
 fields behind these gardens, with the exception of a few 
 houses where the lower end of Drury Lane now stands ; 
 and on the south side of the same street the gardens gene- 
 rally extended to the Thames, though some of the nobi- 
 lity and prelates had houses at the backs of their gardens, 
 next to the water side. Convent Garc^ew, literally such, 
 and so called because it belonged to the convent at West- 
 minster, extended to St. Martin's Lane, and the fields 
 behind it reached to St. Giles's. That lane had few edifi- 
 ces besides the church ; for Covent Garden wall was on 
 one side, and a wall which enclosed the King's mews on 
 the other; and all the upper part was a lane between 
 two hedges, which extended a little to the west of the 
 village of St. Giles's. HeJge Lane, now Crown Street, 
 was a lane between two hedges. The extensive street now 
 called the Haymarket, was bounded by fields ; neither 
 Pall Mall, St. James*s Street, Piccadilly, nor any of the 
 streets or squares in that part of the town, were built ; and 
 Westminster was a small town on the south-west and 
 south sides of St. James's Park. 
 
 The alarms of Elizabeth, to which we have alluded, were 
 not, however, the consequence of the great extent^ as it 
 then seemed, of the city, considered in the abstract; but 
 chiefly resulted from apprehensions of the danger likely to 
 accrue from the manner of building then prevalent, which 
 allowed of so little circulation of air through the streets, 
 that, by its continuance, that great enemy to the popu- 
 lation of the metropolis, the Plague, was likely to be 
 perpetuated. But, in spite of the queen's prohibition to 
 build on " new foundations," the suburbs continued to in- 
 crease throughout her reign, as they have done ever since. 
 The great majority of the houses were still of timber. 
 
 About 1600, there was not a house standing between 
 
12 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 St. Catherine's and Wapping. But Spital-fields, about 
 that time, began to be covered with buildings. A large 
 pond in the vicinity of West Smithfield was also filled up, 
 and transformed into streets, under the names of Cow, 
 Chick, Hosier, and other lanes. The fields and gardens of 
 the priory of St. John of Jerusalem, and of a nunnery to 
 the north of Clerkenwell-church, were then built upon. 
 Holborn also gradually stretched westward, towards 
 St. Giles's in the Fields. Rosemary Lane, since called 
 Rag Fair, had a hedge row of ehn-trees on each side, with 
 bridges and easy stiles to pass over into the fields, " very 
 convenient for the citizens to walk, shoot, or otherwise 
 recreate themselves." In Petticoat Lane was the town 
 residence of the Count Gondamar, Spanish ambassador to 
 James L 
 
 With regard to the interval between the reigns of Eliza- 
 beth and Charles IL, it maybe sufficient to notice, that in the 
 time of James L (who twice ineffectually attempted to pre- 
 vent the increase of buildings outsideof the walls), Smith- 
 field was paved, and the pathways of the principal streets 
 laid down with broad flag-stones; and that under the 
 auspices of his successor, Charles L, the celebrated Inigo 
 Jones revived the styles of Grecian and Roman archi- 
 tecture, in various public edifices with which he decorated 
 the metropohs. 
 
 The reign of Charles IL ^becomes an era of greater in- 
 terest, in relation both to the increased extent and archi- 
 tectural splendour of the capital, than any previously 
 described ; and yet the grand source of these advantages 
 was truly calamitous. We allude to the memorable Fire 
 of London of 1666, after which, the houses being no longer 
 suffered to be built of wood, nor the streets to be so narrow 
 and inconvenient as previously, the city arose from its 
 ashes, and assumed a degree of beauty, although it is still 
 .greatly to be lamented, that the judicious and useful plan 
 of the great Sir Christopher Wren for rebuilding it was 
 totally disregarded, and sacrificed to the selfish views of 
 private proprietors. Many of the religious edifices of 
 London were then re-built by this architect; and, among 
 them, the cathedral church of St. Paul. Nearly the 
 whole of the present Spital Fields was then built upon; 
 
MODERN TIMES. 13 
 
 almost all the streets, &c., between Brick Lane and the east 
 side of Bishopsgate Street were formed. An increase to 
 the same extent took place towards Goodman's Fields, 
 Rosemary Lane, and Well-close Square, which, with nearly 
 all the ground beyond, to Limehouse, had previously been 
 open fields. The western side of the Minories was built 
 over the ditch which had bounded the ancient city- 
 wall, and which, as has been stated, had been filled up. 
 Soho Square was also commenced, and the unfortunate 
 Duke of Monmouth began a splendid house on its south 
 side, where Bateman*s Buildings now stand; the pre- 
 sent Monmouth Street was called after him. In this reign 
 also, and in that of James IL, many of the large houses of 
 the nobility, &c. in the Strand were pulled down, and 
 that part of the metropolis began to assume an appearance 
 somewhat more resembling its present aspect. 
 
 From the latter reign to the conclusion of that of his 
 late Majesty, our observations are naturally comprised 
 under the head of " Modern Times." Northward, on 
 that once famous play-ground called Red Lion Fields, Red 
 Lion Street, Red Lion Square, with many other streets, 
 have been erected since the reign of James IL; and 
 Bloomsbury (formerly Southampton) Square, is of modern 
 date. Montague House, now the British Museum, was 
 built in 1687, and was the only building in that quarter, 
 some mean old houses excepted, which, about forty years 
 since, formed what were called St. Giles's Ruins. Soho 
 
 * Square, Greek Street, and several others adjacent, were 
 nearly completed in the latter end of Charles the Second's 
 reign, and during that of his brother, James. 
 
 • After the accession of William III., and more especially 
 ' during the reign of Anne, the buildings and population 
 
 very considerably increased. Greek Street and Crown 
 Street, the latter originally Hog Lane, were the residence 
 of the more genteel classes of French protestant refugees in 
 'the reign of W^iiliam and Mary, and here they raised 
 their church. The parish of St. Anne, and the streets in 
 'general between the eastern end of Oxford Street and St. 
 James's were commenced and completed in the reigns of 
 William and Anne. 
 
 About 1 700, that vast range of handsome buildings, in- 
 c 
 
14 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 eluding Bedford Row, Red Lion Square, Ormond Street, 
 Queen Square, with the streets between the latter and 
 Kingsgate Street, Holborn, first formed a communicatioHi 
 with the fields. Hatton Garden was also built on the site 
 of the mansion and garden of Lord Hatton. Saffron Hill,, 
 and the adjacent alleys, occupy the site of a romantic spot 
 called the Bishop of Ely's vineyard, but those places still 
 retain the names of Vine Street, Vine Court, and the 
 Vineyard; the only passage to which last, had been a. 
 narrow avenue still called Field Lane. Brook and Gre- 
 ville Streets, to the north of Holborn, were built on the 
 site of the house and gardens of Lord Brook.. 
 
 About the year 1742, the neighbourhood between Br- 
 shopsgate Street and Moorfields, exchanged its old decay- 
 ed dwellings for those handsome houses now forming 
 Broad Street, Broad Street Buildings, and a part of Old 
 Bethlehem. This part, as well as another at Westminster, 
 was called Petty France, both, probably, from having 
 been the places of residence of the French refugees, who 
 were obliged to quit their country on the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes. 
 
 The vast increase of buildings in St. Giiles's and St. 
 Martin's in the Fields, comprising all those nortii of Long 
 Acre to the Seven Dials ; the streets from Leicester Fields 
 to St. Martin's Lane; north and west, to the Haymarket 
 andSoho; onward to the Park Wall, in Piccadilly; and 
 thence almost to Knightsbridge ; Golden Square; Gros- 
 venor Square, &c. ; — being by calculation greater in bulk 
 than the cities of Bristol, Exeter, and York put together, 
 must be referred to the reigns of George L and IL 
 
 The augmentation in the size of London from the year 
 1727 to the present time, may be summed up as follows, 
 commencing at the north-east : 
 
 The whole extent of ground from Goodman's Fields to 
 Stepney, and from Whitechapel Road to Shadwell, has 
 been nearly covered with buildings, independent of the 
 construction of the West India Docks. From Whitecha- 
 pel Road to Hackney, Bethnal Green, and Mile End, the 
 same has taken place. 
 
 The line of increase on the south-east side proceeds 
 from Deptford to Camberwell, Kennington, and Stockwell, 
 
MODERN TIMES. 15 
 
 and thence, by Lambeth, to Westminster and Blackfriars 
 Bridge, taking in the whole space formerly denominated 
 St. George's Fields, sufficient of itself to form a consider- 
 able city. Continuing towards Chelsea, Walham Green, 
 Hammersmith, Turnham Green, and Kensington to Hyde 
 Park Corner, nearly the whole extent is covered with con- 
 venient and handsome buildings. 
 
 From Bayswater to Paddington, Hampstead, Highgate, 
 Highbury, Kingsland, and Hackney, where the line of 
 circumvallation meets, the entire buildings of Lisson Green, 
 Camden Town, Somers Town, Pentonville, Holloway, 
 Highbury, and Kingsland, have arisen to a very extraor- 
 dinary extent. Large tracts besides have been formed 
 into magnificent squares and streets. 
 
 But the improvements of greatest consequence have 
 been on the north side of the metropolis. In the large 
 parishes of Paddington, St. Mary-le-bone, Pancras, and 
 St. Giles's in the Fields, a great many streets, rows, and 
 public buildings have been raised. An extraordinary fea- 
 ture and great improvement in the parish of Mary-le-bone, 
 is the erection of several elegant villas and fine terraces 
 in the Regent's Park. The spacious squares of Portman, 
 Manchester, Fitzroy, Bedford, Tavistock, Russell, and 
 Brunswick, as well as Portland Place, are all of modern 
 date. The row of houses on the north side of Tyburn 
 Road, or Oxford Street, from Rathbone Place to Vere 
 Street, was completed in 1729, about which time the 
 following streets in the vicinity were built, and the ground 
 laid out for several others, viz. — Henrietta Street, Vere 
 Street, Holies Street, Margaret Street, Cavendish Street, 
 Welbeck Street, Wimpole Street, Princes Street, Bol- 
 sover Street, Castle Street, John Street, Market Street, 
 Lower Harley Street, Wigmore Street, Mortimer Street, 
 &c. mostly named from the title and family distinctions 
 of the noble houses of Oxford and Portland. In 1770, a 
 continuation of Harley Street was completed ; Mansfield 
 Street, a little beyond it to the north, was formed upon 
 the spot where a body of water, called Mary-le bone 
 basin, had before been ; Portland Place, and the streets ad- 
 joining, were erected soon after; Stratford Place, which adds 
 such an ornament to the upper part of Oxford Street, 
 c 2 
 
16 PIcrUUE OF LONDON. 
 
 wnrr built, about 1774, on some ground belonging to the 
 4 city of Loiulon, called Conduit Mead, where the Lord 
 ! Miiyor's banqiietting-house formerly stood. Cumberland 
 ^ Place, intended for a circus, was begun about the same 
 3 ear; and from 1786, building in that quarter hai pro- 
 ceeded with even increasing rapidity. 
 
 About 1760, some important improvements were 
 adopted : among these was a new Bridge at Blackfriars, 
 erected by Mr. Robert Mylne. The first pile was driven 
 in ihe middle of the river on the 7th of June that year. 
 The city gates also were ordered to be removed, when the 
 committee sold Aldgate for 177/. lO^., Cripplegate for 91/., 
 and Ludgate for 148/., to be pulled down and taken away 
 by the purchasers within a limited time. Fleet Ditch, 
 which anciently ran along the middle of Fleet Market, 
 was arched over in 1752-5, and after the building of 
 Blackfriars Bridge (or between 1766 and 1775), the re- 
 maining part of it was covered, and Bridge Street and 
 Chatham Place erected on its site. 
 
 An act of parliament passed in 1765, for the better 
 paving, cleansing, and lighting the city of London and its 
 liberties; for preventing annoyances, &c. This intro- 
 duced the flag-pavements, and led to the removal of posts, 
 spouts, signs, and gutters. 
 
 Great improvements have taken plaoe in the neighbour- 
 hood of Moorfields. Finsbury Square, begun in 1779, was 
 completed before the end of the last century, and various 
 new streets built in its vicinity. The large plot of ground 
 that formed the sole remaining vestige of Moorfields, 
 called the Quarters, is now covered by several handsome 
 streets, and by a range of edifices, called Finsbury Circus, 
 on the north side of which stands the London Institution, 
 Along the City Road appear a multitude of new buildings ; 
 and the upper parts ofGoswell Street and St. John Street 
 Roads have been much extended and improved. The 
 whole of Spa Fields will soon be covered with buildings, 
 which were begun in 1818. On the west side of the top 
 of Gray's Inn Road, several new streets have been formed, 
 ;uid others are in progress. A row of houses has lately 
 b cu erected on the north of the New Road near Bat- 
 tit Bridge, which, with those previously standing, makes a 
 
MODEHN IMPROVEMENTS. 17 
 
 complete line of buildings to the top of Tottenham 
 Court Road. On the south side of the New Road, op- 
 posite Euston Square, is situated Tavistock Square, now 
 nearly completed, to the west of which is a tract of 
 ground extending to Gower Street, recently let for build- 
 ing upon. Besides two squares to be planted and laid out 
 in a superior style, this piece of ground is to be occupied 
 by streets 75 feet wide, and is to consist entirely of first 
 rate houses. In a line with Tottenham Court Road is a 
 range of houses, reaching along the Hampstead Road on 
 the west side, almost to Camden Town. To the north of 
 the New Road, a vast number of new buildings have 
 been raised, in addition to those already mentioned in 
 the Regent's Park. The Edgeware Road, extending to 
 the north from the west end of Oxford Street, now forms 
 a continued street to Paddington, a line of houses having 
 lately been erected on the west side. Between the Edge- 
 ware Road and Portman Square, are situated Montague 
 and Bryanstone Squares ; and the whole space south of the 
 New Road, in that quarter, is now filled with buildings. 
 Between Pimlico and Chelsea extensive improvements are 
 making on the estate of Earl Grosvenor. A fine street has 
 been built on the line of the King's Road ; and the space be- 
 tween Sloane Street and Grosvenor Place will include two 
 very handsome squares. A large dock has been excavated 
 on the site of the Chelsea water works. Regent Street, 
 which forms a very wide avenue from Pall Mall to the 
 eastern side of the Regent's Park, may be reckoned among 
 the principal improvements in the metropolis, during the 
 present century. The houses, in general, display extraor • 
 dinai'y grandeur and magnificence, and their architectural 
 features are very much varied. This street, which is wide 
 and Macadamized, commences at Waterloo Place, Pall 
 Mall, and, passing in a right line to Piccadilly, forms a 
 circus, whence it proceeds, in a curve line, to Glasshouse 
 Street, and thence, across Oxford Street, to Portland 
 Place, at the northern extremity of which is Park Cres- 
 cent, bordering on the New Road. 
 
 Between Pall Mall and Charing Cross, important alter- 
 ations have been made, by taking down the houses in Suf- 
 folk Street and Whitcomb Street, and raising a number 
 
18 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 of fine edifices at the lower part of the Haymarket, and 
 on the north side of Cockspur Street, making a grand 
 opening from the Opera House to St. Martin's Church, in 
 front of which there is to be an open space, termed Union 
 Square. About ten years ago, the vicinity of the Houses 
 of Parliament was greatly improved, by taking down seve- 
 ral narrow streets and mean buildings, which obstructed 
 the view of Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's Church 
 from Palace Yard : and, more recently, the former of these 
 structures and Westminster Hall have undergone consi- 
 derable repairs and embellishments. St. James's Palace 
 has'also been much altered, and some new mews or royal 
 stables have been built at Buckingham House. 
 
 In the heart of the metropolis several improvements 
 have been effected. The narrow winding passage, formerly 
 called Snow Hill, has given place to Skinner Street, 
 opening a direct and spacious avenue from St. Sepulchre's 
 Church to Holborn Bridge. The Strand, near Temple 
 Bar, has been widened, and Picket Street erected. The 
 removal of Fleet Market has been proposed, and a new 
 and convenient market designed on the east side of Shoe 
 Lane. The street thus formed, by the removal of this 
 market, and continued from Blackfriars Bridge to Clerk- 
 enwell Green, &c. will rank among the most useful im- 
 provements of the metropolis. 
 
 To the west and south of the Bank are the edifices 
 called Bank Buildings, and other modern erections : the 
 Bank itself has been much enlarged and improved. 
 
 On the Surrey side of the Thames, many new streets 
 have been formed, others extended, and various important 
 improvements have taken place. The erection of Waterloo 
 Bridge has been followed by the opening of a spacious ave- 
 nue to the Obelisk in St. George's Fields, and several streets 
 have been built to connect it with Great Surrey Street, 
 &c. The Southwark Bridge has been rendered accessible 
 by a wide street leading to Union Street in the Borough, 
 previously to the formation of which, Nelson Square was 
 erected, and almost the whole of St. George's Fields to 
 the east of Great Surrey Street covered with buildings. 
 A spacious and handsome street, called Greshamhury^ is in- 
 tended to be formed from the Mansion house to the South' 
 
POPULATION. 1^ 
 
 wark Bridge. Great Dover Street, extending almost paral- 
 lel with Kent Street, may be considered as one of the 
 greatest improvements in the southern part of the metro- 
 polis The new London Bridge, now erecting, will be the 
 means of nmterially improving the Borough, as all the 
 houses on the west side of the High Street are to be taken 
 down and rebuilt, so as to form a convenient and spacious 
 street from the Bridge to the Town Hall The buildings of 
 Newington and Lambeth have been very much extended 
 in the direction of the Kent Road, Walworth, Kenning- 
 ton, and Vauxhall. At the latter place, a new Iron Bridge 
 has been raised across the Thames, affording a communi- 
 cation between Vauxhall and Pimlico ; since which, many 
 new erections have taken place in the vicinity. 
 
 A writer in the Monthly Magazine, for Februar}', 1811, 
 has asserted, that within the preceding forty years, a thou- 
 sand houses each year had been added to the metropolis; 
 and he accounted for their rapid occupation, by the circum- 
 stance of London being, not merely, as formerly, the ca- 
 pital of England and Wales, but of the whole British 
 empire in America, Asia, and Africa; by the change of 
 manners ; by the resort to London of annuitants in the 
 funds ; and by the increase of public offices for the reve- 
 nue and other departments, the numerous clerks and other 
 officers of which are wholly or partially confined to a re- 
 sidence in the metropolis. The number of houses, ac- 
 cording to the Parliame.itary Returns, made under the 
 Population Act of ISil, amounted in the City of London 
 to 18,290 ; in Westminster to 1 9,275 ,* in the other Middle- 
 sex suburbs to nearly 100,000; and in Southwark to 
 13,187. 
 
 The Population of London, owing to the general width 
 of Xhfi streets, the number of the squares, and the space 
 filled by every distinct family, is by no means proportioned 
 to its extent, at least when compared with other cities ; 
 although it is in reality calculated to afford a theme for 
 the utmost admiration and astonishment. The following 
 table exhibits a view of the number of inhabitants in 
 London and its suburbs, according to the Parliamentary 
 Returns of 1821 : 
 
20 
 
 PICTURE OF LONDON, 
 
 The City of Lon- 
 don, within the 
 walls, contained... 
 
 The City, without 
 
 the wails 69,260 
 
 Finsbury Division of 
 Ossulston Hun- 
 dred, (exclusive 
 of the parishes of 
 l^inchley, Friern 
 Barnet, Hornsey, 
 and Stoke New- 
 mgton, inserted 
 in the return)... 110,127 
 
 Brt. forward 235,561 
 Holborn Division ... 27 6,63P 
 
 56,174 Tower Division 291,650 
 
 Westminster 182,085 
 
 Borough of South- 
 ward 85,905 
 
 Parish of Bermond- 
 
 sey 25,235 
 
 Parish of Lambeth 57,638 
 ■ Ne wing- 
 ton Butts 33,047 
 
 Parish of Rother- 
 
 hithe 12,523 
 
 Total 1,200,274 
 
 Carry forward 235,561 
 The population of the central part of London, or the 
 City, properly so termed, has decreased three-fifths since 
 the beginning of the last century ; a circumstance to be 
 attributed to the streets having been much widened, and to 
 the erection of numerous warehouses, untenanted, except 
 by the stock of their owners. The proportion of males to 
 females is about ten of the former to eleven of the latter, 
 among the resident population, and at par, including the 
 general total of residents and visitors A comparative 
 view of the progress of population in the metropolis for 
 rather more than 100 years past, is exhibited in the sub- 
 joined table, in which an allowance is made for the fluc- 
 tuating accessions of population, arising from the con- 
 course of foreigners and other visitors, engaged in com- 
 mercial pursuits. 
 
 Population of the Metropolis. 
 
 1700 
 
 .1750 I 1801 
 
 1. City of London within the ! 
 
 walls 139,300 
 
 2. City of London without the 
 
 walls . ; 69,000 
 
 3. City and Liberties of West- i 
 
 minster 130,000 
 
 4. Out-parishes within the bills | 
 
 of Mortality 326,900,357,600 477,700 
 
 5. Parishes not within the Bills 1 } I 
 
 of Mortality I 9,1^ 22,35 123,000 
 
 ToUl 1674,3501676,250,900,000 
 
 87,000 78,000 
 57,300 56,300 
 152,000 165,000 
 
 1811 
 
 57,700 
 68,000 
 168,600 
 593,700 
 162,000 
 
 1,050,000 
 
 1821 ■ 
 
 58,400 
 
 72,000 
 
 189,400 
 
 730,700 
 
 224,300 
 1,274,800 
 
CLIMATE. 21 
 
 The Climate, like that of the kingdom in general, is very 
 variable, inclined to moisture, but, upon the whole, tem- 
 perate. It appears from Mr. Kirwan's " Estimate of the 
 Temperature of different Latitudes/' 8vo, 1787, that taking 
 the mean of the observations made at the house of the 
 Royal Society from the year 1772 to 1780, the annual 
 temperature of London is 51° 9', or in round numbers, 
 52°; the average, monthly temperature is stated in the fol- 
 lowing table ; 
 
 o 
 
 January - 55.9 July - 66.3 
 
 February - 42.3 August - 65.85 
 
 McU-ch - 46.4 September- 59.63 
 
 April - 49,9 October - 52.81 
 
 May - 56.61 November- 44.44 
 
 June - 63. '22 December- 41.04 
 
 The greatest usual cold is 20^, and happens in January ; 
 
 the greatest usual heat is 81°, and happens generally in 
 
 July. The limits of the annual variation are 2° 5', that is, 
 
 1' above, and 1° 5' below the mean.* 
 The greatest variations of the mean temperature of the 
 
 same month, in different years, are as follows : 
 
 January 
 
 - 6 
 
 July 
 
 - 2 
 
 February 
 
 - 5 
 
 August 
 
 - 2 
 
 March 
 
 - 4 
 
 September 
 
 - O,!) 
 
 April 
 
 3 
 
 October 
 
 - 4 
 
 May 
 
 - 2.5 
 
 November 
 
 - 4 
 
 June 
 
 - 2 
 
 December 
 
 - 3 
 
 * The extremes of heat and cold, which have been noticed in 
 tlie" metropolis at particular periods, have been very remark- 
 able. . The lighest degree of temperature ever recorded to 
 have been observed, was on the ISth of July, 1808, when the 
 mercury, in a thermometer placed in the shade, in St. James's 
 Park, rose to 94 degrees. On the following day, it stood at 9 
 degrees ; and several days before and after were unusually 
 warm. This violent heat proved fatal to many labourers, and 
 to other persons exposed to it, in various parts of the kingdom. 
 The lowest degree of temperature which has been observed of 
 late years, took place January 24th, 1795, when the mercury 
 fell to 38 degrees below the freezing point in Fahrenheit's 
 thermometer 
 
22 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Hence it appears that the summers differ much less 
 than the winters. 
 
 The most usual variations of temperature within the 
 space of 24 hours in every month, are 
 
 January 
 
 6 
 
 July 
 
 10 
 
 February 
 
 8 
 
 August 
 
 15 
 
 March 
 
 - 20 
 
 September - 
 
 18 
 
 April 
 
 - 18 
 
 October 
 
 14 
 
 May 
 
 ■ 14 
 
 November - 
 
 9 
 
 June 
 
 . 12 
 
 December - 
 
 6 
 
 To this daily mutability of temperature may be attri- 
 buted the frequency of vernal and autumnal colds. 
 
 Mr. Kirwan has shewn that, proportionably to its lati- 
 titude, it is much colder in London than in Edinburgh ; 
 for the mean temperature of Edinburgh in January is 
 54° 5', and that of London is 35° 9'; and this difference 
 he ascribes to the following causes : 1st, that Edinburgh 
 is not exposed to the Siberian winds as London is : 2dly, 
 that Edinburgh is nearer to the sea : Sdly, that the rigour 
 of the northerly winds is very little moderated, perhaps 
 indeed increased, in passing from Scotland to London, 
 particularly if the surface of the earth is covered with 
 snow ; and hence we may credit Dr. Smollett (Travels to 
 Italy), who asserts, that the winters are sometimes milder 
 at Edinburgh than at London. 
 
 With regard to the diseases and proportion of salubriti/ 
 usually attaching to London, it is a satisfaction to state 
 generally, that since the complete extinction of the Plague 
 by the great fire of 1 666, this metropolis has fully deserved 
 to be considered as one of the most healthy on earth ; and 
 that, in consequence of the open mode of building that 
 now prevails, its increase to an almost indefinite extent is 
 not likely to be attended with additional unwholesome- 
 ness. There are now no diseases that, properly speaking, 
 can be said to be peculiar to London, although in parts, 
 where its buildings are still confined, there exists, as must 
 aiways be the case in such circumstances, a predisposition^ 
 among the lower orders at least, to low fever and infectious 
 disorders in general. The baneful habit of dram-drinking, 
 
DISEASES, SALUBRITY, &C. 25 
 
 it must, however, be observed, has been found of late years 
 to produce the most melancholy results, in regard to the 
 health, as well as the morals, of the poorer population. 
 Still, upon the whole, the increase of salubrity, within the 
 last seventy years, is proved by the fact, that the annual 
 mortality is now only one in thirty-one; whereas, in 1750, 
 it appears to have been one in twenty-three. Several 
 causes, natural and artificial, conduce to the generally re- 
 markable healthiness of this capital. Cleanliness, above 
 all, is much promoted by the construction of the pave- 
 ments, which are mostly very compact, that in the middle, 
 for carriages, forming a small convexity to pass the water 
 off by channels ; and on each side is a broad level path, 
 formed of flag-stones, raised a little above the centre, for 
 the convenience of foot-passengers. The sewers beneath 
 are large vaulted channels, communicating with each 
 house by smaller ones, and with every street by conve- 
 nient openings and gratings, to carry off all filth which can 
 be conveyed in that manner into the river : the mud, or 
 other rubbish, that accumulates on the surface of the 
 streets, is taken away by persons employed at the public 
 expence for that purpose. The breadth of the streets, 
 and the space respectively occupied by families residing 
 in London, contribute greatly to the same salutary effects ; 
 and, perhaps, among the chief artificial causes, may be reck- 
 oned the description and quality of the food of the inha- 
 bitants. Probably there is no city in the world where the 
 labouring population, and certainly none where the 
 middling classes, enjoy so large a share of the necessaries 
 and inferior comforts of life, as in the metropolis; and 
 this ease of condition is no doubt a powerful agent to- 
 wards the health as well as the happiness of a people. 
 In the year 1650, the total number of deaths was 8764; 
 in 1700^ they were 19,445; in 1750, they were 23,727; 
 in 1798 and 1799, they were 18,000 in each year; 
 and in 1800, they were' 23,068; in 1801, they were 
 19,574; in 1806, they were 17,938, i^iz. 9215 males, and 
 8725 females. 
 
24 
 
 CHAP. 11 
 
 Historical Notices of the Principal Events connected with 
 the Metropolis from the earliest Period to the Present 
 Time. 
 
 London is first presented to our notice, in the pages of 
 history, as a Roman tawn ; for the romantic tale of 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, who ascribes the erection of a 
 city on this spot to Brute, monarch of Britain, 1000 years 
 before the Christian aera, deserves no credit. But though 
 we reject this and similar fables of the Welsh Chroniclers 
 relative to the origin of London, the existe^ice af a British 
 town on the present site may be admitted as extremely 
 probable. Caesar, in his Comineiitaries, mentions ths 
 Trinobanles, as a tribe inhabiting the northern bank 
 of the Thames, and slightly alludes to their principal 
 settlement, as CivHas Trinobantum, This probably 
 was London, which Ammianus Marcelliuus, m the 
 fourth century, designates as " Augusta Trinobantum, an 
 ancient town, once called Lundinium" The situation of 
 this place was precisely such as the ancient Britons were 
 accustomed to choose for their stationary towns, as de- 
 scribed by the Roman writers. Their establishments were 
 fixed in the midst of woods and marshes, and such was 
 originally the site of London. To the east were woods, 
 of which the forests of Epping and Hainault exhibit the 
 remains. The north side was protected by the fens of 
 Finsbury ; on the west flowed the river Fleet, said to have 
 been a navigable stream ; and on the south was the 
 Thames, the southern bank of which must then have been 
 a continued morass. The appellation by which this city 
 was known to the Romans, strengthens the opinion that it 
 was originally a British town ; for Londmiiem, or Lundi-- 
 nium, may, with probability, be derived from the British 
 Llyn-Din, the town or fortress on the lake, lli/n signi- 
 fying a lake, or broad stream, and din a fortified town, in 
 the old British language. 
 
 Ptolemy, the ancient geographer, has described Roman 
 
UNDiR THE ROMANS. 25 
 
 London, as being seated on the south side of the Thames ; 
 and Dr. Gale, relying on his authority, places it in the 
 spot long called St. George's Fields. But though various 
 Roman antiquities have been discovered at different pe- 
 riods in that tract ot* ground, it must, previous^ to the 
 embankment of the river, have been a mere morass over- 
 flowed by water at every spring tide, andy consequently, by 
 no means adapted for human habitation. That the north 
 bank of the Thames was the site of the Roman city appears 
 also from the numerous architectural and other relics 
 of that people found there, and which decidedly identify 
 tlie place of their residence. According to Dr. Stukeley, 
 the original London formed an oblong square, reaching 
 from the river Thames to Maiden Lane, Lad lAiue, and 
 Cateaton Street, on the north ; and extending from east 
 to west between two streams, w hich have left their names 
 to Wal-broo/c and i^e^'^-market, beneath which streets 
 they still continue to flow. London, after it came under 
 the dominion of the Romans, no doubt received from that 
 enterprising and sagacious people every improvement of 
 which its situation admitted, and might therefore natu- 
 rally be supposed to have experienced an augmentation 
 of population and importance. That this was actually 
 the case, we learn from the information of the Roman 
 historian Tacitus, who says, that previously to the re- 
 volt of the Britons under Boadicea, or about A. D. 60, 
 London " was the chief residence of merchants, and the 
 great mart of trade and commerce, though not dignified 
 with the name of a colony." In the insurrection of the 
 Britons against the Romans, A.D. 61, this place was depo- 
 pulated and destroyed by the troops of Boadicea, for all 
 its inhabitants who remained there, after the retreat of 
 the Roman army, under Suetonius Paulinus, were sacri- 
 ficed to the fury of the Britons. From this circumstance 
 it must be inferred, that London, at that time, was not a 
 fortified place, as it was incapable of rebisting the attack 
 of undisciplined forces. It was subsequently made a sta- 
 tionary Roman town, encompassed with an embattled wall, 
 and the inhabitants were subjected to the laws of the 
 empire. Under the fostering influence of the mighty 
 masters of the ancient world, London soon recovered, 
 
 D 
 
26 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 and probably surpassed, its former prosperity. At the 
 beginning of the third century, in the reign of the Em- 
 peror Severn s, it is represented as a great and wealthy 
 city, and considered to be the metropolis of Britain. 
 Such was the extent of its commerce, that, we are told 
 by the historian Zosimus, in the year 359, eight hun- 
 dred vessels belonging to this place were employed in 
 the exportation of grain. 
 
 Though the original Walls of the city are admitted to 
 have been of Roman construction, yet authors are not 
 agreed as to the time of their erection. Richard of Ciren- 
 cester ascribes them to the age of Constantine the Great, 
 where he says, " This city was surrounded with a wall by 
 the Empress Helena, the discoverer of the Holy Cross," 
 who was the mother of Constantine, and is supposed to 
 have been a British princess. Maitland imagines they 
 M ere built by Theodosius, a Roman general, who visited 
 Britain about 369, to oppose the incursions of the Picts 
 and Scots. It appears indeed, from the relation of Am- 
 mianus Marcellinus, that Theodosius, after expelling the 
 invaders, took up his residence in London, and that he 
 repaired the fortifications of those cities and castles 
 which they had damaged or destroyed; but the most 
 that can be inferred from this account is, that Theodoshis 
 restored the walls and forts of the city, which had suffered 
 dilapidation from time or violence. It is most probable, 
 that a rampart of some kind was erected round London, 
 on its being rebuilt after the revolt under Boadicea. This 
 rampart, perhaps, extended no farther eastward than Wal- 
 brook, including the same space as the original British 
 settlement. Whether the enlargement of the boundary 
 took place on the erection of the walls by the Empress 
 Helena, or at an earlier period, cannot be determined with 
 certainty. The following is a general sketch of the ex- 
 tent and direction of the ancient wall of this city : — It 
 commenced at a fortress or castle standing on or near the 
 site of the present Tower, and was carried, in a northern 
 direction, to Aldgate ; thence it made a curve north-west- 
 ward to Bishopsgate, from which it was continued, nearly 
 in a straight line, due west to Cripplegate, and on to Al- 
 dersgate; there, bending to the south-west, it passed on to 
 
ROMAN WALLS AND GATES. 2" 
 
 Newgate, where it made almost a right angle, and, turning 
 southward, was continued to Ludgate, at a short distance 
 from which it formed another angle, and ran westward to 
 the river Fleet, along the bank of which it reached to 
 the Thames. Another wall stretched along the north 
 bank of that river. The circuit of this boundary appears 
 to have been somewhat more than two miles, and the su- 
 perficial contents of the included space have been com- 
 puted at four hundred acres. The height of the wall is 
 said to have been twenty-two feet, and it was defended 
 at certain distances by strong towers and bastions, the 
 former forty feet high. Dr. Stukeley, in his "Itinerarium 
 Curiosum," has given a plan of Londiniian, showing its 
 form and extent, according to his conjectures, with the 
 number of gates in the walls, and the military roads 
 branching off from them. No traces of Roman masonry 
 are discoverable in the few remains of the city wall now 
 visible. These relics are confined to London Wall, (at 
 the back of Fore Street,) Cripplegate Churchyard, and a 
 court leading from the Broadway to Little Bridge Street, 
 on the south side of Ludgate Hill. Wherever the found- 
 ations have been laid open, this bulwark has been found 
 to be formed of rag-stone, with single layers of Roman 
 bricks, at intervals of two feet. These bricks were a little 
 more than seventeen inches long, eleven and a half broad, 
 and one inch and a quarter in thickness. 
 
 Nearly across the midst of Roman London, ran the 
 stream already mentioned, called Walbrook, the course 
 of which has long been covered over; and almost at 
 right angles with this, passed through the centre of the 
 city, was a street, in the direction of Watling Street. 
 The four principal gates opened to the four great mili- 
 tary roads, or ways, leading to various parts of the island. 
 
 The praetorian way, originally a British road, and after- 
 wards the Saxon Watling Street, passed under a gate on 
 the site of Newgate, whence it traversed the city to a 
 ferry across the Thames, at Dowgate, and, re-commencing 
 on the opposite bank, was continued to Dover. Under 
 Cripplegate passed Irmin Street ; and under Aldgate, a vi- 
 cinal way by Bethnal Green to Old ford where there was 
 a.passage across the river Lea to Layton, in Essex, and 
 D 2 
 
28 PfCTURE OF LONDON, 
 
 onward to Colchester, &c. On the formation of new 
 roads, additional gates were erected, among which were 
 Bridge-gate, Lud-gate, Alders-gate, Moor-gate, Bishops- 
 gate, and the Postern-gate on Tower Hill. Besides the 
 fort near the Tower, the Romans had a Specula, or watch 
 tower, situated on the north side of Barbican. There 
 was also a strong out-work, on the west side of the Old 
 Bailey, some traces of which are still visible in Sea-coal 
 Lane ; and there are likewise relics of a similar fortress 
 on the eminence near Apothecaries' Hall. 
 
 The burial phices of the Romans were, by the laws of 
 the empire, directed to be without the walls of their 
 cities. Those attached to London are supposed to have 
 been situated on the spots now called Goodman's Fields 
 and Spitalfields, where numerous sepulchral relics have 
 been frequently disinterred. Among the various indica* 
 tions of Roman residence which have been discovered 
 within the limits of London, maybe mentioned tessellated 
 pavements, urns, coins, pottery, and foundations of build- 
 ings, which sufficiently attest the ancient grandeur and 
 importance of this city. Whitaker, with great proba- 
 bility, supposes, " that the first embankment of the Thames 
 was the natural operation of that magnificent spirit which 
 intersected the earth with so many raised ramparts and 
 roads " Of this vast bulwark against the encroachment 
 of the tide, there are evident remains on the south side of 
 the river ; but it appears on a scale of still greater magni- 
 tude in the vast sea-wall along the fens of Essex. By such 
 works as these, the Romans, in some measure, repaired the 
 injuries which their ambition inflicted on vanquished ,na- 
 tions, leaving them as monuments of their glory to 
 future ages. 
 
 When Britain was deserted by the Romans, and the 
 ancient inhabitants were left to conduct their own affairs, 
 it is probable that the internal government of the country 
 devolved on the magistrates of the principal cities; and 
 as London had been the chief seat of Roman authority, 
 its municipal officers must have possessed much power and 
 influence. Though this period of British history is very 
 obscure, it is an acknowledged 4act, that Vortigern, 
 a British chieftain, obtained the sovereignty of the south? 
 
 I 
 
UNDER THE SAXONS. 29 
 
 ern part of the islaml, and made a notable use of his au- 
 thority, by adopting those measures which terminated 
 in the subjugation of what is now called England, by the 
 Jutes, Saxons, and Angles, piratical tribes of adventurers 
 from Germany, who had long been formidable enemies of 
 the provincial Britons. Hengist, leader of the first of 
 these bands of invaders, soon obtained possession of the 
 county of Kent ; and though he had been originally in- 
 "vited hither to assist Vortigern in repelling the attacks of 
 the Picts and Scots, yet he, ere long, turned his arms 
 against the Britons themselves. It appears from the 
 Saxon Chronicle, that, in 457, a British army having been 
 defeated at Crayford in Kent, retreated to London. 
 About twenty years after this battle, Hengist made him- 
 self master of this city, and kept possession of it, probably, 
 till his death, A.D.488. It was then re-captured by the 
 British king, Ambrosius, and continued to belong to the 
 Britons during a great part of the sixth century. On the 
 formation of the Saxon kingdom of Essex, London be- 
 came its capital. Shortly afterwards, Christianity super- 
 seded Paganism among the Anglo-Saxons, and Sebert, 
 King of Essex, having been converted in 604, London was 
 constituted a Bishop^s See, and Melitus was appointed the 
 first bishop. 
 
 In 610, a cathedral church, dedicated to St. Paul, 
 was erected on the same spot where the present cathedral 
 stands^. Westminster Abbey, which owed its found- 
 ation to King Sebert, was built not long afterwards. The 
 place chosen for its site was then called the island of 
 Thorney, and from the buildings which gradually con- 
 gregated around the monastery, the city of Westminster 
 derived its origin. 
 
 Though the Saxons were Pagans for more than one 
 hundred and fifty years after their first settlement in 
 Britain, yet as London did not finally pass under their yoke 
 till a short time before their conversion to Christianity, it 
 may be questioned whether the general appearance of this 
 city was materially affected by its change of masters. The 
 Saxons, a much less polished people than the Romanized 
 Britons, doubtless adopted the arts and improvements of 
 the conquered nation ; and when they had leisure to re- 
 
50 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 pair the injunes occasioned by the ravages of war, the 
 edifices, whether public or private, w^hich remained, pro- 
 bably served them as patterns for the erection of new ones. 
 The dominion of the Saxons being firmly established, and 
 that people having embraced the Christian faith, we may 
 safely conclude that London recovered from the conse- 
 quences of the preceding contest, and re -assumed the same 
 general features it had previously exhibited. That the 
 city rose to distinguished commercial eminence during the 
 latter part of the seventh century, we learn from Bede, 
 who characterizes it as the " emporium of many nations." 
 The rising prosperity of London appears to have suf- 
 fered some checks from repeated visitations of the plague, 
 and from the destructive effects of fire. In 795, a dread- 
 ful conflagration happened, when the city was nearly 
 consumed, and a vast multitude of the inhabitants lost 
 their lives. But these temporary calamities were of less 
 importance than the injuries which it suffered, in common 
 with many other parts of England, from the invasions of 
 the Danes. In the reign of Egbert, king of VVessex, whose 
 power extended over Essex, and some other kingdoms of 
 the Heptarchy, the Danish pirates first made themselves 
 formidable to the Anglo-Saxon inhabitants of this country. 
 Egbert opposed their incursions with success, and, after 
 several severe struggles, restored peace to his dominions. 
 In 855, he summoned a national assembly or wittenage- 
 mote to meet at London, to consult on the adoption of 
 measures to preserve the safety of the country. During 
 the reigns of the immediate successors of this prince, the 
 Danes renewed their attacks, and devastated several parts 
 of South Britain. In 859, they assaulted London, but were 
 repulsed. In 8.51, they took the city, and long retained 
 possession of it ; and the Saxon Chronicle states, that a 
 Danish army was quartered in it duting the winter of 
 872. It required the genius of Alfred to expel these in- 
 vaders from his own dominions, and confine them to the 
 eastern and northern parts of England, where they were 
 permitted to settle, on entering into engagements to ac- 
 knowledge the sovereignty of the Saxon kings. The mari- 
 time superiority of the Danes had contributed greatly to 
 their success ; and among the principal measures adopted 
 
UNDER THE DANES* SI 
 
 by Alfred, for the recovery and defence of his territories, 
 was the formation of a naval establishment, by means 
 of which he dislodged the Danish intruders, and recovered 
 possession of London, in 885. Having made himself mas- 
 ter of this important city, he repaired and strengthened 
 its fortifications, and consigned the government of it to 
 his son-in-law, Ethelred, whom he made Earl of Mercia. 
 To Alfred is attributed the original plan of the municipal 
 constitution of London, and especially the institution of 
 the office of Sheriff. In the subsequent war, carried on 
 against the Danish leader, Hastings, the Londoners re- 
 peatedly distinguished themselves., especially in 896, in 
 the capture of a castle which had been erected by the 
 Danes at Bemfleet in Essex. In the succeeding reign of 
 Edward the Elder, on the death of the Earl of Mercia, 
 in 912, the kinghimself assumed the government of Lon* 
 don, considering it as a post of too much importance to 
 be united with the command of an extensive province. 
 
 The city, though at this period advancing in eminence, 
 had not yet risen to the rank of an Anglo-Saxon metro- 
 polis, for Winchester continued to be the principal resi- 
 dence of several of the successors of Alfred. Yet his 
 grandson, Athelstan, had a palace in London; and its 
 comparative consequence, in the reign of that prince, may 
 be inferred from a law then made relative to coinage, or- 
 daining that eight minters should be allotted to London, 
 seven to Canterbury, six to Winchester, and not more 
 than two or three to the other cities and towns of the 
 kingdom. In 945, during the reign of the next king, 
 Edmund the Elder, a meeting of the Wittenagemote took 
 place at London, for the settlement of the affairs of the 
 church. In 961, a pestilential fever occasioned the de- 
 struction of a great many of the inhabitants; and in 982, 
 the city suffered from a dreadful conflagration. 
 
 Towards the close of the tenth century, England was 
 again exposed to the invasions of the Danes. In 994, 
 London was assaulted by a Danish fleet, commanded by 
 Glaf and Sweyn. On this occasion, a bridge over the 
 Thames is first mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle, though 
 it does not appear over what part of the river it was 
 placed. The citizens succeeded in repulsing their assail- 
 
32 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 ants, as they did likewise when again besieged in 1009. 
 About three years after, a meeting of the Wittenagemote 
 was held in London, to consult on the measures proper 
 to be adopted for resisting the Danes. The result of their 
 deliberations, was the payment of a large sum of money, 
 which only warded off the attacks of the invaders for a 
 short time. In 1013, King Ethelred II., alarmed for 
 his personal safety, abandoned the kingdom and fled to 
 Normandy, and the city of London opened its gates to 
 Sweyn, who was chosen king of England. He died soon 
 after, and Ethelred was restored ; but that imbecile mo- 
 narch found a new and powerful adversary in Canute, 
 the son of Sweyn. In the subsequent contests which 
 .took place, the Londoners displayed great bravery, on 
 several occasions, in support of their Saxon princes. After 
 the death of Ethelred, his son, Edmund Ironside, de- 
 fended his crown, with the spirit of an Alfred, against his 
 Danish adversary. The citizens of London seconded the 
 efforts of their sovereign ; and in the course of the year 
 .1016, the place was thrice assaulted by Canute, who was 
 jeach time obliged to retreat. The war between these 
 princes was terminated by a treaty of partition, which left 
 Edmund in possession of London and all the country south 
 of the Thames. On the murder of the Saxon king, which 
 immediately followed, Canute obtained the dominion 
 of the whole kingdom. In the levy of a sum of money 
 which he made soon after for the payment of his troops, 
 it appears, that towards the whole amount, which was 
 85,000/. London contributed 11,000/. 
 
 After the de^th of the last Danish king, Hardicanute, 
 in 1041, a general council of the clergy and nobility was 
 held in London, when, through the influence of Earl God- 
 win, Edward, surnamed the Confessor, was chosen king. 
 During the peaceful reign of this prince, who made Lon- 
 don the chief place of his residence, the city recovered 
 from the injuries it had suffered in the preceding commo- 
 tions, and increased in wealth and population. One of 
 the last and greatest undertakings in which King Edward 
 engaged, was the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey, 
 which he intended as the place for his own interment. He 
 died a short time after it was completed, and was sue- 
 
UNDER THE NORMANS. 35 
 
 ceeded by Harold, the son of Earl Godwin, whose defeat 
 and death, at the battle of Hastings, in 1066, paved the 
 way for the accession of William, Duke of Normandy, 
 to the English crown. 
 
 On Christmas-day, 1066, William, the first of that 
 name who held the title, was crowned King of England, at 
 Westminster, at which solemnity, the civic magistrates 
 of London assisted. One of the first public acts of the 
 new sovereign, was the grant of a charter to the metro- 
 polis, which is still extant in the Saxon language, among 
 the archives of the city. The following is a literal 
 translation of this curious document: — " William the 
 Kinjx greeteth in friendship, William the Bishop, Godfrey 
 the Fortreve*, and all the Burgesses in London, French 
 and English. And I acquaint you, that I will that ye all 
 there be law-worthy as ye were in King Edward's days. 
 And I will that every child be his father's heir after his 
 father's days. And 1 will not that any man do you any 
 wrong. God preserve you." 
 
 In 1077 a dreadful fire happened, which destroyed the 
 greater part of the city. In the year following, that part 
 of the Tower of London, now called the White Tower, 
 f^ppears to have been founded^ for the purpose of over- 
 awing the citizens, who were dissatisfied with the new go- 
 vernment. Another fire took place in 1086, when the 
 cathedral church of St. Paul was burnt down. "Maurice, 
 then Byshoppe of London," says Stowe, " afterw^ard began 
 the foundation of the newe Church of St. Paul, a worke 
 that men of that time judged would never have been 
 finished, it was then so wonderfulL" 
 
 It is somewhat remarkable, that the survey of the "king- 
 dom, made in this king's reign, and presejrved in the 
 Domesday Book, does not include London. As the 
 original manuscript of that record, which is still remaining, 
 does not appear to have been mutilated, it must be con- 
 
 * This Saxon appellation for the chief magistrate, isignifies 
 the governor of a port or harbour. 
 
 f rhe architect of this structure was Gundulph, Bishop of 
 Hochester, who also built Rochester Castle. See Bay ley'* 
 ¥ Jli story of the Tower." 4tQ^ 
 
34 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 eluded, that the property of the citizens in London was 
 registered in a separate volume, now lost; or that it was 
 not divided into knight's fees, and consequently not sur- 
 veyed with the rest of the kingdom. In the year 1090, 
 much damage was done to the buildings of the city by a 
 terrible hurricane, which also injured the Tower. Two 
 years after, a destructive fire occurred. The Tower was 
 subsequently repaired and strengthened by King William II. 
 who, in the year 1097, also built Westminster Hall. In 
 the reign of his successor, Henry I., the Londoners ob- 
 tained a new and extended charter of privileges, including 
 the perpetual sheriffdom of the county of Middlesex, and 
 the right to elect a sheriff from among the citizens; ex- 
 emption from scot and lot, dane-gelt, trial by battle, im- 
 pleading without the walls, payment of tolls, &c.; and the 
 extraordinary power of seizing for debt the goods, (if found 
 within the city,) of the borough, town, or county, " wherein 
 h.e remains who shall owe the debt," provided **hehas not 
 cleared himself in London." This charter also confirmed 
 the ancient right of the citizens to hunt in the chaces of 
 Middlesex, Surrey, and the Chiltern district. On the 
 death of Henry I„ the Londoners supported the claims of 
 his nephew Stephen to the crown, in opposition to those 
 of the Empress Maud; and in the contests which after- 
 wards took place between the partizans of each, the citi- 
 zens adhered to the king, and suffered in his cause. 
 Henry II., son of the empress, seems to have remembered 
 the hostility of the inhabitants of the metropolis to his 
 mother, for he extorted from them several forced loans, 
 and though there is a charter extant, ascribed to this 
 prince, confirming that of Henry I., it clearly appears not 
 to be authentic. 
 
 At the coronation of Richard I., the riotous populace of 
 London massacred a great number of the Jewish resi- 
 dents, who had assembled to view the spectacle. The 
 citizens or burgesses of the metropolis officiated at the 
 coronation feast as royal butlers, the chief magistrate, 
 then called the bailiff, acting as grand butler. In the 
 early part of his reign, King Richard granted to the city a 
 new charter, and at this period, the title of Mai/or is said 
 to have originated, Henry Fitz-Alwyn having been tihe 
 
TKMP. KING JOHN. — HENRY III. S5 
 
 person who first bore it. In 1195, the king received from 
 the corporation, the sum of 1500/. as the price of a new 
 charter, confirming former privileges and bestowing on the 
 citizens the jurisdiction or conservatorship of the river 
 Thames. The year 1196 was distinguished by a violent 
 sedition, which seems to have been occasioned by the un- 
 equal pressure of the taxes on the lower classes of the 
 metropolitans. It was at length suppressed, and William 
 Fitz-Robert, alias Longbeard, a factious leader of the 
 mob, was taken and executed. Such, however, was the 
 credit he had acquired, that his relics were long revered 
 by the populace, as those of a sainted martyr. In the 
 reign of John, several charters were granted to the city, 
 under which the corporation approached to its present 
 form; and its influence and authority were considerably 
 augmented. This king, by one of his charters, empowered 
 the " Barons of the City of London" to elect a fresh 
 mayor annually, or to continue in office the same indivi- 
 vidual from year to year, a right exercised so lately as 
 the years 1816 and 1817, in the case of Mr. Alderman 
 Wood, This charter is the earliest known document in 
 which the head of the corporation is called the mayor, 
 though the appellation is supposed to have been assumed, 
 as already stated, in the preceding reign, by Henry Fitz- 
 Alwyn. During the disputes between King John and the 
 Pope, London suifered much from the interdict laid on 
 the kingdom by his holiness, and when it was taken oflf^ 
 the citizens paid 2000 marks, in part of the sum of 40,000 
 exacted by the pope from his majesty. In 1212 a dread- 
 ful fire broke out on the south side of London bridge, and 
 3000 persons are said to have been drowned, or burnt to 
 death. In the disastrous civil war, which occurred towards 
 the close of the reign of John, the Londoners joineji the 
 associated barons against the king; and in the Magna 
 Charta extorted from that prince, it is expressly stated, 
 that " the City of London should enjoy all its ancient 
 privileges and free customs, as well by land as by water." 
 —The reign of Henry III., extending from 1216 to 1272, 
 was distinguished by few events of importance in which 
 the citizens of London were interested, excepting popu- 
 lar tumults, the leaders of which suffered the penalty of 
 
36 PICTURE (5? LONPOK.- 
 
 their crimes, and the inhabitants in general were pu- 
 nished for their participation or connivance, by severe 
 fines and imprisonment. On St» Valentine's eve, 1247, 
 the shock of an Earthquake was felt in several parts of 
 England, and especially in London, near the banks of 
 the Thames. In 1248, the king having been refused a 
 subsidy by his parliament, was obliged to offer for ?al« 
 his plate and jewels, which were purchased by the Lon- 
 doners. H-ighly displeased at what he considered as the 
 arrogance of Uie metropolitan citizens, he angrily ex- 
 claimed,, "If Octavian's treasure were to be sold, the 
 City of Lon^clon would store it up.'* To punish the pre- 
 sumption, and reduce the wealth of the " rustical Lon- 
 doners," the king granted to the Abbot of Westminster 
 the privilege.of holding an annual fair in Tothill Fields, 
 for fifteen days, during which " all trade should cease with- 
 in the city." In 1258, a scarcity of grain occasioned a fa- 
 mine, in consequence of which 20,000 persons are said to 
 have died in the metropolis, only. One valuable benefit, 
 was conferred on the corporation by this king, who 
 granted it permission to present the mayor, on his election, 
 to the Barons of the Exchequer, instead of to the King in 
 person. Thus the citizens were relieved from the incon- 
 venience and expence of attending the royal court at 
 any part of the kingdom, where the monarch might hap- 
 pen to reside. The charters of the city were repeatedly 
 renewed in the course of Henry's lono; reign. ; 
 
 Edward I. instituted the division of the city into twenty- 
 four wards (to which two have since been added), ap- 
 pointing a magistrate to preside over each of them, with 
 the old Saxon title of Alderman. The inhabitants were 
 also permitted to choose common councilmen as at pre- 
 sent, to assist the aldermen in the administration of civic 
 affairs. The Jews, who in the last reign had suffered 
 from the fury of the mob, were in 1279 harshly treated, 
 and many of them put to death for debasing and clipping 
 the current coin of the realm. The disafforestation of 
 the great forest of Middlesex occasioned the suburbs of 
 London to be much improved in the reign of Edward I. 
 n 1306 the use of sea-coal, then becoming general, was 
 ♦erbidden by. proclamation. In the reign of Edward It: 
 
TEMr. EDWARD 11. AND III. — RICHARD H. 37 
 
 between the years 1314 and 1317, a famine distressed the 
 whole kingdom, the consequences of which are described 
 by Stowe in terms shocking to humanity. In 1520, the 
 Londoners assisted the king with a body of troops, with 
 which he captured Leedes-castle in Kent, and subdued 
 the barons who had rebelled against him. For this service, 
 he gave the city a charter of inden)nity. Two years after, 
 Edward, being involved in new disputes with his nobility, 
 airain applied to the city for aid, and met with a refusal. 
 The measures taken to punish the citizens occasioned an 
 insurrection, in which Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exe- 
 ter, Robert de Baldock, the chancellor, and others of the 
 king's partisans lost their lives. 
 
 Two new charters were granted to the city at the be- 
 ginning of the reign of Edward III. One was a charter 
 confirming ancient privileges and bestowing new ones; 
 the other annexed to the city, in perpetuity, the " village 
 of South wark." In 1348, a terrible pestilence, said to 
 have begun in India, desolated Europe. In England, says 
 Stowe, it " so wasted nnd spoyled the people, that scarce 
 the tenth person of all sorts was left alive." Such were 
 its ravages in London, that the burying-grounds were 
 filled, and various fresh pieces of land, without the walls, 
 assigned for receiving the dead. Among these was the 
 waste land now forming the site of the Charter House and 
 its precincts, purchased for the purpose by Sir Walter 
 Manny, and in which more than 50,000 persons, who then 
 died, were interred. This plague did not quite subside till 
 nearly ten years after. On the 24th of May, 1356, Ed- 
 ward the Black Prince entered London, on his return from 
 the victory of Poictiers, accompanied by John, the cap- 
 tive king of France, with a numerous and splendid caval- 
 cade. In 1363, a very magnificent entertainment was 
 given in the city by Henry Picard, (lord mayor in 1357,) 
 to the kings of England, France, Scotland, and Cyprus, 
 with Edward the Black Prince, and a large company of 
 eminent and noble guests. 
 
 The reign of Richard II. is memorable for the insurrec- 
 tion under Wat Tyler, which was suppressed by the rasa 
 courage of Sir William Walworth, lord mayor of London^ 
 and the presence of mind of the king, then a mere youth 
 
 £ 
 
58 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 In 1395, the courts of judicature, which the king, when 
 offended with the city, had removed to York, were re- 
 stored to London. It was also about the same time 
 enacted, that the aldermen, who had heretofore been 
 chosen annuall}^ should continue in office during their 
 good behaviour. 
 
 Henry IV. at the commencement of his reign, granted 
 to the city an extension of former privileges ; and at the 
 same time some obnoxious statutes were repealed. In 
 1401 the Act of Pai'liament for " Burning of obstinate He- 
 retics" was passed ; and William Sautre, a parish priest 
 of the citv^, was the first who suffered under it. A dread- 
 ful Plague ravaged the kingdom in 1407, when nearly 
 50,000 persons died in the metropolis only. 
 
 The reign of Henry V. is chiefly distinguished for his 
 successful wars with France. On his return to England, 
 1415, after the victory of Agincourt, he was received by the 
 citizens of London with the utmost demonstrations of 
 jay, and the streets, at his entry, were splendidly deco- 
 rated, as they were -also in 1421, when he brought home 
 his Queen, Katharine of France. 
 
 In the long and unfortunate reign of Henry VI. oc- 
 cfeirred the insurrection under Jack Cade, an Irishman, 
 who, assuming the name oi Mortimer, pretended to be 
 heir to the crown, and having collected a body of fol- 
 lowers, with which he defeated the king's troops sent 
 to oppose him, he entered the city iu triumph. Here 
 the insurgents committed many excesses, the lord trea- 
 surer. Lord Say, and other persons of distinction being 
 sacrificed to their fury. At length, with the assistance 
 of the governor of the Tower, the citizens succeeded 
 in expelling Cade with his adherents ; and the latter dis- 
 persing, the rebel leader fled into Kent, where he was 
 soon after discovered and put to death. From the in- 
 stitution of the mayoralty till the year 1454, the annual 
 procession of the mayor and aldermen to Westminster had 
 taken place on horseback; but Sir John Norman, then 
 chosen mayor, built, at his own expense, a handsome barge, 
 in. which he was rowed to We.stminster, attended by 
 such of the city companies as then possessed barges, in a 
 liplendid manner; this practice has been continued by 
 
TKMP. HliNRY VI. AND VII. 39 
 
 all his successors. In 1457 a composition for offer- 
 ings was entered into between the clergy and laity of 
 London, whence it appears, that the annual rents of 
 houses, within the city and in the suburbs, were from six 
 and eight pence to three pounds. In the disastrous con- 
 tests for the crown, between the houses of York and 
 Lancaster, the Londoners generally favoured the party 
 of the Yorkists. During these commotions in 1467, 
 Smithfield was the scene of a grand tournament, in ho- 
 nour of an embassy from the Duke of Burgundy, to de- 
 mand the Lady Margaret of York in marriage for his 
 son. After the decisive battle of Barnet, which esta- 
 blished Edward IV. firmly on the throne, he bestowed 
 the honour of knighthood on the mayor, the recorder, 
 and twelve of the aldermen of London. The reign of 
 Edward is memorable for the introduction of the art of 
 printing into England. The ^first printing press was set 
 up at Westminster, in 1472, by William Caxton. Pre- 
 vious to 1475, the right of election of the lord mayor 
 had belonged to the common council ; but by an act of 
 the council then made, the election of the mayor and 
 sheriffs was vested in the lord mayor for the time being, 
 the aldermen, common council, and the master, wardens, 
 and livery of each of the city companies. This regula- 
 tion having been subsequently confirmed by act of Par- 
 liament, continues in force to the present day. 
 
 Soon after the accession of Henry VII. to the crown, 
 a new and singular epidemical disease first made its ap- 
 pearance in this country. It was termed, from one of 
 its principal symptoms, the sweating sickness, and gene- 
 rally proved fatal within twenty-four hours after the first 
 attack. From Hall's " Chronicle" it appears, that two 
 mayors and six aldermen died,, in one week, of this com- 
 plaint. In 1487, an act of Parliament was passed, au- 
 thorizing the freemen of London to carry their wares 
 to any fair or market in the kingdom, notwithstanding 
 any bye-laws to the contrary. The citizens of the me- 
 tropolis repeatedly suffered by the severe exactions of 
 Empson and Dudley, the arbitrary ministers of the 
 king, who, by their means, drew vast sums from the 
 r. 2 
 
40 PICTURE Ot LONDON. 
 
 coffers of his subjects, and, at his death, left plate, jewels, 
 and money to the value of 1,800,000/. 
 
 Henry VIII. on succeedin:^ his father, gratified his sub- 
 jects by the punishment of Enipson and Dudley, who 
 were beheaded on Tower Hill in August, 1510. A for- 
 midable liot occurred in London in 1.517, on the first of 
 May, since known in the annals of the city by the name 
 of Evil May-day. The insurgents were chiefly the ap- 
 prentices and servants of the citizens, and the objects of 
 their attack were the foreign residents. The same year 
 the sweating sickness again visited the metropolis. Jn 
 1522, the Emperor Charles V. coming to England was 
 received and entertained in London with great pomp and 
 magnificence. But the grand characteristic event of this 
 reign was the dmolution of monasterieSy in consequence of 
 the Reformation, in 15.37. The dispute between the king 
 and the pope on the subject of his divorce led to this 
 event, and as Henry still continued attached to the Ca- 
 tholic faith, he persecuted both Protestants and Papists. 
 Some of the former were burnt in Smithfield as heretics, 
 and many of the latter (among whom were Bishop Fisher 
 and Sir Thomas More) were put to death for refusing 
 to acknowledge the king to be the supreme head of the 
 church. One immediate consequence of the Reformation 
 was the conversion of Westminster into a bishopric, to 
 which a dean and twelve prebendaries were attached; 
 but the only bishop of this see was Thomas Thirlby, who, 
 on the suppression of the bishopric in 1 550, was translated 
 to Norwich. Many alterations and improvements were made 
 in the metropohs during the reign of Henry VHI., among 
 which may be included such as arose from the suppression 
 of monastic establishments, which, though effected in a 
 most arbitrary manner, and in many instances accom- 
 panied with great cruelty and injustice to the members of 
 the religious orders, was, however, extremely beneficial 
 to the public, by transferring to more active proprietors 
 large and valuable estates in every part of England, and 
 especially in London. Notwithstanding the city had 
 been, since the accession of Henry VIL, rapidly increas- 
 ing in wealth and prosperity, yet the foreign* trade of 
 London was so inconsiderable, even in the year 1539, 
 
TEMP. HENRY VIH. AND «J) WARD VI. ^41 
 
 that there were not more than four ships, exclusive of 
 the royal navy, which were above 120 tons burthen within 
 the river Thames, as we learn from Wheeler's " Treatise of 
 Commerce," published in 1601. And it does not appear 
 that the number had much increased in the ensuing 
 reign, if we may credit the report of a London mer- 
 chant, who, in a letter to Sir William Cecil, (quoted by 
 Strype), says '* that there is never a city in Christendom, 
 having the occupying that London hath, that is so slen- 
 derly provided of ships, having the sea coming to it 
 as this hath." Yet it is an undoubted fact that a spirit 
 of enterprise was very general among o;ir merchants at this 
 period, and it is probable that many foreign vessels were 
 employed in the export and import trade of the metropo- 
 lis. In the course of this reign, the police of the city under- 
 went some advantageous regulations ; nuisances were 
 removed; many of the streets were paved; and various 
 measures were adopted for supplying the capital with 
 provisions to answer the demands of an increasing popu- 
 lation. 
 
 In the short reign of Edward VL the refornjation pro- 
 ceeded with steadiness and regularity, being no longer 
 interrupted by the caprice of Henry, and the influence of 
 the Catholic nobility. Among the principal events, occur- 
 ing in London at this time, may be mentioned the erection 
 of Christ's Hospital, for the education of youth, and those 
 of St. Thomas and Bridewell, for the reception of the 
 sick, wounded, and helpless poor, — charities which the 
 dissolution of conventual estabishments had rendered dou- 
 bly necessary. By an act of Parliament, passed in 1553, 
 the number of taverns, or public houses, in the city and 
 liberties, was limited to forty, and those in Westmin- 
 ster, to three : there are now within the two cities and 
 iheir liberties upwards of six thousand. In this reign 
 Southwark was rc-granted, for a pecuniary consideration, to 
 the city of London ; and this borough was subsequently 
 constituted one of the city wards, under the appellation 
 of Bridge-ward- with out, when the addition of an alder- 
 man, to gover;i it, was made to the civic corporation. 
 
 The death of king Edward in 155.3, was followed by the 
 accession of his half-sister Mary, on the failure of the 
 
 ' E 5 ' 
 
42 PICTURE or LONDOX. 
 
 Duke of Northumberland's rash attempt to place his 
 daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne. The new 
 Queen was a Catholic, and she made every effort to restore 
 Popery throughout her dominions. The natural oppo- 
 sition which arose to this plan induced her majesty's mi- 
 nisters to have recourse to the most severe measures 
 against the Protestants, and man}^ of their clergy and 
 others were burnt in Smithfield, and elsewhere, as obsti- 
 nate and incorrigible heretics. On the project of an union, 
 which afterwards took place, between Mary and the King 
 of Spain, Philip II., a formidable insurrection ensued, 
 under Sir Thomas Wyat. He attempted to miike himselt 
 master of London, but was repulsed by the Queen's party, 
 and, being taken prisoner, was put to death, with many of 
 his followers. 
 
 Elizabeth succeeded to the crown, on the death of her 
 sister, in 1.558. Her accession was generally hailed with 
 joy by her subjects ; but she was most acceptable to the 
 Protestants, whose tenets she had always professed, and 
 who, under her patronage, were soon restored to all the 
 power and influence they had enjoyed during the reign 
 of Edward VL The church service was ordered by pro- 
 clamation, to be performed in English on the first of 
 January 1559, even before the queen was crowned, and 
 a general reformation of the church followed, reduc- 
 ing it nearly to its present model. In 1561 the spire of 
 St. Paul's Cathedral was struck by lightning, and a con- 
 siderable portion of the edifice destroyed. In the years 
 1 563 and 1 564, more than 20,000 persons died in London 
 of the plague. Bills of Mortality/ were now first intio- 
 duced, to give timel}' notice of the progress of this alarm- 
 ing disease. Coaches were brought into use in this city in 
 1564, by William Boonen, a Dutchman, who became her 
 Majesty's coachman. The erection of the Bourse or 
 Royal Exchange^ through the munificence of Sir Thomas 
 Gresham, was begun in July 1566, and completed in the 
 following year. The year 1569 exhibited the novelty of 
 a public /o/Zdry, drawn at the west door of St. Paul's; the 
 drawing continued without interruption by night and day, 
 for upwards of four months. The prixes consisted of 
 plate, and the profits were appropriated to the repair of 
 ^(& sea-ports. • 
 
TEMP. ELIZABETH. 43 
 
 In 1580, the shock of an Earthquake was felt in London, 
 when many churches and other buildings were damaged ; 
 several persons were injured by it, and some were killed. 
 Babington's conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and 
 release the Queen of Scots from the captivity in which 
 she had languished for eighteen years, was conmienced in 
 1 586. 'J'he plot was discovered, and the persons concern- 
 ed in it, fourteen in number, were executed as traitors in 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields. The Scottish Queen was soon after- 
 wards beheaded at Fotherin<?ay castle, the place of her 
 confinement. The sentence against this princess was pro- 
 claimed in London and Westminster, December 6th, with 
 great ceremony, the city magistracy and many of the nobi- 
 lity being present. In the preparations made to resist the 
 attack of the famous Spanish Armada in 1588, the London- 
 ers had a considerable share, by furnishing large contribu- 
 tions of men, money, and ships. The invasion is said to have 
 been delayed a whole year, by the patriotic conduct of 
 Thomas Sutton, Esq. founder of the Charter-House, who, 
 being engaged in foreign commerce on a large scale, made 
 such mercantile arrangements, as prevented the bank of 
 Genoa, from supplying the Spanish king with the neces- 
 sary funds for victualling his fleet. On the defeat of the 
 Armada, the Queen rode in procession to St. Paul's 
 cathedral on the 24th of November, the day appointed for 
 a grand national thanksgiving. 
 
 In 1600 was incorporated the East India Coivpavyy 
 whose successful exertions, as an association of merchant 
 adventurers, have rivalled those of many independent 
 states, and justly excited the admiration of the world. 
 Their stock at first amounted to 72,000/.; and with this 
 sum, the infant con.pany was enabled to fit out four ships, 
 under the command of J.mes Lancaster. The close of 
 Elizabeth's reign was distinguished by the insurrection 
 of her imprudent favourite, the Earl of Essex, which took 
 place in the metropolis, in February, 1601, but which 
 was almost immediately suppressed : the earl was behead- 
 ed on Tower Hill, and several of his partizans were like- 
 wise executed. 
 
 The Plague^ which had so frequently devastated London, 
 Wiade its re-appearance in 1603, the year of James the 
 First'? accession to the crown of England. Such was itR 
 
44 J-ICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 fatal prevalence, that between March and December, 
 it swept away 30,561 persons; and though its violence 
 became subsequently less alarming, the metropolis was not 
 freed from the disease till 1611. The London bills of mor- 
 tality were from this time regularly continued. On the 
 24th of October, 1604, James was first proclaimed King of 
 Great Britain^ France, Ireland, &c. with great solemnity, 
 at the Cross in West-Cheap, preparatory to the Union of 
 England with Scotland. 
 
 In 1604, the horrible conspiracy, known by the name of 
 the Gunpowder Plot, was commenced b}'' a number of dis- 
 " contented Catholic enthusiasts, who, after various delays, 
 'fixed on the 5th of November, 1605, for the execution 
 of their diabolical scheme to overturn the Protestant go- 
 vernment in church and state. They collected a quantity 
 of gunpowder in vaults beneath the parliament house, to 
 blow up the building, at the time the king should be de- 
 livering his speech from the throne, on the opening of the 
 session of parliament. The details of this plot, and the 
 means by which it was providentially frustrated, are so 
 well known as to render any further notice here unneces-; 
 sary. Several Jesuits and other Catholics, implicated in 
 the affair, were executed the following year. In 1609, the 
 corporation acquired a considerable accession of power and 
 property : almost the whole province of Ulster in Ireland^ 
 having devolved to the crown, the forfeited lands were 
 offered by the king to the citizens, on condition that they 
 should settle there an English colony. The proposal was 
 accepted and settlements were made, whence arose the; 
 towns of Londonderry and Coleraine. In 1615, the Newr 
 River was brought to London by Sir Hugh Middleton.\^ 
 The reservoir now termed the '^ New River Head,^' iri;: 
 Spa Fields, to which it was conducted, was previously an 
 open pool, commonly called the Ducking Pond. The 5 
 river was first admitted into it, on Michaelmas-day, in J 
 the presence of a vast concourse of people. This king's 
 reign deserves to be particularly noticed for the spirit of 
 enterprise which distinguished it, and which led to voy- 
 ages of discovery, and to commercial expeditions of consi-:: 
 derable importance. The improvement of commerce was/j 
 shown by a vast increase in the number and tonnage ofo 
 
TEMP. CHARLES I. REBELLION. 45 
 
 the vessels which annually cleared out from the port of 
 London ; and among the circumstances which tended to 
 the promotion of trade, may be reckoned the annulling 
 many of the monopolies granted by Elizabeth, and the 
 farther colonization of America, and the islands in the 
 West Indies. 
 
 The beginning of the reign of Charles I. was marked b) 
 the recurrence of the calamity which happened in that 
 of his father The plague broke out in the metropolis, 
 and destroyed, in the course of twelve months, more than 
 35,000 persons. Previously to the disputes between the 
 king and parliament, which occupied the latter part of 
 this reign, commerce continued to flourish in the capital, 
 notwithstanding some checks which it suffered, from iresl 
 grants of monopolies and some other arbitrary measures 
 of government. In 1654, a patent was granted to Sir 
 Sanders Buncombe, for the exclusive letting of sedan 
 cliairs. The year following, a proclamation was issued, 
 ordering that no person should go in a coach in the streets 
 of London and Westminster, except the owner of the 
 coach should keep up four able horses for the king's 
 service, whenever required. But two years after, the 
 Marquis of Hamilton obtained a commission to licence 
 fifty hackney coachmen, in and about London; since which 
 those vehicles have been in general use, and at different 
 times have been augmented in number. In 1825, the 
 number of licenced coaches and chariots is 1200, and 
 of cabriolets, or one horse chaises, 50. The establish- 
 ment of the Post Office may be dated from 1635, when 
 the King by proclamation ordered his Post Master for 
 foreign parts, to open a regular communication between 
 the metropolis, and Edinburgh, Exeter, Holyhead, &c. 
 
 To advert to all the important transactions that took 
 place in London, during the eventful contest between 
 king Charles and the Parliament, termed by Lord Claren- 
 ilon, the " Great Rebellion^^ would far exceed our limits. 
 A few circumstances, however, must be noticed. 
 
 In 1 654, the king issued his writs for levying ship vwnet/, 
 in opposing which the famous Hampden distinguish- 
 ed himself. The citizens of the metropolis were ordered, 
 on this occasion, to fit out and equip, at their own charge, 
 
46 PICTUflE OF LONDON. 
 
 for twenty-six weeks, one ship of 900 tons, and 550 men ; 
 one of 800 tons, and 260 men ; four of 300 tons each, and 
 200 men; and one of 300 tons, and 150 men. The next 
 year, they were ordered to provide two ships of 800 tons, 
 with 520 men each, whilst the county of Middlesex, inchid- 
 ing Westminster, provided one ship of the same burthen and 
 crew. Until the year 1640, it had been customary with the 
 city merchants to deposit their money in the Mint, as a 
 place of unquestionable security; but the king having re- 
 quired a forced loan of 200,000/., out of the money so lodg- 
 ed, the citizens were for some time obliged to entrust their 
 property to the care of their apprentices and clerks, to 
 whom the confusion arising from the state of public affairs 
 gave frequent opportunities for fraud and embezzlement. 
 Matters continued thus till 1645, when, as appears from 
 a small pamphlet, entitled " The Mystery of the new 
 fashioned Goldsmiths or Bankers discovered," 1676, 4to. 
 the goldsmiths began to hold the cash of the merchants, 
 and traders in general, and were commissioned both to 
 receive and to pay for them. Hence arose the system 
 of Banking, the goldsmiths allowing interest for sums 
 in their possession, and discounting the bills of merchants 
 or others, at a rate profitable to themselves. 
 
 Many of the unpopular measures adopted by the king 
 and his ministers, had particularly affected the metropolis, 
 and hence its inhabitants, throughout the civil wars, op- 
 posed the royalist party, and afforded the most determined 
 and efficient support to parliament. In 1645, when every 
 prospect of reconciliation between the king and his oppo- 
 nents had vanished, the common council ordered the en^- 
 tire city and its liberties, including Southwark, to be 
 siuTounded with forts and lines of defence. This was 
 speedily done, the work being executed by the inhabitants, 
 at the expence of the city. 
 
 On the 50th of January, 1649, af^er having been tried 
 and condemned by a self-constituted " high court of jus- 
 tice," King Charles I. was publicly beheaded, on a scaf^ 
 fold erected in front of his own palace at Whitehall. 
 
 During the Interregnum which succeeded the execution 
 ofthc monarch, the famous Navigation Act was passed, in 
 1651. To the judicious provisions of this ordinance, the 
 
TEMP. CHARLES II. GHEAT PLAGLE. 47 
 
 subsequent improvement and present prosperity of the 
 British marine may, in a great degree, be attributed. Its 
 beneficial inHuence on the shipping and commerce of the 
 port of London can scarcely be estimated. At this time 
 a reduction took place in the legal rate of interest, from 
 eight to six per cent. In the year 1651 a coffee-house was 
 first opened in London, in St. Michaers Alley, Cornhill. 
 In April, 1653, Cromwell dissolved the Long Parliament, 
 and from that time, till his death, in 1658, the supreme 
 power of the state was vested in him, as Protector. 
 
 In May, 1660, Charles II. was restored to the throne 
 of his ancestors, on which occasion he was received in 
 the metropolis with the most extravagant demonstrations 
 of joy. The insurrection of a sect of fanatics called Fifth 
 Monarchy Men h^i\iiix\e& in London, in January, 1661. 
 It was speedily suppressed, though not without bloodshed. 
 On St. Bartholomew's day, 166.5, the act of uniformity 
 was carried into effect, by means of w hich the Church of 
 England was freed from a great number of intrusive min- 
 isters, who refused to submit to her ritual, as contained 
 in the Book of Common Prayer. Most of the churches 
 in the city were thus vacated, and afterwards supplied by 
 thfi episcopal clergy. In 166.5, June the 24th, the king, 
 on petition of the lord mayor and citizens, and " for 
 divers good causes and considerations," granted them a 
 new charter, confirmatory of all former ones, and of all 
 legal uses, prescriptions, and rights whatever. The year 
 1665 became memorable for the recurrence of a pesti- 
 lential disease, since emphatically termed '* the Great 
 Plague.'* It made its first appearance in the metropolis, 
 in December, 1664, and did not entirely cease before 
 January, 1666. For the first two or three months its 
 progress was slow ; but in spite of precaution it gradually 
 extended, and from May to October, 1665, it raged with 
 the greatest virulence ; the weekly return of deaths in the 
 Bills of Mortality increasing from 500 to 8,000. The pes- 
 tilence was then at its height. Its ravages, which had com- 
 menced in Westminster and the western suburbs, spread 
 through the city to Southwark, and to all the parishes 
 eastward of the Tower. The digging of single graves 
 had long been discontinued, and large pits were dug 
 
48 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 in which the dead were deposited with some little re- 
 gularity and decent attention : but now all such distinc- 
 tions became impracticable. Deeper and more extensive 
 pits were made, and the rich and poor, the aged and the 
 young, were promiscuously cast into the common recepta- 
 cle. Whole families were swept away, and large districts 
 almost depopulated. By day, the silent solitary streets pre- 
 sented a most frightful spectacle ; and by night, the dead 
 carts, moving with slow pace, by torch-light, and with the 
 appalling cry, "Bring out your dead!" thrilled with 
 horror every heart not rendered callous by the calamitous 
 visitation of Providence. The suspension of public busi- 
 ness was so complete, that grass grew within the ?rea of 
 the Royal Exchange, and even in the principal avenues 
 of the city. All the inns of court were shut up, and 
 the law proceedings suspended. The entire number re- 
 turned in the bills of mortality, as having died of the 
 plague within the year, was 68,950; but this was far short 
 of the leal amount of the victims to th .t devouring pesti- 
 lence, which has with great probability been estimated at 
 about 100,000 persons. Since that disastrous period the 
 plague has never visited London ; a circumstance the moifi 
 remarkable, as its ravages had been frequent for ages past 
 and from the commencement of the century to 1666 
 scarcely a year elapsed in which the metropolis was wholly 
 free from the disease. 
 
 One of the most important occurrences which ever 
 happened in this metropolis, whether considered with refer- 
 ence to its immediate or its remote consequences, was the 
 Great Fire, which began on the 2d of September, 1666, 
 and raged with irresistible fury for four days and nights, 
 in which time it destroyed nearly five-sixths of the whole 
 city, besides doing much damage without the walls. It 
 began in Pudding Lane, near Thames Street, and ex- 
 tended westward to the Temple, and eastward almost to 
 the Tower. Scarcely a single building, that came within 
 the range of the flames, was left standing. Public edifices, 
 churches, and dwelling-houses were involved in the com- 
 mon ruin ; and making a proper allowance for irregulari- 
 ties, it may fairly be stated, that the fire extended over 
 an oblong square of a mile in length, and half a mile in 
 
FPFECT OF GREAT FIRE. 4^ 
 
 breadth. In the summary account of this dreadful devas- 
 tation, given in one of the inscriptions on the Monument 
 in Fish Street Hill, drawn up from the reports of the sur- 
 veyors appointed after the fire, it is stated, that the ruins of 
 the city extended over 436 acres, viz. 573 acres within the 
 walls, and 63 within the liberties of the city ; that out of the 
 twenty-six wards, it utterly destroyed fifteen, and left 
 eight others shattered and half burnt ; and that it con- 
 sumed 400 streets, 13,200 dwelling-houses, 89 churches, 
 besides chapels, four of the city gates, Guildhall, many 
 public structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, and a vast 
 number of stately edifices. The immense property des- 
 troyed could never be estimated with any tolerable degree 
 of accuracy; but it is supposed, with some probability, 
 to have amounted in value to the sum of ten millions, 
 sterling. As soon as the general consternation had sub- 
 sided, an act of parliament was passed for rebuilding the 
 city. This was effected in little more than four years, 
 in a style and manner that gave it a great superiority 
 over the ancient capital. 
 
 The commencement of the year 1672 was distinguished 
 by the disgraceful measure of Shutting the Exchequer^ a 
 scheme which proved ruinous to public credit, and caused 
 the bankruptcy of many of the bankers, merchants, and 
 traders of London. In 1685, a Penny-Post was first es- 
 tablished by a person named Murray, an upholsterer. 
 
 Among the attempts made to enslave the people in this 
 reign, was the invasion of the chartered rights of public 
 communities by writs of quo warranto. Many towns and 
 cities surrendered their privileges rather than enter into a 
 contest with despotic authority. The power of having 
 those persons nominated for sheriffs of London, who were 
 most at the devotion of the king's ministers, being liable 
 to be annually contested, a decisive attack on the rights 
 of the citizens was meditated. In 1685 Sir Robert Saw- 
 yer, the Attorney-General, by the advice and authority of 
 the chief justice of the king's bench, undertook to procure 
 the forfeiture of the city charters on the most unjustifiable 
 pretexts. The alarmed citizens summoned a meeting of 
 the common council to consider what measures should be 
 pursued to avert the threatened danger. A petition was 
 
50 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 drawn up, and carried to the king at Windsor, by the lord 
 mayor, at the head of a deputation of the common council. 
 In this address they acknowledged their own misgovern- 
 ment, solicited his majesty's forgiveness, promised future 
 loyalty and obedience, and humbly begged to be favoured 
 with the royal commands and directions. The king having 
 read the petition, the lord keeper. North, after reproach- 
 ing the citizens for not having been more expeditious in 
 their application, told them that his majesty might be in- 
 duced, on certain conditions, to listen to their suit. On 
 the return of the deputation, the common council was 
 again summoned, and after violent debates, the court 
 party prevailed, and the offered conditions were accepted ; 
 in consequence of which, a commission was issued under 
 the great seal, and the lord mayor and sheriffs were ap- 
 pointed by the king to hold their offices during pleasure, 
 
 James II., on succeeding his brother in 1685, pursued 
 the same arbitrary measures which had characterised the 
 reign of Charles; and his devoted attachment to the Ca- 
 tholic religion prompted him to take such steps against the 
 established church as disgusted the Protestant nobility and 
 clergy, and led to his own dethronement. The metropolis, 
 especially, suffered from his tyrannical conduct. Alderman 
 Cornish was executed, and several of the citizens pu- 
 nished by fines and imprisonment. — The revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes, by driving from France a multitude of 
 Protestant manufacturers, promoted the prosperity of Eng- 
 land, where they found shelter. Many of them settled 
 in Spitalfields in 1687, and introduced the silk-weaving 
 manufacture into that district. 
 
 In the events which occasioned the Revolution of 1688, 
 the Londoners were materially interested, and they heartily 
 concurred in inviting the Prince of Orange to wrest from 
 his father-in-law the sceptre which he had so unskilfully 
 and despotically wielded. 
 
 On the accession of William and Mary, the proceed- 
 ings of the last two reigns against the chartered rights of 
 the city were set aside, and all its previous liberties and 
 privileges restored. In 1701 the Bank of England was 
 founded. 
 
 Queen Anne succeeded to the crown in 1 702. The fol- 
 
STORM OF 1702. — SOUTH SEA BUIsELE. 51 
 
 lowing year was rendered remarkable by a most violent 
 Storm ot* wind, which raged through the night of Novem- 
 ber the 26th, and was particularly destructive in the me- 
 tropolis. The damage which it occasioned to the city 
 alone, was estimated at two millions, sterling ; and the sub- 
 urbs equally suflfered. Twenty-one persons were killed by 
 the fall of buildings, and about two hundred were wounded. 
 All the ships in the river, but four, were driven from their 
 moorings. The destruction at sea far exceeded that on 
 land. Twelve men of war, with 1 800 men on board, were 
 lost within sight of the shore. The light-house, first 
 built on the Eddystone rock, was swept away by this 
 storm. In 1710, occurred the trial of the famous Dr. 
 Sacheverel, for preaching a seditious sermon before the 
 lord mayor. 
 
 On the death of Queen Anne in 1714, George I. came 
 to the crown. January 15th, 1715, a Fire in Thames Street 
 consumed more than 120 houses, with an immense 
 quantity of valuable merchandize, and upwards of fifty 
 persons lost their lives. The Rebellion which broke out 
 the same year in Scotland, in favour of the Pretender, 
 caused a strong sensation in the metropolis, where many 
 persons were apprehended. The year 1720 will ever be 
 noted in the annals of London, for the origin of that 
 fraudulent speculation, since denominated the South Sea 
 Bubble, A company trading to the South Sea having ac- 
 quired great wealth, by carrying on a smuggling inter- 
 course with the Spanish colonies, the stock increased so 
 much in value, that the directors proposed to govern- 
 ment to take into their fund all the debts of the na- 
 tion incurred before the year 1716, under the pretext of 
 lowering the interest, and rendering the capital redeem- 
 able by Parliament, sooner than could otherwise be anti* 
 cipated. The offer was accepted, and South Sea Stock 
 rose rapidly in value, till it reached the enormous price 
 of near 1 100 per cent. An alarm then took place, in conse- 
 quence of a report that the directors and their friends 
 had sold their stock when it was at the highest value. This 
 was, in fact, the case : all confidence in the credit of the 
 Company was lost ; those who held stock endeavoured to 
 sellj and such a sudden reduction took place in its value, 
 
52 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 that it was soon worth but 86 per cent. The destruction 
 of public and private credit, occasioned by this scheme, 
 was excessive. The conduct of the managers was made 
 the subject of parliamentary investigation, and their 
 knavery becoming apparent, their estates were confiscated 
 for the benefit of those who had been the victims of this 
 disgraceful speculation. The South Sea Bubble was the 
 frightful parent of many similar projects, some of which 
 were extremely extravagant and even ridiculous ; yet most 
 of them succeeded so far as to suspend for a time that 
 public confidence which is necessary to the prosperity, if 
 not to the very existence, of commerce. 
 
 In 1725, the mode of election for the various city offi- 
 cers was regulated by an Act of Parliament. 
 
 George I. died in 1 727, and was succeeded by his son, 
 George II. The trade of the metropolis, during the reign 
 of the former, had been somewhat checked by the rebel- 
 lion in Scotland, the war with Spain, and still more by the 
 misfortunes of those who speculated in South Sea stock; 
 yet the effect of these obstacles was but transient, and, 
 m spite of them, commerce experienced a gradual im- 
 provement. 
 
 London, in the beginning of George II.'s reign, was ex- 
 tremely infested with street robbers, who carried their 
 audacity to such a height as to lay a plan for robbing the 
 Queen as she returned from the city to St. James's in her 
 private carriage, and accident alone prevented the at- 
 tempt being made. 
 
 In 175.5, Sir Robert Walpole, then prime minister, at- 
 tempted to extend the operation of the Excise Duties, 
 which scheme he was forced to relinquish, in consequence 
 of the opposition made to it both in and out of Parlia- 
 ment, especially by the city of London. The Liceming 
 Act, for limiting the number of Theatres in the metropolis, 
 and subjecting the Stage to the control of the lord cham- 
 berlain, was passed in 1757. The winter of 1759-40 was 
 distinguished by the occurrence of one of the most intense 
 frosts ever experienced in England, since known by the 
 appellation of th^ great Frost. It began on Christmas day 
 and lasted till the 17th of February. The Thames, above 
 and below London Bridge, was completely frozen over; 
 
REBELLION OF 1745. ^-t I RE. S3 
 
 fires were made on the ice, and booths were erected for the 
 sale of liquors, &c. to the multitudes of persons who daily 
 assembled there. In 1741, the king granted his letters pa- 
 tent constituting all the aldermen of London justices of the 
 peace within the city and its liberties ; before which time the 
 lord mayor, the recorder, the aldermen who had passed 
 the civic chair, and the nine senior aldermen only, had the 
 power of acting as magistrates. The invasion of Britain 
 by the rebels under the Chevalier De St. George in 1745, 
 caused a general alarm in the metropolis, when the Trained 
 Bands were called out, the city gates strongly guarded, and 
 other measures of precaution adopted, which were conti- 
 nued till the supp'*ession of the rebellion in April, 1746. 
 On the 18th of August, that year. Lords Kilmarnock and 
 Balmerino were beheaded on Tower Hill for their partici- 
 pation in the project for the restoration of the House 
 of Stuart, to the throne of Britain ; and on the 7th of 
 April, 1747, Lord Lovat suffered at the same place, when 
 twenty persons were killed and many others injured by the 
 fall of a scaffold. — A most destructive i^ir^ broke out 
 March 25th, 1748, in Exchange Alley, Cornhill, which con- 
 sumed nearly 100 houses. 
 
 The conclusion of the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle was ce- 
 lebrated April 27th, 1749, by a most brilliant display of 
 fireworks in the Green Park. In the beginning of the 
 year 1751, two shocks of earthquakes were felt in and 
 near London, which occasioned some damage and excited 
 considerable alarm. The strange "story of Elizabeth Can- 
 ning occupied the public attention in 1753 and 1754, and 
 divided the metropolis into two parties ; the general cir- 
 cumstances of this affair are well known, and the details 
 are too complicated, to admit of farther notice. 
 
 In 1760, George III. succeeded to the crown on the 
 death of his grandfather, which happened the 25th of Oc- 
 tober, that year. His coronation was solemnized with ex- 
 traordinary magnificence, September 22d, 1761; a fort- 
 night previously to which, the King was married at St. 
 James's to the Princess Charlotte Sophia of Mecklen- 
 burg Strelitz. The year 1762 exhibited an extraordi- 
 nary instance of metropolitan credulity, in the ridiculous 
 affair of the Cock Lane Ghost, which terminated in the 
 
54 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 exposure and punishment of the persons concerned in the 
 imposture. The riots in St. George's Fields, when Mr. 
 Wilkes was confined in the King's Bench prison, occurred 
 in April, 1768. The military being called out to suppress the 
 mob, a young man named Allen was shot by a soldier, and 
 though he was not the only person whose life was sacri- 
 ficed on this occasion, the circumstances under which he 
 fell, excited a very extraordinary degree of public notice, 
 and the subsequent measures of government by no means 
 tended to allay the prevailing spirit of discontent. 
 
 In 1771, occurred the singular termination of a contest 
 between the House of Commons and the city magistracy 
 in the committal of the lord mayor and one of the alder- 
 men to the Tower, for breach of privilege. The warrant 
 of the Speaker having been issued against certain printers 
 who had transgressed the orders of the House of Com- 
 mons by reporting the speeches of the members, the mes- 
 senger who attempted to execute it was arrested and held 
 to bail, to answer for an alleged assault. The magistrates 
 implicated in this affair. Brass Crosby, Esq., lord mayor, 
 and aldermen Wilkes, and Oliver, were summoned by the 
 House of Commons to answer for their conduct. The 
 lord mayor and alderman Oliver attended in their places 
 as members of the House, and their attempts to justify 
 what they had done appearing unsatisfactory, they were 
 both sent to the Tower, where they remained till the pro- 
 rogation of parliament, when they were liberated as a 
 matter of course. Mr. Wilkes, though summoned by the 
 House, did not make his appearance, and escaped without 
 farther notice. Silver cups were afterwards presented to 
 the lord mayor and both the aldermen, by the livery and 
 common council, " as marks ol" gratitude for their up- 
 right conduct in the affair of the printers, and for sup- 
 porting the city charters." 
 
 Much damage was done in and near the metropolis in 
 January 1779, by a hurricane. Most of the ships in the 
 river were driven from their moorings, and some were 
 lost. Several houses were blown down, and a vast num- 
 ber injured by the fall of chimneys, &c. Many persons 
 were killed, and others maimed and bruised on this occasion. 
 
 In 1780, some desperate and destructive Biots took 
 place in London, arising chiefly out of an act passed two 
 
RIOTS or 178Q. 55 
 
 years previously, for "relieving his majesty's subjects, 
 professing the Romish religion, from certain penalties and 
 disabilities imposed upon them in the eleventh and twelfth 
 years of the reign of King William III." A petition was 
 now framed for its repeal, and a general meeting of a 
 Protestant: Association held on the evening of May 29th, at 
 Coachmakers' Hall, Noble Street, when Lord George 
 Gordon moved the following ressolution : " That the 
 whole body of the Protestant Association do attend in 
 St. George's Fields, on Friday next, at ten of the clock 
 in the morning, to accompany his Lordship to the 
 House of Commons on the delivery of the Protestant 
 Petition." His Lordship then said, " If less than twenty 
 thousand of his fellow-citizens attended him on that 
 day, he would not present their petition." Accordingly, 
 on the day appointed, avast concourse of people, from 
 all parts of the city and suburbs, assembled in St. George's 
 Fields : the main body, amounting to at least 50,000, 
 took their route over London Bridge, marching in order, 
 six or eight in a rank, through the city towards West- 
 minster. Each division was preceded by its respective 
 banner, bearing the words "No Popery." At Charing 
 Cross, the multitude was increased by additional num- 
 bers on foot, on horseback, and in carriages; so that 
 by the time the diflferent parties had met together, all the 
 avenues to both Houses of Parliament were entirely filled 
 with the crowd. Thus commenced the dreadful proceed- 
 ings distinguished by the appellation of " the Riots of the 
 year 1780." The rabble took possession of all the passages 
 leading to the House of Commons, from the outer doors 
 to the very entrance for the members, which latter they 
 twice attempted to force open, and a like attempt was 
 made at the House of Lords; but happily without success, 
 in either instance. The populace then separated into par- 
 ties, and proceeded to demolish the Roman Catholic chapels 
 in Duke Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields ; and Warwick Street, 
 Golden Square, and all the furniture, ornaments, and altars 
 of both chapels were committed to the flames. After 
 various other minor outrages, the prison of Newgate was 
 attacked. They demanded from the keeper, Mr. Acker- 
 man, the release of their confined associates, as the on'/ 
 
56 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 means to save nis mansion. He refused to comply ; yet ^ 
 dreading the consequences, he went to the sheriffs, to know" 
 their pleasure. On his return, he found his house in flames ; 
 and the gaol itself was soon in a similar situation. The 
 doors and entrances had been broken open with pick-axes 
 and sledge-hammers, and it is scarcely to be credited^ . 
 with what celerity the prison was destroyed. The public ., 
 offices in Bow Street and the house of that active magis- ^ 
 trate. Sir John Fielding, adjoining, were presently "gutted''^ 
 (to use the language of the rabble,) and all their furniture 
 and effects, books, papers, &c. committed to the flames. 
 Justice Coxe's house in Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn 
 Fields, was similarly treated, and the two prisons at 
 Clerkenwell set open, and the prisoners liberated. The 
 King's Bench Prison, with three houses adjoining, a tavern^ 
 and the New Bridewell, were also set on fire, and almost 
 entirely consumed. 
 
 The rioters now appeared to consider themselves as su- 
 perior to all authority, and not only openly avowed their 
 intention to destroy certain private houses of the Catholics, 
 but also declared their resolution to burn all the other pub- 
 lic prisons, and demolish the Bank, the Temple, Gray's; 
 Inn, Lincoln's Inn, the New River Head, the Royal Palaces, 
 and the Arsenal, at Woolwich. The attempt upon the 
 Bank was actually twice made in the course of one day ;. 
 but both attacks were but feebly conducted, and the riot- 
 ers easily repulsed, several of them falling by the fire of 
 the military, and many others being severely wounded. 
 
 To form an adequate idea of the distress of the inha- 
 bitants in every part of the city would be impossible. The 
 shouts of the rioters were heard at one instant, and at thej -^ 
 next, the dreadful report of soldiers' muskets, as if firing in- % 
 platoons, and at various places. Sleep and rest were not 
 thought of; the streets at all hours were swarming with 
 people, and uproar, confusion, and dismay, reigned in 
 every part. Six-and-thirty fires were to be seen blazing at 
 one time, in the metropolis^ during the night. 
 
 At length the numerous victims to insulted justice which 
 military interference spread before the eyes of the rioters, 
 and the continual arrival of fresh troops from all parts ok^: 
 the country within fifty or sixty miles of the metropoli;3|,(i;! 
 
RIOTS. PEACE OF 1784. .57 
 
 had their full effect of intimidation. The riots were 
 quelled, and many inconsiderate wretches who had en- 
 gaged in them, were secured in various parts of the town. 
 The Royal Exchange, the public buildings, the squares, 
 and the principal streets, were all occupied by troops ; the 
 shops were closed, whilst immense volumes of dense smoke 
 were still rising from the ruins of consumed buildin<:s. 
 The number of lives lost during the continuance of these 
 riots was never perhaps correctly ascertained. The return 
 given of those killed and wounded by the military, was as 
 follows : by the London Association, Militia, and Guards, 
 109; by the Light Horse, 101; died in hospitals, 75; 
 total, 285 : prisoners under cure, 75. Within a few days 
 after the suppression of the tumults, a Special Commission 
 was issued for trying the rioters in Southv/ark ; but those 
 of London were left to the regular course of the sessions 
 at the Old Bailey. The number of persons tried in the 
 latter court was eighty-five, of whom thirty-five were 
 capitally convicted ; and in Southwark, fifty persons were 
 tried as rioters, twenty-four of whom were adjudged guilty. 
 Between twenty and thirty of the most active of the con- 
 victed rioters, were executed a few days afcer trial, in 
 diflferent parts of the town, immediately contiguous to the 
 scenes of their respective depredations. Lord George 
 Gordon, whose perfect sanity has with much reason been 
 since questioned, was afterwards tried for high treason, 
 but acquitted. 
 
 In consequence of the peace of 1784, concluded with 
 the North American colonies, commerce very sensibly 
 revived, the value of the exports during this year to that 
 quarter of the world only, being 5,397,500/.; and that of 
 the duties received into the exchequer, as collected in 
 the port of London, 4,472,091/. 15^. 3d, And though 
 these results exceeded those of anj' previously recorded 
 era in our annals, yet it speedily ai)pec^red that this was 
 but the beginning of renewed commercial prosperity; for, 
 from that time to the commencement of the war with 
 France, in 1703, it continued regularly on the increase. 
 
 In June 1788, a most violent Sto7^m of thunder, accom- 
 panied by floods of rain, raged for two hours over Lon- 
 don. A fire-ball did some damage in George Street, 
 
58 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Westminster; and the torrents of water which rushed 
 along the streets, particularly those situated upon decli- 
 vities, not only rendered them impassable by persons on 
 foot, but in some instances even by carriages, and inundated 
 many kitchens and cellars in different parts of the town. \ 
 
 The late King's happy recovery from the severe men- 
 tal indisposition which had afflicted him from the pre- 
 ceding October, was celebrated April 23, 1789, by a ge^ 
 neral thanksgiving to Almighty God throughout the king- 
 dom. On this occasion, his Majesty, attended by the whole 
 of the royal family, and from Temple-bar by the Lord 
 Mayor, &c., proceeded in magnificent procession to St. 
 Paul's Cathedral ; and the scene in the interior of that sa^ 
 cred edifice, when thousands of voices united in the ex- 
 pression of devout thankfulness to Heaven, was sublimely 
 affecting. The illuminations which followed were, per- 
 haps, the most splendid, and certainly the most universal^ 
 that ever took place in this metropolis. 
 
 The breaking out of the luar between England and 
 France, in 1793, was hailed by the citizens of London with 
 enthusiasm. The common-council voted a bounty, in 
 addition to the King's, out of the city chamber, of fifty 
 shillings to every able-seaman, and twenty shillings to 
 every landsman, who should enter into the navy at Guild- 
 hall ; they thanked his Majesty for " his paternal care in" 
 the preservation of the public tranquillity, and assured 
 him of the readiness and determination of his faithful 
 citizens, to support the honour of his crown and the wel- 
 fare of his kingdoms, against the ambitious designs of, 
 France." The immediate effects of hostilities, however,, 
 were extremely disastrous to London. Numerous bank- 
 ruptcies took place, and though the imports of this year' 
 experienced little change, the exports were found to. 
 have suffered a diminution of 2,000,000/. in comparison 
 with the preceding. Exchequer-bills, to the amount of 
 5,000,000/. were voted for the service of all who could 
 give good security, and this measure fortunately arrested 
 the progress of the general commercial distress. 
 
 A dreadful fire broke out at Cockhill-wharf, Ratcliffe" 
 Highway, July 23, 1794, which, in its progress, consumed 
 more houses than any one conflagration since the great 
 
FIllE AT RATCI.IFfE. COMMERCE. BANK. 59 
 
 fire of London, in 1 666. On a survey of the extent of the 
 damage, taken by the warden and other officers of Rat- 
 cliife Hamlet, it was found, that out of 1200 dwellings, of 
 which the Hamlet had consisted, not more than 570 re- 
 mained undestroyed. A subscription, amounting to little 
 less than 20,000/., was speedily raised for the great num- 
 ber of unfortunate people who were deprived of their 
 homes by this calamity; and Government provided them 
 with the temporarv accommodation of tents from the Tower. 
 
 The King was assaulted by a mob, October 29, 1795, 
 on his way from St. James's to Buckingham House ; and 
 in the following year, his Majesty was again assailed with 
 stones and other missiles, in his carriage, on his way 
 from the theatre — Commerce had now experienced a 
 great revival, the total imports of London this year 
 amounting to 14,719,4607. 15^. 7d,, and the total exports 
 to 18,410,499/. I7s. 9d. The number of British ships 
 that entered the port during the year was 2007, and of fo- 
 reign 2169 : the burthen of the latter amounted to 287,142 
 tons, and that of the former to 436,843 tons. The total 
 burthen for the year, of all vessels entering coastwise, in- 
 cluding repeated voyages, was 1,059,915 tons, and their 
 total number, 11,176. The number of colliers was 451 ; 
 that of the barges, 2596 ; lighters, 402 ; punts, 536 ; 
 sloops, 6; cutters, 10; hoys, 10: — aggregate of craft, 
 5791; independent of ships' boats, wherries, and plea- 
 sure-boats, in constant or occasional employ. 
 
 An Order of Council, February 26, 1797, suspend- 
 ed the payments of the Bank in specie; and the sus- 
 pension, for a time limited, was afterwards confirmed by 
 parliament. This measure, which occasioned the mer- 
 chants and traders much temporary alarm, was productive, 
 as a necessary consecjuence, of bank-notes for the sums of 
 one, two, and five pounds. The causes of this remarkable 
 and unprecedented event, which of itself forms an era in 
 our commercial concerns, may be briefly detailed. The 
 loans of the Bank to Government, for remittances to fo- 
 reign powers, and for other purposes, had amounted, 
 during the years 1795 and 1796, to 10,672,000/. Remon- 
 sti*ances to the minister (Mr Pitt) had been made by the 
 Directors ; in one of which a wish was expressed, that the 
 
60 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 former would " arrange his finances for the year (1795) in 
 such a manner as not to depend on any farther assistance 
 from them;" and in another, (dated Oct. 8. of the same 
 year,) the Directors informed him of " the absolute neces- 
 sity which they conceived to exist for diminishing the sum 
 of their present advances to Government, the last having 
 been granted with great reluctance on their part, upon his 
 pressing solicitations." The difficulty thus created was 
 so much increased by the great run upon the establish- 
 ment, subsequently produced by a variety of untoward 
 circumstances, that the suspension became as necessary, 
 as the speedy effects of 'pa^^er in the commercial world 
 were surprising. The parliamentary confirmation of the 
 measure was regularly renewed, on the expiration of the 
 terms assigned for its continuance, till the resumption of 
 cash payments in 1819. The net amount of the customs 
 this year was 5,950,608/. 
 
 "^ Books were opened at the Bank, January 25, 1798^, 
 to receive voluntary contributions for the defence of the 
 country; when the Bank itself subscribed 200,000/.; his 
 late Majesty, 20,000/. ; and the Common Council, 20,000/., 
 besides which, considerable sums were given by various 
 other public companies; and the aggregate amount of the 
 subscription was more than two millions, sterling ! The 
 invasion threatened by France was the ground of the pub- 
 lic and patriotic spirit displayed on this occasion. — The 
 produce of the customs was now 5,521,187/. 75. 5rf. ; and 
 the imports, particularly of sugar and rum, proportionably 
 exceeded those of any former year. 
 
 The continued threats of invasion from France had 
 roused the capital, not less than the rest of the kingdom, 
 to assume an attitude of defiance ; and on the 4th of June, 
 1799, the volunteer force of London and its environs, 
 amounting to 8989 men, (of whom 1008 were cavalry,) 
 passed in grand review before their late Majesties, and 
 nearly all the royal family, in Hyde Park. On the 21st of 
 the same month, when they underwent a royal inspection 
 in the neighbourhood of their respective parishes, their 
 total number was found to be 12,208. — The revenue of the 
 customs had increased to 7,226,553/. 0^. !</., West India 
 4J per cent, duty included. 
 
PEACE OF 1801. — INVASION. 61 
 
 His late Majesty again narrowly escaped assassination 
 on the 15th of May, 1800; a pistol shot having heen 
 fired at him, as he sat in the royal box at Drury Lane 
 Theatre, by a man named Hatfield, a maniac. — The cus^ 
 tonis this year experienced a decrease ; their amount being 
 6,46*8,655/. \os. id, but, from returns made to parlia- 
 ment, the amazing extension of commerce since the 
 commencement of the preceding century became apparent. 
 The number of vessels now belonging to the port was 
 shewn to be 2666 ; their burthen, 568,262 tons ; and their 
 complement of men, 41,402 ; from which an increase ap- 
 peared of 2106 vessels, 485,380 tons, and 50,337 men. 
 The official value of the imports was 18,845,172/. 2s. lOd., 
 and tnat of the exports, 25,428,922/. 165. 7c/. (of which the 
 British merchandise amounted to \o,2l2,494i. :) their real 
 value could not probably be less than 68,000,000/. which 
 was nearly two-thirds of that of the commerce of the 
 whole kingdom. 
 
 C)n the evening of the 1st of October, 1801, and the 
 following day, very brilliant illuminations took place in 
 London in celebration of the Peace with France ; the 
 preliminaries of which hud been ratified, and the definitive 
 treaty of which was afterwards signed, at Amiens. 
 
 War was recommenced with France in the year 1805, and 
 the French Consul, reiterating the old threat of invasion, 
 all England, and more especially London, kindled at the 
 call of patriotism, and the exhibition of a most imposing 
 volunteer force was the almost instantaneous result of the 
 national ardour. The squares, gardens, and even church- 
 yards of the metropolis and its vicinity, now became 
 places of military exercise; and on the 26th and 28th of 
 October, in this year, the number of effective volunteers 
 reviewed by his Majesty, in Hyde Park, was 27,077. Be- 
 sides this warlike display, a patriotic fund was established 
 in July, and before the end of August, more than 152,000/. 
 were subscribed ; towards which the corporation of the city 
 contributed 2500/. 
 
 The remains of the gallant Admiral Lord Nelson were 
 interred in St. Paul's Cathedral, January 9th, 1806. 
 The volunteers of London on this occasion lined ths 
 
62 PICTUnK OF LONDON'. 
 
 whole way through which the mournful cavalcade hatl to 
 pass from the Admiralty, and their presence, with that of 
 numerous regiments of the line, who marched at intervals 
 in the procession, contributed much to the magnificence 
 of the solemnity. The funeral car of the hero was splen- 
 did, but appropriate; the occasional bursts of the muffled 
 drums, and the swell of melancholy music, had a thrilling 
 effect upon the innumerable spectators ; and the sight of 
 the flag of the departed Admiral's own ship, the Victory, 
 borne by a number of the seamen who had been under his 
 immediate command, excited no common emotion in the 
 hearts of all. The carriages of the nobility, &c., attendant 
 from respect to the deceased, actually appeared to follow 
 without end. A few days previously to the funeral, the re- 
 mains of Nelson having lain in state at Greenwich Hos- 
 pital, immense multitudes proceeded thither, and received 
 a solemn gratification in contemplating this strikingly im- 
 pressive scene. 
 
 In the years 1808 and 1809, the two Theatres Royal, 
 Covent Garden and Drury Lane, were consumed by fire, 
 with several adjoining houses. The present Theatre Royal 
 Covent Garden, having been rebuilt, was again opened, 
 Sept. 18thj 1809, and the management, in consequence of 
 the expenses to which it had been subjected, having ad- 
 vanced the prices of admission, on that night commenced 
 the famous O. P. War, which, after lasting through several 
 successive weeks, with a fury unparalleled in theatrical an. 
 rials, ended in a treaty, by virtue of which the several prices, 
 with the exception of that of admission to the boxes, were 
 allowed to remain as before ths commencement of hostilities. 
 Drury Lane was rebuilt in 1812, and opened October 10th. 
 
 On the 26th of Oct. 1809, his late Majesty entered the 
 fiftieth year of his reign, which was celebrated as a national 
 Jubilee, with splendid illuminations, &c. in the metropo- 
 lis, and throughout the empire. 
 
 Sir Francis Burdett was ordered to be sent to the 
 Tower, April 6th, 1810, on the Speaker's warrant, for a 
 libel on the House of Commons. The Baronet refusing 
 obedience to this order, and the populace in general es- 
 pousing his cause, London was in a state of riotous ferment 
 for several days; till it was at length judged necessary to 
 
FROST J'AIR, 1813-14. 63 
 
 send A sfong military detachment to conduct him to his 
 j.Iace oF confinement. 
 
 £, s. a. 
 The aggregate value of goods imported into 1 
 
 London in the year 1810, was - - J -^y>vut),^ib 17 ^ 
 Briti.h Manufactmes > ^j 3^^539 j3 g 
 
 exported - 3 
 
 Foreign Merchandize) 14208925 ,46 
 
 ditto - - 3 
 
 Value of goods imported "^ 
 
 in upwards of 9000 T^^^^ ^0 
 
 coastmg vessels, aver- C ' ' 
 
 aged at 500/. each J 
 Val ue of goods sent coast- ^ 
 
 wise, in about 7000 > 7,000,000 
 
 vessels, at 1000/. each J 
 
 25,605,^65 8 2 
 
 11,500,000 O 
 
 Total amount of property shipped and un- ') 
 
 shipped on the river Thames, in the V 66,811,942 5 6 
 course of a year, estimated at - ) 
 
 The Right Hon. Spencer Perceval, Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer, was assassinated on the 11th of May, 1812, 
 by a Russia merchant, named Bellingham, in the lobby 
 of the House of Commons. The murderer was very 
 shortly afterwards executed at the Old Bailey. 
 
 The winter of 1813-14 was remarkably severe; and a 
 second /«ir took place, between London and Blackfriars 
 Bridges, on the ice formed on the river Thames : but this 
 was principally occasioned by large masses which had 
 floated down from the country, having collected and become 
 confined between those bridges ; when the continued cold 
 was sufficient to compact them into a solid mass. There 
 was but o7ie bridge over this part of the river, it will be 
 recollected, at the time of the great frost of 1739-40. — 
 The year 1814 was one of remarkable metropolitan dis- 
 play and gaiety. Brilliant illuminations, for three nights, 
 took place, in celebration of the return oi' peace, and the 
 restoration of the house of Bourbon to the throne of 
 France. The Emperor of Russia, the King of Prussia, 
 
 I G 2 
 
64 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 the veteran Generals Blucher and Platqff, and many other 
 distinguished foreigners, passed a fortnight in London, in 
 June ; and were magnificently entertained by the Prince 
 Regent, the Corporation of London, and other public 
 bodies. The Regenfs Fete, in St. James's and Hyde 
 Parks, in honour of the late events, attracted the whole 
 population of London as spectators. The ascent of bal^ 
 loons, a mimic sea-fight on the Serpentine, illumnatiovs, 
 fire-iuorks, and a gorgeous Tewple of Concord in the 
 Green Park, were provided, at the charge of govern- 
 ment, for the public amusement. The temple afforded 
 one of the grandest and most beautiful pyrotechnic spec- 
 tacles perhaps ever witnessed : this was a /or/, which 
 after a continued discharge of excellent fire-works, 
 changed, amidst the smoke and roar of numerous pieces 
 of artillery, into an elegant Temple of Concord, blazing 
 in every part with small glass lamps of every varied hue. 
 The assembled thousands testified their delight by all the 
 species of applause usually bestowed in a theatre ; and their 
 noisy exhilaration added to the general effect of the scene. 
 In 1815, the momentary interruption of the repose of 
 Europe, produced by Bonaparte's re-possession of the 
 French throne, followed, as it was, by the immortal day 
 of Waterloo, became the source of a new scene of 
 triumphant joy in the capital ; and illuminations, for three 
 nights, celebrated the glorious victory obtained by the 
 courage and constancy of British soldiers. But now, 
 peace being, to all appearance, secured, its effects were 
 speedily felt to be totally opposite to those which had 
 been so fondly anticipated by the commercial part of the 
 population of London and the kingdom in general. The 
 frantic policy of Bonaparte, as exhibited in his famous 
 decrees, had co-operated with the power of Britain by sea, 
 to throw the commerce of the world into her possession ; 
 and her trade and manufactures had consequently expe- 
 rienced a stimulus, which more than counterbalanced 
 the evil of a weight of taxation unprecedented in the an- 
 nals of other nations. But when the excitement was re- 
 moved, while the taxes, with little alteration, remained 
 — when the other European states took their share 
 in commercial concerns, and the manufacturing popula- 
 
RIOTS, 181.6-17. 65 
 
 tion of England necessarily became redundant as to the 
 demand for employ — the distress which ensued began to 
 pervade all ranks in any way dependent on the produce of 
 their industry for their support, and the merchant, the 
 manufacturer, and the artisan, were involved in the 
 general calamity. Failures took place to an unexampled 
 extent ; and nearly the whole body of the lower classes of 
 the people thus becoming agitated, from causes purely 
 commercial, a few violent and generally illiterate dema- 
 gogues laboured, with too much success, to excite po- 
 litical commotions. 
 
 On the 2d of December, 1816, a most alarming riot 
 took place after a public meeting in Spa Fields ; when 
 some of the gun-smiths' shops were robbed, and other 
 excesses committed. It was, however, suppressed with- 
 out the aid of the military, and several persons were taken 
 into custody, one of whom, John Cashman, a poor 
 sailor, was executed. A steaw-packet^ fitted up by 
 Mr. George Dodd, at Glasgow, (being the first that had 
 been seen on the Thames,) arrived at London from that 
 port in 1^1 hours ! 
 
 November the 19th,1817,beingthe day appointed for the 
 funeral of her late Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte 
 of Wales, was voluntarily observed as a day of humiliation 
 and prayer, by all ranks, in London and throughout the 
 LTnited Kingdom ; and never did desolation appear so 
 completely to pervade the hearts of a whole people. 
 Her Majesty, Queen Charlotte, expired at Kew, No- 
 vember the 17th, 1818, in the seventy-fifth year of her 
 age, having been married to his late Majesty fifty-six 
 years. Her life was marked by the strictest attention to 
 domestic duties, and her memory will descend unsullied to 
 posterity. 
 
 .' His late Majesty, King George III., after suffering un- 
 der a renewal of his afflictive mental indisposition during 
 the last nine years of his life, and, after a reign the lon- 
 gest, and, upon the whole, the most glorious that has 
 occurred in the history of our nation, died on the 29th 
 of January 1820, 
 
 The treasonable plot, termed the Cato-Street Conspiracy, 
 was discovered on the 25d of Feb. for which Arthur This- 
 
66 PICTUHE of LONDON. 
 
 tlewood, who had been involved in the Spa-Fields riot, and 
 four of his associates, were executed on the 1st of May. 
 
 The arrival of her late Majesty, Queen Caroline, in 
 London, after an absence of several years from England, 
 took place in the ensuing month of June. Charges affect- 
 ng her life and reputation having been preferred against 
 Uer, a bill of pains and penalties was introduced into the 
 House of Lords, by the Earl of Liverpool, July the 5th, 
 and on the 1 7th of August, the peers assembled to hear 
 evidence in support of the charges, and deliberate on the 
 bill, which they continued at intervals to do till Novem- 
 ber the 10th, when the majority in favour of the third 
 reading of the bill being only nine, it was dropped alto- 
 gether. The public joy on this occasion was manifested 
 by a general illumination throughout the metropolis ; and 
 towards the close of the month, her majesty made a pro- 
 cession to St. Paul's to return thanks for the defeat of the 
 proceedings against her. 
 
 July the 19th, 1821, was the day of the coronation o£ 
 his present majesty, George IV., which was celebrated 
 by a splendid banquet in Westminster-Hall, a general il- 
 lumination, the ascent of a balloon from the Green Parky 
 boat races, gratuitous exhibitions at the theatres, &c. 
 
 Her majesty. Queen Caroline, died, after a short illness,T 
 at Brandenburgh House, Hammersmith, August the 7th, 
 and on the 14th of the same month, her remains werei 
 conveyed through the metropolis on their way to Ger^ 
 many. A most shameful and disgusting scene of riot 
 occurred on this melancholy occasion, owing to the fac- 
 tious exertions of certain persons, who endeavoured to 
 alter the route prescribed for the funeral procession. TheL 
 chief obstruction took place at the end of Oxford-Street* 
 where the mob becoming outrageous, attacked the soldiers 
 forming the escort, who consequently fired and killed two 
 or three individuals, and wounded others. The opposition, 
 however, was so great, that the procession was, at last, con- 
 ducted through the Citi/y agreeably to the wishes of the 
 people. 
 
 The state of Commerce at this period, as connected 
 with the Port of London, may be inferred from the foU 
 lowing facts: — The average number of British ships and 
 vessels of various kinds, in the Thames and docks, is es- 
 
COMMERCE AKD MANUFACTURES^. 57 
 
 timated at 13,444; pf which the barges, employed in 
 lading and unlading, form 3,000 ;■ small craft, engaged in 
 the inland trade, 2,288 j and wherries, for the accommo- 
 dation of passengers, 3,000 : in regard to tonnage, the 
 East India Company's ships alone carry more burthen » 
 by 21,166 tons, than all the vessels of London did a hun^ 
 dred years ago. The number of packages annually re- 
 ceived and discharged in the port, is calculated to exceed 
 3,000,000; and their value is computed at between 60- 
 and 70,000,000/. sterling. 1200 revenue officers are 
 constantly on duty in different parts of the river; 4000 
 labourers are employed in shipping and unshipping goods; 
 and 8000 watermen navigate the small craft and wherries. 
 The present annual value of the custom and excise duties 
 may be stated at somewhat more than .6,000,000/. sterling. 
 It is, besides, calculated, that above 40,000 waggons, and 
 other carriages, including their repeated journeys, arrive 
 and depart, laden in both instances, with articles of dom.i 
 eiitic, colonial, and foreign merchandize, occasioning a 
 transit (when cattle and provisions sent for the consump* 
 tion of the inhabitants are included) of more than- 
 50,000,000/. worth of goods to or from the inland mar- 
 kets; thus making altogether a sum of one hundred and' 
 twenty millions worth of property annually passing to and 
 from London. The resources which can move and keep 
 afloat such a vast commercial system, have never been 
 equalled in any other part of the world,. 
 
 The internal manufacttires of this truly wondrous city, 
 though often overlooked, from the magnitude of its other 
 and more prominent branches of commerce, are in reality 
 of first-rate importance. They consist chiefly of fine 
 goods and articles of elegant use, brought to more than 
 the ordinary degree of perfection ; such as cutlery, jew- 
 ellery, articles of gold and silver, japan ware, cut glass, 
 books, cabinet work, and gentlemen's carriages; or of 
 particular articles that require a metropolis, or port, or a 
 great mart for their consumption, export, or sale ; such as 
 porter, English wines, vinegar, refined sugar, soap, &c. 
 The silk-manufactures alone employ thousands. The 
 coach-builders and harness-makers are numerous, and 
 have brought their respective works to a degree of 
 
68 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 perfection, exceeding that of similar articles made at 
 any other place in the universe. Neither can any 
 thing surpass the beauty of many of the more elegant 
 manufactures of a lighter description ; nor the extent 
 and value of the manufactories of the grosser kind. 
 In rega'rd to the retail trade, it may be observed gene^' 
 rally, t'lat the great number and variety of the shops, 
 and the infinity of articles, including every necessary and 
 superfluity of life, which they display, must prove a 
 subject «of amazement to the most superficial observer. 
 Among the most extensive and important establishments 
 of this class are those of the dealers in books; and 
 these are daily advancing in utility and strong moral 
 eiFect, from the immense and growing extension of literary 
 knowled.^e, and the thirst for its acquisition manifested by 
 all class<3S of the people. The details of the provision 
 trade, w hich are well worthy of distinct consideration, 
 are also calculated to astonish the most unreflecting mind.* ,^; 
 
 * For the information of the curious, we give these details, 
 as follows : 
 
 jinimai Food* — The number of bullocks annually con- 
 sumed in London is estimated at 1 10,000 ; of sheep, 770,000 ; 
 lambs, 250,000; calves, 250,000; hogs and pigs, 200,000; 
 besides an mals of other kinds. The increased consumption 
 of the me .ropolis, from its accumulating population, may be 
 estimated from the following average of the number sold^>, 
 annually in Smithfield, viz. : ,,j 
 
 
 
 Oxen. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 1750 
 
 to 1758. 
 
 75,331 
 
 623,091 
 
 1759 
 
 — 1767. 
 
 83,432 
 
 615,325^ 
 
 1768 
 
 — 1776. 
 
 89,362 
 
 627,805 
 
 1777 
 
 — 1785. 
 
 99,285 
 
 687,588 
 
 1786 
 
 — 1794. 
 
 98,075 
 
 707,456 
 
 But the increase in the weight of these various animals, is 
 even yet more astonishing than their increase in number : this 
 has arisen from the improvements in breeding that have taken 
 place during the last century. About the year 1700, the average 
 weight of oxen killed for the London market was 370 lbs. ; of 
 calves 50 lbs.; of sheep 28 lbs. ; and of lambs 18 lbs. ; the 
 average weight at present is — of oxen 800 lbs. ; of calves b 
 
SUPPLIES OF LONDON. 69 
 
 To conclude ; — London at the present period enjoys an 
 immensely greater degree of commercial importance than 
 
 140 lbs. ; of sheep 80 lbs. ; and of lambs 50 lbs. The total 
 Value of butchers* meat, as sold in Smithfield, is about 
 8,000,000/. per annum. 
 
 Milk. — The quantity of this beverage consumed in London 
 surprises foreigners ; and yet few strangers have the least 
 idea of the amount of that consumption, which is not less 
 than 7,884,000 gallons, annually. The number of cows kept 
 for this supply may be averaged at 10,000 ; the sum paid by the 
 retailers of milk to the cow- keepers, is stated at 328,000/. an- 
 nually, on which the retailers lay a profit of at least cent, per 
 cent., making the cost to the inhabitants about 656,000/ ; not 
 content with which, these retailers add water to their milk, to. 
 the extent, on an average, of a sixth part. Although the cow- 
 keepers do not themselves adulterate the milk, (it being a cus- 
 tom for the retailer to contract for the milk of a certain number 
 of cows, which are milked by his own people), yet they are not. 
 wholly to be acquitted of the guilt ; for in many of the milk- 
 rooms, where the article is measured from the cow-keeper to- 
 the retailer, pumps are erected for the express purpose of fur- 
 nishing water for the adulteration. Milk cowpanies were es- 
 tablished at the commencement of 1825, to supply the public 
 with pure milk. 
 
 Vegetables and Fruit. — There are 10,000 acres of ground 
 near the metropolis, cultivated wholly for vegetables, and 
 about 3000 acres for fruit, to supply the London consumption.. 
 The sum paid at market for vegetables, annually, is about 
 645,000/. ; and for fruit, about 400,000/. ; independently of 
 the advance of the retailers, which, on an average, is said to be. 
 200/. per cent., making the entire cost of vegetables and fruit 
 for the supply of London, upwards of 3,000,000/. sterling. 
 
 Wheati Coals, Ale, and Porter, Sec. — 'I'he annual consump- 
 tion of wheat, in London, is at least 900,000 quarters, each 
 containing eight Winchester bushels; of coals 800,000 chal- 
 drons, 36 bushels, or a ton a half, in each chaldron ; of ale- 
 and porter, 2,000,000 barrels, each containing 36 gallons ; 
 spirituous liquors and compounds, 11,146,782 gallons ; wine, 
 65,000 pipes; butter, about 21,265,000 pounds; and or 
 cheese, 25,500,000 pounds^ The quantity of porter brewed ia 
 London annually exceeds 1,316,345 barrels, of 35 gallons each. 
 
rO PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 ancient Carthage^ than Venice in its glory, than all the 
 celebrated Hanse Towns, or than the pride of industrious 
 Holland, Amsterdatn, could ever boast. 
 
 Average produce of Eleven Porter Breweries. 
 
 Barrels. Barrels. 
 
 Calvert and Co 97,920 
 
 Goodwin and Co 60,247 
 
 Elliott and Co 52,161 
 
 Taylor and Co 47,77.5 
 
 Cocks and Co 3:),702 
 
 Barclay and Co. .... S10,560 
 
 Truman and Co 185,412 
 
 Reid and Co. 168,962 
 
 Whitbread and Co. .. 151,107 
 
 Coombe and Co 139,217 
 
 Henry Meux and Co. 118,481 
 
 Ditto of Six Ale Brev/eries. 
 
 Shelton and Co 20, 1 53 
 
 Wyatt and Co 13,789 
 
 Charrington and Co. . 13,151 
 
 Thomas Goding 10,756 
 
 Ball and Co 8,062 
 
 Hale and Co 5,887 
 
 Fishy PouUry, <^c. — The quantity of fish consumed in 
 London is comparatively small, on account of its general high 
 price ; and this is, perhaps, the most culpable defect in the. 
 supply of the capital, considering that the rivers of Britain, 
 and the seas round her coast, teem witfi that species of food. 
 There are, on an average, 2500 cargoes of fish, of 40 tons each 
 brought to Billingsgate market, and about 20,000 tons by 
 land-carriage, making a total of 120,000 tons. A company, 
 with a large capital, has been formed in 1825, to supply 
 the metropolis with fish. Poultri/, is not often seen at 
 the tables of any but the w^eaUhy, the supply being, ow- 
 ing to the state of agriculture, inadequate to a general con- 
 sumption, and the price exorbitant : the annual value is about 
 60,000/. Although Game is not sold publicly, the quantity- 
 consumed in London is very considerable, and it finds its way 
 by presents and even by clandestine sale, to the houses of the 
 middling classes. Venison is sold in London chiefly by the 
 pastry cooks, at a moderate rate ; but great part of the whole 
 consumption of this article (which is considerable) is at the 
 tables of the proprietors of deer parks or of their friends. 
 
 It may be added, that, as not less than 30,000 horses for 
 pleasure and business are kept in and near London ; an im . 
 mense supply of Hai/f StraWy Oats, &c. for their consumption, 
 is therefore constantly required, ^^'; 
 
CHAP. III. 
 
 The Munici'pal Institutions of the Metropolis: its Civil 
 and Military Establishments, 
 
 THE CORPORATION. 
 
 The entire civil government of the city of London is 
 vested, by charters or grants from the kings of England, in 
 its own corporation or body of citizens. It has, properly 
 speaking, its own legislature, called the Court of Common 
 Council, consisting of the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and 
 Common Councilmen. The corporation consists of — 1. 
 The Lord Mayor ; 2. The Sheriffs ; 3. The Aldernien ; 
 4. The Common Council. 
 
 The Lord Mayor. The chief magistrate is chosen an- 
 nually, in the following manner: — On the 29th of Sep- 
 tember the livery, in Guildhall or common assembly, 
 choose two Aldermen by show of hands, who are presented 
 to a court, called the court of Lord Mayor and Aldermen, 
 by whom one of the Aldermen so chosen (generally the first 
 in seniority) is declared to be Lord Mayor elect ; and on 
 the 9th of November, following, he enters upon his office. 
 
 This day is commonly spoken of by the citizens as Lord 
 Mayor* s Day ; and the procession and ceremonials on the 
 occasion are worthy the observation of all strangers. The 
 Lord Mayor proceeds from Guildhall to Blackfriars Bridge 
 in his state coach, attended by the Sheriffs in their state- 
 chariots, by the Aldermen in their carriages, and by the 
 Livery of the several Companies in their gowns. At the 
 bridge, his Lordship, the Sheriffs, &c. embark on board the 
 state-barge belonging to the Corporation, and the several 
 Companies embark in their own magnificent barges, 
 whence they proceed to Westminster. This part of the 
 procession is seen lo great advantage by spectators at 
 the Adelphi, the Temple Gardens, Westminster and Black- 
 friars Bridges. At Westminster, the Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, 
 Aldermen, Recorder, &c. &c. go in procession to the 
 Court of Exchequer, where the Lord Mayor is sworn in, 
 and solemnly addressed by the Chief Baron. The proces- 
 
7^ PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 sioii afterwards proceeds to all the other Courts, the Re- 
 corder inviting the Judges, &c. to dinner. On returning to 
 the barge, the whole of the splendid regatta row back to 
 Biackfriars Bridge. Hundreds of boats usually join the 
 aquatic procession, and both sides of the river are lined 
 with spectators, who hail and salute the barges as they pass. 
 Nothing can surpass the scene in civic splendour and ef- 
 fect, whether the attention is turned to the magnificence 
 of the various barges, the bands of music on board them, 
 the occasional salutes of artillery on the shores, or the 
 number and gaiety of the spectators. 
 
 On reianding at Biackfriars Bridge, the procession, 
 swelled by a number of horse and foot men in suits of 
 pohshed armour, &c. &c., returns to Guildhall; where a 
 grand dinner and ball are given, at which the various 
 Ministers, the great Officers of State, and many of the 
 nobility are frequently present, besides at least one thou- 
 sand of the most opulent citizens, male and female; all of 
 ■whom sit down to dinner in the great hall, which is fitted 
 up for their reception. The whole of the proceedings are 
 conducted by a Committee of the Corporation. Tickets of 
 admission to this gi*and civic entertainment are at the sole 
 disposal of the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, who jointly pay 
 the expense — half being defrayed by the former, and the 
 other half by the latter. The total expense of this feast 
 is generally about 5000/. 
 
 The Two Sherij^s are chosen annually by the Livery, 
 both for the city, and for the county of Middlesex ; the 
 same persons being Sheriffs for London, and jointly form- 
 iiig (legally considered) a single Sheriff for the county : it 
 is their duty to inspect the prisons, summon juries, keep 
 ttie courts of law, and execute all writs and judgments. 
 They enter into office on the 28th of September. 
 
 fAst of the Lord Mayors «7zrf Shehiffs who liave been 
 chosen during the preseiit century, 
 
 LORD MAYORS. SHERIJFS. 
 
 I flOl. Sir William Stmnes ... \ W- Champion, Esq. 
 ( u. Liptrap, Esq, 
 
180J. 
 1804. 
 "1805. 
 
 -lisoe^ 
 
 1807. 
 4808. 
 1809. 
 
 y^io. 
 
 reii. 
 
 1812. 
 1815. 
 1814 
 1815. 
 1816. 
 1817. 
 1818. 
 1819. 
 1820. 
 1821. 
 
 LOHD MAYORS .* — SHERIFFS. 73 
 
 LORD MAYORS. SHERIFFS. 
 
 Sir John Earner {T.Se'lf]|q? 
 
 o- /-lu 1 r> • \ Sir R. Walsh, 
 
 Sir Charles Price ] gj^ j Alexander. 
 
 o- T t- T^ • i Sir William Leiffhton* 
 
 Sir John Pemng ^ Sir J. Shaw. ^ 
 
 Peter Perchard, Esq. j w.^Domviile^'^^q. 
 
 Sir James Shaw | Thtraafsmkh, Esq. 
 
 o- TTT-ir " T • 1--L 5 Sir J. Branscomb, 
 Sir William Leighton ^ gj^ j j^.j^^^ 
 
 T A 1 -r- ? Christ. Smith. Esq. 
 
 James Ansley, Esq. ... ^ g;^ r;^^^^^ j^hiiirps. 
 
 Sir Charles Flower ...j|:/^Smith^.S;. 
 
 mi. <:< -xi. u 5 Matthew Wood, Esq. 
 
 Thomas Smith, Esq. .. | j^j,„ ^^^j^^^ j.^^ 
 
 T ¥ o -.u T7 5 Sir W. Plomer, 
 
 J. J. Smith, Esq ^ g^^^^j Goodbehere, E^q. 
 
 o' i-i CI TT ^ ^ Samuel Birch, Esq. 
 Sir C. S. Hunter ^ ^y. Heygate, Esq!* 
 
 ^ ^ , , T-. Wohn Blades, Esq. 
 
 G.Scholey, Esq ^ j^^j^^^^. Hoy, Esq. 
 
 o- TIT- T\ -11 ^ Christ. Magnay, Esq. 
 
 Sir Wm. Domville ^ ^ c. Marsh, Esq. 
 
 Samuel Birch, Esq. ... | }°hn^R^ayf Esq."^' 
 ,, , ,,r J T^ ( Sir Thomas Bell, 
 Matthew Wood, Esq. | j^^^ Thomas Thorpe, Esq. 
 
 Matthew Wood. Esq. J gSlESls?'^" 
 ^1 • ^ o -^1- t:i 5 Francis Desanges, Esq. 
 
 Christ. Smith, Esq. ... | George AidersSn, Esq. 
 
 T L t^i ■ T- ^ Thomas Roberts, Esq. 
 
 John Atkins,Esq....... | L^^rence Gwynne, Esq. 
 
 „ „ ., T7 < Richard Roth well, Esq. 
 
 George Badges, Esq. | j^^^pj^ yy p^^y„,. g^.q, 
 
 T rr -ru c ^ Robert Waithman, Esq. 
 
 J. T; Thorpe, Esq. .... | j^j^^^ Williams, Esq. 
 
74 ExexuRK av London. 
 
 LORD MAYORS SHERIFFS. 
 
 r^^^ ' . \/r T? ? J- Garratt, Esq. 
 
 1822. Chnstr. Magnay, Esq. ^ ^y^ Venables, Esq. 
 
 „T IT . t:^ ( M. p. Lucas, Esq. 
 
 182 J. Wm. Heygate, Esq. ... | ^y Thompson, Esq. 
 
 « 1 xxr . 1. t:^ ^ Sir P. Laurie, Knt. 
 
 1824. Rob. Waithman, Esq. ^q^^^^ ^ Whittaker, Esq. 
 
 T , ^ ,, „ ( Anthony Brown, Esq. 
 
 1S25. John Garratt, Esq. ... | John Key, Esq. 
 
 Officers of the Corporation of London for I S25. 
 
 Right Hon. John Garratt, Lord Mayor. 
 Newman Knowlys, Esq. Recorder. 
 Anthony Brown, Esq. > gj^^^^ 
 John Key, Esq. ) 
 
 Richard Clark, Chamberlain. 
 Timothy Tyrrell, Remembrancer. 
 Thomas Denman, Esq. Common Serjeant. 
 Henry Woodthorpe, Esq. Town Clerk. 
 Wm. Lewis Newman, Esq. Solicitor. 
 John Bushnan, Esq. Comptroller. 
 
 Neville Browne, and Wm. Wadham Cope, Gents. City 
 Marshals. 
 
 TVie Aldermen are chosen for life, by the householders of 
 the several wards, being freemen, one for each of the 
 twenty-six wards j except that of Bridge-Without, or 
 Southwark, on a vacancy for which, the^ senior alderman, 
 or, as he is commonly called, The Father of the City, is- 
 removed to that ward, and a new alderman is elected for 
 the ward which he vacates. f 
 
 The Aldermen are the principal magistrates in their 
 respective wards. There are various courts in the city for; 
 trying the civil causes of its inhabitants, by judges who are 
 members, or officers of the corporation. The Lord Mayor, 
 the Recorder, the Common Serjeant (the principal law 
 officer of the city), and the Aldermen, are judges of Oyer, 
 and Terminer J that is, they are the king's judges to try 
 capital oflfences and misdemeanors committed in the City^ 
 of London and County of Middlesex ; and the aldermen 
 are pefpetual justices of the4;)eace for the City* 
 
COMMON COTOCir..— WARDS. -., 
 
 men, and 236 other menS the li ll T^""' "^^ ^Ider- 
 
 by the householderrbdng freemen inTh^i^^ '?""^'^' 
 the number for each ,' ?'ik^' " 'r'*^ *«^'eral wards, 
 
 custom, but the bodv comoJ h^ '^S"'^'^'' ^y ^""ent 
 that number The debaL of ?hh^' ^ f?"^^''. '" «-^'«"d 
 -ting, and its me:t?ntstro;i'„'^toTetut:iL'"^''-^ '"'^■ 
 CommoSrronSn "tdT ''^ represSS;es of the 
 theCity uila?ure ;h1^h ?°'^ ''"^ °'' "^« P^rts of 
 
 kingdomjfr as the '^^- -^ '"''"-'"'''"' "'"" "*" "'^ 
 
 and Common!, o is he LrZr'' °^ "'^ ^i."«> ^°"^'' 
 Mayor, the Aldermen 1^\ r '^°?^P'^sed of the Lord 
 
 official'differenceTs tC th "ffin"" f °T"' = '''^Principal 
 the three estate.! nfth» !,•.=' ^°'"''^' ^n*' Commons. 
 
 Srd^maTor'STs'inti '^'' f^-TeXtl,:?™: 
 
 the poll, at'th^'^Sfo ^V'l":£ran'i\ir°^ ^' 
 preside in their several wards at thl^h' "'« aldermen 
 councilmen. ' '"^ '^''^"^e ^'f common 
 
 bIe?n'G"S:n ioftenrth^'rT'"*'" ^""""^ — 
 
 acting theSforSam'coir™°"T' '""^ ''^T 
 meet at Mercer's H=.n , j- ^*', ^'"^ generally 
 
 vernor d™ / '?^'*' S"^"'- annually choose a so- 
 vernor, deputy, and assistants, for the management of tlw! 
 
 H 2 
 
76 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 city lands in Ireland. They have likewise a right to dis- 
 pose of the offices of Town Clerk, Common Serjeant, 
 Judges of the Sheriff's Court, Common Crier, Coroner, 
 Bailiff of the Borough of Southwark, and City Garbler, 
 The jurisdiction of the corporation, as administered by its 
 officers, extends over the city, the borough of Southwark, 
 and in some instances beyond the boundaries of both. 
 
 The Livery, a numerous, respectable, and important 
 elective body, is composed of freemen of the several 
 companies ; in whom is vested the right of electing the 
 Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, Members of Parliament, Chamber- 
 lain, Bridge Masters, Ale Conners, and Auditors of the 
 Chamberlain's accounts. 
 
 The Corporation and Livery of London form, in con- 
 junction, the most important popular assembly (the Com- 
 mons House of Parliament excepted) in the empire. On 
 occasions of the greatest moment, their decisions have 
 been regarded as the voice of the nation ; their example 
 has frequently inspired general patriotism ; and the go- 
 vernment itself, when under evil influence, has been ar- 
 rested ii;i its course, and prudently listened to the v/arnings 
 solemnly pronounced by this great civic body. 
 
 Legislative Representation, 
 
 Middlesex returns eight Members to Parliament; viz. 
 two for the county, four for the city of London, and two 
 for Westminster : those for the county, are chosen by thei 
 freeholders ; those for the city by the liverymen; and 
 those for Westminster by the inhabitant householders, 
 
 GENERAL CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 In speaking of the general Civil Government of the me- 
 tropolis, it must be observed, that the suburbs in Middle- 
 sex are under the jurisdiction of the justices of the peace 
 for the county, as part of the county. The County Hall 
 for Middlesex is on Clerkenwell Green, and, at the Sessions 
 held there, great part of the business connected with the 
 civil government of the suburbs, in Middlesex, is transacted. 
 Four General Quarter Sessions are held, and four other 
 Sessions are held by adjournment, so that there are eight 
 Sessions every year. That part of the borough of South-; 
 
POLICE, AND ITS Of t lets. 77 
 
 wark which was incorporated with the city in the reign of 
 Edward III., has its officers appointed by the court of al- 
 dermen and common counci], viz. an alderman of the 
 Bridge ward, a high bailiff, steward, d'c. The govern- 
 ment of Westminster is also vested in a high bailiff, &c.> 
 appointed by the dean and chapter, and altogether more 
 resembles that of a country borough, than of a city, as by 
 courtesy it is still called. 
 
 The Police, 
 
 As it is of the highest importance to strangers to be 
 able to obtain instant redress in cases of civil injury, a list 
 is subjoined of the Police Offices in London; at which Ma- 
 gistrates, appointed and paid by government, sit every day. 
 
 The Mansion House : — Guildhall, 
 
 Bow Street, Covent Garden, 
 
 Queen's Square, Westminster, 
 
 Great Marlborough Street, 
 
 High Street, Mary-le-bone, 
 
 Hatton Garden, 
 
 Worship Street, Shoreditch, 
 
 Lambeth Street, Whitechapel, 
 
 Kigh Street, Shadwell, 
 
 Union Street, South wark, 
 
 Wapping New Stairs, for offences connected with the 
 shipping and the port of London. 
 
 \t Bow Street, Covent Garden, is the Police office ce- 
 lebrated all over the United Kingdom, and, it may be said, 
 the World, for its execution of police duties, particularly 
 since the time of Sir John Fielding. It is not included among 
 the offices regulated by the Police Act, but is wholly under 
 the direction and management of the Secretary of State 
 for the Home Department. Its establishment consists of 
 four magistrates, three of whom have a salary of 600/. 
 a year each, for attending two days in a week. The chief 
 magistrate has in addition, 500/. a year, in lieu of fees, 
 which were formerly appropriated to his emolument, but 
 are now carried to the public account. He also has 500/. 
 a year for the superintendence of the horse patrole. All 
 the magistrates oelonging to this office are in the commis- 
 H 3 
 
78 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 sion of the peace for the counties of Middlesex, Surrey, 
 Kent, and Essex ; it being the chief police office of Eng- 
 land. There are also three Clerks and eight Officers ; who 
 are applied to from all parts of Britain to assist in the 
 discovery of mysterious and daring offences ; but three of 
 the latter are excused from going out of town, being re- 
 tained to attend the King and Court. There are besides 
 about 150 foot and horse patroles attached to the office, 
 who parade the streets of tne metropolis, and all the roads 
 to the distance of about ten miles, from dusk till 12 o'clock. 
 The former go in parties of three and a conductor, armed 
 with blunderbusses and cutlasses. 
 
 The Magistrates of all these offices are appointed to 
 hear complaints and charges, and determine according to 
 law : particularly in cases relative to the customs, excise, 
 and stamps; the game laws; hawkers and pedlars; pawn- 
 brokers; friendly societies; highways; hackney coaches, 
 carts, and other carriages ; quakers and others refusing to 
 pay tithes ; appeals of defaulters in parochial rates ; mis- 
 demeanors committed by persons unlawfuly pawning pro- 
 pert}^, not their own ; bakers, selling bread short of weight, 
 &c.; journeymen leaving their services in different trades ; 
 labourers not complying with their agreements, and disor- 
 derly apprentices; persons keeping disorderly houses; 
 nuisances against different acts of parliament; gaming 
 houses, fortune tellers, or persons of ill fame found irj 
 avenues to public places, with an intent to rob, &c. To 
 them also are delegated the duties of watching over the 
 conduct of publicans ; swearing in, charging, and instruct- 
 ing parochial constables and headboroughs from year to 
 year ; issuing warrants for privy searches, and considering 
 the cases of persons charged with being disorderly, liable 
 to be punished under the act of 17 Geo. II. cap. 5. and 
 subsequent acts of parliament; making orders to parish 
 officers, beadles, and constables, in parish removals ; in bil- 
 letting soldiers ; considering the cases of poor persons 
 applying for assistance, or admission to workhouses ; grant- 
 ing certificates and orders to the wives of persons serving 
 in the militia, and also attesting recruits for the army; 
 as well as examining persons accused of treason, murder, 
 coining, afld uttering base money, arson, manslaughter, 
 
 I 
 
POLICE WATCHMEN. 79 
 
 forgery, burglary, larceny, sedition, felonies of various de- 
 scriptions; conspiracies, frauds, riots, assaults, and misde- 
 meanors of different kinds. 
 
 The following is an estimated Statement of the Force of 
 the Police of the Metropolis, 
 
 In the City of London — the marshalmen, beadles, 
 
 and constables amount to 519 
 
 Watchmen and patrol es, above .... 1000 
 In the City and Liberty of Westminster — con- 
 stables 71 
 
 Watchmen and Patroles 500 
 
 Holbom division — constables ..... 79 
 
 Watchmen and patroles 577 
 
 Finsbury division — constables 69 
 
 Watchmen and patroles 135 
 
 Tower hamlets, including the eastern part of the 
 
 town — constables 218 
 
 Watchmen and patroles 208 
 
 Liberty of the Tower of London — constables . • 17 
 
 Watchmen and patroles 14 
 
 Division of Kensington and Chelsea — constables . 82 
 
 Watchmen and patroles .,,,,, 66 
 
 Borough of Southwark — constables . . . 88 
 
 Watchmen and patroles . 79 
 
 Seven Police Offices, including Bow Street — offi- 
 cers and patroles . , . 1 50 
 
 Whole number . • J472 
 
 Watch-houses are placed at convenient distances in 
 every part of London ; where a parochial constable or 
 headborough attends to preserve order, to take charges, 
 or receive offenders, and to produce them the next morn- 
 ing, before a sitting magistrate. 
 
 For the more effectual administration of the River Po- 
 lice, above as well as below London bridge, besides the po- 
 lice-boats or galleys that row up and down during the 
 night, a gun-brig is moored in the river, off Norfolk Street, 
 ,in the Strand, for the accommodation of the officers, &c. 
 
80 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Military/ Estahlishments, 
 
 The military establishments of the citj of London were 
 considerably changed by an act of parliament passed in 
 1794; under which, two regiments of militia are raised 
 in the city, by ballot, amounting together to 2,200 men. 
 The officers are appointed by the commissioners of the 
 king's lieutenancy for the city of London, and one regi- 
 ment, may, in certain cases, be placed by the king under 
 any of his general officers, and marched to any part, not 
 exceeding twelve miles from the capital, or the nearest 
 encampment ; the other, at all such times, to remain in 
 the city of London. 
 
 Three regiments of Foot Guards, containing about 
 7000 men, including officers, and two regiments of Horse 
 Guards, consisting together of 1200 men, at once serve as 
 appendages to the King's royal state, and form a general 
 military establishment for the metropolis : but none of 
 these troops, it must be observed, are permitted to enter 
 the city, without especial leave from the chief magistrate. 
 A body, called the Yeomen of the Guard, consisting of 
 100 men, remain a curious relic of the dress of the king's 
 guards in the fifteenth century. Some light horse are also 
 stationed at the barracks in Hyde Park, to attend his Ma- 
 jesty, or any other members of the royal family, chiefly 
 when travelling ; and to do duty on occasions immediatelv 
 connected with the king's administration. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 The Religious Edifices of the Metropolis, 
 
 The number of places of worship in London, belonging 
 to the various sects into which the Christian world is di^ 
 vided, is one of the circumstances likely to interest and 
 surprise the casual visitor, and therefore particularly de-r 
 serving of notice. These religious edifices amount to 
 
CHURCHES, &C. : ST. PAUL's CATHEDRAL. 8 1 
 
 several hundreds; of which about one hundred and 
 eighty are episcopal churches and chapels; fifteen are ap- 
 propriated to the Roman Catholics; eighteen are for 
 the worship of foreign Protestants ; and the remainder 
 belong to the different sects of Protestant Dissenters. 
 To complete the enumeration of the religious buildings 
 in London, it may be added, that there are six synagogues 
 of the Jews. 
 
 The churches, chapels, &c. of the metropolis will be 
 noticed under the following arrangement: 1. Parochial 
 Churches in the city. 2. Parochial Churches in the sub- 
 urbs. 5. Episcopal Chapels. 4. Catholic Chapels. 5. 
 Foreign Protestant Chapels. 6. Protestant Dissenting 
 Places of Worship. But those grand national structures, 
 the Cathedral Church of St. Paul, and the Abbey Church 
 of St. Peter, Westminster, will first demand our attention^ 
 
 ST. Paul's cathedral 
 
 Holds the most distinguished place among the modern 
 works of architecture which dignify and adorn the British 
 empire. Even foreigners generally regard it with respect 
 and admiration as only second to the pontifical fane of St. 
 Peter, at Rome. It stands nearly in the centre of the 
 metropolis, and has been supposed to occupy the site of 
 an ancient Roman temple of Diana; but this notion is re- 
 jected by Sir Christopher Wren. A Christian church was 
 erected here on the conversion of Sebert, king of Essex, 
 who founded the bishopric of London, about the year 
 610 : and the cathedral of the diocess has ever since been 
 situated on this spot. It was more than once destroyed 
 by fire, and re-edified previous to the Norman conquest. 
 In 1086 it again experienced the same fate; after which 
 Maurice, then Bishop of London, began to rebuild the no- 
 ble pile, the destruction of which made way for the pre- 
 sent fabric. The ancient cathedral was one of the most 
 stupendous architectural remains of the middle ages. It 
 was not the work of one period, but was gradually en- 
 larged and improved by the successors of Maurice, till it 
 became the most extensive and magnificent among the re- 
 ligipus edifices of this country. It had in the middle a 
 
8S PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 grand tower, crowned by a spire, said to have been raised 
 to the height of more than 530 feet. This tower was 
 burnt, together with the roof of the church, in 1561, and 
 subsequently, with the exception of the spire, rebuilt. 
 The whole edifice, however, was in such a state of decay 
 in the time of James I. as to require extraordinary repairs. 
 A subscription to the amount of more than 100,000/. was 
 collected, through the patriotic exertions of Laud, then 
 Bishop of London, and others, and in the following reign the 
 reparation was executed, under the direction of the cele- 
 brated architect, Inigo Jones. He added to the edifice a 
 portico of the Corinthian order, at the west front, but this 
 however beautiful in itself, formed a very incongruous addi- 
 tion to a structure in the ecclesiastical style of architec- 
 ture. The completion of Jones's operations was prevented 
 by the breaking out of the civil war, and during the pe- 
 riod of anarchy which ensued, the sacred edifice was con- 
 verted into barracks, for cavalry, and exposed to the wanton 
 depredations and injuries of unprincipled spoilers. On 
 the Restoration of Charles IL the reparation of the cathe- 
 dral was recommenced; but after considerable expense 
 had been incurred, the whole structure was so completely 
 ruined by the fire of 1666, that it was ultimately deter- 
 mined to erect an entirely new edifice. The execution of 
 this important work was committed to Sir Christopher 
 Wren, who, after overcoming various obstacles in the pro- 
 gress of his undertaking, lived to see the completion of 
 this magnificent edifice. 
 
 The length of the church, including the western portico, 
 is 514 feet; the breadth 286; the height, to the top of the 
 cross 570; the exterior diameter of the cupola 145; and 
 the entire circumference of the building 2292 feet. A 
 dwarf stone wall, supporting a balustrade of cast iron, sur- 
 rounds the church, and separates a large area, which is 
 properly the church yard, from a spacious carriage and 
 foot way on the south side, and a foot-pavement on the 
 north. The dimensions of this cathedral are thus seen to 
 be imposing; but the grandeur of the design, and the 
 beauty of its proportions, more justly entitle it to rank 
 among the noblest edifices of the modern world. 
 
 The ground plan of the church assumes the form of the 
 
ST. Paul's CATHEi>RAt. S5 
 
 Greek cross. Over the space where the lines of that figure 
 intersect each other, rises a stately dome, or cupola ; from 
 the top of which springs a lantern, adorned with Co- 
 rinthian columns, and surrounded at its base by a balcony; 
 on the lantern rests a gilded ball, and on that a cross, 
 forming the summit. 
 
 There are three porticoes : one at the principal entrance, 
 facing the west, and the other two on the north and south, 
 at the extremities of the transept, and corresponding in 
 their architecture. The western portico consists of twelve 
 lofty Corinthian columns below, and eight composite ones 
 above, ranged in pairs, supporting a grand pediment ; the 
 whole resting ©n an elevated base, the ascent to which is 
 by a flight of twenty-two steps of black marble, running 
 the entire length of the portico. The entablature repre- 
 sents St. Paul's Conversion, sculptured by Francis Bird, 
 in low relief. — At the upper point of the pediment is a 
 gigantic statue of St. Paul, and on the sides are those of 
 St. Peter, St. James, and the four Evangelists. The por=- 
 tico at the northern entrance consists of a demi- cupola, 
 supported by six Corinthian columns, with an ascent of 
 twelve half-circular steps, of black marble. The southern 
 portico is similar, excepting that the ascent on that side 
 consists of twenty-five steps, the ground there being lower. 
 
 The walls are wrought in rustic, and strengthened and 
 ornamented by two ranges of coupled pilasters, one above 
 the other, the lower being Corinthian, and the upper Com- 
 posite. The angles of the west front are crowned with 
 campaniles, or bell-towers, of a handsome and uniform cha- 
 racter, and at the east end is a semi-circular projection. 
 
 The interior of St. Paul's, as to its^ general form, resem- 
 bles the plan of the ancient cathedrals, consisting of three 
 ailes divided by piers and arches, and covered with vaulting. 
 The western division is a beautiful part of the building, 
 separated from the ailes at each side by insulated columns 
 and screens of iron railing, forming the Morning Prayer 
 Chapel and Consistory Court. At the intersection of the 
 nave and transepts there are eight openings from the cen- 
 tral area instead of four; in which unusual mode of ar- 
 rangement, this cathedral resembles that of Ely. The 
 ehoir is of the same form and architectural style as the 
 
84 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 body of the church, and is terminated by a semi-circular 
 apsis. The stalls and enclosures are decorated with beau- 
 tiful carvings, the work of Grinling Gibbons. The pave- 
 ment consists of square slabs of black and white maVble 
 placed alternately; and near the altar these are inter- 
 spersed with porphyry. 
 
 The interior of the grand cupola is adorned with a series 
 of paintings by Sir James Thornhill, illustrative of the most 
 remarkable occurrences in St. Paul's life : such as, his Mi- 
 raculous Conversion; his preaching at Athens ; the Judg- 
 ment upon Elymas, the Sorcerer ; Paul and Barnabas at 
 Lystra; the imprisonment of Paul and Silas at Philippi, 
 with the Conversion of the Gaoler; Paul defending 
 himself before Agrippa and Berenice; and his shipwreck 
 at Melita. 
 
 An attempt has, of late years, been made to relieve the 
 naked appearance of the interior, by statues and other se- 
 pulchral monuments ; and the plan deserves some praise, 
 as departing: from the ordinary taste of monumental archi- 
 tecture. The statues are many of them plain full length 
 figures, standing on marble pedestals, with appropriate in- 
 scriptions ; and among such are those of Dr. Johnson, Sir 
 William Jones, and the celebrated philanthropist, Howard. 
 Others, in a more exceptionable style, represent naval cap- 
 tains, &c. in a state of demi-nudity, or in Roman togas ; 
 but several are justly worthy of admiration. Among the 
 most interesting are those of General Abercrombie, Lord 
 Howe, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Captain Hardinge, Sir John 
 Moore, Lord Rodney, Captain Westcott, Captain Duflf^ 
 General Dundas, General Picton, Marquess Cornwallis, 
 Captain Burgess, Colonel Cadogan, Generals Hay, Mac- 
 kenzie, and Langworth, and the great naval hero of Bri- 
 tain, Lord Nelson, whose tomb is in the crypt below. This 
 tomb, it may be noticed, stands centrically in its dusky 
 mausoleum beneath the great dome of the cathedral, and 
 consists of a sarcophagus and pedestal intended by Cardi- 
 nal Wolsey to enclose his own remains: they were con- 
 veyed from the tomb house at Windsor, to be applied to 
 their present at least equally honourable purpose. The 
 crypt contains inscriptions to the architect. Sir Chiisto- 
 pher Wren, and his daughters ; Barry, Opie, Reynoldsjand 
 
ST. falls: — MOyUiJENTS. 85 
 
 West, the painters; Bishop Newton; Lord Chancellor 
 
 Rosslyn, and raany others. The statue of Howard was 
 executed by the late John Bacon, R. A. in 1796, and repre- 
 sents the pliilanthropist in the act of tramplincr on chains 
 and fetters, and bearing in his right hand a key, and in his 
 left a scroll, on which is inscribed " Plan for thelmprov^e- 
 ment of Prisons and Hospitals." This monument is placed 
 near the iron gate, leading to the south aile. The in- 
 scription on it was drawn up by the late S. Whitbread, Esq. 
 *— Sir William Jones's monument was the work of J. Ba- 
 con, jun. The figure i^ represented leaning on the Institutes 
 of the Hindoo legislator, ATenu, — The monument of Lord 
 Nelson, by John Flaxman, R. A., exhibits the hero, habited 
 in an oriental pelisse-, and leaning on an anchor. Beneath, 
 on the right is Britannia, directing the attention of twonaval 
 youths to Nelson. On the other side is the British lion; 
 and on the cornice of the pedestal are the words " Copen- 
 hagen, — Nile, — Trafalgar." The figures on the pedestal 
 are designed to denote the North Sea, the German Ocean, 
 the Nile, and the Mediterranean. ^ — Above the entrance 
 to the choir is a marble slab, with a Latin inscription, 
 which may be thus translated; — "Beneath lies Christo- 
 pher Wren, the architect of this church and city; who 
 lived more than 90 years, not for himself only, but for the 
 public. Reader, do you seek his monument ? Look around." 
 In this part of the cathedral the spectator will be struck 
 with the appearance of a num.ber oi tattered flags, the 
 trophies of former wars. Those over the nave were taken 
 in part durins the American war, and the rest by the Duke 
 of York at Valenciennes ; those near the north door were 
 captured from the French by Lord Howe, on the 1st of 
 June, 1794; some of the flags were taken from the 
 Spaniards by Lord Nelson in 1797; and others firom the 
 Dutch by Lord Duncan, at Camperdown, and by Lord 
 Keith at the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 . This Cathedral was erected at the national expense, and 
 cost one million and a half. The iron balustrade on the 
 wall surrounding the church yard, Cwhich, with its seven 
 iron gates, weighs 200 tons) cost 11,202/. 0*. 6 J, This 
 immense edifice was reared in 55 years; the first stone 
 being laid on the 21st of June, 167 o] and the building was 
 
86 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 completed in 1710, exclusive of some of the decorationsy 
 which were not finished till 1723. The highest stone of 
 the lantern was laid by Mr. Christopher Wren, son of 
 the architect, in 1710. It was built under one architect, Sir 
 Christopher Wren; by one mason, Mr. Strong; and while 
 one prelate, Dr. Henri/ Compton, filled the see of London, 
 
 Summary of Dimensions. Feet 
 
 Length, from east to west, within the walls - 50O 
 From north to south, within the doors of the 
 
 porticoes - - - - ^ 28^ 
 
 The breadth of the west entrance . - .^ loa 
 
 The circuit of the entire building - - 229^ 
 
 The circumference of the cupola - - - 450 
 
 The diameter of the ball - - - g 
 
 From the ball to the top of the cross - - 30 
 
 The diameter of the columns of the porticoes - 4 
 The height to the top of the west pediment under 
 
 the figure of St. Paul -^ - - 12a 
 
 The height of the campaniles, of the west front 28 T 
 
 From the floor to the whispering^ gallery are 280 steps f 
 including those to die golden gallery, are 534 ; and to the 
 ball, in all, 616 steps. — The weight of the ball is 5600 
 pounds: that of the cross, 3360. — The extent of the ground^ 
 plot whereon the cathedral stands, is two acres, 16 perches. 
 — The length of the hour figures on the clock dial, is 
 2 feet 2^ inches: the circumference of the dial, 57 feet. 
 
 This Church is open for divine service three times every 
 day in the year — at six o'clock in the morning in summer, 
 and seven in the winter; at a quarter before ten in the 
 forenoon, and a quarter after three o'clock in the after- 
 noon. — At all other times the doors are shut, and no per- 
 son admitted but such as are willing to pay for seeing the 
 church and its curiosities. Strangers will gain admittance 
 by knocking at the door of the nor/hern portico. A per- 
 son is ready within to pass the visitor to the staircase lead- 
 ing to the curiosities, for which he demands fouy^-pence* 
 
 * For this first cost, the visitor passes to the two galleries oa 
 the outside of the church j the first being on the top of the colon- 
 
ST. Paul's: — library, model, &c. 87 
 
 1 . The Library is the first object to be seen in the 
 ascent ; the charge for which is two-pence. It is a hand- 
 some room, about fifty feet by forty, having shelves with 
 books to the top, with a gallery running along the sides. 
 The floor is of oak, consisting of 2576 small square pieces; 
 and is not only curious for its being inlaid, without a nail 
 or peg to fasten the parts, but is extremely neat in the 
 workmanship. The collection of books is neither large 
 nor very valuable. The principal things pointed out to a 
 stranger are several beautifully carved pillars, by Grinling 
 Gibbons, some Latin manuscripts, finely written 800 years 
 ago, by the monks, and an illuminated manuscript, contain- 
 ing rules for the government of a convent, written in 
 old English about 500 years since. These several manu- 
 scripts are in very fine preservation. The minor canons, 
 and other ecclesiastical officers of the cathedral, have access 
 to the books, and may borrow any of them, under certain 
 restrictions. 
 
 2. The Models formed by Sir Christopher Wren's order 
 from his first design for this cathedral. In the room with 
 this are also deposited the frame-work of the great lantern 
 that was suspended in the centre of the dome, the stream- 
 ers, and the heraldic emblems, used at the funeral of 
 Nelson. Here is also a fine Model of the cornice of the 
 entablature of the temple of Jupiter Stator at Rome. — 
 The charge for seeing these models is two-pence. 
 
 3. The Clock-work and great bell are also to be seen for 
 two-pence. The former is curious, both for the magni- 
 tude of its wheels and other parts, and the very great ac- 
 curacy and fineness of its workmanship. The length of 
 the pendulum is fourteen feet, and the weight at its ex- 
 tremity is equal to one cwt.* The great belly in the 
 southern campanile, is said to weigh 4\ tons, and is ten 
 
 nade, and the highest at the foot of the lantern. For each 
 of the other places there is a separate charge, and the visi- 
 tor may see or pass by which of them he pleases. The body of 
 the church may be viewed for two-pence. 
 
 * We recommend strangers, if possible, to visit this part of 
 the cathedral between the hours of twelve and one, as at that 
 time the man who superintends the clock, to wind it up, will 
 I 2 
 
83 PICTURE OF LONDO.^, 
 
 feet in diameter. The hammer of the clock strikes the v 
 hours on this bell, whose fine deep tones have been heard, 
 at twenty miles' distance. This bell is never tolled but.; 
 on the death of the king, queen, or some other member 
 of the royal family ; or for the bishop of London, the dean 
 of St. Paul's, or the Lord Mayor. 
 
 4. The Whispering gallery is a real curiosity, exhi- . 
 biting an amusing example of the wonderful effect of 
 the reverberation of sounds. It is 140 yards in cir- 
 cumference. A stone seat runs round the gallery, along 
 the foot of the wall. On the side directly opposite 
 the door by which the visitor enters, several yards of 
 the seat are covered with matting, on which when he is 
 seated, the man who shows the gallery whispers, with his 
 mouth close to the wall, near the door, at the distance of 
 the whole diameter from the stranger, who hears his 
 words, seemingly, at his ear. The mere shutting of the 
 door produces a sound, to those on the opposite seat, like 
 thunder. The effect is not so perfect, if the visitor sits 
 down halfway between the door and the matted seat ; and 
 still less so, if he stands near the man who speaks, but on 
 the other side of the door. The paintings on the inner 
 side of the cupola, by Sir James Thornhill, are also viewed 
 with most advantage here. — The whispering gallery is 
 shown for two-pence. 
 
 The Ball is to be seen for one shilling and sixpence each 
 person ; and one shilling per company to the guide. The 
 ascent is attended with some difficulty, and is encountered 
 by few, yet both the ball and the passage to it well deserve 
 the labour. The interior diameter of this ball is six feet, 
 and eight persons may sit within it. 
 
 A singular Geometrical staircase is shown for two-pence. 
 
 The prospect from every part of the ascent to the top 
 of St. Paul's, wherever an opening presents itself, is ex- 
 tremely curious. The form of the metropplis, and the 
 adjacent country, are most perfectly seen from the gallery 
 at the foot of the lantern, on a bright summer's day. The 
 
 be on the spot to give the proper explanations. The spectator^ 
 should take a survey of the streets from this place before he_ 
 ascends to the upper galleries. 
 
ST. PAULS: — CRYPTS, ANNUAL MEETINGS. 89 
 
 ascent to this gallery is by 534 steps, of which 260, nearest 
 the bottom, are extremely easy ; those above are difficult, 
 and in some parts dark and unpleasant. In the ascent to 
 this gallery may be seen the brick cone that supports the 
 lantern, with its ball and cross. The timber work, which 
 strengthens at once the outer dome and the cone within 
 it, is an object that the stranger will do well to inspect.* 
 
 The Crypts, or vaults, of St. Paul's are dark, dreary 
 mansions ; lighted, at distant intervals, by grated prison- 
 like windows, which afford partial gleams of light, with 
 strong shades intervening. Vast piers and immense arches 
 divide these vaults into three avenues. The centre one 
 under the dome is totally dark ; but a portion of the north 
 aile, at the east end is railed in, and dedicated to St. Faith, 
 and is used for interments. When the ancient church was 
 finally pulled down, many monumental statues were broken 
 to pieces, and the alabaster powdered for cement. A few 
 escaped, and are now preserved in the vaults of St. Faith. 
 Among them is the celebrated figure of Dr. Donne, re- 
 presenting him as a corpse in a winding-sheet ; it was 
 executed in his lifetime, and was the object of his daily 
 contemplation. — Two very interesting opportunities for 
 visiting this cathedral are annually presented to the 
 stranger. The first is in the month of May, when a grand 
 musical meeting is held for the benefit of the children and 
 widows of poor clergymen. The other occurs in June, 
 and consists in the assemblage, upon an average, of seven 
 thousand children, from the various parochial schools, for 
 the purpose of uniting in the public worship and praise of 
 the Deity. The union of so great a number of infant 
 voices, thus engaged, is strikingly affecting, and partakes 
 even of the sublime. 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY, 
 
 Or, the Collegiate Church of St. Peter, derives its name from 
 its situation in the western part of the metropolis, and 
 
 * Plans, sections, views, and an ample account of this 
 Church, its dome, &c. by Mr. Gwilt and Mr. Brayley, are 
 given in vol. i. of '^ Public Buildings of London. ** 
 I 3 
 
90 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 its original destination as the church of a monastery. It was 
 founded by Sebert, king of the East Saxons ; but being af- 
 terwards destroyed by the Danes, it was rebuilt by King 
 Edgar in 958. Edward the Confessor again rebuilt the 
 church in 1065; and Pope Nicholas II. constituted it a 
 place of inauguration of the kings of England. The monas- 
 tery was surrendered by the abbot and monks to Henry 
 VIII. who at first converted the establishment into a col- 
 lege of secular canons, under the government of a dean, and 
 afterwards into a cathedral, of which the county of Mid- 
 dlesex (with the exception of the parish of Fulham, belong- 
 ing to the Bishop of London") was the diocess. Edward VI. 
 dissolved the see, and restored the college, which was 
 converted by Mary to its original appropriation of an 
 abbey. Elizabeth dissolved that institution in 1560, and 
 founded the present establishment, for a dean, twelve 
 secular canons, and thirty petty canons ; a school of 
 forty boys, denominated the Queen's or King's Scholars, 
 with a master and usher, together with twelve almsmen, 
 an organist, choristers, &c. 
 
 The present church was built by Henry III., and his suc- 
 cessor Edward I. as far as the extremity of the choir ; 
 but the nave and west front were erected by different 
 abbots, except the upper parts of the western towers, 
 which were completed by Sir Christopher Wren. The 
 front of the north transept has a very imposing and no- 
 ble appearance, to which its fine rose window, re-built 
 in 1722, greatly contributes. In the south front is ano- 
 ther window of similar character, but far more elaborate 
 in design, erected in 1814, in place of the old one, which 
 had become ruinous, and was less complex. The for- 
 mer, or northern window, is richly ornamented with 
 painted and stained glass, representing, in the central 
 circle, the Holy Scriptures, surrounded by a band of che- 
 rubim, and in the large exterior divisions, our Saviour, 
 the Evangelists, and the Apostles in recumbent attitudes : 
 the glazing of the other window is plain. 
 
 The choir, which excites considerable interest from the 
 grandeur of the perspective, is entered from the nave, under 
 the organ gallery : there are entrances also from the 
 transepts, on the north and south sides. The stalls and 
 general wainscotting of the choir were executed under 
 
WESTMINSTER ABBEY: MONUMENTS. 91 
 
 the direction of the late Mr. Keene, surveyor of the 
 works, in 1775; but they have been re-fitted since the 
 coronation here, of his present majesty, on the 19th of 
 July, 1821. When the scaffolding was erected for that 
 solemnity, the old altar-piece, (which had been originally 
 designed by Sir Christopher Wren for the chapel at 
 Whitehall) was taken down, and the original altar-screen 
 has been restored, as nearly as coukf be ascertained, in 
 close conformity with its ancient design. The beautiful 
 monuments of Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, 
 second son of Henry III.; Aymer de Valence, Earl of 
 Pembroke, and Aveline, his countess, are situated on 
 the north side of the choir, and have been recently re- 
 paired agreeably to their original style. On the south 
 side are the monuments of Anne of Cleves, the divorced 
 wife of Henry VI U., and that of Sebert, the original 
 founder of this church : those also have been lately re- 
 paired, but the latter only partially, although one of the 
 most curious memorials in the whole building. It was 
 erected by the monks of Westminster on the completion 
 of the choir about the end of Edward the First's reign ; 
 and it still exhibits very interesting specimens of the art of 
 Painting in oil, as practised at that period, in two whole 
 length figures, on thin wainscot, the size of life, which repre- 
 sent King Sebert and King Henry HI. In the pavement be- 
 fore the altar is an extremely curious Mosaic work ; gene- 
 rally speaking, it consists of circles, squares, parallelograms, 
 &c. within guilloche borderings intersecting each other. 
 This is said to have been brought from Rome by Abbot 
 Ware, after the church was rebuilt by Henry III., and 
 Edward I. The materials are tesserae of porphyry, jasper, 
 alabaster, lydian and serpentine marbles, stained blue glass, 
 and other substances. 
 
 Immediately behind the choir is the chapel of St. 
 Edward the. Confessor, to which there are two entrances 
 through the enriched door-ways of the screen : there is 
 also another entrance from the north aile, which is that 
 commonly used. In this chapel is the tesselated shrine of 
 its saintly founder, whose remains are inclosed within an 
 iron-bound chest in the upper part. Here, likewise, are 
 the monuments of Henry III., Edward!., Queen Eleanor, 
 
92 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Henry v., Edward III., Queen Philippa, Richard II., and 
 his first consort, Anne of Bohemia. Theeffigies of Henry III., 
 Queen Eleanor, Edward III., and Richard and his Queen, 
 are of cast metal resplendently gilt; but from the thick 
 coating of indurated dust which covers them, the gilding is 
 now only partially visible. The mutilated figure of Henry V, 
 which is of oak, and now headless, was originally covered 
 with engraved plates of gilt brass. The head itself was of 
 massy silver, which, as appears from Howes's " Chronicle," 
 was stolen about the latter end of Henry the VIII.'s reign, 
 and not in Cromwell's time, as generally stated. 
 
 Over the arched recess occupied by Henry's tomb is 
 a large and elegant chantry. This is entered by two 
 staircases within octagonal towers, ornamented with sta- 
 tues and pierced tracery, and at the back of the chapel, 
 above the altar-place, is an extremely rich composition of 
 screen-work, containing seven large, and numerous small, 
 statues, within elaborately-wrought niches. 'On a wooden 
 bar that extends between the entrance towers is the 
 casque, or helmet, which Henry wore at the battle of 
 Agincourt ; and, fastened against the large columns at the 
 sides are his shield and war-saddle. Several curious mch- 
 dels of buildings and monuments are preserved here : 
 among them is that designed by Sir Christopher Wren for 
 erecting a lofty spire on the central tower of this church. 
 
 On the pavement of the Confessor's chapel, which is tes- 
 sellated in various compartments of stars, circles, triangles, 
 and other figures, is a curious brass figure, but partly defac- 
 ed from being frequently trampled on, of John de Waltham, 
 Bishop of Salisbury. Along the frieze of the screen, is a 
 singular display of sculpture, in fourteen compartments, re- 
 presenting the principal events, both real and imaginary, of 
 the life of St. Edward, in alto-relievo. These, although 
 much damaged, are highly curious on many accounts. 
 
 Adjacent to the shrine stand the Coronation Chairs of the 
 sovereigns of this kingdom ; the most ancient of which was 
 constructed in Edward the First's reign. Inclosed beneath 
 the seat is the far-famed Prophetic Stone, brought from the 
 monastery of Scone, in Scotland, by the above king in the 
 year 1297. 
 
 The small chapels without the choir are dedicated to the 
 
WESTMINSTER ABBEY : CHAPELS. 93 
 
 following samts, and arranged thus : on the south side, 1. 
 St. Benedicfs, in which are monuments of Dean Goodman, 
 and Cardinal Langham ; Frances, Countess of Hertford; and 
 Lionel Cranfield, first Earl of Middlesex. 2. St. Edmund^%, 
 wherein are monuments of William De Valence, Earl of 
 Pembroke, (very curious) ; John, Earl of Eltham ; Edward 
 and Jane Talbot, the Earl and Countess of Shrewsbury ; 
 Sir Richard Pecksall; Sir Bernard Brocas; Humphrey 
 Bourgchier, son of John, Lord Berners; John,LordRussell; 
 Lady Jane Seymour ; Nicholas Monck, Bishop of Here- 
 ford; two children of Edward III ; Frances, Duchess of 
 Suffolk ; Eleanor De Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester ; and 
 Richard Waldeb}', Archbishop of York. 3. St. Nicholas's; 
 the principal monuments are of Philippa, Duchess of 
 York; Elizabeth, Duchess of Northumberland; Winifred, 
 Marchioness of Winchester; William Dudley, Bishop of 
 Durham ; Lady Mildred, wife of Lord Burleigh, and Anne, 
 Countess of Oxford, their daughter; Sir George and 
 Lady Fane; Anne, Duchess of Somerset, mother to Queen 
 Jane Seymour; Lady Elizabeth Cecil ; Sir Humphrey 
 Stanley, and Sir George Villiers, Knt. and his second Lady, 
 Mary Beaumont, the parents of the Duke of Buckingham, 
 who was stabbed by Felton, at Portsmouth. On the north 
 side: — 1. St. Paurs, in which are monuments of Ludo- 
 wick Robsert, Lord Bouchier; Francis, Lord Cottington, 
 and Anne, his Lady ; Frapces, Countess of Sussex, aunt to 
 the renowned Sir Philip Sydney ; Dudley Carleton, Vis- 
 count Dorchester; the lord keepers of the great seal, Sir 
 Thos. Bromley and Sir John Puckering; Sir James Fuller- 
 ton and his Lady ; Sir Giles Daubeny, K. G. and his Lady ; 
 andLieut.-Gen. Sir Henry Belasyse. 2. St John BaptUt^s: 
 here are monuments of Sir Thomas Vaughan ; Col. E. 
 Popham, and Anne, his Lady ; Henry Carey, Baron Huns- 
 don, K. G. (very elaborate and costly); William De Col- 
 chester and George Fascet, abbots of Westminster; Tho- 
 mas Ruthall, Bishop of Durham ; the stone coffin of Thos. 
 Millyng, Bishop of Hereford ; and Thomas Cecil, Earl of 
 Exeter, and Frances Brydges,his second Lady. 3. St. Eras- 
 mus: this chapel, which is the smallest in the whole build- 
 ing, seems to have been excavated from one of the 
 main piers, in Richard IL*s reign. Over the entrance is a 
 
94 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 most beaulifully-decorated niche, wrought in fine alabaster, 
 and having an enriched triplicated canopy in the pointed 
 style. On each side is a large S, with an I piercing its centre; 
 an eye^ with a hand holding a dip or branch, and the word 
 Islyp: thus testifying this fine composition to have been 
 executed at the expense of Abbot Islip. 4. Isiip^s Chapely 
 so called from having been altered into its present form by 
 the abbot of that name, in Henry VII. 's time, is very rich 
 and elegant in its architecture. The screen also, which 
 separates it from the aile, is very beautiful. Within is the 
 table-part of Abbot Islip's monument, and the monument 
 of Sir Christopher Hatton, K. B. (not the lord keeper of 
 that name, who was buried in St. Paul's), and Alice, his 
 Lady. In the apartment over this chapel, are wax figures 
 of Queen Elizabeth, William and Mary, Queen Anne, the 
 Earl of Chatham, and one or two others. 
 
 In the Ambulatory (or ailes of the choir), south sid^ 
 are memorials for several children of Edward I. in mosaic 
 work; a part of King Sebert's monument, and those of 
 Richard T ufton, Esq., Sir Thos. Ingram, and Robert Aiton, 
 Esq. On the north side are the monuments of William 
 Pulteney, Earl of Bath ; Rear Admiral Charles Hughes; 
 John, Earl Ligonier, and Lieut.-Gen. James Wolfe, the 
 conqueror of Quebec ; the design and execution of the 
 latter are very fine. Here also are curious sepulchral brasses 
 of Abbot Esteney and Sir John Harpedon. 
 
 The east aile of the north transept was formerly sepa- 
 rated into the three chapels of St. John the Evangelist, 
 St. Michael, and St. Andrew ; but the rich screens which 
 divided them have been entirely destroyed. Against the 
 north wall are remains of some curious allegorical sculp^ 
 ture of the Virgin Mary, our Saviour, &c. Among the 
 many monuments in this part is the very interesting one of 
 Lady Eliz. Nightingale and her husband, by Roubiliac, in 
 which Death is represented as a skeleton, bursting from a 
 sepulchral cavern, and aiming a dart at the bosom of the 
 sinking female, whose affectionjite partner, rushing forward, 
 extends his right arm to repel the threatening shaft. 
 Among the other principal monuments are those of Admiral 
 Sir George Pocock, K. B. ; Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Holies ; 
 Captain Edw. Cooke ; Sir Francis Vane ; Sarah, Duches* 
 
WESTMIXSTEa ABBEY: MONUMENTS. 95 
 
 of Somerset ; Algernon and Diana, Earl and Countess of 
 Mountraith ; and Henry, Baron Norris, of Rycot. Here, 
 also, in a glazed wainscot case, is a wax figure of the 
 " ever-to-be-laniented" Lord Nelson, 
 
 In the north transept is a series of twenty-four medallions 
 which are sculptured within borders, on the sides and sof- 
 fites of the middle range of windows. These were intended 
 to represent the Angelic Host praising the Almighty; and 
 many of them are playing on musical instruments of an 
 antique form. Here, against the wainscotting of the choir, 
 stands Westmacott's noble monument for the late Charles 
 James Fox, whose illustrious ashes repose near the middle 
 of this transept, within a very few yards of those of his 
 great political rival, William Pit». In the same vault with 
 the latter lies his patriotic father, the Earl of Chatham, 
 and others of the family. The monument of Pitt, the fi- 
 gures of which are of a colossal size, is elevated upon an 
 arch above the great western doorway. The Earl of 
 Chatham's monument, which stands in the northern tran- 
 sept, is a most magnificent production, and was executed by 
 the late John Bacon, R. A. for 6000/., which was voted by 
 parliament ; but out of that sum he was constrained to 
 pay about 700/. in fees to the dean and chapter of West- 
 minster, for the space which it occupies and permission to 
 erect it. Near it is Noliekens' splendid cenotaph for the 
 naval Captains Bayne, Blair, and Lord Robert Manners, 
 who were killed in Rodney's engagement with De Grasse, 
 in the West Indies, in April 1782. Flaxman's classical 
 monument of William Murray, Earl of Mansfield, occupies 
 the adjacent inter-columniation, and represents the vene- 
 rable judge in his judicial robes, seated in a curule chair, 
 upon a low circular pedestal, attended by figures of Justice 
 and Wisdom, At the back is a very beautifully-sculp- 
 tured personification of Death, who is represented, agree- 
 ably to the idea of the ancients, by the figure of a youth, 
 partly prostrate, and leaning on an extinguished torch. 
 The other principal monuments are for Admiral Sir Peter 
 Warren, K. B., which is by Roubiliac, and very fine ; Wil- 
 liam Cavendish, K.G. Duke of Newcastle, and xMar^' Lucas, 
 his second Lady ; John Holies, Duke of Newcastle ; and 
 the Admirals Vernon and W^ager. 
 
96 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Among the numerous monuments in the west aile of the 
 same transept, is the recently-erected statue of Francis 
 Horner, Esq., M.P. by Chantrey, the design and execution 
 of which rivals the best sculptures of modern times. 
 Here, likewise, is a splendid cenotaph by the late Thomas 
 Banks, R. A. for Sir Eyre Coote, K. B. The monumental 
 bust of Geo. Montagu Dunk, Earl of Halifax, by Bacon, 
 sen.; Governor Warren Hastings, by Bacon, Jun.; Lord Au-^ 
 brey Beauclerk, and Lieut. Gen. Percy Kirk, Esq. by Schee-- 
 makers; Sir Richard Kane, by Rysbrach, and Dr. Hugb 
 Boulter, Primate o^ all Ireland, by Cheere, are all of su-- 
 perior execution. 
 
 In the north aile of the choir are many memorials" 
 for eminent musicians, naval officers, and others. The^ 
 most remarkable are those of Dr. Hugh Chamberlin, 
 M. D. ; Almericus de Courcy, Lord Courcy ; Dr. Charles 
 Agar, Earl of Normanton, and Archbishop of Dublin; 
 Vice-Admiral Temple West; and Captain Philip de 
 Saumarez. 
 
 The architecture of the nave is of a plainer character 
 than that of the more ancient parts eastward; although it 
 maintains a general correspondency, and the effect from 
 the loftiness of the vaulting is equally grand. The great 
 west window is completely filled by stained and painted 
 glass, erected in George Il.^s reign, representing patriarchs^ 
 prophets, See. Against the organ gallery, are monuments 
 for Sir Isaac Newton, and James, Earl Stanhope. In the 
 north aile are those of Plvlip Carteret; Dr. Richard Mead; 
 Spencer Perceval, chancellor of the exchequer; Mrs. Anne 
 Whytell ; Dr. John Woodward ; Captains Harvey and 
 Hutt ; Major-General Lawrence ; and Sir Godfrey Kneller. 
 In the north-western tower, is Flaxman's monument of 
 Captain James Montagu. At the sides of the west 
 entrance are those of John Conduitt, Esq. and Admiral 
 Sir Thomas Hardy; and near the latter is the splendid pile 
 in memory of Captain James Cornewall. In the south aile 
 are, the monuments of Mr. Secretary Craggs ; Congreve, 
 the poet; Dr. John Freind; Thomas Sprat, Bishop of 
 Rochester; Admiral Richard Tyrrell; Dr. Zachary Pearce, 
 Bishop of Rochester; Mrs. Katharine Bovey; Dr. John 
 Thomas, Bishop of Rochester ; Field-Marshal Wade ; 
 
Mervrif 1^ Chapel 
 
 ^^ 
 
 J .i , 
 
 J 
 
 WcJt Toy^ers fVcjt' 
 
 J)ruuy Lane T%eatrey 
 
 Somerset House 
 
WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 97 
 
 Major-General James Fleming, and Lieutenant-General 
 Hargrave, all by Roubiliac, and very fine ; Colonel Charles 
 Herries, by Chantrey ; Sidney, Earl of Godolphin ; Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Roger Townshend ; Major John Andre ; 
 and Sir John Chardin. 
 
 In the south aile of the choir, are monuments to Tho- 
 mas Thynne, Esq , who was shot in his carriage, near Pall 
 Mall ; Judge Owen ; Pasquale de Paoli ; Dame Grace Ge- 
 thin ; Sir Thomas Richardson ; William Thynne, Esq. ; 
 Admiral Sir Cloudesly Shovel ; Dr. Charles Burney, an 
 excellent bust bv Gahagan ; George Stepney, Esa. ; Dr. 
 Isaac Watts ; Admiral George Churchill ; and Martin 
 Folkes, Esq. 
 
 In the south transept, which has very appropriately been 
 named Poets* Corner, from the numerous memorials of 
 poets and men of genius, which have been erected there, 
 are the monuments to John, Duke of Argyle, K. G., Gar- 
 rick, Camden, Grabe, Ciisanbon, Pringle, Hales, Barrow,. 
 Handel, Addison; Goldsmith, Gay, Rowe, Thomson, 
 Shakspeare, Anstey, St. Evremond, Prior, Shadwell, 
 Milton, Gray, Butler, Spenser, Ben Jonson, Drayton, 
 Phillips, Chaucer, Cowley, Dryden, and many others. 
 The altar monuments of the celebrated Dr. Richard Busby, 
 and his pupil and friend, Dr. Robert South, stand 
 against the ^ide of the choir. In the pavement are slabs, 
 in memory of Dr. Johnson, D'Avenant, Sheridan, Cun> 
 berland. Chambers, Adams, Old Parr, and many others. 
 
 The magnificent Chapel of Henri/ the Seventh, which 
 adjoins to the east end of the abbey church, and com- 
 municates with the ambulatory by a flight of several steps, 
 was erected by the monarch whose name it bears, as a 
 place of se{)ulture for himself and family ; and till the time 
 of Charles I. no persons but those of royal race, were suf- 
 fered to be interred there. It was built upon the site of the 
 ancient chapels of the Virgin Mary and St. Erasmus, and of 
 a tavern called The White Rose : the expenses of erecting 
 it, according to Holinshed, are said to have amounted to 
 •14,000/. which, comparing the then value of money with 
 its present value, would be fully equal to 200,000/. in our 
 time. 
 
 The first stone of this edifice, which Leland emphatically 
 
 K 
 
98 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 calls, Orbis Miraculum, {The Miracle of the World,) was 
 laid in the presence of the king, with peculiar ceremony, on 
 the 24th of January, 1 503-4, by the hands of Abbot Islip, 
 Sir Reginald Bray, K. G.,Dr. Barnes, Master of the Rolls, 
 and divers other persons : between that time and Occober, 
 1512, the whole building appears to have been completed ; 
 it was then dedicated to ** Our Blessed Lady." 
 
 This chapel is constructed in the most florid style of 
 pointed architecture, but by whom it was designed and 
 executed, is not, with certainty, known. The credit of the 
 work has been generally given to Sir Reginald Bray ; but 
 Speed ascribes it to Bishop Fox, and we know that the 
 decease of the former took place within nine months after 
 laying the first stone. King Henry, the founder, died on 
 the 22d of April, 1509, only nine days before which he 
 delivered 5000/. in "redy money before the honde,^ to 
 Abbot Islip, for the purpose of completing the building, 
 and in his will, which makes mention of that circumstance, 
 the Prior of St. Bartholomew's is expressly called the 
 "master of the works." The Prior, at that time, was the 
 well known William Bolton, whom Stow records as " a 
 great builder," and we have, therefore, as strong a reason 
 to conclude that he was the architect of the chapel, 
 as either of the persons above mentioned. 
 
 Every part of this building, except the plinth, is covered 
 with sculptural decorations. It seems, indeed, " as though 
 the artist had intended to give to stone the character of 
 embroidery, and enclose his walls within the meshes of 
 lace-work." The interior consists of a beautiful porch, 
 or vestibule, a nave with side ailes, and five small pro- 
 jecting chapels, surrounding the east end. The roof and 
 vaulting are supported by fourteen octagonal buttress 
 towers, richly ornamented, from which spring the elegantly 
 pierced flying buttresses that support the superstruc- 
 ture of the nave. The badges and supporters of the royal 
 founder, namely, the portcullis, the rose, the fleur-de-lis, 
 the lion, the greyhound, and the dragon, are sculptured 
 on many parts, and every tower presents a series of either 
 three or four canopied niches, which originally were oc- 
 cupied by statues. On ascending the steps below the ves- 
 tibule, the interior is approached by three arches closed 
 
HENRY Til. S CHAPEL. 99 
 
 by ponderous gates, of massive oak, covered with thick 
 plates of brass, richly gilt. The central gates are double, 
 and the upper parts are perforated into numerous com- 
 partments occupied by King Henry's initials, arms, badges, 
 and other heraldic insignia, frequently repeated, and rais- 
 ed into corresponding relief on both sides. 
 
 The nave is separated from the ailes and eastern cha- 
 pels, by lofty arches springing from clustered columns, 
 or piers : above which, under rich canopies, is a continued 
 range of statues, representing apostles, saints, bishops, &c. 
 many of which, are wrought with considerable skill and 
 gracefulness. Great elegance is displayed in the forms 
 and tracery of the windows, and particularly of that 
 towards the west : the eastern windows project in acute 
 angles, but those of the ailes are embowed. Originally, 
 they were all filled by " rich imagery," in stained and 
 painted glass ; but the whole has been removed or de- 
 stroyed, except a figure of Henry VII. in the uppermost 
 east window, and some small heraldic memorials. 
 
 In the middle of the chapel, within a screen, or " clo- 
 sure," near the east end, is the magnificent Tomb of Henry 
 and his Queen, which was executed under a special con- 
 tract for 1500/. by the celebrated Pietro Torregiano, be- 
 tween the years 1512 and 1518. The figures of the 
 deceased, designed in a style of great simplicity, lie upon 
 the tomb, with their hands raised as in prayer : these sta- 
 tues are of cast copper, and were once resplendent with 
 gilding, but are now discoloured by indurated dust. The pe- 
 destal is principally of black marble, but the figures, pilas- 
 ters, relievos, rose-branches, &c. which adorn it, are of gilt 
 copper, as directed by King Henry's will. On each side, 
 within boldly sculptured wreaths of fruit and flowers, are 
 three circular plates of cast metal, each of which includes 
 two small whole-length figures, in graceful attitudes of 
 the King's "Avoures," or Patron Saints, characterised 
 by their respective emblems. On the angles of the tomb 
 are small angels, seated, and at the ends are the royal 
 arms and quarterings. The surrounding Screen, which is 
 wholly of brass and copper, is one of the most elaborate 
 specimens of the art of founding, in open work, that exists. 
 It is designed in the pointed styl^e of decoration, and 
 K 2 
 
100 PICTURE OF LONDON, 
 
 is of an oblong form. At each angle rises an octagonal 
 tower, and on each side there is an arched door-way, sur- 
 mounted by a large rose and a shield of arms. A projecting 
 cornice, and a parapet, ornamented with the king's badges, 
 forms the summit; and at the sides, on the transvei*se plates, 
 between the two divisions into which the upright compart- 
 ments are separated, is a long inscription to the memory 
 of the monarch. This elegantly-wrought fabric was both 
 designed and executed by English artists. 
 
 On each side of the nave, upon a raised flooring, is a 
 row" of oaken stalls, with elaborate pierced canopies : 
 in front are reading desks, and below the latter, on the 
 pavement, are rows of seats. The sub-sellia display a 
 very whimsical assemblage of historical and other carv- 
 ings, some of which are extremely grotesque and ludi- 
 crous. Both the stalls and seats have long been appro- 
 priated to the use of the Knights of the Bath and their 
 Esquires ; and the installations of all the knights have 
 taken place in this chapel since the revival of that order, 
 by George L On the dome of the canopies are the 
 show helmets, crests, and swords of the knights ; and 
 over them are silken banners painted with the arms of all 
 the knights who belonged to the order at the time of the 
 last installation, in 1812. 
 
 In the small chapels (the vaultings of which are all over- 
 spread with rich tracery) are the monuments of George 
 Villiers, K. G., first duke of Buckingham, and Catherine 
 his duchess; John Sheffield, duke of Buckinghamshire 
 and Normanby; Lodowick Stuart, duke of Richmond 
 and Lenox, with Frances, his last duchess ; and the youth 
 Esme Stuart, the last duke of this family. All the cha- 
 pels are ornamented with canopied niches, occupied by 
 full-sized statues of saints and other figures. 
 
 The vaulting of the nave has been justly termed a 
 " prodigy of art ;" and it is altogether, perhaps, without 
 a parallel in architecture. It is impossible to describe it 
 intelligibly within the limited compass of these pages, 
 the tracery is so diversified, and its pendant decorations . 
 so complicated. Built entirely of stone, the vastness of 
 its extent and fearful height, excite astonishment at 
 the " daring hardihood," and profound geometrical skill 
 
HENRY VII.'s CHAPEL. 101 
 
 which could raise such ponderous masses " in mid-air," 
 and counteract the power of gravity by professional skill. 
 
 The ailes are now entered from the porch, but pre- 
 viously to the construction of the stalls, they were open 
 to the nave, with which both the vnultings and other de- 
 corations assimilate. At the end of each are three ele- 
 gant niches, corresponding with those of the eastern 
 chapels, and containing statues of saints, the size of life. 
 On the turretted canopies above, are the lion, greyhound, 
 and dragon. Iji^the north aile are placed the monuments of 
 Charles Montague, first earl of Halifax ; George Savile, 
 marquess of Halifax ; Queen Elizabeth, which displays a 
 fine effigy of that sovereign lying under a sumptuous 
 canopy, on a slab supported by lions; Sophia and Maria, 
 two infant daughters of James I. ; and Edward V., and his 
 brother Richard, duke of York : the latter was erected 
 by command of Charles II., in whose reign (anno 1674) 
 the bones of two youths, supposed, but on very slen- 
 der grounds, to be those of the above' princes, were dis- 
 covered in the Tower, and ordered by that king to be 
 deposited in this chapel. In the south aile are the mo- 
 numents of Margaret, countess of Lenox, the mother 
 of the ill-fated Lord Darnley and grandmother of 
 James I. ; Mary, queen of Scots ; Margaret Beaufort, 
 countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of Henry VII. ; 
 Catherine, Lady Walpole ,• and George Monck, K. B., first 
 duke of Albemarle, and Christopher, his son, the second 
 duke. The recumbent figure of the Queen of Scots is 
 very finely executed in white marble. That of the coun- 
 tess of Richmond is of cast 'metal, gilt, and was probably 
 the work of Torrigiano : the expression of the counte- 
 nance, and the markings of the hands, which are raised as 
 in prayer, evince it to have been executed from nature. 
 In a glazed case in this aile is a wax figure of Charles IL 
 
 Independently of the founder and his queen, all our 
 sovereigns, from Queen Elizabeth to George II., inclu- 
 sive (except James II., who died and was buried at St. 
 Germain's,) have been interred in the vaults beneath this 
 chapel, together with many of their offspring, and others 
 of royal blood. 
 
 During the three centuries which had elapsed froiji 
 
102 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 fne foundation of this edifice, to the year 1805, it had 
 become so completely ruinous externally, and the stone 
 was so much decayed, that the safety of the whole fabric 
 was endangered. A memorial was in consequence ad- 
 dressed to the Lords of the Treasury by the late Dean 
 Vincent, and their recommendation to parliament for pe- 
 cuniary aid to repair it was solicited. Through this applica- 
 tion, the House of Commons, eventuall}^, voted various 
 sums, in different years, for its effectual restoration, which 
 was commenced under the superintendence of the late 
 James Wyatt, Esq., in 1S09, and completed at Christ- 
 mas, 1822, the total amount of the grants for the purpose 
 being upwards of 42,000/. The repairs have been entirely 
 executed with Bath stone, and every degree of praise is 
 due to Mr. Thomas Gayfere, the Abbey Mason, for his 
 care and attention in executing the work in exact confor- 
 mity to the original building. 
 
 General Measurements. Abbey Churchy interior ; ex- 
 treme length from the west door to the piers of Henry 
 VII.'s chapel, 385 feet; ditto, including Henry's chapel, 
 511 feet 6 inches. Length of nave, 166 feet; breadth 
 58 feet 7 inches; height, 101 feet 8 inches; breadth of 
 each aile 16 feet 7 inches. Length of choir 155 feet 9 
 inches; height 101 feet 2 inches. Length of transept, in- 
 cluding the breadth of the choir, 205 feet 2 inches; 
 breadth of ditto, including the ailes, 61 feet 10 inches. 
 Exterior; extreme length, 416 feet; ditto, including 
 Henry's chapel, 530 feet. Height of the western towers, 
 to the top of the pinnacles, 225 feet 4 inches. 
 
 Henry VII.'' s Chapel, interior ; length of the nave, 105 
 feet 9 inches; breadth, 35 feet 9 inches; height, 60 feet 
 7 inches. Breadth of the nave and ailes, 70 feet 1 inch. 
 Breadth of porch, 24 feet 9 inches. Exterior ; extreme 
 length, 115 feet 2 inches; ditto, breadth, 79 feet 6 inches. 
 Height of buttress towers, 70 feet 8 inches ; ditto, to the 
 aoex of the roof, 85 feet 6 inches; ditto, to the top of 
 tne western turrets, 101 feet 6 inches. 
 
 Cloisters, Chapter House, S^c. — The cloisters of this 
 foundation remain nearly entire. They are on the south 
 side of the church, from which there are two doors lead- 
 ing to them, and they contain numerous monumentf, 
 
WISTMJNSTEE. CHAPTER-H^USE. CHURCHES. 103 
 
 both ancient and" modern. There is also an entrance 
 through a vaulted passage into the Chapter House, This 
 is an octagonal building, and originally v;as very lofty, with 
 a pillar rising from the centre of the floor to the roof, 
 and having arches springing from the walls of each angle, 
 and meeting at the top. Only part of the central pillar 
 is remaining, and the whole building has been fitted up 
 with galleries to contain the records of the crown, which 
 are now deposited here. Among these is the celebrated 
 Domesday Book, compiled towards the end of the 11th 
 century. It is comprised in two volumes : the first, con- 
 taining 31 counties, is written on 382 double pages of vel- 
 lum, in the same hand throughout, in a small plain cha- 
 racter; the second is on 450 double pages of vellum, 
 in single columns, and in a large fair character, and 
 contains the counties of Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk. 
 This record is in high preservation, the words being as 
 legible as when first written. The records of the Star 
 Chamber proceedings are also deposited here. 
 
 In 1377, the Commons of Great Britain first held 
 their meetings in this building; but in 1547, Edward VI. 
 gave them the chapel of St. Stephen. Beneath the 
 Chapter House is a very curious crypt. 
 
 To the north-west of the abbey once stood the 
 greatly-abused Sanctuary ; and on the south-west side 
 was the Eleemosynary, or almonry, where the alms of 
 the abbots were distributed. The almonry is endeared to 
 every lover of science, by its being the spot on which 
 was erected the Jirst printing press in England. In 1474, 
 William Caxton here printed The Game and Play of the 
 Chesse, said to be the first book that issued from the press 
 in this country. 
 
 PARISH CHURCHES IN WESTMINSTER, &e. 
 
 St. Margaref^s Church is situated on the north side of 
 Westminster-abbey, parallel with that building. It was 
 rebuilt in the early part of the 14th century, at the 
 charge of the parishioners, but has since been several 
 times repaired by grants from the House of Commons, 
 being regarded as the place of worship for that branch of 
 the legislature. At the east end is a curious represent- 
 
J 04 PICTUKE OF LONDON. 
 
 ation of our Saviour and the disciples at Emmaus, in fine 
 but grotesque low relief; and an equally curious painted 
 window, representing the Crucifixion : on one side is Henry 
 VII. with St. George over his head; on the other side is 
 his Queen, with St. Catherine over her head. This 
 window was painted by order of the Magistrates of Dort, 
 as a present to Henry VII. ; but that monarch dying be- 
 fore it was completed, it was put up in V^altham-abbey, 
 and remained there till the reformation, when it was re- 
 moved to Newhall, in Essex, which became the property 
 of General Monck, who preserved it from the fanatics of 
 the seventeenth century. In 1758, it was purchased from 
 the owner, by the inhabitants of St. Margaret's, at the 
 price of 400 guineas. An engraving of it has been pub- 
 lished b} the Society of Antiquaries. The inside of this 
 church has been completely re-edified, of late years, un- 
 der the direction of J. H.Taylor, Esq., architect. A neat 
 and appropriate monument has been raised here by the 
 Roxburgh club to the memory of Caxton. 
 
 St. John the Evangelisfs, near Millbank Street, is a stone 
 structure, having on the north and south sides por- 
 ticoes, with Doric columns and open pediments. At the 
 angles of the roof are four circular towers, with Ionic pil- 
 lars, and these, as well as every part of the building, are 
 much ornamented. This church was erected, in 1728, 
 from the designs of Mr. Archer. 
 
 St. James's, Piccadilly, built by Sir C. V^ren, in 1684, 
 and afterwards made parochial, on the division of the pa- 
 rish of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, is a brick edifice, with 
 rusticated stone quoins and architraves. The harmony of 
 proportion observable in the interior has been much ad- 
 mired. It is divided transversely, by two ranges of Co- 
 rinthian columns, supporting the galleries. Over the altar 
 is a fine piece of carving of foliage, &c. by Grinlin Gib- 
 bons ; and the elaborate baptismal font, of white marble, is 
 another work by the same artist. The latter is supported 
 by a column representing the t7^ee of life , with the serpent 
 twining round it, and on three sides of the basin are other 
 scriptural subjects. 
 
CHUUCIIES IN WESTMINSTEft. 105 
 
 St, Philip* s Chapel, Regent Street,, in St. James's Parish, 
 was erected in 1820, (at an expense of about 15,000/.) 
 from original designs by Mr. G. Repton, except the tower, 
 which is copied from the Choragic monument of Lysicrates 
 at Athens. The front in Regent Street consists of a por- 
 tico, having an entablature and pediment, supported on 
 four Doric columns : the cornice is coiitiriued along the 
 side porticoes or wings, on which are placed, as ornaments, 
 symbols of ancient sacrifice. The bases and parts of the 
 shafts of the columns are of cast iron Considerable ele- 
 gance of design is displayed in the interior, which is lighted 
 by a cupola. 
 
 St, George*^, Hanover Square, was erected in 1724, in 
 pursuance of the act for building fifty new churches. It 
 lias a handsome portico of six Corinthian columns, support- 
 ing an entablature and pediment above, but behind which 
 is a turret, ornamented with columns and terminating in a 
 dome. 
 
 St, George*s Chapel, Regent Street, in the same parish, 
 was begun in April, 182.5, from the designs of Mr. C. 
 Cockerell. In front is a prostyle portico, of the Grecian 
 Ionic order, copied from the temple of Minerva Polias, at 
 Priene, on each side of which is a square turret, adorned 
 with bosses. A large glazed cupola rises in the centre of 
 the building. 
 
 St. Martinis in the Fields, St. Martin's Lane, is a struc- 
 ture of considerable extent and respectability, erected be- 
 tween theyears 1721 and 1 7 26, from designs by James Gibbs. 
 At the west end is a portico of six Corinthian columns 
 in front, and two on the return supporting a pedi- 
 ment ; the cornice and entablature, crowned by a ba- 
 lustrade, are continued along the sides of the church, 
 together with pilasters to correspond with the columns. 
 The tower is surmounted by a fine spire. The in- 
 terior decorations are elegant. Columns of the Co- 
 rinthian order sustain an elliptical arched roof, a form 
 supposed to be particularly adapted to assist in the propa- 
 gation of sound. In the vestry room is a well-executed 
 
106 PICTURE Of LONDON. 
 
 model of the church, and portraits of the incumbents, 
 since the year 1670. (See " Public Edifices of London," 
 vol, i.) 
 
 St, PaiiPs, Covent Garden, was built by Inigo Jones in 
 1640, at the expense of the Earl of Bedford, as a chapel of 
 ease to St. Martin's, and was subsequently made paro- 
 chial. Having been burnt by accident in 1795, it was re- 
 built by Mr. Hardwick, in imitation of the original design. 
 
 St, John the Baptist^ Savoy Street, Strand. This is a 
 structure in the later pointed style, still retaining in the in- 
 terior traces of the decorations which seem to have 
 characterised its architecture. Tlie ceiling, which is 
 slightly coved, is ornamented with carvings of quater- 
 foils, inclosing shields of arms and emblematical figures. 
 These have been grievously defaced by a coating of white- 
 wash, applied when the building was repaired in 1820. 
 
 St. Ma rj/-le- Strand, Strand, is one of the fifty churches, 
 the erection of which was projected in the reign of Queen 
 Anne. It was built in 1717, by the same architect who 
 built St. Martin's, but is a less successful effort of his ge- 
 nius. The exterior has a double range of columns, one 
 over the other, with entablatures, pediments, and balus- 
 trades, and in the intercolunmiations there are orna- 
 mented niches. The interior walls are decorated with dupli- 
 cated ranges of pilasters : the east cntl is semi-circular. 
 
 St, Clement Danes, Strand, was erected by Sir C. Wren 
 in 1680, excejU the tower, which was raised to its present 
 height of 1 16 feet by Mr. Gibbs, in 1719. On the north 
 and south sides are tlomed porticoes supported by Ionic 
 colunms. In the vestry room there is a picture (formerly the 
 altar-piece), some of the figures of which are said to be 
 portraits of the wife and ciiildrcn of the Pretender. 
 
 Si Gileses in the Fields, Broad Street. The architect 
 was Henry Klitcroft, who, in .hine 1731, entered into a 
 contract to buiUI it for s,000/. It is a stone edifice, with 
 a tower riaing from the roof iu ranges of Doric and Ionic 
 
■S'^Otorqes Chzircfv. jBloomsbury. 
 
 S^ Georg€:s OuLrcfv.-HarwMJ y,v/ 
 
CHURCHES IN MARY-LE-BONE, 8cC, 107 
 
 pillars, and terminating in a spire. The interior has an 
 arched ceiling, sustained by Ionic pillars. Over the en- 
 trance gate, to the church-yard, is a curious piece of 
 sculptured basso-relievo of the Resurrection, supposed 
 to have been executed in 1 687. 
 
 St George*s, Bloomsbury (built by Hawksmoor) was 
 consecrated in 1731. It has a lofty portico of the Co- 
 rinthian order. On the west side is a steeple, terminated 
 by a pyramidal step-like spire, which is surmounted by a 
 statue of George I., and has the supporters of the royal 
 arms at the base. Lord Orford styled the whole design 
 " a master-piece of absurdity." 
 
 St. George the Martyr, Queen Square, was erected by 
 subscription in 1706, as a chapel of ease to St. Andrew's, 
 Holborn, and made parochial in 1725. The interior is 
 tastefully designed and highly ornamented : the exterior 
 underwent a general repair, and was much improved, in 
 1818. Dr. Stukeley, the celebrated antiquary, died rector 
 of this parish, in 1766. 
 
 St, Ann€*Sy Soho, was built in 1685, when the parish 
 was separated from that of St. Martin. It is chiefly re- 
 markable for its circular tower, surmounted by a large 
 ball, containing a clock with four dials. In the cemetery 
 behind this church was interred Theodore, king of Cor- 
 sica, in 1756. 
 
 St. Maryde-Bone^ New Road. This structure was in- 
 tended as a chapel of ease, but before its completion the 
 vestry determined to make it the parish church, in con- 
 sequence of which the present tower, decorated with 
 figures representing the Winds, was raised in place of a 
 small cupola. The portico consists of six Corinthian 
 columns, supporting a plain pediment. The interior is 
 highly ornamented, and is provided with a double gallery. 
 The altar-piece contains a representation of the Nativity, 
 painted by West. This building, which was designed by 
 Mr. Hardwick, was begun in July 18l»5, and finished 
 February 4th, 1817. 
 
108 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Since the completion of the above edifice, three new 
 parochial churches or chapels have been erected in Mary- 
 le-Bone, under an act of the 58th Geo. III. c. 45., at an 
 expence of about 20,000/. each, viz. 
 
 St, Mary^s, Wyndham Place, built from designs by 
 Mr. R. Smirke, and consecrated in January 1824. The 
 south side has a semi-circular projection, around which are 
 disposed Ionic columns, supporting an entablature. Above 
 this is a circular tower of two tiers, with a cupola. The 
 interior is but sparingly ornamented. Over the altar there 
 is a large window, of stained glass, representing the Resur- 
 rection of Christ. 
 
 All Souls y Langham Place, was erected in 1822-1825, 
 from the designs of Mr. Nash. The principal features of 
 the exterior were suggested by its situation, it being placed 
 on an angular plot of ground, between Langham Place 
 and Regent Street. To afford an advantageous view from 
 either point, the tower, which is circular, is nearly de- 
 tached from the body of the church, and is surrounded 
 by columns of the modern Ionic order, supporting an en- 
 tablature, crowned by a balustrade, which is continued 
 along the sides of the church. Above the portico is a 
 Corinthian peristyle, the base of which is also that of a 
 fluted cone, which forms the spire, and is terminated in 
 an acute point. 
 
 Christ Church, Stafford Street, the erection of which was 
 begun in July 1822, has its front decorated with a recessed 
 portico of the Ionic order, above which is a square tower 
 qf two tiers, terminated by a cupola. It was opened in 
 May, 1825. 
 
 Another new church in the Grecian style will shortly be 
 commenced in this parish, near the end of Portland Street, 
 from designs by John Soane, R. A. 
 
 PARISH CHURCHES IN THE CITY. 
 
 - St, Mary Woolnoth, Lombard Street, occupies the site 
 of a church that was nearly destroyed by the fire of 1666. 
 
Mai-y-lc'bonc chiu-civ. 
 
 Tfu-Ncw Chuich . Stmnd. 
 
 S^ Aftirtms (Jwtchy. 
 
CHimCHES IN THE CITY. 109 
 
 It was built by Nicholas Hawksmoor, in 1719, and is re- 
 markable for its solid and substantial style of architecture, 
 with deep rusticated work on the outside, and bold but 
 rich decoration within. 
 
 St. Stepheris, Walbrook, was erected fiom the designs 
 of Sir Christopher Wren, between the years 1672 and 
 1679. It is generally referred to as a beautiful specimen 
 of that eminent architect's works. Externally, it displays 
 no architectural attractions; but the interior is calculated 
 to gratify every lover of the art. The walls inclose an 
 area of eighty-two feet from east to west, by fifty-nine feet 
 from north to south. The roof is supported and the area 
 divided by sixteen Corinthian columns, eight of which sus- 
 tain an hemispherical cupola, adorned with caissons, and 
 having a lantern-light in the centre. 
 
 St, Mary-le-Bow^ Cheapside, is another of the churches 
 erected by Sir C. Wren, after the m*eat fire. It is particu- 
 larly distinguished for the beauty and elevation of its spire, 
 which (including the surmounting dragon or vane, the em- 
 blem of the city) rises to the height of 228 feet from the 
 foundation of the tower: this was repaired and partly rebuilt, 
 in 1820, by Mr. George Gwilt, in strict accordance with the 
 original design. In this church, the consecration of the 
 Bishops of London always takes place ; and here also are 
 preached what are termed " Boyle's Lectures," a series of 
 sermons in defence of Natural and Revealed Religion, de- 
 livered on the first Monday of each month, from January 
 to May, and from September to November, in pursuance 
 of a testamentary bequest of the Hon. Robert Boyle. 
 Beneath this church is a large ancient crypt, probably 
 part of the original edifice built in the year 1087. 
 
 St, Bride's, Fleet Street, was erected by Sir C. Wren 
 on the site of a former edifice, burnt in 1666. It was 
 completed about 1680, additionally embellished in 1699, 
 and repaired and richly decorated in 1823-4. Its chief 
 ornament is the spire, which is one of the highest in Lon- 
 don, and is exceeded by very few in the kingdom. Its 
 original height from the ground was 234 feet \ but being in- 
 
. MO PICTURE Of LONDON. 
 
 jured by lightning in 1764, it was reduced, when repaired, 
 . to 226 feet. An accidental fire having recently destroyed 
 : the intervening buildings, a plan is about to be executed 
 
 for laying open the north side of this fine structure to the 
 
 street. 
 
 St. Dunstan^s, Fleet Street, was one of the few reli- 
 gious edifices in the city which were not consumed in 1666. 
 Its age is uncertain, and though it retains some marks of 
 antiquity, yet modern repairs and alterations^ have nearly 
 deprived it of interest as an architectural production. On 
 the south side, behind the dialyare two wooden figures re- 
 presenting savages, which strike the quarters : they were 
 placed there in 1671. Against the eastern wall is fixed a 
 statue of Queen Elizabeth, which formerly stood on Lud- 
 gate, and was removed hither in 1766. 
 
 SU Mary^s^ Inner Temple, usually called The Temple 
 Church, belongs, in coipmon, to the Societies of the Inner 
 
 ,and the Middle Temple. The w^estern part, which is 
 circular, is very interesting, as being one of the earliest 
 specintens df the pointed style of architecture. It was built 
 by the Knights Templars about 1 1^5; and it displays a series 
 of six clustered columns, supporting the same number of 
 pointed arches, over which is a trifoi*ium and a clerestory, 
 with semicircular arches. An aile surrounds these columns. 
 Near the centre, in the area, is a series of recumbent effi- 
 gies of Knights Templars. The body of the church is of 
 rather a later date, and is one of the purest examples of 
 
 :ihe style of the 13th century. It consists of three ailes of 
 equal height, extending east and west, and is lighted by 
 lofty narrow windows witli lancet heads. At the west end 
 of the church is a fine door-way, with several ornamented 
 mouldings, forming a semi-circular arch. This church was 
 repaired in 1682, and again in 1811, 
 
 SL Sepulchre's, Snow Hill. A part of the ancient 
 walls of the tower of this church were preserved, when 
 the edifice was rebuilt by Sir C. Wren, in 1670. It is 126 
 feet in lengthy (exclusive of an ambulatory or porch at the 
 west, end) 58 feet in breadth, and 35 in height. The tower. 
 
CHURrCHES IN THE CITY. Ill 
 
 which is about 140 feet high, has four lofty angular pin- 
 nacles. Twelve columns of the Tuscan order support 
 the flat ceiling of the chancel, and the vaulting of the 
 nave. The altar-piece, decorated with Corinthian columns, 
 as well as the whole interior, has been much admired. 
 
 St. BartJiolomew the Great ^ West Smithfield, consists 
 of the choir and transept of the conventual church of St. 
 Bartholomew, founded by Rahere, a minstrel in the court 
 of Henry I. It is built in the Norman style of architec- 
 ture with semi-circular arches, supported by massive co- 
 lumns. An open triforium interposes, as usual, between 
 these and the roof. On the south side is a curious min- 
 strel gallery, and at the east end a very inappropriate 
 altar-piece, representing the interior of a building of Ro- 
 man architecture. At the north-east angle of the interior 
 is the tomb of the founder, the preservation of which is 
 insured by a sum of money bequeathed h^ some person to 
 keep it in constant repair, 
 
 St. DunstarCs in the East^ Tower Street. The body 
 of this church (which had been restored by Sir Christopher 
 Wren about 1700) was rebuilt a few years since by Mr. 
 Laing in the pointed style of architecture. The spire, 
 which is much noted for its airy lightness, w^s repaired at 
 the same .time. This springs from open arches, rising from 
 the angles of the towers, and is very similar in principle 
 to the spire of St. Nicholas's Church at Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne. The east window is decorated with painted glass, 
 exhibiting figures of Moses and Aaron, and above them 
 those of Jesus Christ and the four Evangelists. 
 
 The following Churches, all of which are within the city 
 and its liberties, were rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, 
 after the great fire. The annexed dates record the times 
 of the completion of each building. 
 
 St. Andrew's, Holborn; the church built in 1687, and 
 the tower finished in 1704. 
 
 C%m^ C^wrc^, Newgate Street, partly rebuilt after the 
 great fire; finished in 1704. 
 L 2 
 
113' PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 St, Ann and St. Jgnes, St. Ann's Lane, Aldersgate, 1683. 
 
 5^ Vedast, Foster Lane, 1698. 
 
 St, Martin' s.Lndgate Street, 1684. 
 
 St. Andreiv's Wardrobe, Blackfriars, 1670. 
 
 St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, Old Fish Street, 1 676. 
 
 St, Michael Paternoster, near College Hill, 1694. In the 
 old church the famous Sir Richard Whittington was 
 interred. 
 
 St. Mildred's, Bread Street, 1685. 
 
 Allhallows, Bread Street, 1684. 
 
 St. Michael's, Q\ieen\i\t\\G, 1677. 
 
 St, Antholin's, Watling Street, 1682 
 
 St. Anslin's, Watling Street, 1695. 
 
 Allhallows the Great, Upper Thames Street, 1 685. 
 
 St. Bennefs, Paul's Wharf, 168 J. Inigo Jones was 
 buried in the old church. 
 
 St. Matthew's, Friday Street, 1 669. 
 
 St, Mar jj Alder mar y. Bow Lane, restored (except the 
 tower) 1681, in a style of pointed architecture intended to 
 imitate the preceding structure. 
 ' St. James's, Garlick Hill, 1 685. 
 
 St, George's, Botolph Lane, 1674. 
 
 St, Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street, 1 685, 
 
 St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 1676, 
 
 St, Michael's, Wood Street, 1669. 
 
 St, Mary Somerset, Upper Thames Street, 1695, 
 
 St, Swithin's, Cannon Street, 1680. 
 
 ^t, Clement's, Clement's Lane, 1686. 
 
 St, Alban's, Wood Street, built in the pointed style, 
 1685. 
 
 St. Michael Bassishaw, Baslnghall Street, 1679. 
 " St, Stephen's, Coleman Street, 1670. 
 
 St. Lawrence Jewry, Cateaton Street, 1667. The spire 
 is remarkable for being surmounted by a gridiron, the sup- 
 posed instrument of the martyrdom of St. Lawrence. 
 
 St. Margaret's, Lothbury, 1690. It contains a curious 
 carved font. 
 
 St. Olav€'s,0\d.3e^Ty,\6'7o. 
 
 St. Mildred' s,'mi\\eFow\iYy,\61 6. 
 
 St. Bartholomew's, by the Roy&l Excliange, 1 679, (except 
 the tower.) 
 
CHURCHES IN THE CITY. 115 
 
 SL Bennet jPm/r, Threadneedle Street, 1675. 
 
 ^S*^. MichaePs, Cornhill, (all but the tower) 1672. The 
 tower, on which are four fluted turrets, was rebuilt in 
 1 722, frorn Wren's designs. 
 
 St. Peter's, Cornhill. 
 
 St. Edmund's, Lombard Street, 1 690. 
 
 Allhallows, Lombard Street, 1694. 
 
 St. Afary ^jAbchurch Lane, 1686. 
 
 St. Michael's, Crooked Lane, 1698. Sir William Wal- 
 worth was interred in the old church. 
 
 St. Magnus, London Bridge, 1676. 
 
 St. Bennet' s, Gracechurch Street, 1685. 
 
 iS"^. Dionis or Dionysius, Back-Church, Fenchurch Street, 
 1674. 
 
 St. Margaret Patens, Rood Lane, 1687. ' 
 
 St. Mary^t-Hill, Lower Thames Street, 1679. 
 
 The other city churches, not of Sir Christopher's 
 building, are as follow : 
 
 St. Helen's^ Bishopsgate Street, is a relic of pointed ar- 
 chitecture, which having escaped conflagration in 1666, 
 was repaired, with the addition of a domed turret, in 1669. 
 Sir Thomas Gresham, founder of the Royal Exchange, 
 was buried here. 
 
 St. Ethelburga's, Bishopsgate Street, built 1612. 
 
 St. Catherine Cree Church, Leadenhall Street, built in 
 the later pointed style, 1650; and repaired in 1805. Hol- 
 bein, the painter, was interred in this church. 
 
 St. Catherine Coleman, Fenchurch Street, rebuilt in 1754. 
 
 St. Giles's, Cripplegate, built about 1546; repaired and 
 the roof raised in 1791. In this church lie the remains of 
 Fox the Martyrologist, Speed the Historian, and Milton. 
 
 St. Alphage, Aldermanbury, built about 1777, by Sir 
 William Staines. 
 
 AUhallows, London Wall, built in 1766, from the de- 
 signs of Mr. Dance. 
 
 St. Bartholomew the Less, West Smithfield; interior 
 rebuilt in 1823 by Mr. H^dwick, and the other parts 
 repaired. 
 
 St, Botolph's, Aldcrsgate, was partly rebuilt about thirty 
 
 L 3 
 
IH PICTURE OF LONDON, 
 
 years ago, at an expense of 10,000/., but has been since 
 repaired. The interior is handsomely embellished, and 
 gome stained glass ornaments the east window. 
 
 SL Martin Ozi^?f;ic//, Threadneedle Street, 1796. 
 
 St. Peter le Poor, Broad Street; built in 1791, by Mr. 
 Gibbs. 
 
 SL Botolph' s, Aidgate, built in 1744. 
 
 Allhallows Staining, Mark Lane, was rebuilt (except the 
 tower,) in 1675, the old church having fallen on the 25th 
 of November, 1671 ; the builder's name was Goodman. 
 
 St. James's, Duke's Place, erected about 1622, and 
 partly rebuilt in 1727. 
 
 6'^. BotolpWs, Bishopsgate Street, erected in 1727, fron) 
 designs by James Gold. 
 
 St. Andrew Undershaft, St. Mary Axe, in the later 
 pointed style, built in 1552. Modern additions of cor- 
 nices, battlements, and a turret have been made to the 
 tower. This church contains the monument of Stow the 
 Historian of London. 
 
 St. Olave's^ Hart Street, Crutched Friars, is built in the 
 later pointed style. Its north portico was added in 1674, 
 
 St. Katherine's, near the Tower,, a specimen of pointed 
 architecture of uncertain date, the exterior of which ha$ 
 undergone frequent repairs and alterations. 
 
 Trinity C/zzerc//, Minories, built 1706. 
 
 Allhailows Barkings Tower Street, almost entirely re- 
 built in the later pointed style, in 1651; the preceding 
 edifice having been destroyed by an explosion of gunpow- 
 der. At the west end are massy pillars, supporting pointed 
 arches, which are the remains of the ancient structure. 
 This church was, a few years ago, extensively repaired. 
 
 In the ancient church of St, Peter ad Vincuia, within 
 the Tower, lie the remains of many eminent persons whp 
 were executed in that fortress and on Tower Hill. 
 
 PARISH CHURCHES IN THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN 
 SUUURBS OF LONDON. 
 
 St. Pancras Old Church, now a Chapel, is very ancient, 
 but of no interest as a building. Within its two cemete- 
 ries many celebrated characters have been interred. Here 
 
CHURCHES IS THE SUBURBS. ]\5 
 
 lie liic nshes of the celebrated Corsica n patriot, Paoli ; 
 here also repose an archbisliop of Narhpnne, and seven 
 bishops, (h-ivcn from their country l)v the terrors of the 
 French Revohition ; the once celebrated Chevalier D'Eon, 
 whose sex was long a subject oftlispnte; Mrs. Mary Wool- 
 stonecroft Godwin; ami General Sir Thomas Picton, wiio 
 was killed at the battle of Waterloo. This is the general 
 biirying-place of the Roman Catholics of London and its 
 vicinity, whose memorials, sculptured with the croxs at the 
 top, are conspicuous throughout the old church yard. 
 
 St, Pano-as New Church. — The smallness of the old 
 church, in comparison with the number of inhabitants re- 
 quiring accommodation, has led to the erection of a new 
 one, and of three chapels within this parish, since the year 
 1819, all of which were designed and built by Messrs. W. 
 and H. \V. Inwood. The principal Church stands on the 
 eastern side of Euston Square. The expense of building 
 it, including the purchase of the ground, fittings up, &c. 
 amounted to 76,679/. 7^. 8d. It is designed on ancient 
 examples of Athenian architecture ; its immediate proto- 
 types being the contiguous temples of Minerva Polias and 
 Pandrosus, and the Tower of the Winds, at Athens. A 
 fine hexastyle portico, ranging the whole extent of the 
 elevation, fronts the west, and beneath it are three highly 
 enriched doorways, in imitation of the ancient temple. 
 The east end terminates semi-circularly ; and adjoining it, 
 at the sides, are wings or porticoes including entrances to 
 spacious vaults or catacombs, beneath the church, which 
 are calculated to hold 2000 coffins ; in allusion to their 
 design, a large sarcophagus is placed within each portico. 
 The entablatures are supported by female figures of colos- 
 sal size, in terra cotta, holding ewers and inverted torches. 
 The tower, which rises from the roof at the west end, con- 
 sists of two principal stories, each composed of an octan- 
 gular peripteral temple. The interior is 60 feet wide, and 
 117 in length; it has a horizontal ceiling, divided into nu- 
 merous pan nelled compartments, with caissons, inclosing ex- 
 panded dowers. An imposing effect is produced by the 
 arrangement of the east end, or altar part, which resembles 
 the half of a circular Ionic temple, enriched by six sca^- 
 
116 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 liola columns (in imitation of verd antique marble) raised 
 on a sub-basement, and supporting an architrave and ceil- 
 ing richly ornamented! The pevving, galleries, and organ- 
 case are of wainscot. The pulpit and reading-desk were 
 constructed out of the remains of the celebrated Fairlop 
 Oak, which formerly stood in Hainault Forest. The body 
 of the edifice is of brick ; but it is entirely faced with 
 Portland stone. This church was consecrated on the 7th 
 of May, 1822. 
 
 One of the new chapels in Pancras parish, is situated at 
 Camden Town, and was finished and consecrated in 1824. 
 The others, which stand in Regent Square, near the end of 
 Gray's Inn Road, and near Clarendon Square, Sommers 
 Town, are not yet completed. 
 
 St, Jameses, Clerkenwell. The parish in which this 
 church is situated derives its aupellation from a well, in 
 the vicinity of which, as Stow informs us, the parish 
 Clerks of the metropolis used anciently to assemble, for 
 the performance of those Scripture dramas called Mi/i- 
 teries. The present edifice was built in 1790. Weever, 
 the Sepulchral historian, and bishop Burnet, were interred 
 in the old church. 
 
 . St. John of Jerusalem^ Clerkenwell, belonged to the 
 priory of the Knights Hospitallers. This church, having 
 become private property, was purchased by the commis- 
 sioners under the act of parliament for building fifty new 
 churches, and made parochial in 172 J. It has been re- 
 cently substantially repaired. 
 
 St, Luke*Sy Old Street. x\s a building, this church is 
 only remarkable for its steeple, which has the form of a 
 fluted obelisk, and has been whimsically characterised as 
 " a mile-stone run to seed." This parish was separated 
 from that of St. Giles, Cripplegate, and the church erected 
 in 1732. St, Luke's new Church (a chapel of ease) near 
 the City -Road, was commenced in January, 1822, and 
 finished in 1825. It has a portico of the Roman Ionic 
 o^der, and a spire. \ 
 
CHURCHES IS THE SUBUKBS. 117 
 
 St. Leonardos, Shoreditch, which is a brick edifice, 
 liaving a Doric portico, and a handsome steeple, was 
 erected in 1735 by Mr. Dance, sen. Here are several 
 painted windows, one of which, at the east end, exhibits 
 the institution of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, 
 and other scriptural subjects. 
 
 Christ Churchy Spitalfields, is a st^ne structure, with 
 a Doric portico, the entablature of which is broken by a 
 central arch. The tower, an oblong square, rising from 
 the roof of the church, is crowned by a lofty spire. 
 Tliis edifice was built between the years 1723 and 1729. 
 It contains a monument by Flaxman in memory of Sir 
 Robert Ladbroke. 
 
 St, Matthew' iy Bethnal-Green, is a plain brick edifice, 
 erected in 1 743, when the parish was separated from Stepney. 
 
 St. Mary^iy Whitechapel, originally a chapel of ease 
 to St. Dunstan's, Stepney. The present church was built 
 in 1764. 
 
 St. Dunstaris, Stepney, appears to be a relic of the 
 architecture of the fourteenth century. The roof is sup- 
 ported by clustered columns, and the font is antique and 
 curious. Here is preserved a stone that once formed a 
 part of the walls of Carthage. " ^ — 
 
 Stepney New Cfiurch^ Mile End, is in the later pointed 
 style, having large transom windows at the east and 
 west ends, on eich side of which are octangular pinnacles. 
 The door-way is an obtuse pointed arch, with a square- 
 headed moulding, and at the sides are canopied niches. 
 The pulpit, galleries, altar-piece, roof, and almost the whole 
 of the interior is ornamented with carved oak pannel- 
 ling. It was erected by private subscription in 1819, from 
 the designs of Mr. J. \Valters, and is altogether one of the 
 best compositions, in the pointed style, of modern times- 
 
 "tsf. George's in the East, Ratcliffe Highway. This is a 
 Kinrs and ponderous edifice, erected by Messrs. Gibbs and 
 1 1:ink ssnoor, and opened for public wor^Iiip in 1729. 
 
'18 pi<:ture of LON»eN. 
 
 St. John* s, Wappingj is a plain brick building, raised in 
 
 X789. 
 
 SL PauVs, Shadwell, was built in 1820 by Mr. J. Wal- 
 ters. The west front is ornamented with Tuscan pilasters, 
 and a plain pediment, above which is placed a square 
 tower, (with coupled Ionic columns at the angles,) on which 
 is an octangular spire, 
 
 St, Anne\s, Limehouse, was the work of Hawksmoor, 
 begun in 1712 and finished in 1724. The oblong square 
 tower, rising from the front, has a singular appearance. 
 
 PARISH CHURCHES IN SOUTHWARK, &C. 
 
 The Borough of Southwark contains five parochial 
 churches, viz. St, Saviour^s, anciently called St. Mary 
 Overy's, St. Olave's, St. Thomas's, St. John's, and St. 
 George the Martyr's. The first of these is the most spa- 
 cious and interesting. It is in the conventual form, and 
 was founded before the conquest, but was principally re- 
 built in the fourteenth century, since which it has under- 
 gone many extensive reparations at different periods. The 
 tower, which is surmounted by four pinnacles, was repaired 
 in 1818 and 1819; and the architectural decorations of 
 the interior of the choir have been recently restored in 
 conformity with the original design, under the superintend- 
 ence of IVIr. George Gwilt. Here are monuments to 
 William of Wykeham; Gower, the contemporary of 
 Chaucer, with his eifigy ; and the celebrated cashier of the 
 Bank, Abraham Newland, Esq. The dramatists Fletcher 
 and Massinger were buried in this church in one grave. 
 From the tower, Hallor drew his views of London, both 
 before and after the great fire. 
 
 St. Olave^s, Tooley Sti-eet, was built in 1739. 
 
 St. Thomas's, St. Thomas Street, in 1732. 
 
 St. John's, Horsley Down, was erected in 1752, when 
 the parish was separated from St. Olave's. The tower is 
 surmounted by a spire in the shape of a truncated cone. 
 
CHCrRCHES FN SOUTHWARK. 119 
 
 St, George\, High Street, erected in 1737, is a brick 
 edifice with stone quoins and a balustrade in front. The 
 spire, which is plain, rises from an octangular lantern, 
 placed on a square tower. The ceiling of this church is 
 painted to resemble work in relief. 
 
 The churches in the Southern Suburbs, not within the 
 Borough, are St. Mary's, Rotherhithe, built 1759; St, 
 Mary's, Bermondsey, perhaps the meanest looking parish 
 church in London ; St. il/crry 5, Newington Butts; Christ 
 Church, Biackfriars, built 1671; and St. Mary's, luSim- 
 beth \ besides some others recently built. 
 
 Lambeth Church was erected about the close of the fif- 
 teenth century, except the tower, which was raised in 1375. 
 In the south aile is the monument of Elias Ashmole, the 
 famous antiquary; and in the chancel those of several of 
 the archbishops of Canterbury. The church-yard contains 
 the tomb of the Tradescants, founders of the Ashmotean 
 Museum, at Oxford. 
 
 The newly erected churches in this part of the metro- 
 polis are the following : — 
 
 Trinity Church, Great Suffolk Street, East, in the pa- 
 rish of Newington, was built in 1824. On the east side is 
 a portico of six Corinthian columns. The tower is of oc- 
 tagonal form, placed on a square. 
 
 St. JV^er\ Walworth, in Newington parish, erected by 
 John Soane, Esq. R. A. in 1824, is a brick edifice, with 
 stone dressing, and recessed columns, of the Ionic order, 
 OQ each side of the principal entrance, at the west end. 
 The tower terminates in a cupola, supported by columns. 
 
 St. JohrCs, Waterloo Bridge Road, in the parish of 
 Lambeth, was built from the designs of Mr . Bedford 
 in 1824. At the west end is a Doric portico of six co- 
 lumns, supporting a pediment, the entablature of which, 
 ornamented with circular wreaths, is continued along the 
 sides of the building. Behind the pediment rises a square 
 
120 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 tower, of two ranges of columns, crowned by a pyramidal 
 spire, surmounted by a cross. 
 
 In this very extensive parish three other new churches 
 have been lately erected, viz. one at Kennington, another 
 at BrixtoUy and a third at Norwood, 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF EPISCOPAL CHAPELS. 
 
 All Souls* Chapel, Langham Place. 
 Asylum, Westminster Road. 
 
 Baker Street CJiapel, Portman Square. 
 Bedford Chapel, Charlotte Street, Bloomsbury. 
 Bentinck Chapel, Chapel Street, Paddington. 
 Bentinck Street Chapel, 
 Berkeley Street Chajoel, Soho. 
 Bridewell Chapel, Bridge Street, Blackfriar*. 
 Broadway Chapel, Westminster. 
 Brunstvick Chapel^ Upper Berkeley Street. 
 
 Chapel Royal, St. James's. 
 Chapel Royal, Whitehall. 
 Chelsea Hospital Chapel. 
 Curzon Street Chapel, Mayfair. 
 
 Duke Street Chapel, Westminster. 
 
 Ely Chapel, Ely Place, was connected with the anttent 
 palace of the Bishop of Ely, and has at the east end a 
 painted window with tracery. This chapel has been pre- 
 sented to the National Schools, by one of their most 
 zealous friends. 
 
 Fitzroy Chapel, London Street, Tottenham-court Road. 
 Foundling Hospital Chapel, 
 
 Gray's Inn Chapel. 
 
 Grosvenor Chapel, South Audley Street. 
 
 Grosvenor Place Chapel. 
 
 Jews^ Chapel, (for converted Jews,) Bethnal Green. 
 John Street Chapel, Berkeley Square. 
 
cav ChapeL (xiy Scad/. 
 
EPISCOPAL CHAPELS. 121 
 
 Lambc*s Chapel^ Monkwell Street. This was originally 
 an hermitage on the city wall, founded in the reign of Ed- 
 ward I., but it derives its appellation from Mr. William 
 Lanibe, who endowed it in 1536, It is now rebuilding, 
 together with some alms-houses connected with it. 
 
 Lincoln^ s Inn ChapeL 
 
 Lock Chapel, Grosvenor Place, 
 
 Long Acre Chapel, 
 
 JUagdalen Chapel, Blackfriars Road. 
 Margaret Street Chajjel, Cavendish Square 
 Mercers* Hull Chapel. 
 
 Oxendon Street Chapel. 
 
 Oxford Chapel, Vere Street, Oxford Street. 
 
 Park Chapel, Chelsea. 
 
 Park Street Chapel, Grosvenor Square. 
 
 Percy Chapel, Charlotte Street, Rathbone Place. 
 
 Philanthropic Chapel, London Road. 
 
 Portland CJmpel, Portland Street. 
 
 Quebec Street Chapel, Portman Square. 
 Queen^s Square Chapel, Westminster. 
 Queen Street Chapel, Cheapside. 
 
 Regent Chapel, Regent Square. 
 JRolh Chapel, Chancery Lane. 
 
 St. George's Chapel, Albermarle Street. 
 
 St. George's Chapel, Chelsea. 
 
 St. George's Cliapel, Regent Street. 
 
 St, James's Chapel, Pentonville. 
 
 St. John^s Chapel, Millman Street, Bedford Row. 
 
 St. John's Wood Chapel. St. John's Wood, Paddington. 
 
 St. Mary's Chapel, Wyndham Place. 
 
 St, Philip's Chapel, Regent Street. 
 
 Sommers Town ChapeL 
 
 South Lambeth Chapel. 
 
 Spring Gardens Chapel. , 
 
 Stafford Street Chapel, Mary-le-bonhe. 
 
122 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Surrey Chapel, Blackfriars Road. 
 
 Tavistock Chapel, Broad Court, Drury Lane. 
 Tennison^s Chapel, {Archbishop) Regent Street. 
 Trinity Chapel, Conduit Street, Bond Street. 
 Trinity Chapel, Seymour Street, Portman Square. 
 
 Wheeler Chapel, Spital Square. 
 
 Welbeck Chapel, Westmoreland Street. 
 
 West Street Chapel, Seven Dials. 
 
 Woburn Chapel, Tavistock Place,, Russell Squares 
 
 PROTESTANT DISSENTING CHAPEIiS. 
 
 The number of religious edifices belonging to the Dfs* 
 senters in the metropolis is about 180. There are 80 cha- 
 pels, or places of worship for the Calvinists, among whom 
 are included the Scots Presbyterians. The Baptists have 
 4:5 chapels ; the Methodists, or followers of Whitfield and 
 Wesley, 23 ; the Unitariajis 7; the Arians 2.; the Quakers 
 6 ; the Swedenborgians 4 ; the Huntingtonians 5 ; the 
 Sandemonians, the Moravians, the New Lights, and the 
 Freethinkers have one chapel each. The Weslej^an Me- 
 thodists have a large chapel in the City Road, erected' by 
 the Rev. John Wesley, on the site of a cannon foundry. 
 The Whitfieldite Methodists have a chapel of considerable 
 size, called the Tabernacle, at a short distance from the 
 preceding, and another in Tottenham Court Road. — Al^ 
 bion Chapel, Moorfields, belonging to the Scots Presbyte- 
 rians, is an extensive edifice with a cupola and portico, 
 erected from designs b}^ Mr. Jay. — The Unitarian Chapel, 
 in Stamford Street, Blackfriars, built in 1823, by Mr. Ken- 
 nie, is distinguished by a fine Doric portico ; and there is 
 another recently-erected chapel of the same denomination 
 in South Place, Moorfields. In J e win Street, Aidersgate 
 Street, is a small chapei, aesigned in a novel style by 
 the late Edmund Aikin, architect, m rne year 1808. This 
 is appropriated to the Arians, and has been under the mi- 
 nistry of Dr. A. Rees, the learned editor of the Cyclo- 
 paedia, for many years. 
 
Romany (ktholui Chapel MoorfieZds 
 
<;ATHOLIC AND F0REIGN PROTESTANT CHAPELS. 123 
 
 CATHOLIC CHAPELS. 
 
 French, Little George Street, Portman Square. 
 . Spanish, Spanish Place, Manchester Square. 
 
 Bavarian, Warwick Street, Golden Square, built from 
 the designs of Joseph Bonomi, Esq. 
 
 Sardinian, Duke Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 
 German, St. Thomas Apostle, Cheapside. 
 
 English. — Circus, Moorfields, built from the designs of 
 John Newman, Esq. architect. There are other chapels 
 in White Street, Moorfields ; Virginia Street, Ratcliffe 
 Highway ; Denmark Court, Crown Street, Soho ; Sutton 
 Street, Soho ; South Street, Mayfair ; Clarendon Square, 
 Sommers Town ; East Lane, Bermondsey ; Horseferry 
 Road; and Prospect Row, London Road. 
 
 FOREIGN PROTESTANT CHAPELS AND CHURCHES. 
 
 There are six places of worship for the French: — 1. Cle- 
 ment's Lane, Lombard Street. 2. Little Dean Street, Soho. 
 J. St. John's Street, Brick Lane. 4. St. Martin's Lane, Can- 
 non Street. 5. Threadneedle Street. 6. Austin Friars. The 
 last-mentioned is an edifice in the pointed style of archi- 
 tecture, erected about the middle of the 14th century. — 
 It is also used for the service of the Dutch Protestants, 
 and there is a Dutch Chapel at St. James's Palace. — The 
 German Chapels are — 1. Austin Friars. 2. Brown's 
 Lane, Spitalfields. 3. Little Aylie Street, Goodman's 
 Fields. 4. Little Trinity Lane. 5. Ludgate Hill. 6. St. 
 James's Palace. 7. Savoy Street, Strand. — There is a 
 Swedish Chapel in Princes Square, Ratcliffe Highway ; a 
 Danish Chapel, in Wellclose Square ; a Swiss Chapel, in 
 Moor Street, Seven Dials ; and an Arminian Chapel, in 
 Prince's Row, Spitalfields. 
 
 M 2 
 
124 PICTURE OF LONDOK. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Public Buildings: including the Principal Commercial 
 Edifices; the Palaces, with their Parks ; the Houses of 
 Legislative Assembly ; the Government 0£lces, Sfc, 
 
 COMMERCIAL EDIFICES. 
 
 The Bank of England, Threadneedle Street. The 
 business of this great corporation was originally transacted 
 at Grocers' Hall, in the Poultry. In the year 1 "732, the 
 first stone of the present building was laid on the site of the 
 house and garden of Sir John Houblon, the first governor, 
 and it was completed in the following year, from the de- 
 signs of Mr. George Sampson : it then comprised only 
 what now forms the central fa9ade of the south front, 
 with the court-yard, the hall, and the bullion court. Be- 
 tween the years 1770 and 1786, wings to the east and west 
 were added by Sir Robert Taylor, but the latter have been 
 rebuilt in a more substantial manner during the last and 
 present years, under the superintendency of John Soane, 
 tsq., R. A., who has also designed a new and elegant cen- 
 tre, of the Corinthian order, which has been com- 
 menced in place of the old work, by Sampson. When that 
 alteration is made, the whole exterior of this noble edifice, 
 (which is completely insulated from all other buildings,) as 
 well as the greatest part of the interior, will have been 
 erected from the designs and under the immediate direction 
 of Mr. Soane, who has been professionally engaged as the 
 Bank architect for nearly forty years. 
 
 The architectural features ofthe exterior of this structure 
 are certainly in unison with the nature of the establish- 
 ment; conveying ideas of opulence, strength, and security, 
 such as ought to characterise a grand repository of national 
 wealth. In most parts of the exterior, both the order 
 and the forms have been copied from the Temple of Venus 
 at Tivoli ; and the m.onotonous insipidity which such an 
 immense line of wall would otherwise have displayed, has 
 been obviated by projecting entrances under lofty arches, 
 
BANK OF ENGLAND. 125 
 
 panelled windows, cornices, &c. ; the entrances being orna- 
 mented by Corinthian coknuns, fluted, supporting entabla- 
 tures, crowned by elevated turrets. 
 
 Phis extensive pile covers an irregular area of about 
 eight acres. The exterior extent in front, or on the south 
 side, measure 365 feet ; on the west side 440 feet ; on the 
 north side, 410 feet ; and on the east side, 245 feet. Within 
 this space are nine open courts, a spacious rotunda, numer- 
 ous public offices, court and committee rooms, an ar- 
 moiu-y, &c., engraving and printing offices, a library, and 
 many convenient apartments -for principal officers and ser- 
 vants. The principal suite of rooms occupies the ground 
 floor, and the chief offices being furnished with lantern 
 lights and domes, have no apartments over them ; the 
 baseinent story consists of a greater number of rooms than 
 there are above ground. The site of a portion of this edi- 
 fice being a marshy soil, in the course of the ancient stream 
 of Walbrooky it was found necessary to strengthen the 
 foundations by means of piles and counter arches. 
 
 The principal entrance is in Threadneedle Street, but 
 there are others in St. Bartholomew Lane and Lothbury, 
 and at the north-west angle in Princes Street : the latter 
 consists of a noble portico, having a raised basement, on 
 which stand eight Corinthian columns, fluted, disposed 
 semi-circularly, supporting a very highly-enriched frieze 
 and attic, with a turret above. The Vestibule, or Entrance 
 Hall, from Princes Street assumes the impressive and so- 
 lemn character of a Mausoleum; the columns, which are 
 extremely massive, are of the Doric order, without bases, 
 and placed on three different planes, raised by steps, in 
 imitation of the Propylaea at Athens. Lothbury Courts 
 which opens from a spacious and lofty archway, presents 
 an interesting display of architectural features, designed 
 after some of the best specimens of Grecian and Roman 
 art. The brick buildings, on the east and west sides, are 
 partially masked by open screens, of stone, of the Corin- 
 thian order, copied from the Temple of the Sybils, near 
 Tivoli. The magnificent arch and fagade on the south 
 side, forming the entrance to the Bidlion Court, were de- 
 signed on the model of the triumphal arch of Constan- 
 tine, at Rome. The entablature is surmounted by statues^ 
 
 M 5 
 
126 PICTURE OP LONDON. 
 
 embleinatical of the four quarters of the globe, and within 
 the intercolumniations are allegorical representations of 
 the Thames and Ganges in basso-relievo. 
 
 The Rotunda^ which has an immediate communication 
 through its vestibule from the entrance in St. Bartholomew 
 Lane, is crowned by a lofty cupola, fifty-seven feet in dia- 
 meter, and about the same in height to the lower part of 
 the lantern, which crowns it, the divisions between the 
 lights of which are formed by caryatides. Here, large desks, 
 with pens, ink, &c. are placed for public convenience, 
 this being the general place for the meeting of stock-brokers, 
 stock-jobbers, and other persons having business in the 
 funds. The strangely discordant and Babel-like confusion 
 which arises in this place from the avidity with which the 
 pursuit of gain is carried on, excites great surprise in those 
 who are unaccustomed to such scenes; but the noise 
 and disorder is by no means equal to what it was before the 
 erection of the Stock Exchange, in Capel Court. 
 
 Great alterations have been made of late years in the 
 Stock Offices^ most of which had been originally de- 
 signed by Sir Robert Taylor. The Four per Cent. Office, 
 when in its primary state, presented nearly an exact imi- 
 tation, of the interior of the church of St. Martin in the 
 Fields, and the late Five per Cent. Office, was in the same 
 style. The Three per Cent. Consol. Office, which is about 90 
 feet in length and 50 in breadth, was designed by Mr. 
 Soane, from models of the ancient Roman baths, and is of 
 a very highly* enriched and classical character. The Three 
 per Cent. ComoL, Dividend, and Baiik Stock Offices are of si- 
 milar architecture. The three latter offices have lantern 
 lights and cupolas. The Chief Cashier^ s Office, measuring 
 45 feet by 30 feet, is built in imitation of the Temple of 
 the Sun and Moon, at Rome. In the Pay Hall, wherein 
 Bank notes are issued and exchanged for cash, (and which 
 forms a part of Sampson's original building) is a marble 
 statue of King William III., by Cheere. Over this apart- 
 ment, (which is 79 feet long and 40 feet wide), but in a se- 
 parate building, is the Clock, a very ingenious piece of 
 mechanism, so contrived as to show the exact time in six" 
 teen different offices, the necessary communications being 
 maintained by brass rods, weighing about 700 lbs. The 
 
EAKK OF ENGLAND. 127 
 
 Coin^t Room, which is a handsome apartment of the Com- 
 posite order, was designed by Sir RobertTaylor, and is light- 
 ed from Venetian windows on the south side; these over- 
 look a pleasant area, planted with trees and shrubs, that 
 was formerly the church-yard of St. Christopher's, nearly 
 the whole of which parish is now inclosed within the Bank 
 walls. The old tower and remaining part of the church 
 itself was taken down by authority of Parliament, after 
 the Riots in 1780, the more effectually to secure the safety 
 of this establishment. The chimney-pieces in the Court 
 Room are principally of statuary marble, and very sump- 
 tuous, whilst the entire suite of apartments here are elegantly 
 fitted up and furnished. There are many other Offices, 
 &c. that would afford matter for description, did our limits 
 permit. The greater part of this edifice is of stone ; and 
 in order to exclude every danger from fire, all the new 
 buildings erected here, under the superintendency of Mr. 
 Soane, have been constructed with incombustible mate- 
 rials. The Vaults^ in which the Bullion, Coin, Bank 
 Notes, &c. are deposited, are also indestructible by fire. 
 
 This great national establishment was first incorporated 
 by act of parliament, in 1694. The projector of the 
 scheme was Mr. James Paterson, a native of Scotland. 
 The original capital was 1,200,000/., which was at various 
 times augmented to 11,686,800/. But in the year 1816, 
 on consideration of lending government 3,000,000/., the 
 company was, by act of parliament, permitted to increase 
 their capital 25 per cent., which makes their present capital, 
 or Bank stock, 14,608,500/. 
 
 The corporation of the Bank are prohibited from trad- 
 ing in any sort of goods or merchandise ; but are to confine 
 the use of their capital to discounting bills of exchange, 
 and to the buying and selling of gold and silver bulHon, 
 with a permission, however, to sell such goods as are 
 mortgaged or pawned to them, and not redeemed within 
 three months after the expiration of the stated period for 
 their redemption. In addition to this, the proprietors 
 are allowed by a recent act of Parliament to lend money 
 on the mortgage of landed property. 
 
 The profits of the Bank arise from the traffic in bullion; 
 the discoiuiting of bills of iBxqhange for bankers, mei>- 
 
128 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 chants, factors, and speculators ; the interest on mort- 
 gages ; and the remuneration received from government for 
 managing the public funds, and receiving the subscriptions 
 on loans. The discounting of bills of exchange is con- 
 ducted on the most ample scale, and the benefits resulting 
 from it are widely felt, extending in fact throughout the 
 commercial world. In this, as in every part of their system, 
 a spirit of liberality is manifested by the directors, which 
 cannot be too highly commended. 
 
 The allowances to the Bank for managing the public 
 funds are, according to act of parliament, 340/. per million 
 per annum upon the whole debt, whenever its amount 
 shall be 400 millions, and not exceeding 600 millions ; 300/. 
 per million upon the amount of the excess beyond 600 
 millions ; or 450/. per million, whenever it may exceed 
 300 millions, and not amount to 400 millions : for regulat- 
 ing the subscriptions on the loans contracted by govern- 
 ment, the proprietors are paid 805/. 155. lOd. for every 
 million. In consequence of the vast increase of business 
 during the late war, arising from the paper-money, and 
 discounting systems, great enlargements were made in the 
 offices of every department, and the number of clerks was 
 increased from 200 to 1100; but the present establish- 
 ment is considerably reduced from the latter amount. 
 
 The hours of business at the Bank are from nine in the 
 morning till five in the afternoon, holidays excepted. — 
 Any person may pass through the rotunda, and also through 
 most of the other public apartments : the communications 
 being extremely convenient. 
 
 The direction of the aiFairs of this Corporation is vested 
 in a governor, deputy-governor, and twenty-four directors, 
 elected annually at a general court of the proprietors. 
 Thirteen of the directors, with the governor, form a court, 
 for the management of the business of the institution. 
 The present price (April, 1825) of Bank Stock is 270/. 
 per cent, the interest being 13/. 10^. per hunck'ed. 
 
 The Stock Exchange, Capel Court, Bartholomew Lane, 
 which is very conveniently situated opposite to the Bank, 
 was erected in 1801, by subscription of the principal stock- 
 -brokers, in transferable shares of 50/. each. No persons 
 
AUCTION MART. EXCISE OFFICE. V29 
 
 are allowed to transact business here but those who are 
 ballotted for by a committee, annually, and who on their 
 election pay ten guineas. By this regulation, the Jobbers 
 in stock (or those who, though ostensibly buyers and sel- 
 lers, are in reality illegal gamblers, and merely speculate 
 upon the rise and fall of the funds at fixed periods, without 
 making any actual s^ale or purchase"* are chiefly confined to 
 the Bank rotunda, already described. At the north end 
 of the subscribers* room over the fire place, is a li^t of the 
 original proprietors of the building, and over it a handsome 
 rain-gauge; at the other end is a clock, and a tablet for 
 the purpose of exhibiting the names of those defaulters 
 who, never having been able to settle their differences on 
 bargains made in the funds, are not allowed again to be- 
 come members. The business transacted relates entirely 
 to the purchase and sale of stock in the public funds, Ex- 
 chequer bills, India bonds, and similar securities. 
 
 There are four entrances to the building; one from 
 Capel Court, one from Shorter's Court, one from New 
 Court (both the latter in Throgmorton Street), and one 
 communicating with the Hercules tavern in Broad Street. 
 It is handsomely fitted up, with every requisite for the use 
 of the subscribers, and is open from ten in the morning 
 till four in the afternoon, except upon bank holidays, 
 when it is shut. The design was by the late Mr. Peacock, 
 architect, who is by some suspected of having intended a 
 practical pun, in placing a bust of Mercury upon the key- 
 stone of the principal entrance. 
 
 The Auction Mart, Bartholomew Lane, is a handsome 
 building, which was erected by subscription between the 
 years 1808 and 1810, from the designs of Mr John Wal- 
 ters. This edifice was intended as a kind of central 
 establishment for the sale of estates, annuities, shares in 
 public institutions and companies, trading-stock, pictures, 
 books, and other property, by public auction. The inte- 
 rior is very conveniently disposed, and contains a spacious 
 saloon, a coffee-room, and various apartments and offices. 
 
 The Excise Office, Broad Street, was erected in 1768, 
 on the site of the College and Alms-houses founded by Sir 
 
130 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Thomas Gresham, in Queen Elizabeth's reign. This spa- 
 cious fabric, which is destined for the receipt and manage- 
 ment of that branch of the public revenues that springs 
 from the excise duties, consists of a range of handsome 
 stone buildings fronting the street, and one of brick in the 
 rear, separated by a large court yard. Its business is ma- 
 naged by thiiteen commissioners, and four assistant com- 
 missioners, who have under them numerous clerks and 
 officers ; all the excise accounts from every part of the 
 kingdom are referred to this establishment. The net 
 produce of the duties for the year ending on the 5th of 
 April, 1825, amounted to 25,292,366/. 
 
 The Royal Exchange^ Cornhill. Before the year 1 SQQy 
 London had no public edifice for its merchants to assem- 
 ble in to transact business ; but at that time Sir Thomas 
 Gresham, a wealthy citizen, offered to supply the deficiency 
 at his own expense, on condition that the city would give 
 him the ground. This was acceded to, and various build- 
 ings having been purchased and levelled, at an expense of 
 4000/. Sir Thomas commenced his building on the 7th of 
 June, in the above year. When first opened, it was called 
 the Burse, but on the 23d of January, 1570-71, Queen 
 Elizabeth, after dining with many of her nobility, at the 
 mansion of its public-spirited founder in Broad Street, 
 visited it in great state, and ordered it to be proclaimed 
 " The Royal Exchange,^^ Sir Thomas, by his will, dated in 
 1574, bequeathed it, after the decease of his lady, to the 
 Corporation of the city, and the Company of Mercers, 
 jointly, under certain conditions; and it was rebuilt at 
 their united expense, after the great fire jn 1666, from the 
 designs of Mr. Edward Jerman, one of the city surveyors. 
 The ba«e o^ the first column on the west side of the north 
 entrance, was laid on the 23d of October 1667, by Charles II. 
 and the New Exchange was first opened on the 28th of 
 September, 1669 : the expense of erecting it was 58,962/. 
 Since that period it has undergone several reparations ; but 
 a most complete and substantial one (commenced in 1820) 
 is now taking place under the direction of Mr. George 
 Smith, architect to the Mercer's Company, the aggregate 
 i^ipenses of which are estimated at nearly 53,000/. 
 
ROYAL EXCHANGE, 151 
 
 The ground plan of this edifice, which is unquestionably 
 one of the noblest of the kind in Europe, is nearly a re- 
 gular quadrangle, including an open court (measuring 144 
 feet by 117 feet) surrounded by a broad piazza, and having 
 a projecting arcade at its respective fronts in Cornhill and 
 Threadneedle Street. The south front, in Cornhill, is 210 
 feet in length. Here is the principal entrance, which con- 
 sists of a projecting portico, composed of a lofty archway, 
 opening from the middle intercolumniation of tour three- 
 quarter Corinthian columns, and with these supporting an 
 entablature, on which are the royal arms, and on each 
 side a balustrade, &c., surmounted by statues, emblematical 
 of the four quarters of the globe. Statues of Charles I. 
 and II., by Bushnell, also stand in niches, within the late- 
 ral intercolumniations on each side of the main arch. 
 
 Among the recent alterations has been the erecting of 
 a new stone tower in place of the more lofty one of timber 
 which stood over this portico. It consists of three stories, 
 partly of the Doric, and partly of the Corinthian order; 
 the lower part is ornamented with a statue of Sir Thomas 
 Gresham, (which formerly stood beneath the entrance, 
 over the gateway), busts of Queen Elizabeth, and colossal 
 griffins, the emblems of the city, bearing shields of the city 
 arms ; and on the lateral facade walls are basso-relievos in 
 pannels, by Bubb, representing Queen Elizabeth, with 
 her attendant nobility, and heralds, proclaiming the origi- 
 nal building; and Britannia, seated amidst the emblems of 
 Commerce, attended by the Polite Arts, Science, Manu- 
 factures, and Agriculture. In the second story, which is 
 an octagon, is an excellent clock, with four dials, and on 
 the alternate sides are four wind-dials. The upper story 
 con>ist5 of a circular peristyle, formed by eight Corinthian 
 columns, supporting an entablature and cupola, which is 
 surmounted by a lofty vane of gilt brass, in the shape of a 
 grasshopper, the crest of the founder. The height from 
 the basement to the top of the cupola is 128 feet 6 inches. 
 
 The inner area is paved with Turkey stones, and has a 
 statue of Charles II., by Spiller, on a circular pedestal in the 
 centre. A raised step or seat, is continued round the inner 
 wail of the piazza, which opens to the court by a series of 
 arches, springing from columns and pilasters of the Doric' 
 
l<3g PICTURE OF LONDON*. 
 
 order. Beneath the piazza are twenty-eight niches, two 
 of which contain statues of Sir Thomas Gresham and Sir 
 John Barnard : that of the latter was erected in his Hfe- 
 time, by his fellow citizens, in testimony of his services as a 
 magistrate and a member of parliament. The face of the 
 quadrangle, which consists of an upper and lower story, 
 has an imposing appearance from its embellishments, niches, 
 statuary, &c. The statues are those of the kings and 
 queens of England, beginning with Edward I. on the north 
 side, and ending with his late Majesty, on the east. So far 
 as Charles I. they were executed by Gabriel Gibber^ 
 George I. and II. were sculptured by Rysbrach, cind 
 George III. by Wilton. The staircases on the north and 
 south sides, and a new one on the west side, have been 
 recently rebuilt of stone, at an expense of about 6000/. 
 They connect with a gallery which extends round the 
 whole building, and leads to various offices. Agreeably 
 to the original plan, shops occupied the building, to the top ;. 
 they were in number not less than two hundred, and filled 
 the entire gallery round the sides of the quadrangle; but 
 many years have elapsed since they ceased to be thus used.. 
 At present, the upper rooms are appropriated as LloycTs 
 well-known Subscription Coffee-house* y for the use of under- 
 
 * Lloyd's Coffee-house is celebrated as a place of meeting for 
 under-writers and insurance brokers. The premises comprise 
 two separate suites of extensive rooms ; one of which is public, 
 and the other exclusively appropriated to subscribers, who pay 
 a premium of twenty-five pounds upon admission, and four 
 guineas annually ; these sums form a fund for the general 
 purposes of the establishment. Persons desirous of being sub- 
 scribers, must be proposed by six members, and approved by 
 the committee of management. The benefits of this institution, 
 in the protection of merchants and ship-owners from the- 
 hazards of warfare, and the accidents and losses of navigation, 
 are too well known to require repetition ; and the pubhc spirit 
 which, 0!i a great variety of occasions, has been displayed by the 
 Committee of LloyiCs^ in rewards to our brave warriors, and in 
 charitable relief to their unfortunate widows and orphans, en- 
 tities this unrivalled association to rank among the monuments 
 
GUILDHALL. l35 
 
 writers and merchants; by the Royal Exchange Assurance 
 office ; and by various offices -of underwriters and mer- 
 chants. 
 
 The Exchange is open from eight in the morning till 
 half-past four in the afternoon. The hours in which busi- 
 ness is chiefly transacted are between three and half-past 
 four o'clock, and the stranger who should be passing at such 
 time will be well employed in visiting this interesting scene. 
 The crowd of merchants of all nations, together with the 
 bustle of Lloyd's rooms and the whole vicinity, will furnish 
 him with new ideas of the commercial greatness of London. 
 
 Guildkolly King Street, Cheapside. This is an irregular 
 structure, partly ancient and partly modern. It is the pub- 
 lic hall of the city of London, in which are held the va- 
 rious courts, the meetings of the livery, to choose their 
 members of parliament, lord mayor, sheriffs, &c. and in 
 which most of the grand cit}^ entertainments are given. 
 That in honour of the presence of the allied Sovereigns in 
 the capital, in 1814, was, perhaps, the most magnificent 
 civic feast ever known, and cost at least 20,000/. 
 
 Guildhall was originally built in 1411, by voluntary sub- 
 scription, and was twenty years in progress. Being greatly 
 damaged by the fire of 1666, the present edifice, with the 
 exception of the new Gothic front, was erected in its 
 place. That front, which was finished in 1789, consists of 
 three divisions, separated by fluted pilasters, and above, 
 in the centre, are the city arms. 
 
 The Hall itself, which will contain between 6 and 7000 
 persons, is 153 feet long, 48 broad, and 55 in height, to the 
 roof: the latter is flat, and divided into pannels. The win-. 
 dows at each end are enriched with painted glass, repre- 
 senting the royal arms, the insignia of the Orders of the 
 Garter, Bath, St. Patrick, &c. Here are also four monu- 
 ments, intended to perpetuate the fame of the great Lord 
 Chatham; his son, the late Right Hon. William Pitt; 
 Lord Nelson ; and a worthy Lord mayor of London, Mr. 
 
 of British patriotism, not less than with those of commercial 
 enterprise, 
 
 N 
 
154 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Beckford. The last mentioned was the first erected, and 
 represents the spirited chief magistrate in the attitude in 
 which he replied to his late Majesty's answer to the address, 
 remonstrance, and petition of the lord mayor, aldermen, 
 and common council of the city of London, on the 25d 
 of May, 1 770. On a black marble tablet, in letters of gold, 
 are the words of this eloquent and patriotic reply, which 
 has been the subject of much encomium. 
 
 Two ancient gigantic figures, carved in wood, of enor- 
 mous size, the one holding a long staff, with a ball stuck 
 with spikes hanging at the end of it, the other a halbert, 
 stand on pedestals at the west end of the hall, and are 
 called Gog and Magog. They are objects of considerable 
 curiosity with the vulgar, and are supposed to represent an 
 ancient Briton and a Saxon. 
 
 The principal apartment, next to the hall, is the Common 
 Council Chamhei\ a large room, the ceiling of which forms a 
 cupola, with a lantern-light in its centre. In this room the 
 lord mayor, aldermen, and common council, hold their 
 courts, or city meetings. It is decorated with a fine collec- 
 tion of paintings, most of which were presented to the city 
 of London, by the public-spirited Alderman Boydell ; 
 and at the upper end, immediately behind the chair of the 
 lord mayor, upon a pedestal of white marble, stands a fine 
 statue of George III. executed by Chantrey. 
 
 At the west end of this room, and directly over the 
 lord mayor's chair, is an immense picture of the destruction 
 of the French and Spanish flotilla, before Gibraltar, painted 
 by Copley, by vote of the corporation to commemorate 
 the gallant defence of that place by General Elliot (after- 
 wards Lord Heathfield), in 1 782. In this room are likewise 
 four other pictures on the same subject, and portraits of the 
 late Queen Caroline, the Marquis Cornwallis, and the Lords, 
 Heathfield, Howe, Nelson, and Duncan. Against the south 
 wall are paintings of the "Death of David Rizzio," "the 
 Miseries of Civil War," from Shakspeare, and " Domestic 
 Happiness," exemplified in fancied portraits of an 
 alderman and his family. On the north side is the " Death 
 of Wat Tyler;" and on the east, above the chimney, is the 
 model, by Banks, of the alto-rehevo executed by him for 
 the front of the Shakspeare Gallery, now the Britibh 
 
Maruion fiome. 
 
 Aoual Ejy'/umat' . 
 
 (huhi //a//. 
 
 2//'/iN/nr/i/ . 
 
MANSION HOUSE. 155 
 
 Institution, in Pall Mall. Here also, are two pictures, 
 representing the procession of the lord mayor, &c. 
 to Westminster Hall by water, and the ceremony of 
 swearing in (as it is termed) his Lordship, in 1781 : these 
 contain portraits of almost all the principal members of the 
 corporation of London, at that time. 
 
 The Chamberlain s Aj)artment is decorated with framed 
 and glazed copies, richly illuminated on vellum, of the 
 numerous votes of thanks from the corporation to the 
 heroes who signalized themselves in the late wars. Here 
 likewise is a portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds, of Mr. Tom- 
 kins, by whom most of the above addresses were written. 
 
 There are several other apartments, offices, &c., in which 
 the city Courts, King's Bench, Common Pleas, Exchequer, 
 &c. were formerly kept. — The old Council Chamber, in 
 which the Court of Aldermen hold their meetings, is 
 most worthy of attention ; the ceiling of this room is 
 highly decorated. 
 
 The hall is always open to strangers, and the other 
 apartments may be seen for a trifling douceur to the officer 
 in attendance. 
 
 On the east of Guildhall, and adjoining it, are the 
 New Courts of Law, the Irish Chamber, &c., which have 
 been recently built at the expence of the city, on the site 
 of Guildhall Chapel and Blackwell Hall. These are sub- 
 stantial structures of brick. Opposite to the former is 
 the Justice Hally where one of the Aldermen sits daily 
 to hear complaints, &c. 
 
 The Mansion Houses Mansion House Street. At the 
 west end of Lombard Street, on the site of Stocks' mar- 
 ket, is situated the Mansion House, the official residence of 
 tlie lord mayor of London. This vast pile of building, which 
 was designed by the elder Dance, is ot Portland stone. In 
 front is a wide and lofty portico, composed of six fluted 
 columns of the Corinthian order, supporting a pediment, 
 having two pilasters, of the same order, at each side. The 
 portico rests upon a low rustic story, in the centre of 
 which is a door-way leading to the kitchen and other offices. 
 A double flight of steps leads over this story, to the door 
 beneath the portico, whicii is the grand entrance. A stone 
 N 2 *^ 
 
TJ6 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 balustrade incloses the steps, and is continued along the 
 whole front. 
 
 The pediment of the portico is ornamented with a piece 
 of emblematic sculpture, designed by Sir Robert Taylor. 
 The house altogether is an oblong, of great extent, the 
 west side of which is adorned by large windows, between 
 coupled Corinthian pihisters. 
 
 The interior of the Mansion House is more magnificent 
 than comfortable, many of the apartments being very dark; 
 but many improvements have recently been made during 
 an extensive reparation. The state-bed cost 5000 guineas. 
 The Egyptian Hall, the ball room, and other apartments, 
 are worthy of inspection, particularly when lighted for the 
 grand annual festival at Easter. 
 
 The Lord Mayor gives frequent state-dinners here to the 
 aldermen and sheriffs; but the Easter dinner is generally 
 attended by the ministers of state, and by numbers of the 
 nobility and principal citizens. The sum granted annually 
 by the corporation to the chief magistrate, for the expenses 
 of his office, is 8000/. ; but the real expenditure varies, ac- 
 cording to the liber-ality of individuals, amounting to from 
 10,000/. to 1 5,000/. Sever-al strong chests of elegant plate, 
 and various less valuable curiosities, ar-e annirally delivered 
 ovei', with an exact inventory, to the Loi'd Mayor for the 
 year.. At the Mansion House, the Lord Mayor sits every 
 cay for the examination of offenders, to receive affidavits, 
 sli^n papers, &c. 
 
 General Post-Office, Lombard Street. — This collection 
 of buildings, important as its concerns are to the nation, 
 claims no praise in an ar'chitectur'al point of view. A plan 
 has, however, been adopted for erecting an edifice worthy of 
 this gr*eat establishment, in St. Margin's le Grand. The new 
 building was commenced in 1818, and though the want of 
 funds delayed its progress for some time, the work is now 
 reguhirly pr'oceeding, under the direction of Robt.Smirke, 
 Ebq. and is to be completed by Christmas 1827. The base- 
 ment is of gi'anite, but the superstructure will be chiefly of 
 bi'ick, and partly faced with Portland stone. The front in 
 St. Martin's le Grand is 380 feet in length ; it will be or- 
 namented with three porticoes of the Ionic order: via. 
 
GENERAL POST-OFFICE. 157 
 
 one m the centre and one at each extremity. The central 
 portico, which will project 30 feet, and be 90 feet in length, 
 will have six columns, supporting a pediment displaying 
 the royal arms; the others will have only four columns each. 
 
 The post-office system is one of the most perfect regula- 
 tions of finance and convenience which ever existed under 
 any government. It has gradually been brought to its 
 present perfection, although from having been for a long 
 time mismanaged, it was once replete with abuses. In its 
 present form, it not only suppUes the government with a 
 large revenue, but accomplishes that object by means 
 highly beneficial to the persons contributing to it. 
 
 The London Post-office is one of the most busy spots 
 on the surface of the globe. It receives information from 
 all countries ; it distributes it to the antipodes ; it connects 
 together more numerous and more distant interests of men 
 than any similar establishment ; yet, notwithstanding the 
 importance of such objects, its site has hitherto been in 
 the rear of a narrow street, misshapen even to deformity, 
 and scarcely accessible to the mail coaches which collect 
 there for their nightly letter-bags. The present post-office 
 \vas erected in 1660; great additions have been made 
 to it from time to time; but the whole, from want of 
 room, is necessarily disjointed and inconveiiient. The 
 cjerks, letter-carriers, &c. employed on this establishment 
 are very numerous. 
 
 The mode of carrying letters by the general post was 
 greatly improved a few years ago, by an admirable plan, 
 invented by Mr. J. Palmer, proprietor of the Bath 
 Theatre. Previously to its adoption, letters were conveyed 
 by carts, without protection from robbery, and subject to 
 frequent delays. At present, they are forwarded, accord- 
 ing to Mr. Palmer's plan, in coaches, distinguished by 
 the name of Mail Coaches, provided with a well armed 
 guard, and conducted at the rate of eight miles an hour, 
 including stoppages. Government contract with the coach- 
 proprietors merely for carrying the mail, the owners mak- 
 ing a considerable profit besides, by the conveyance of 
 passengers and parcels. It is not easy to imagine a com- 
 bination of different interests to one purpose more com- 
 plete than this. The rapidity of such a mode of conveyance^ 
 
158 PICTURE or LOKDbV. 
 
 considered as embracing the leading routes of an entire 
 kingdom, is unequalled in any country ; and the present 
 rate of charge for each passenger is little more than 
 sixpence per mile. The net produce of this establishment 
 to government, exclusive of the sum collected in Ireland, 
 is upwards of a million and a half, annuall}^ The net 
 receipts for the quarter ending April the 5th, 1825, was 
 387,000/.. 
 
 Houses, having boxes for receiving letters before five 
 o^ clock, are open in every part of the metropolis; and 
 after that time, bell-men collect the letters during another 
 houvy receiving a fee of one penny for each. But, at the 
 General Post-office, in Lombard Street, letters are received 
 till seven o'clock, from which time, till half an hour after 
 seven, a fee of sixpence is required ; and, from half after 
 seven till a quarter before eight, the whole postage must 
 be paid, together with the fee of sixpence. 
 
 The following are among the principal regulations of 
 the establishment: 
 
 Foreign Letters, The postage of all letters sent abroad 
 must be paid when put into the post-office, unless going to a 
 British Settlement, for if not paid, the letters are opened, and 
 returned, in all possible cases, to the writers. 
 
 Letters for the East Indies may be delivered at the India 
 House, where a letter-box is provided for their reception. 
 They are afterwards transmitted to this office. 
 
 Those for the coast of Africa, or for single settlements, in par- 
 ticular parts of the world, may be sent, either through the iS%£;>- 
 letter office. No. 4, Abchurch Lane, or by the bags which await 
 the sailing of ships, and which are kept at the respective coffee- 
 houses near the Royal Exchange. An office is also established 
 for receiving letters to go by merchants' ships, and the postage 
 taken is half the rate paid for conveyance by packet. 
 
 An excellent regulation exists, designed to prevent the loss 
 of small sums of money sent by post. Any sum, not exceeding 
 five guineas, will, on paying it into the proper office, be remitted 
 and paid at sight in any part of England, >cotiand, or Ireland; 
 and the like accommodation maybe had from any country post- 
 master, to pay or receive money at London. The postage of 
 all Letters forwarded through the Ship Letter office, must be 
 paid when the Letters are put in. 
 
TWO-PENNY P0»T-01TICE. 159 
 
 ^fails for France are made up on every Tuesday, Wednesday, 
 Thursday, and Friday; to Holland, the Netherlands, Germany, 
 and the north of Europe, every Tuesday and Friday ; to Swe- 
 den every Friday ; to Portugal every Tuesday ; and to the 
 following places monUdyj viz Jamaica and America, the first 
 Wednesday in the month : Leeward Islands and Demerara, 
 first and third Wednesday ; Madeira and the Brazils, first 
 Tuesday; Gibraltar, Malta, Corfu, and the Mediterranean, first 
 Tuesday ; and Buenos Ayies, the third Tuesday. 
 
 The Two-penni/ Post-qfficei for the delivery of Letters in and 
 near London. 
 
 There are two principal offices, one in tlie General Post- 
 office Yard, Lombard Street, and the other in Gerrard Street, 
 Soho, besides numerous receiving houses, both in town and 
 in the adjoining country. 
 
 Tiiere are six collections and deliveries of letters in town, 
 daily, (Sundays excepted,) and there are two despatches /row, 
 nnd three deliveries at, most places in the country, within the 
 limits of this office. 
 
 'i'he hours by which letters should be put into the receiving- 
 houses in town, for each delivery, are as follow : 
 
 For delivery in Town. 
 Over night, by 8 o'clock for the first delivery between 8 and 9. 
 
 Morning . 
 
 8 . 
 
 second . . 
 
 . . 10 and 11. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 10 
 
 , . third . . 
 
 . 12 and L 
 
 Ditto 
 
 12 . . 
 
 fourth 
 
 . . 2 and 3. 
 
 Afternoon 
 
 2 . 
 
 . fifth . . 
 
 . . 4 and 5. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 5 . . 
 
 sixth 
 
 . . 7 and 9. 
 
 For delivery in the Country, 
 
 The preceding evening, by 5 o'clock, for first delivery bet. 7&9. 
 
 Morning 8 . . . second . . 11 &1. 
 
 Afternoon 2 . . . third ... 5& 7. 
 
 But letters, whether for town or country, may be put in at 
 either of the two principal offices, three quarters of an hour 
 later for each despatch : all westward of Gray*s Inn Lane and 
 Chancery Lane, is attached to the Gerrard Street district ; east- 
 ward to Lombard Street. Letters put in on Saturday evenings 
 arc delivered in the country on Sunday mornings. The dated 
 stamp, or, if there are two, that having the latest hour, shews 
 
140 PICTURE OF LOKDOK. " 
 
 also the time of the day at whicli letters were despatched for de- 
 livery from the principal offices. No twopenny -post letter must 
 weigh more than four ounces. 
 
 When cash, in gold or silver, or other articles of value, are 
 inclosed in letters (notes or drafts for money excepted) it should 
 be mentioned to the office-keeper at putting in ; but bank notes 
 or drafts payable to bearer, should be cut in half, and the se- 
 cond half not sent till the receipt of the first is acknowledged. 
 The office is not liable to make good the loss of any property 
 sent by post. Persons having occasion to complain of delay in 
 the delivery of their letters, should send the covers inclosed in a 
 line to the comptroller, or deputy-comptroller, stating the pre- 
 cise time of delivery, as the dated stamp will assist materially 
 in discovering where the neglept lies. 
 
 There are sLvti/ receiving houses for the General Post 
 Office, and 07ie hundred mid forty-three for the Two-Penny 
 Posty scattered over the town, the several situations of 
 which may be readily learnt on enquiry in any shop. 
 
 The Custom House, Lower Thames Street, which had 
 been built in 1718, having been consumed by fire in 
 February 1814, a new, and more extensive edifice has 
 been erected, a short distance westward from the site of 
 the old one. The inconvenience experienced from want 
 of sufficient room in the old Custom House, induced 
 Government, on the recommendation of the Board of 
 Customs, long previously to its destruction,, to direct 
 that designs and estimates should be prepared for the 
 building of a new edifice, of sufficient dimensions to in- 
 clude and concentrate all the departments connected with 
 the establishment, many of which had hitherto been car- 
 ried on in detached premises. Several different plans 
 were consequently formed, from one set of which, designed 
 by David Laing, Esq., architect, the present structure was 
 erected. 
 
 The site of the Custom House is now entirely freehold 
 property of the Crown. The demands of the several par- 
 ties possessing property thereon, amounted to the sum of 
 84,478/.. The sum actually paid by Government was 
 41,700/. The produce of the old materials was 12,400/, 
 The building fronts the river, and occupies an immense ex* 
 
CUSTOM nousi;. 141 
 
 tent of ground, from Billingsgate eastward nearly to where 
 the old Custom House formerly stood. The precise di- 
 mensions are: length, four hundred and eighty-eight feet 
 ten inches and a half; breadth, one hundred and seven feet 
 one inch and a half. Government contracted with Messrs. 
 Miles and Peto, (their tender being the lowest received m 
 consequence of public advertisements,} to erect the whole 
 for 165,000/. ; but we learn from a recent enquiry, ordered 
 to be made by Government, in consequence of the falling 
 of the Long Room in January, 1825, that tlie whole ex- 
 pense of the building, extras, fittings up, &c. amounted to 
 255,000/., and that the architect received for his plans, 
 drawings, and commission about 15,')20/. 
 
 The first stone of this edifice was laid on the 25th of 
 October, 181 J, at the south-west corner, by the Earl of 
 Liverpool, first Lord of the Treasury, and the Right Hon. 
 N. Vansittart, Chancellor of the Exchequer, attended by 
 the Commissioners of Customs, and in the presence of a 
 great concourse of spectators. A glass urn, containing va- 
 rious medals of silver and bronze, with three gold and two 
 silver current coins of the realm, and two bank tokens, 
 passing as currency, were deposited within the stone, 
 together with a brass plate, inscribed with the names of the 
 founders, the date, &c. The new building was first opened, 
 for public business, on the 12th of May, 1817. 
 
 The following description developes the architectural 
 features and arrangements of this edifice previously to the 
 falling of the Long Room, &c. 
 
 The south front, measuring 488 feet in length, with its 
 returns to the east and west, (each 107 feet deep,) are faced 
 with Portland stone. The central compartment, com- 
 prising the exterior of the Long Room only, is quite plain, 
 excepting the attic, which is ornamented with alto-relievos 
 in artificial stone, by Mr. J. G. Bubb, in two long pannels, 
 each five feet three inches high. The eastward pannel con- 
 tains allegorical representations of the Arts and Sciences, 
 as connected with and promoting the commerce and in 
 dustry of the country, and has a centrical figure emblem- 
 atic of the nation, surrounded by various attributes. 
 In the centre are inscribed, in large bronze letters, the 
 names of the founders of the building, with the date oi 
 
142 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 its erection ; over which, and crowning the whole, is a 
 massive dial-plate, nine feet in diameter, supported by two 
 colossal figures, in recumbent positions, as emblems of In- 
 dustry and Plenty. The ground-floor of the centre part of 
 this front presents a bold projection, which gives a suitable 
 character to the entrance to the King's Warehouse, and 
 forms an appropriate support to the Royal Arras, upheld 
 by colossal figures of Ocean and Commerce. 
 
 The Long Room, presented, before its fall, an im- 
 posing appearance, from its extraordinary magnitude ; it 
 was 190 feet long, 66 feet wide, and 55 feet high. This 
 space was divided into three square compartments by mas- 
 sive piers, from which sprang three cupolas with ventilat- 
 ors in the centre of each. The floor (excepting the part 
 destined for the officers and clerks) was of stone, and the 
 walls and ceilings were tinted to represent that material. 
 It was warmed by means of two insulated air stoves, cen- 
 trically situated, in the form of massive antique pedestals; 
 these contained concealed fire-places, and the smoke, de- 
 scending, passed into the piers on either side. In the 
 midst of the area were circular desks, for the merchants, 
 brokers, &c. attending here on business. 
 
 All the passages, lobbies, &c. in this edifice are paved 
 with stone, and groined with brick-work. On the ground 
 floor, and on the first and second stories, the commu- 
 nication between the wings and centre is maintained by 
 means of iron doors, which run on wheels in a chase in 
 the centre of the walls, and are moved backward and for- 
 ward by a windlass. These doors are closed every evening, 
 and in case of fire would materially check its ravages, by 
 preventing it from spreading. Fire-proofrooms, also, as 
 repositories for valuable papers, are provided on each floor, 
 where they are deposited, with the books, every evening, 
 and removed in trunks to the respective offices as required. 
 
 A grand Staircase, in each wing, with a double flight of 
 steps, conducts to a lobby at either end of the Long room ; 
 (lighted by vertical lantern lights,) the ceilings of which are 
 perforated, in square compartments, and glazed. These 
 lobbies serve to check the great draughts of air which 
 would flow through the room, if it opened directly upon 
 the staircases. The two principal entrances lead through 
 
COMMERCIAL HALL. 1 4 J 
 
 separate halls to the grand staircase, terminating in the 
 lobbies of" the Long Room.' 
 
 Great dissatisfaction has been expressed both by ministers 
 and the public, at the partial fall of this building, which 
 at this time (April 18 25), presents a most singular appearance. 
 The Long Room is now in ruins, and the contiguous walls 
 are supported by vast shoring timbers. The Chancellor of 
 the Exchequer, in a recent debate in the House of Com- 
 mons, stated, according to the news-papers, that " the most 
 scandalous frauds had been practised in the erection of 
 this work," that " the matter was at present under consider- 
 ation," and that if there was reason to believe that " the 
 fraud was effected by any combination, steps would be taken 
 to proceed criminally against all the parties implicated." 
 
 The business of the Customs is under the direction of 
 thirteen Commissioners, with two assistant Commissioners 
 for Scotland, and two for Ireland ; and their jurisdiction 
 extends over all the ports of the united kingdom. Their 
 authority, however, is generally subordinate to the Lords 
 of the Treasury. The number of clerks, landing waiters, 
 searchers, tide waiters, &c. is very great. 
 
 The Commercial Hall, Mincing Lane, was erected in 
 the year 181 1, by subscription, for the public sale of Colonial 
 produce of every kind, as sugar, cotton, coffee, tobacco, 
 indigo, &c. &c. It was designed by Mr. Joseph Woods, 
 architect, and consists of two principal divisions, the first 
 being an entirely new edifice, sixty-five fe-et in length, 
 and thirt)^-nine feet deep, having a stone front ornamented 
 with six Ionic colunms, between which are emblematical 
 basso-relievos, by Bubb, of Husbandry, Science, Britannia, 
 Commerce, and Navigation. This contains a spacious cof- 
 fee-room, and five large sale rooms. In the secondary 
 building, which communicates with Mark Lane, are nu- 
 merous counting houses on the lower floor, and on the up- 
 per are show rooms, one of which is sixty feet in length. 
 
 Particular attention has been paid to the lighting of 
 these rooms; by a succession of sky-lights sloping to the 
 north, while the perfect light of day is admitted, the sun- 
 shine is eflectually excluded. The space between these 
 buildings, and that behind the latter, on the grpund fl<^r, 
 
144 PirTUaF, OF •LONDON. 
 
 is occupied by a number of rooms lighted in the same way, 
 ail of which are intended for the sale of sugars. In this 
 the business of the Custom House was principally carried 
 on, whilst that building was in progress, and it has again 
 been partly transferred hither since the defection of that 
 edifice in January, 1825. 
 
 The Corn Exchange, Mark Lane, is a brick building, 
 consisting of a paved quadrangle surrounded by a colon- 
 nade. The entrance is ornamented by Doric columns, 
 supporting a plain edifice, in which are two coifee- houses. 
 It is an open market, and convenient enough in its plan, 
 except that it is too small. The market days are Monday, 
 Wednesday, and Friday ; but the day on which most busi- 
 ness is transacted is Monday. 
 
 The Coal Exchange, Thames Street, contains a rotunda, 
 with convenient divisions for the business of the coal 
 merchants and dealers. Monopoly has here, unfortti- 
 nately, so effectually established itself, that a few prin- 
 cipal dealers entirely controul the market, and the pub.. 
 lic, of course, are losers in proportion to the extent of the 
 influence of the former. 
 
 The East India House, Leadenhall Street. — This noble 
 edifice comprises the principal offices of the home esta- 
 blishment of the East India Company. Here the courts 
 are held, and the directors assemble to conduct the affairs 
 of their vast empire and most extensive traffic ; here like- 
 wise all the sales of teas and other oriental produce, are 
 regularly carried on at stated periods. 
 
 This building was preceded by a smaller house, erected 
 in 1726, which only occupied the extent of the present 
 east wing. The inconvenient accommodation which it af- 
 forded to the augmented business of the company, led to 
 the construction of the present fabric, which was executed 
 from the designs of Mr. R. Jupp, architect, in the years 
 1798 and 1799. A portion of the interior of the old 
 house was preserved, but by far the greatest part was 
 erected from the ground^ on the site of various dwellings 
 which had been purposely taken down. The front, which 
 
EAST INDIA HOUSE. 145 
 
 is of stone, has an air of considerable grandeur, principally 
 arising from the extent and elevation of its central portico, 
 which consists of six Ionic columns, fluted, supporting an 
 enriched entablature and pediment. The frieze is sculp- 
 tured with ornaments, imitative of the antique, and the 
 pediment contains several figures, emblematical of the 
 commerce of the company, protected by George III., who 
 is represented as extending a shield over them. On the 
 apex of the pediment is a statue of Britannia, at the east 
 corner a figure of Asia seated on a dromedary, and at 
 the west, another representing Eui'ope. 
 
 The interior of the India House is well worth visiting, 
 and the stranger may see great part of it without expense, 
 and the rest by a douceur to any of the porters, or an order 
 from a director. TheNew Sale Room full}' equals in inte- 
 rest the rotunda of the Bank. 
 
 The Grand Court Room, which is elegantly fitted up, con- 
 tains a fine bas-relief of Britannia, in white marble, attended 
 by her river God, the Thames, and three female figures, em- 
 blematical of India, Asia, and Africa, presenting their va- 
 rious productions. In the Committee Room is a good por- 
 trait of Major-General Stringer Lawrence, whose skill and 
 gallantry so greatly contributed to the preservation of the 
 Company's East India possessions, in the middle of the 
 last century. In the Old Sale Room are statues of Lord 
 Clive, Adm'iral Pocock, Major-Gen. Lawrence, and Sir 
 Eyre Coote. Portraits of the Marquess Cornwallis, Sir 
 Warren Hastings, the famous Nabob of Arcot, and various 
 views of buildings, &c. in the East, are contained in the 
 room where the Committee of Correspondence meet. 
 Within the eastern wing is the Library, and the Museum. 
 The former contains an unparalleled collection of oriental 
 manuscripts, in all languages, many of which are adorned 
 with historical and mythological drawings executed in the 
 tnost brilliant colours, and heightened with gold : among 
 them is Tippoo Saib's copy of the Koran. Here, also, are 
 many volumes of Indian drawings ; copies of every work 
 which has been published relative to Asia ; aud an exten- 
 sive collection of Chinese printed books. A fine portrait oi 
 the Emperor of Persia, and two busts of Governor Warren 
 Hastinijsund Mr.Orme,the historian, are likewise preserved 
 
146 PICTL'UE OF LONDON. 
 
 here. In the Museum are many curiously sculptured re- 
 presentations of the Hindoo deities, together with in- 
 scribed bricks, in the Persepohtan or nail-headed character, 
 from the banks of the Euphrates, and numerous other ar- 
 ticles of interest from the countries forming the British 
 Empire in India. Here also are many of the trophies 
 taken at Reringapatam by General Harris, and particularly 
 the standards of Tippoo Saib, the golden footstool of his 
 throne, his velvet carpet, mantle, and several pieces of 
 his armour. Three beautiful models of Chinese rock-work, 
 &c. in wood, ivory, embossed silver, and mother-of-pearl ; 
 together with various highly-finished Chinese and Indian 
 paintings by Daniel, are also preserved here. These curiosi- 
 ties may be seen on Afondaj/s, Thursdays, and Saturdays, 
 
 The principal Warehouses of this Company, which are 
 of a great size and substantial construction, are well worthy 
 of inspection, both from the immense value of their mer- 
 chandise, and from the excellence of their internal ar- 
 rangements. Those between Devonshire Square and New 
 Street, Bishopsgate Street, are very extensive, and have 
 fronts of several hundred feet in length. The western side, 
 next Bishopsgate Street, consists of a body and two wings. 
 The entrance is in the south wing. The great height ol" 
 these buildings, the multitude of windows, and of cranes 
 for hoisting up goods, combine to create admiration and 
 surprise. Two handsome houses terminate the warehouses 
 near Houndsditch, in which the superintending officers re- 
 side. In the erection of these buildings, several very mean 
 streets, and some hundreds of poor habitations, were re- 
 maved. But, besides these buildings, the Company have 
 various others, some of which are built in a good style of 
 architecture. They have also numerous temporary ware- 
 houses, cellars, &c. in different parts of the city. 
 
 The Tri7uty House, Tower Hill. — In point of architec- 
 tural beauty this edifice will properly follow, if indeed it 
 does not fully equal, the East India House. It is a recent 
 bniiding of stone, and has the advantage of a rising 
 ground for its site, and of a fine area in front. The late 
 Mr. Samuel Wyatt was the architect. The first stone was 
 laid September the 12th, 1793, and the house was opened 
 fur burjinesi in 1795. 
 
TRIMTY HOfSr. 
 
 The affairs of the Trinity House are trnnsncted litre; 
 but the original establishment is at Deptlbrd, the corpora- 
 tion being named. The Master^ Wardens, and As.ndants of 
 the Guild, or Fraternity ^ of the most glorious and undivided. 
 Trinity, and of St. Cleinenty iii the parish of UejHford 
 Stroud, in the County of Kent. 
 
 This corporation was founded, in 1515, by Sir Thomas 
 Spert, comptroller of the navy, who was the first master, 
 and died in 1541. It consists of a master, four wardens, 
 eight assistants, and eighteen elder brethren, in whom is 
 vested the direction of the company ; an indefinite number 
 of younger brethren are admitted, who, however, take no 
 part in the concerns of the corporation. The elder brethren 
 are usually commanders in the navy and merchants' service, 
 with a few of his Majesty's principal ministers of state. 
 
 The object of this corporation is to superintend the 
 interests of the British shipping, warlike and commercial. 
 To this end, its powers are very extensive : the principal 
 of which are, — to examine the children educated in the 
 mathematical school in Christ's Hospital; — examine the 
 masters of the king's ships ; — appoint pilots for the 
 Thames ; — erect light-houses and sea-marks ; — grant 
 licences to poor seamen, not free of the city, to row on the 
 Thames ; — and to superintend the deepening and cleans- 
 ing of the river. They have power also to receive dona- 
 tions for charitable purposes; and they annually relieve 
 great numbers of poor seamen, and seamen's widows and 
 orphans. They alone supply outward-bound ships with 
 ballast, and upon notice given of any shoal or obstruction 
 arising in the Thames, they immediately direct their men 
 and lighters to work on it until it be removed. The profits 
 accruing to the corporation from this useful regulation 
 are very considerable. The Secretary's Office contains a 
 beautiful model of a ship named the Royal William. The 
 hall is light and elegant : whence, by a double staircase^ 
 is an ascent to the court-room, which is handsome, without 
 being incumbered, and the ceiling is finished in an elegant 
 style. This room contains portraits of the late King and 
 Queen; .James H. ; Lord Sandwich; Lord Howe; the 
 Right Hon. Wm. Pitt ; and several eminent naval charac- 
 ters. A flag taken from the Sj)aniards in 1 5S8, by Sir Fran- 
 o 2 
 
14S PICTURJi OF LONJ>0N, 
 
 CIS Drake, is preserved here, as well as numerous maritime 
 curiosities. The upper end of the room is covered with a 
 group of about twenty-four portraits of the Elder Bre- 
 thren, the gift of the Merchant Brethren in 1794. The 
 interior of the Trinity House may be seen by means of a 
 recommendation from tlie resident secretary. 
 
 The South Sea House, Threadneedle Street, is a sub- 
 stantial building of brick, ornamented with Portland stone. 
 The entrance is by a gateway, with a noble front, leading 
 into a court, having a piazza, formed by Doric pillars. 
 The interior is commodious, and it has one room pecu- 
 liarly spacious and elegant. 
 
 The South Sea Company was incorporated by act of 
 Parliament, in 1710, to pay 9,177,967/. due to the seamen 
 employed in Queen Anne's wars. The capital was after^ 
 wards enlarged to ten millions. In 1720, the company 
 obtained, by act of parhament, the sole privilege of Iracl- 
 ing to the South Seas, within certain limits, and were em- 
 powered to increase their capital, by redeeming several of 
 the pubHc debts. This opened the way to extraordinary 
 nial-practices and speculations; till at length the stock oi 
 the company was raised to 37,802,485/. and sold at the 
 enormous price of one thousand per cent. A few per- 
 sons were thus elevated from poverty to extreme wealth; 
 but thousands were reduced from affluence to beggary. 
 
 The affairs of this company are now reduced to a nar- 
 row compass, and conducted with the same regularity as 
 the other public funds: they consist only in receiving the 
 interest on their capital; and in paying dividends and 
 transferring stock. The sum due to them from government 
 is 20,071,000/., which forms the whole of their capital. 
 
 The Herald^s College^ St. Bennet's Hill, is a brick 
 edifice, having a front facing the street, with an arched 
 gateway, leading to a quadrangle. It belongs to a corpo- 
 ration of considerable antiquity, consisting of the follow- 
 ing thirteen members: — three Kings at Anns, six Heralds 
 at Arms, and four Pursuivants at Anns, all nominated by 
 the Earl Marshal of England, and holding their places by 
 f utentj during good behaviour. 
 
Trinitj 
 
 SoiLsey. 
 
HALLS OF THE CITY COMPANIES. 149 
 
 Their office is to keep the records of the descent: of all 
 the great families of the kingdom, and of all matters pro- 
 perly belonging to the same, such as their coats of arms, 
 &c. ; — to attend his Majesty upon certain occasions ; — ^ 
 to make proclamations ; — to marshal public processions,. 
 &c. One Herald and one Pursuivant attend the college, 
 daily, in rotation, to answer all questions relative to armo- 
 rial bearings, searching records, &c. At this office all 
 grants of arms for families, south of theTweed, or for any 
 new corporation, must be obtained. The privilege of grant- 
 ing supporters to new Nobility, Baronets, or Knights ot 
 the Bath, belongs to the office of Garter^ Principal King 
 at Arms. 
 
 The fee for an ordinary search of the records \sfive 
 shillings, and for a general search one giimea: the fees fo' 
 a new coat of arms arc ten guiiwas, or more, according to- 
 circumstances. This also is the proper office for register- 
 ing the births of children of the Nobility, &c. 
 
 A new Herald*s College is intended to be erected shortly 
 in the vicinity of Charing Cross. 
 
 THE HALLS OF THE CITY COMPANIES.. 
 
 There are in London no less than forty-nine halls be- 
 longing to the various Guilds or Incorporated Companies of 
 Traders and Artisans, Citizens of London. Many of these 
 may be found interesting objects to strangers, either from 
 their architecture, or their magnitude and indication of 
 civic and commercial opulence. 
 
 Ironmongers* Hall, Fenchurch Street, is a spacious edi- 
 fice built of Portland stone, in 1748. It has a rusticated 
 basement, above which, in the centre, are four Ionic pilas- 
 ters, supporting a pediment, exhibiting a sculptured repre- 
 sentation of the Company's Arms. 
 
 Merchant Taylors* Hall, Threadneedle Street, is one of 
 the largest of the city halls ; it contains many portraits. 
 
 Grocers* Hall, Grocers* Hall Court, Poultry, stands on 
 the ^ite of the ancient residence of the Lords Fitzwalter, 
 
1,50 PICTURE OF LONDON'. 
 
 It has a brick front, at the upper part of which are em- 
 blematic sculptures referring to oriental commerce. In the 
 hall are portraits of Sir John Cutler, satirized by Pope ; 
 the great Lord Chatham, and his son, the Right Hon 
 William Pitt, both members of the Grocers' Company 
 
 Skinnei^s* Hall, Dovvgate Hill, is adorned in front with 
 pilasters of the Ionic order, rising from a rustic basement, 
 and in the centre is a pediment with the armorial bearings 
 of the company. 
 
 Drapers' Hall, Throgmorton Street, is a square edifice 
 built on the spot where formerly stood the mansion of 
 Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex. In the interior, the 
 hall has a screen ornamented with carved work, and on 
 the ceiling is a painting representing the story of Phaeton. 
 Here also is preserved a portrait of Fitz-Alwyn, the first 
 mayor of London ; another supposed to be that of Mary 
 Queen of Scots; a portrait of Lord Nelson, by Sir Wil- 
 liam Beechey ; and other fine pictures. 
 
 Mercers^ Hall, Cheapside. The front of this building 
 is much decorated with sculpture. On the door-case are 
 figures of Genii, arms, festoons, &c. There is a balcony 
 with pilasters, between which are statues representing 
 Faith, Hope, and Charity. 
 
 Fishmongers^ Hall, Upper Thames Street, was built by 
 Sir C. Wren, In the half was a wooden statue of Sir 
 W^illiam Walworth, mayor of London, (who was a mem- 
 ber of this company) grasping a dagger, said to be the 
 identical instrument with which Wat Tyler was killed. 
 This fabric will be pulled down to make room for the ap- 
 proach to the new London Bridge. 
 
 SLatione7^s* Hall, Stationers' Court, Ludgate Hill, has a 
 fine window of stained glass, presented to the company by 
 the late Alderman Cadell. Here are also many paintings 
 in oil, and among them a portrait of Sir W. Doniville, a 
 member of the company, in the robes he wore as lord 
 mayor, at the grand banquet given to the Prince Regent 
 and his roval visitors, in July 181 ], at Guildliall. 
 
Soldsm/th.^ S^LiU 
 
PALACLS AND PARKS. 151 
 
 Barbers^ Hall, Monkwell Street, contains a painting by 
 Holbein, representing the presentation of the charter to 
 the Barber-surgeons' company, by Henry VHl. 
 
 Coachmakers* Hall, Noble Street, Cheapside, was long 
 noted for the meetings of a debating society, which was 
 ' considered as an eminent school for oratory. 
 
 Goldsmiths^ Hall, Foster Lane, is a substantial brick edi- 
 fice, containing several apartments, in which some good 
 pictures are preserved. 
 
 These different Halls were erected for the management 
 of the affairs of the companies, respectively ; and they 
 are also used for feasts on certain public days and parti- 
 cular occasions. Many of the companies are extremely 
 rich, possessing clear annual revenues of from 30 to 
 40, aud .50^000/. Among the most wealthy are the Mer- 
 cers, Grocers, Drapers, Fishmongers, Goldsmiths, Skin- 
 ners, Merchant Taylors, Haberdashers, and Ironmongers. 
 
 The citizens of London, in common with the bulk of 
 their countrymen, never forget in the midst of their 
 abundance, the wants of otners. The sums distributed 
 annually to the indigent by the City Companies, from va- 
 rious funds bequeathed and granted for that purpose, 
 amount to more than 26,000/. 
 
 PALACES AND PARa;S. 
 
 Si, Jameses Palace first deserves to be noticed, both from 
 its antiquity, and from its having been, until the present 
 reign, the principal town-residence of the kings of England, 
 (since the destruction, by fire, of Whitehall, in 1695,) as 
 well as the place where they have held their courts. It 
 stands on the north side of St. James's Park, on the site 
 of an hospital founded before the Conquest, for fourteen 
 leprous females, to whom eight brethren were afterv/ards 
 added. In 1532, this hospital was surrendered to Henry 
 VIII. who erected a considerable part of the present edifice. 
 It is a brick building, the front of which has little morethan 
 a large, and dull, but venerable-looking gate-house, to re- 
 commend it to the spectator ; but the part containing the 
 
152 PlCTUllE OF LONDON^ 
 
 State apartments, which is in the rear, though far from 
 imposing, has, at least, the grandeur which results from size 
 and regularity. 
 
 The main entrance is by a staircase and passage, which 
 open into the principal court, next to Pall Mali ; here the 
 interior walls are painted in distemper of a dead stone co- 
 lour, and the exterior sprinkled to resemble granite. The 
 king's guard-room, at the top of the staircase, is a kind of 
 gallery, converted into an armoury, which is systematically 
 decorated with daggers, swords, muskets, &c. arranged in 
 various figures. Here, when drawing-rooms are held, the 
 yeomen of the guard attend in full costume, armed with 
 their battle-axes. The next is a small chamber, lined with 
 excellently wrought tapestry. This forms the entrance to 
 a suite of three principal rooms, the innermost of which is 
 the grand Presence Chamber, 
 
 These apartments are fitted up with almost matchless 
 splendour. The cornices, mouldings, &c. are richly gilt; 
 tne walls are lined with crimson damask, and the window 
 curtains are of the same material. Sofas, ottomans, &c. 
 CO veered with crimson velvet, trimmed with gold lace, form 
 part of the furniture, the effect of which is greatly heiglit- 
 ened by rich and elegant lustres, and magnificent pier 
 glasses. In the first room is a painting of George II. in 
 his Parliamentary robes, and views of Tournay and Lisle ; 
 and in the second is George III. in the robes of the Order 
 of the Garter, together with two fine paintings of the vic- 
 tories achieved by Lord Howe, on the 1st of June 1794, 
 and Lord Nelson, at Trafalgar, October 21st, 1805. 
 
 The Presence Chamber^ or grand drawing-room, though 
 fitted up in a style corresponding with the others, exceeds 
 them much in size and splendid decoration. Over the fire- 
 place is a fulUlength portrait of his present majesty in his 
 coronation robes, by Sir Thomas Lawrence ; and on each 
 side are paintings of the battles of Vittoriaand Waterloo. 
 The sides of the room are decorated with plate glass; the 
 cornices, mouldings, &c. are richly gilt, and the window 
 curtains, of crimson satin, are tastefully trimmed with gold- 
 coloured fringe and lace. The throne is extremely mag- 
 nificent; it consists of a superb state chair surmounted by 
 a canopy, he. composed chiefly k-^^ rich crimson Genoa 
 
iL-ii.yr nr ioini)h>ns 
 
CARLTON PALACE. 153 
 
 velvet, trimmed with gold lace : under the canopy is an 
 embroidered star in gold. The ascent is by three steps, 
 and there is a footstool to correspond with the chair. Be- 
 hind this chamber is the King^s Closet and his Dressing- 
 room. In the former, which is splendidly ornamented, his 
 Majesty gives audience to his ministers, the foreign am- 
 bassadors, and the members of his own family. 
 
 The old Ball-room has been recently new modelled up- 
 on the French plan, and formed into a supper-room. Or- 
 namental compartments of various kinds, richly gilt, diver- 
 sify the walls ; and from the ceiling five or-moulu lustres are 
 pendant. The fittings up and furniture are very elegant. 
 
 The other parts of St. James's Palace are very irregular 
 in their form, consisting chiefly of connecting courts. Se- 
 lect portions were formerly in the occupation of their 
 Royal Highnesses the Dukes of York and Clarence. Near 
 the apartments of the former, is a handsome room called 
 the Queen's library; in which Queen Caroline, the con- 
 sort of George II., often held learned disputations with the 
 most eminent philosophers and literati of her day. 
 
 On the 21st of January, 1809, the south-eastern wing 
 of this palace was destroyed by fire, and only a small part 
 has been since rebuilt; but nearly the whole of the palace 
 was repaired during the years 1821, 2, and 3. 
 
 Carlton Palace, Pall Mall. — On the northern side of St. 
 James's Park, and fronting the grand line of improvements 
 recently commenced from Pall Mall, is Carlton Palace, 
 the town-residence of his present Majesty. It was origin- 
 ally the property of the Earl of Burlington, who gave it to 
 his mother, from whom it was purchased, in 1732, by Fre- 
 deric, Prince of Wales, father of George III. The alter- 
 ations made on that occasion were neither numerous nor 
 important ; but, on its becoming the abode of its present 
 illustrious occupant, in 1788, it was almost entirely rebuilt, 
 at a great expense, from the designs of Mr. Holland. The 
 screen in front, though in itself a very handsome Ionic co- 
 lonnade, is so contrived as to screen a very large portion 
 of the main building from the spectator. The Corinthian 
 portico in the centre of the principal building, is an elabo- 
 rate imitation of the temple of Jupiter Stator,^ at Rome. 
 
151 PJCTL'RE OF LONDON. 
 
 The apartments on the ground-floor, towards the streeet, 
 are devoted to purposes of state; and consist princi- 
 [}ally of the Great Hall, a magnificent apartment of 
 the purest Ionic order, which leads to the octagon 
 Vcstibu'e^ decorated with marhle busts of the kite Fran- 
 cis, Duke of Bedford, C J. Fox, Lord Lake, and the 
 Lite Duke of Devonshire, by Nollekins; the Gi^eat stab'- 
 case, with its unique and splendid gallery ; the West 
 aiite-rinmiy containing numerous whole-lengths, by Rey- 
 nolds, and other eminent artists ; the Crimson chawvig-room, 
 one of the most tastefully splendid apartments in London, 
 and in which Prince Leopold was married to the late 
 Princess Charlotte, embellished with the most vakiable 
 pictures of the ancient and modern schools, bronzes, o?*- 
 moidu furniture, &c. of English workmanship; the cii^cultir 
 Cupola room, of the Ionic order; the Throne room of the 
 Corinthian order; the beautiful Anle-chamber ; the Rose- 
 satin drawing room ; and many other splendid apartments, 
 all embellished with the richest satins, carvings, cut-glass, 
 carpetings, 6cc. of British manufacture. 
 
 On a lower level, towards the gardens and St. James's 
 Park, is another equally splendid suite of apartments, 
 used by his Majesty for domestic purposes, and his 
 more familiar parties. Most of these were designed by Mr. 
 iNash. 'J'hey consist of a Grand Vesiibule of the Corin- 
 thian orJer, the shafts of the columns being of verd an- 
 tique, and the bases and capitals richly giJt ; the Golden 
 Drawing-room, of the Corinthian order, entirely gilt; 
 the Gothic dining-room ; the Ionic dining-room ; and the 
 s,)lendid Gothic conservatory, in which there is a fine statue 
 by Canova: nor must we forget the Library, in this story, 
 filled with a choice collection of the most valuable books. 
 Mere is also a valuable collection of cabinet pictures, of the 
 Flemish, Dutch, and Italian schools. 
 
 The taste, elegance, and splendour of these apartments, 
 their furniture and decorations, reflect the highest credit 
 on the taste and patriotism of His Majesty, who in every 
 possible instance has been pleased to employ native artists 
 in their production. Among the fine EngHsh pictures, 
 are some by Reynolds, Lawrence, lloppner, Beechey 
 Wilkie, Lonsdale, &c. There are likewise many of 
 
KINGS MEWS. BUCKINGHAM HOUSE. 155 
 
 Bone's finest specimens of enamelled paintings. The 
 Plate-room forms an exhibition that equally astonishes 
 foreigners and natives. The palace also possesses the 
 finest armoury in the world, which is so extensive as 
 to occupy four large rooms, where are to be seen spe- 
 cimens of arms in use among all nations. Consi- 
 derable additions have lately been made to the collec- 
 tion, by presents received from India, Egypt, &c. In this 
 part of the palace also is the golden throne of the late 
 king of Candy, a seat, large, rude, and massive, with a 
 representation of the sun ao which diamond eyes are 
 given) forming its back. Here likewise are the splendid 
 horse-armour and trappings of Tippoo Saib, and the cele- 
 brated Murad Bey ; and a curious and peculiar suit of 
 mail and plate armour, intermixed, every link and plate 
 of which is inscribed with a verse from the Koran. A rid- 
 ing-house and stables are attached to the rear of the edi- 
 fice, where there is, besides, an extensive garden, laid out 
 in fine taste. 
 
 In Carlton Palace have been given, since the Prince of 
 Wales became Regent, and subsequently King of these 
 Realms, some of the most splendid and magnificent ban- 
 quets known to the courts of modern princes, and which 
 (it is scarcely necessary to add) have cost immense sums. 
 
 The King's Meivs, Charing Cross, derives that appel- 
 lation, from occupying the site of a building, in which 
 were anciently kept the King's hawks and falcons. In the^ 
 reign of Henry VIII , it was used for the royal stud of 
 horses ; but being destroyed by fire, it was rebuilt in the 
 following reigns. The present structure was erected in 
 1752. Here the royal stud of cream-coloured horses, 
 used only on days of public procession, and other valuable 
 horses belonging to his Majesty, have usually been kept. 
 But a new range of stables, &c. for the reception of the 
 royal carriages and horses, has recently been erected 
 near Buckingham palace, at Pimlico. 
 
 Buckingham House, in St James's Park, was built by 
 John Sheffield, Duke of Buckinghamshire, in 1705, and 
 was purchased by the late King in 1761; and, in 1775,. 
 
lo6 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 settled by act of parliament on the late Queen for life, 
 in lieu of Somerset House. It is a brick building, with 
 white pilasters, entablatures, &c. Many of the apartments 
 are small, but the grand staircase, decorated with beau- 
 tiful Corinthian columns, is peculiarly fine. The prin- 
 cipal suite of apartments are, the King's Dining-room ; the 
 Sacoon, in which is the grand throne of her late Majesty ; 
 West^s gallery, so called from its being entirely furnished 
 with the best pictures of that master ; and the Cinmson 
 Drawing-roomy which contains some fine paintings by 
 Vandyke, particularly his " St. Martin dividing his Cloak 
 with the Pilgrim." Here are also some very fine pictures 
 by Canaletti; and here was the noble collection of 
 books formed by his late Majesty, and lately presented, by 
 the present King, to the British Museum. Several royal 
 marriages, of the reigning family, have been celebrated in 
 this mansion. 
 
 Whitehall. — ^The old palace of this name occupied a space 
 along the bank of the river, a little to the north of Westmin- 
 ster Bridge, commencing where Privy Gardens begin, and 
 ending near Scotland-yard. Westward, it extended from 
 the river to St .James's Park, along the eastern boundary of 
 which many of its various buildings lay, from the Cockpit, 
 which it included, to Spring Gardens. It was originally the 
 property of Hubert de Burgh, Justiciary of England under 
 Henry HI., from whom it passed to the Archbishops of 
 York, and was from them long called York House. Hen- 
 ry VIII. seized it on the fall of Cardinal Wolsey, then Arch- 
 bishop of York, and from that time it became the resi- 
 dence of the kings of England, till the reign of Queen 
 Anne, who held her court at St. James's Palace, in conse- 
 quence of this vast pile of buildings having been burnt 
 down in 1695. On that calamitous occasion, the Ban- 
 queting-house, which had been added to the structure by 
 James I., in lieu of the old building that, in Elizabeth's 
 time, had been used for public entertainments, alone es- 
 caped the general destruction, and remains a monument 
 of the purer taste in classic architecture introduced intotbis 
 country by Inigo Jones. 
 
mute If all Parliament M 
 
 Jdmiraity- 
 
 2) casaiy. 
 
Whitehall: — xensington palace. 157 
 
 The great room of this edifice is converted into a Cha- 
 pel, in which service is performed in the morning and 
 evening of every Sunday. In a large gallery lately built, 
 the soldiers of the foot-guards, or such part of them as 
 wish it, are accommodated, and are frequently marched 
 thither from the parade, attended by the band of the regi- 
 ment then on duty at St. James's. Over the altar are 
 placed the various eagles which were so gloriously won 
 from the French, in different battles in the Peninsula of 
 Spain, and on the sanguinary field of Waterloo, in the late 
 revolutionary wars. 
 
 The ceiling of this room was painted by Rubens, and 
 represents the Apotheosis of James I., which is treated in 
 nine compartments: Vandyke was to have painted the 
 sides with the history of the order of the Garter. The 
 execution of particular parts is to be admired for its bold- 
 ness and success. These paintings were retouched, a few 
 years since, by Cipriani. The Banquetting House cost 
 17,000/. building, and the painting of the ceiling, 3000/. 
 Cipriani had 2000/. for his retouching. 
 
 In front of this edifice, on a scaffold erected for the oc- 
 casion, Charles I. was beheaded, on the 50th of January, 
 1648-9, having passed to the scene of death through one 
 of the windows ; but the common idea, that the monarch 
 slept here the night previous to his decapitation, though 
 gravely stated by historians, is erroneous, the fact hav- 
 ing been, as appears from credible contemporaries, that 
 he slept at St. James's on the preceding night, and walked 
 to the place of execution across the Park, attended by his 
 gentlemen, bareheaded, upon the fatal morning. Whit- 
 locke says, " At this scene were many sighs and weeping 
 eyes, and divers strove to dip their handkerchiefs in his 
 blood." Within the area, behind the banquetting house, in 
 Privy Gardens, is a fine bronze Statue of James II. by Grin- 
 ling Gibbons. 
 
 KENSINGTON PALACE AND GARDENS. 
 
 This palace was the seat of Lord Chancellor Finch, 
 afterwards Earl of Nottingham, but was purchased, and 
 made a royal residence, by William III. It is a large 
 
158 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 irregular edifice of brick, but contains a good suite 
 of state apartments and some painted staircases and ceil- 
 ings. Among the numerous pictures in this palace are seve- 
 ral by Holbein, and a few by Paul Veronese, Vandyke, Guer- 
 cino, Giorgione, Murillo, L. da Vinci, Lely, and Kneller. 
 The Great Staircase leads from the principal entrance to 
 the palace by a long corridor, the sides of which are 
 painted to represent a gallery crowded with spectators, on 
 a grand court-day. These paintings were executed by 
 Kent, who has introduced portraits of himself, of Ulric, a 
 Polish youth, page to George I., of the Turks, Mahomet 
 and Mustapha, two of his attendants, and also of Peter 
 the Wild-boy. William and Mary, Queen Anne, George I. 
 and George II. made this palace their place of frequent 
 residence, and the last mentioned of these princes died 
 here. Her late Majesty resided here for some time, while 
 Princess of Wales. Here is a range of apartments occu- 
 pied by the Duke of Sussex. The late Duke of Kent was 
 likewise, at one period, an occupant, and his widow and 
 child are still resident here. Kensington palace may be 
 viewed by strangers, on application to the housekeeper. 
 
 The garden, or park, originally attached to the building, 
 and which King William greatly improved, consisted in his 
 time of only twenty-six acres. Queen Anne added thirty 
 acres, and Queen Caroline, consort to George II , ex- 
 tended the boundaries by the addition of two hundred 
 acres taken out of Hyde Park. The present circumference 
 of the whole grounds is about two miles and a half. 
 
 These spacious gardens were laid out from the designs 
 of Bridgman, Kent, and Lancelot Brown, who may be 
 considered as the inventors of the modern art of landscape 
 gardening. This delightful place is always open to the 
 public from six o'clock in the morning in summer, and 
 seven in winter, till sunset. 
 
 THE ROYAL PARKS. 
 
 St. Jameses Park was scarcely any thing but a marsh 
 previously to the reign of Henry Vlll.; that monarch 
 drained and enclosed it, when he erected the palace, 
 to serve as a demesne both for St. James's and Whiter- 
 
rj 
 
 ST. JAMES S PARK. 159 
 
 hall. Charles II. employed Le Notre to plant the avenues, 
 and to make the canal, as well as the aviary adjoining the 
 B rd-cage Walk, which took its name from the cages 
 that were then hung in the trees. The canal at -that 
 time had a decoy for water-fowl. The same prince form- 
 ed the M II, the present vista so called, but which 
 was constructed as a smooth hollowed walk, in which to 
 lay at a certain game with a ball, and a kind of club cal- 
 ed a mall. Agreeably to that purpose, this noble walk, 
 which is half a mile in length, was bordered with a wood- 
 en screen, and bounded at one end by an iron hoop, 
 through which the ball was to be struck. Subsequent mo- 
 narchs allowed the citizens to walk in this park for their 
 recreation, and William III. first admitted a passage to be 
 made into it from Spring Gardens. 
 
 The whole northern and southern sides are planted with 
 several rows of trees, beneath which are spacious walks ; it 
 is of an oblong form, and nearly two miles in circuit. I'he 
 eastern extremity is occupied by the Horse Guards, the 
 Treasury, and other edifices, and the west end by Bucking- 
 ham palace. The small plot of ground within the railing, 
 in the centre, was laid out by the celebrated Brown. 
 
 On the north side of the parade, near the Admiralty, 
 is placed a Turkish piece of ordnance of uncommon 
 length, which was brought from Alexandria, in Egypt, by 
 the British army. It is mounted on a carriage of English 
 construction, and ornamented with several appropriate 
 Egyptian devices, executed with great taste. A smaU un- 
 adorned piece of ordnance, taken from the French at W^/r- 
 terloo, has lately been placed opposite to it. In front of 
 the gate of the Horse Guards, is fixed one of the mortars 
 employed by the French army to throw shells into Cadiz, 
 an instrument of destruction of immense powers, its range 
 being said to be three miles. It was, with numerous others, 
 left by the French in their retreat from Cadiz, and present- 
 ed to the Prince Regent of England by the Spanish na- 
 tion. It is mounted on a finely-executed allegorical base, in- 
 tended to convey an allusion to the means of the preserva- 
 tion of Cadiz, by a representation of the monster Geryon, 
 who had established himself in the island of Gacles, and 
 whose destruction was one of the famed labours of Hcr- 
 f 2 
 
160 PICTL'llE OF LONDON. 
 
 culei. The inscriptions, in Latin and English, on this 
 base, are neat and appropriate. 
 
 On the conclusion of peace with France, in 1814, boat- 
 races, illuminations, and fire-works were exhibited in this 
 park, when a wooden bridge, with a Chinese temple on it, 
 was erected. The latter was burnt by accident during the 
 fete, and the bridge itself, becoming unsafe, was taken 
 down in 1 820, to the great inconvenience of the inhabit- 
 ants of Westminster, to whom this communication across 
 the Park was very useful. 
 
 The King's Foot-Guards parade every day, between ten 
 and eleven o'clock, opposite the park-front of the building 
 called the Horse Guards, and the fine band of music which 
 accompanies this spectacle renders it an attractive scene 
 to strangers. The canal, in the middle of this park, is a 
 noted place for skaiting, in frosty weather. 
 
 The Green Park, in point of fact, is a continuation 
 of St. James's Park, being separated from it by an iron rail- 
 ing only; during the spring and summer it forms a favourite 
 promenade for the genteel inhabitants of the metropolis, 
 and, in fine weather, on every evening, and on Sundays in 
 particular, it is always crowded with company. At the 
 north-east angle of this park there is a fine piece of water, 
 which forms at once a beautiful embellishment and a useful 
 reservoir. The lodge of the deputy-ranger of St. James's 
 and Hyde Parks stands on a part of the ascent from the" 
 former to the latter. 
 
 Hi^de Park is a royal demesne, separated from the pre- 
 ceding Park by the width of the street at Hyde-Park Cor- 
 ner. It was originally much larger than at present, hav- 
 ing been greatly reduced by the inclosure of Kensington 
 Gardens, from which, as now completed, it is separated 
 by a wall and a sunk fence. In 1652, it contained 620 
 acres, but at present it has only 395. This park, though 
 too bare of trees, is a spot of much natural beauty, heigh- 
 tened by a fine piece of water, still called the Serpentine 
 River, although formed into a wide, straight canal in 1750, 
 by enlarging the bed of a stream flowing through the park, 
 which, taking its rise at H^ynpstead, falls into the Thames 
 
regent's park. 161 
 
 at Ranelagh. At the eastern extremity is an artificial wa« 
 ter-fall, constructed in 1817. On the north side of this 
 canal are the keeper's lodge and garden, together with a 
 powder-magazine, lately rebuilt. The wall, which nov*- 
 bounds its north, south, and east sides, was commenced 
 in 1726. 
 
 Hyde Park is used for the field-days of the Horse and 
 Foot Guards, and other troops, and for occasional grand 
 reviews. These exercises destroy the verdure of the park, 
 converting a large portion of it into a beaten and dusty 
 parade ; yet the reviews afford an agreeable entertainment 
 to the people of London, who crowd hither, in vast num- 
 bers, on such occasions. The barracks of the Life Guards 
 ?re on the south-west side, adjoining Knightsbridge. 
 
 TVie Regent*s, or Mary-le-bone Park, was formerly called 
 Mary-le-bone Fields ; it contains about 450 acres, which are 
 laid out in good taste, and has already realised a portion 
 of the grand improvements projected in this neighbour- 
 hood. Many buildings, which have been noticed elsewhere, 
 have been erected in this park ; and several rows, terraces, 
 and detached villas are now in progress. Two edifices of 
 a novel kind, and singular in their design and appropriation, 
 have been recently erected, one called the Diorama, the 
 other the Panorama, (the latter built for a view from St. 
 PauPs) accounts of which will be found in other pages of 
 this volume. A fine artificial river embellishes the grounds. 
 When completed, this park will form as beautiful an area, 
 either for pedestrian exercise, or for airing on horseback 
 or in carriages, as any in the kingdom. 
 
 Promenading, an excellent practice for all who wish to 
 see and be seen, as well as a most useful exercise for the 
 promotion of health, is a favourite amusement with the in- 
 habitants of London, and the fine parks just described af- 
 ford the most spacious theatres for this amusement. In 
 relation to this practice, a farther notice of Hyde Park 
 and Kensington Gardens, where it is chiefly exemplified, 
 may prove interesting. One of the most delighted scenes 
 attaching to this great metropolis, and that which most 
 displays its opulence and splendour, is formed by the com- 
 l)any here a-sciublel, principally on Sunday^^ during fa- 
 
165 riCTURE OF LONDOX. 
 
 vourable weather, from March till the month of July. The 
 spacious gravelled roads, within the parks, are then cover- 
 ed with horsemen and carriages, (which, equally with the 
 pedestrians, literally promenade,) from two till five o'clocK 
 in the afternoon. A broad foot-path, running from Hyde 
 Park Corner to Kensington Gardens, is frequently so 
 crowded during the same hours, with well-dressed people 
 passing to, or returning from, the gardens, that it is difficult 
 to proceed. A noble walk, stretching from north to south, 
 in Kensington Gardens, near the western boundary, with its 
 gay company, completes the interesting scene, numbers of 
 people of fashion, mingled with a great multitude of well- 
 dressed persons of various ranks, occupying this walk for 
 many hours together. It has been computed, that 50,000 
 people have been seen at one time in this Park and Gar- 
 dens. Nor is the practice modern, for the spot has been 
 equally resorted to, for the same purpose, during the last 
 two hundred years. 
 
 Hyde Park is open every day in the year, to all persons, 
 from six in the morning till nine at night. No horseman 
 is excluded, nor any carriage, except hackney or stage 
 coaches. Five gates form its inlets, the principal of which 
 are Cumberland gate, at the end of Oxford Street ; Gros- 
 venor Gate, in Park Lane ; the gate at the western extre* 
 mity of Piccadilly, called Hyde Park Corner; and that 
 near the entrance of the village of Kensington. Among 
 other improvements in contemplation here, is the erection 
 of a bridge over the upper end of the Serpentine, for the 
 purpose of forming a free and uninterrupted communica^ 
 tion round the park. 
 
 In the severity of winter, the Serpentine river frequently 
 sustains thousands on its congealed surface, who skait of 
 walk about in all possible directions. His late Majesty, in 
 consequence of the number of accidents that have occur- 
 red in following this amusement, gave a plot of ground on 
 the river's brink, on which to erect a building for the Hu- 
 mane Society, a structure that inspires, at the same mo- 
 ment, feelings both painful and gratifying to humanity in 
 the visitant, when he is informed that it is a ' Receivings 
 houaefor persons really or apparently drowned? 
 
WESTMINSTER HALL, ^65 
 
 HOUSES OF LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL ASSEMBLY. 
 
 Westminster Hall. The House of Lords, House of Com- 
 mons, and other contiguous buildings, occupy the site of 
 the Old Royal Palace of Westminster, built by Edward the 
 Confessor, and enlarged by different monarchs. This 
 palace stood close to the banks of the Thames, and includ- 
 ed the space now called Old Palace Yard, as well as great 
 part of Abingdon Street. 
 
 Westminster Hall was built by William Rufiis, in the 
 years 1097-8 ; but it was repaired and enlarged by Richard 
 II. in 1597. The last named monarch entertained 10,000 
 persons at a grand Christmas festival within its walls ; and 
 it is still used by the English kings for their Coronation 
 feasts. * It is 270 feet long, by 74 broad, and 90 feet high, 
 being the largest room in Europe unsupported by pillars. 
 The venerable-looking roof is of the most curious work- 
 manship, displaying, in many parts, the arms of Edward the 
 
 ♦At the Coronation Dinner/in this hall, of his Majesty George 
 the Fourth, the provisions were principally prepared in kitchens, 
 &c. erected for the purpose, and furnished with every conve- 
 nience, on a part of Cotton Gardens, behind the House of 
 Lords. Some idea of the plenty of this magnificent banquet 
 may be formed from the following statement of the kind and 
 quantity of the provisions which were provided for the guests : 
 7442 lbs. of beef, 7133 of veal, 2474 of mutton, 250 of suet, 
 1730 of bacon, 550 of lard, 912 of butter, 20 quarters of house 
 lamb, 20 legs of house lamb, 5 saddles of lamb, 55 quarters of 
 grass lamb, 160 lamb's sweetbreads, 389 cow-heels, 400 calves* 
 feet, 160 geese, 720 pullets and capons, 1610 chickens, 520 
 fowls, 8400 eggs, 160 tureens of soup, 160 dishes of fish, 80 of 
 venison, 160 of vegetables, 640 of pastry, 400 of creams and 
 jellies, 160 of shell-fish, and 480 boats of sauce. The wine 
 provided amounted to 100 dozen of Champagne, 20 of Bur- 
 gundy, 200 of Claret, 50 of Hock, 50 of Moselle, 50 of Ma- 
 deira, and 350 of Port and Sherry. There were likewise 100 
 gallons of iced Punch, and 100 barrels of Ale and Porter. 
 The number of dinner plates was 6794, of soup-plates 1406, 
 and of dessert- plates 1499. 
 
164 PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 Confessor, and the arms and devices of Richard II., support- 
 ed by angels. This edifice was completely repaired and new 
 fronted during the years 1820, 1, and 2, during which 
 period the upper windows, at the sides of the hall, were first 
 constructed : the lantern also, on the apex of the roof, wai« 
 then rebuilt. The main entrance opens from a noble re- 
 cessed arch-way, flanked by embattled towers, adorned 
 with niches for full sized statues, as in the old front ; but 
 no figures have yet been placed there. The large windows, 
 at each end of the hall, are designed in the pointed style. 
 On the west side are communications with the new Courts 
 of Law and Equity, at the south end is an avenue to New 
 Palace Yard, and in the centre a passage leading into the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 Parliaments have frequently sat in this hall ; and here, 
 in ancient times, the King administered justice, in person. 
 The Courts of Chancery, King's Bench, Exchequer, Com- 
 mon Pleas, &c. were long held in different parts of this 
 edifice. Charles I. was tried, and received sentence, be- 
 neath its roof. At present it is occasionally fitted up for 
 the trial of peers, or of persons impeached by the Com- 
 mons ; and not many years since it was used for the trial 
 of Warren Hastings, and more recently for that of Lord 
 Melville. At ordinary times it forms a promenade for 
 lawyers and suitors, during the sitting of the adjoining 
 Courts. On the nights when either branch of the Legis- 
 lature sits, it is open and lighted with gas, which has 
 been fortunately managed so as to shed just so much illu- 
 mination through the building as is required, without im- 
 pairing its antique solemnity. 
 
 Under the roof of this Hall, therefore, or in adjoining 
 buildings, is transacted the chief effective public business 
 of the British empire. Here the representatives of the 
 people deliberate on whatever concerns the public weal 
 — here every department of the law is administered in 
 the three Supreme Courts of Common Law, and the Court 
 of Chancery, all adjoining — and here sits the Court of Final 
 Appeals, the House of Lords. Almost uniting with these 
 buildings is the Ahhey Churchy in which are deposited the 
 remains of an illustrious line of kings and princes, from 
 Edward the Confessor to George the Second, together 
 
HOUSE OF LORDS. 165 
 
 with many of their subjects, the most renowned for pa- 
 triotism, eloquence, literature, arts, and arms. On behold- 
 ing the two Houses of Parliament, the pride of liberty and 
 political security must swell the breast of every English- 
 man ; and the Courts of Westminster remind him of the 
 triumphs of law over arbitrary power, during successive 
 ages. He must, indeed, have a cold heart and a listless 
 mind, who can tread this spot without feeling the deepest 
 interest and most profound reverence 1 
 
 New Courts of Law. — On the west side of Westmin- 
 ster-Hall are the new buildings recently erected from the 
 designs of John Soane, R. A. for the two Courts of Chan- 
 cery, and the Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, 
 and Exchequer. The Lord Chancellor's and Vice Chan- 
 cellor's Courts are spacious rooms, surmounted by cupo- 
 las, with convenient seats, galleries, &c. for suitors, stu- 
 dents, and legal practitioners. The other Courts are also 
 judiciously arranged and handsomely decorated. 
 
 House of Lords, Old Palace Yard. — This structure is si- 
 tuated on the south side of the House of Commons, with 
 which It has an internal communication. The exterior is 
 by no means remarkable for its beauty. The front is a co- 
 lonnade, connecting the two entrances, namely, that for 
 the King and his train on state occasions, and that for the 
 Lords. In 1822, 3, and 4, the King's Entrance was rebuilt, 
 under the direction of John Soane, R. A. The new work 
 consists of a magnificent staircase, which leads to a splen- 
 did gallery divided by scagliola columns, of the Ionic or- 
 der, into three principal compartments ; the central one is 
 lighted by a large and elegant cupola, and the others by 
 smaller lantern lights. This gallery opens into the painted 
 chamber, through which his Majesty passes to his robing 
 room, and thence into the House of Lords. 
 
 The interior of the House of Lords is hung with the 
 ' celebrated tapestry representing the defeat of the Spanish 
 Armada. It is judiciously set off by large frames of brown 
 stained wood, which divide the picture into compartments; 
 and the whole is surrounded by a border, exhibiting por- 
 traits of the naval heroes who commanded the English 
 
J66 fICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 fleet on that memorable occasion. There is another cu- 
 rious old tapestry in what is called the Prince's Chamber, 
 where the king assumes his robes previously to taking his 
 seat on the throne. 
 
 The apartment in which the Peers assemble is of an ob- 
 long form, and rather smaller than that of the House oi 
 Commons. It was newly fitted up in 1820, and a throne 
 was erected of the most splendid description, in the room 
 of the elevated arm-chair before used as the seat of the 
 Monarch. This throne consists of an immense canopy of 
 crimson velvet, surmounted by an imperial crown, and 
 supported by columns richly gilt, and decorated with oak- 
 leaves and acorns. Tridents, olive branches, and other 
 emblematic figures ornament the pedestals. The seats of 
 the Lord Chancellor, (who is Speaker of the House of 
 Lords,) of the Judges and Officers, are woolsacks covered 
 with crimson baize ; and the Peers, ranged according to 
 their rank, sit on benches similarly covered. The Arch- 
 bishops, Dukes, and Marquesses sit on the right hand of 
 the throne, the Earls and Bishops on the left, and the 
 others Peers on the cross-benches in front. 
 
 The Painted Chamber^ a long, lofty room, lighted by 
 pointed windows, is used as the place for conferences be- 
 tween the Lords and Commons. 
 
 The walls were originally painted by command of Hen- 
 ry IIL, with the taking of Antioch, and other subjects, and 
 there were inscribed around them numerous texts, &c. re- 
 mains of which may yet be seen in the splays of the win- 
 dows, and on the west side of this chamber. The death 
 warrant of Charles L was signed here. 
 
 The vault called Guy Fawkes's cellar, under the old 
 House of Lords, (or Court of Requests,) was the old kitchen 
 of Edward the Confessor's palace. Within it the gun-pow- 
 der and other combustibles, intended to blow up the King 
 and Parliament, were deposited by the Catholic conspira- 
 tors, in James the First's reign, anno 1605; and Guy 
 Fawkes was seized, at the entrance, the night before the 
 opening of the Sessions. During the recent alterations 
 tliis cellar has been destroyed. 
 
 The private businesss of the House is chiefly performed 
 by the Chancellor, the Chairman of the Committees, and 
 
HOUSE OF COMMONS. 167 
 
 the junior Bishop, who reads divine service, these three 
 forming a quorum. Strangers may inspect the interior at 
 any lime, and may attend below the bar, while the House 
 is sitting, either by the introduction of a peer, or through 
 the medium of the door-keepers. They can also procure 
 refreshments at an adjoining coffee-house. But no persons 
 are admitted in boots or great coats, except members of 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 The western elevation of the House of Lords, facing 
 the east end of Henry VH.'s Chapel, has been of late 
 years rebuilt, from the designs, or at least under the di- 
 rection of James Wyatt, Esq., and strangely contrasts, by 
 its tameness, — we had almost said by its deformity, — 
 with the beautifully restored specimen of the florid style to 
 which it is so immediately opposed. 
 
 The House of Commons^ Old Palace Yard, was formerly 
 5 chapel, founded by King Stephen and dedicated to St. 
 Stephen the Martyr. It was rebuilt in 1347, by Ed- 
 <iard ni., and converted into a collegiate church, un- 
 ier the government of a dean and twelve secular priests. 
 
 After the Reformation, Edward VI. assigned it to the 
 Commons House of Parliament for the sessions of its 
 members, to which purpose it has ever since been appro- 
 priated. 
 
 The chapel, as re-edified by Edward III., was of such 
 perfect beauty of its kind, that we must deeply lament its 
 having been defaced in the first instance, when the old 
 house was formed within it : the more recent alterations 
 have injured it in a «till greater degree. At the time the walls 
 were unmasked within, by removing the wainscot to niiike 
 these latter alterations, a great part of the ancient deco- 
 rations remained. Both the sides and roof were then seen 
 to be most curiously wrought, and ornamented with a 
 profusion of gilding and painting, presenting superb and 
 beautiful specimens of the fine arts as they existed in the 
 reign of Edward III. The gilding was remarkably solid 
 and highly burnished, and the colours vivid, both the one 
 ^nd the other being as fresh in appearance as if but 
 \\%t executed. One of the paintings had considerable 
 'imcrit, even as to its composition : the subject was the 
 
lOS MCTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Adoration of the Shepherds, and the Virgin was neither 
 devoid of beauty nor of dignity. The west front of this 
 chapel is still to be seen, and has a fine pointed arch win- 
 dow. Between this and the lobby of the House is a small 
 vestibule, in the same style, extremely beautiful. Beneath 
 the House, in passages or apartments appropriated to 
 various uses, are considerable remains, in great perfection, 
 of an under chapel, of curious workmanship, together 
 with one side of a cloister, the roof of which is scarcely 
 surpassed in beauty by that of Henry VH.'s chapel. 
 
 The old House was formed within the chapel, chiefly by 
 a floor, raised above its pavement, and by an inner roof, 
 considerably below the ancient one. In 1800, on the 
 Union with Ireland, the building was enlarged by taking 
 down the entire side walls, except the buttresses that sup- 
 ported the original roof, and erecting others beyond them, 
 so as to give room for one additional seat in each of the 
 recesses between the buttresses thus formed. A gallery 
 runs along the west end, and the north and south sides are 
 supported by slender iron pillars, crowned with gilt Corin- 
 thian capitals. The whole interior is lined with brown, 
 well-polished wainscot, and in its present state is con- 
 veniently adapted for its destined use. 
 
 The Speaker's ancient chair stands at some distance from 
 the wall, at the east end of the room : it is highly orna- 
 mented with gilding, and has the King's arms at the top. The 
 Speaker is usually dressed in a long black silk gown, with a 
 full-bottomed wig ; but on occasions of state he wears a 
 robe, similar to the state-robe of the Lord Chancellor. 
 Before him, with a small interval, is a table, at which 
 sit three clerks of the House, whose business it is to make 
 minutes of its proceedings, read the titles of bills in their 
 several stages, hand them to the Speaker, &c. On this 
 table, in front, the Speaker's mace always lies, when the 
 House is formally sitting ; but when the House is in a 
 committee it is placed under the table, and the Speaker 
 leaves the chair, there being a perpetual chairman to the 
 committees of the whole House. 
 
 In the centre of the room, between the table and the 
 bar, is an area, in which a temporary bar is placed, where 
 witnesses are examined The members' seats occupy 
 
HOUSE OP COMMONS. 169 
 
 each side and both ends of the room, with the exception 
 of the passages. There are five rows of seats, rising above 
 each other, with I'hjrt backs and green morocco cushions. 
 The side galleries also are reserved for the members. 
 
 The seat on the floor, to the speaker's right hand, is 
 that called the Treasure/ Bench, on which the chief mem- 
 bers of the administration usually sit ; and the opposite seat 
 is, genera' ly occupied by the leading members of the Oppo- 
 sition. No members have any particular seats, except 
 those for the city of London, who have a right to sit on 
 the Speaker's right hand, a privilege of which they celdora 
 avail themselves, except on the first day of a session. 
 The speaker sits with his hat on, unless upon particular 
 occasions. All the members must be seated, except the 
 one addressing the chair ; but they wear their hats or not 
 at pleasure, unless when they are speaking. 
 
 This house may be viewed by strangers at any time, 
 and, during the sittings, access may be obtained either by 
 the introduction or order of a member, or by means of 
 a small douceur to the doorkeeper. For the accom- 
 modation of visiters, there is only the gallery opposite 
 the Speaker's chair, which will not contain more than 
 a hundred and thirty persons, and those who are admit- 
 ted are forced to withdraw at a moment's warning, 
 upon the motion of any member. Indeed, the " standing 
 orders" of the House absolutely forbid the presence of 
 any strangers — nay, even enact that its Serjeant-at-arms 
 shall instantly take all such " into custody," and yet, in 
 the face of those orders, this gallery is nightly occupied 
 during the sittings, and gentlemen employed to take 
 down the proceedings for the public pres-s have both a 
 bench and a retiring room expressly allotted to them. 
 These great extensions of the public privilege have, how- 
 ever, only taken place within these last lew years, and 
 even now they are considered as the concessions of a 
 liberal courtesy, and not as acknowledgements of any 
 right. The coffee-room attached to this House is allotted 
 to the members exclusively ; but strangers may obtain 
 refreshments, as a favour, at its bar. 
 
 The Speaker* s House was anciently a small court of 
 the palace. In 1803 it was considerably enlarged, altered. 
 
170 PICTURE OF LONDOy. 
 
 and ornamented, under the direction of the late James 
 W);att, so as to render it fit for the residence of a great 
 national functionary. A passage was made, through 
 which the Speaker can go from his own apartments into 
 the house of commons; and during the session he proceeds 
 along it through the lobby in state, preceded by the mace- 
 bearer, and attended by a train-bearer, &c. 
 
 The Star Chamber is situated on the south side of New 
 Palace Yard. This apartment is not denominated from 
 the stars which formerly ornamented its ceiling, but from 
 the Starra, or Jewish bonds, deposited in it by order of 
 Richard 1. Here sat the Star-Chamber Commissioners, 
 whose arbitrary and severe decrees contributed not a little 
 to produce those popular discontents whence the civil 
 war between Charles I. and the parliament originated 
 
 GOVERNMENT OFFICES. 
 
 The perambulator in St. James's Park, will observe a 
 ^rand line of buildings stretching entirely across its eastern 
 extremity, or from Spring Gardens to Downing Street, 
 the whole of which are devoted to public objects. The most 
 northern is the great pile of the Admiralty ; next is the 
 Horse Guards, or War Office ; then the Treasury ; and 
 lastly the Offices cf the three Secretaries of State. From 
 the iron railing which bounds the Canal, these buildings 
 present a magnificent coup d'ceil, not exceeded, in the 
 effect produced by vastness and interesting associations, by 
 any architectural assemblage in the metropohs Here, in 
 fact, is performed the whole state business of the British 
 empire. In one building is directed the movements of 
 those fleets, the thunders of which rule every sea and strike 
 terror into every nation. In the centre are wielded the 
 energies of an army hitherto invincible in the field, and 
 which proved a main instrument in crushing the military 
 despotism of modern France, although headed by a Bona- 
 parte. Here are the executive departments, which organise 
 our civil and domestic concerns, and extend their relations 
 to our colonies and to foreign nations ; and, to finish the 
 group, here is that truly wonderful and apparently inex- 
 liaustible Treasury, which annually receives an J pays 
 above sicti/ mitliom sierling ! 
 
 1 
 
war-ofiice: admiralty: treasury. 171 
 
 ^ The War Office, or Horse Guards, Whitehall. This 
 edifice, which owes its latter denomination to the circum- 
 stance of its being the station where that branch of the 
 military is nsually on duty, is a noble, but somewhat 
 heavy building, of hewn stone, erected by W. Kent about 
 1730, at an expense of more than 30,000/. It consists of 
 a central structure and two wings, in the former of 
 w hich is an arched passage into St. James's Park, and 
 above, in the middle, a cupola containing an excellent 
 dock. In front of the street is a handsome gateway, at the 
 sides of which are two small stone pavilions, where sentries, 
 equipped in full uniform, daily mount guard. Here is 
 transacted all the business of the British army, in a great 
 variety of departments; consisting of the Office of the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, the Duke of York — the Offices of the 
 Secretary at War — the Adjutant-General's Office — the 
 Quarter-Master General's Office — besides the Orderly 
 Rooms for the three regiments of Foot Guards, whose 
 arms' are kept here. 
 
 The Adniiraltt/, in Parliament Street, is a commanding 
 pile, receding from, but communicating with, the street by 
 advancing wings ; the portico of the main building is in 
 bad taste, as a specimen of the Ionic order. It was built 
 by Ripley, in the reign of George II., on the site of a 
 mansion called Wallingford House. In front of an open 
 court is a stone Screen, by Adams, decorated with naval 
 emblems. Here are the offices, and the spacious abodes 
 also, of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, five in 
 number, together with a handsome hall, &c. On the top 
 of the building is a Semaphore Telegraph, which commu- 
 nicates orders, by signal, to the principal ports of the 
 kingdom. 
 
 The Treasury/, St. James's Park, is an extensive edifice, 
 the principal or south front of which faces the parade. 
 It is built of stone, from the designs of Kent, and is finely 
 executed, consisting of three stories, displaying the Tus- 
 can, Doric, and Ionic orders of architecture, the whole 
 surmounted by a pediment. That side of the building 
 which fronts Whitehall is a portion of the oKl pulacc of 
 Q 2 
 
172 PICTURE or LONDOX. 
 
 Cardinal Wolsey, but subsequent repairs have nearly obli- 
 terated all traces of antiquity. The last alterations took 
 place in 1816, when the front was cased with brick and 
 washed over of a stone colour. Vaulted passages run be- 
 neath the offices, from the Park to Parliament Street 
 and to Downing Street. 
 
 A variety of offices, besides the Board of Treasury, are 
 under the roof generally called the Treasury, and among 
 them is the Council Chamber. 
 
 The Secretary of State's Offices. — The offices for the 
 Home Department are in a house purchased of the Dor- 
 set family for that purpose, and now communicating with 
 the Treasury and the Council Office. The offices for Fo- 
 reign Affairs are on the left side of Downing Street Square, 
 and those for the War Department are in the same square, 
 facing the street. On the right of this square is the large 
 house of the First Lord of the Treasury, or Prime Minis- 
 ter, which has a garden front next the Park. An exten- 
 sive range of buildings, independently of the above, is 
 how erecting, from the designs of John Soane, Esq. R. A. 
 as a suite of Government Offices, between the Treasury 
 and Downing Street. The front is of the Composite order 
 copied from the Temple of Jupiter Stator, at Rome, and 
 it is extremely handsome. 
 
 The Board of Controul, Canon Row. — This edifice was 
 originally built for the service of the Transport Board, the 
 affairs of which are now transacted at the Navy Office. It 
 is a handsome structure, ornamented with a stone portico 
 of the Ionic order, and crowned with a balustrade. The 
 affairs of the British empire in India are under the direction 
 of this Board. 
 
 Scotland Yard, opposite the Admiralty, is now covering 
 with a fine square of houses, principally intended for the 
 Offices of the Crown Lands and Board of Works , and for 
 the dwelling houses of those officers of the establishments 
 who, by custom, have been indulged with such advan- 
 tages. A new street, also, extending nearly to the Thames, 
 has been just built here. The site is of the demesne of the 
 
SOMERSET HOUSE. 175 
 
 crown, and, tradition says, owes its name to a palace stand- 
 ing here in the days of King Edgar, assigned by that 
 monarch to the nse of the tributary Scottish kings, when 
 resident in his capital. 
 
 Sotner set House y Strand. — On the site of the present 
 range of buildings formerly stood a magnificent palace, 
 erected about 1549, in the mixed Gothic and Grecian 
 style, then recently become fashionable, by the Duke o't 
 Somerset, Protector of the realm, during a part of the 
 minority of Edward VI. The architect is supposed to have 
 been John of Padua, who was employed by Henry VIII. 
 On the attainder of the Duke of Somerset, his palace be- 
 came the property of the crown, and was the occasional 
 abode of Elizabeth and other Royal Personages. This 
 structure was levelled with the ground in 1775, pursuant 
 to actof parliament, and the present grand, appropriate, and 
 extensive edifice raised in its stead, after designs by Sir 
 William Chambers. It was intended to concentrate all 
 the public offices, except those already enumerated ; and 
 besides them, a portion of the building has been devoted 
 to the use of the Royal Society ^ the Society of Antiquaries^ 
 and the Royal Academy of Arts, The front, in the Strand, 
 is composed of a rustic basement, supporting columns of 
 the Corinthian order, crowned in the centre with an attic, 
 and at the extremities with a balustrade. The basement 
 consists of nine large arches, three in the middle, open, 
 and forming the principal entrance, and three at each 
 end, filled with windows of the Roman Doric order, 
 adorned with pilasters, entablatures, and pediments. On 
 the key-stones of the nine arches are carved, in alto relievo, 
 nine colossal masks, representing Ocean, and the eight 
 great rivers of England, viz. the Thames^ Huniber, j^Iersey, 
 Dee^ Medway^ Tweed, Tyne, and Severn, with emblems to 
 denote their various characters. The Corinthian columns, 
 over the basement, are ten in number, placed upon pedes- 
 tals, having their regular entablature. Here are compre- 
 hended two floors. The attic, which distinguishes the 
 centre of the front, extends over three intercolumniations, 
 and is divided into three parts, by four colossal statues, 
 placed on the columns of the order. It terminates with a 
 Q .3 
 
174 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 group, consisting of the arms of the British empire, sup- 
 ported on one side by figures emblematic of the Genius of 
 England, and on the other by Fame, sounding her truirpet. 
 
 The three open arches in the Strand front form the 
 principal entrances to the whole structure. They open to 
 a spacious and elegant vestibule, decorated with Roman 
 Doric columns. The inner front of this main body of thie 
 building that overlooks the magnificent quadrangular 
 court, is also of the most elegant composition, consider- 
 ably wider than that facing the Strand, and has two pro- 
 jecting \\ings. A continuous pile of stately buildings ranges 
 round the court, and presents, on the side next the Thames, 
 a yet grander, though still incomplete, front, which com- 
 prises one of the finest terraces in the world. This terrace 
 commands a view of a beautiful part of the river, with 
 Blackfriars, Waterloo, and Westminster bridges. It is rear- 
 ed on a noble rustic basement, having thirty-two spacious 
 arches. The arcade thus formed, is judiciously relieved by 
 projections, ornamented with rusticated columns, and the 
 eifect of the whole, from the water, is majestic and im- 
 pressive. Were it generally known that this terrace, which 
 forms a truly delightful promenade, is open to the public, 
 it would surely be much more frequented than it is at 
 present. 
 
 In the spacious court, and directly fronting the entrance, 
 is a bronze statue of the late King, with a figure of the 
 River Thames at his feet, pouring wealth and plenty from 
 a large cornucopia. It is by Bacon, possesses his charac- 
 teristic cast of expression, and is finely executed. 
 
 The major part of this grand national structure is occu- 
 pied by the various offices and by the abodes of different 
 officers of the government. The former are at once com- 
 modious, elegant, and worthy of the wealth of the nation 
 to which they belong : business is transacted in them with 
 most admirable order. The hall of the Navy Office is a 
 fine room, having two fronts, one facing the terrace and 
 the other open to the court. On the east is the Stamp 
 Office, which consists of numerous apartments : the 
 room in which the stamping is executed will interest the 
 curious. On the west is the Pay Office of the Navy. Here 
 are also the offices of the Auditor of the Exchequer ; of the 
 
i 
 
The Bank. 
 
TOWER OF LONDON. 175 
 
 Oiancellors of the Duchies of Cormuatl and Lancaster ; the 
 Hawkers* and Pedlars^ Office; Lottery Office; Stagecoach 
 Office; Legacy-duty Ojfice ; and the revenue establish- 
 n]ent of* the Tax-Offices. From a late debate in the 
 House of Commons, it appears that the government pro- 
 pose shortly, to complete this building. 
 
 The Tower of London. — The Tower of London was an- 
 ciently a royal palace, occasionally inhabited by the various 
 sovereigns of England, from the Norman Conquest till 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Fitz-Stephen says, it was 
 originally built by Julius Ca&sar; but there is no evidence of 
 the truth of this assertion, beyond the circumstances, that 
 one of the towers is called Caesar's Tower, and that coins of 
 the Emperors Honorius and Arcadius were discovered on 
 a part of the site, when digging for the foundations of the 
 new Ordnance Office, in 1777. 
 
 It is, however, certain that William the Conqiferor 
 erected a fortress where the Tower now stands, to overawe 
 the inhabitants of London, on his first gaining possession 
 of the city. About twelve years after, in 1078, the Con- 
 queror erected a larger building, either on the site of the 
 first fortress or near it. This building is that now called 
 the White Tower. In 1092, William Rufus laid the found- 
 ation of a castle on the south side of the White Tower, 
 between it and the river, which was finished by his suc- 
 cessor, Henry I. Rufus also surrounded this fortress with 
 a stone" wall. During the reign of Richard L, in 1 1 90, the 
 Chancellor Longchamp, Bishop of Ely, increased the forti- 
 fications and surrounded the whole with a deep ditch on 
 the outside. In 1240, Henry IIL added a stone gate and 
 bulwark, with other buildings, to the west entrance. He 
 repaired and whitened the large square tower built by the 
 Conqueror, on which occasion it probably first took the 
 name of the White Tower ; and in the subsequent part of 
 his life he greatly augmented the fortifications, andextended 
 and deepened the great ditch or moat. Edward L followed 
 his father's example, and erected some strong outworks 
 towards the west, as a defence to the main entrance. By 
 the command of Charles H. in 1665, the ditch was com- 
 pletely cleansed, the wharfing rebuilt with brick and stone, 
 and sluice? made for admitting and retaining the water of 
 
176 PICTURE Of LONDON. 
 
 the river, as occasion might require. This moat was again 
 cleansedduringthepopulardiscontentsin George the Third'/ 
 reign, and the outer walls were repaired at the same time. 
 
 The right of the city to Tower Hill was long disputed 
 by the crown. In the reign of Edward IV. some king's 
 officers having erected a gallows and scaffold for an exe- 
 cution on this spot, the citizens remonstrated, and the 
 king disavowed the act by proclamation; since which 
 time, all persons executed on Tower Hill, for high treason, 
 are previously consigned to the custody of the sheriffs of 
 JiOndon, who preside over the awful ceremony there, as in 
 all other places within their jurisdiction. 
 
 The extent of the Tower, within the walls, is twelve 
 acres and five roods. The exterior circuit of the ditch 
 surrounding it, is 5156 feet. On the river side is a broad 
 and handsome wharf, or gravelled terrace, separated by the 
 tlitch from the fortress, and mounted with sixty pieces of 
 j)i-dnance, which are fired on the royal birth-days, or 
 in celebration of any remarkable event. From the whar* 
 into the Tower is an entrance by a drawbridge. Near it is 
 a cut connecting the river with the ditch, having a water- 
 gate, called Traitors* Gale, state prisoners having been 
 formerly conveyed by this passage from the Tower U 
 Westminster, for trial. Over Traitors' Gate is a buiLl* 
 ing containing the water-works that supply the interior 
 with water, and near it is the Bloody Tower^ which, in 
 ilenry VIlI.'s reign, was called the Garden Tower ; it did 
 not receive the farmer appellation till the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth. Whatever sanguinary deed might have led to 
 its obtaining that epithet, there is no real cause for sup- 
 j)osing that the ill-fated Edward V. and his brother were 
 smothered in this tov/er, nor indeed that they were ever 
 confined in it. 
 
 Within the walls of this fortress uxe several streets. 
 The principal buildings which it contains are, the W^hitr: 
 Tower, the ancient Chapel, the Ordnance Office, mj 
 Record Office, the Jewel Office, the Horse Armour\; 
 the grand Store House, and the Small Armoury, besidej' 
 the houses belonging to the constables and to othel 
 officers, the Barracks for the garrison, and two suttling^ 
 houses, commonly used by the soldiers. 
 
 I'he principal entrance to the Tow er is toward the west. 
 
TOWKR OF LONDON. 177 
 
 It consists of two gates on the outside of the ditch, a 
 stone bridge built over the ditch, and a gate in the inside. 
 These gates are opened every morning with the following 
 ceremony. The yeoman porter, with a serjeant and six 
 men, goes to the Governor's house for the keys. Having 
 received them, he proceeds to the innermost gate, and, 
 passing that, it is again shut. He then opens the three 
 outermost gates, at each of which the guards rest their 
 firelocks while the keys pass and repass. On his return to 
 the innermost gate, he calls to the warders on duty, to take 
 King George^s Keys, when they open the gate, and the 
 keys are placed in the warder's hall. At night, the same 
 formality is used in shutting the gates; and as the yeoman 
 porter, with his guard, is returning with the keys to the 
 governor's house, the main -guard, which, with its officers, 
 is under arms, challenges him with Who comes there f — 
 he answers. The Keys, and the challenger replies. Pass 
 Keys. The guards, by order, rest their firelocks, and the 
 yeoman porter says, God Save King George, the soldiers 
 all answering, Amen. The bearer of the keys then pro- 
 ceeds to the governor's house and there leaves them. 
 After they are deposited with the governor, no person 
 can enter or leave the Tower without the watchword 
 for the night. If any person obtains permission to pass, 
 the yeoman porter attends, and the same ceremony is 
 repeated. 
 
 The Tower is governed by its Constable^ at present the 
 Marquis of Hastings : at coronations and other state ce- 
 remonies, this officer has the custody of the crown and 
 other regalia. Under him is a lieutenant, deputy lieute- 
 nant, commonly called governor, tower-major, gentleman- 
 porter, yeoman-porter, gentleman-gaoler, four quarter 
 gunners,' and forty warders. The warders' uniform is the 
 same as that of the yeomen of the King's guard. 
 
 The Tower is still used as a state-prison, and, in general, 
 the prisoners are confined in the warders' houses ; but, by 
 application to the privy-council, they are usually permitted 
 to walk on the inner platform during part of the day, ac- 
 companied by a warder. 
 
 The LiorCs Tower, or Menagerie, formerly called the 
 Bulwark, was built by Edward IV. It is situated on the 
 
178 ?ICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 right, near the west entrance. The visitor here pays one 
 shiUing. The dens are very commodious, and the animals 
 are in general healthy, but not numerous. Their separate 
 dwellings are each about twelve feet in height, being di- 
 vided into an upper and lower apartment : in the former 
 they live in the day and are exhibited, and in the latter they 
 sleep at night. Iron gratings inclose the fronts of the dens, 
 most of whicli have been recently rebuilt, with every pre- 
 caution to prevent accidents. 
 
 Spanish Armoury. — Here the visiter is shewn the tro- 
 phies of the famous victory of Queen Elizabeth over the 
 Spanish Armada. Among them, the most remarkable are 
 the thumb-screws^ intended to be used to extort confession 
 from the English, where their money and other valuables 
 might be concealed. In the same room is the axe said to 
 have been used for the execution of Queen Anne Boleyri 
 and Lady Jane Grey ; and here also is shewn a represent- 
 ation of Queen Elizabeth in armour, as she is supposed to 
 have appeared when she reviewed her army at Tilbury 
 Fort, in 1588. She is standing near a cream-coloured 
 horse, attended by a page. 
 
 Small Arm our 1/. — This is one of the finest rooms of its kind 
 in Europe. It is 545 feet in length and 60 wide, and con- 
 tains complete stands of arms for about 150,000 men. Thoy 
 are disposed in a variety of figures and in the most elegant 
 manner. A piece of ordnance from Egypt, sixteen feet 
 long, and seven inches and a half in calibre, has been added 
 to the collection. This building was begun by James II., 
 and finished by William and Mary, who, on its completion, 
 entertained their court there with a splendid dinner. 
 
 Royal Train of Artillery. — Part of this is kept on the 
 ground-floor, under the small armoury. The artillery is 
 ranged on each side, a passage 10 feet in breadth being left 
 in the centre. In this room are twenty columns, support- 
 ing the small armoury above, which are hung round with 
 implements of war and trophies taken from the enemy. 
 There are many fine pieces of cannon to be seen here ; the 
 ornaments of one alone (of brass) are said to have cost 
 200/.: this was made for Prince Henry, eldest son ot 
 James I. Others are extremely curious for their antiiquity.., 
 Ani(»n^^ these latter is a piece of cannon of the kini fir'^t" 
 
TOWEa 01 LONDON. 179 
 
 invented, formed of bars of iron, hammered together, 
 and bound with iron hoops : it has no carriage, but was 
 moved by means of six rings, conveniently placed for that 
 purpose. 
 
 Horse Armoury. — This is a mean-looking brick build- 
 ing, standing east of the White Tower. It contains effi- 
 gies of the kings of England from William the Norman to 
 George II., in armour, on horseback, which have an impos- 
 ing effect. Here are also various specimens of ancient 
 and modern armour, including avast collection of cuirasses 
 found on the field of Waterloo ; and near the entrance 
 is shown a Model of the first machine used in England for 
 the manufacture of organzinc, or thrown silk. The design 
 of it was brought from Italy by Mr. John Lombe in 1717. 
 The machinery of this invention has since been much im- 
 proved, and the manufacture is still carried on at Derby, 
 where it was first established. — P'or admission to the se- 
 veral Armouries the price is two shillings each person. 
 
 The Jewel Office, a dark and strong stone room, is shewn 
 for one shilling each person, in companies ; a single person, 
 has to pay two shillings. Its principal c/riosities are: 
 *— 1. The neiv Imperial Crown, which is about fifteen 
 inches in elevation ; the arches, which rise almost to a 
 point, instead of the inelegant flatness of the former 
 crown, are surmounted with an orb of brilliants, seven 
 inches in circumference. Upon these is placed a Maltese 
 cross of brilliants, set transparently with three pearls at its 
 extremities, of remarkable size and beauty. 'J he arches 
 are wreathed and fringed with diamonds. Four Maltese 
 crosses, formed of brilliants also, surround the crown, 
 with four large diamond flowers in their intervening spaces^ 
 On the centre of the back cross is the ancient rubi/, whicfe 
 was worn at Cressy and Agincourt, by the Black Prince 
 and Henry V., while that of the front cross is adorned 
 with a unique Sapphire, of the purest and deepest azure, 
 more than two inches long and one inch broad. The er- 
 mine is surmounted with a band of large diamonds, eme- 
 ralds, sapphires, and rubies, and immediately under these 
 is a fillet of beautiful pearls. The lustre of this unequalled 
 crown is heightened by a dark crimson cap of the finest vel- 
 vet, and it* general effect cor.fiririS the opinion of all vvho 
 
180 PICTURE OE LONDON. 
 
 have seen it, that his present Majesty is the first British 
 sovereign who has possessed a diadem worthy of this proud 
 and potent empire. 
 
 The Ancient Crown is still exhibited, bat, though it has 
 been repaired and beautified, has little attraction beyond 
 its recollections, and the contrast which it displays, both 
 in shape and splendour, to the magnificence of the new 
 diadem. 
 
 The two Or^5, the Diadems, the Prince of Wales's 
 Crown, the five Sceptres, and the Confessor's Staff', have all 
 been renovated. The ancient Gallic ornaments of the 
 King's Coronation Sceptre have been replaced by golden 
 leaves, surroundin^j the large amethyst, each bearing the 
 Rose, the Shamrock, and the Thistle, the symbols of the 
 three kingdoms. 
 
 The Coronation Bracelets have been newly enamelled, 
 and golden buckles and embroidered velvet straps added 
 to the Coronation Spws. 
 
 The Curtana and the Swords of Temporal and Spi- 
 ritual Justice have been ornamented with new scabbards, 
 of velvet, splendidly embossed and embroidered, and 
 adorned with gold mountings. 
 
 The Golden Wine-fountain, the Salt-cellar, the model of 
 the White Tower, the Communion Chalice, and Patin, the 
 Eagle, the Spoon, &c. of the Coronation Solemnity, the 
 massive chased Tankards, and the twelve Salt-cellars, for 
 the last banquet in Westminster Hall, have all been 
 repaired. To these last, twelve golden Plates and Spoons 
 were then added for the first time. 
 
 The above is a very faint outline of the present state of 
 the Jewel Room, which never, till the present time pre- 
 sented a spectacle so dazzling to beholders. 
 
 The White Tower is a large square building, situated 
 near the centre of the fortress : it was built under the su- 
 perintendance of the celebrated architectural ecclesiastic 
 of the Conqueror's time, Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester. 
 Its walls are of great strength, being from 12 to 15 {^^t 
 thick at the basement story, and about 10 feet thick up- 
 wards. Within, it consists of three lofty stories, beneath 
 which are large commodious vaults. In the first story are 
 two grand rooms, one of which is an Armour?/ for the sea- 
 
TOWFR or LONDON*. 18 1 
 
 Service, and contains arms sufficient for ten thousand sea- 
 men ; and in the other rooms upon this floor, in closets and 
 presses, are abundance of engineers' tools and implements 
 of death. Here likewise is the Volunteer Armoury^ which 
 contains arms for 30,000 men, piled in curious order, to- 
 gether with pikes, swords, &c. in immense numbers, ar- 
 ranged in stars and other figures. In the upper rooms, 
 also, and in the ancient Chapel, on the second floor, are 
 kept the various records of the Court of Chancery, con- 
 sisting of bills, answers, depositions, and other proceedings 
 of that court in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth, James I. 
 and Charles I. In a part of the chapel are warrants of 
 Privy Seal from the reign of Edward I. to the year 1485, 
 and many of the reign of Richard III. ; and in another 
 
 fiart are bills under the signet, from the reign of Richard 
 I. to that of Charles I. inclusive. The models of all 
 newly-invented engines of destruction, which have been 
 presented to Government, are likewise preserved in this 
 tower. 
 
 The Chapely just mentioned, is dedicated to St. John, 
 and is extremely curious for its antiquity. It consists of a 
 body and ailes, separated from each other by an arcade of 
 thirteen plain semi-circular arches, which spring from 
 twelve massive columns and two half columns; the large 
 square-headed capitals are sculptured in the early Nor- 
 man style. The east end is semi-circular, and above the 
 arcade is a second range of substantial plain arches. 
 
 The Record Office is in the Wakefield Tower, opposite 
 to the platform, which derived its name from the prisoners 
 confined in it, who had been taken at the battle of Wake- 
 field. The rolls, from the time of King John to the beginning 
 of the reign of Richard III., are kept here in fifty-six 
 wainscot presses. They contain the ancient tenures of 
 land in England, original laws and statutes, the forms of 
 submission of the Scottish Kings, with a variety of other 
 interesting records, &c. In this tower were detained 
 many of those unhappy victims of religious intolerance, 
 Icnown by the name of the Lollards. 
 
 In the Beauchamp Tower, the ill-fated Anne Boleyn, 
 and the hapless Lady Jane Grey, with other illustrious 
 personages, are said to have been immured. The Royal 
 
182 PICTURE OF f.ONDON, 
 
 ApartmcvJs of former times were in the south-east angle of 
 the present inclosnre. 
 
 Tiie Church of St, Peter ad Vincida, within the Tower, 
 which is of very ancient foundation, was rebuilt by Edward 
 I., but it has undergone many alterations. It contamed two 
 chancels, one dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and the other 
 to St. Peter ; and there were Stalls in it for our Sove- 
 reigns. Here are various monuments, the most remark- 
 able of which are those of Sir Richard Cholmondeley, 
 Knt, (who was lieutenant of the Tower in the early part of 
 Henry VIII.'s reign) and his lady ; Sir Richard Blount, Knt. 
 luid Sir Michael, his son, both lieutenants of this fortress 
 in Queen Elizabeth's time; George Payler, Esq. and the 
 Lady Maria Carey, his wife ; and Sir Jonas More, Knt. In 
 this church lie many of the headless trunks of the unfor. 
 tunate persons who suffered decapitation either within 
 the Tower, or on the adjacent hill. Among them were 
 Fisher, Bishop of Rochester; Margaret, the venerable 
 Countess of Salisbury ; the Queens Anne Boleyn and Ca- 
 tharine Howard; Lord Rochford; Cromwell, Earl of 
 Essex; Seymour, Duke of Somerset; Dudley, Duke of 
 Northumberland; Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk; 
 and James, Duke of Monmouth, son of Charles H. Here 
 also the bodies of the rebel lords, Kilmarnock, Bal merino, 
 and Lovat were deposited. 
 
 As the Tower is open to the public, on Sundays, it is 
 generally frequented on those days by much company, 
 and the parade, near the White Tower, becomes a crowded 
 promenade. 
 
 The Mint, Tower Hill, — This is a large and hand- 
 some building, erected by Mr. Smirke, jun., with suitable 
 and extensive establishments for the business of the coin- 
 age. It is arranged in three stories, and consists of a cen- 
 tre and wings, the former decorated with columns and a 
 pediment, displaying the British arms. 
 
 Here are steam-engines, and also various conveniences 
 and mechanical contrivances, which, for a long time, were 
 only to be seen at Solio, near Birmingham, where the 
 coin of the realm had latterly been {)roduccd. The edifice 
 is inaccessible to. strangers, except on special introduction. 
 
SarroH^ ScfiooV. 
 
 Sessioiu Eousc OldBmleu. 
 
 Chapd t() fJie^ Charter' House. 
 
COrUTS OF JUSTICE. 183 
 
 to some of the officers. Previously to the biiildiiig of this 
 edifice, the Mint establishment was in the Tower." 
 
 Bankrupt Court, Basinghall Street. This is a plain 
 square edifice, erected in 1820, from designs by Mr. Fow- 
 ler, on the site of a pait of Blackwell ilall. It contains 
 fourteen apartments, connected by galleries, for the ac- 
 commodation of the respective lists of commissioners. 
 There is also an office for the registry of all proceedings 
 in bankrupt cases, which is constantly open to the public. 
 
 The Sessio7is* House^ Old Bailey, is a handsome and 
 convenient edifice of brick and stone, erected as a criminal 
 court for trying offences committed in the city and county. 
 At the back of the Sessions' Mouse is an extensive colon- 
 nade intended for the accommodation of witnesses ; and 
 over it a new court was built in 1824, for the purpose of 
 facilitating the despatch of business, when the prisoners are 
 very numerous. 
 
 Sessions* House, Clerkcnwell Green. — A building called 
 Hicks's Hall, standing in St. John's Street, was the origi- 
 nal Sessions' House; but that having become ruinous, the 
 present edifice was erected from the designs of Mr. Rogers, 
 about nso. The front is of stone, and consists of a rustic 
 basement, supporting j'»illars, surmounted by an architrave 
 and pediment. Over some of the windows are ornaments 
 sculptured by Nollekens. The interior contains the court,, 
 the hall, and apartments for the magistrates and grand 
 
 The Town Hall, South wark, is a convenient brick build- 
 ing, with a stone front, having a rusticated basement, 
 Ionic pilasters, and a balustrade. 
 
 The Neiu Court House, or Westin'insfer Guildhall, is 
 situated en the south side of the precinct called the Sane- 
 tuarij, near the Abbey church. It is a modern structure, 
 o^ brick, of an octagonal form, with a vcctibuic su])[>orted 
 !>v Doric columns. 
 
184 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 The Insolvent Debtors' Courts in Portugal Street, 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields, is a new edifice, erected from the 
 designs of John Soane, Esq. R. A. in theyear 1824. Like 
 the general works of this artist, the building now noticed 
 presents many novel features, picturesque forms, and com- 
 binations, with skilful adaptation of plan to the necessary 
 purposes of the edifice. 
 
 CHAP. VL 
 
 Particular Architectural Ornaments : — The Squares, 
 Statues, and most embellished Streets, Bridges, ^-c. 
 
 The Monument, Fish Street Hill, was erected by Sir 
 Christopher Wren, in memory of the great fire, which, in 
 1666, broke out at a house distant 202 feet (the height of 
 the column) eastward from this spot, and destroyed nearly 
 all the buildings of the metropolis from the Tower to the 
 Temple Church. 
 
 It is a fluted column of the Doric order : the diameter 
 at the base is 15 feet, and the height of the shaft 120 feet; 
 the cone at the top, with its blazing urn of gilt brass, 
 measures 42 feet ; and the height of the massy pedestal is 
 40 feet. Within the column is a flight of 345 steps of 
 black marble, and the iron balcony at the top commands, 
 of course, a very extensive prospect of the metropolis and 
 the adjacent country. The charge for admittance is six- 
 pence. It is impossible not to lament the ill-chosen situa- 
 tion of this beautiful monument, which, on a better 
 selected site, would form a striking object. The column 
 occupies the spot where formerly stood the parish church 
 of St. Margaret. It was begun in 1671, and completed in 
 1677. On the north and south sides of the pedestal are 
 inscriptions in English and Latin, descriptive of the confla- 
 gration which consumed the city, and of its subsequent res- 
 toration. On the west side is an emblematical group of 
 sculpture in alto and basso relievo executed by Caius 
 Gabriel Cibber, representing Time raising London, (which 
 is personified by a female figure, reclining on the ruins of 
 
TEMTLL BAR. — ex. JOHN'S GATE. 185 
 
 the city,) under the fostering patronage of Charles II. and 
 his brother, the Duke oi'York, who are attended by three 
 females representing Imagination, Ichnographia, and Li- 
 berty. Below the king is Envy, blowing flames irom her 
 mouth, and behind him, Mars and Fortitude. In the back 
 ground, on the left, is the city in flames, and on the right, are 
 labourers erecting new buildings. A short inscription in 
 English goes round the pedestal, ascribing the conflagra- 
 tion to the treachery and malice of a popish faction. This 
 immense column, which far exceeds in altitude the cele- 
 brated pillars of IVajan and Antoninus at Rome, contains 
 upwards of 28,000 feet of solid Portland stone.* 
 
 Temple Bar, the only remaining Citjj Gate, stands at 
 the western extremity of the corporate jurisdiction. It 
 was erected by Sir Christopher Wren, during the years 
 ;1 670-1, and 2. It is a composition of the Corinthian or- 
 der, of Portland stone, with a rusticated basement. Over 
 the central arch, on the west side, are statues of Charles L 
 and II., in Roman habits ; and to the east, on the city 
 side, are those of Queen Elizabeth and James I. There 
 is a narrow postern on each side for foot passengers. 
 
 Temple Bar is still formally closed on certain occasions, 
 against the official agents of the Court, and it is re- 
 opened only by the special order of the lord mayor, who, 
 as governor of the city of London, thus maintains his pe- 
 culiar privileges. This gate was, in former ages, used 
 for the disgusting exhibitions of the heads of persons exe- 
 cuted upon charges of high treason. 
 
 St. John^s Gate, St. John's Square, is a relic of the antient 
 Priory of Clerkenwell. It consists of a large pointed-arch 
 portal, with a window of three lights above it, and a low 
 
 * In September 1732, a sailor slid down a rope stretched 
 from the gallery of the Monument to the Tliree Tuns Tavern 
 in Gracechurch Street ; and on the following day, a waterman's 
 boy descended by the same rope into the street. Tlnee persons 
 have at different periods committed suicide, by casting them- 
 selves from the gallery, viz. a weaver in 1750 ; John Craddock, 
 a baker, in 1788 ; and Lyon Levy, a merchant, in 1810. 
 R 5 
 
1S6 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 square tower on each side. It is deserving of notice, not 
 only for its venerable aspect, but also as having been the 
 residence of Edward Cave, the printer and first publisher 
 of the Gentleman's Magazine, the title-pages of which still 
 retain a representation of this gate. 
 
 JBuckinghamStairs Water Gate, designed by Inigo 
 Jones, stands at the end of Buckingham Street, in the 
 Strand, which with the adjoining streets occupy the site of 
 a palace of the Archbishops of York, and, subsequently, of 
 a spacious mansion, granted to Villiers, Duke of Bucking- 
 ham (favourite of James I. and his son), and to which this 
 gate was an appendage. In " Ralph's Critical Review of 
 Public Buildings, &c. in London," it is praised as **^the 
 most perfect building which does honour to Inigo Jones." 
 On the side next the water are the arms of the Villiers fa- 
 mily ; and on the north side the family motto, viz. " Fidei 
 Coticula CrnxJ''' 
 
 Grosvenor Square contains six acres of ground, and is 
 planted with evergreens, &c. in its interior area, which was 
 laid out by Kent. An Equestrian Statue, gilt, of George 
 I., executed by VanNost, was placed in the centre in 1726, 
 but is nearly concealed by the shrubs and trees encompass- 
 ing it. This square has been considered as the handsomest 
 in the metropolis, exhibiting several magnificent man- 
 sions, which are not, however, arranged with much atten- 
 tion to architectural regularity, except on the eastern side. 
 Sir Richard Grosvenor, Bart, was its projector, and from 
 him it derives its name. 
 
 Portman Square ranks next to the preceding, both in 
 point of beauty and dimensions. It was commenced in 
 1764, but not completed till nearly twenty years after- 
 wards. Its mansions are large. At the north-west angle is 
 Montague House, formerly the abode of that celebrated 
 and kind-hearted lady, Mrs. Montague, famous for her lite- 
 rary talents, and also for her custom of regaling all the little 
 chimney-sweepers of the metropolis in her house and gar- 
 dens upon every First of May : her object in this was, (to use 
 her own expression) '* that they might enjoy o?j^ happy day 
 in the year." 
 
SQUARES. 187 
 
 Russell Square is one of the largest and most handsome 
 in London, each side of it being about 670 feet in extent. 
 Broad streets intersect it at the centres and angles, which 
 not only add to its beauty, but remove an objection made 
 by some to squares in general, by securing a thorough ven- 
 tilation. Pilasters adorn the central houses, and balconies 
 are appended to the first stories, nearly throughout ; the 
 basements in general are stuccoed. The extensive enclo- 
 sure in the centre is a miniature landscape-garden, combin- 
 ing beauty and variety. It was laid out by H. Repton, 
 Esq. Opposite the street leading from this to Bloomsbury 
 Square, is a fine Statue of Francis^ Duke of Bedford. 
 
 Thvistoch Square^ about 200 yards north of the former, 
 consists at present of only three sides, but the fourth side 
 is building. It is composed of a uniform series of houses. 
 Immediately west of it, a new square, called Gordon 
 Square^ is planted and laid out. This is intended to con- 
 sist of very handsome and spacious mansions, and the ad- 
 joining streets are to be laid out in a style of corres- 
 ponding beauty and appropriation. 
 
 Euston Square is situated to the north of the preceding, 
 and is designed on a very extensive scale, but is not yet 
 completed. On the north side is a uniform range of build- 
 ings. Those on the west and east are very irregular, but 
 the latter include the new church of St. Pancras, which is 
 of itself an object highly ornamental. The south side is 
 intended to consist of a regular and elegant range of 
 houses. The centre of this square is intersected by the 
 New Road. 
 
 Clarendon Square, in Somers Town, may be mentioned 
 for the singularity of its centre being occupied by a mass 
 of buildings called The Polygon. 
 
 Fitzroi/ Square, were it but completed in accordance 
 with the design upon which it was some years since com- 
 menced, would form one of the most regular ornaments 
 of the metropolis. The east and south sides only are 
 erected, the houses of which, faced with stf>ne, possess 
 considerable architectural embellishment and -u'e in 
 
188 riCTUllE OF LONDON. 
 
 llie best taste of the Adams, architects, who designed 
 the sqiuire. 
 
 Cavendish Square has b}^ no means an uniform appear- 
 ance, but it contains some noble mansions. It should be 
 mentioned as one of the earliest modern improvements of 
 London, having been planned about 1715. In the centre 
 is an Equestrian Statue, gilt, of William, Duke of Cnm« 
 berland, the conqueror at Culloden, erected in 1770, by 
 General Strode. 
 
 Bedford Square, The houses here have all a handsome 
 appearance, and are built in a style of uniformity from 
 which chiefly results the beauty of this square; its centre 
 area is circular and planted, 
 
 Manchester Square is small, but neat. The mansion on 
 its north side, one of the best in London, now the town- 
 residence of the Marquess of Hertford, was erected by the 
 late Duke of Manchester, whence the name of this square, 
 which originally was intended to have been called 
 Queen Anne's Square, and to have had a handsome paro- 
 chial church in its centre. The Duke's mansion was at 
 one period the property of the Kings of Spain, it having 
 been purchased as a residence for their ambassadors. 
 
 Hanover Square, being built soon after the accession of 
 the present royal family to the throne, was named from 
 their paternal dominions. Both here and in George 
 Street, adjoining, are several specimens of the German 
 domestic style. This is a place of fashionable residence, 
 and several of the mansions are spacious and handsome. 
 
 Soho Square, This is one of the oldest squares in Lon- 
 don, having been built in the reign of Charles II., whose 
 Statue is placed in the central area. This square was 
 originally called King's Square, and is said to have owed 
 its present appellation to the friends of the unfortunate 
 Duke of Monmouth, who resided in it. Soho was the 
 watchword of the Duke's party at the battle of Sedgmoor. 
 The Soho Bazaar, and the house of the Linnaean Society, 
 which was bequeathed to them b}' that distinguished naw' 
 
squares/ jgjj 
 
 turalist the late Sir Joseph Bankes, are both on the south 
 bide or this square. 
 
 SL James's Square, is more celebrated for its distinmiish- 
 ed residents, than for the beauty of its buildings. There 
 are however many houses both large and convlnient, and 
 Its inner area, which used to form an unsightly object, 
 wT^h T ?"^h^«l^^ged, and laid out Ind planted 
 with shrubs, &c Its general appearance has been im- 
 proved A circular sheet of water occupies the centre 
 Irom the midst of which rises a pedestal, surmounted by a 
 fetatue ma stiff and artificial style, of William III. In 
 of^'flt n ^%''xx'^^?^'l?^^^ "^^ the town mansion 
 Thiri u ""^ ^^u""^^' ^'' ^'''^ ^^^i'''y> George the 
 
 rh rd, was born. The carnage way of this square was re- 
 laid according to the new system of M'Adam, in 1824. The 
 liishop of London has a handsome house, on the east side. 
 
 Bloomsburt/ Square is chiefly remarkable for a seated 
 fetatue of that distinguished statesman, Charles James Fox. 
 On the north side of the square was formerly a mansion, 
 designed by Inigo Jones, and in latter times called Bed- 
 ford House, which, with its gardens, was sold to facilitate 
 the improvements on the Bedford. estate already alluded 
 f'n^r^""^!^^"^^''^^^''^^^'^^ occupied by the Dukes 
 of Bedford, the "Letters'' of the amiable Lady Russell 
 are dated, it having been her town residence till her 
 death m 1723. This square was formerly called South- 
 ampton square. 
 
 Berheley Square, situated upon a declivity, has on its 
 south side Lansdowne House, the property of the Mar- 
 quis of Lansdowne, standing in the midst of an extensive 
 garden. 1 his is a stone mansion, and was built by 
 Messrs Adam, for the Earl of Bute, the favourite mini- 
 ster of George m and, as many have reported, of the 
 i rincess of Wales, his mother, at an expence of 22,000/. 
 
 Leicester Square has its centre decorated with a gilt 
 Equestrian Statue of George I. Leicester Fields is the 
 name still very commonly given to this square, the ground 
 having been literally fields before the year 1658. Leices- 
 
190 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 ter House, a mansion which stood on the spot now occu- 
 pied by the buildings called Leicester Place, was founded 
 by one of the Sydneys, Earl of Leicester, on quitting Sydney 
 House in the Old Bailey. It was for a brief period 
 the abode of the unfortunate Elizabeth, titular Queen of 
 Bohemia, and daughter of James Lwho died within its walls 
 in 1661 ; it was afterwards inhabited by the celebrated 
 Prince Eugene. Pennant calls this house the pout'mg-2olace 
 of princes, two successive Princes of Wales, George, after- 
 wards the second monarch of that name, and Frederick, 
 the father of the late King, having retired to it upon their 
 quarrels with their royal sires. Sir Ashton Lever, more 
 recently, collected here that extensive museum of natural 
 curiosities, which afterwards obtained the name of the Le- 
 verian Museum. The house now called Sablonier's Ho- 
 tel was formerly the residence of Hogarth the painter. 
 In this square, also, resided Sir Joshua Reynolds and 
 Woollett the engraver. 
 
 Queen Square is built on three sides only, having a small 
 garden inclosed by iron rails on the north, towards Guild- 
 ford Street. It is named from Queen Anne, whose Sta- 
 tue is placed in the central garden, which is railed round 
 and planted with trees. 
 
 FJMsbiiri/ Square. — The west side of this very hand- 
 some and spacious quadrangle was erected in 1777, and 
 then called Moore Place, and the three other sides were 
 built in the years 1789, 90, and 91. The basements of 
 the houses are of stone. The area is well laid out and 
 tastefully planted. At the south-west angle is the large 
 pile of building, erected by the late eccentric Mr. James 
 Lackington, and by him denominated the Temple of the 
 Muses. It contains a large collection of second-hand 
 books for sale. 
 
 Lincoln^ s Inn Fields. — This, in point of extent, may be 
 considered as the largest square in the metropolis, though 
 the complete want of uniformity in the buildings com- 
 posing it, detracts much from its architectural beauty. 
 The central area was laid out by Inigo Jones, about 1620, 
 and that celebrated architect made designs for the circuiu- 
 
SQUARES. 191 
 
 jicciit edifices; but of these little more were erected than 
 the biiildii)g now forming the two houses in the centre of 
 the west side. Within these few years, the erection of the 
 mansion gnd museum of John Soane, Esq., R. A. on the 
 north side, and of the Royal College of Surgeons on the 
 south side, have greatly improved the general appearance 
 of this square. The extent of the gardens is about 1 1 
 acres, equal to the space covered by the base of the larg- 
 est Egyptian Pyramid. The carriage-way has been recent- 
 ly new-paved, and the foot-pavement much widened. 
 
 Covent'Garden. — This square, commonly called Co- 
 vent-Garden Market, comprises about three acres, and 
 may be considered as the principal emporium of the me- 
 tropolis for horticultural productions. In the centre is a 
 low column, supporting four gas lamps, erected in 1820. 
 The north and part of the east sides are occupied by a fine 
 piazza, designed by Inigo Jones ; and on the west stands 
 the church of St. Paul, by the same architect. Had the 
 piazza been continued on the other sides, agreeably to his 
 original plan, this would have been one of the noblest qua- 
 drangles in the metropolis. 
 
 Wellclose Square, — This is a small but neat square in 
 the eastern part of the metropolis, remarkable for having 
 a Danish Church in the centre, erected by Caius Gabriel 
 Cibber in 1696, at the expence of Christian V., King of 
 Denmark ; and in that fabric both the architect and his 
 wife lie buried. 
 
 Princess Square is a short distance eastward of that last 
 mentioned, and is only remarkable for the Swedish Church, 
 in which the visionary Sw'edenbiirgh was inhumed, after 
 his decease in 1772. 
 
 Regent Street consists of a noble range of houses, on 
 each side of a most spacious carriage and footway, on an 
 acclivity, commencing from an oblong quadrangfe, imme- 
 diately fronting Carlton Palace, called Waterloo Place. 
 The direct line is terminated to the north of Pic- 
 cadilly by a handsome building, which is occupied as the 
 "County Fire Office." At 3iis^ point the buildings on 
 
192 PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 each side of Piccadilly form a circus, from which a superb 
 double row of uniform edifices branch off in a curve as far 
 as Swallow Street, a colonnade and continued portico being 
 attached to each side of the curve, the pillars of which are 
 o^ cast-iron, hollow, and in the Ionic style. This part of the 
 street is called The Quadrant. From that point the direct 
 line is again resumed, and continues to Oxford Street, 
 where the houses form another circus, a little beyond 
 which this street joins that grand avenue called Portland 
 Place. The buildings in Regent Street are many of them 
 profusely embellished with columns, pediments, and other 
 architectural decorations. They were chiefly erected from 
 the designs of John Nash, Esq., who planned this grand 
 impressive metropolitan improvement. 
 
 Portland Place has been generally reckoned the most 
 spacious and regular, as well as the most magnificent street 
 in the metropolis. It is 125 feet in breadth, and extends 
 in length from Langham Place to Park Crescent, New 
 Road. It was originally terminated on the south by Fo- 
 ley House, now taken down. The houses are elegant 
 and lofty ; but those on the opposite sides of the street 
 do not in general present corresponding architectural em- 
 bellishments. They were chiefly erected from the designs 
 of Robert Adam. 
 
 Stratford Place* — This quadrangular range of build- 
 ings, situated on the north side of Oxford Street, was erect- 
 ed about 1775, on the site of the old Banquetting-House, 
 belonging to the corporation of London. The ground 
 was granted on lease, perpetually renewable, to Edward 
 Stratford and others. A superb mansion, with the front 
 towards Oxford Street, forms the northern termination of 
 this place. Here the late General Strode erected a pil- 
 lar to commemorate the naval victories of Britain, which 
 was taken down in 1805, in consequence of the founds 
 tion giving way. 
 
 The Adelphi. — This assemblage of buildings was raised 
 by the architects, John, Robert, James, and William Adam, 
 on the sUe of Durham Yard, at the south side of the 
 Strand, about 1770 The streets which it comprises are 
 
THE ALBANY: STATUES. 1 9 J 
 
 distinguished by the family and christian names of the build- 
 ers, and the term Adelphi*, appropriated to the whole 
 denotes the fraternal relationship of the parties. Thouch 
 these buildmgs have been censured for want of uniformiV 
 ot style, and for exuberance of petty ornament, they form 
 an agreeable addition to the prospect from the river, pre- 
 senting to the spectator a fine raised terrace, crowned with 
 handsome structures. All the edifices are erected on 
 arches, which form subterraneous passages from the river 
 to the Strand, at George Street. 
 
 The Albany is a fine range of buildings, extending from 
 Piccadilly to Burlington Gardens. The large mansion 
 here, of which Sir William Chambers was the architect 
 was formerly the residence of the Duke of York and AU 
 bany, from whose second title the place is denominated. 
 After this house was left by the Duke, it was partly taken 
 down, and its site and gardens were covered with build- 
 ings, which are let as chambers to the nobility, and to other 
 persons of fortune, chiefly single men. 
 
 PUBLIC STATUES. 
 
 Charles the First, Charing Cross, is a fine bronze Eques- 
 trian Statue, the work of Hubert le Sueur, by whom it 
 was castin 163J; it was erected at the expense of Thomas 
 Howard Earl of Arundel. During the civil war it was 
 ordered by parliament to be destroyed, and, for that pur- 
 pose, it was sold to John River, a brazier, in Holborn. vvho 
 instead of breaking it up and melting it, as he was directed 
 concealed it underground till after the Restoration of 
 Charles II. In 1678 it was re-erected on a pedestal, orna- 
 mented with sculpture of the royal arms, trophies, &c. 
 executed by Grinling Gibbons. As a work of art it is ustly 
 regarded as one of great merit. 
 
 Charles the Second, Soho Square. -This is a Pedestrian 
 htatue of marble at the feet of which are four emblemati- 
 cal figures intended to represent the rivers Thames, Se- 
 yern, Trent, and Humber. These are much mutilated, and 
 the inscriptions on the pedestal are illegible. 
 
 • Latinized from the Greek ASeA^^ot, Brothers. 
 
194 FICTUHE or LONDON. 
 
 James the Second, Whitehall. — Between the Banqiiet- 
 ting House and the Thames is placed a bronze Statue o* 
 King James, cast b}^ Griniing Gibbons, in 1687, the year 
 before that misguided monarch abdicated the throne. It 
 is said to be a good likeness and is extremely well exe- 
 cuted. The vulgar tale of his pointing to the spot where 
 his father was beheaded is wholly untrue. King Charles 
 having been decapitated in what is now the main street, in 
 front of the Banquetting-House. 
 
 The Right Ho7i. Charles James Fox, Bloom sbury Square. 
 This is a colossal Statue, in bronze, absurdly represent-" 
 ing the celebrated statesman habited in a Roman consu- 
 lar toga, seated, with his right arm extended, and holding 
 Magna Charta. It is placed on a nvassive pedestal of gra- 
 nite, inscribed " Charles James Fox, Frected 1816." The. 
 statue is admirably executed by R. Westmacott, R. A.,who 
 has preserved a characteristic and correct delineation of 
 the form and features of the great patriot. 
 
 Francis Russel, Duke of Bedford, Russel Square, is the 
 work of the same artist with the preceding. It is a Pedes- 
 trian Statue in bronze, of colossal size, representing the 
 Duke in his parliamentary robes, one arm resting on a 
 plough, and the other grasping the gifts of Ceres, to de- 
 signate him as the patron of Agriculture. Emblematic 
 figures of children, denoting the four seasons, are placed at 
 the feet of the statue, and the pedestal is ornamented 
 with rural subjects. The drapery is well arranged, and the 
 attitude displays grace and dignity. The inscription is — 
 Francis, Duke of Bedford. Erected 1^09,^^ 
 
 Edwai'd, Duhe of Kent, Park Crescent. — In the gar- 
 den, at a short distance from the north end of Portland 
 Place, is a Statue of the late Duke of Kent, erected by 
 public subscription, as a national tribute to the patriotic 
 virtues of that prince. It was executed in bronze by 
 Gahagan, and is placed on a square plinth, or pedestal, of 
 granite. The Duke is represented in a standing posture, 
 wcearing a field marshal's uniform, over which are ducal 
 robes aiKl the collar of the order of the Garter. The 
 
STATUES. 1-95 
 
 attitude is graceful, and the likeness is well preserved. This 
 statue is seven feet two inches in height, and weighs two 
 tons. Messrs. Braithwaite, Engineers, of Brook Street, 
 New Road, managed the mechanical process of casting it. 
 
 Statue of Achilles i Hyde Park. — This figure of a naked 
 warrior is 1 8 feet high, and is placed on a granite pedestal, 
 bearing the following inscription in bronze letters: — " To 
 Arthur, Duke of Wellington, and his brave companions in 
 arms, this statue of Achilles, cast frojii cannon taken in the 
 Battles of Salamanca, Vittoria, Toulouse, and Waterloo, is 
 inscribed by their country-women P On the base : — 
 " Placed on this spot the 1 Sth of June, 1822, by command of 
 his Majesty George /F." — This statue, executed by Mr. 
 Westmacott, is a copy of an ancient bronze figure placed on 
 the Quirinal Hill at Rome, where it is grouped with a horse 
 which v/as discovered near it. Antiquaries have conjec- 
 tured, that these antiques were executed by Phidias, and 
 that the hero intended to be represented was Castor, the 
 patron of the art of horsemanship. Others conceive the 
 horse to have made no part of the original group, suppos- 
 ing the statue to be that of an ancient aihleta, or of 
 Achilles. This last idea has been adopted by Mr. West- 
 macott, who has placed a Grecian shield on the left arm. 
 The appropriation of such a statue to an English Military 
 Hero of the present age is extremely absurd, and will be a 
 lasting reproach to the persons who chose it ; for it has no 
 analogy to England, to Wellington, to the army, or to the 
 arts, or customs of our times. 
 
 , In Leicester Square stands an Equestrian Statue, gilt, of 
 George I., which was brought from the Duke of Chandos' 
 park at Canons, in Middlesex. 
 
 The following list of Statues will indicate the names 
 and situations of most of those in London which are not 
 monumental. 
 
 Henry VIII., St. Bartholomew's Hospital. 
 
 Edward VI,, Christ's Hospital. 
 
 . . — ^ in bronze by Schecmakcrs, St. Thomas's 
 
 Hospital. 
 
 s 2 
 
196 PICTUEE OF LONDON. 
 
 Qtwen Elizabeth, Temple Bar. 
 
 J against the church of St. Dunstan, 
 
 Fleet Street. 
 
 James /., Temple Bar. 
 
 Charles I., Royal Exchange. Here, also, within the 
 quadrangle, are Statues of all our sovereigns from Edward 
 I. to George III. 
 
 Charles /., Temple Bar. 
 
 Charles II., Royal Exchange. 
 
 , Temple Bar. 
 
 William III,, the Bank. 
 
 • — , St. James's Square. 
 
 Queen Anne, St. Paul's Church Yard. 
 
 , Queen Square. 
 
 George I., Grosvenor Square. 
 
 , Leicester Square. 
 
 George II , Greenwich Hospital. 
 
 George III, Guildhall. 
 
 , in bronze, Somerset House. 
 
 William, Duke of Cumberland, Cavendish Square. 
 
 Alderman Beckford, Guildhall. 
 
 'Earl of Chatham, Guildhall. 
 
 Right Hon. William Pitt, Guildhall. 
 
 James Hidbert, Esq. Fishmongers' Alms Houses, New- 
 ington. 
 
 Sir William Walworth, Fishmongers' Hall. 
 
 Sir John More, Christ's Hospital. 
 
 Sir Thomas Gresham, Royal Exchange. 
 
 Sir Robert Clayton, in stone, St. Thomas's Hospital. 
 
 Sir John Barnard, Royal Exchange. 
 
 Thomas Guy, the founder, in bronze by Scheemakers, 
 Guy's Hospital. 
 
 Ditto, by Bacon. 
 
 George F, Handel, Vauxhall Gardens. 
 
 Shakspeare, Co vent Garden Theatre. 
 
 , Drury Lane Theatre. 
 
 Sir Hans Sloane, Botanic Garden, Chelsea, 
 
 To these may be added. Statues erected as sepulchral 
 monuments, the most important of which are noticed in 
 describing the edifices in which they are placed. 
 
LONDON BRIDGE. 197 
 
 BRIDGES. 
 
 London Bridge, — This structure, originally erected in 
 1176, after undergoing subsequent repairs and various alter- 
 ations of great extent and importance, at different periods, 
 has recently been condemned to be taken down, as soon as 
 a new bridge, (now building) immediately contiguous, on 
 the west side, is completed. 
 
 Previously to the year 1756, the bridge was covered with 
 houses of considerable height, forming a narrow, inconve- 
 nient street, at the south end of which v/as a gate-house. 
 Though the bridge was built of stone, the houses were of 
 timber and their repeated destruction by fire occasioned 
 the loss of a vast number of lives; it was therefore deter- 
 mined to remove those dwellings, and make such other im- 
 provements in the state of the bridge as were practicable. 
 An act of parliament was passed in 1756, and another in 
 1758, in consequence of which the houses were taken 
 down, two archefs near the centre were formed into one, a 
 balustrade was built, and a paved road, 31 feet broad, with 
 side pavements for pedestrians, each seven feet wide, was 
 formed. In this state London Bridge has ever since con- 
 tinued, affording a commodious passage across the river, 
 but obstructing the navigation of the stream and occasion- 
 ing the deaths of several persons annually, in consequence, 
 besides proving a source of perpetual expense, from the 
 necessity of constant repairs. 
 
 In 1582, machinery was erected on the north side of the 
 bridge for raising water to supply the inhabitants of the 
 city. It was set in motion by wheels worked by the tide, 
 an invention of Peter Maurice, a Dutchman. These wa- 
 ter-works, as well as others at the south end of the bridge, 
 for the supply of Southwark, were removed, in 1823, to 
 raake way for the erection of the new bridge. 
 . In its present state, this Bridge consists of 19 arches of 
 irregular extent and form, the centre arch being 72 feet in 
 width, and the others varying from 8 feet to 20 feet and 
 upwards. The height in the centre is about 60 feet ; and 
 the length of the bridge is 915 feet. 
 
198 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 New London Biidge, — In the year 1822, the Committee 
 tor letting the Bridge House Estates issued a printed ad- 
 dress, inviting architects, engineers, or any other compe- 
 tent persons, to send in designs, models, and estimates for 
 the erection of a bridge across the Thames in the place of 
 London Bridge, offering premiums of 250/. 150/. and 100/. 
 respectively for the three most approved designs. The 
 conditions required to be attended to by the candidates, in 
 the formation of their plans and estimates were, — that the 
 bridge should be faced with granite and consist of five 
 arches, the centre one to rise 25 feet above high water 
 mark, to afford a clear water way of not less than 690 feet, 
 and the acclivity of the road-way over the bridge not to 
 exceed one foot in twentj'-six. In consequence of this 
 notice fifty-two designs were sent in. These were sub- 
 mitted to the consideration of the Crown Architects, 
 Messrs. Soane, Nash, and Smirke, conjointly with Mr. 
 Montague, Architect to the City of London. These gentle- 
 men selected the designs of Mr. Fowler, Mr. Boorer, and 
 Mr. Busby, and awarded to them respectively the three 
 premiums which had been offered. 
 
 The new bridge is now building, under the direction of 
 John and George Rennie Esqrs., from a design of the late 
 John Rennie Esq., engineer. The site of the present 
 oridge is a short distance westward of the former. The 
 first pile was sunk, in the presence of a large con- 
 course of spectators, on the 15th of March, 1824. Of 
 the five arches of which this bridge will consist, the cen- 
 tral one will be 1 50 feet wide, those next to it 140 feet, and 
 the extreme arches 150 feet. The road-way will be nearly 
 level, and the parapet will be plain, with buttresses rising 
 from the piers. 
 
 Soutkwark Bridge, of cast iron. This noble fabric forms 
 a communication from the bottom of Queen Street, 
 Cheapside, (being in a direct line from Guildhall,) to Bank- 
 side, Southwark, and thence to the various Kent and Sur- 
 rey roads. It was originally projected by Mr. John Wyatt, 
 but its erection was commenced in September 1814, under 
 the direction of the late John Rennie Esq. It consists of 
 three wide arches, the centre arch of 240 feet span, and 
 
So uth tfoj 'k Bndcfe . 
 
 Sessioru House. Qerkdruv cU . 
 
^ 
 
BLACKFRIAES AND WATERLOO BRIDGES. 199 
 
 those at the end 210 feet each. These arches are composed 
 of cast iron, but the piers and abutments are of stone, form- 
 ing altogether the most stupendous bridge, of such com- 
 pound materials, in the world. The central arch of South- 
 wark Bridge exceeds in span the famous iron bridge at Sun- 
 derland, by four feet, and of the Rialto of Venice, by 167 
 feet. The weight of the iron alone is more than 5,508 tons. 
 The foundations of the piers are twelve feet below the 
 bottom of the river ; and the bases of the immense timber 
 piles upon which those foundations (with the wooden plat- 
 form 2^ feet thick intervening) rest, are 26| feet lower. The 
 distance between the two abutments is 708 feet: the en- 
 tire expense incurred by the construction of this bridge 
 amounted to 800,000/. It was completed and opened for 
 public use in March, 1819. 
 
 Blackfnars Bridge, — This bridge was built by Mr. 
 Robert Mylne, between the years 1760 and 1769, at an ex- 
 pense of 152,840/. It has eight piers and nine elliptical 
 arches. The centre arch is 100 feet wide, those on each side 
 S5, the next 80, and the adjoining 70. The length is 995 
 feet, the breadth of the carriage-way 28 feet, and that of 
 the flagged footways 7 feet each. Seen from the water, a re- 
 cess appears over each pier, fronted by two Ionic columns, 
 which support a correspondent recess above. The car- 
 riage-way of this bridge has recently been lowered, and 
 a new road made, upon the system of Mac Adam; 
 the whole carriage pavement of Bridge Street has also 
 been taken up, and the road newly-formed after the 
 same plan. St. Paul's church appears from this bridge in 
 all its commanding majesty. 
 
 Waterloo Bridge may be regarded as one of the noblest 
 structures of its kind in the world. It was commenced in 
 1511 and completed in 1817, having thus been raised with 
 a rapidity unexampled in the history of edifices of this de- 
 scription. Crossing the Thames from a point between So- 
 merset House and the spot where, until recently, stood the 
 remnant of the Savoy, to the opposite shore of Lambeth 
 Marsh, it connects the populous line of the Strand with a 
 new line of street to the Obelisk in St. George's Fields, 
 The engineer who gave the plan was Mr. G. Dodd ; but 
 
 \^, 
 
200 PICTURE OF LONDON-. 
 
 that gentleman disagreed with the company engaged in 
 the undertaking, soon after its commencement, and the 
 late Mr. Rennie has the merit of conducting it to so noble 
 and successful a termination. 
 
 Like some of the bridges of the ancients, the roadway- 
 over Waterloo Bridge is level, a circumstance highly fa- 
 vourable to the draught of carriages over it, and an ad- 
 dition to, rather than any subtraction from, its beauty. It 
 has nine grand arches, each 120 feet span ; the piers, which 
 are twenty feet thick (and each of which stands on a plat- 
 form, based on 520 piles), support Tuscan columns in the 
 manner of Blackfriars Bridge. The entire structure, ex- 
 ternally, is of granite, the balustrades being of Aberdeen 
 gi'anite, and the remainder of that of Cornwall. In order 
 to produce a level from the Strand to the Bridge (the in- 
 tervening space being a considerable ascent from the river's 
 brink), it was necessary to turn a succession of arches, on 
 which to carry the intended road : three times the number 
 of these additional ai'ches were required on the Surrey 
 side, and the whole are composed of brick. Upon the en- 
 tire works, comprehending the roads themselves leading 
 to and from this truly magnificent erection, a sum consi- 
 siderably exceeding one million sterling was expended. 
 
 The toll-lodges, two at each end of the Bridge, are neat 
 little buildings in the Doric style. There are metal turn- 
 stiles attached to each, (intended to admit the passage of 
 one person only at a time) at every movement of which 
 some machinery, connected with an index in the toll-house, 
 is worked, and, the index being secured in a locked box, 
 the number of persons who have passed may be known by 
 those in possession of the key, at any period of the day, 
 with the utmost exactitude. 
 
 The dimensions of this structure are as follow : Length 
 of the stone-work between the abutments 1242 feet; length 
 of the road on the Surrey side, which is supported by forty 
 brick arches (under one of which the street is continued 
 from Narrow v/all), 1250 feet; length of road supported 
 on brick arches, on the Strand side, 400 feet ; width with- 
 in the balustrades 42 feet ; width of carriage road 28 feet, 
 and of each foot pavement 7 feet; span cf each arch 120 
 feet; extent of water-way, in*^he clear, 108O feet. 
 
-~wnpn>« 
 
 * *w 
 
 L 'hn^ ts //osp ifiU 
 
WESTMINSTER BRJDGE. 201 
 
 One other peculiarity connected with the building of 
 this Bridge is deserving of mention. The centres upon 
 which the arches were turned were constructed upon an 
 entirely novel principle, the idea of which originated with 
 Mr. Rennie, arising from a wish in that gentleman to pre- 
 vent the defections usually occasioned in their forms 
 by the weight of the materials temporarily resting upon 
 them, from taking place in the erection of this structure. 
 This eminent engineer discovered, that if the loading 
 rested upon the timbers longitudinally instead of laterally^ 
 the defect above-mentioned would be obviated ; and he 
 applied this principle so effectually in the present instance, 
 that the centres never sensibly changed their forms in the 
 slightest degree. When the timbers were taken away, 
 the arches sunk about one inch only in the middle ; 
 whereas it has been remarked, that those of the Pont de 
 Neuilly, near Paris, the plan of which much resembles 
 these, sunk no less than eighteen inches immediately upon 
 their centres being removed from them. — The ceremony 
 of opening this bridge, upon the 18th of June 1817, 
 the anniversary of the victory of Waterloo, was attended 
 with circumstances of unusual pageantry, the Duke of 
 Wellington, and his present Majesty, then Prince Regent, 
 with a grand military cavalcade, being present at the 
 spectacle. 
 
 Westminster jSnd'g^ was built between the years 1759 
 and 1750, and cost 589,500/. It is 1225 feet long, and 44 
 wide, comprising 14 piers, and 15 large and two small semi- 
 circular arches : on its top are 28 semi-octangular recesses, 
 twelve of which are covered with half cupolas. The two 
 middle piers contain each 5000 solid feet, or 200 tons, 
 of Portland stone. The middle arch is 76 feet wide; the 
 two next 72, and the last 52 feet. The whole free water- 
 way between the piers is 870 feet. This bridge has been 
 much admired, but perhaps too much praise has been be- 
 stowed upon it at the expence of Blackfriars, which cer- 
 tainly is but little less beautiful, though, from a necessary 
 j inferiority in its dimensions, not quite so grand. The 
 architect was Mons. Labelye, an ingenious Frenchman. 
 The road-way was M'Adamized (as the phrase is) in 1824. 
 
 \ 
 
 r 
 
202 riCTUllE or LONDON. 
 
 VaxLxliall Bridge extends from Millbank to Cum- 
 berland Gardens, Vauxhall, and connects the roads 
 branching from that spot to Hyde-Park Corner, by a 
 straight road and street across Tothill Fields to Eaton 
 Street, Pimlico, and Grosvenor Place. The architect was 
 Mr. J Walker. It consists of nine arches of equal span, 
 in squares of cast iron^ resting on piers of rusticated stone, 
 the latter united together by Roman cement. The total 
 length is 860 feet, the span of the arches 73 feet, the 
 height 29 feet, and the clear breadth of the road-way 36 
 feet. The cost was about 150,000/. This bridge is an 
 elegant ornament to the approach to the metropolis which 
 leads from South Lambeth and Vauxhall. 
 
 It is a rather singular fact, that London Bridge remained 
 the only one over the Thames at the metropolis, from the 
 remote period of its erection to the year 1750, when 
 Westminster Bridge was finished, ten years after which 
 that of Blackfriars was undertaken. 
 
 In consequence of these improved communications, the 
 marshes of Lambeth and St. George's Fields have been 
 covered with houses within the memory of man ; and this 
 suburb now merits, from its size and population to 
 have its ancient name of South-wark changed into 
 the more appropriate one of South Londo?i, which i« 
 occasionally applied to it. The vast increase of this divi- 
 sion of the metropolis, and its capabilities of further en- 
 largement, led also to the projection of the three other 
 bridges of Southwark, Waterloo, and Vauxhall, as an 
 argument for building which, it was stated, from actuaLob- 
 servation, that there passed everi/ dai/, over each of the 
 following Bridges, as under: 
 
 Blackfriars Bridge. 
 
 LondonBridge. 
 
 Foot Passengers . 61,069 . 
 
 . . 89,640 
 
 Waggons 555 . 
 
 769 
 
 Carts and Drays . . 1,502 . 
 
 . . 2,924 
 
 Coaches .... 990 . 
 
 1,240 
 
 Gigs and taxed Carts 500 . . 
 
 485 
 
 Horses 822 . . 
 
 764 
 
203 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 The King and Parliament ; Courts of Judicature, Legal 
 Institutions and Societies; Prisons. 
 
 > London, as the metropolis of the British Empire, and the 
 seat of Government and Legislation, being the phice from 
 which originates every establishment that affects our per- 
 sonal liberty and property, it becomes expedient to enter 
 somewhat fully into the nature and powers of the three con- 
 stituent branches of the state, and to give some account of 
 the judicial authority and practice of the courts of Law and 
 Equity, all of which, with the exception of the two highest, 
 are, by right and invariable usage, open to the Public. 
 
 The King. — Both the executive and legislative powers 
 of the Sovereign are very great, and by a universal kind 
 of fiction, which could only have originated in the darkest 
 ages of mental subserviency, it is held that " the king can do 
 no ivrong^^ or, in other v.ords, that he is personally superior 
 to all law, every violation of public liberty of which he 
 may become the executive promoter being ascribed to his 
 ministers, who alone are regarded as responsible. 
 
 All the Ministers of State, the Judges, the Archbishops, 
 Bishops, Officers of the Army and Navy, &c. are appointed 
 by the King, and through their agency he enforces the 
 execution of the laws. He is " the fountain of honour and 
 the source of mercy." He only can raise to the peerage, and 
 he alone can pardon a delinquent : in fact, every branch 
 of nobility, from the knight upwards, must spring from him, 
 but he cannot assign any pension, to support the dignity 
 he has conferred, without the assent of the House of Com- 
 mons. The King alone can convoke, prorogue, and dis- 
 solve the parliament, proclaim war, and raise an army; 
 but, without the assent of parliament, he cannot raise -a 
 single shilling to defray the expenditure of such proceedings. 
 This salutary check, provided by the Constitution against 
 Monarchical ambition and extravagance, is however but lit- 
 e available in the present state of the lower house. Next 
 
204 PlCTUttL OF LONDON. 
 
 to the solemnity of a coronation, the pnncipal dispiay 
 of the " pomp and pageantry" of the Court takes place 
 at the Sovereign's Drawing-rooms and Levees (the former 
 of which are now held at St. James's Palace, and the latter 
 at Carlton Palace), due notice of the holding of which is 
 invariably given in the London Gazette, the only newspaper 
 published by Government authority. On those occasions, 
 presentations are made, and the respects of the nobility, 
 state officers, &c. are proffered to the Monarch. 
 
 The Parliament is composed of the two Houses o{ Lords 
 and Commons, The former consists of the Lords Spiritual 
 and the Lords Temporal. The Spiritual Lords are the 
 two Archbishops and twenty-four Bishops of England, and 
 one Archbishop and three Bishops from Ireland. The 
 Temporal Lords are indefinite in number, but consist of 
 all the peers of Great Britain (except a few Catholic 
 Lords) in their several degrees of Duke, Marquess, Earl, 
 Viscount, and Baron*, of the sixteen elective Peers of 
 Scotland, and of the twenty-eight elective Peers of Ireland. 
 No money bill, nor any other imposing tax or penalty ^ 
 can originate in this house, and when sent up from the 
 Commons, the Lords must agree to or reject it altogether, 
 as the least alteration proves fatal to the bill. But it is 
 frequently the practice, in such cases, to bring in a new 
 bill, in which the amendments, or alterations, made by the 
 Lords, are incorporated. 
 
 In giving their votes, the peers say, " Content," or " Not 
 content," beginning with the lowest and ascending to the 
 highest rank. When both Houses have agreed to pass a 
 Bill, it cannot become law till it has received the Royal 
 Assent, and that is always given in the House of Lords, 
 
 * At the present time (May, 1825,) there are 25 Dukes, 
 including six Princes of the Blood Royal, 16 Marquesses, 
 105 Earls, 22 Viscounts, and 143 Barons : by adding to these 
 the Spiritual Peers and the elective Peers of Scotland and Ire- 
 land, we find that the House of Lords consists of about 380 
 persons, and that body may at any time be augmented, at vill, 
 by the Crown. 
 
HOUSE OF COMMONS. 205 
 
 either by the King himself in person, or by Coramission, 
 which latter is the usual practice.* Since the vast increase 
 of business in the High Court of Chancery, of late years, 
 by which the Lord Chancellor's time has been so greatly 
 occupied, Lord Gifford (Master of the Rolls) has been ap- 
 pointed Deputy Speaker of this House. Besides the 
 share which this assembly possesses in making laws, it is 
 also a Court of Appeal from the judgment of all the other 
 courts of law, and its decision is final. It is likewise the 
 supreme or highest Court of Criminal Jurisprudence, as 
 may be evidenced by the proceedings against the late 
 Queen Caroline; and peers for capital offences, or when 
 impeached by the House of Commons, as well as Common- 
 ers for high misdemeanors, may be tried in it. 
 
 The House of Commons consists of 658 members, viz. 16 ba- 
 rons of the Cinque Ports; 80 knights of the shire for Eng- 
 land, 12 for Wales, 30 for Scotland, and 64 for Ireland; and 
 343 burgesses for England, 1 2 for Wales, 1 5 for Scotland, 
 and o6 for Ireland. By law, these members, in all cases, ought 
 to be elected by the people, without any undue influence, 
 either from the crown, the peerage, or any other power. 
 Anciently, in the Saxon times, the affairs of the kingdom 
 . were regulated in National Councils, and such councils 
 , were by law to be held twice in every year ; but the Com- 
 ^ mons of England, as represented by knights, citizens, and 
 ' burgesses, were not specifically named, until the latter years 
 
 * When the Royal Assent is given to a public bill of a gene- 
 ral nature, the clerk says "ie Uoi le veut ;" but if it has subsi- 
 dies for its object, the words are ^^LeRoi remercie ses loyaux svjetSy 
 Qccepte leur benevolence, at aussi le veitt." If the Bill is a pri- 
 vate one, he says, *^Soitfait commeil est desire.'* Should the King 
 decline giving his assent, the clerk says " Le Roi s'avisera.'* 
 
 The absurdity of still continuing to use the French language 
 in assenting to Eyiglish laws, has been frequently a theme of ani- 
 madversion ; and we may rationally hope that the spirit which 
 should animate the bosom of a British King, will, ere long, 
 break through the shackles of this degrading custom, this last 
 remnant of Dur subjugation to Norman tyranny. 
 T 
 
206 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 of Henry III.'s reigu, when the brave Simon de Montfort, 
 Earl of Leicester, caused them to be duly summoned, for 
 the purpose of employing their influence against the arbi- 
 trary domination of the crown. In the 4th of Edward III., 
 (cap. 14.) it was enacted, that "a Parliament should be 
 holden every year, tiuice, and more often if need be ;" and 
 this continued to be the statute /azf', although frequently vio- 
 lated by our sovereigns, until after the Restoration of 
 Charles II., when an act was passed for " the assembling of, 
 and holding, parliaments 07ice in three years at least, which 
 act was confirmed by William and Mary soon after the 
 glorious Revolution of 1688. In the first year of George I., 
 the then existing Parliament, most traitorously, under thein- 
 fluence of the crown, enacted that they should sit ^or seveji 
 years* Many attempts have since been made to restore 
 triennial Parliaments, which every judicious writer on 
 constitutional authority conceives to be the surest safe- 
 guard of a people's liberties, but hitherto without success ; 
 and our parliaments now sit for any period not exceeding 
 a septennial duration, at the will of the ministry. The pre- 
 sent Parliament commenced its meetings on the 27th of 
 April, 1820. In this House the Members sit promiscuously; 
 but we occasionally hear of the opposition and of the mi- 
 nisterial benches, from the leading orators of each party 
 sitting near to each other, and on different sides. When 
 a Member speaks, he addresses the Speaker only, and is 
 not allowed to speak a second time during the debate, un- 
 less in reply (if he was the mover of the question), or in an- 
 swer to personal reflections, or in a Committee of the 
 whole House, into Vv'hich the Commons frequently form 
 themselves, for greater freedom. Forty members are re- 
 quisite to form a House, nor can any business be commenced 
 un til that number be present. The usual time of taking 
 the chair is four o'clock, p.m. The Speaker is elected 
 from the body of the Members on the first day of the 
 meeting of a new Parliament. In voting, the words used 
 are "Yea" and "Nay." In divisions, one party always 
 quits the house, the number of each being counted by 
 two tellers of the opposite side; but to this there is one 
 exception, viz. in Committees of the whole House, w^hen 
 they divide by the " Yea^'^ taking the right, and the 
 
tOUllT OF CHANCERY. 207 
 
 " Kaj/a^' the left of the chair. In general divisions, all 
 the doors leading to the house and its lobby are locked 
 until the numbers are ascertained. The vast powers of 
 this branch of the Legislature, in making and annulling 
 the laws, raising supplies, levying taxes, inquiring into and 
 redressing grievances, &c. &c. cannot be satisfactorily de- 
 tailed within the necessary limits of this publication. 
 
 The High Court of Chancery is the Highest Court of 
 Judicature in the kingdom, next to the Parliament, and of 
 very ancient institution. The jurisdiction of this Court 
 is of two kinds ; ordinary, and extraordinary. The ord'i- 
 nary jurisdiction is that by which the Lord Chancellor, 
 in his proceedings and judgments, is bound to observe the 
 order and m.ethod of the common law : and the extra- 
 ordinary^ is that which this Court exercises in cases of 
 equity. 
 
 Early in the history of our jurisprudence, the adminis- 
 tration of justice, by the ordinary courts, appears to have 
 been incom})Iete. To supply this defect, the Courts of 
 Equity first obtained their establishment; assuining the 
 power of enforcing the principles, upon which the ordi- 
 nary courts decide, when the powers of those courts, or 
 their modes of proceeding, are insufficient for that purpose; 
 of preventing those princi{)les, as litcraiiy enforced by the 
 or(Hnary courts, from producing decisions contrary to their 
 spirit, and becoming instruments of actual injustice in par- 
 ticular cases ; and of deciding on principles of universal 
 justice, where the interference of a court of judicature is 
 necessary to prevent a wrong, in matters in which the posi- 
 tive law is imiperfect. The courts of equity also administer 
 to the ends of justice, by removing impediments to the fair 
 decision of a question in other courts ; by providing for 
 the safety of property in dispute, pending a litigation ; by 
 restraining the assertion of doubtful rights, in a manner 
 productive of irreparable damage ; by preventing injury to 
 a third person from the doubtful title of others; by pre- 
 venting an unnecessary multiplicity of suits ; by compel- 
 ling, without pronouncing any judgment on the subject, a 
 discovery which may enable other courts to give their 
 T 2 
 
208 ' PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 judgment; and by preserving testimony, when in danger 
 of being lost, before the matter to which it relates can be 
 made the subject of judicial investigation. 
 
 The Court of Chancery holds pleas of recognizances 
 acknowledged in the chancery writs, writs o'l fieri facias, 
 for the repeal of letters patent, writs of partition, &c. ; 
 and all original writs, writs for the election of members of 
 parliament, patents for sheriffs, commissions of bankruptcy, 
 of charitable uses, of lunacy, injunctions, &;c., issue out of 
 this court. Sometimes a supersedeas^ or writ of privilege, 
 has been granted by the Chancellor, to set a prisoner at 
 liberty. As it is the object of this court to administer po- 
 sitive justice in opposition to technical difficulties, it is ne- 
 cessary, in order to maintain a suit in Chancery, to allege 
 that the plaintiff, independent of any fault of his own, is 
 debarred from obtaining relief by proceedings in the com- 
 mon law courts. Infants and women in a state of co- 
 verture, may sue or be sued in Chancery. All fraudulent 
 transactions not cognizable in the courts of common law 
 may be litigated in this Court. 
 
 The Lord Chancellor is the only one of the Judges of 
 the land who is removable at the King's pleasure ; and 
 hence, being politically identified with His Majesty's ad- 
 visers, there is a new Lord Chancellor with every change 
 of the ministry. The mode of his creation consists of the 
 ^mple delivery of the Great Seal of the kingdom into his 
 custody. He takes precedence of every temporal peer, 
 and is the Speaker of the House of Lords ; an arrange- 
 ment somewhat liable to objection, when it is considered 
 that the decisions of his own court may be the subjects of 
 appeal to the august assembly over which he presides. The 
 present Chancellor is the Earl of Eldon. 
 
 In term time, the Lord Chancellor sits in the New Court, 
 Westminster Hall but during the vacations, he sits (by per- 
 mission of the Honourable Society) in Lincoln^s Inn Hall, 
 Chancery Lane ; and, in his absence, the Master of the 
 Rolls supplies his place. The latter likewise presides in 
 his own department, hearing causes in the court adjoinine; 
 the Rolls Oiapely Chancery Lane ;* but all his decisions 
 
 * The Rolls Chapel, though small and gloomy, is not altoge- 
 ther umk'scrving of notice. It was begun in 1617, and cost 
 
THE VICE CHANCELLOR S AND EXCHEQUER COURTS. 209 
 
 may he appealed from to the Lord Chancellor. The more 
 p^eculiar office of the Master of the Rolls is to take charge 
 of the rollSf or records of the pleadings, decisions, and 
 acts of the Chancery Courts, which are preserved as pre- 
 cedents, wherehy to decide in future cases. The ruinous 
 length of time in which causes are suffered to remain un- 
 decided in this Court, requires the immediate interference 
 of parliament. 
 
 The Vice-Chancellor* s Court is held in a handsome brick 
 building erected in 1816, contiguous to Lincoln's Inn Hall, 
 except in term time, when the V^ice-Chancellor sits at the 
 court erected in 1823, in Westminster Hall. The appoint- 
 ment of this judge originated in 1813. His office is to as- 
 sist the Chancellor in his judicial duties; but from his de- 
 cisions an appeal lies to the higher court. His Honour (the 
 title bestowed on this very useful judge) is Sir J. Leach, 
 who succeeded Sir T. Plumer, the first who held this office. 
 
 The E.vchcque?'* is an ancient couit of record, in which 
 all causes relating to the revenue and rights of the crown 
 are heard and determined, and where the revenues of the 
 crown are received. 
 
 The Court of Exchequer, as a Court of common law, 
 is inferior both to the Courts of King^s Bench and Coin^ 
 mon Pleas. It was first established by William the Con- 
 queror, but regulated and reduced to its present state by 
 Edward I. On its chequered cloth, resembling a chess- 
 board, which covers the table, when certain of the King's 
 accounts are made up, the sums are marked and scored 
 with counters. Its present functions, in a legal sense. 
 
 2000Z. It contains, beside others, a monument of John Yonge, 
 DD., the work o^ Pietro Torregiano, a very eminent Florentine 
 sculptor. The Master of the Rolls resides here, in a house 
 built by Government ; and, annexed to it, but secluded from 
 public view, is a garden. 
 
 * Camden, in his Britannia, says, this Court took its name 
 a tabula ad quam assidehanty the cloth which covered it being 
 parii-colourcd or chequered, 
 
 T 3 
 
210 PICTURE OF LONDON 
 
 are two-fold, it being both a court of equity and a court 
 of common law. The Court of Equity is held in the Ex- 
 chequer Chamber, when the Lord Treasurer, the Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer, the Chief Baron, and three puisne 
 Barons are presumed to be present. There is also a Cur- 
 sitor Baron, whose office is nearly a sinecure. It appears 
 that, by their original constitution, the jurisdiction of the 
 courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer 
 was entirely separate and distinct. The primary and origi- 
 nal business of the Exchequer was to call on King's 
 debtors to account, by bill filed by the attorney-general, 
 and to recover any lands, or other profits or benefits 
 belonging to the crown; the King's Bench was to correct 
 all crimes and misdemeanors that amounted to a breach 
 of the King's peace ; and the Common Pleas was to de- 
 cide all controversies betv^een subject and subject. In 
 the Exchequer, on the equity side, the clergy have long 
 been used to exhibit their bills for the non-payment of 
 tithes. This court is now said to be the last of the 
 four courts at Westminster to adjust the King's revenue. 
 Its Judges are the sovereign Auditors of England. It was 
 enacted by parliament, a few years ago, that after the 
 death, Sec. of the then present auditor, the clerk of the 
 pells, the four tellers, and the two chamberlains, the pa}'^- 
 raent of all salaries, fees, or emoluments, to the said offi- 
 cers, should cease; and, in lieu, certain annual salaries are 
 to be made payable, viz. to the auditor, 4000/. ; his chief 
 clerk, 1000/.; clerk of the pells, 5000/.; his chief clerk, 
 1000/. ; the four tellers 2700/. each ; and to each of their 
 first clerks, 1000/. The present Lord Chief Baron is Sir 
 Wm. Alexander, Knt, 
 
 King^s Bench, — This is the supreme court of Common 
 Law in the kingdom, and it has cognizance of causes of 
 almost every kind, criminal and civil. The Court of King's 
 Bench is so called, because the King used formerly to 
 sit here in person; under a Queen-regnant, its appel- 
 lation is the Queen's Bench. This court consists of a 
 Lord Chief Justice and three puisne Judges. Its juris- 
 diction is so paramount, that it keeps all inferior juris- 
 dictions within the bounds of their authority, and may 
 
KING S BENCH COUaX. 211 
 
 either remove their proceedings to be determined here, or 
 prohibit their progress below. To state its powers more 
 particularly, this court is termed the custos morirni of the 
 whole realm; and, by the plenitude of its authority, 
 whenever it meets with an offence contrary to the first 
 principles of justice, and of dangerous consequence if not 
 restrained, it adapts a punishment proper to it. Into this 
 court, inquisitions of murder are certified ; and hence issue 
 attachments for disobeying rules or orders. 
 
 On the plea-side, or its civil branch, the King's Bench 
 has an original jurisdiction and cognizance of all actions 
 of trespass, or other injury, alleged to be comnjitted vi ei 
 armis; as well as of actions for forgery of deeds, mainte- 
 nance, conspiracy, and deceit, all of which savourinf^ of a 
 criminal nature, although the action is brought for a 
 civil remedy, make the defendant liable, in strictness, to pay 
 a fine to the king, besides damages to the injured party. 
 Yet even this *so high and honourable' court is not the 
 dernier rhoi^t of the subject ; for, if he is not satisfied 
 with any determination here, he may remove it, by writ 
 of error, into the House of Lords, or Court of Exchequer 
 Chamber, as the case may happen, or according to the 
 nature of the suit and the manner in which it has been 
 prosecuted. This court also grants writs of Habeas Cor- 
 pus, to relieve persons wrongfully imprisoned ; and may 
 admit any person whatsoever to bail. 
 
 The Right Hon. Sir Charles Abbot, Knt. is the present 
 Lord Chief Justice, and sits at Westminster, as has been 
 usual with the Chief Justice for centuries; but, from the 
 very nature of its institution, the Court of King's Bench 
 is removable with the person of His Majesty; and, ac- 
 cordingly, we find that, in the reign of Edward L, it even 
 sat at Roxburgh, in Scotland, after the monarch's con- 
 quest of that kingdom. For the same reason, every process 
 i^ssuing out of this court, is returnable wherever the King 
 may be. Its sittings for the city of London are held at 
 Guildhall, and few capital offences, except treasons, are 
 actually tried at Westminster, those committed in the 
 city of London, or within the county of Middlesex, being 
 proceeded against at the Old Bailey Sessions, which are 
 held eight times a year, as a court of Oyer and Terminer^ 
 
212 PICTUIIE OF LONDON. 
 
 and Gaol' delivery, by His Majesty's commission to the 
 Lord Maj'or, those Aldermen who have passed the civic 
 chair, the Recorder, and the Common Serjeant, who are 
 usually attended by the Sheriffs, and by one, at least, of 
 the judges of the land. The prison of this court is the 
 King's Bench. 
 
 The Court of Common Pleas is one of the King's courts 
 now constantly held at Westminster, though in ancient 
 times, as appears from Magna Charta, it was moveable. 
 The jurisdiction of this court is general, and extends it- 
 self throughout England: in the city of London, one 
 of its judges proceeds regularly, after term, to try Nisi 
 Frius causes at Guildhall. It entertains pleas of all civil 
 causes at common law, between subject and subject, in 
 actions real, personal, and mixed ; and it seems to have 
 been the only court for real causes. In personal and 
 raixed actions, it has a concomitant jurisdiction with 
 the King's Bench, besides an exclusive one in some parti- 
 cular cases that respect real property ; but it has no cogni- 
 zance of pleas of the crown, and common plea% are all pleas 
 that are not such. To this court are attached four judges. 
 Created by letters patent: the seal is committed to the 
 custody of the Lord Chief Justice, which office is now 
 held by Sir William Draper Best, Knight. The Serjeants 
 at Laiu always lead in this court ; and the King's Ser- 
 jeants precede all other counsel, except the Attorney and 
 Solicitor General. The Fleet Prison is attached to this 
 court. 
 
 The Palace Court, or Marshalsea, — The Palace Court, 
 or Marshalsea, is held in Scotland Yard, opposite the 
 Admiralty, and has jurisdiction of all civil suits within, 
 twelve miles of Whitehall, the city of London excepted. 
 The original jurisdiction of the court of Marshalsea 
 comprised only the hearing and determining causes be- 
 tween the servants of the King's household, and others 
 within the verge of the court, or pleas of trespass, 
 where either party was of the King's family, or any other 
 actions personal in which both parties were the King's 
 servants; but Charles I. in the Gth year of his reign, ex- 
 
ADMIRALTY AND ECCLESIASTICAL COL^RTS. 215 
 
 tended its powers, which, by the Letters Patent of the 1 6th 
 of Charles II., were confirmed to the Palace Court, Pro- 
 cesses here are short, and, compared with legal pro- 
 ceedings in general, not expensive, judgment being ob- 
 tained in three weeks. The juries, which are changed 
 every fortnight, are selected from Westminster, Middle- 
 sex, Essex, Kent, and Surrey. It may be remarked, that 
 there are but four counsel who act in this court, and 
 that they purchase their appointment at 1500 guineas 
 each. The number of attorneys who practise here is li- 
 mited to five, and none of them will proceed with a 
 cause until money is advanced by the client. This court 
 is held every Friday in the forenoon. The building is 
 remarkabl}' neat and convenient. 
 
 The High Court of Admiralty, held in Doctor's Commons^ 
 by the Lords of the Admiralty, takes cognizance of all 
 maritime pleas, criminal and civil : the latter are deter- 
 mined according to civil law, the plaintiiF giving secu- 
 rity to prosecute, and, if cast, to pay what is adjudged — 
 but the former are tried, by special commission, at the 
 Sessions-House, Old Bailey, by a judge and jury, a judge 
 of the common law assisting. To this court properly at- 
 taches the cognizance of piracies, and other crimes com- 
 mitted at sea, or below the first bridge next the sea upon 
 the larger rivers. 
 
 Ecclesiastical Courts. — These are all held at Doctors* 
 Commons, which is a college of civilians, established for the 
 study and practice of the ci\dl law. The name of Commons 
 is applied to this college, from the Civilians ^iommoning 
 together. The situation of the building thus denominated, 
 is in Great Knight- rider Street, near St. Paul's, Henry Har- 
 vey, Doctor of the Civil and Canon Law, in the sixteenth 
 century, purchased an old edifice on this spot for the re- 
 sidence of the Civilians and Canonists. This was de- 
 stroyed in the fire of 1666, w^Ken they removed to Exeter 
 House in the Strand; but the chambers and ofiices being 
 rebuilt, they returned hither, and these courts have since- 
 been held at this place. They are — the Court of Arches, 
 for appeals from inferior ecclesiastical courts in the pro-- 
 
214 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 vince of Canterbury, and of which the Court of Peculiars 
 here is a branch; — the Prerogative Court, for causes re- 
 lative to wills and administrations; — the Faculty Courts 
 empow^ered to grant dispensations to marry, &c. — and 
 the Court of Delegates, for ecclesiastical affairs. The causes 
 of which these courts, (the jurisdiction of which is under 
 the Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of London,) do 
 or may take cognizance, and decide upon, agreeably to the 
 civil and ecclesiastical law, are, — such as relate to blas- 
 phemy, apostacy, heresy, ordinations, institutions to be- 
 nefices, celebration of divine service, matrimony, divorces, 
 bastardy, tithes, oblations, obventions, mortuaries, dila- 
 pidations, reparations of churches, probates of wills, ad- 
 ministrations, simony, incest, fornication, adultery, 
 pensions, procurations, commutation of penance, right of 
 pews, &c. 
 
 The terms for the commencement and ending of causes 
 in these courts vary a little from those of the courts of 
 common law. The practitioners are of two classes ; ad- 
 vocates and proctors. The former, (having taken the 
 degree of doctor of civil hrw,) must petition the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, and obtain his fiat, previously to 
 their being admitted, by the judge, to practise as counsel- 
 lors and pleaders. Both they and the judge wear, in 
 court, a peculiar dress, according to the university from 
 which they have their degree; the robes and hoods of 
 those from Oxford are scarlet, lined with taffeta ; but if 
 from Cambridge, they wear white minever, and round 
 black velvet caps. The proctors (who appear in black 
 robes and hoods, lined with fur) exhibit their proxies for 
 their clients, making themselves parties for them ; dra^v, 
 and give pleas, or libels and allegations, in their behalf; 
 produce witnesses ; prepare causes for sentence ; and at- 
 tend the advocates with the proceedings. These also are 
 admitted only upon the archbishop's fiat ; and the cere- 
 mony of admission, both for them and the advocates, is 
 formal and solemn. The Court of Arches sits in the 
 morning, the Courts of Admiralty and Prerogative in the 
 afternoon, of every day during term-time. 
 
 The Court for Insolvent Debtors has been recently in- 
 
COURTS OF REQUESTS. 215 
 
 stituted under an act of parliament, for the purpose of 
 releasing all persons in England and Wales, who have 
 been confined for three months in prison, and who ap- 
 ply by petition to be liberated, upon surrendering their 
 effects to their creditors. There are three commissioners ; 
 the chief commissioner, who presides as judge, is Henry 
 Revell Reynolds, Esq. 
 
 This court is founded on a principle in the law of Scot- 
 land called ccssio bononim, the object of which is to place 
 every insolvent debtor on the footing of an uncertificated 
 bankrupt, giving the creditor a right to the present or fu- 
 ture property of his debtor, but debarring him from the 
 power of incarcerating his person. Objections have been 
 made to the establishment of this court, as tending to 
 encourage fraud and extravagance ; but as the commis- 
 sioners are vested with a discretionary power to extend 
 the term of imprisonment of those who are brought be- 
 fore them, to three years, a power which they frequently 
 exercise in cases of flagrant misconduct, there seems to 
 be little chance of the fi-audulent debtor escaping un- 
 punished. A new and convenient court-house and offices 
 have been recently erected in Liucoln's-Inn Fields, from 
 the designs of John Soane, Esq. R. A. 
 
 Courts of Bequests are for the summary recovery 
 of small debts, the amount of which, in all such 
 Courts, except that held for the City of London, must be 
 under forty shillings. The power of this latter, however, 
 extends to all debts under 5l. ; and its commissioners, 
 who are appointed by the Court of Aldermen, consist of 
 the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Common Council, and prin- 
 cipal merchants and inhabitants of the city. The time 
 and expense required for obtaining redress in these courts 
 have been said to be very inconsiderable, and so they are, 
 when compared with the inevitable costs and delays of 
 other courts ; notwithstanding which, the suitor is" fre- 
 quently obliged to submit to a very inconvenient advance 
 of money and loss of time, in order to recover a trifling 
 debt. There is also something arbitrary in the constitu- 
 tion of these courts, the commissioners pronouncing their 
 verdicts solely from the dictates of their o:vn lireasts, 
 and tliere bei"n£r no api eal irom their decisions. The 
 
216 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 practice is by summons, addressed to the defendant, 
 whom, if he fail to appear, the commissioners have a 
 power, which is seldom if ever exercised, to commit; but 
 in those cases, the process is carried on till an execution is 
 issued. 
 
 The other Courts of Requests are in Kings2;ate Street, 
 Holborn ; Castle Street, Leicester Square ; Vine Street, 
 Piccadilly ; St. Margaret's Hill, South wark ; and Osborne 
 Street, Whitechapel. 
 
 There are three other courts in the city of London, 
 the powers of which, extending to the recovery of debts, 
 or compensations for injuries, " by action, or writ, ac- 
 cording to the course of common law," are not generally 
 known. These are : — The Court of Hustings, the su- 
 preme court of the city for pleas of land and common 
 pleas. — The Lord Mayor'* s Court, for actions of debt and 
 trespass, for appeals from inferior courts, and for fo- 
 reign attachments, giving decisions in all cases what- 
 soever, in fourteen days, at an expence not exceed- 
 ing thirty shillings ; held in Guildhall, by the lord mayor, 
 recorder, and aldermen. — The Sheriff'* s Court, held every 
 Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, at Guild- 
 hall, where actions of debt and trespass, &c. are tried by 
 the sheriiFand his deputy, who are judges of the court. 
 
 Other Courts in the City, — The Chamberlain^ s Courty 
 held every day to determine differences between masters 
 and apprentices, and to admit those who are duly qualified 
 to the freedom of the city. 
 
 Court of Orphans, held before the lord mayor and 
 aldermen, as guardians of the children of deceased free- 
 men under twenty-one years of age. 
 
 Fie-poudre Court, held by the lord mayor and 
 stewards, for administering instant justice between buyers 
 and sellers at Bartholomew Fair, and redressing all such 
 disorders as may arise there. This court is incident to 
 every successive fair : it must be held only during the 
 time of the fair, the cause of complaint must arise within 
 the fair, and not at any former fair, and the evil must 
 be committed, or the wrong sustained, submitted to the 
 court, and redressed, all in the same day. 
 
 Court of Conservancy, field by the lord mayor and 
 
PETTY COORTS Of LAW. 21 T 
 
 aldermen four times in each year, in Middlesex, Essex, 
 Kent, and Surrey, to make inquisition by jury, into abuses 
 relative to the fishing of the river Thames, and to re* 
 dress the same ; with jurisdiction from Staines westward, 
 to Yenfleet eastward, below Gravesend. 
 
 The Petty Sessions for small offences are held daily 
 at the Mansion House, in the forenoon, before the lord 
 mayor and one alderman, and daily at the Justice Hail, 
 on the west of Guildhall, by two aldermen, in rotation. 
 
 The Coroner's Court is held before the lord mayor, or 
 his deputy. 
 
 The Court of the Tower of London is held within the verge 
 of the city, by a steward appointed by the Constable of 
 the Tower, by whom are tried actions of debt, trespasses, 
 and breaches of covenant. 
 
 CITY AND LIBERTIES OF WESTMINSTER. 
 
 The Court of the Duchy of Lancaster is a supreme court of 
 record, held in Somerset Place, for deciding, by the Chan- 
 cellor of the duchy, all matters of law or equity re- 
 lating to the County Palatine of Lancaster. 
 
 Tfie Quarter Sessions of the Peace is a court of record held 
 by the justices of the city and liberties of Westminster, 
 four times a-year, at the Guildhall, Westminster, for all 
 trespasses, petty larcenies, and other small offences com- 
 mitted within the city and liberties of Westminster. 
 
 The Westminster Court, or Court Leet is held by the dean 
 of Westminster, or his steward, for choosing parochial 
 officers, preventing and removing nuisiances, &c. 
 
 St, Martins le Grand Court is a court of record, sub- 
 ject to the dean and chapter of Westminster, and is held 
 «very Wednesday, for the trial of all personal actions. 
 The process is either by a capias against the body, or an 
 attachment against the goods, in this particular liberty. 
 
 SUBURBS AND SOUTHWARK. 
 
 The Sheriff ^s Court for the county of Middlesex is for 
 "actions of debt, trespasses, assaults, &c, 
 ^ East Sniithfield Court is a court leet and court baron, 
 
*!8 PlCTfHK OF LONDON. 
 
 held for that liberty, to inquire into nuisances, &c. In 
 the court baron, pleas are held to the amount of forty 
 shillings. 
 
 General and Quarter Sessions of the peace for the 
 liberty of the Tower of London are held by the justices of 
 that liberty eight times in each year, for petty larcenies, 
 trespasses, felonies, and misdemeanors, &c. within that 
 particular district. 
 
 Court of Recoi'dfor the Clink Liberty is held near Bank- 
 side, in Southwark, by the Bishop of Winchester's 
 Steward, for actions of debt, trespass, &c. within that 
 liberty. 
 
 There is a Coroner"* s Com% to inquire into the causes of 
 sudden death, in Southwark. 
 
 LEGAL INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIETIES. 
 
 Inns of Court, — There are three of these institutions in 
 the metropolis, of equal rank, called The Inner and Mid'- 
 die Temple, Lincoln^ s Jnn, and Grai/s Inn, in which law- 
 students are still supposed to be educated, preparatory 
 to their being called to the bar; and, in fact, public moots, 
 exercises, and duties, were formerly observed by the in- 
 mates of these establishments ; but, being found inefficaci- 
 ous, they have been abandoned. At present, singular as it 
 may sound, a student literally eats his way to the bar, be- 
 ing merely required to dine a certain number of times in 
 the public hall of one of the inns of court, the expense of 
 M^hich, with certain fines, is about 130/.; after which, it 1 
 is only necessary that his admission should not be ob> / 
 jected to by the members, which is an occurrence that | 
 yery rarely takes place. Still, it must not be conceived, I 
 that the barrister who aspires to rise by his profession, I 
 ever satisfies himself with going through this eating pro^ j 
 cess only, or that his future clients do not, in all cases, 
 take the liberty of judging how far he may have otherwise 
 qualified himself. Application is the real ground-work 
 of success in legal pursuits ; and so sedulously have num- 
 bers of the titudents of these inns applied themselves to 
 their peculiar studies, that they have thereby been en- 
 abled to raise themselves, from the humblest statioj>s, to 
 
INKER A\D MIDDLE T2MPLE» 219 
 
 the most elevated judicial offices, to the peerage, and to 
 the guidance of the state. 
 
 It is necessary that every barrister should belong to one 
 of these inns of court, and the students and practitioners 
 usually take up their abode in them, in what are termed 
 their chambers. The societies are not incorporated : the 
 masters, principals, benchers, &c. can, therefore, enforce 
 no particular obligations upon the members, nor possess 
 estates, &c., but are supported entirely by the sums paid 
 for admissions and for the rent of chambers. 
 
 The Temple, — This is an immense range of buildings, 
 stretching from Fleet Street to the river, north and 
 south : and from Lombard-Street, Whitefriars, to Essex 
 Street, in the Strand, east and west. It takes its name 
 from having been the principal establishment, in England, 
 of the Knights Templars. These were crusaders, who, about 
 the year 1118, formed themselves into a military body 
 at Jerusalem, to guard the roads for the safety of pilgrims. 
 In time, the order became very powerful, and, in the thir- 
 teenth century, here were entertained King Henry III,, 
 the pope's nuncio, foreign ambassadors, and other great 
 personages. The king's treasure was accustomed to be 
 kept in the part now called the Middle Temple ; and 
 from the chief officer, who, as master of the Temple, was 
 summoned to parliament in the 47th of Henry III., the 
 chief minister of the Temple church is still called Master 
 of the Temple, The professors of the common law pur- 
 chased the buildings after the suppression ofthis once cele- 
 brated order, and they were then first converted into inns 
 of court. 
 
 The Temple is at present divided between two Societies, 
 who occupy the Inner and Middle Temple, so deno- 
 minated from their former relation to Essex-House, 
 which, as a part of the buildings, and from its situation 
 outside the division of the city from the suburbs formed 
 by Temple Bar, was called the Outer Temple. . . 
 
 These societies consist of benchers, barristers, students, , 
 
 and members. The government is vested in the benchers. 
 
 In term time they dine in the hall of the society, which is 
 
 called keeping commons. To dine a fortnight in each term, 
 
 u 2 
 
^SO PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 is deemed keeping the term ; and twelve of these terms 
 qualify a student, after being called to the bar, to plead 
 and manage causes for clients in the courts. To each so- 
 ciety are also attached a treasurer, sub-treasurer, stew- 
 ard, chief butler, and various other officers and servants. 
 The kitchens and dining rooms merit the inspection of 
 strangers, and may be seen on applying to the porter, or 
 to a bencher. 
 
 The student's expense, on entering the Inner Temple, 
 previously to keeping the terms, is 57/. *2s. Sd, ; the Mid- 
 dle Temple about the same. The commons are charged at 
 about one guinea per week. Inner Temple; Middle, about 
 seventeen shillings and sixpence; but when the party is 
 going to the bar, a charge of 1/. 7^. 4c?. is generally made 
 for the term, and for which the student is entitled to 
 fourteen dinners. 
 
 The Temple is an irregular building. In Fleet Street 
 are two entrances, one to the Inner, and the other to the 
 Middle Temple. The latter has a front of brick, orna- 
 mented with four large stone pilasters, of the Ionic order, 
 with a pediment. The passage to which it leads, although 
 designed for carriages, is narrow and inconvenient, but it 
 has recently been improved by forming an entrance for 
 foot passengers on the east side. 
 
 The Garden of the Inner Temple is laid out and kept 
 in good order. It is chiefly covered with green sward, 
 is of considerable extent, and has a spacious gravelled 
 "walk, or terrace, on the bank of the Thames. This garden 
 forms a public promenade during the summer evenings, 
 commencing the first week in June, and at such times it is an 
 interesting «^pot. The Middle Temple has also a garden, but 
 much smaller, and not so advantageously situated. The 
 Hall of this last is spacious and fine. The grand feasts of 
 old times, before mentioned, were many of them given in 
 it. Here is a fine picture of Charles I. on horseback, 
 by Vandyke, and portraits of Charles II. Queen Anne, 
 George I. and George II. 
 
 The Inner Temple Hall is a fine room, though compa- 
 ratively small. It is ornamented with the portraits of 
 King William and Queen Mary, and the Judges Coke 
 4nd Littleton; it is also embellished with a picture of 
 
LINCOLN^S INN. Ssl 
 
 Pegasus, painted by Sir James Thornhill. On the soiith 
 side of this edifice (which, with the adjoining chapel, was 
 substantially repaired in 1819), is a broad paved ter- 
 race, forming an excellent promenade when the gardens 
 are not sufficiently dry. Against the house at the extre- 
 mity of the terrace, is a sun-dial, with the unique in- 
 scription, " Begone about your business." 
 
 There are two good libraries belonging to these so- 
 cieties, open to students and to others, on leave ob- 
 tained of the librarian, from ten in the morning till one ; 
 and in the afternoon from two till six. There are four 
 entrances into the Temple besides those in Fleet Street, 
 and it is a thoroughfare during the day, but the gates are 
 shut at night. — The Temple Church has been described in 
 page 110. 
 
 Lincoln^ s Inn is situated on the west side of Chancery^ 
 Lane, nearly in the centre of the metropolis. Its name is 
 derived from Henry de Lacey, Earl of Lincoln, who 
 erected a mansion here for his town residence in Ed- 
 ward L's reign, which, after belonging to various pro- 
 prietors, was conveyed, with its gardens, in fee to the 
 benchers, in 1579. 
 
 Lincoln's Inn, its garden, and its squares, occupy a 
 very extensive piece of ground. The buildings are mostly 
 of brick, and irregular in their form. An attempt has 
 been made, but never completed, to rebuild them on a re- 
 gular and noble plan. A considerable range called the Stone" 
 buildings faces the west, having a spacious and very beau- 
 tiful garden in its front, with Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, or 
 Square, beyond. This range, the work of Sir Robert Tay- 
 lor, is simple and elegant in its exterior architecture ; and 
 the rooms, or chambers, are on a grand and commodious 
 scale. They let for from 30 guineas to 1 20/. per annuviy 
 and sell from 550/. to 2500/. ; they are held for 99 years 
 certain from 1780, on three lives, with the privilege of no- 
 minating a fourth life after the death of those three. 
 
 In the old buildings, chambers let from 25l.per annum 
 
 to 80/. and upwards, and sell from 200/. to 1 000/. They 
 
 are held for the life of one member of the society; but, 
 
 an payment of a small fine, they may be transferred. 
 
 u 3 
 
223 nCTUBE OF LONDON. 
 
 The buildings denominated the Kew Square are fee-sim* 
 pie, and entitle the owners to a vote for the county. 
 These let from 40/. to 100 guineas per annum, and are 
 occupied by solicitors, conveyancers, and special pleaders, 
 frequently to the exclusion of the members of the inn : 
 they sell from 350/. to 2500/. per double set. All these 
 chambers pay in addition 4/. 2s. annually to the society. 
 
 The Hall and Chaj)el, in the old part of the building, 
 are worthy of notice. The former is a very fine room, in 
 v^^hich the society keep their commons, and it is used also, 
 out of term, for the sittings of the Lord C>hancellor. At 
 its upper end is a large picture by Hogarth, of St. Paul 
 before Agrippa and Festus. In the windows are nu- 
 merous shields of arms, in stained and painted glass, of 
 the members of this society. In the Chapel, which was 
 built by Inigo Jones, in 1620, but has been recently re- 
 paired, is a marble tablet to the memory of the late 
 Right Hon. Sp.encer Perceval, the victim of the assassin, 
 Bellingham, with a Latin inscription from the pen of the 
 late Master of the Rolls. Contiguous to the Hall is 
 the Vice-Chancellor's Court, which was erected in 1816. 
 
 , Lincoln*s Inn has a very good library. The manuscripts 
 are very properly kept locked up in cupboards, and cannot 
 be viewed without a special order from one or two mas* 
 ters of the bench. The greater part were bequeathed by 
 Sir Matthew H^le, with a singular injunction, that none of 
 them were ever to be printed. They relate chiefly to 
 the laws, and civil, political, and municipal history of 
 Ensjland. 
 
 . The society of Lincoln's Inn is constituted like those of 
 the Temple, the terms o^ admission, and the time necessary^: 
 to qualify the student for the bar, being nearly similar. 
 
 Grai/s Inn is situated on the north side of Holborn, 
 and has communications for carringes both with Holborn 
 and Gray's Inn Lane. It took its name from having been 
 formerly the residence of the ancient family of Gray, of 
 \yilton, one of whom assigned it to several students of 
 the law in the reign of Edward III. Gray's Inn at pre*^ 
 gent consists of two squares and a range of new houses 
 \h Gray's Inn Lane, called Verulam Buildings, The; 
 
INNS OF CHANCERT 225 
 
 garden, which is well laid out and planted, is open every day 
 to respectably-dressed persons. Here are also a Chapel 
 and a Hall ; in the latter, are portraits of Charles I. and 
 Charles H., James II., and Judge Raymond. This inn has its 
 benchers, members, students, and officers, the same as the 
 Temple and Lincoln's Inn ; but all the other places deno- 
 minated Inns, (with the exception of the two Serjeants* 
 InnSy in Fleet Street and Chancery Lane) are merely ap- 
 pendages to one or other of the great inns, and are gene- 
 rally inhabited by attorneys. 
 
 Serjeants^ Inn, in Chancery Lane, contains a small cha- 
 pel, with seats for the twelve judges. The ascent to the 
 hall is by a flight of steps; and its windows are decorated 
 with armorial bearings in stained glass. This small inn is 
 the station of the judges, and those who are called to the 
 degree of Serjeants at Law. Here one of the judges sits 
 on an evening in term time, to take affidavits. The other 
 Serjeants' Inn, consists of good modern houses, but only 
 one Serjeant-at-law now resides there. 
 
 THE INNS OF CHANCERY 
 
 Are supposed to take their name from their having been 
 formerly inhabited by clerks who principally studied the 
 forming of writs, which regularly belonged to the cursitors, 
 officers in chancery. 
 
 FurnivaPs Inn, on the north side of Holborn, was the 
 mansion of Sir William le Furneval in the reign of 
 Richard II. In 1819, the whole of this inn was rebuilt, 
 in a handsome style, by Mr. Peto, who holds it on a long 
 lease. The plan is nearly similar to that of Gray's Inn 
 Square, and the chambers are very convenient. 
 
 Staples Inn, formerly belonging to the merchants of the 
 Staple, is on the south side of Holborn, and an appendage 
 to Gray's Inn. In the hall are casts of the twelve Caesars, 
 oii brackets, and portraits of Charles 11., Queen Anne, 
 Lord Macclesfield, Lord Chancellor Cowper, and Lord 
 Camden. 
 
224 PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 Barnard^ s Inn^ is situated near Dyer's Buildings, on the 
 south side of Holborn, and also belongs to Gray's Inn. 
 In the hall, which is diminutive in size, are portraits of 
 some eminent law characters, and two busts. 
 
 Clifford's Inn, near St. Dunstan's Church, Fleet Street, 
 is dependent on the Inner Temple. In the hall is an 
 oak case of great antiquity, containing the ancient insti- 
 tutions of the society. This inn was formerly the man- 
 sion of Lord De Clifford. 
 
 Clemenfs Inn, contiguous to St. Clement's Church, 
 in the Strand, contains a hall, adorned with a portrait of 
 Sir Matthew Hale, and five other pictures. The garden, 
 which is very small, has a sun-dial in the centre, sup- 
 ported by a kneeling figure of a Negro, which was 
 brought from Italy by Lord Clare. 
 
 Lyon^s Inn, in Wych Street, was formerly a common 
 inn, bearing the sign of a Lion. This and the last-men- 
 tioned inn are also dependent on the Inner Temple. 
 
 Symond*s Inn, in Chancery Lane, is a small pile of 
 buildings in very bad repair. This was, however, the sta- 
 tion of the Masters in Chancery, until they were removed 
 to their more commodious new offices in Southampton 
 Buildings, Chancery Lane. 
 
 Thavies* Inn, which derives its name from John Thavie, 
 to whom it belonged in the reign of Edward III., has long 
 been the property of the society of Lincoln's Inn. 
 
 New Inn, in Wych Street, adjoining Clement's Inn, is 
 an appendage to the Middle Templeu 
 
 PRISONS. 
 
 An act of parliament passed in 1810 for the extinction of 
 all gaol fees was a most humane and also a most necessary 
 law, as it put an end to a multitude of cruelties and extor- 
 tions practised on unhappy prisoners and their families. Sir 
 Richard Phillips, during his shrievalty in 1808, published an 
 
PRISONS : — J^EWGATK. 223 
 
 ' essay relative to the city prisons, and the abuse of fees* 
 &c., suggesting that annual salaries should be paid to the 
 gaolers, in lieu of remuneration from the prisoners. To 
 the same source must be ascribed the appointment of a 
 Committee of the common council in 1810; in conse- 
 quence of which, all the city prisons have undergone vari- 
 ous salutary regulations, partly under the authority of par- 
 liament, and partly under that of the corporation of London. 
 
 Xewgate. — When the city of London was encom- 
 passed by a wall, the several gates, beside their use as 
 portals, were places of confinement. Hence the prisons 
 of Newgate, Ludga^^, &c. The gaol of Newgate was the 
 most considerable, and it is recorded as a receptacle for 
 prisoners so far back as 1218 : it was improved in 1422, 
 and afterwards rebuilt with greater strength and more con- 
 venience, with a central gate, and a postern for foot 
 passengers. The prison then extended^ over Newgate 
 Street, with the gate and postern beneath : the debtors 
 solicited the charity of passengers from a grate on the north 
 side. This wretched building was pulled down in 1777, 
 and a new structure begun to be erected on the present 
 site, still bearing the original name of Newgate. Be- 
 fore it was well completed, the rioters of 1780 
 destroyed the entire interior by fire, but the massive 
 walls successfully resisted the flames. It has since been 
 restored, and now presents a uniform exterior to the west ; 
 consisting of two wings, and the keeper's house as a cen- 
 tre. There is a neat chapel within the prison, to which 
 the public were, till recently, admitted to hear the con- 
 demned sermons. 
 
 This is the general criminal prison for the city and 
 county. In its north-east angle, adjoining Newgate Street, 
 is the condemned yard, in which persons under sentence 
 of death are kept in solitarj/ cells, or daik dungeons^ except 
 during a few hours of the day. The prison is still techni- 
 cally divided into two sides — the debtors' side and felons' 
 side, and the north side used to be appropriated to 
 debtors, men and women ; but in consequence of the 
 inadequacy of the building to contain conveniently above 
 ,500 prisoners, the corporation decided on the erection of 
 
226 IICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 a new prison, for debtors exclusively^ in Whitecross 
 Street, Cripplegate. 
 
 Some improvements in the internal economy of this prison 
 have recently been adopted, especially in regard to the 
 clamfication of the prisoners. This judicious measure origi- 
 nated with the Hon. H. Grey Bennet, who gives the fol- 
 lowing statement relating to it : — " There are several yards 
 and wards in Newgate, in which the male prisoners are 
 now classed after the following order : — - first, those com- 
 mitted for trial for felonies ; second, convicts ; third, mis- 
 demeanors ; fourth, fines ; fifth, those under sentence of 
 death ; sixth, boys under the age of fifteen, for all offen- 
 ces. Therefore, the classification is of the most general 
 kind. The youth accused of the smallest felony is con- 
 fined with the most notorious criminals; with those charged 
 with murder, piracy, house-breaking, highway-robbery, &c. 
 The fines, and the accused of misdemeanors, and the felon- 
 convicts, are not now shut up in the same yard; but 
 persons, whose crimes are of a different character and cow- 
 plejcion — all the steps and stages of guilt — are associated 
 together. The school of crimes is still kept up; and 
 though the teachers may have their range of instruction 
 narrowed, yet these preceptors are active and diligent, as 
 far as thei rfield of enterprise extends, though not so much 
 mischief is done, nor so much youth and comparative in- 
 nocence debauched and ruined : yet those who visit 
 Newgate oftenest, and know what goes on there best, can 
 furnish ample evidence of the extent and consequences 
 of this system. The reform is good, the little way it 
 gocs^^ &c. 
 
 But what Mr. Bennet commenced with the male pri- 
 soners, the benevolent quakeress, Mrs. Fry, the banker's 
 wife, appears to have in a great degree completed with 
 the women. Her eloquence having been seconded by the 
 efforts of an indefatigable female committee, a majority 
 even of the most abandoned culprits have consented to 
 submit not only to internal laws and regulations, but 
 even to something more irksome, in general, to the disso- 
 lute and depraved — regular employment. The comforts 
 resulting from industry and social order soon becoming in- 
 dubitable, many, who at first refused to belong to the new 
 
PBISONS: GILTSPUR STREET COMPTER. 227 
 
 community, have been induced earnestly to solicit a parti- 
 cipation in its benefits, and have gladly enrolled themselves 
 among its members. All who are competent to judge of the 
 wonderful change that has thus taken place among the 
 women-prisoners, have expressed their unqualified surprise 
 and admiration ; and numbers have since powerhilly 
 interested themselves in promoting the noble views of this 
 genuine female philanthropist. 
 
 The City allov/ance is fourteen ounces of bread per day, 
 and two pounds of meat, without bone, per week. The 
 sheriffs, in 1807-8, established a fund, by m.eans of which 
 they have been enabled to distribute a daily allowance of 
 potatoes, and other necessaries, to all the poor prisoners 
 and their families ; and poor-boxes have been put up at 
 all the doors, for the benefit of the whole prison, which 
 invite the contributions of benevolent persons, as a 
 means of augmenting this Sheriff ^s Fund. 
 
 Strangers desirous of visiting this, and similar receptacles 
 of crime in the metropolis, may always obtain admittance, 
 on procuring an order from the sheriffs, or other official 
 persons. 
 
 GUtspur- Street Compter, near Newgate. — In 1518, 
 there was a prison in Bread Street, Cheapside, belonging 
 to the sheriff's court, for small debts, which, in 1622, was 
 removed to Wood Street, and called the New Compter. 
 That prison was destroyed by the fire of London, and re- 
 built. In 1791 it again changed its situation as well as 
 name, and is now called Giltspur-Street Compter. 
 
 The building is of brick ; but the front, looking west, 
 substantially and even handsomely cased with rustic 
 stone^work. It is now under the new regulations of the 
 city prisons, and is appropriated to persons comn)itted for 
 trial or for further examination. There are nine wards 
 capable of being allotted to prisoners of different descrip- 
 tions. Here also all night-charges, originating in the Ci(y, 
 are received, the watch-houses not being allowed, as in 
 other parts of the metrojolis, to take the custody of pri- 
 soners. Those who would formerly have been sent to 
 the Poultry Comj)ter, (which has given place to a modern 
 dissenting chapel,) are now confined here. 
 
SS8 HCTUHR or LONDON* 
 
 Cold and warm baths are provided, and persons con- 
 fined are admitted to the use of them on proper occasions. 
 All the rooms have fire-places, and the entire building is 
 perhaps the neatest and most conveniently arranged 
 among the prisons of London. 
 
 Debtors* Prison, White Cross Street, — This prison was 
 built between the years 1813 and 1815, for the humane 
 purpose of distinguishing the confinement of debtors from 
 that of criminals, who were crowded together in Newgate 
 and the Compter. It owes its origin, in a great measure, to 
 the observations published by Sir Richard Phillips, in his 
 letter to the livery (pp. 90 — 92), on the wretched state of 
 the debtors in those criminal prisons, and to the efforts 
 of a committee of the corporation of London. The first 
 stone was laid by Alderman Wood, in .July 1815, on 
 a plot of ground, once the Peacock Brewhousp, in 
 front of Cripplegate Church. The high price of building 
 sites in the metropolis unfortunately, however, too much 
 limited the areas for exercise. But, certainly, the ac- 
 commodations far exceed those hitherto possessed by the 
 unfortunate class of persons confined here ; while the 
 site, being a little more than a quarter of a mile from 
 St. Paul's, does not in general remove the incarcerated 
 out of the sphere of the humane attentions of their towa 
 friends. Still, it may be lamented, that, as the place has 
 no royal or privileged precinct, there are no rules allowed, 
 and that even day-rules are not here attainable. 
 
 To this prison were removed all those debtors who had 
 been previously confined in Newgate and the Compter, 
 The good effects resultnig from its erection are many 
 • — It relieves Newgate from half the number of pri- 
 soners formerly confined there : It removes from un- 
 fortunate debtors the stigma of being in an infamous cri- 
 minal prison : It leaves a sufficient prison in Giltspur 
 Street for the reception of commitments, so that it is 
 unnecessary there to mix persons under accusation with 
 convicted culprits, and precludes all pretences to commit 
 to any place but the Sheriff's prison : and it enables 
 the keeper of Newgate, in some degree, at least, to make 
 that separation of his prisoners, which their seXjtage^ 
 habits, and offences may require. 
 
KING S BITNCH PRISON. ^9 
 
 The King^s Bench Prison is situated in St. George's 
 Fields, Southwark, and, as a place of confinement, is of 
 great, though uncertain antiquity. It is the prison most 
 immediately belonging to the Court of King's Bench, and, 
 exclusive of debtors sued in that court, all persons stand- 
 ing in its contempt, and most of those committed under 
 its sentence, are here confined. The space it occupies 
 is extensive : within its area there are four pumps ot 
 spring and river water. Here are 224 rooms, or apart- 
 ments, eight of which are called state rooms, which are 
 much larger than the others. 
 
 Within the walls are a coffee-house and two public- 
 houses ; and the shops and stalls for meat, vegetables, 
 and necessaries of almost every description, give the place 
 the appearance of a public market ; while the numbers of 
 people, walking about, or engaged in various amuse- 
 ments, are little calculated to impress the stranger with 
 an idea of distress, or even of confinement. 
 
 The walls surrounding the prison are about 50 feet 
 high, and are surmounted by chevaux defrize; but the liber- 
 ties, or rules^ as they are called, comprehend all St. George's 
 Fields, one side of Blackman Street, and part of the Bo- 
 rough High Street, forming an area of about three miles in 
 circumference. These rules are usually purchasable, after 
 the following rate, by the prisoners: five guineas for 
 small debts ; eight guineas for the first hundred pounds of 
 debt, and about half that sum for every subsequent hun- 
 dred pounds. Day-rules, of which three may be obtained 
 in every term, may also be purchased for 45. 2d, the first 
 day, and Zs. \0d. for the others. Each description of 
 purchasers must give good security to the governor, or, as 
 as he is called, marshal. Those who buy the first-men- 
 tioned may take up their residence any where within the 
 precincts described ; but the day-rules only authorize the 
 prisoner to go out on those days for which they are 
 bought. These privileges render the King's Bench the 
 most desirable (if such a word may be thus applied) place 
 of incarceration for debtors, in England; and hence, per- 
 sons so situated frequently remove themselves to it by 
 habeas corpus from the most distant prisons in the kingdom. 
 A strict attention to the rules is very seldom enforced : a 
 
 X. 
 
250 riCTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 fact SO notorious, that when the late Lord Ellenborough, as 
 Chief Justice of the King's Bench, was app'ied to for an 
 e<rtension o^ the rules, his Lordship very gravely replied, 
 that he really could perceive no grounds for the aj)- 
 plication, since, to his certain knowledge, the rules already 
 extended to the East Indies ! In cases of this kind, how- 
 ever, when discovery takes place, the marshal becomes 
 answerable for the escape of the debtor. 
 
 The Fleet. — The king's prison of the Fleet, on the east 
 side of Fleet Market, is a large modern brick buildings 
 with stone staircases, built after the old house was de«* 
 stroyed in 1780, by the rioters. Previously to Charles 1L*& 
 reign, it was the place of confinement appropriated to the 
 Star Chamber criminals. From that time it was used for 
 debtors, and for such persons as were liable to imprison- 
 ment for contempt of either of the three courts, of 
 Chancery,Exchequer, or Common Pleas. 
 
 The building consists of four stones of equal length x 
 first, the basement floor, into which there is a descent by 
 several stone steps. Here are the kitchen, wine and beer 
 cellars, and fourteen apartments for prisoners. The first 
 floor in ascended by stone steps, and contains two tap- 
 rooms, fourteen rooms for prisoners, and the chapel ; the 
 second floor consists of a coffee-room, and twenty-two 
 rooms for prisoners; the third, of twenty-seven rooms — and 
 in this division is the infirmary ; the third floor contains^ 
 twenty-seven rooms. These floors are locally termed gal- 
 leries. The large court, bounded by lofty walls, which 
 surrounds the prison, extends in length sixty yards : in it^ 
 the prisoners amuse themselves at tennis, racket, skit- 
 ties, &c. 
 
 No prison allowance is furnished, but there are various 
 donations from the courts of exchequer, chancery, and com- 
 mon pleas, by the different companies of London, and by 
 private individuals. Debtors may remove themselves to thia 
 from any other prison, at an expense of six or seven pounds. 
 During the quarterly terms, prisoners, on paying five shil- 
 lings a day, and on giving security, are idlowed their 
 liberty during the day ; and there is a certain space round 
 this prison, also called the Rules,^ in which they may resiel^, 
 
COLD BATH FIELDS PRISON, f51 
 
 on furnishing two good securities to the warden for their 
 debt, and paying about three per cent, on its amount. The 
 Rules, which extended from Fleet Market on the west to 
 the London coffee-house on the east, and from Ludgate 
 Hill on the south to Fleet Lane on the north, v ere en- 
 larged by an order of the Court of Common Pleas in 
 the year 1824. Lodgings within these rules are generally 
 both bad and dear. 
 
 Charitably disposed persons contribute to the poor's 
 box, placed near the pavement on the eastern side of Fleet 
 Market ; and it should be known, that all the money so 
 collected is fairly and judiciously distributed among objects 
 of real distress within the prison walls. 
 
 The Middlesex House of Correction, Cold Bath Fields. — 
 This prison was built on a plan recommended by the late 
 Mr. Howard, and may be considered, both in construc- 
 tion and discipline, as an experiment, on severe principles, 
 to correct and reform convicted felons and hardened of- 
 fenders. It cost the county of Middlesex between 70,000/. 
 and 80,000/ : its yearly expenses are about 7000/. It was 
 first opened in 1794, and was then designed only as a kind 
 of Bridewell, but having suitable accommodations for va- 
 rious descriptions of prisoners, it is now used for all 
 classes of criminals. 
 
 On entering, after passing the first gate, is seen the go- 
 vernor's house, on the right hand, standing in the middle 
 of a large green area ; on the left are workshops, and farther 
 on is the office in which the business of the prison is 
 transacted, and a committee-room, together with, perhaps, 
 the best chapel belonging to any prison in the metropolis. 
 The cells are in number about 290, each of them eight feet 
 three inches long, and six feet three inches wide. A Tread 
 MM has been lately erected here for the punishment of 
 prisoners sentenced to hard labour. From the strength of 
 this prison, and the popular odium that was attached to it 
 whilst under the management of Governor Aris, it ob- 
 tained the name of the Bastile. 
 
 Tothill Fields Bridewell — This is a prison to which the 
 magistrates of Westminster, in general, commit provision- 
 ally for imputed crimes, and it is also a receptacle for 
 X 3 
 
25J MCTURE OP LONDQisr. 
 
 debtors and for vagrants. Here, all the evils that result 
 from the want of classification and employment — all the 
 disgusting miseries that arise from over-crowding, filth, 
 deficiency of necessary food, and damp, un ventilated cells, 
 are witnessed : the Tothill Fields Bridewell, indeed, was 
 justly characterised by the committee of enquiry, ap- 
 pointed by the House of Commons, as "unbecoming and 
 unseemly, in a civilised and Christian country," and the 
 Grand Jury have likewise declared it to be insufficient and 
 inadequate for its purpose. 
 
 New Prison, ClerJcenwell. — This building, now occupy- 
 ing a considerable area between St. James's Walk and 
 Corporation Row, has been greatly enlarged by the removal 
 of the houses in Short's Buildings, and the enclosure of the 
 late Drill Ground. The different wards are now com- 
 modious and convenient, and the prisoners are properly 
 classed. A neat chapel and school-room are added to the 
 whole ; and besides the old entrance from St. James'a 
 Walk, another has been made on the east side. 
 
 The Marshahea is a gaol of great antiquity, situated 
 near St. George's church, in the Borough, and consists of 
 different divisions of buildings, which, till lately, were very 
 old and disgracefully ruinous. It has, however, been mostly 
 rebuilt, and is much improved. This is the prison for the 
 Marsha! sea, or Palace Court. 
 
 The Borough Compter is appropriated for the reception 
 of persons guilty of every species of crime, but neither 
 classes, nor employs them ; hence, unfortunately, it has 
 rather the effect of increasing propensit}^ to vice in young 
 offenders, and of confirming the depravity of older and 
 more hardened criminals, than of reclaiming either. It 
 belongs to the City of London, somewhat to the discredit 
 of the corporate body ; and its jurisdiction extends over 
 five parishes. 
 
 Penitentiary, Millbank. — The design of a building 
 of this nature, for the punishment, employment, and re» 
 formation of offenders of secondary turpitude^ formerlj^ 
 
PEMTENTIAftY. SPUNGING HOUSES. 235 
 
 punished by transportation for a term of years, was first 
 conceived after the disputes began which terminated in the 
 separation from this country of the American States, to 
 which convicts had previously been sent. The project for 
 colonizing New South Wales by the banishment of con- 
 victs thither was then adopted : and to this, confinement 
 in the Penitentiary has succeeded. 
 
 The plan of this erection is partly that recommended by 
 Mr. Jeremy Bentham The culprits are confined in cir- 
 cular buildings, with windows so constructed that the over- 
 seer, from a room in the centre, is enabled to view every 
 room. The external wall encloses no less than eighteen 
 acres of ground ; and within that space, these circular 
 buildings, connected by what may be termed curtains, 
 present a multiplicity of sides : there is also a large chapel, 
 together with an infirmary and other conveniences. The ex- 
 pense of building it amounted to between 400 and 500,000/. 
 
 By act 56 Geo. 111. cap. 65, "To regulate the Peniten- 
 tiary House at Millbank," it is to accommodate 400 male, 
 and 400 female convicts. The members of the committee 
 are nominated by the privy-council, three of them to hold 
 meetings and make bye-laws ; they are to appoint a go- 
 vernor, a chaplain, a secretary, an examiner of accounts, a 
 surgeon, apothecary, master-manufacturer, steward, ma- 
 tron, &c. &c. This committee is to form a body-corpo- 
 rate. No persons, except those authorised by the com- 
 mittee, are permitted to enter the apartments, or court- 
 yards. Punishment and reformation are sought through 
 the operation of solitude, labour, classification, and re- 
 ligious instruction. From the scantiness of the diet, (con- 
 joined, as many suppose, with the unhealthiness of the 
 site,) a great mortality raged here in the years 1823 and 
 4, and the surviving prisoners were removed, chiefly to the 
 Hulks at Woolwich. The prison was then thoroughly fu- 
 migated, cleansed, &c., and, being reported fit for the re- 
 ception of inmates, it has recently been re-occupied. 
 
 Sheriff^ Officers^ Houses. — These Spunging Houses , as 
 they are called, from the exorbitant expenses to which they 
 subject such persons as unfortunately become their in- 
 mates, claim some notice in this place. Here, when ar- 
 
234 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 rested, the debtor may remain, either till he has found 
 means of settling with his creditor, or chooses to remove 
 to a public prison. The abuses and grinding oppressions of 
 these provisional p7'iso7is occasioned their being placed, in 
 1807—8, under some strict and salutary regulations. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Charitable Institutions : comprehending Hospitals, MisceU 
 laneous Charities , Chartered, Endowed, and other Free 
 and Palish Schools, Alms-Hoiises, and Workhouses, 
 
 Among the moral features of the metropolis and its 
 suburbs are the multitude of Institutions supported by 
 endowments or voluntary contributions, for the relief of 
 the indigent and the diseased, in their various wants. 
 Independently of the two magnificent hospitals, erected 
 at the public charge, one for the maintenance of in- 
 valid seamen, at Greenwich, and the other for invalid 
 soldiers, at Chelsea, London has more than 20 hospitals 
 or asylums for the sick and lame, and for pregnant women ; 
 107 alms-houses for the maintenance of old men andj 
 women ; 1 8 institutions for the maintenance of indigent 
 persons of various other descriptions; 30 dispensaries for 
 gratuitously supplying the poor with medicine and medical 
 aid, at their own dwellings; 3 colleges; 45 free schools, 
 with perpetual endowments, for educating and maintain- 
 ing nearly 4000 children of both sexes; 17 other public 
 schools, for deserted and poor children ; 237 parish schools^; 
 supported by their respective parishes, with the aid of oc*^ 
 casional voluntary contributions, which, on an average, 
 clothe and educate 11,000 boys and girls; besides parish 
 workhouses, for maintaining helpless poor. But even thia 
 ample list of public charities by no means includes the 
 whole. The various city companies, alone, distribute above' 
 75,000/. annually in charity; and the metropolis has, besides; 
 numerous establishments, either for the purposes ^f gi^ . 
 tuitous education, or for the relief of the distressed, of a \tm 
 
iT. Bartholomew's hospital. ^35 
 
 public and prominent nature than the above, which im- 
 mensely swell the list of charitable institutions; so that 
 the sums annually expended in the metropolis, in charitc.ble 
 purposes, independently of the private relief given to in- 
 dividuals, have been estimated at 900,000/. 
 
 Many of the London hospitals are edifices which, in re- 
 gard to their extent and external architecture, do honour to 
 the metropolis ; and their internal arrangements are cgr- 
 respondently praiseworthy. The medical assistance is gene- 
 rally the b&st the profession can supply ; the attendance 
 ample ; the rooms cleanly and as wholesome as care can 
 render the abodes of a multitude of diseased persons ; and 
 the food such as is proper for the condition of the patients. 
 In the alms-houses and other buildings for the mainte- 
 nance of indigent old persons, there is an air of compe^ 
 tency and ease that cannot be too highly commended. 
 
 HOSPITALS, AND OTHER PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR THE 
 SICK, DISEASED, MAIMED, AND AFFLICTED. 
 
 (For the Roi/al Hospitals at Greenwich and Chelsea, see 
 " Environs" at the end of the volume.) 
 
 St, Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield. — This 
 royal foundation is now a handsome and capacious edifice 
 of stone, situated between Christ's Hospital and Smithfield. 
 It originally belonged to a priory, dedicated to St. Bartho^ 
 lomew, founded by Rahere, minstrel or jester to Henry I. 
 TJiat house was given to the citizens of London, after the 
 suppression of the monasteries, by Henry VIIL, who be- 
 stowed upon it a charter of incorporation. It escaped the 
 great fire of 1666, and was repaired by the governors 
 about twenty-five years afterwards ; but, in consequence of 
 its subsequent ruinous state, it was rebuilt, in its present 
 form, from designs by James Gibbs, in 1730, Sir Richard 
 Brocas, knight, then being Lord Mayor and President of the 
 hospital. The principal entrance, however, is of an earlier 
 date, having been erected in 1702. It fronts Smithfield, and 
 cggisists of a rustic basement, in which there is a large arch- 
 way. A statue of Henry VI II. is placed on a pedestal in a. 
 mcheG«ver the key-stone, having on each side two Corinthian 
 
236 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 pillars. Below the statue is the following inscription : — 
 "St. Bartholomew's Hospital, founded by Rahere, Anno 
 1102, refounded by Henry VIII., 1546." — Above it is an 
 interrupted semicircular pediment,on the segments of which 
 recline two emblematic figures, designed to represent Lame- 
 ness and Sickness. Ionic pilasters, with festoons suspended 
 from the volutes, support this pediment. The whole is 
 surmounted by a triangular pediment, the tympanum of 
 which is ornamented with the royal arms. — The hospital 
 consists of four piles of building, surrounding a square 
 court, and connected by stone gateways. The interior is 
 conveniently arranged. 
 
 The grand staircase was painted, gratuitously, by Ho- 
 garth. The subjects are — The Good Samaritan ; The Pool 
 of Bethesda ; Rahere, (the founder) laying the foundation-- 
 stone ; and A sick man carried on a bier, attended by Monks, 
 In the great hall, at the head of the staircase, is a full- 
 length portrait of Henry VIII., and another of Dr. Rat- 
 cliffe, who left 200/. per annum to this hospital, for the im-^ 
 provement of the patients' diet, and for providing linen. In 
 this room also is a picture of St. Bartholomew, with 2l 
 knife (the symbol of his martyrdom) in his hand, and a 
 very fine portrait of Percival Pott, many years surgeon of 
 the hospital, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. In one of 
 the windows is Henry Fill, delivering the charter to the 
 Lord Mayor, 
 
 There belong to this establishment three physicians, 
 three surgeons, three assistant-surgeons, an apothecary, and 
 chaplain, besides dressers, &c. The institution affords a most 
 excellent practical school of medicine and surgery for 
 young men, who walk the hospital, (as it is termed, both in 
 this and the other great hospitals,) with a view to acquire 
 a knowledge of the healing art. There is also a theatre, 
 in which lectures are delivered to the students by the most 
 eminent practitioners. 
 
 All indigent persons, maimed by accident, may be taken ^ 
 into St. Bartholomew's Hospital at all hours of the day 
 and night, without previous recommendation. Diseased 
 persons are received only onpetition, signed by a Gover- 
 or : a Committee of Governors attends every Thursday, to ' 
 determine on such petitions. 
 
ST. tMOMAS*S HOSPITAL. 237 
 
 To the south wing of the hospital, a handsome stone 
 building, with a vestibule, &c. has been recently added, for 
 the sole use of " The Medical Establishment." The num- 
 ber of In-patients received here in the course of one year 
 is about 4,500 ; that of Out-patients about 7000. 
 
 St, Thomases Hospital, High Street, South wark. — This 
 edifice is another ?u)t/al foundation, endowed for pur- 
 poses similar to that of St. Bartholomew. 
 
 An Hospital or Alms-house, connected with the Priory 
 of St. Mary Overey, was founded herein 1215, and surren- 
 dered in 1538 to Henry VIII. To this establishment then 
 belonged a master and brethren, and three lay sisters, who 
 made forty beds for poor infirm people, and provided them 
 also with victuals and firing. But the hospital was neglect- 
 ed, and became ruinous; when in 1552, Bishop Ridley, by 
 a well-timed sermon preached before the young king (Ed- 
 ward VI.), awakened the monarch's benevolence, and the 
 fruits of this discourse are said to have been Christ's 
 Hospital, Bridewell Hospital, and the Hospital of St. 
 Thomas, as now constituted. For, the lord mayor and 
 citizens having purchased, from the king, the manor of 
 South warkj of which this building formed a part, they re- 
 paired and enlarged it at an expense of llOO/, and Ed- 
 ward granted to them a charter for its incorporation. 
 
 The edifice was rebuilt by subscriptions, collected 
 by the governors, in 1699, and by the liberal assist- 
 ance of various benefactors, on a more extensive and 
 commodious plan. It then consisted of three handsome 
 squares, to which the governors, in 1732, at their own ex- 
 pense^ added a fourth. Though no estates appear to have 
 been originally annexed to it, yet the bounty of the corpo- 
 ration of London and that of other benefactors, has 
 proved the means of raising such a fund, as not only to 
 insure its permanency, but to extend its objects ; so that the 
 annual number of patients may now be estimated at 1 1,000, 
 and the expenditure at upwards of 1 0,000/. The Governors 
 are, the Lord Mayor, and court of Aldermen; and those 
 who, on giving 50/., or upwards, to the charity, receive a 
 governor's staff. 
 
258 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 The front of the chapel, in the second court, is deco- 
 rated with four lofty pilasters, of the Corinthian order, 
 and a pediment. In the centre of this court is a 
 brcnze statue of Edward T/., by Scheeniakers, of consi- 
 derable merit. A broad passage, on the east side, leads 
 into the third court, the superstructure being supported on 
 pillars. A colonnade entirely surrounds this court, and 
 the fronts of the wards above are ornamented with Ionic 
 pilasters. Here is a stone statue of Sir Robert Clayton, 
 Knt, Lord Mayor, who gave 600/. towards rebuilding 
 the hospital, and endowed it, by will, with 2,300/. The 
 laboratory is very complete : and here are also a museum, 
 a dissecting room, and a new theatre for joo students, 
 designed by Mr. Robinson, for public lectures. Thq 
 professional officers of this establishment are three phy- 
 sicians, three surgeons, with dressers and pupils, and an 
 .apothecary, who resides on the spot. It contains 18 wards, 
 and 485 beds. 
 
 The poor, maimed by accident, are received here as in 
 St. Bartholomew's, at all hours of the day and night, with^ 
 out recommendation. The diseased poor are admitted 
 on petition, signed by a Governor ; and a Committee of 
 the Governors sits every Thursday to receive petitions, as 
 at St. Bartholomew's. 
 
 Guy^s Hospital^ St. Thomas's Street, Southwark. This 
 noble institution was the work of one man, a citizen and 
 bookseller, from whom it is justly and appropriately deno- 
 minated. Mr. Guy commenced business at the house 
 which forms the angle between Cornhill and Lombard 
 Street, with a stock of 200/. value, in 1668; and, by in- 
 dustry and extreme frugality, joined to some very success- 
 ful speculations, in the purchase of seamens' tickets, and 
 in the South Sea Scheme, he acquired a very large pro- 
 perty, for the application of which to charitable pur- 
 poses, (says Highmore, in his " History of the Public 
 Charities of London,") " the public are indebted to a 
 trifling circumstance. He employed a female servant, 
 whom he had agreed to marry. Some days previous to 
 the intended ceremony, he had ordered the pavement 
 before his door to be mended up to a particular stone,which 
 

 /s///////f// 
 
 Btir/holivftfifS Ei'Spihtl . 
 
GUY S HOSPITAL. 959 
 
 he marked, and then left his house on business. This 
 servant, in his absence, looking at the workmen, saw a 
 broken stone beyond this mark, which they had not re- 
 paired, and on pointing to it with that design, they ac- 
 quainted her that Mr. Guy had not ordered them to go 
 so far. She, however, directed it to be done ; adding, with 
 the security incidental to her expectation of soon becom- 
 ing his wife : * Tell him I bade you, and he will not be 
 angry.' But she too soon learnt how fatal it is for any in 
 a dependent situation, to exceed the limits of their autho- 
 rity ; for her niaster, on his return, was enraged at find- 
 ing that they had gone beyond his orders, renounced his 
 engagement to his servant, and devoted his ample fortune 
 to public charity," Besides various benefactions to St. 
 Thomas's Hospital, and other charitable gifts and munifi- 
 cent bequests, he expended 18,793/. upon this building, 
 living nearly till its completion, and bequeathed the 
 princely sum of 219,499/. to endow it. 
 
 The hospital has, in its front, an iron gate, leading 
 into a spacious area, in the centre of which is a bronze 
 statue of the founder, in his livery gown, by Scheemakers. 
 On the east side of the pedestal is a representation of 
 Christ healing an impotent man ; on the west, another 
 )f the Good Samaritan ; o^ the south, Mr. Guy's arms; 
 md on the north, an inscription, stating, that the hospital 
 *vas founded in 1721, in the life-time of Mr. Guy. 
 
 Next the street, the buildings consist of a centre and 
 wings, and behind these is a quadrangle; while a de- 
 tached edifice is appropriated to the reception of lunatics. 
 The west wing includes a chapel, in which is another sta- 
 tue of the founder, finely executed by Bacon the elder, 
 at the cost of lOOC/. He is here represented holding out one 
 hand to raise an emaciated recumbent figure, and pointing 
 with the other to a second whom two persons are carrying 
 into the hospital. Embieniatic medallions adorn the sides 
 of the pedestal, on which there is also an inscription. 
 
 This hospital was incorporated by act of parliament. 
 It is under the medical inspection of three physicians, 
 three surgeons, and an apothecary. There are twelve 
 large wards, containing upwards of 400 beds, for so many 
 in-patients, besides whom, the charity reliev-es about 
 
t^O WGTUllE OP LONDiON. 
 
 2000 out-patients every year. The forms of admission 
 are by petitions on Wednesdays, at 10 o'clock. There are 
 a library, laboratory, and a collection of anatomical pre- 
 parations attached to the institution ; together with a 
 theatre for chemical, medical, and anatomical lectures, in 
 which also are held, during winter, the meetings of a 
 scientific institution, called the Physical Society of Guy*s 
 Hospital, 
 
 New Bethlehem Hospital, Lambeth, is on a scale of 
 such extent and magnificence, that it might be taken for 
 a palace, rather than an erection for any charitable par- 
 pose. The first stone was laid on the 2oth of April, 1812; 
 but the original foundation, for which the city of Lon- 
 don is indebted to Henry VIIL, was in Moorfields. The 
 building there was taken down in 1814. 
 
 The front of the new edifice is about 570 feet in length, 
 consisting of a centre and two wings, the former of which 
 has a portico of six Ionic columns, supporting a pedi- 
 ment, on which are displayed the arms of the United 
 Kingdom. A lantern cupola rises from the middle of the 
 building, which is four stories in height, and is chiefly 
 constructed of brick. In the hall are the celebrated sta- 
 tues of Raving and Melancholt/ Madness, executed by 
 Cahis Gabriel Gibber, which were formerly placed on 
 the piers of the old gateway of the hospital in Moor- 
 fields : they were repaired by the younger Bacon in 1820; 
 
 This is an hospital for lunatics, and contains accommo- 
 dations for 200 patients, exclusive of about 60 others^ 
 who have been confined for criminal acts, and the charges 
 for whose support are defrayed by government. There 
 are also apartments for a steward, apothecary, matron, 
 keepers, &c. The building was designed by Mr. Lewi\ 
 and cost nearly 100,000/.; with the grounds for the ex- 
 ercise of the patients, it occupies an extent of about 12 
 acres. The annual income of this institution is about 
 .18,000/. 
 
 St, Luke's Hospital, Old Street Road, was originaWy 
 established in 1 732, by voluntary contributions. It waj 
 intended as an asylum for such unfortunate lunatics as 
 
ST. LCKJ^'S HOSMTAL, S4l 
 
 could not obtain admission into Bethlem hospital, and 
 is entirely independent of that royal establishment. The 
 first hospital was built at a place called Windmill Hill, 
 on the north side of upper Moorfields. The present edi- 
 fice was commenced in 1751, but it was not completed 
 till 1786; the expense of the construction was 55,000/. 
 The building is 493 feet in length. 
 
 The whole interior of the hospital may well serve as a 
 model for every similar charity. It consists of three sto- 
 ries, exclusive of the basement floor, and of an attic in 
 the centre and at each end. The centre, on the ground 
 level with the entrance, is occupied by a hall, apartments 
 for some of the officers of the institution, and the stair- 
 case. Upwards, it comprises the stair-case, a lobby at the 
 end of each landing, the committee-room, and the 
 respective apartments for the master and matron, and for 
 the several attendants. On each side, in every story, is 
 a spacious gallery, occupied by the female patients on the 
 western side, and by the male on the eastern. The rooms 
 of the maniacs are ranged along the south sides of the 
 galleries ; the greater part of the north side is open 
 to the air. In' wide and lofty sash-windows, secured within 
 by iron gratings. In each gallery are sitting rooms of two 
 kinds : the one is spacious, with tables and forms, and 
 with a large fire-place, inclosed by iron rails to the top of 
 the chimney-piece; these rails are sufficiently wide to 
 admit the heat into the room, while they prevent acci- 
 dents by fire. In this room, patients that are sufficiently 
 composed have their meals together, and assemble for 
 company and conversation when they think proper. The 
 other rooms are smaller, with similar fire-places, in which 
 patients so much disordered as to be confined in strait 
 ivaistcoats, are permitted to take their meals and sit to- 
 gether. Every patient has a square room to sleep in, 
 with a good mattress, and a warm bed-covering. Not 
 only are the principal apartments kept perfectly clean, 
 6ut the cells and galleries are also clean and thoroughly 
 aired. 
 
 The number of patients irt this hospital is limited to 
 300. The following results are derived from the expe» 
 rience of several years: — the average number of in- 
 J 
 
242 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 curable patients is about 100 ; the average number of cur- 
 able patients admitted annually amounts to 110 males, 
 150 females; the proportion of females to males ad- 
 mitted, is nearly as three to two, and of females cured 
 to males, nearly as two to one. The annual average 
 number of deaths is 27. 
 
 Bridewell^ Bridge-street, Blackfriars, one of the royal 
 hospitals, founded by Edward VI., is at present used as B' 
 house of correction for dissolute persons and idle appren- 
 tices, committed by the chamberlain of the city ; and 
 for the temporary maintenance of distressed vagrants, till 
 they can be passed to the places of their settlement. 
 
 Over the entrance is a bust of the founder, Edward VI. 
 The buildings consist of a large quadrangle, one side of 
 which is occupied by a spacious hall, in which is a pic- 
 ture by Holbein, representing the presentation of the 
 charter of the hospital to the corporation of London by 
 King Edward; and some other paintings. The houses 
 ' of the arts-masters, and the prison, occupy the remaining 
 sides of the square. 
 
 The manufacturers, or arts-masters, as they are called, 
 lake apprentices, who formerly were habited in rather a 
 singular manner, and, like all bodies of young men, were 
 sometimes disorderly ; but their conduct has been 
 amended and the peculiar dress is discontinued. 
 
 St, George's Hospital^ Hyde Park Corner, was esta- 
 blished in 1735, by subscription, for the relief of the sick 
 and lame. The central part of this hospital was formerly 
 the mansion of Viscount Lanesborough, commemorated 
 by a couplet in " Pope's Moral Essays" for his immo- 
 derate attachment to the exercise of dancing : — 
 
 " Old politicians chew on wisdom past. 
 And totter on in business to the last; 
 As weak, as earnest, and as gravely out. 
 As sober Lanesb*ro daiicing in the gout^ 
 
 Attached to this establishment is an institution formed 
 
 ' in 1 809, supported by subscription, under the title of The 
 
 Charity for the Convalescents of St, George's HospiiaL 
 
HOSPITALS. 245 
 
 The buildings, as well as others adjoining, are about to 
 be taken down, and a new edifice erected near Sloane 
 Street. 
 
 The London Hospital, Whitechapel Road, was com- 
 menced in 1740, when a house was opened in Prescot 
 Street, Goodman's Fields, for the reception of sick and 
 wounded seamen, watermen, coal-heavers, ship-wrights, 
 labourers at the docks and quays, &c. In December, 
 1759, a charter of incorporation was obtained, and the 
 present structure was erected on a grand and extensive 
 scale. — The Samaritan Societi/, established in 1791, is an 
 appendage to this charity, for the relief of various cases of 
 distress not provided for by the regulations of the hospital. 
 
 The Westminster Hospital, James Street, near Buck- 
 ingham Gate, is the oldest hospital, supported by sub- 
 scription, in the metropolis, having been founded in 1719 
 " for the rehef of the sick and needy from all parts." 
 
 The Middlesex Hospital, Charles Street, Berners Street, 
 was instituted in 1745 for the reception of sick and lame 
 patients. In 1747, the benefits of the charity were ex- 
 tended to parturient married women; and in 1792, a 
 ward of this hospital was set apart for patients af- 
 flicted with cancer. 
 
 An Hospital of the Dutch and German Jews, Mile 
 End Old Town, was established in 1795. 
 
 The Jews' Hospital, Mile End, was instituted in 1811, 
 for Spanish and Portuguese Jews. 
 
 The French Hospital, Old Street, for Protestants, was 
 established in 1716; arising out of a bequest of lOOO/. 
 from M. de Castigny, master of the Buck Hounds to Wil- 
 liam III. 
 
 THE LYING-IN HOSPITALS. 
 
 No description of distress is more amply provided 
 for by the spirit of benevolence in London, than that 
 Y 2 
 
24-1 PlCTUftE OF LONDOy. 
 
 which arises from the helpless condition of poor lying- 
 in women. There are not less than fourteen considerable 
 establishments of this kind; in some of which they arc 
 amply provided with every comfort, whilst others pro- 
 vide midwives and medicines gratuitously to indigent fe- 
 males at their own houses. The oldest of these establish- 
 ments have administered relief to more than 1 50,000 sub- 
 jects, and, as appears from their reports, the eleven alluded 
 to receive from 4000 to 5000 poor women annually. No 
 comment is required to point out the great utility of such 
 charities ; nor can any persuasion be requisite to induce 
 the opulent, particularly of the fair sex, to contribute 
 liberally to their support. A considerable convenience is 
 likewise experienced, in the neighbourhood of these insti- 
 tutions, by wealthy females, in the constant supply of 
 healthy wet-nurses which they afford, on application being 
 made to the physician or matron. 
 
 The names of these establishments are : — 
 
 The British Li/ing-in Hospital^ for married womeri, 
 Brownlow Street, Drury Lane, instituted 1749: 
 
 The City of London Li/ing-in Hospital, City Road, in- 
 stituted 1750 : 
 
 The Queen^s Lt/ing-in Hospital, Manor House, Lisson 
 Green, instituted in 1752: 
 
 The Li/ing'in Charitt/, for the delivery of poor married 
 women at their own habitations, office, Little Knight-rider 
 Street, Doctors' Commons, 1757: 
 
 The Westminster Lying-in Hospital, near the Bridge, 
 was founded in 1765: — all these are supported by 
 voluntary subscriptions. 
 
 The Middlesex Hospital, the medical men attached to 
 which attend married women at their own houses. 
 
 The General Lying-in Dispensary, Charlotte Street, 
 Rathbone Place, for married women at their own houses, 
 instituted 1778. 
 
 The Benevolent Institution, Castle Court, Strand, for 
 the same purpose, employ 40 midwives, and was esta- 
 blished 1780. 
 
 Eastern Dispensary, Great Alie Street, Goodman's 
 Fields, for the same purpose, 1782. 
 
 The Endeavour Lying-in Charity, for the delivery of 
 poor women at their own habitations, 1794. 
 
DIS3PENSAIIIE3 245 
 
 The Lying'in Chanty^ for the wives of the Foot Guards, 
 Panton Street, Haymarket, 1801. 
 
 The Central Lt/ing-in Charity and Dispensary^ Great 
 Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, 1816. 
 
 The Royal West London Infirmary, and Lying-in Insti- 
 tution, Villiers Street, Strand, 1818. 
 
 The United Institution of London and Westminster, 
 Warwick Street, Golden Square, established 1822. 
 
 Prospectuses, and lists of Governors, may be obtained 
 from the Secretaries of each of these institutions 
 
 DISPENSARIES. 
 
 These are institutions established in various parts of the 
 metropolis, for the purpose of affording medicine gratis, 
 or at a cheap rate, together with medical adWce, and, 
 where it is necessary, attendance, at the habitations of the 
 patients, on gratuitous terms. They are supported by 
 annual voluntary subscriptions. According to a calculation 
 made by Dr. Lettsom, several years since, the contribu- 
 tions to these establishments amounting to about 5000/. 
 a year, yielded relief to 50.000 patients. — The following 
 lisi includes the principal metropolitan dispensaries : — 
 
 The General Dispensary, Aldersgate Street, founded in 
 1770. 
 
 The Westminster Dispensary, Gerrard Street, Soho, 
 1774. 
 
 The London Dispensary, Artillery Street, Bishopsgate 
 Street, 1777. 
 
 The Finsbury Dispensary, St. John's Street, Clerken- 
 well, 1780. 
 
 The Eastern Dispensary, Alie Street, Whitechapel, 
 1782. 
 
 The Public Dispensary, Bishop's Court, Lincoln's Inn, 
 1785. 
 
 The Mary-le-Bonne General Dispensary, Welbeck 
 Street 1785. 
 
 The Xeiu Finsbury Dispensary, West Smithfield, 1786. 
 
 The City Dispensary, Grocer^ s Hall Court, 1789. 
 
 The Western Dispensary, Charles Street, Westminster, 
 1759. 
 
 1 5 
 
546 nCTtJKE OF LONDOK. 
 
 The Surrey Dupcnsari/, Union Street, Southwark,- 
 1777. 
 
 The Universal Medical Dispensari/, Old Gravel Lane, 
 St. George's in the East, 1792. 
 
 The Universal Medical Institution, Tower Hamlets, 
 1'792. 
 
 The Blooinshuri/ Dispensary, Great Russel Street, 1801.- 
 
 The Charitable Fund and Dispensary, near Goldsmith's 
 Hall, combining medical relief and pecuniary aid. 
 
 The Northern Dispensary, New Road. 
 
 St. James's and St, George's Dispensary, Old Burling- 
 ton Street, 1817. 
 
 The Royal Universal Infirmary for Children, under the 
 Patronage of his Majesty, established in 1816, at St.^ 
 Andrew's Hill, Doctors' Commons, and removed to a 
 buijding erected in Waterloo Eoad, 1823. 
 
 MEDICAL CHARITIES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES. 
 
 The Royal Dispensary for Diseases of the Ear, Dean 
 Street, Soho. 
 
 Institution for the Gratuitous Cure of Cataract, Wind- 
 mill Street, Tottenham Court Road. 
 
 Royal Westminster Infirmary for Diseases of the Eye^ 
 Warwick Street, Golden Square. 
 
 London Ophthalmic Infirmary, Moorfields. 
 
 Kent and Surrey General Eye Infirmary, Dean Streetji 
 Southwark. 
 
 Royal Infirmary for Diseases of the Eye, Cork Street, . 
 Burlington Gardens. "-- 
 
 Daranian Society, for the cure of Ruptures, Berneri J 
 Street, Oxford Street. 
 
 City of London Truss Society, for the relief of the.., 
 ruptured poor throughout the kingdom. Grocer's Hall, 1 
 Poultry. ^ j^ 
 
 Asylum for the Recovery of Health, to receive the cori^ V 
 vdescent, and afford them those advantages which poverty /" 
 might otherwise prevent them from obtaining. A hous^ ' 
 was occupied by this establishment at the corner of 
 Gower Street, in the New Road; but the institution has 
 
IKFIRMARIXS. — \ACCISS. SOCIETIES. 247 
 
 lately been removed to more extensive premises at Lisson 
 Green. 
 
 Royal Sea Bathing Infirmary^ for the poor of London, 
 Tower Street, and Margate. 
 
 The Small Pox Hospital, established by subscription in 
 1746, at a house in Windmill Street, Tottenham Court 
 Road, and removed, in 1767, to an edifice built for the 
 express purpose, at Battle Bridge. Here Dr. Woodville, 
 |)hysician to the institution, introduced Vaccination in 
 1-799 ; and this practice has superseded the original object 
 of the hospital. In 1802, a part of the premises was ap- 
 propriated to the purpose of a house of recovery for pa- 
 rtients labouring under Typhus and Scai'let Fevers. 
 
 Asylum for the cure of Scrofula and Cancer, Terrace, 
 Bayswater. 
 
 Institution for the Cure of Glandular and Cancerous Dis- 
 eases, Nelson Square. 
 
 'Infirmary for Astiima, Consumptionf.and other Diseases 
 of the Lungs, Union Street, Bishopsgate Street. 
 
 The Lock Hospital, for the cure of Syphilitic complaints, 
 Grosvenor Place, Hyde Park corner. 
 
 The London Electrical Dispensary, City Road. 
 
 National Vaccine Society. — The total extermination of 
 the Small Pox, by the substitution of Vaccine Inocidation, 
 is the end for which this society was constituted. For 
 this purpose, numerous houses are opened in London and its 
 neighbourhood, at which persons are, without any recom- 
 mendation, inoculated (gratis) with the cowpock. The 
 .principal house is in Percy Street, Rathbone Place ; the 
 'directors are the president and governors of the College of 
 Physcians, and the master and two governors of the Col- 
 lege of Surgeons. 
 
 There are three other Institutions having the same meri- 
 torious object ; the Royal Jennerian Society, Holborn Hill ; 
 the Vaccine Pock Institution, in Broad Street, Golden 
 Square, established by Dr. George Pearson, soon after 
 Dr. Jenner announced his great discovery ; and the Z/o?i- 
 don Vaccine Institution, Bond Court, Wallbrook. 
 
 "J^lke Foundling Hosjntal, Guildford vStreet. — This truly 
 
5411 riCTURE or London. 
 
 humane institution owes it establishment to the exertions 
 oif a private individual. About the year 1 722, Captain Tho- 
 mas Coram, the master of a merchant-ship in the Ameri- 
 can trade, a man endowed with every benevolent feeling, 
 undertook the arduous task of establishing a Foundling 
 hospital, and finally succeeded, after the labour of seven- 
 teen years. His Majesty, George II., being applied to, a 
 royal charter was granted, on the 17th October, 1739, 
 authorising the governors of this charity (among other 
 things) to purchase, in mortmain, real estates, not exceed- 
 ing in value 4000/. per annum. 
 
 The object of this institution is, according to the char- 
 ter, "the maintenance and education of exposed and desert- 
 ed young children." They are not however, as in foreign 
 establishments, indiscriminately received ; but, in every in- 
 dividual case, application is necessary, subject to the con- 
 sideration of the committee of management. The child- 
 ren of soldiers and sailors, killed in service, are also ad- 
 mitted under particular circumstances. 
 
 The number of children received into the hospital before 
 the end of the year 1752, was 1040, of whom 559 were 
 at that time maintained by the charity, at an expense to 
 which its income was by no means adequate. In 1756, 
 therefore, the parliament voted it the sum of lO,000/. and 
 large sums were afterwards granted, to the average 
 amount of 53,000/. annually, till 1771, when they ceas- 
 ed. It was still found, however, that the scheme of the 
 hospital was extended too far ; numerous abuses had crept 
 in ; and the governors were finally obliged to contract 
 their views : but, at present, from the income of their 
 landed and funded property, and the collections at the 
 chapel, a sufficient sum is raised to maintain nearly 400 
 children, of whom about 180 (the youngest) are reared in 
 cottages within twenty or thirty miles of London until 
 they are five years of age, when they are received into 
 the hospital. 
 
 The Foundling Hospital is a spacious and convenient 
 edifice, with a good garden and commodious play-ground 
 for the children. The chapel is in the centre. The east 
 wing is appropriated to the girls, and the west to the boys. 
 At the south extremity of the former is the treasurer's 
 
/}('4i/' ^' /)i///ih Jsi//fun 
 
FOUN'DMKfi AND MAGDALEX HOSPITALS. 249 
 
 house, and the extremity of the opposite Ving is ap- 
 propriated to inferior officers. Divine service is per- 
 formed in the chapel twice on every Sunday, at eleven in 
 the forenoon, and at seven in the evening. The pews are 
 in general let at a high rent: besides which therein always 
 a collection at the doors ; and from the excellence of tf>e 
 music, the popularity of the preachers, and the influence 
 of fashion^ the annual sum derived from this source 
 amounts to about 3,000/. 
 
 Th-e kitchen of the hospital is an object worthy of in- 
 spection: it is constructed on the plan of Count Rumford, 
 and has caused a saving to the charity of twenty-five chal- 
 drons of coals in the year. 
 
 Hogarth was an early benefactor, and an active pro- 
 moter of the Foundling charity. He presented to it three 
 excellent pictures ; one of them is his admirable March to 
 Finchley\ and another, a portrait of the founder, Captain 
 Coram. The collection has since been enriched by other 
 presents from celebrated artists. The altar-piece in the 
 chapel is by the late Mr. West. In the court-room are 
 four pictures from sacred subjects, by Hayman, Hogarth, 
 Highmore, and Willes. On each side of these are 
 placed smaller pictures, in circular frames, representing 
 the most considerable hospitals in and about London : 
 1. The Foundling ; 2. St. George's Hospital; — by Wil- 
 son: 3. Chelsea Hospital; 4. Bethlem Hospital; — by 
 Hatley : 5. St. Thomas's Hospital; 6. Greenivich Hospi^ 
 tal; 7. Blue Coat Hosjxital ; — by Wale : 8. The Charier 
 HousCy by Gainsborough. 
 
 The benefits of this charity extend not only to the rear- 
 ing and educating of helpless orphans, but, at the discretion 
 of the general committee, to the providing them, on their 
 discharge from the establishment, with clothes, money, &c. 
 not to exceed the value of ten pounds, and to the binding 
 j I them apprentices, or placing them in service. 
 
 The Magdalen Hospital, St. George's Fields, w^s 
 founded for the relief and reformation of wretched young 
 women, whose conduct had deprived them of character, 
 and rendered them outcasts from society : the principle, 
 therefore, on which it is founded, would alone give it 
 
250 PICTURE OF LONDON, 
 
 a Strong title to the countenance and favour of the pub- 
 lic, particularly of the female sex. It was opened in the 
 year 1758. During the period that it has subsisted, more 
 than two thirds of the women who have been admitted to 
 its benefits have been reconciled to their friends, or placed 
 in honest employments or reputable services. A very con- 
 siderable number have married, and are at this moment 
 respectable members of society ; and, could their names 
 and situations be disclosed, the utility of this charity 
 would appear in the most striking light. The time the 
 females remain in the house varies, according to cir- 
 cumstances. The greatest pains are taken to find out 
 their relations and friends, in order to effect a recon- 
 -Ciliation with them ; and, if they should maintain a de- 
 cent character, to put them once more under their 
 protection. When discharged, they are for the most 
 part under twenty years of age. 
 
 The committee consists of thirty-two governors, who 
 meet at the hospital every Thursda}^ at twelve o'clock, ex- 
 cept on the first Thursday of every month, when they assem- 
 ble at eleven ; and two of them, in rotation, attend at the 
 Chapel every Sunday, at morning and evening service, 
 when a collection is made previously to admission. 
 The hours of divine service are a quarter after eleven 
 in the forenoon, and a quarter after six in the evening ; 
 and, on account of the singing, which is performed by 
 the females, (screened by a curtain from the general eye,) 
 few places of worship in the metropolis are more fre- 
 quented. This institution is principally indebted for its 
 origin to the unfortunate Rev. Dr. Dodd. 
 
 Companies who wish to visit this charity, may be ad- 
 mitted, on addressing their request by letter to the com- 
 mittee any Thursday ; or to the treasurer upon any day in 
 the week. — No fees ai'e taken. 
 
 London Female Penitentiary ^ Pentonville. — This insti- 
 tution, on a plan somewhat similar to that of the Magda- 
 len, was founded in 1807, in consequence of the number 
 of applications to the former charity which, of necessity, 
 remained unattended to. The most prompt assistance is 
 , Eere afforded, to the extent the funds will allow, to all 
 
il 
 
 ASYLUMS, f5l 
 
 unfortunate females who are desirous of reforming ; and 
 order, industry, and harmony, in a very eminent degree, 
 pervade the establishment. 
 
 The Asylum, St. George*s Fields, for Female Orphans , 
 was instituted soon after the Magdalen, but not incorpo- 
 rated till 1800, and, as the latter was intended to reclaim 
 prostitutes, the object of this chanty is to prevent prosti- 
 tution. Maintenance and education are here afforded 
 to a number of poor and distressed children. The guar- 
 dians, or subscribers, present, in turn, as often as vacan- 
 cies occur ; and the children are taken in at about the 
 age of nine, and, at fourteen, they are apprenticed to 
 trades, or engaged as domestic servants. 
 
 This institution is supported by voluntary contributions, 
 and by collections made at the doors of the neat and well- 
 attended chapel, on Sundays. 
 
 London Orphan Asylum, Clapton, founded in 1815, for 
 the relief of destitute orphans, particularly those of res- 
 pectable parentage. This charity is of a more compre- 
 hensive character than any previously existing, as it re- 
 lieves objects without regard to local or other distinc- 
 tions. An estate has been purchased at Cli^pton, near 
 Hackney, where a building is now erecting for the pur- 
 poses of the institution. Since its establishment, 226 
 children have been admitted, and it is proposed to pro- 
 vide permanent accommodations for 300. 
 
 The Marine Society, Bishopsgate Street, was com- 
 menced in 1756, and incorporated in 1772. Its chief object 
 is to fit out indigent and distressed, and even depraved 
 boys, for service on board the king's ships. Whether the 
 institution is considered as a feature of well-regulated 
 police, or as a nursery for seamen, its advantages are 
 strikingly evident, and entitle it to the warmest support 
 of the benevolent. Thousands were clothed, and quali- 
 fied for the nautical life, by this society, during the late 
 war. A part of the system is to receive and instruct boys, 
 both in their moral and professional duties^ on board ves- 
 sels stationed for that purpose on the Thames, and be- 
 
^53 PICTCftE OF LaNDO>?. 
 
 tween 70 and 80,000 have been introduced to the 8ea» 
 service by this society. 
 
 School for the Indigent Blind, St. George's Fields. In 
 this interesting institution, established in 1799, the most 
 humane attention is paid to a number of persons from the 
 age of twelve, and upwards, under the unhappy circum- 
 stances of blindness and poverty. They manufacture 
 baskets, clothes' lines, sash cords, and various other ar- 
 ticles, which are sold at the school, where strangers are 
 permitted (gratis) to view the progress of the pupils, and 
 to examine the nature of the institution. The profit of 
 the articles here manufactured for sale, in aid of the funds 
 of the establishment, is said to amount annually to from 
 800/. ta 1000/, There are about sixty inmates of both 
 sexes. 
 
 The Asi/liim for the Deaf and Dumb, Kent Road, is 
 another truly interesting charity. Its youthful inmates, 
 who bad otherwise remained " dumb and ignorant as 
 the beasts of the fi^ld," are, by its means, taught to make 
 themselves understood, and with readiness to understand 
 others ; to read, write, cast accounts, &c., and to become 
 moral and religious characters. They are besides instructed 
 in various mechanical arts, by which, in future life, they 
 may obtain their own subsistence. Exampks of their 
 skill in these arts are exhibited at the annual dinner, and 
 may be witnessed by any person on visiting the establish- 
 ment. This institution commenced about 1792, but the 
 present building was erected in 1807, and enlarged in 
 1&19, so as to accommodate 200 children. 
 
 The Philanthropic Societt/, London Road, was estab- 
 lished in 1788, and the society was incorporated in 
 1 806. Its object is to rescue from vice and misery the 
 offspring of the vicious and abandoned, and to induce 
 habits of industry and decency in the minds of those who 
 have been exposed to the influence of bad example. 
 
 Here are 200 children, on an average, male and female, 
 many of whom have been taken from prisons, or from 
 the retfeat-5 of villany, and the haunts of prostitution. 
 
 i 
 
ROYAL HUMANE SOCIETY. '255 
 
 For the employment of the boys, (who are appropriately 
 classed,) buildings are erected, in which, under the direc- 
 tion of master-workmen, various trades are carried on for 
 the society's benefit; while the girls are instructed to 
 work at their needle, and in those household offices which 
 may render them serviceable to the community, and enable 
 them to obtain an honest livelihood. The whole number 
 of children, of both sexes, that have been received by the 
 society, amounts to upwards of ] 200 ; among whom were 
 many, old in iniquity, though young in years. 
 
 The " Reform^^ is a probationary building, in which 
 children who have actually commenced a criminal career 
 are first placed, until they appear to be sufficiently 
 amended for removal to the manufactory. In the latter, 
 letter-press and copper-plate printing, book-binding, shoe- 
 making, tailors' work, rope-making, twine-spinning, &c. 
 are the regular employments. 
 
 ' The Refuge for the Destitute, Hackney Road and Hox- 
 ton. The object of this society is to provide a place of 
 refuge for persons discharged from prison or the hulks, or 
 for unfortunate and deserted females, and other destitute 
 persons, who, from loss of character or extreme indi- 
 gence, cannot procure an immediate maintenance, though 
 - willing to make the requisite exertions. It was com- 
 , menced in 1805, by the Rev. Dr. Grindlay, and its utility 
 sopn obtained for it the public notice and support. 
 
 It appears by the returns, that 1600 persons have been 
 assisted by means of this institution since its commence- 
 ment, and 1 20 are now inmates. 
 
 Royal Hmnane Sodety, Bridge Street, Blackfriars. 
 Among the singularly benevolent institutions which have 
 within a few years arisen in the metropolis, is this society, 
 commencing its operations where all others leave the ob- 
 jects of their care. Since its first establishment, in 1774, 
 more than 5200 individuals have been restored to anima- 
 tion from apparent death, (by drowning, &c.) and rewards 
 have been distributed to 21,000 persons for risking their 
 lives to preserve others. The Receiving^hoiise in Hyde- 
 Park is fitted with an unrivalled apparatus, for employing 
 
^54 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 every possible means to restore suspended vitality. The 
 ground on whifch it is situated was given to the society 
 by his late Majesty, who was a warm admirer and zeal- 
 ous patron of the institution. There are eighteen other 
 houses of the same description in the metropolis and its 
 vicinity ; and the means resorted to for restoring life are 
 equally excellent, and equally successful, in all. It de- 
 serves to be generally known, that his Imperial Majesty, 
 Alexander, Emperor of all the Russias, is an honorary 
 member of this society, he having condescended to accept 
 its diploma, together with the medal it bestows on those 
 who are the instruments of restoring life, on occasion of 
 the exercise of his own humane personal endeavours to 
 rescue a peasant from death by drowning. 
 
 This society was instituted through the philanthropic ex- 
 ertions of Drs. Goldsmith, Heberden, Towers, Hawes, Co- 
 gan, and Lettsom, by the three last-mentioned of whom 
 the annual reports of the establishment were prepared for 
 publication previous to 1813, since which they have been 
 written by the Registrar. 
 
 The anniversary procession and public dinner at the 
 London Tavern, in the month of April, of persons re- 
 stored, forms a most interesting spectacle, to which stran- 
 gers are admitted. 
 
 The Society of Schoolmasters was established in 1798, to 
 form a fund for the benefit of the widows and orphans, 
 and for the relief of such schoolmasters and ushers as 
 may become necessitous through age, infirmity, or mis- 
 fortupe. 
 
 The funds are divided into two parts, the one called 
 the joint stock of the society, and the other the charitable 
 fund. The joint stock is raised by an annual subscription 
 of five guineas from each member, to which are added the 
 fiii^s and interest accruing ; and the charitable fund is sup- 
 ported by every member's becoming, upon his entrance, a 
 benefactor to it of five guineas, or an annual subscriber 
 of one guinea, and by benefactions, legacies, &c. The 
 allowances to the widow and children of every deceased 
 member, are from 1 20/. to 500/. per annum. *A member 
 Waving neither widow nor child, may bequeath, by will, 
 
BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 2o5 
 
 the half of these sums to a father, raotner, brother, or 
 sister, or a brother's or sister's child or children.* 
 
 Society for the Relief and Discharge of Persons confined 
 for small Debts, Craven Street, Strand. The liberal views 
 of this society, instituted in 1772, with a fund of 81/. 1^., 
 (the produce of collections made in two chapels of the 
 metropolis for the purpose,) were soon ably seconded by 
 the public ; for within fifteen months from the commence- 
 ment they were enabled to discharge 900 prisoners, many 
 of whom were confined for their fees only I 
 
 From the annual report for 1824, it appears, that 958 
 debtors, of whom 679 had wives with 1681 children, were 
 discharged from the provincial prisons, within the last year, 
 by this society, at an average expense of 2/. 85. 3d. each. 
 One munificent donation of an individual to this institu- 
 tion deserves to be recorded : soon after the publication 
 of a " Statement, &c." by James Neild, Esq., then trea- 
 surer to the society, in 1801, that gentleman, to use his 
 own words, Wcis, " surprised with the receipt of a bank 
 note of one thousand pounds. It came by penny-posty in a 
 blank cover, neither name nor signature^ addressed James 
 Neild, Esq., &c. !" — Every effort used to trace this note 
 to the donor, (it having been issued from the Bank three 
 years previously), was unavailing. 
 
 Scottish Hospital, Crane Court, Fleet Street. •— This is 
 an incorporated Society for the purpose of relie\'ing dis- 
 tressed natives of Scotland, who have acquired no right to 
 parochial relief in England. It was originally founded by 
 Charles II., and re-incorporated by George III. In the 
 hall is a bust of Charles II , and a fine whole length por- 
 trait of Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 The Caledonian Asylum, Hatton Garden, was instituted 
 
 * At an anniversary meeting of this society a few years ago, 
 tlie Duke of Orleans stated, that he had himself been employed 
 as a Schoolmaster, in Switzerland, during a part of the time he 
 was absent from France, in the course of the French Revolu- 
 tion. • 
 Z 2 
 
256 PICTURE OF LONDOl^ 
 
 in 1815, for supporting and educating the children of sol- 
 diers, sailors, rnarines, &c. natives of Scotland, or born of 
 indigent Scottish parents resident in London. 
 
 The Highland Society of London^ was instituted and incor- 
 porated by Act of Parliament, for preserving the martial 
 spirit, language, dress, &c. of the Gadhael, for establish- 
 ing and supporting Gaelic schools in the Highlands of 
 Scotland, for relieving distressed Highlanders at a dis- 
 tance from home, and for promoting the improvement 
 and general welfai*e of the northern parts of the kingdom. 
 
 The Caledonian Society was established in 1820, with 
 the very liberal design of affording relief to the distressed 
 of all countries and descriptions. 
 
 Tlie Benevolent Society of St, Patrick, Stamford Street, 
 Blackfriars, was established in 1784. Its object is to 
 form schools in and near London, for the education of 
 the children of poor natives of Ireland. The building \tx 
 Stamford Street is neat and appropriate. 
 
 The Irish Society of London, Ratcliffe Highway. — This 
 society was instituted in 1822, for the purpose of pro- 
 moting the education of the poor Irish in London, 
 through the medium of their own language. 
 
 • Hie London Hihernian Society, Aldermanbury, insti- 
 tuted in 1806, for establishing schools, and circulating 
 the Bible in Ireland, has been the means of conferring the 
 benefits of education on upwards of 66,000 children and 
 adults. The present number of the society's schools 
 is 7«4'. 
 
 The Irish Peasantry Society, — This establishment, be- 
 gun in 1822, is intended to ameliorate the condition of 
 the lower class of Irish, by offering prizes of industry, &c. 
 
 T*he Society for bettering the condition of the Poor in 
 Ireland by weans of Employment, is a recent and highly 
 i.udable institution, began in 1825. 
 
BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 257 
 
 Comimttce for the Relief of the Scarcity and Dis- 
 tress of the Southern and Western Provinces of Ireland, — 
 In Aprit, 1824, a statement was issued, from which it ap- 
 peared that more than 311,000/. had been collected and 
 disbursed by this Society. 
 
 The Society of Ajicicnt Britons, or Welsh Charity School, 
 for the maintenance, instruction, clothing, and appren- 
 ticing poor children of Welsh parents, born in and near. 
 London, was established on the 1st of March, 1714, and 
 was first opened in a small house, in Leather Lane. It 
 was afterwards removed to a house built for the purpose 
 upon Clerkenwell Green; and, lastly, to a handsome 
 building in Gray's-Inn-Lane-Road, calculated for about 
 a hundred children of both sexes, with their tutors, &c. 
 — Patron, the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 
 
 Tlie Maritime Cambrian Society, Pall Mall, is a benefit 
 Society for Welsh ship-owners, and master mariners. 
 
 The National Benevolent Institution, Great Russel 
 Street, was founded in 1812, by Peter Hei-ve, for the 
 relief of distressed persons in the middle ranks of life, of 
 any country "or persuasion. Since the formation of this 
 establishment, about fifty persons have been admitted as 
 pensioners at from 10/. to 50/. per annum. 
 
 The Corporation for the Relief of Poor Widows and 
 Children of Clergymen, was established early in the reign 
 of Charles II., and incorporated in 1678, with licence to 
 hold estates of the value of 2000/. a year; in 1714, ex- 
 tended to 5000/. ; and since to 10,000/.. The general an- 
 nual courts of this establishment are held at the Corpo- 
 ration House, Bloomsbury Square. Besides this, there 
 is a " Society for Maintaining and Educating poor Or- 
 phans of Clergymen till of age to be put Apprentice," and 
 an institution for the protection of " Widows and Children 
 of Clergymen in the diocess of London." These are all 
 well supported, and we may recommend to the particular 
 notice of the stranger the anniversary meeting, at St. 
 Paul's Cathedral, in May, for the benefit of the " Sons of 
 X 3 
 
258 PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 the Clergy f^ a meet gratifying occasion for the exertion 
 of benevolence being afforded by its means. 
 
 The African Institution^ which originated in 1807, has 
 for its object the general instruction and civilization of 
 the natives of Africa. With this view several schools 
 have been established at Sierra Leone, &c. The Royal 
 British and Dr. BelPs rystem have been adopted. As 
 the Society is strongly supported by Mr. Wilberforce 
 and his friends, it is almost unnecessary to add, that the 
 complete abolition of the Slave Trade is one of its prin- 
 cipal objects. 
 
 The Society for the Relief of Foi^eigners originated in 
 1807, in the association of seven protestant clergymen of 
 different nations, and was brought into public notice, and 
 finally established in the same year. It not only gives 
 money to distressed foreigners, but affords legal and me- 
 dical assistance, provides those destitute of employment 
 with situations, and furnishes means to those desirous of 
 returning to their own country, on account of age, ill 
 health, or other causes. Within the space of twelve 
 months in the years 1822 and 1825, this society relieved 
 2120 foreigners in distress. 
 
 Tlie London Maritime Institidio7i, worthy of a city 
 which derives its chief consequence from Commerce, is 
 designed as a provision for decayed captains in the mer- 
 chant-service, and their families. 
 
 The Merchants* Seamen Society 'was incorporated 
 20 George II., for the relief of Seamen disabled in the 
 Merchant Service, their Widows, Children, &c. — Like 
 the last, it is a benefit society ; and the offices of both 
 are in the Royal Exchange. 
 
 The Seamen* s Hospital, is established on board the Gram- 
 pus Hospital Ship, in Deptford Creek. Since its first in- 
 stitution, in 1821, more than 1900 seamen, of all nations, 
 have been admitted and provided for. Its office is in 
 liishopsgate Street within. 
 
LITEEARY FUMD SOCIETY, &C. 259 
 
 The Society for the Relief of the Widows and Orphans of 
 Medical Men in and near London,was established in 1788. 
 
 The Medical Benevolent Societt/ was instituted in 1816, 
 on the principle of a mutual benefit club. 
 
 Armt/ Medical Officers* Benevolent Fund Societz/y esta- 
 blished 1820. 
 
 The Law Association, was instituted in 1 8 1 7, for the benefit 
 of widows and families of professional men in the metro- 
 polis and its vicinity. 
 
 Citi/ of London General Pension Societi/, for allowing 
 permanent Pensions to decayed artisans, mechanics, and 
 their widows. 
 
 The Sheriffs* Fund was instituted in 1807, by Sir 
 Richard Phillips, for the relief of the wives and children 
 of the prisoners of the metropolis, and for the temporary 
 subsistence of those who are discharged from the prisons. 
 It is supported by subscriptions paid to the sheriffs, or 
 under-sheriffs, for the time being, who superintend the 
 distribution of the money. 
 
 Rainess Charity, St. George's in the East, consists of 
 two schools, founded by Henry Raine, Esq. in 1719, for 
 the maintenance and instruction of 50 boys and 50 girls. 
 One out of the six girls who leave this school every year, 
 having a proper certificate of her good conduct, is en- 
 titled to a marriage-portion of 100/. for which the whole 
 number draw lots. For the wedding-dinner, which is al- 
 ways on the first of May, five pounds more are allowed. 
 
 Literary Fund Society, Lincoln's Inn Fields. This society 
 was instituted in 1 790, and incorporated in 1818. Its object 
 is to relieve the pecuniary embarrassments of professional 
 writers and their near relatives. Statements of the cir- 
 cumstances of distress under which the applicants labour 
 must be addressed to the committee. A report, issued on 
 May the 10th, 1824, announced the annual income of the 
 
360 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Literary Fund to be 9.065L 1 5s. The sum bestowed in do- 
 nations to distressed individuals in 1824, was nearly 400/. 
 The king gives '200 guineas a-year to this society. This 
 most excellent and useful institution is entitled to the 
 attention and patronage oF every lover of literature. 
 
 TTie Artists* General Benevolent Institution, and the 
 Artists^ Joint Stock Fund, are two distinct societies, ori- 
 ginating with artists, and designed to afford them and 
 their families pecuniary assistance in times of distress. 
 The first society, commenced in 1815, dispenses its funds 
 generally, and the second to its own members only. Each 
 of the societies has an anniversary meeting and festival, 
 when collections are made from strangers, and reports 
 issued relating to the state of the funds and the sums 
 annual disbursed. 
 
 TTie Royal Society of Musicians ; the Choral Fund ; and 
 the New Musical Fund, are three different societies, in- 
 stituted for the benefit of decayed or sick musicians, and 
 their widows and orphans. 
 
 The Philological Society, King-street, Bryanston Square, 
 is intended to afford respectable education to the sons of 
 Clergymen, Naval and Military Officers, Professional 
 Men, Merchants, Clerks in Public Offices, and the higher 
 orders of tradesmen, who, from misfortunes or limited 
 income, cannot afford a liberal education to their chil- 
 dren. 
 
 TTie Society for the Suppression of Mendicity, Red Lion 
 Square, was established in 1818, for the purpose of removing 
 from the streets of the metropolis mendicants of all de- 
 scriptions, punishing the idle and dissipated vagrant and 
 impostor, and affording relief to the really distressed. In 
 the prosecution of these meritorious objects 17,000 cases 
 have been registered, 1 50,000 meals distributed, and 3000 
 confirmed beggars apprehended since the institution was 
 formed. In justice to this useful association it will be pro- 
 per to add, that the reprehensible reports which have been 
 propagated against its officers were investigated and proved 
 
CHARITABLE SOCIKTIES. 261 
 
 to be entirely unfounded, at different general meetings 
 held in February, 1824. 
 
 Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipliney and the 
 Reformation of Juvenile Offenders^ Alderman bury. — The 
 first public meeting of this Society was held in 1820. Its 
 . general object is the amelioration of gaols, by adopting 
 and improving the plans of the celebrated philanthropist 
 Howard. The published reports of this institution, by the 
 Treasurer, T. Fowell Buxton, Esq., M.P., are replete with 
 valuable information. 
 
 Hie Guardian Society, Asylum, New Road, St. George's 
 in the East, was instituted in 1816, for the preservation of 
 Public Morals, &c. 
 
 The Society for the Suppression of Jl>ce, Essex Street, 
 Strand, which originated in 1802, has for its object the 
 preservation of public morals, by prosecuting dealers in 
 obscene and blasphemous books, and other offenders against 
 religion and decency. 
 
 Society of Guardians, for the protection of trade against 
 swindlers and sharpers, was instituted iii 1777. Office 
 No. 3G, Essex Street, Strand. 
 
 A Society for procuring Nightly Shelter for the Houseless, 
 was formed to protect the poor and wretched residents of 
 London during inclement winters. 
 
 The Strangers' Friend Society, was established in 1785, 
 for relieving the sick and distressed poor at their own 
 habitations. 
 
 The Society for Charitable Purposes, in the parishes of 
 St. Mary-le-bone, St. Anne, St. Martin, St. George, and St. 
 James, was instituted in 1774. Societies to assist the in- 
 dustrious and deserving poor, on a similar plan, have sub- 
 sequently been formed in other parts of London. 
 
 The Spitalfields Benevolent Society^ under the patronage 
 
£62 PICTURE OF LONDOxV. 
 
 ofT. Fowell Buxton Esq. M.P., is an institution for the 
 relief of the distressed poor, at their own habitations. 
 
 The British and Foreign Philanthropic Society, Exchange 
 Buildings, was instituted in May, 1822, for the permanent 
 relief of the labouring classes of the community, by means 
 of education, employment, exchange of productions, &c. 
 in associations of from 500 to 2000 individuals. Experi- 
 mental plans, similar to those which have been for several 
 years in operation at Lanark, under the management of 
 Mr. Owen, constitute the general object of this insti- 
 tution. 
 
 The Widows* F?iend and Benevolent Society, Salisbury 
 Square. — The principal trait of this charitable association 
 is the careful investigation, by visitors, of every case of dis- 
 tress previously to affording relief. Instituted in 1 808. 
 
 The Society for Educating the Children of Debtors, was 
 established in 1.796. 
 
 The Royal Freemasoris Charity, Melina Place, St. 
 George's Fields, is an asylum for the education and sup- 
 port of female children, established in 1788. 
 
 The Masonic Benefit Society , was instituted in 1799, for the 
 relief of indigent brethren, and their widows and chil- 
 dren. 
 
 The Masonic Institution, for clothing, educating, and ap- 
 prenticing the sons of Freemasons. 
 
 The Drury Lane Theatrical Fund, was established in 
 1777, through the patronage and assistance of Garrick, and 
 confirmed by Parliament. Its object is to afford pecuniary 
 aid to performers in old age and when reduced to 
 poverty. 
 
 The Covent Garden Theatrical Fund, was instituted in 
 1 765, and afterwards confirmed by Act of Parliament, for 
 the same purpose as the former. 
 
CHARITIES. 265 
 
 TJie National MtUual Insurance Benefit ^ Institution, 
 Threadneedle Street. 
 
 The London Society ^ Hat ton Garden, was established in 
 1813, for the improvement and encouragement of female 
 servants. 
 
 The Royal National histitution for the Preservation of 
 Life from Shipwreck, established in March, 1824. under the 
 patronage of his Majesty, extends its aid to the subjects of 
 all nations, both in war and in peace. 
 
 Society for the Encouragement of Industry and the i?<?- 
 duction of Poor Rates. — The recently published reports 
 of this society (which was instituted in 1818), contain 
 much valuable statistical information, relative to various 
 parts of the kingdom. 
 
 The Antelopean Society, for charitable purposes. White 
 Hart Yard, Strand, has subsisted for nearly a century. 
 
 The Association for the Relief of the Poor of the City of 
 London and Parts adjacent, — The object of this charity is 
 to supply the indigent with coals and potatoes in winter 
 at a reduced price. It was established in 1799 
 
 The French House of Charity, Spitalfields, was formea 
 about the middle of the last century, for the distribution 
 of provisions to distressed Frenchmen. 
 
 The Society of Philanthropic Harmonists, held at the 
 Globe, Titchfield Street, and the St. Luke's Philanthropic 
 Society, eflect considerable good, by giving small sums to 
 distressed persons. 
 
 There are numerous other Societies, the benefits of which 
 are restricted to persons engaged in certain trades or occu-« 
 pations : among these are associations of Commercial Tra- 
 vellers, Bankers' Clerks, Parish Clerks, Licensed Victual' 
 lers. Clock and Watch Makers, &c. &c. 
 
 A Society was instituted in 1S02, for superseding the ne- 
 
264 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 cessity of employing Climbing Boys in sweeping chimneys ; 
 and another in 1805, for improving the condition of those 
 unfortunate beings. 
 
 Among the Charities confined to local objects may be 
 enumerated the Swiss Society, Orkney and Shetland Society, 
 Yorkshire Society, Westmoi^eland Society, Cumberland Be^ 
 nevolent Institution, Worcestershire Society, Gloucestershire 
 Society, Wiltshii^e Society, and Somersetshire Society, 
 
 Banks. — Among the many beneficial in- 
 stitutions which characterise London, there are few 
 which promise to be of greater future utility than the Sav- 
 ings' Banks. These are societies, the object of which is to 
 encourage a habit of saving in the poor, who may depo- 
 sit in them any sum as low as 1^. per week, and on the 
 deposit, when it amounts to one pound, compound inte- 
 rest is allowed, which, at the end of twenty years, would 
 accumulate to the sum of 548/. Their first establish- 
 ment was materially assisted by the exertions of the late 
 Right Honourable George Rose, M. P., who, in May, 
 1816, introduced into the House of Commons a Bill for 
 the regulation of Provident Institutions and Savings' 
 Banks, which afterwards passed into a law. There are 
 in the metropolis and other parts of England, at least 
 130 of these institutions. 
 
 CHARTERED, ENDOWED, AND OTHER FREE AND PARISH 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 Christ^ s Hospital, or, the Blue-Coat School, Newgate 
 Street. — -This royal foundation derives its latter name 
 from the dress of the children it maintains and educates. 
 Here anciently stood the house of the Grey Friars, or 
 Franciscans, founded about 1225; and part of the present 
 edifice was a cloister, &c. of the conventual buiidings. 
 
 The monastery having been surrendered to Henry VIII., 
 that monarch, a little before his death, granted it to the city 
 for the relief of the poor. But this object being neglect- 
 ed, Edward VI. his successor, at the instance of Ridley, 
 Bishop of London, sent a letter to the Lord Mayor, invit- 
 ing his assistance in relieving the poor; and shortly after- 
 
CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 265 
 
 wards a regular system of relief for the poor of the metro- 
 polis was formed, of which this hospital made a principal 
 part. The poor were distinguished into classes. St. Bar- 
 tholomew's and St. Thomas's Hospitals were destined to 
 relieve the diseased ; Bridewell to support and correct 
 the ic^/^; and Christ's Hospital to maintain and educate 
 the young and helpless : and the King incorporated the 
 governors of these several hospitals by the title of The 
 M.ayoi\ Commonalty^ and Citizens of the City of London, 
 Governors of the Possessions, Revenues, and Goods of the 
 Hospitals of Edtvard VI. King of England. Edward also 
 granted to Christ's Hospital lands of the yearly value of 600/. 
 belonging to the Savoy, and added other benefactions, 
 and privileges, the last being his license to hold lands in 
 mortmain to the yearly value of 4000 marks. In 1552, 
 the house of the Grey Friars was first prepared for the re- 
 ception of the children ; and in November, in the same 
 year, nearly 400 were admitted. 
 
 Charles II. in 1674, founded a mathematical school here 
 for forty boys, to which he liberally granted lOOO/. per 
 annum, payable out of the exchequer for seven years. 
 Of these boys, ten are yearly apprenticed to the sea-service, 
 and in their places ten more received on the founda- 
 tion. Another mathematical school, for thirty- seven boys, 
 now united with the preceding, was afterwards founded 
 by a Mr. Travers. 
 
 There are nearly twelve hundred children on the founda- 
 tion ; but about 500 of that number (including all the 
 younger boys, and the female scholars) are educated at 
 an excellent establishment in the healthy town of Hert- 
 ford. All the boys wear the costume already alluded to, 
 which is of an ancient and singular character. It consists 
 of a dark-blue cloth coat, made close to the body, but with 
 loose skirts ; yellow under coats ; yellow worsted stock- 
 ings; and round, flat, extremely small, black worsted 
 bonnets or caps. Their food is very plain, but whole- 
 some : the dormitories are spacious, and uniformly kept 
 in the most cleanly state. 
 
 The boys are chiefly instructed in reading, writing, ana 
 arithmetic, to fit them for merchants' counting-houses, or 
 for trades : but one boy is annually sent to the university 
 
2C6 PICTLTRE Of LOKDON 
 
 ofCambridge, to be educated for the church; and another 
 every seven years to that of Oxford. The following is a 
 recent annual return : — 
 
 Children put forth Apprentices . . . 181 
 
 Buried 11 
 
 Children under care of the Hospital . 1058 
 To be admitted on Presentation ... 140 
 As a building, Christ's Hospital is very extensive, and 
 consists of various irregular parts. The south front, adjoin- 
 ing Newgate Street, is ornamented with Doric pilasters 
 and a statue of the founder : but so confined is the gene- 
 ral situation of the buildings, that it is only in an area 
 before Christ-Church, to which there is a passage from 
 Newgate Street, that this front can be fully seen. The 
 ancient cloisters serve as a thoroughfare for foot-passen- 
 gers, and as a place for the boys to amuse themselves in 
 during wet weather. 
 
 The great Hall is a spacious room, in which the boys 
 breakfast, dine, and sup. It was built after the great fire 
 of London, at the sole charge of Sir John Frederic, 
 alderman of London, and cost 5000/. On one side, at 
 the upper end, is a very large picture by Verrio, repre- 
 senting James IL surrounded by his nobles, receiving 
 the president, governors, and many of the children of 
 the hospital. In this picture are half-lengths of Ed- 
 ward VI. and Charles II. represented suspended to the 
 wall as portraits. Another painting exhibits Edward 
 VI. delivering the charter of the hospital to the Lord 
 Mayor and Aldermen, who are in their robes, and kneel- 
 ing. Near the King is Bishop Ridley. A new and com- 
 modious hall is now building from the designs of John Shaw, 
 Esq. Architect. The Duke of York laid the foundation 
 stone in April 1825. 
 
 In the spacious apartment, where the governors meet, 
 called the Court-Room, are portraits of Edward VI. by 
 Holbein, and of the chief benefactors to the hospital. 
 In another room, the interior of which is entirely faced 
 with stone, are kept the records, deeds, and other writ- 
 ings, of the hospital. One of the books is the early 
 record of the hospital ; it contains an anthem sung 
 by the first children, very beautifully illuminated, accord- 
 ing to the custom of the time. 
 
 i 
 
CHAftXEB HOUSE. 267 
 
 The permanent revenues of Christ's Hospital are 
 great, arising from royal and private donations in houses 
 and lands ; and by a grant from the Cit}^ the governors 
 license the carts allowed to ply vi^ithin its limits, to the 
 number of 420, and their owners pay a small sum for such 
 license. The expenditure is immense, being at present 
 about 30,000/. per annum, of which 1300/. is paid in sala- 
 ries to the officers and servants of the foundation. 
 
 The governors are unlimited in their number, being 
 usually benefactors to the hospital, or persons of consider- 
 able importance, associated with the Lord Mayor and 
 Corporation, who are Governors, by the charter: a donation 
 of 400/. makes a governor. The Governors have been 
 made trustees to other extensive charities, by their se- 
 veral founders, and amongst them is one of 10^ a-year 
 each, for life, to 400 blind men. 
 
 The greater part of the buildings belonging to this noble 
 institution being, in a state of considerable decay, the Go- 
 vernors have lately resolved to rebuild the whole. 
 
 Charter /Zb^^^6f, Charter-house Square. — This institution, 
 the name of which is a corruption of the French word 
 Chartreux, was formerly, as that term signifies, a priory 
 for monks of the Carthusian order ; but, in the year 1611, 
 the building was converted, by Thomas Sutton, Esq. into 
 a magnificent hospital, for a master, preacher, head school- 
 master, second master, forty-four boys, and eighty de- 
 cayed gentlemen, who had been merchants, or military 
 men. He endowed this foundation with lands, worth, at 
 that time, about 4500/. per annum, the income from which 
 is, of course, now immensely increased. The boys are in- 
 structed in classical learning, and the pensioners allowed 
 14L per annum, besides a gown, provisions, fire, and lodg- 
 ing. This foundation also allows 20/. per annum each, 
 for eight years, to twenty-nine students at the universities ; 
 and there are nine ecclesiastical preferments in the patron- 
 age of the governors. 
 
 The priory having passed into the possession of the 
 Howard family, after the Reformation, Thomas Howard, 
 
 A A 2 
 
268 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Earl of Suffolk, in the reign of James I., alienated it, 
 for thirteen thousand pounds, to Mr. Sutton, who founded 
 the present establishment. 
 
 The buildings forming the Charter House have an 
 ancient appearance, and retain many traces of the im- 
 provements and alterations made by the Duke of Nor- 
 folk in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The Chapel 
 has painted windows, in two of which the armorial 
 bearings of Mr. Sutton are represented in stained glass. 
 The old Court Room is decorated with sculpture, and 
 painting of the arms of the Howard family. It has been 
 much defaced with whitewash. The Hall has a large win- 
 dow ornamented with painted glass. The Master's House 
 has been rebuilt of late years. In the Governor's Room 
 is a half-length portrait of Mr. Sutton. He was descended 
 from a good family in the county of Lincoln, and became 
 an eminent London merchant in the reign of Elizabeth. 
 Great as was his wealth, he was more distinguished for his 
 integrity, generosity, and true charity, than for his riches, 
 which had been all obtained by industry in his profession, 
 by honourable posts under government, or by the suc- 
 cess of his enterprises against the Spaniards. In a privateer, 
 he took a Spanish prize worth twenty thousand pounds. 
 He also commanded the bark called the Sutton, as a 
 volunteer against the Spanish Armada. In years of 
 scarcity, he bought corn in large quantities, and caused it 
 to be retailed at low prices to his poor neighbours. He 
 died in December, 1611, aged 79. His body was em- 
 balmed, and kept in his own house till the following May, 
 when it was deposited with great pomp in Christ-Churcy, 
 whence it was again removed, on the shoulders of the 
 poor, to the chapel in his own hospital, when finished. 
 His effigy, in a gown, is placed in a recumbent attitude 
 upon his tomb : on each side is a man in armour, erect, 
 and above, a preacher, represented as in the act of ad- 
 dressing his audience. 
 
 Westminster School, Dean's Yard, was founded in 1560, 
 by Queen Elizabeth, for forty boys, called the Queens' 
 Scholars, who receive an education to prepare them for 
 
S*: I'auls School . 
 
 Sw ^qc-o n s ( \^ Ue<H' . 
 
 Merrhant TtUfloiw Sr/nw/ . 
 
PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 259 
 
 the university : many of the sons. of the first nobiHty and 
 gentry are placed under the tuition of the masters and 
 their assistants of this school. 
 
 This seminary is divided into two schools, the upper and 
 lower, comprising seven forms, or classes. There Is a 
 head master and a second master, with numerous assist- 
 ants. Several very celebrated persons have, at different 
 periods, presided over this establishment. Among them 
 may be noticed, Camden, the author of the Britan- 
 nia; Dr. Richard Busby, famous for his classical know- 
 ledge and the severity of his discipline ; Dr. Markham, 
 Archbishop of York ; the late Dr. William Vincent, au- 
 thor of the Voyage of Nearchus, and Dr. Carey, the pre- 
 sent Bishop of Exeter. 
 
 Sf, PauVs School, St. Paul's Church Yard, was founded 
 ill 1509 by Dr. John Colet, Dean of St. Paul's, son of 
 Sir Henry Colet, twice Lord Mayor of London. The Mer- 
 cers' Company were appointed trustees of this charity, 
 which was instituted to be a free-school for the educa- 
 tion of 153 boys, under the superintendance of a master, an 
 usher, and a chaplain. Many of the scholars are removed 
 to the Universities, with exhibitions to defray a portion of 
 their expenses. This school is divided into eight classes, 
 or forms. In 1822, the building, situated on the east side 
 of St. Paul's Church Yard, was taken down : it has been 
 since rebuilt, and greatly enlarged towards the north. The 
 new edifice, which was erected under the direction and from 
 the designs of George Smith, architect, is a very hand- 
 some building, fronted with stone, and consists of a 
 centre and wings, ornamented with a colonnade. 
 
 Merchant-Tailors' School, Suffolk Lane, Cannon Street. 
 —In 1561, the company of Merchant-Tailors, in conse- 
 quence of the gift of 500/. by Richard Hills, one of their 
 masters, for the purchase of suitable premises, founded 
 this school, in which, agreeably to the original statutes, 
 100 boys are taught at 5s, each per quarter; 50 at 2s. 6d, 
 each ; and 100 gratis. In the whole, about 500 boys are 
 now constantly on this establishment. 
 
 The present building consists of the School House, 
 A A 3 
 
r 
 
 270 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 apartments for the ushers, a house for the head-master, a 
 library, and a chapel : all of which were erected imme- 
 diately after the Fire of 1666, at the expence of the com- 
 pany, on the site of the former school, which had been de- 
 stroyed at that time. Several scholars from this establish- 
 ment are annually sent to St. John's College, Oxford. 
 
 Schools under the patronage of the National, and the 
 British and Foreign School Societies. — In the year 1798, 
 Joseph Lancaster, of the respectable society of Friends, 
 usually called Quakers, began the practice of a novel mode 
 of instructing youth, which has, in an extraordinary de- 
 gree, lessened the labour of teachers, and facilitated the 
 improvement of their pupils. His late Majesty warmly 
 patronized the scheme, soon after it was made public ; but 
 its advantages were not generally appreciated, nor did it 
 attract national attention, till the year 1808. Between 
 that year and the year 18 J 6, the plan had been prose- 
 cuted with such success, that more than 200 schools for 
 boys and 80 for girls had been established upon this 
 system, in London and various parts of England; and 
 each school educated from 150 to 500 children. 
 
 But, in the mean time, although the usefulness of the 
 plan thus actively promulgated by Joseph Lancaster, with 
 the assistance of some munificent friends, could not be 
 questioned, the claims of that person to its invention or 
 original introduction into this country, were warmly con- 
 troverted by numbers of the religious party usually called 
 the High-Church. They insisted, that not Joseph Lancas- 
 ter, but the Rev. Dr. Bell, had introduced the system, 
 and that the worthy doctor had himself only transplanted 
 it from the shores of Hindostan. The conflict of opinions 
 on this subject occasioned not merely the farther spread 
 of the schools, then called Lancasterian, but also the found- 
 ation of a great number of new schools, on the same 
 plan, but under the authority of Dr. Bell. 
 
 The schools thus instituted are styled the National, from 
 a society, so called, supported by some of the first charac- 
 ters in the kingdom, having been formed to promote 
 them. The grand principle on which they are founded is, 
 that the English constitution being ** fundamentally Pro- 
 
PUB1.IC SCHOOLS. 27i 
 
 testant," the doctrines of the English church alone should 
 be inculcated in the minds of our youth, in order to their 
 being brought up faithful and well-affected subjects and 
 churchmen, and who should take the creed of the establish- 
 ment as the only safe and orthodox exposition of the 
 Bible itself. Upon this principle, the children of sectarian 
 parents are not admitted into the National Schools. The 
 British and Foreign School Society (formerly the Lancas- 
 terian), however, adopting wider and more liberal views, 
 make neither religion nor country a barrier to admission 
 into their establishments. 
 
 Not only in the metropolis, but likewise in other parts 
 of the kingdom, schools for the instruction of the poor 
 on the new system have been formed, under the patron- 
 age of both societies ; and the advantages to the rising 
 generation from these institutions must be numerous and 
 of great moral importance. 
 
 The Schools of the metropolis alone, however, enter into 
 the plan of this volume ; and the stranger who may feel in- 
 terested in a proper understanding of this valuable me- 
 thod of education, will not fail to avail himself of the 
 permission afforded by the National Society, for any 
 respectable person to inspect their Central School, in Bald- 
 win's Gardens, in order to see the system in operation. A 
 particular description of that school will, with propriety, 
 follow here, and the reader may comprehend from it the 
 leading features of the plan that prevails in all schools of 
 the same kind, whether their system be called JBelPs or 
 Lancaster's. 
 
 The Central School, Baldwin's Gardens, Graxfs Inn 
 Lane, is divided into two rooms, well lighted and venti- 
 lated : one for 600 boys, and the other for 400 girls, al- 
 lowing six square feet for each child. The building is 
 perfectly plain, and fitted up in the simplest manner, the 
 walls white-washed, and the floor level. Writing desks, 
 having in front a single row of benches, on which the 
 children sit to write in successive divisions, are placed 
 round each school room against the wall, with the top 
 ledge about three inches from it, so as to admit the slates 
 on which they write to hang from hooks fixed fourteen 
 inches asunder in a slender deal rail, fastened to the wall 
 
272 PIC TURK or LONDON. 
 
 aboui half a foot above the ledge. In one aile are phiccti 
 the sand trays, extending across the room, at which tiie 
 alphabet and stops are taught, and the under-classes write 
 a portion of their reading lessons. The room besides con- 
 tains only a desk, on which lies a book for the insertion of 
 visitors' names, and a few moveable forms in the boys' 
 school, and two large work-tables and forms in the girls, 
 school ; the area being left as open as possible, to allov/ 
 full space for the classes to form, and the children to pass 
 freely to and from their places. 
 
 The schools, in which the National system is strictly 
 observed, as well in the mode of tuition as in discipline, 
 are divided into ailes, and each aile into classes of not 
 more than forty children in each ; the only rule for classi- 
 fication is formed by the qualifications of the children. 
 
 To each class is attached a teacher, and an assistant 
 teacher, who have the entire management and direction 
 of such class : the teachers are selected from a superior 
 class, and the assistants from their own or the class im* 
 mediately above them, and, in whatever class they have 
 charge, they read a portion of the lesson in turn with 
 the other children. 
 
 To each aile is appointed a sub-usher, who sees that 
 the teachers do their duty ; and over each school presides 
 a head-usher or monitor. 
 
 Employment. — Morning. — The schools open precisely 
 at nine with Prayers^ consisting of the 2d and 3d col- 
 lects of Morning Service, the Lord's Prayer, and " the 
 Grace of our Lord," read by one of the children : 
 every child not present at prayers, and not assigning a 
 satisfactory reason for absence, is detained after school- 
 hours from five to thirty minutes. 
 
 After prayers the first aile ciplier till ten — learn by 
 heart religious exercises till half-past ten — write till eleven 
 — and read till the schools are dismissed, at twelve. 
 
 Second aile write till half-past nine — learn religious 
 exercises till ten — read till eleven — and cipher till 
 twelve. 
 
 Third aile learn religious exercises till half-past nine — 
 and read and W7^ite alternately till twelve. 
 
 Afternoon. — The schools re-open at two. The girk* 
 
PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 273 
 
 school, still in classes, with teachers, assistants, &c., learn 
 knitting and needle-work till half-past four, and arithmetical 
 tables till five. 
 
 The boys' school — first aile cipher till three — write till 
 half-past three — read till half-past four — and learn arith^ 
 metical tables till five. 
 
 Second aile write till half-past two — read till half-past 
 three — cipher till half-past four — and learn arithmetical 
 tables till five. 
 
 Third aile read and write till half-past four, and learn 
 arithmetical tables or cipher till five ; at which hour both 
 schools are dismissed with the Gloria Patri^ sung by the 
 children, after prayers read by one of the children, as in 
 the morning, with the substitution only of the 2d and od 
 evening collects for the two morning collects. 
 
 The books in ?'eading, for which the children are pre- 
 pared by previous instruction on the sand trai/s, are — 
 National Society Central School, No. 1, or cards (taught 
 card by card, first by previous spelling, then by words) — 
 National Society Central School, No. 2, 3, &c. all taught 
 in the usual way, except that the spelling columns, No. J, 
 are first read syllabically, and then by words : then follow 
 the Bible and Prayer Book, to be put into the hands of 
 such as, by means of this initiatory course, are capable of 
 reading it. The ciphering exercises begin with " Arith- 
 metical tables for the use of schools on the Madras 
 System," in order; viz. the tables of Numeration, count- 
 ing as far as 100 forwards and backwards, of Addition, 
 Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division, and tables of 
 money ; after which the children proceed in the same 
 order to the practice of the rules on slates, ending with 
 Compound Multiplication and Division. The writing 
 exercises begin with the letters, figures, and stopg, in the 
 sand trni/s, and then proceed to writing on slates, until 
 fcufiicient progress is made for occasional writing in copy- 
 books. 
 
 It may be added, that there are more than thirtj/ schools, 
 in London, only; each instructing from 200 to 1000 chil- 
 dren, united to the National Society, and that the expense 
 of books for the whole number, by which the scholars ac- 
 quire reading and the rudiments of religion, is calculated 
 
274 PICTURE OF LOXDOJi. 
 
 not to exceed 07ie j>enny for each child. When, there- 
 fore, we annex to this fact, the consideration of the num- 
 bers of all classes, from the prince to the peasant, who 
 unite their subscriptions to advance the objects of this so- 
 ciety, we shall at once perceive how mighty is the National 
 engine of instruction now at work, while we contemplate 
 with delight the benefits it is conferring on the country and 
 the age. — The British and Foreign School Society con- 
 tribute a large additional proportion to these benefits; 
 and the different parish schools^ educating and clothing, as 
 has been observed, on an average, at least 11,000 children, 
 thereby increase the public good, and private advantage. 
 
 The mere mention of the principal of the remaining 
 institutions for the education of the poor must suffice. 
 They are — 
 
 The British IJyiion School, Shakspeare's Walk, Shadwell. 
 — Established in 1816, for educating the children of pa- 
 rents of every religious denomination. L 
 
 The Orphan Working School, in the City Road, esta- i 
 blished in 1760, for the education and support of orphan 
 children. 
 
 St, Anne^s Society Schools, Aldersgate and Peckham. 
 
 The Quaker^ s School, Goswell Street Road, which, in the 
 most exemplary manner, instructs a number of poor chil- 
 dren, belonging to members of that persuasion. 
 
 The Royal British Institution, North Street, Finsbury j 
 Square, established in 18L?. j 
 
 Protestant Dissenters^ Charity School, Bartholomew j 
 Close, established in 1717. 
 
 City of London School of Instruction and Industry, in«» 
 stituted in 1806, Mitre Street, Aldgate. 
 
 ALMS-HOUSES. 
 
 The nature and objects of these institutions are too well 
 known to need explanation. They are very numerous in 
 the metropolis and its vicinity ; and most of the public 
 schools are, by their charters, and the letter of their en- 
 dowments, in part, at least, alms-houses. We can notice 
 only the following : — 
 
 Morden College, Blackheath, erected and endowed by 
 
ALMS-HOUSES. 275 
 
 Sir John Morden, in 1695, for the support of twelve de- 
 cayed merchants. The founder died in 1708, leaving the 
 whole of his estates, after the death of his lady, to this 
 charitable institution. 
 
 The Haberdashers' Alms-houses, Hoxton, founded by the 
 Company of Haberdashers, in 1692, in pursuance of the 
 will of Robert Aske, Esq., who left 50,000/. for erecting 
 and endowing them. This foundation maintains twenty 
 poor haberdashers, besides supporting and educating the 
 same number of boys. A new building has been recently 
 erected in place of the old alms-houses. 
 
 The Drapers* Alms-houses, Greenwich, was founded and 
 endowed by William Lambarde, the antiquary, in 1576. 
 
 St. Peter^s Hosjntal, or Fishmongers* Alms-houses, New- 
 ington Butts, was founded 1618. 
 
 Norfolk College, Greenwich, is an hospital or alms-house, 
 founded and endowed by Henry, Earl of Northampton, in 
 1613. The Mercers' Company are the trustees of this in- 
 stitution, the revenue of which is about 1 100/. per annum. 
 
 The Trinity Company have endowed Alms-houses in 
 Mile-end road, which were founded in the year 1695. 
 These consist of 28 tenements, surrounding a quadrangle, 
 and are appropriated to decayed commanders of ships, or 
 mates, or pilots, with their wives, &c. 
 
 Bancroffs Alms-houses, Mile-end, founded in pursuance 
 of the will of Francis Bancroft, made in 1727. The 
 Drapers' Company are the trustees of this charity, the 
 founder of which was interred in the church of St. Helen, 
 Bishopsgate Street*. 
 
 At Caron House, Vauxhall, is an establishment, founded 
 by Sir Noel De Caron, Dutch ambassador, in 1622. Its in- 
 mates are poor aged women of Lambeth parish ; and it is 
 said to have owed its endowment to the contrition of the 
 ambassador for an amour with a milkmaid, during his long 
 residence in England. 
 
 The East India Company's Alms-houses, Poplar, was 
 founded about the beginning of the seventeenth century, 
 
 * Bancroft was the grandson of x\rchbishop Bancroft, but 
 his family being reduced, he became one of the lord mayor's 
 officers, and by very discreditable means amassed the sum of 
 
276 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 for the widows of officers and seamen in the Company's 
 service. 
 
 Edwards^ Alms-houseSy Christ-church, Surrey, was esta- 
 blished in 1717. 
 
 Stafford's Alms-houses, Gray's Inn Road, was founded 
 in 1615. 
 
 Whittington^ s Alms-houses, was founded in 1415, and esta- 
 blished at College Hill, in the city. A new, commodious, 
 and very handsome suite of buildings has been recently 
 erected at the bottom of Highgate Hill, for the reception 
 of its inmates. 
 
 Henry VII, ^s Alms-houses, Little Almonry, Westminster. 
 
 Dame Owen's Alms-houses, Islington, was founded in 
 1610*. 
 
 Emanuel Hospital, Tothill Fields, Westminster, was 
 founded by Lady Dacre, in 1601, for decayed inhabitants 
 of St. John's Parish, Westminster. 
 
 The Fishmongers Alms' Houses, in Kingsland Road, com- 
 prise a chapel in the centre, fourteen houses, and a dwell- 
 ing-house for the chaplain. The establishment supports 
 about forty persons and their families. 
 
 WORKHOUSES. 
 
 These receptacles for the helpless poor are very nume- 
 rous in London ; but they have been, in fact, by no means 
 what the name imports, so few of them were there in 
 
 28,O00/., which he bequeathed to the Drapers' Company, in 
 trust for the foundation of his alms-house and a school. Dur- 
 ing his life he erected a vault for his interment ; and he ordered 
 that his body should be embalmed, and put into a chest with a 
 lid on hinges and unfastened, having a piece of glass over the 
 face of the corpse. He also directed that his tomb should be 
 visited at intervals during a given period, as he expected to re- 
 turn to life ; and he left 40 shillings a-year to the sexton of the 
 church, for keeping his monument free from dust. 
 
 * An arrow from the bow of an archer, exercising in Isling- 
 »on fields, having pierced the hgh-crowned hat of the foundress. 
 Dame Alice Owen, she endowed this charity, as a votive monu- 
 ment of gratitude for her escape. 
 
WORKHOUSES. 277 
 
 which any work whatever was done. Yet, it cannot be sup- 
 posed that such houses were ever intended to support the 
 unfortunate poor in idleness ; and, when we see this to be 
 the case, rational benevolence must be compelled to re- 
 gret, that a positive evil should have grown out of a con- 
 templated good. We must, however, qualify these remarks, 
 by the observation, that they apply rather to what the 
 London Workhouses were, but very few j-'ears ago, than 
 to what they are at present, many of them having been 
 compelled, by the increased call upon their respective pa- 
 rish funds, to extract some provision for the support of 
 their establishments, out of the industry of the poor them- 
 selves. The two following are among those which deserve 
 praise for the manner in which they are conducted. 
 
 St, Mart/'lu-borme Workhouse is situated in the New 
 Road, near Mary-la-bonne Church. It was built in 1775, 
 and contains usually more than 1000 persons. This house, 
 and the infirmary adjoining, as a parochial concern, excite 
 general admiration, for cleanliness, neatness, and good 
 management. 
 
 St, Martinis, Castle Street, Leicester Square. — This 
 workhouse occupies a large extent of ground. It was 
 erected in 1772, at which time, 1 1,775/. were raised on an- 
 nuities for the purpose. 
 
 At St, Pancras Workhouse, and some others, improved 
 modes of management have also recently been adopted. 
 The London Workhouse, Bishopsgate Street, on the con- 
 trary, though formerly constituting a very proper and ef- 
 ficient relief to distressed mechanics and the destitute poor, 
 IS said to be greatly neglected at present. 
 
'218 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 institutions for the Promotion and Support of Christian 
 Knowledge, Religion^ and Morals, 
 
 London is distinguished among the capitals of Europe 
 for the eminently religious character of its inhabitants. 
 The places of worship, enumerated under the proper head, 
 are abundant evidences of this ; and it may be concluded, 
 that the variety of opinion which prevails on religious 
 matters, greatly tends to preserve the vital spirit of religion, 
 and to prevent it from sinking into the mere superstitious 
 observance of ceremonious practices on the one hand, or 
 into the cold belief of the existence of a God of nature 
 on the other. 
 
 The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, in 
 Lincoln' s-inn-fields, founded in the year 1699, con- 
 tinued its operations for upwards of a century upon a 
 scale of unpretending, unobtrusive usefulness ; but it has of 
 late years immensely extended both its means and its 
 sphere of action, stimulated by the successful example of 
 another society, which derived its origin from Evangeli- 
 cal professors, and embraced a principal object of this ori- 
 ginal and venerable institution. Its chief purposes are to 
 send out and establish missionaries to preach Christianity in 
 heathen and other countries, particularly in the East ; to 
 spread the knowledge of the gospel ; and to distribute bibles, 
 prayer books, and other books and tracts, explanatory of 
 the duties of a religious member of the Church of Eng- 
 land, among the poor and uninstructed at home. This 
 Society comprehends several thousand members, independ- 
 ently of the district societies, dispersed throughout the 
 kingdom, which act in subserviency to the parent institu- 
 tion. Its funds are derived from donations and legacies, 
 and from the annual subscriptions of the members, who 
 are entitled to give orders upon the society to an almost 
 indefinite extent, for bibles, &c., to distribute among their 
 poorer neighbours, upon their becoming its debtors for a 
 
RELIGIOUS SOCIETiES. 279 
 
 ^rtain fixed proportion of the expense. These orders are 
 ' ways addressed to the Secretary, at the office in Lin- 
 coln*s-inn-fields, and must receive his signature, previously 
 to their being executed by the society's highly respectable 
 booksellers, Messrs. Rivington, of St. Paul's Church3'ard, 
 whose establishment there nearly vies in antiquity with the 
 institution itself. This society reckons among its mem- 
 bers all the archbishops and bishops, and other principal 
 dignitaries of the establishment, together with a great 
 number of the chief nobility of the kingdom. 
 
 Tlie Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign 
 l^flrr^^, was incorporated in 1701, for the purpose of fur- 
 nishing the colonial possessions of the British crown with 
 ministers of the established church. Its members consist 
 of the Archbishop of Canterbury, several of the Bishops 
 and other ecclesiastical dignitaries, and numerous other 
 subscribers. The operations of the society have been prin- 
 cipally carried on in North America and the West Indies. 
 
 Society for Propagating Christian Knoivledge in the 
 Highlands and Islands of Scotland. — The objects of this 
 institution are chiefly promoted by means of instruction 
 afforded to youth. More than 300 schools are conducted 
 under the society's patronage, and upwards of 20,000 
 children educated. Royal charters of incorporation were 
 granted in 1709 and 1738. 
 
 The British and Foreign Bible Society, Earl Street, 
 Blackfriars, has been established within the present century, 
 and has for its sole object the circulation of the sacred 
 Scriptures, ' without note or comment,' confining its ef- 
 forts to no countries. Christian or Pagan, and being sup- 
 ported by the benevolent of all religious denominations. 
 
 The activity of this society, the progress it has made, 
 and the amount of its expenditure, since its institution, 
 afford a theme for surprise and admiration. The receipts 
 of the charity, from annual subscriptions, legacies, sale of 
 books, &c. is about 95,000/.; and the number of bibles and 
 testaments it has circulated amounts to above two millions 
 five hundred thousand ! There are also auxiliary societies 
 
 B B 2 
 
280 PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 in almost every part of the empire, which purchase of the 
 parent institution at prime cost ; and the example has 
 been followed in many foreign countries, which have their 
 several " Bible Societies," some in immediate co-operation 
 with, and others independent of the one under notice. 
 
 The exertions of this society, in procuring and publish- 
 ing translations of the Holy Writ into numerous languages, 
 are particularly deserving of praise. Independently of their 
 editions of the bible in Welsh, Gaelic,. Irish, and Manks, for 
 the service of the British Isles, they have published others 
 in French, Dutch, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, 
 Danish, modern Greek, Arabic, Ethiopic, Syriac, and many 
 other languages. 
 
 The Prayer Book and Homily Society , Salisbury Square, 
 Fleet Street, was instituted in 1812, by members of the 
 establishment, with a view to distribute, both at reduced 
 prices and gratuitously, the authorised formularies, &c. of 
 the Church of England, 'without note or comment,' like 
 the Scriptures dispersed by the Bible Society. The society 
 has distributed about 92,500 prayer books since its insti- 
 tution, together with above 705,000 homily tracts, 10,500 ' 
 psalters, and complete copies of the homilies to a less ex- 
 tent. The income of this society is at present about 
 2000/. a-year ; but its efforts are carried to the very ex- 
 tent of its funds, and are neither the less zealous nor 
 the less commendable. 
 
 MISSIONARY SOCIETIES. 
 
 Methodist MissionSy commenced by the celebrated 
 Wesley, are now conducted on an immense scale, and ex- 
 tend their operations to all the four quarters of the globe. 
 The receipts of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, in 
 1820, were upwards of 51,000/. The office is in Hatton 
 Garden. 
 
 The Church Missionary Society for Africa arui the Easty 
 «vas established in the first year of the present century. 
 This society expends annually considerably more than 
 5,000/. in furtherance of its benevolent objects. The 
 
I] 
 
 RELIGIOUS AND MORAL INSTITUTIONS. 281 
 
 Missionari/ Register, published monthly under its auspices, 
 gives an interesting periodical view of its proceedings. 
 
 The Missionary Society of the Calvinistic Methodists 
 Mas instituted in 1795. The islands in the Pacific Ocean 
 were first visited by the emissaries of this establishment, 
 the design of which has been prosecuted on a very ex- 
 tensive scale. Their attention has since been directed to 
 North America, the East Indies, &c. The publications 
 of persons employed by the ^lissionary Society contain 
 much curious information, relative to thej^fcountries and 
 people they have visited. The society's oflice is in the Old 
 Jewry, ^ ** 
 
 There are also Missionary Societies conducted respec- 
 tively by the French Protestants, the Moravians, the Bap- 
 tists, and the Swedenborgians ; besides (he Home Mission^ 
 an/ Society, an establishment of the Calvinistic Dissenters, 
 and the Continental Society, instituted in 1818, by the 
 Evangelical Episcopalians. The annual receipts of the 
 Baptists' Missionary Society amount to about 15,000/. 
 
 The other institutions, which have for their object the 
 promotion of religion, or the cultivation of good morals, 
 are the following : — 
 
 Queen Anne^s Bounty, for the Augmentation of small 
 Livings of Clergymen. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Brays Chanty, for providing Parochial Libra- 
 ries, instituted in 1 696. 
 
 The Society for Promoting Religions Knoiuledge hy distri- 
 buting books to the poor, was instituted in 1750. 
 
 Naval and Military Bible Society, established in 1780. 
 
 Society for the Support and Er.couragement of Sunday 
 Schools, throughout the British Dominions, instituted in 
 1785, Little Moorfields. Its object is to assist in the 
 formation of Sunday Schools, by affording information, 
 by pecuniary aid, and by furnishing books, Szc. 
 
 Sunday School Union, an association of gratuitous 
 Sunday School teachers. 
 
 London Society for Promoting Christiafiity aviongrt the 
 Jews, Wardrobe Place, Doctors' Commons. This society, 
 
 E B 3 
 
282 FICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 which was formed under the patronage of the present 
 Bishop of St. David's, sends missionaries to various parts 
 of the world to convert the 'Jews, by preaching, and by 
 the distribution of books. Within the last twelve months, 
 8,824 copies of the New Testament, and 74,000 tracts 
 were distributed; and the total amount of subscriptions 
 for the past year exceeded 10,000/., of which sum Ireland 
 contributed lOOO/. 
 
 Episcopal Jews* -Chapel Ladies'' Association, in aid of 
 the fund for sending missionaries amongst the Jews. 
 
 Societi/ for the Belief of Poor Clergymen of the Esta^ 
 blishmcnt, resident in the Country, instituted in 1780. The 
 disbursements from the foundation to 1821, have been 
 more than 37,000/. 
 
 tJnitarian Fund, established in 1791, for the purpose of 
 printing and distributing books written on the principles 
 of Unitarianism. 
 
 Society for Promoting the Enlargement and Building of 
 Churches and Chapels, This society, since its establishment 
 in 1818, has been instrumental in providing accommoda- 
 tion for 80,526 persons who are in the habit of attend- 
 ing the public worship of the church of England, and 
 the amount of donations received up to May 1825, was 
 61,282/., besides annual subscriptions amounting to 630/. 
 
 Society for the Conversion and Religious Instruction of 
 Negro Slaves, incorporated by royal charter, 1794. This 
 institution derives its origin from a charitable donation of 
 the Hon. Robert Boyle ; and was incorporated at the in- 
 stance of the late Bishop Porteus. 
 
 Society for the Relief and Instruction of Poor Africans 
 and Asiatics, instituted in 1805. 
 
 Society for the Protection of Religious Liberty, 
 
 Religious Tract Society, instituted in 1799. 
 
 Dissenters^ Book Society, instituted in 1750. 
 
 The Endeavour Society, established in 1794, for the pur^ 
 pose of forming a library of books relating to the doc* 
 trines of the Established Church, of distributing religious 
 works among the poor, &c. 
 
THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 28^ 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Institutions and Establishments connected with Science, 
 Literature, and the Arts : comprehetiding those for their 
 furtherance and encouragement; Lectures; Exhibitions ; 
 and principal Literary Associations, 
 
 ESTABLISHMENTS FOR THE PROMOTION AND ENCOURAGE- 
 MENT OF GENERAL SCIENCE, LITERATURE, &C. 
 
 The Royal Society originated from the private meetings 
 of a few scientific members of the University of Oxford, and 
 others, who, during the government of Oliver Cromwell, as- 
 sembled in that city, to enjoy the benefits of improving con- 
 versation. The chief subject of their investigations was 
 experimental philosophy, which, by tracing effects to their 
 causes, and renouncing abstract reasonings and hypothetical 
 speculations, tended to the advancement of genuine science. 
 The meetings of these literati were adjourned to Gresham 
 College, London, in 1658, for the purpose of attending: 
 the lectures there established ; but the death of the Pro- 
 tector occasioned a serious interruption to their progress,. 
 as the College was then converted into barracks for sol- 
 diers. On the restoration of Charles II. the society as- 
 sembled with fresh ardour ; persons of rank were added to. 
 the list of members, and a charter of incorporation was 
 granted by the king, on the 22d of April, 1665. When 
 Sir Isaac Newton became its president in 170.5, it at- 
 tracted the notice of all Europe. 
 
 The society is governed by a president and council, 
 consisting together of twenty-one persons. There are 
 two secretaries, who conduct the correspondence, take 
 minutes, read papers, register all experiments, and publisll 
 the transactions. Candidates for admission into the 
 society, must be recommended by three fellows ; their 
 names and qualifications are then posted in the meeting-, 
 room, and, after ten meetings, a ballot takes place, when 
 
5?S4 PiCTffRE OF LONDON 
 
 the votes of two-thirds of the fellows present in favour o^ 
 the person proposed, are necessary to ensure his election. 
 Eight guineas are to be paid on admission, and afterwards 
 fourguineas, annually; or the sum of fifty guineas, at once, 
 discharges from all future payments. Strangers can at- 
 tend the meetings, by permission of the president and 
 fellows present, but their names must be first read from the 
 chair. 
 
 The business of the society, at its ordinary meetings, 
 commences by one of the secretaries reading the minutes 
 of the proceedings of the last meeting; noting the ballots 
 for candidates, the admissions and presents, if any; and, 
 lastly, giving a circumstantial detail of the contents and 
 particulars of such new communications and papers as 
 have been previously read. These minutes are always 
 heard with great attention, as embracing a clear and com-, 
 prehensive account of the papers, separated from their 
 extraneous and less material parts. The other secretary, 
 then reads such other papers as have been communicated- 
 to the society, either by its members or strangers. 
 
 The next care of the society is to select from the papers 
 that have been read, such as are considered deserving of 
 publication. For this purpose, and for managing the other 
 concerns of the society, a committee meets once a month, 
 when the papers are re-considered, and selected for publica- 
 tion by ballot ; those which are not deemed worthy of that 
 honour are, however, deposited among the archives. The 
 annual volume, in this manner collected and sent forth to. 
 the world, is called " The Philosophical Transactions of 
 the Royal Society of London." 
 
 The meetings are held from the beginning of November 
 till the conclusion of Trinity term, every Thursday even- 
 ing, from about half-past eight o'clock till nine, or after, in 
 a suite of apartments on the left-hand side of the gateway 
 of Somerset Place, whither the society removed, by 
 permission of His late Majesty, from their former house in 
 Crane Court, Fleet Street, which had been purchased 
 soon after the removal from Gresham College. Here is a 
 large library of books, many of which are highly curious, a 
 museum of subjects in natural history, &c. and a great 
 variety of mathematical instruments and other apparatus. 
 
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES. 285 
 
 The present president of the Royal Society is Sir Hum- 
 phrey Davy, distinguished for his important discoveries in 
 chemistry and natural philosophy, and especially for that 
 useful invention, the " Safety Lamp," for the protection of 
 miners. He succeeded the late Sir Joseph Banks, Bart, who 
 set an example of a life devoted to science, and it would 
 be fortunate for mankind generally, and this countr}^ in 
 particular, were it more frequently imitated by persons of 
 similar rank and independent property. 
 
 The Society of Antiquaries , consisting of a president, 
 council, and fellows, was incorporated by George II. in 
 1751, and has apartments in Somerset Place, contiguous 
 to those of the Royal Society. 
 
 The room in which the meetings are held is spacious 
 and commodious. The library, on the ground-floor, is 
 small, but so lofty as to be capable of holding a great 
 number of books. Over the door is a likeness of the late 
 Dean Milles, by Miss Black. In this room are many curious 
 antiques : among them are some from Egypt, and others 
 taken from the walls of the House of Commons, when 
 that building was enlarged for the convenience of the 
 members about the year 1800. 
 
 The fellows of this society meet on Thursday evenings, 
 from the beginning of November till the end of Trinity 
 term. Members pay, on admission, eight guineas, and four 
 guineas a-year afterwards ; but the sum of fifty guineas paid 
 at once, exempts from all further payment. Eminent fo» 
 reigners are admitted as honorary members, without pay- 
 ment of those sums. Visitors may attend, by the in- 
 troduction of a member, and under the same permission, 
 as in the Royal Society. 
 
 This society has published a number of volumes of 
 Transactions, under the title of*' Archasologia ;" together 
 with a great variety of curious engravings of English anti- 
 quities. Every person wishing to become a fellow, must 
 be recommended by three or more fellows, and after his 
 name has been hung up during four meeting nights, he is 
 then balloted for. But peers are balloted for at the same 
 meeting at which they are proposed. 
 
286 PICTUBE OF LONDON. 
 
 Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures^ 
 and Commerce^ John Street, Adelphi. — The chief objects 
 of this society are the improvement of the arts, manu- 
 factures, and commerce of the kingdom, by oifering and 
 giving premiums for useful inventions, discoveries, i&c. 
 in pursuance of this plan, the society has already ex- 
 pended upwards of 60,000/. 
 
 Meetings are held every Wednesday, at seven o'clock 
 in the evening, from the fourth Wednesday in October to 
 the first Wednesday in June. The several committees, 
 nine in number, meet on other evenings in the week 
 during the session. Each member is entitled to propose 
 persons who may be desirous of becoming members, pro- 
 vided such proposal is signed by three membei*s of the 
 society. Peers of the realm, or Lords of Parliament, are, 
 on being proposed, immediately balloted for; but the 
 name,andplace of abode, of every other person, is delivered 
 to the secretary, who reads the same, and inserts it in a list, 
 which is hung up in the society's room until the next 
 meeting, at which time such person is balloted for, when 
 two-thirds in his favor, of the members present, en- 
 sure the election. He then pays either twenty guineas, for 
 his life, or two guineas annually. Every member has the 
 privilege of taking one stranger to the weekly meetings, and, 
 by addressing a note to the housekeeper, of introducing his 
 friends to examine the various models, machines, &c.; 
 and it should be noticed, that the practice of requiring 
 such models, upon the gift of every premium or bounty 
 has procured for the society the finest collection of its 
 kind in Europe. Each member has, likewise, the use of a 
 valuable library, and is entitled to the annual volume of the 
 Society's Transactions. The time appointed for admission 
 to the models, is from ten to two o'clock, Sundays and 
 Wednesdays excepted. 
 
 In the great room, 47 feet in length, 42 feet in breadth, 
 by 40 feet in height, there is a series of very fine pictures, by 
 the late James Barry, intended, by that highly gifted but 
 eccentric artist, to illustrate the maxim, " That the At- 
 tainment of Happiness, individual and public, depends on 
 the Cultivation of the Human Faculties.'* They constitute 
 one of the finest moral efforts of the ai't ever produced. 
 
"j'Huh Musc'UPi 
 
 Sfjcvti^ss TaJace. 
 
 L(iu3d()irii<'EoiiM' . 
 
 Eai'I . '^penct'J\<i. Bouse. 
 
THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 2R7 
 
 and are an ornament to the capital, and an honour to the 
 British school. 
 
 The first picture represents Mankind in a savage state ; 
 the second, a Grecian Harvest Home^ or a Thanksgivivg to 
 Ceres and Bacchus ; the third, the Victors at the Olympic 
 Games ; the fourth, Navigation ; the fifth, the Society of 
 Arts, Sfc, ; and the last, Elysium, or the State of Final 
 RetribiUion, Strangers will find no difficulty in obtaining 
 admission, by applying to any member of the institution for 
 an order ; and the politest attention is shewn to all appli- 
 cants, by the present able and worthy secretary of the 
 society, Mr. Arthur Aikin, who resides in the adjoining 
 house. 
 
 This society was instituted in 1754. The plan was 
 suggested by Mr. William Shipley, brother of Dr. Jonathan 
 Shipley, bishop of St. Asaph, and was patronized by Lords 
 Folkstone and Romney, through whose public spirited 
 exertions it was carried into execution. The institution 
 consists of a president, sixteen vice-presidents, and various 
 officers, besides the subscribers. The president is His 
 Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, who, upon the an- 
 niversary, held on the last Tuesday in May, distributes 
 in person the premiums and bounties, either honorary or 
 pecuniary, (the former consisting of gold and silver medals, 
 &c.) which have been awarded, performing this pleasing 
 task in a manner peculiarly apposite and impressive. This 
 annual exhibition is always crowded, although of late 
 years it has been held -in the King's Theatre, or Opera 
 House, and is particularly deserving of the stranger's 
 notice : admission is obtained by tickets issued by the 
 members. 
 
 The British Museum, — This grand national collection 
 of antiquities, books, and natural curiosities, is placed in 
 the house formerly belonging to the Duke of Montagu, in 
 Great Russel Street, Bloomsbury. It was established by 
 act of parliament, in 1755, in consequence of the will of Sir 
 Hans Sloane, who left to the nation his museum, (whicK 
 he declared in that instrument, had cost him upwards ol 
 50,000/.), on condition that parliament paid 20,000/. to his 
 executors, and purchased a house sufficiently commodious 
 
5I«8 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 for it. This proposal was readily adopted: several other 
 valuable collections were united to that of Sir Hans Sloane, 
 and the whole establishment completed for the sum of 
 85,000/. which was raised by way of lottery. 
 
 The additions to the Sloanean Museum comprise : 
 
 The Cottonian Library ; given by Sir Robert Cotton to 
 the public ; 
 
 Major Edwards's Library of printed Books ; 
 
 The Harleian collection of Manuscripts ; 
 
 Sir William Hamilton's invaluable collection of Greek 
 Vases I 
 
 The Townleian collection of antique Marbles; 
 
 The Manuscripts of the late Marquess of Lansdowne; 
 
 The Elgin Marbles from Athens ; 
 
 *Dr. Burney's Classical Library j and various other col- 
 lections. 
 
 George IL gave the whole of the library of printed 
 %ooks and manuscripts which had been gradually collected 
 by our kings from Henry VIL to William IIL 
 
 George IIL gave a numerous collection of pamphlets, 
 published in the interval between 1640 and 1660. 
 
 That Sovereign also contributed the two finest Mummies 
 in Europe; a sum of money arising from lottery tickets, 
 which belonged to his royal predecessors, amounting to 
 1,123/.; a complete set of the Journals of the Lords and 
 Commons ; a collection of natural and artificial curiosities 
 «ent to him, in 1796, by Mr. Menzies, from the north- 
 west coast of America ; and several single books of great 
 value and utility. 
 
 In 180 J, the government deposited in this building 
 many Egyptian antiquities, which were acquired from 
 the French by the capitulation of Alexandria in 1802. 
 
 In 1824, a most valuable and extensive Library, formed 
 under the direction of the late king, was presented to the 
 museum by his present majesty, and will be removed from 
 Buckingham House, where it has hitherto been kept, as soon 
 as the buildingnowin progress at the Museum, is completed. 
 
 The collection of printed books in this Museum is in a 
 state of great and rapid enlargement, in consequence of an 
 acjk of parliament that was passed in the year 1815, under / 
 which eleven copies of every new work are constrained to ! 
 
BRITISH MUSEUM. 289 
 
 be delivered, within one month after the same are de- 
 manded, to the following institutions, viz., the British 
 Museum ; Sion College ; the Bodleian Library, at Oxford; 
 the Public Library, at Cambridge ; the University Library, 
 and the Library of the Faculty of Advocates, at Edin- 
 burgh; the University Libraries, at Glasgow, St. Andrews, 
 and Aberdeen, in Scotland; Trinity College Library, 
 and the King's Inn Library, at Dublin. The copy for the 
 Museum must be of the best paper on which the work is 
 printed. The act, under which this gratuitous delivery of 
 eleven copies of every work is imperatively required, pro- 
 fesses to be made for the " Encouragement of Learning^^ but 
 it should rather have been described as passed for benefitinr- 
 affluent establishments, at the expense of the author and 
 the publisher. * 
 
 The trustees of the Museum have also added, at dif- 
 ferent times : 
 
 Greenwood's collection of stuffed birds ; 
 
 The valuable collection of ancient law-books, and Ma- 
 nuscripts of F. Hargrave, Esq. ; 
 
 Hatchet's cabinet of minerals; ^ 
 
 Halhed's oriental manuscripts ; 
 
 Tyssen's collection of Saxon coins; 
 
 Editions of several of the Greek and Roman classics, 
 with Dr. Bentley's manuscript notes. 
 
 The Greville collection of minerals. 
 
 To the private donations may be added Dr. Bu-ch's li- 
 brary, left by will of the learned doctor, together with an 
 annual sum of 522/. 18^. towards the funds, forever ; a col- 
 lection of fossils by Gustavus Brander, Esq.; a select library 
 of classics by Thomas Tyrwhitt, Esq.; a collection of 
 printed and manuscript books of Sir William Musgrave ; 
 and a most magnificent collection of printed books, prints, 
 coins, medals, minerals, shells, gems, &c. which, by the 
 
 I * It is full time that this grievous, extortionate, and unjust act 
 ^ should be abrogated ; for it is inconsistent with the principles o* 
 JEngHsli legislation, and the freedom and independence of the fair 
 trader ; it is also oppressive to the author, and therefore demands 
 an immediate and impartial re-examination by the powers that 
 gave it existence, and vested it with all its arbitrai7 provisions. 
 
290 PICTURE OF LONDOJ^, 
 
 munificence of the late Rev. C. M. Cracherode, was be- 
 queathed to the public. 
 
 To these and some other benefactions may be added 
 that of Sir Joseph Banks, of curiosities from the South 
 Seas, and of Icelandic books ; and many valuable books and 
 other presents, from the Emperors Francis I. and II. ; 
 from the Empress Maria Theresa ; from Catherine II. of 
 Russia, and their Majesties Charles III. of Spain, and Fre- 
 deric V. of Denmark; the library and collection of coins be- 
 longing to his late Majesty, by hispresent Majesty; from the 
 Boards of Admiralty and of Longitude; and from the East 
 India Company ; as well as others from the various literary 
 societies of London, Edinburgh, Oxford, Cambridge, 
 Leyden* the Royal and Imperial Academies of Brussels, 
 Lisbon, &e. 
 
 The present house is built in the French style, the 
 architect was Peter Puget, who was sent from Paris 
 by Ralph, first Duke of Montagu, for the sole purpose 
 d constructing it. As a Museum, its whole economy is 
 under excellent regulations, for which see the Synopsis 
 published by the trustees. 
 
 On entering the gate of the museum, a spacious quadr- 
 angle presents itself, with an Ionic colonnade on the 
 south side, aad the main building on the north, which 
 nieasLu:es 216 feet in length, and 51 in height, to the top 
 of the cornice. 
 
 Considerable additions have been made to the buildings 
 of the British Museum within the present century. In 
 1804 an edifice was erected, from the designs of Mr. G. 
 Saunders, to the north-west of the old house, for the re- 
 ception of the Townley Marbles, &c. Attached to this 
 structure, is a temporary building, by Mr. R. Smirke, in 
 which the Elgin Marbles, &c. are at present exhibitedl — 
 The same architect is engaged in the erection of a new 
 Museum, in the garden, to the north of that now standing. 
 It will, when finished, surround a quadrangular court. 
 The east wing, now building, is about 500 feet in length ; 
 it will include a gallery 300 feet long, 40 feet wide, 
 and 30 high, intended to receive the library recently given L 
 by his Majesty. Over this will be a suite of apartments I 
 for pictures : and adjoining the King's Library there is f 
 
BRITISH MUSEUiM, 291 
 
 to be a hall to contain the manuscripts now belonging to 
 the Museum ; to the south of this, will be large and com- 
 modious reading-rooms.* The generous donation of Sir 
 George Beaumont, Bart, of his valuable collection of pic- 
 tures, is proposed to be arranged in these apartments. 
 
 The Ground Floor of the present building consists of six- 
 teen rooms*, and contains the library of printed books ; 
 but strangers are not admitted to those apartments. The 
 decorations of the staircase are not uninteresting.. The 
 ceiling was painted by Charles de la Fosse, who painted 
 the interior of the dome of the Invalids at Paris. It repre- 
 sents Phaeton petitioning Apollo for leave to drive his 
 chariot. The landscape and architectural decorations were 
 executed by James Rousseau. 
 
 In the Hall is the statue of Shakspeare, by Roubiliac» 
 which formerly adorned Garrick's Villa^ at Hampton, and 
 also a very curious piece of antiquity (found at the bottom 
 of the Ganges), brought from the East Indies, surrounded 
 by sculptured figures, in alto relievo, of dancing girls, 
 minstrels, (&rc. On the landing-places, are preserved the skins 
 of the white bear and musk ox, brought from the North 
 Seas ; a male and female cameleopard, or giraffe ; a sta- 
 tue of Mrs. Damer, in white marble, and a bust of Sir Jo- 
 seph Banks, in bronze. 
 
 Upper Floor. — The contents of the First Room are 
 very miscellaneous. In the cases are arranged a variety 
 of implements of war, and other articles, from the west 
 coast of North America and from the South Sea Islands ; 
 the dresses of the Esquimaux, &c., brought by Captains 
 Ross and Parry, and various large mineral specimens. On 
 the tables in the windows are various manufactured 
 mineralogical objects, including numerous specimens of 
 lavas and other volcanic productions, and in the centre of 
 the room is the general collection of fossil univalve shells. 
 
 Among the articles first mentioned is a rich collection of 
 
 curiosities from the South Pacific Ocean, brought to Eng- 
 
 \ land by Captain Cook. In the mourning dress of an Ota- 
 
 . ^ See ** Illustrations of the Public Buildings of London,** 
 sj J. Britton and A. Pugin, 1825., vol. i. p. 6^. 
 
 c c 
 
292 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 heitean lady, taste and barbarit}- are singularly blended ; 
 opposite, are rich cloaks and helmets of feathers from 
 the Sandwich Islands. In another case are the cava 
 bowls, and above them battoons, and other warlike imple- 
 ments. The next objects of attention are the idols of -the 
 different islands, presenting, in their hideous rudeness, a 
 singular contrast with many of the works of art formed by 
 the same people ; near these are drums and other instru- 
 ments of music, and a breastplate, from the Friendly 
 Islands. These selections, numerous as they are, are taken 
 from a large store of similar curiosities deposited in a less 
 conspicuous part of the house ; and a preference is wisely 
 given to such articles as serve best to illustrate some local 
 custom, art, manufacture, or point of history. The ceil- 
 ing of this room represents the fall of Phaeton. 
 
 The Second Room contains the general and British col- 
 lection of insects, crabs, &c. ; the old HortiSicci, of Sloane, 
 Petivers, &c. and Smith's collection of fossils ; all of which 
 are at present under arrangement, and consequently not 
 shewn without special permission. 
 
 The T'hird Room is devoted to the Lansdowne collection 
 of manuscripts, including the state papers of Lord Burgh- ; 
 ley ; the papers of Sir Julius Caesar, Master of the Rolls ;' 
 and the historical collections of Bishop Kennet. 
 
 In the Fourth Room are the Sloanean and Birchean col- 
 lections of manuscripts ; and also oriental manuscripts 
 collected by Halhed and others. 
 
 The Fifth Room contains great part of the Harleian library 
 of manuscripts, and the Sixth the remainder of tlie same, 
 together with numerous additions made to that collection 
 since the establishment of the Museum. Here also are' 
 many volumes on music. 
 
 The Seventh Room is ai)propriated to the royal and Cot- 
 tonian libraries of manuscripts, and to Madox's Collec- 
 tions relating to the exchequer. On a table, in a glazed 
 frame, is the original of the Magna Charta, belonging to , 
 the Cottonian library. Against the press, No. 21, of the^^ 
 Cotton Collection, is the original of the articles preparatory 
 to the signing of the great charter, perfect, with the seal. 
 
 The magnificent Saloon is filled with a most valuable 
 collection of minerals, admirably arranged, and labelled for ' 
 
\ 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM. 293 
 
 Study or inspection. Here, ^^ith the aid of the Synopsis, 
 the philosopher or lover of nature may find amusement 
 for many successive days or weeks. The dome of this saloon 
 merits notice. It was painted by the before-mentioned La 
 Fosse, and represents the birth of Minerva : the garlands 
 of flowers are by John Baptist Monoyer ; and the archi- 
 tectural decorations by Rousseau. To enumerate the 
 natural curiosities of this saloon would alone fill a volume. 
 Among them are numerous fragments of Mete&ric stones. 
 
 The Eighth Room contains the general collection of 
 shells, {mollusca), amongst which are many very cu- 
 rious species, part of the valuable donation of Mr. Crache- 
 rode, and several recent additions from private persons, 
 and purchases from the Tankerville aud other collections. 
 Amongst others will be found the paper nautilus " which 
 first taught man to sail,'* the oyster of the Nile (Etherla) 
 Sec. &€.; of the products of shells, as gloves from the 
 beard of the pinna, and pearls, amongst which are scarce 
 pink, red, and artificial Chinese pearls ; of the wormshell, 
 {annilides) 'y of barnacles {cirrqiedes) ] and of corals and 
 zoophytes ; all these are arranged in the natural method 
 and named for study. Round the room are some fo- 
 reign birds, and near the windows are some birds' nests and 
 eggs, and also the celebrated foot of the Dodo, which, with 
 the head, at Oxford, are the only remains of that curious 
 bird at present known.* 
 
 The Ninth Rcom is devoted to organic remains. It eon- 
 tains specimens of the Kirk-dale Cave fossils; the imbedded 
 human skeleton from Guadaloupe; the immense English 
 lizard from Lyme Regis; stags' horns from Ireland ; and 
 a collection of fossil zoophyte.^ crabs, sea ^gs, sea lilies, 
 rushes, fruit from Sheppy, and other fossil vegetables. 
 
 The Tenth Room contains part of an interesting collec- 
 tion of English minerals^ arranged according to their 
 counties. 
 
 The Eleventh Room is one of the most general interest 
 in the building. It contains in its upper cases and between 
 the window the general collection of quadrupeds, among>t 
 
 * Sec Mr. Gro/'s paper in *' The Annals of Philoocphy," 1825. 
 i c c J 
 
294 PICTURE OF tONDON. 
 
 which are several exceedingly interesting sorts, as theourang 
 OLitang, chimpanza, a new sort of zebra, the jerboa, the 
 duck-billed platypus, &c. The collection of British birds 
 .;re placed under the quadrupeds, and in the centre of the 
 room are some Arctic birds, brought by Captains Ross and 
 Parry and some given by the Hudson's Bay Company; and 
 a table exhibiting the general arrangement of insects. 
 
 Gallery of Antiquities. — This department is very ex- 
 tensive and almost invaluable. The sculptures and other 
 antiquities are deposited in a suite of rooms, built pur- 
 posely for them, after the designs of Mr. Saunders. The 
 principal articles of this magnificent assemblage belonged 
 to the collection of the late Charles Townley, Esq. 
 whose bust is placed over the door fronting the entrance 
 to the First room. This apartment is devoted to the bas- 
 so-relievos in terra cotta, deemed the finest in Europe. 
 
 The Second is a circular room, from which there is a 
 view of the whole suite of apartments, with a fine disco- 
 bolus, or ancient quoit-player, at the extremity. This 
 room is devoted to Greek and Roman sculptures, among 
 which is a fine candelabrum, some exquisite busts, and 
 beautiful statues, particularly a Venus, found in the mari- 
 time baths of Claudius, at Ostia. 
 
 The Third and Fourth Rooms are also filled with Greek 
 and Roman sculptures, including many fine basso-relievos. 
 In the former is the celebrated Apotheosis of Homer, for- 
 merly the chief ornament of the Vatican. 
 
 The Fifth has a very fine collection of Roman sepulchral 
 antiquities, and some remains of a fine mosaic pavement, 
 discovered a few years ago in digging the foundations for 
 the new buildings at the Bank of England, which was 
 presented to the Museum by the Directors of that opu- 
 lent institution. The Sixth Room contains Greek and 
 Roman sculptures of various kinds. The Sevcnthy Ro- 
 man antiquities ; and the Eighth, which is on the left, 
 Egyptian antiquities : among the latter are two mummies, 
 with their coffins, presented by the late King ; a manu- 
 script, on papyrus, taken from a mummy ; and an in- \ 
 numerable quantity of smaller articles, of great antiquity 
 lind curiosity. 
 
 The Ninth Room contains Egyptian sculptures, among 
 
BRITISH MUSEUM. 295 
 
 which is the celebrated sarcophagus, commonly called the 
 tomb of Alexander the Great, with many other antique 
 curiosities, especially the head of Memnon, and other spe- 
 cimens collected by Mr, Salt and Belzoni, and the cele- 
 brated Rosetta Stone. 
 
 The Tenth Room has many Greek and Roman sculptures 
 of singular beauty. 
 
 The Eleventh Room is devoted to ancient and modern 
 coins and medals, arranged in geographical order, but can 
 only be seen by special permission. The basis of this collec- 
 tion was formed by the cabinets of Sir Robert Cotton and 
 Sir HansSloane ; but it has been greatly enlarged by dona- 
 tions and purchases : it includes the munificent bequest 
 made by the Rev. C. M. Cracherode. 
 
 In the centre of an ante-room, at the head of the great 
 stairs, is placed the celebrated Barberini Vase, which was, 
 for more than two centuries,, the principal ornament of the 
 Barberini Palace at Rome ; but which, having been pur- 
 chased of Sir William Hamilton by the Duchess ofPortland, 
 about forty years since, is now generally known as the 
 Portland vase. This is of glass, except the figures in re- 
 lief, which are of a kind of opaque white enamel.. This 
 vase was found within a marble sarcophagus in a sepul- 
 chral chamber beneath the eminence called Monte del 
 Grano, about two miles and a half from Rome. Here is 
 also a fine collection of gems, seals, and bricks from 
 Babylon. 
 
 The Twelfth Room contains the collection of the late Sir 
 William Hamilton; consisting of penates, or household 
 gods, bronze vessels, utensils, &:c. specimens of antient 
 glass, necklaces, bidlae, fragments of relievos and antient 
 armour, tripods, knives, paterae, lamps, seals, weights, 
 sculpture in ivory, bracelets, bits, spurs, and antient 
 paintings, from Herculaneum ; Babylonian bricks, and an 
 unrivalled collection of Greek vases, the greater part of 
 whicJi were found in the sepulchres of Magna Graecia. 
 
 In the Thirteenth Room is deposited the extensive and 
 valuable collection of prints and drawings, the most im- 
 portant part of which was bequeathed by the Rev. 
 C.M. Cracherode. The contents of this room can 
 
296 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 be seen only by a few persons at a time, by particular per- 
 mission. 
 
 The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Rooms contain the Phiga- 
 lian marbles, and the Elgin collection, which includes up- 
 wards of 500 pieces of most beautiful sculpture, although 
 but very few are perfect. 
 
 The two Reading Rooms of the Museum are kept open 
 from ten till four o'clock every day in the week ; except 
 Saturdays and Sundays, and one week at Christmas, Easter, 
 and Whitsuntide, and on Thanksgiving and Fast-Days. 
 One of the hbrarians constantly attends during the above 
 hours. Persons desirous of admission to these rooms are to 
 send their applications in writing to the principal librarian, 
 who will lay the same before the trustees. 
 
 All the open parts of the Museum may be seen every 
 Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (except in Christmas, 
 Easter, andWhitsun weeks, and in the months of August 
 and September), between the hours of ten and four ; the 
 visitor being required to enter his or her name and place 
 of abode in a book, kept for the purpose, and no other 
 application or form is now requisite. Scientific students and 
 artists are admitted to study on the private days by espe- 
 cial permission. 
 
 The Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, 
 The meetings of this Institution commenced in the year 
 1800, shortly before which the proprietors obtained a 
 charter of incorporation under the denomination of " The 
 KoYAL Institution of Great Britain," for the purpose 
 of facilitating the general introduction of useful mecha- 
 nical inventions and improvements, and for teaching, by 
 courses of philosophical lectures and experiments, the ap- 
 plication of science to the common purposes of life. This 
 establishment is chiefly indebted for its origin to the cele- 
 brated Count Rumford. The house of the Institu- 
 tion is spacious, and well adapted to the purposes to 
 which it is applied. On the right of the entrance-hall 
 is the newspaper room, which opens into the readin* 
 library, containing periodical publications and boo}: 
 presented by various persons since the opening of the Ir. 
 
ROYAL INSTITUTION. 297 
 
 stitution. On the left of the hall is the clerk's office; 
 beyond which is the room where the proprietors and sub- 
 scribers read the English newspapers and journals : beyond 
 the hall is the cabinet of minerals. 
 
 On the top of the staircase to the right, is the appa- 
 ratus-room, communicating with the theatre, in which 
 the lectures are delivered, and which is approached by a 
 gallery surrounding it. The theatre is semicircular, and 
 fitted up with rising benches, for the accommodation of 
 seven hundred persons ; there is also a gallery which will 
 hold two hundred more. 
 
 On the second floor are apartments for the Professor 
 and other persons belonging to the establishment, to 
 whom tne managers have thought proper to allot rooms. 
 
 On the left of the staircase is the room which was lately 
 the small lecture room, now fitted up as a library. This 
 apartment, which is fourteen feet high, and forty-eight 
 feet long, has a gallery for the conveniency of reaching 
 the upper books. It is furnished with a great number of 
 scarce and valuable historical, classical, and scientific 
 works. On the death of Thomas Astle, Esq. an oppor- 
 tunity presented itself of enriching the collection with his 
 valuable library, which consisted of many valuable books 
 relating to topography, antiquities, parliamentary, and 
 numismatic history, relating to the history of Great Bri- 
 tain. These were purchased of his executors. 
 
 On the basement story is the chemical laboratory, fitted 
 up according to the plan of one of the managers, on a scale 
 of magnitude not before attempted in this country, with 
 suitable accommodations for the subscribers, who may at- 
 tend the experimental lectures delivered here by the Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry. 
 
 Mr. Brande is the Professor, and reads lectures on 
 philosophical chemistry three days in the week, during part 
 of the year, to crowded audiences. He is the author of some 
 scientific treatises, and elaborate papers in the Philoso- 
 phical Transactions, and has made himself particularly 
 celebrated, by his experiments on physiological subjects. 
 in addition to Mr. Brande's lectures, the managers engage 
 )ther scientific gentlemen, who have rendered them- 
 ielves conspicuous by theu- lectures on various sub- 
 
298 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 jects; as Sir J.E.Smith, on Botany; Mr. Millington, on 
 Mechanical Philosophy, &c. &c. 
 
 The repository, containing the models of various curious 
 and useful machines and productions of the arts, is ex- 
 tremely interesting. This promises to become a highly 
 valuable branch of the Institution, and the managers at 
 present occupy themselves with increasing the collection 
 by every means which its laws and funds permit them to 
 employ. The important investigations and discoveries 
 made here by Sir Humphry Davy (who succeeded Dr.. 
 Garnett, the first lecturer in chemistry) have conferred a 
 great and justly-merited celebrity on the establishment. 
 
 The Institution has of late years undergone a very con- 
 siderable change in its constitution. In consequence of 
 pecuniary embarrassments, it was proposed to the proprie- 
 tors to relinquish their proprietary claim by an act of par- 
 liament, and become shareholders for life, only; with an ad- 
 ditional proposal, that those who were unwilling to accede 
 to such terms should sell their respective shares to the In- 
 stitution for a stipulated sum. These points were carried : 
 and the new regulation was adopted; but the funds are still 
 small ; and the income derived from annual subscriptions, 
 which is the chief support of the establishment, is not ade- 
 quate to the annual expenses. 
 
 The London Institution was formed in the autumn of 
 1805, by the exertions of a few public- spirited individuals. 
 The establishment was first fixed at a house in the Old 
 Jewry, now occupied by the Missionary Society, and after- 
 wards at one in King's Arms Yard, Coleman Street ; but 
 it has since been transferred to an edifice in Moor fields, 
 erected from a design of William Brooks, Esq., and now 
 forms part of the Circus. 
 
 The cost of this building was partly defrayed from the 
 funds of the society, and partly from voluntary contribu- 
 tions of those members who were friendly to the measure. 
 The first stone was laid by the lord mayor, accompanied 
 by several of the aldermen, and a large body of pro- 
 prietors, on May the 4th, 1815; but both the architect 
 and the builder (Mr. Cubilt) having many difficulties to con- 
 tend with, it was no^ opened until the 21st of April, 1819 
 
LONDON AND RUSSELL INSTITUTIONS. 299 
 
 The length of the building is 108 feet, exclusive of the 
 wings, each of which extends 16 feet. The theatre, or 
 lecture-room, is 63 feet by 44, the library 97 feet by 42, 
 with a gallery on each side. The entrance-hall, the news- 
 paper, magazine, and committee rooms, clerks' office, &c. oc- 
 cupy the ground-floor. The entrance-hall is decorated with 
 pilasters and columns, and at the end is the great stair- 
 case that leads to the library. On the first landing of the 
 stair-case is the entrance to a hexagon vestibule which 
 leads to the lecture room. Behind the latter is a labora- 
 tory and an apparatus room. 
 
 This institution is at present confined to three objects, 
 viz. the acquisition of a valuable and extensive library ; 
 the diffusion of knowledge by means of lectures and 
 experiments; and the establishment of a reading-room, 
 where the foreign and domestic journals, and other pe- 
 riodical works, and the best new publications, may be pro- 
 vided for the use of the subscribers. The library contains 
 a great and extremely well-selected variety of scarce and 
 valuable classical, antiquarian, historical, and miscellaneous 
 books. The collection of English topography, and that 
 relating to the fine arts, is unusually valuable. (See ac- 
 count of this Institution with plan, elevations, &c. in 
 ** Illustrations of the Public Buildings of London," vol. i. 
 
 The Russell Institution, Great Coram Street. — The edi- 
 iice devoted to the purposes of this establishment, is in it- 
 self worthy of attention, the front having a handsome por- 
 tico with four Doric columns and a pediment. 
 
 This building which was erected for an assembly-room, 
 about 1800 (and, in 1808, purchased and appropriated to 
 its present purpose), contains an extensive library, consist- 
 ing of useful works in ancient and modem literature ; and 
 is provided also with periodical publications, and pam- 
 phlets on literary and scientific subjects. The library is a 
 spacious room. The lectures which commenced in 1819, 
 are both scientific and literary. There is also a news- 
 room, in which the morning and evening papers may be 
 regularly seen. 
 
 The books are circulated among the subscribers, under 
 certain regulations. The proprietors are limited to 700, 
 
300 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 .at twenty-five guineas each, and the annual subscribers 
 pay three guineas each. The average annual expenditure 
 for the last four years has been 1015/. Every proprietor 
 contributes one guinea annually. 
 
 GresJiam College. — The building so called, which has 
 been long since pulled down, was founded and endowed 
 by Sir Thomas Gresham, for professors of seven liberal 
 sciences, viz. divinity, laWj physic, astronomy, geometry, 
 music, and rhetoric. The lectures are still delivered gra- 
 tuitously to the public, twice a-day, in a small room in the 
 Royal Exchange, during term-time ; they are, however, ill 
 arranged and almost useless. The trustees of this college 
 have deviated, in the time of delivering the lectures, from 
 the will of the founder ; and it is to be hoped that they 
 will be induced to make a fai cher deviation, in applying to . 
 parliament for authority to have the lectures, and the 
 funds appropriated to their support, transferred to the 
 London Institution, or to some similar establishment, in 
 order that they may become efficient, and answer the de- 
 sign of their original founder, by making the institution, 
 a practical school of science and philosophy, to which 
 nothing can be more opposite than its present state. 
 
 Sion Collegers situated near London Wall, to the south 
 of Fore Street. It was founded on the site of Elsing Hos- 
 pital, in the year 1623, by Thomas White, rector of St. 
 Dunstan's in the West, for the advantage of the Lon- 
 don clergy. The whole body of rectors and vicars within 
 the city are fellows of this college, and all the clergy in 
 and near the metropolis may have free access to its ex- 
 tensive and valuable library. The edifice is very plain, 
 consisting of brick buildings, surrounding a square court. 
 In the hall and library are several curious portraits and 
 other paintings. Under the library are alms-houses for 
 twenty poor persons. 
 
 Red-Cross Street Library is an institution for the use of 
 Protestant Dissenting Ministers, founded in the early part j 
 of the eighteenth century by Dr. Daniel Williams, a dis- 
 senting clergyman, who died in 1716. It contains nearly] 
 
SL'IEXTIFIC SOCIETIES. 501 
 
 17,000 volumes; a collection of portraits of Nonconform- 
 ist ministers; with other objects of interest to the Dissent- 
 ing body in general. Access to this library may be obtained 
 by procuring a written order from one of the tnjstees : 
 the days of admission are Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thurs- 
 days, and Fridays, between the hours of ten and three, 
 . except during the month of August, and the Easter, Whit- 
 suntide, and Christmas weeks. 
 
 The Linrusan Societi/ is a chartered institution, de- 
 (^ voted to botany and natural history ; holds its meetings in 
 I Soho Square, in the house formerly inhabited by that libe- 
 i ral patron of science, Sir Joseph Banks, who bequeathed 
 jit to the members for that purpose. This society, was 
 I instituted by Sir J. E. Smith, in 1788. It was incor- 
 . porated in 1 802, and consists of a president, treasurer, 
 , secretary, council, and an indefinite number of fellows. 
 They have published fourteen volumes of their Trans- 
 actions, and reports of their proceedings are regularly pub- 
 lished in the Philosophical Magazine. The bye-laws, &c. 
 of the Society are contained in the 7th volume of the 
 Transactions. 
 
 The Geological Societi/ was instituted in February, 1815, 
 and holds its meetings at No. 20. Bedford Street, Covent 
 Garden, for the purpose of investigating and ascertaining 
 the formation and structure of the earth, and the princi- 
 ples of mineralogy. Several volumes of the Transactions 
 of this society have been published. Mr. Greenough, 
 the president, has been indefatigable in establishing thig 
 useful institution. 
 
 The Philosophical Society of London was founded in 
 1810, by the jexertions of a few persons from the profes- 
 sional and trading classes of society. For some years it 
 . held its meetings in Crane Court, in the original house of 
 the Royal Society ; and was patronised by princes of the 
 blood, and assisted by the co-operation of several men of 
 high rank and character, if not of distinguished scientific 
 eminence ; but its founders, and all its former principal 
 
302 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 members, have resigned; a remnant only of "the Philo- 
 sophical Society of London" still hold their meetings at 
 the Globe Tavern, Fleet Street, instead of the hall where 
 they were previously accustomed to assemble. 
 
 The Mathematical Society, Crispin Street, Spital Fields, 
 has been the means of propagating much useful know- 
 ledge, and has had to boast of Thomas Simpson among its 
 members. It was originally formed in 1717, by an asso- 
 ciation of journeymen mechanics. Lectures are delivered 
 here on philosophical and scientific subjects during the 
 winter season from November to April. 
 
 The Hoj^icultural Society , instituted in 1 804, is char- 
 tered for the purpose of improving the growth of useful 
 fruit trees and other vegetable productions, and has 
 proved its beneficial purposes by some volumes of Trans- 
 actions of singular worth and beauty. This Society has 
 a spacious garden at Turnham Green. The members 
 assemble at No. 2 J, in Regent Street. Mr. Sabine, the 
 present Secretary, has zealously promoted the ends of this 
 very popular and laudable society. 
 
 The City Philosophical Society was instituted m 1808, as 
 a practical school of natural philosophy, and for the diffu- 
 sion of scientific knowledge by lectures and conversations, 
 which are supported by the gratuitous exertions of the 
 members. The meetings are held every Wednesday 
 evening at the Society's room, Dorset Street, Salisbury 
 Square. 
 
 Among the various other Societies formed in London for 
 the promotion of science and literature are the CymmrO" 
 dorian Society, or Metropolitan Cambrian Ifistitution, esta- 
 blished in 1820; the Philomathic Society; the Asirono^ 
 mical Society, 1820, which meets at 55, Lincoln's Inn 
 Fields; the Meteoi^ological Society, 1825; the Society of 
 Civil Engineers ; and the Phrenological Society : the two\ 
 last assemble in Buckingham Street, Strand, 
 
MEDICAL SOCIETIES, 303 
 
 MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 London may boast, if not of an unrivalled, at least of 
 an unsurpassed degree of eminence in medical knowledge; 
 and the mode in which the healing art is practised in the 
 metropolis greatly favours the beneficial influence of that 
 knowledge. This has resulted from the laws and regula- 
 tions of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and of Surgeons, 
 and of the Company of Apothecaries. 
 
 The College of Physicians was established by a charter of 
 Henrj^VIII. in 1523, which authorized its council to pre- 
 vent any person from publicly acting as a physician, within 
 seven miles of London, without becoming a fellow, or a 
 licentiate of the college. No person can be chosen a 
 fellow without having taken the degree of bachelor, or 
 doctor of medicine at Oxford or at Cambridge : nor can 
 any one be admitted a licentiate without studying two 
 years at an English University, or obtaining a diploma 
 from Edinburgh, Glasgow, or Dublin, and submitting to 
 an examination as to his professional knowledge, before 
 the censors of the college. On the first institut '►n of 
 this society. Dr. Thomas Linacre, physician to Henry 
 VIIL, gave to the president and fellows a mansion in 
 Knight-Rider Street, Doctors' Commons, whence they 
 subsequently removed to Amen Corner. The college 
 having been destroyed in the fire of 1666, a piece of 
 ground was purchased on the west side of Warwick Lane, 
 where an edifice was erected in 1674, by Sir Christopher 
 Wren, which is still standing, but altered and adapted 
 to the " Equitable Loan Company," the physicians having 
 removed their establishment to Pall Mall East, where an 
 elegant and commodious building has lately been erected 
 from the designs of Mr. Smirke, for their use. 
 
 The Royal College of Surgeons. — The surgeons were in- 
 
 k corporated as one of the city companies by Henry VIIL 
 
 ^ in conjunction with the barbers, but in 1800 they received 
 
 a royal charter constituting them a separate corporation. 
 
 The surgeons have their own liall, now called a college, 
 
 a spacious building in Lincoln's Inn Fields, with a back 
 
304 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 front in Portugal Street. The principal front exhibits a por- 
 tico of the Ionic order. The Museum within is a large 
 oblong room, with galleries, in which are deposited the 
 collections of the great John Hunter, purchased by govern- 
 ment, and committed to the care of this college. By thie • 
 eminent anatomist these were classed in the following 
 order : — first, the parts designed for motion ; secondly, 
 the parts essential to animals respecting their own inter- 
 nal economy ; thirdly, parts superadded for purposes con- ' 
 nected with external objects ; fourthly, parts designed for 
 the propagation of the species, and the maintenance and 
 protection of the young. — This collection of comparative 
 anatomy must be considered as a proof of talents, assi- 
 duity, and labour, which cannot be contemplated without 
 unfeigned admiration. Mr. Hunter's design was to exhi- 
 bit the gradations of nature, from the most simple state. 
 in which life is found to exist, up to the most perfect and 
 complex of the animal creation. By his art and care he 
 was able to expose and preserve, in a dried state, or in spi- 
 rits, the corresponding parts of animal bodies, that the va- 
 rious links in the chain of a perfect being may be readily 
 followed and clearly understood. The greater part of 
 these preparations are displayed in the gallery : among the 
 curious objects is the embalmed wife of the celebrated 
 Martin Van ButchelJ. 
 
 Sir Joseph Banks was also a large contributor to the 
 Museum, and Sir William Blizard presented 500 speci- 
 mens of natural and diseased structure: many of natural 
 history also have been given by Sir E. Home, besides his 
 contributions to the library. Two courses of lectures, one 
 on comparative anatomy, and one on human anatomy and 
 surgery, are annually delivered here; as well as an annual 
 oration, called the Hunterian, on the 14th of February. 
 The dissection of murderers, executed in London, is also 
 under the direction of the master and governors of this 
 college. The superintendence of the museum is committed 
 to a certain number of curators^ to whom application must 
 be made to view it, except during the months of May and 
 June, when on previously leaving the names of those who j 
 wish to have this gratification, it may be seen, in parties, 
 every Tuesday and Thursday, 
 
MEDICAL SOCIETIES. J05 
 
 The Apothecaries* Compani/, though a livery company of 
 the city, may be properly noticed in this place. It has exclu- 
 sive privileges and immunities ; formerly any person, how- 
 ever ignorant, might vend medicines to the public, in any 
 part of the city, provided he were free of any other city 
 company ; but a recent act of parliament has set aside 
 this right. Those who desire to have unadulterated drugs 
 may place the most secure reliance on what are sold at 
 Apothecaries' Hall, in Water Lane, Blackfriars. This com- 
 pany was originally incorporated with the Grocers in 1606, 
 but in 1617, the Apothecaries obtained a distinct charter, 
 by which the vending of drugs and medicines wag exclu- 
 sively confined to them. 
 
 This company has an establishment at Chelsea, called 
 the Botanic Garden, the freehold of which was given 
 to them by Sir Hans Sloane, on condition that 50 new 
 plants should be presented annually to the Royal Society 
 till the number amounted to 2000 ; and upwards of that 
 number were delivered more than fifty years ago. 
 
 The Medical Society is established in Bolt Court, Fleet 
 Street. This distinguished professional institution was 
 formed in 1773, and has since benefited the world with 
 some valuable volumes of its Transactions. Dr. Lettsom, 
 who was one of the first members, gave the present 
 house to the society in 1788. Its library comprises at least 
 30,000 volumes. 
 
 The Medical and Chirurgical Society, founded in 1 805, 
 ;\nd meeting in Lincoln's Inn Fields, has analogous objects 
 to the Society in Bolt Court, and includes among its mem- 
 bers some of the most eminent of the faculty in Lon- 
 don. Its library consists of upwards of 50,000 volumes 
 on the science and practice of medicine. 
 
 There is a Physical Society at Guy's Hospital. 
 
 The Westminster Medical Society is held, at present, at 
 Great Marlborough Street. 
 
 The AnatomicO'Chirurgical Society meets at Mr, 
 Brookes' s, Blenheim Street, Oxford Road. 
 
306 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 The Philo-Medico-Chirurgical Society meets at Mr. 
 Garpue*s, Dean Street, Soho. 
 
 LECTURES CONNECTED WITH THE ADVANCEMENT OT 
 MEDICAL AND SURGICAL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 The Medical Lectures delivered in the metropolis are 
 attended by a great number of students from every part 
 of the world, who have many favorable opportunities for 
 prosecuting the study of practical anatomy, and witness- 
 ing the medical and surgical practice of the Hospitals. 
 
 Of these lectures, there are two courses usually given 
 in the season, one commencing in October, the other in 
 January. The terms and hours of attendance are speci- 
 fied in the cards and printed proposals, which may be had 
 at the houses of all the lecturers.* 
 
 Eight or nine hundred students, at least, come every 
 year to London for the purpose of attending the different 
 hospitals and lecturers ; so that, though this city does not 
 confer medical degrees, as a university, it contributes 
 more to the advancement of medical science, in its prac- 
 tical branches, than any other city in the British dominions, 
 not excepting Edinburgh itself. 
 
 At the Theatre of Anatomy^ Great Windmill Street, 
 courses of Lectures are delivered on Anatomy^ Physio^ 
 logy. Pathology, and Surgery, by Charles Bell, F.R.S.E. 
 Surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital, and by Mr. Shaw, 
 accompanied with dissections. 
 
 At St, George's Medical, 8^c. School, George Street, 
 Hanover Square, Lectures on the Practice of Physicy 
 with the Laws of the Animal (Economy, Materia Medica, 
 by George Pearson, M D. F.R S,, Senior Physician to St. 
 George s Hospital ; and on the Theory and Practice of 
 Surgery, by B. C. Brodie, F.R.S. Great Windmill Street. 
 
 ' * See"also "The Medical Student*s Guide," 1824, 12mo., 
 published by Cox, Berners Street. 
 
MEDICAL LECTURES. 507 
 
 Sir Everard Home gives Lectures on Siu^gert/ gratui- 
 tously to the Pupils of St. George's Hospital, at No. 42, 
 Windmill Street. 
 
 At the Middlesex Hospital, Lectures on the Theory 
 and Practice of Physic are read by Dr. South ey. 
 
 On Midivifery, and Diseases of Women and Children, 
 by Dr. Merriman and Dr. Ley. 
 
 On Chemistry, and on the Materia Medica and Phar^ 
 macy, by Mr. Wood. 
 
 At the Anatomical Theatre, Blenheim Street, Great 
 Marlborough Street, Mr. Brookes gives lectures on Ana^ 
 tomy^ Physiology, and Surgery, This gentleman possesses 
 a valuable museum. 
 
 At St. Bartholojiieiv^s Hospital, on Anatomy and Phy- 
 siology, by Mr. Abernethy. 
 
 On Surgery, by Mr. Abernethy. 
 
 On Chemistry and Materia Medica, by Dr. Hue 
 
 On the Theory and Practice of Physic, by Dr. Hue. 
 
 On Midwifery, by Dr. Gooch and Dr. Conquest. 
 
 On Materia Medica, by Dr. Hue and Mr. J. L. Wheeler. 
 
 At St, Thomas* s Hospital, on Anatomy and Operations of 
 Surgery, by Sir Astley Paston Cooper, Bart, and Mr. Green. 
 
 On the Prijiciples and Practice of Surgery, by Mr, 
 Green, and Mr. Key. 
 
 , Medical School of Guy's Hospital, on the Practice of 
 Medicine, by Dr. Cholmley and Dr. Bright. 
 
 On the Theory of Medicine, by Dr. Cholmley and Dr. 
 Addison. 
 
 On Chemistry, by Mr. Allen, Dr. Bostock, and Mr. 
 Aikin, 
 
 On Experimental Philosophy, by Mr. Millington and 
 Mr. Allen. 
 
 On Midwifery, and Diseases of Women and Children, 
 by Dr. Blundell. 
 
 On Physiology, by Dr. Blundell. 
 
 On the Structure and Diseases of the Teethy by Mr. 
 Thomas Bell. i 
 
 On Practical Botany ^ by Dr. Bright. 
 
508 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 At the London Hospital, on Anatomy and Phiniokgy, 
 by Mr. Headington. 
 
 On Surgery, by Mr. Headington. 
 On Chemistry, by Dr. Gordon. 
 On Midwifery^ by Dr. Ramsbotham. 
 On Materia Medica, by Dr. Billing 
 
 On Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Surgery, by 
 J. C. Carpue, F. R. S., No. 72, Dean street, Soho. ' 
 
 On Anatomy, Physiology, and the Operations of Sur- 
 gery, by Mr. Ciisack, No. 41, Berners Street. 
 
 On Anatomy, &c. by Mr. Dermott, at the Theatre of 
 Anatomy, Holies Street, Wardour Street. 
 
 On Anatomy and Physiology, by Mr. Sleigh, No. 2.7^ 
 Chapel Street, Grosvenor Square. 
 
 Principle and Practice of Surgery, by Mr. Pettigrew, 
 at the Royal West London Infirmary, Villiers Street, 
 Strand. 
 
 On Surgery, by Mr. Guthrie, at the Royal Iniirmnrj 
 for Diseases of the Eye, Warwick Street, Golden Square. 
 
 On Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery, by Mr. Herbert 
 Mayo, No. 18, Berwick Street. 
 
 Miscellaneous Lectures, On the Practice of Physic > 
 on Chemistry, and Materia Medica ; with daily Examin:;- 
 tions to facilitate the Acquisition of Medical and Chemiciil 
 Knowledge, by Sir George Tuthill, M. D., No. 19, Caven^ 
 dish Square. On the Practice of Physic, by Dr. Macleod, 
 Great Windmill Street. 
 
 On the Theory and Practice of Physic, by Dr. Agar, No. 
 69, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square. 
 
 On the Principles and Practice o^ Physic, by Dr. An. > 
 strong, at the Theatre, Webb Street, Maze Pond. 
 
 On the Theory and Practice of Medicine, by Dr. Out- 
 terbuck, No. 36, Aldersgate Street. 
 
 On the Pri?iciples and Practice of Physic, by Dr. Cop- 
 land, No. 1, Bulstrode Street, Cavendish Square. 
 
 On the Theory and Practice o£ Medicine, by Dr. G. Gre- 
 gory, No. 60, King Street, Golden Square. 
 
 On the same subjects, by Dr. Ramadge, No. 21, Ely 
 Place, Holbornj by Drs. Shearman and Mitchell, at the 
 
 J 
 
MEDICAL LECTURES. 509 
 
 Infirmary, Villiers Street, Strand ; by Dr. Temple, at the 
 Dispensary, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square. 
 
 On Chemistry f &c., by Dr. Agar, Margaret Street ; by 
 Mr. Hrande, at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street ; 
 by Dr. Clutterbuck, No. 36, Aldersgate Street; by Mr. 
 G. F. Collier, No. 20, Norfolk Street, Strand; by Mr. 
 Gurney, No. 7, Argyle Street ; by Mr. Richard Phillips, 
 at the Theatre, Webb Street. 
 
 On Midwifery, by Mr. Blagden and Mr. Stone, No. 
 5i6, Argyle Street; by Dr. H. Davies, at the Infirmary, 
 Warwick Street ; by Dr. D. Davis, at the Theatre, Webb 
 Street, and at No. 29, George Street, Hanover Square; 
 by Dr. Golding, at the Institution, Villiers Street, Strand ; 
 by Dr. Power, Leicester Street, Leicester Square ; by Mr. 
 J. Cholmondeley, No. 3, Nottingham Place, Portland 
 Place. 
 
 On the Anatomy, &c. of the Ear^ by J. H. Curtis, No. 
 10, Dean Street, Soho. 
 
 On the Anatoviy, &c. of the Eye, by Mr. Lawrence 
 and Mr. Tyrrell, at the Ophthalmic Infirmary, Moor- 
 fields ; by Dr. Forbes and Mr. Guthrie, at the Infirmary, 
 Warwick Street. 
 
 On the Anatomy, Sec, of the Eye and Ear, by Mr. Ste- 
 venson, No. 12, Windmill Street, Tottenham Court 
 Road. 
 
 STATE OF THE ARTS AND EXHIBITIONS. 
 
 London has, within the present century, made a great 
 and rapid progress in the cultivation and appreciation of 
 the fine arts. Her artists are numerous, abound in varied 
 and distinguished talents : a spirit of laudable rivalry and 
 emulation prevails, and each is endeavouring to surpass 
 not only his immediate rivals, but his glorious predecessors 
 in the arts. Patrons and amateurs are equally abundant, 
 are liberal, and, in general, are discriminating. The num- 
 ber of annual and continued exhibitions of works of art 
 are popular illustrations of these remarks, and we may, 
 tlierefore, venture a few other comments on the subject. 
 
310 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 The commotions of recent years upon the Continent oc- 
 casioned many of the finest works of ancient and modern 
 times to be brought into this country, where a consider- 
 able number of them were ultimately domesticated, and 
 are now in the private collections of our nobility and 
 gentry, chiefly in and about the metropolis. 
 
 Although Italy, from the changes that have taken place 
 since the abdication of the Emperor Napoleon in 1814, 
 may now again possess the greatest number of the larger 
 works of the old masters, yet England undoubtedly re- 
 tains almost the whole of their finest performances ; which 
 will not appear extraordinarj'^ when it is recollected, that 
 the invariable practice of the great painters was to bestow 
 their utmost exertions upon their easel pictures, (that is, 
 upon such as were not too large to be painted actually 
 by themselves) while they had inferior assistance in their 
 larger works. Pictures, therefore, of this kind being 
 extremely valuable, (and at the same time portable) Eng- 
 land became the only place where they could obtain an 
 adequate price during the convulsions on the continent; and 
 such was the wealth and spirit of individuals in this coun- 
 try, that some of the pictures alluded to were purchased 
 at the vast prices of ten and twelve thousand guineas 
 each. 
 
 But still, with all her native, as well as imported trea- 
 sures in art, London does not excel in her public galleries 
 of painting and sculpture, and but few private collections 
 are open to strangers. The latter circumstance is partly 
 owing to the domestic arrangements of the houses, and 
 partly to the character of the people ; for although singu- 
 larly magnificent in all that relates to our national con- 
 cerns, we shrink from the ostentation of shewing to 
 strangers our private possessions, forgetting that the 
 productions of genius belong to the world, and that 
 their proprietors are but trustees for the public. The 
 consequence is, that foreigners are impressed with an 
 opinion that this country is not only poor in pictures and 
 statues, but that its inhabitants are deficient in a due taste, 
 for those productions, the moral effects of which assimi- 
 late the powers of " the painter's pencil" with those of 
 the " poet's pen.'* Were it, however, for a moment con- 
 
ROYAL ACADEMY. 311 
 
 sidered, that since the institution of the Royal Academy, 
 employment has been given to a greater number of ar- 
 tists in London than perhaps ever appeared at the same 
 time together in any one country ; and that among 
 them have been many entitled to take a high place in 
 the first class of painters and sculptors, it must be ob- 
 vious that the number of their works is far beyond 
 what any conjectural estimate can pretend to determine. 
 It is not, however, by the magnitude of the collections 
 to which the public are allowed access, that the riches 
 of London in works of art can be properly appreciated ; 
 for in all those collections we have but specimens, as it 
 were, of the innumerable exquisite works distributed, 
 literally and without exaggeration through ten thousand 
 different mansions. — After mentioning the public exhibi- 
 tions, we shall refer to those best known among the col- 
 lections that may properly be called private, but to 
 which the proprietors, on a proper application being 
 made, liberally give admission. 
 
 The Royal Academy. The annual exhibition of pic- 
 tures, sculptures, &c. by the members of the academy, and 
 the principal artists of the empire, at the Royal Academy, 
 Somerset House, is one of the most interesting displays 
 of art presented in this metropolis. 
 
 The Academy was established by royal charter in 1768. 
 It consists of forty members, called Royal Academicians, 
 twenty Associates, and six Associate Engravers. The first 
 president was Sir Joshua Reynolds, and the second the 
 late justly celebrated Mr. Benjamin West, on whose 
 death Sir Thomas Lawrence was chosen to succeed, and 
 now occupies that office with great honour to himself, to 
 his fascinating profession, and to the country. 
 
 The academy possesses a collection of casts and models 
 
 from antique statues ; a school of colouring, from pictures 
 
 by the old masters; copies by Sir James Thornhill from 
 
 the cartoons of Raphael, at Hampton Court, and others 
 
 I ' from some of the works of Rubens, &c. 
 
 The coved ceiling of the library, on the first floor, 
 was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds and Cipriani. The 
 centre by the former, represents the theory of the art 
 
512 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 under the form of an elegant female, holding in one 
 hand a compass, in the other a label, on which is writ- 
 ten, '' Theory is the knowledge of what is truly Nature ^ 
 The four compartments are by Cipriani, and represent 
 Nature, History, Allegory, and Fable. 
 
 The council room is more richly decorated. In the 
 central compartments of the ceiling are five designs 
 painted by Mr. West. That in the centre represents 
 the Graces unveiling Nature ; the others, the four Ele- 
 ments, from which the imitative arts collect their objects, 
 under the description of female figures, attended by genii, 
 with Fire, Water, Earth, and Air, exhibited in different 
 forms and modifications. The large oval subjects adorn- 
 ing the two extremities are by Angelica KauiTman ; re- 
 presenting Invention, Composition, Design, and Colour- 
 ing. Besides these nine larger designs, there are, in the 
 angles or spandrells, four coloured medallions, repre- 
 senting Apelles, the painter; Phidias, the sculptor ; Apol- 
 lodorus, the architect; and Archimedes, the mathema- 
 tician ; and, round the great central circle are eight smaller 
 medallions, sustained by lions, on which are represented 
 in chiaro-scuro, Palladio, Bernini, Michael Angelo, Fla- 
 mingo, Raphael, Domenichino, Titian, and Rubens, painted 
 by Rebecca. This room contains also the probationary 
 pictures and sculptures presented by the members of 
 the academy on their election. There are likewise pic- 
 tures by several of the original members ; among others, 
 whole-length portraits of George III. and his consort, 
 painted by Reynolds. 
 
 The stated Professors of the academy, in its different de- 
 partments, are required to read six lectures each to the stu- 
 dents, during the winter season. There are five professors, 
 viz. I, Of Anatomy, Mr. Green, who was chosen on the re- 
 signation of Mr. Carlisle, at the commencement of 1825. 
 1. Painting, now vacant in consequence of the decease 
 of Mr. Fuseli in April, 1825; 5, Sculpture, Mr. Flax- 
 man ; 4. Architecture, Mr. Soane, and 5. Perspective, Mr. 
 Turner. Admission to the lectures is obtained by tickets 
 from an academician or an asssociate. 
 
 Prize medals (of silver) for the best academy-figures and 
 drawings of buildings, are delivered once a-year ; and gold 
 
BRITISH INSTITUTION. 513 
 
 medals, for historical composition in painting, sculpture, 
 and designs in architecture, once in two years : these 
 medals are presented to the respective students in full 
 assembly, and are generally followed by a discourse from 
 the president. Students have, at all times, except dur- 
 ing the regular vacations, an opportunity of studying the 
 naked figure from well-chosen models, and of drawing 
 from antique casts, many of which were presented by 
 his present Majesty (when Prince Regent), to whom 
 they had been sent by the late Pope, in testimony of his 
 gratitude for the exertions of England in promoting the 
 restoration of the Holy See. The immense gas-light 
 chandelier in the great exhibition room, which had been 
 made for Carlton Palace, was likewise the gift of his 
 Majesty. 
 
 The Annual Exhibition at Somerset House generally 
 •opens on the 1st Monday in May, and every person 
 who visits it pays one shilling for admission, and may ob- 
 tain a catalogue for an additional shilling. The num- 
 ber of works of art annually exhibited, consisting of 
 paintings, pieces of sculpture, models, proof engravings, and 
 drawings, has, of late years, been upwards of one thou- 
 sand. In 1825, they amounted to 1072, of which num- 
 ber 87 were busts, statues, &c., in the model academy. 
 The exhibition closed on the 9th of July. It has recently 
 been intimated by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, that 
 the Royal Academy will be removed to Carlton Palace 
 upon the completion of the new palace, on the site of 
 Buckingham House. 
 
 The Gallery of the British Institution, Pall Mall, was 
 founded on the 4th of June, 1805, under the patronage of 
 his late Majesty, George III., for the encouragement and 
 reward of the talents of British artists, and it exhibits, 
 during half the year, a collection of the works of living 
 artists for sale. During part of the other half-year, it is fur- 
 nished with pictures, painted by the most celebrated mas- 
 ters, for the study of the academic and other pupils in 
 painting. It is indebted for its origin to the praise-wor- 
 thy exertions of the late Sir Thomas Bernard. 
 
 This Institution is patronized by his present Majesty 
 
314 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 and is supported by the subscriptions of the principal 
 nobility and gentry; the number of pictures annually 
 sold, under their influence, is very considerable. The 
 gallery was first opened on January the 18th, 1806. 
 
 In is 13, the public were gratified here by a display of 
 the best works of Sir Joshua Reynolds, procured by the ac- 
 tivity and influence of the Committee from the private col- 
 lections of the royal family, the nobility, and gentry ; and 
 in 1814, by a collection of 221 pictures, by Hogarth, Gains- 
 borough, and Wilson. Since which, they have regularly 
 had two annual exhibitions of the nature already described. 
 
 The Directors of this laudable Institution have also pro- 
 cured the loan of, and exhibited, several of the cartoons of 
 Raphael for the improvement of the students, an annual 
 private exhibition of whose productions also takes place 
 about the 6th of December in each year, to which admis- 
 sion may be obtained by a card from a director or sub- 
 scriber, or by the introduction of one of the artists. The 
 directors frequently purchase the best pictures exhibited 
 in their rooms, or reward the artists by pecuniary gifts, i 
 They also occasionally give commissions at a liberal price, i 
 and afford other equally generous and enlightened en- 
 couragement. The number of hereditary governors is 
 about 120, and that of life-governors about 80, all of whom 
 have subscribed 100 guineas each. From those bodies 20 
 gentlemen are chosen as directors. — Admission Is, Ca* 
 talogue Is, 
 
 The house of the British Institution in Pail-Mall is that 
 formerly known as the Shakspeare Gallery^ it having been 
 erected by the late Mr. Alderman Boydell for the display of 
 the pictures painted for his engraved illustrations of the 
 works of our great bard. The sculpture in front repre- 
 sents Shakspeare attended by Poetry and Painting : in the 
 Hall is an unfinished statue of Achilles lamenting the loss 
 of Briseis They were both the production of Banks. 
 
 The Society of Painters in Water C7o/om?'5, Pall-Mall East. 
 This society was formed in 1 804, for the purpose of giv- 
 ing due importance and encouragement to an interesting 
 branch of art which had been slighted at the exhibitions 
 of Somerset House. Paintings in water-colours, however 
 
SOCIETY OF BRITISH ARTISTS. 515 
 
 beautiful, harmonize so little with paintings in oil, that it 
 was to be lamented this society should, for so many years, 
 have deviated from its original object, and mixed with its 
 own exquisite productions various pictures in oil. The 
 more recent exhibitions, however (since 1821), which were 
 as brilliant and interesting as any former ones, afforded 
 unmixed pleasure to every visitor ; and in them the society 
 was found to have returned to its legitimate design of ad- 
 mitting paintings in water-colours only. The exhibitions 
 were first opened in April, 1 824, at the present gallery 
 (which was erected for the purpose in 1823). The society 
 consists of twenty-three members, and ten associates, 
 who alone are privileged to exhibit in the gallery.— 
 Admission Is, Catalogue 6d, 
 
 The Society of British Artists, Suffolk Street, is a new 
 institution, having made its first public Exhibition in 1824; 
 and its second in the year 1825. This society consists of 28 
 members, and, like the Royal Academy, admits the works 
 of artists generally who are not of its own body. From the 
 greatly-increased number of English Artists within the last 
 ten years, it was found that the rooms, not galleries, of the 
 Royal Academy could not display half the works that were 
 annually sent for exhibition. A great number was conse- 
 quently rejected, and many that were received were hung 
 either so high, or so low, or in such obscure corners, that 
 they could not be seen to advantage. Dissatisfactions and 
 jealousies naturally arose among the artists, and some who 
 felt themselves most aggrieved, planned and carried into 
 effect the society above named. — Admission 1*. Cata- 
 logue 6d. 
 
 West^s Gallery, Newman Street. — The late President 
 of the 22a?/fl/ Academy, who occupied the Chair nearly 29 
 years, painted more historical pictures than all the other 
 English artists together, during the last century. His 
 works at Windsor, Buckingham House, and Grosvenor 
 fiouse, are numerous, and all of the first historical class; 
 le also bequeathed to his two sons a large collection, for the 
 jxhilntion of which they have built a new and spacious 
 gallery, from the designs of Mr. Nash. Every lover of 
 E E 2 
 
.516 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 art, as well as every historian and man of taste, cannot 
 fail of deriving both pleasure and information from a 
 careful and even repeated examination of this artist's 
 truly national works.* j 
 
 Linwood Galleri/, Leicester Square. — This Exhibition 
 consists of copies, in needle-work, by Miss Linwood, of 
 the finest pictures of the English and foreign schools. 
 
 The principal room is a gallery 100 feet in length, hung 
 with scarlet broad-cloth, gold bullion tassels, and Greek 
 borders. Turning to the left, near the canopy, a long 
 and obscure passage prepares the mind, and leads to the 
 cell of a prison, in which is seen a portrait of Lady Jane 
 Grey, visited by the abbot and keeper of the Tower, the 
 night before her execution. . The scenic deception of the 
 whole is truly admii*able. A little farther appears a cottage, 
 the casement of which is open, and the hatch at the door 
 closed : on looking into the interior, we observe a fin- 
 ished copy of Gainsborough's cottage children, standing, 
 by the fire, with chimney-piece and cottage fiirniture 
 complete. Near this is Gainsborough's Woodman, ex- 
 hibited in the same scenic manner; and farther on is seen 
 a den with a Lioness. Returning into the large gallery, we 
 enter a room devoted to sacred subjects, — Christ blessing 
 the sacramental Bread and Wine; and David with his 
 Sling, after Carlo Dolci ; St. Peter, after Guido ; 
 Jephtha's Rash Vow, after Opie ; and others. 
 
 There are also copies of Westall's Gleaner; Virgil's 
 Tomb by Moonlight ; and the Cottage in Flames, by 
 Wright ; Reynolds's Laughing and Sleeping Girls ; Land- 
 scapes from Francisco Mola ; a portrait of Buonaparte, &c, 
 
 * A very interesting and well written pamphlet has lately 
 been printed (not for sale}, giving an ample account of Mr. 
 West's numerous pictures, and appealing to the liberality as well 
 as to the patriotism of the country to purchase and appropriate 
 them to a public gallery. The proposition and subject are not 
 only entitled to, but demand, the serious and candid attention 
 of ministers. A view of the gallery, with an ample account 
 of it, has been published in ** The Magazine of the Fine 
 Arts.* 
 
PANORAMA AND DIORAMA. ol7 
 
 This exhibition is open from nine o'clock until dusk. Ad- 
 mission 2s. Catalogue 6d, 
 
 Barker* s Panorama^ Leicester Square. — Paintings of 
 this nature may be fairly entitled the Triumph of Aerial 
 and Linear Perspective, Here are two circles, an upper and 
 a lower, in which are constantly exhibited views of great 
 cities, of battles, &c. The illusion is so complete, that 
 the spectator may imagine he is present at the actual dis- 
 play of the objects represented. There is a Panorama, 
 also, at No. 168, Strand, belonging to Messrs. Barker 
 and Burfordy in which either one or two views of cele- 
 brated places may constantly be seen. The admission to 
 each subject is Is, Descriptive accounts with an outline 
 Sketch, ed. A new building, on a grand scale, from the 
 designs ofDecimus Burton, esq., architect, is now erecting 
 in the Regent's Park, for the exhibition of a Panoj^amic 
 View of London, and the surrounding country, from the 
 summit of the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, painted by 
 Mr. T. Horner. The building is erected upon the plan 
 of the Pantheon at Rome ; and from the acknowledged 
 abilities and intrepidity of the artist, as well as the architect, 
 we may anticipate something original and extraordinary 
 in the works of both. 
 
 The Diorama, Regent's Park, is an Exhibition of architec- 
 tural and landscape scenery, so arranged and illuminated as 
 to display changes of light and shade, and to represent, 
 with sui prising accuracy, the appearances of nature. The 
 building consists of a vestibule, with doors opening into 
 the Boxes and Saloon, the floor of which turns on a 
 pivot, in order to bring the spectators, successively, oppo- 
 site to openings like the proscenium of a theatre, behind 
 which are the picture-rooms. Two large paintings, placed 
 in these, are lighted by windows behind, and by sky- 
 lights in the roof. By the aid of transparent and opaque 
 curtains before the windows, various eiFects of light, 
 shadow, and gradations of colour are produced ; and 
 (many others may be similarly executed.* The elevation 
 f. _ 
 
 * ** Illustrations of the Public Buildings of London, by 
 
 Britton and A. Pugin, 1825," vol. i. p. 71, 
 E E 5 
 
518 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 of the building was designed by Mr. Nash, and the 
 theatre, <&c. by Messrs. Pugin and Morgan. It was 
 finished and opened in October, 182.3. The pictures 
 hitherto exhibited have been painted by Messrs. Bouton, 
 and Daguere. Admission prices to the Boxes 5s., Pit 2b\ 
 
 The Cosmorama, Regent Street, is an Exhibition for the 
 display of views of celebrated remains of antiquity, combin- 
 ed with modern subjects, both of cities and particular edifices, 
 and natural scenery. This was removed in 1824 from St. 
 James's Street (where it was first opened for a few years). 
 The new room, which is elegantly fitted up, includes two 
 galleries, in each of which are seven views, which, being 
 seen through glazed apertures, have an effect o^ reality. 
 Admission to each gallery 1^. Descriptions, 6d. each. 
 
 The National Gallery ^ Pall Mall. — This small Collection 
 (formed by the late Mr. Angerstein) includes some of the 
 finest works of Vandyke, Claude Lorraine, Parmegiano, 
 Rembrandt, Annibal Caracci, Titian, Correggio, Rubens, 
 and other celebrated masters, together with Hogarth's 
 Marriage- a4a-Mode. In March, 1824, the Earl of Liver- 
 pool, on the part of his Majesty's Government, purchased 
 from the executors of Mr. Angerstein, for the sum of 
 57,000/., nearly the whole of this very valuable collec- 
 tion, to form the foundation of a National Gallery of 
 Art ; and a small but beautiful picture, by Correggio, has 
 recently been added to it. The pictures at present are 
 open for inspection at the residence of the late proprie- 
 tor ; but a handsome and appropriate gallery is intended 
 to be erected for their reception, and for other pic- 
 tures, &c. 
 
 PRIVATE COLLECTIONS AND EXHIBITIONS OF PAINTINGS, 
 &C. 
 
 The Royal Collections at Carlton Palace, Bucking- 
 ham House, and Kensington Palace, have already been 
 mentioned, but under the present head it will be desirable 
 to give some additional particulars of each assemblage. 
 
7^ \ V -fJiutuhri -land I/f >ns( 
 
PICTURES IN THE ROYAL PALACES. 519 
 
 Carlton Palace, in the splendour of its decorations, 
 probably exceeds every other royal residence in Eu- 
 rope. The pictures are all of the very- highest order, 
 and distributed through the apartments with so much at- 
 tention to propriety, that the general effect of the rooms 
 is particularly impressive. The chief parts of the col- 
 lection are of the Flemish and Italian schools, and their 
 excellency is such, that almost every picture may be re- 
 garded as the finest specimen of the great artist by whom 
 it was executed. From the want of extent in this palace, 
 his Majesty has been necessarily confined more to cabinet 
 and small pieces, than to grand historical compositions ; 
 but those which his taste and munificence have selected, 
 are perfect chefs-d^ceuvre of art. Among them, are pic- 
 tures by Vandyke, Rembrandt, Rubens, Teniers, Cuyp, 
 Bercham, P. Wouvermans, Ostade, Vandervelde, Paul 
 Potter, Mieris, Gerard Douw, and Karel du Jardin. No 
 person is admitted to view the interior of this palace with- 
 out particular permission, which, for obvious causes, can 
 be granted only to few persons. 
 
 Buckingham House, St. James's Park. — This palace 
 recently contained a number of fine pictures, include 
 ing an historical series of paintings, by Mr. West, exe- 
 cuted at the command of the late King. Here, like- 
 wise, were some fine portraits by Vandyke, Sir Peter 
 Lely, Zoffany, and Rubens, and several pictures by 
 Guercino, Claude Lorraine, Andrea del Sarto, and Paul 
 Veronese. At the time this account is penned, the 
 old palace of Buckingham House is doomed to be 
 taken down, and a new and magnificent national palace 
 to be raised on its site. The design is by Mr. Nash, and 
 from his acknowledged taste, the public may look for 
 something grand and worthy of our country. 
 
 Kensington Palace contains a very numerous, but by 
 
 no means a select, Collection of paintings by divers masters, 
 
 [long whom are Albert Durer, Lucas Van Leyden, Frank 
 
 |als, G. Palma, Carlo Cignani, Schalken, Guercino, 
 
 |olbein, Mabuse, Elsheimer, Kneller, Wotton, &c. The 
 
 aiege of Tournay, by the latter, in the King's drawing 
 
,320 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 room, is remarkable from the circumstance of its contain- 
 ing, in the fore-ground, portraits of the principal officers 
 of the combined armies (including the great Duke of Marl- 
 borough) who were preseat at the siege. 
 
 Cleveland Gallery^ St. James's Place. — This is one of 
 the richest and most numerous Collections of the works 
 of the old masters in England. The Marquis of Stafford, 
 its possessor, was the first patron of the art;, in the metro- 
 polis, who opened his valuable assemblage for the inspec- 
 tion of the public, an example which has since been imi- 
 tated by many others, much to the advantage of the na- 
 tional taste. Admissions were first granted in May, 1806, 
 since which time his Lordship has appropriated one day in 
 the week (Wednesday, from the hours of 12 to 5 o'clock), 
 during the months of May and June, for the public to view 
 his pictures. Tickets are obtained by application at the 
 house, on any day except Tuesday, if the party is known 
 to the Marquis or to any member of the family, or is re* 
 commended by some distinguished person, either of noble 
 family or of known taste in the arts. 
 
 Artists are admitted by recommendations from any 
 member of the Royal Academy. Visitors will find Mr, 
 Britton's Catalogue Raisonne a useful companion round 
 the rooms, as it not only describes the pictures, but con- 
 tains plans of the gallery, and critical and historical observ- 
 ations on most of the paintings. 
 
 The Grosvenor Collection, Grosvenor Street. — The first 
 effectual foundation of this superb Collection was laid by 
 the purchase of the late Mr. Agar's pictures for thirty 
 thousand guineas, and it has since been gradually enlarged 
 until it has become one of the finest in England. It is not 
 confined to the works of the old masters, but embraces 
 the best productions of some of the most celebrated modern 
 painters in various ages and countries. The pictures are 
 so disposed as to appear in due subordination as ornaments 
 to the apartments, and the apartments, without having 
 any exhibitional character about them, are of handsome 
 proportions and splendidly furnished. The Earl of Gros- 
 venor has, for some years, been in the habit of admit- 
 
PRIVATE COLLECTIOMS OF ARTS. 321 
 
 ting the public in the months of May and June, to inspect 
 his pictures under restrictions similar to those at Clever- 
 land House. — See Young's Catalogue. 
 
 Devonshire House, Piccadilly. — This noble mansion is 
 adorned with some of the best pictures in England ; but it 
 is not opened to the public. In fact, here, as in numerous 
 other permanent London residences, the productions of 
 refined art hold but a subordinate place to the general 
 uses of the apartments. 
 
 Thomas Hope, Esq., Duchess Street, has a valuable col- 
 lection of works of art, altogether unrivalled, and compris- 
 ing paintings, antique statues, busts, vases, and other 
 relics of antiquity, arranged in apartments, the furniture 
 and decorations of which are in general designed after 
 classic models, by the highly enlightened possessor himself. 
 Some of the antique sculptures have been recently 
 removed to Deepdene, near Dorking, where Mr. Hope 
 has erected a gallery and an amphitheatre for their re- 
 ception. The pictures and unique collection of vases are, 
 however, left in London, as well as the statue of Venus 
 rising from the bath, by Canova. Visiters are admitted 
 between the hours of 12 and 4 o'clock on Mondays, dur- 
 ing the season of the Nobility being in town, under restric- 
 tions similar to those adopted by the Marquess of Stafford. 
 
 Sir John F. Leicester, Bart., Hill Street, Berkeley Square, 
 has obtained an enviable distinction by the formation of a 
 collection of pictures by British artists, which has made 
 many a worshipper of the old masters blush for his inat- 
 tention to the merits of his countrymen. We know not, 
 indeed, any house in London to which we would more 
 proudly conduct a foreigner, unacquainted with the pro- 
 gress which the fine arts has made in England, than to 
 tlie mansion of this gentleman. It is there alone that we 
 would venture to defy both France and Italy to show an 
 equal number of pictures, of the same degree of excellence, 
 ^oduced by contemporary artists. This collection is li- 
 jierally opened to the public occasionally during the spring^ 
 .season ; but tickets must be obtained of the proprietor 
 previously to viewing it. 
 
522 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 The Marquess of Lansdotvne, Berkeley Square, has one 
 of the finest Collections of ancient marbles in this me- 
 tropolis ; and he also possesses the Venus of Canova, one 
 of the most esteemed productions of modern art. For 
 this statue, it is said, the Princess Borghese, a sister of 
 Buonaparte, stood, unveiled, to the artist. 
 
 John Soatie, Esq., R. A. architect, Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 — ^This gentleman has one of the most extensive Collectioni 
 in England of ancient sculpture, architectural antiquities, 
 and models ; besides being the proprietor of Hogarth's 
 Rake's Progress, and his Humours of an Election, the 
 view of which alone would repay the trouble of a visit, 
 when the stranger is favoured with admission. He re- 
 cently purchased, for the sum of 2000/., the famous ala- 
 baster Sarcophagus, discovered by Belzoni, among the 
 ruins of the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes. 
 
 3Ir, Chantrey*s Casts from the Antique, &c. Pimlieo. — 
 This excellent sculptor has, adjoining his residence, 
 formed a small Gallery containing a selection of the best 
 casts from the most celebrated statues that adorned the 
 Louvre, whilst France was under the government ofBuona- 
 
 Earte. With these are generally exhibited some of the 
 ighly admirable statues and busts exe uted by Mr. 
 Chantrey himself 
 
 Mr.Westmacott, of South Audley Street, possesses a 
 fine and interesting collection of casts, from antiques, and 
 others from his own numerous works. 
 
 The Earl of Suffolk, Harley Street, has several fine picj 
 tures of the Dutch masters, and one by Leonardo da Vinci 
 that is greatly esteemed. .J 
 
 Lord Ashburnham's, Dover Street. In this mansion ar^^ 
 several first class pictures by Salvator Rosa, Poiissin, Hedi- 
 brandt, Rubens, and many others, chosen with excellent 
 judgment. 
 
 Henri/ Bone, Esq. No. 15, Berners Street. The match- 
 
SALES OF PICTURES. 325 
 
 less Collection of Enamels, painted by this eminent artist, 
 which includes the portraits of nearly all our principal 
 statesmen, warriors, and nobility of the reigns of Queen 
 Elizabeth and James I., is, with great liberality, permitted to 
 be seen by tickets, in the months of May, June, and July. 
 A most magnificent picture of Henry VIII., with those of se- 
 veral of his Queens ; Mary, Queen of Scots ; Queen 
 Elizabeth; and James I. form apart of the collection. 
 
 There are many other private collections of pictures in 
 the metropolis, but, like several of those just mentioned, 
 they cannot be inspected without the special permission 
 'of the proprietors. The following are among the number: 
 The Duke of Northumberland's, Charing Cross, a mag- 
 nificent assemblage; Lord Radstock's, Portland Place; 
 George Hibbert's, Esq., Portland Place, which contains 
 some choice productions of the Dutch school ; as does 
 likewise the collection of Jeremiah Harman, Esq., Fins- 
 bury Square ; Sir Thomas Baring, Devonshire Place ; 
 and Alexander Baring, Esq., Piccadilly. 
 
 Sales of Pictures, The admirers of the fine arts have, 
 of late years, obtained a high degree of gratification in 
 viewing pictures offered for sale, (temporary collections 
 for this purpose very frequently occurring,) the number, 
 excellence, and variety of which constitute a species of 
 entertainment that exists no where else, to the same ex- 
 tent. In fact, Picture-dealing has become a consider- 
 able branch of trade in London, and not only affords em- 
 ployment to men of talent, but is conducted on a scale 
 that requires the command of a large capital. Entire 
 galleries are now frequently imported from the continent ; 
 and it is a common practice with noblemen and gentle- 
 men to sell their inferior pictures, in order to improve 
 their collections by the purchase of others of a higher 
 class ; the effect of which produces a constant circulation 
 of the works of art, and tends to increase that interest 
 Vhich the public have lately taken in these elegant efforts 
 if taste and talent. 
 
524 PICliJRE OF LONDON. 
 
 EMINENT PAINTERS, &C. 
 
 Whose galleries and works may, in general, be viewed at 
 proper times by permission of their respective owners.* 
 
 Cook, Richard, R. A. No. 41, North Audley Street. 
 Howard, Henry, R. A., and Secretary to the Royal 
 
 Academy, No. 5, Newman Street. 
 Halls, J. J. No. 296, Oxford Street. 
 Hilton, W., R. A., Percy Street. 
 Martin, J. No. 30, Alsop's Buildings, New Road. 
 Mulready, Wm. R. A. No. 16, Kensington Gravel Pits. 
 Northcote, James, R. A. No. 8, Argyle-Place, Regent 
 
 Street. ... v 
 
 Sharp, M. W. 19, Charles Street, Middlesex Hosptal. 
 Singleton, H. No. 21, Charles Street, St. James's Colon- 
 
 ade. 
 Smirke, Robert, R. A, No. 3, Upper Fitzroy Street, Fitzroy 
 
 Square. 
 Thomson, Henry, R. A. No. 15, Newman Street. 
 Westall, Richard, R. A. No. 6, South Crescent, Alfred 
 
 Place, Bedford Square. 
 Wilkie, David, R. A. Terrace, Kensington. 
 Wyatt, M. No. 49, Henrietta Street, Cavendish Squaie. 
 
 Portrait Painters. 
 
 Sir Thomas Lawrence, P. R. A. No. 65, Russell Square, 
 
 Principal Painter to His Majesty. 
 Beechey, Sir W. No. 13, Harley Street. 
 Clint, Geo. A. No. 85, Gower Street. , 
 Dnimmond, Samuel, A. No. 14, Church Street, Soho. 
 Geddes, A. No. 58, Brook Street, Grosvenor Square. 
 Green, J. No. 27, Argyle Street. 
 
 * The subjoined list of the names and addresses of artists 
 does not profess to embrace one-half of the number in Lon- 
 don, but merely points out a few of the more distinguished; 
 the stranger is referred to the Catalogues of the Royal 
 Academy, of the "Water Colour Society, and Society of Bri- 
 tish Artists, for more ample information. 
 
EMINENT PAINTERS. 525 
 
 Haydon, H. B., ConnaughtTerrace. 
 
 Jackson, John, R. A. No. 7, Newman Street. 
 
 Joseph, G. F., — A. No. 1 5, New Cavendish Street, Port- 
 land Place. 
 
 Lane,S., No. 60, Greek Street, Soho. 
 
 Lonsdale, J., No. 8, Berner's Street. 
 
 Oliver, A. J., — A. 4, London Road. 
 
 Phillips, Thomas, R. A., No. 8, George Street, Hanover 
 Square. 
 
 Reinagle, R. R., — R. A. No. 54, Charlotte Street, Fitz- 
 roy Square. 
 
 Renton, J., Finsbury Place, Moorfields. 
 
 Shee, Martin Archer, R. A. No. 24, Cavendish Square. 
 
 Wood, John, No. 90, Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square. 
 
 Miniature Painters, 
 
 Chalon, A. E., — R. A. No. 11. Great Marlborough Street. 
 
 Engleheart, J. D., No. 77, Upper Berkeley Street, Port- 
 man Square. 
 
 Green, Mrs., No, 27^, Argyle Street. 
 
 Haughton, M.,No. 58, Great Marlborough Street. 
 
 Jones, Miss E., No. 40, Foley Place, Portland Chapel. 
 
 Mee, Mrs., No. 6Q, Upper Berkeley Street. 
 
 Newton, W., No. 8, Argyle Street. 
 
 Robertson, A., No. 54, Gerrard Street, Soho. 
 
 Stump, S. J., No. 7, Cork Street, Burlington Gardens. 
 
 Sharp, Miss, No. 44^ Upper Charlotte Street, Fitzroy 
 Square. 
 
 ,M. W., No. 19, Charles Street, Middlesex Hospi- 
 tal. 
 
 Wright, John, Burlington Gardens, Old Bond Street. 
 
 Eiiamellers, 
 
 Bone, Henry, R. A. No. 15, Berner's Street. 
 
 Grimaldi, W., No. 3, Copthall Court, Throgmorton Street. 
 
 Landscape Paintei^s, Src, 
 Arnald, George, A. No. 2, Weston Street, Pentonville- 
 Bigg, W. R.,— R. A. No. 116, Great Russell Street, Bed- 
 ford Square. 
 Callcott, A. W., — ^R. A. Kensington Gravel Pits. 
 
52l> PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Chalon, J. J., Great Marlborough Street. 
 
 Collins, W.,--R.A.,No. 11, New Cavendish Street, Port- 
 land Place. 
 
 Constable, J. A., No. 55, Upper Charlotte Street, Fitzroy 
 Square, 
 
 Daniel, William, R. A. No. 14, Russell Place, Fitzroy 
 Square. 
 
 Devvint, P., No. 10, Percy Street. 
 
 Glover, J., ]V[o. 61, Montague Square. 
 
 Turner, J., M. W.— R, A. Queen Anne Street, West. 
 
 Varley, I., No. 10, Great Titchfield Street. 
 
 Varley, C., No. 52, Upper Thornhaugh Street, Bedford 
 Square. 
 
 Vincent, W., Kentish Town. 
 
 Westall, William, No. 19, Mornington Place, Hampste^d 
 Road. 
 
 Of Animals, 8c c. 
 
 Chalon, H. B., No. 24, Beaumont Street, Devonshire 
 
 Place. 
 Cooper, Abraham, R. A. No. 15, New Milhnan Street, 
 
 Lambs Conduit Street. 
 Hills, R., No. 15, London Street, Fitzroy Square. 
 Ward, James, R. A. No. 6, Newman Street. 
 
 Sculptors. 
 
 Bacon, J., No. 17, Newman Street. 
 
 Baily, E. H.,— R. A. No. 8, Percy Street. 
 
 Behnes, W., 91, Dean Street, Soho. 
 
 Bubb, J. G., Grafton Street, Tottenham Court Road. 
 
 Chantrey, Francis, R. A. Belgrave Place, Pimlico. 
 
 Flaxman, John, R. A. Buckingham Street, Fitzroy Square. 
 
 Garrard, G., — A. No. 4, Queen's Buildings, Brompton. 
 
 Rossi, Charles, R. A. No. 41, Lisson Grove, North. 
 
 Rossi, H., No. 7, Wellesley Street, King's Road, Chelsea. 
 
 Sievier, W., No. 54, Southampton Row, Russell Square. 
 
 Turnerelli, P., No. 67, Newman Street. 
 
 Westmacott, Richard, R. A., No. 14, South Audley Street. 
 
 Architects. 
 
 Abraham, Robert, 27, Keppel Street. - . . 
 
 Angell, SBmuel, Lan^bourn Chambers, Leadenhall Street. 
 
AftCHlTECT&. 527 
 
 Bailey, Wiltshire, 2, Buxton Place, New Bethlem. 
 
 Baker, Henry, (District Surveyor), Berner's Street. 
 
 Barry, Charles, 39, Ely Place, Holborn. 
 
 Basevi, George, jun. 19, Albany. 
 
 Beazley, Charles, (District Surveyor), Whitehall. 
 
 Beazley, Samuel, 4, Carlton Chambers, Regent Street. 
 
 Bond, John, Newman Street, 
 
 Biggs, Benjamin, 12, Lemon Street, Goodman's Fields. 
 
 Boothe, William J., Red Lion Square. 
 
 Broadbridge, Benjamin, 17, Caroline Street, Bedford 
 
 Square. 
 Brooks, William, Salvador House, White Hart Court, 
 
 Bishopsgate Street. 
 Burton, James, Regent's Park. 
 Burton, Decimus, Carlton Chambers, Regent Street. 
 Cantwell, Jos., (District Surveyor), Oxford Street. 
 Chawner, Thomas, (County and District Surveyor), 82, 
 
 Guildford Street. 
 Cockerel 1, S. P., (District Surveyor), 27, Saville Row., 
 
 Bond Street. 
 Cockerell, Robert, jun., 80, Burlington Street. 
 Craig, Charles Alexander, (District Surveyor) Great George 
 
 Street, Westminster. 
 Cresy, Edward, 6, Suffolk Street, Charing Cross, 
 Crundon, John, 20, Hereford Street. 
 Darley, Robert, 97, Jermyn Street, St. James's. 
 Deykes, John, 2, Bartlett's Buildings, Holborn. 
 Dixie, B. Winchester House, Old Broad Street. 
 Davis, John, Warnford Court, City. 
 Donaldson, James, (District Surveyor), 8, Bloomsbury Sq. 
 Donaldson, Thomas, 7, Hart Street, Bloomsburt Square, 
 Edwai'ds, William, (District Surveyor), City Road. 
 Fowler, Charles, 9, Great Ormond Street. 
 Gandy, Joseph, Percy Street, Rathbone Place. 
 Gandy, Peter, M., Regent Street. 
 Goodwin, Francis, 29, Francis Street. 
 Gutch, Geo., (District Surveyor), Tottenham Court Road. 
 ^ Gwilt, Joseph, 20, Abingdon Street. 
 .Gwilt, George, 8, Union Street, Borough. 
 Hakewill, Henry, S, Hinde Street, Manchester Square. 
 Hardwick, Thomas, 55, Berners Street. 
 
 F F 2 
 
528 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Hardwick, Philip, 56, Great Marlborough Street. 
 
 Hill, Charles Hamor, (District Surveyor), 6, Scott's Place, 
 
 Islington. 
 Inman, William, Lombard Street. 
 Inwood, William and Son, 68, Euster Square. 
 Ireland, Joseph, 28, Old Burlington Street. 
 Jeffreys, — (District Surveyor), Oval, Kennington. 
 Jupp, William, 6, Broad Street Chambers. 
 Jenkins, — Red Lion Square. 
 Kinnaird, William, (District Surveyor), 5, Euston Grove, 
 
 Euston Square. 
 Laing, David, Lincoln's-inn Fields. 
 Lee, Thomas, 1 6, Norton Street, Fitzroy Square. 
 Lugar, Robert, 52, Great Marlborough Street. 
 Maliphant, George, 20, Blenheim Street. 
 Medland, J., Union Buildings, Kent Road. 
 Money penny, George, 5, Mortimer Street, Cavendish 
 
 Square. 
 Montague, William and James, (District Surveyors^ 
 
 Guildhall. 
 Nash, John, Regent Street. 
 
 Papworth, J.B., 11, Caroline Street, Bedford Square. 
 Parke, Henr}^, 90, Dean Street, Soho. 
 Pilkington, WiUiam, (District Surveyor), Whitehall Yard, 
 Porden, C. F. 49, Marchmont Street, Brunswick Square. 
 Pugin, Augustus, 105, Great Russel Street. 
 Poynter, Ambrose, Carlton Chambers, Regent Street. 
 Rhodes, Henry, 15, Norton Street, Portland Road. 
 Robinson, P. J., 29, Lower Brook Street. 
 Savage, James, 54, Walbrook. 
 Seward, H. H., (District Surveyor), 40, South Audley 
 
 Street. 
 Shaw, John, 28, Gower Street, Bedford Square, 
 Smirke, R.,— R. A. 5, Stratford Place. 
 Smith, George, (District Surveyor), 8, Bread Street Hill. 
 Soane, John, — R. A. 1 3, Lincoln's-inn Fields. 
 Tappen, G., 9, Charles- Street, St. James's Square, 
 Tatham, C. H., Alpha Cottages. 
 Taylor, G. L., Navy Office. 
 Tyrrell, Charles, 1 7, Aldermanbury. 
 Vulliamy, Lewis, 10 J, Regent Street. 
 
MUSEUMS AND EXHIBITIONS. 529 
 
 Ward, John, (District Surveyor), 1 1 , Air Street, Piccadilly. 
 
 Ware, Samuel, 5, John Street, Adelphi. 
 
 Wyatt, Benjamin, 2, Foley Place, 
 
 Wyatt, H, T., 27, Gerrard Street, Soho. 
 
 Wyatt, Lewis, Albany. 
 
 VVyattville, Jeffrey, — R. A. 50, Lower Brook Street. 
 
 Wallace, — Regent Street. 
 
 Wilkins, William A., R. A. 56, Weymouth Street. 
 
 VABIOUS EXHIBITIONS OF THE ARTS, CURIOSITIES, &C. 
 
 Week^4! MusewUy Tichborne Street, Haymarket, is ex- 
 tremely interesting. The grand room, 107 feet long, and 
 30 feet high, is covered with blue satin, and contains a 
 variety of automatical figures, of most ingenious mecha- 
 nism, such as a steel Tarantula Sjjider, composed of 
 115 pieces, &c. Besides which, there are two magnificent 
 clocks, representing temples, made for the Emperor of 
 China, of splendour and richness almost indescribable. 
 Admission 2s. 6d. 
 
 Brockets Anatomical Miiseum, Blenheim Street, may 
 be viewed gratuitously by any respectable stranger, on his 
 addressing a note to the Curator for that purpose, men- 
 tioning name and residence. 
 
 Wigleifs Promenade Rooms, Spring Gardens. Here are 
 constantly on exhibition various ol)jects of curiosity, prin- 
 cipally connected with works of ai't. These promenade 
 rooms are open from ten o'clock in the morning till ten 
 at night. 
 
 The Gothic Hall, Pall Mall, contains a large collection 
 of specimens of ancient armour, from the age of William 
 the Conqueror to the period of its entire disuse. Here 
 are also some very curious and interesting mechanical and 
 musical automatons. Admission Is. 
 
 Croggon's (late Coade and Seali/s) Scagliola Works, New 
 Road, Tottenham Court Road, and near Westminster. 
 Bridge. The manufacture of ornamental stone and scag- 
 
350 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 liola marble, was originally established by the late Mr. 
 Coade, at Narrow Wall, Lambeth. All kinds of archi- 
 tectural ornaments, executed from the antique, and 
 from models of eminent modern sculptors, are displayed 
 for sale, and the exhibition is open to any respectable 
 persons, permission being previously obtained of the pro- 
 prietor. This establishment exhibits numerous statues, 
 busts, vases, pedestals, architectural decorations, &c., 
 modelled in a composition, and afterwards, by baking, ren- 
 dered harder and more durable than any species of stone. 
 In several parts of the metropolis specimens of the pro- 
 ductions of this art may be seen, particularly at the 
 Admiralty, the Bank, Somerset Place, the Trinity House, 
 the Pelican Office, Lombard Street, and many other 
 assurance and fire-offices, and public halls ; also in front 
 of the works in the New Road, 
 
 Missionary Museum, 26, Austin Friars. The London 
 Missionary Society having procured from various parts of 
 the world curiojis specimens of natural productions and of 
 the manufactures of rude nations, have opened a room 
 for their exhibition, to which admission may be obtained 
 on Wednesdays., between 10 and 3 o'clock, by tickets 
 from the directors of the society. 
 
 The Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, was erected by Mr. 
 Bullock in 1812, from the designs of G.F.Robinson, 
 architect, and it received its name from having been de-; 
 signed in imitation of the style of architecture peculiar 
 to Egypt. It was originally occupied by a curious col- 
 lection of natural and artificial curiosities, called the 
 London Museum, which has since been dispersed by auc- 
 tion. It has since been divided into several exhibition 
 ;^nd auction rooms. 
 
 Finn*s Glass-working Exhibition, 161, Strand, is ex- 
 tremely curious, and well deserving notice. Open from 
 eleven in the morning till eight at night ; and specimens 
 to the amount of the admission-money, (one shilling) are 
 given to the visitors. 
 
 Wax Wf^rks, Fleet Street, formerly Mrs. Salmon's. 
 
MUSEUMS AND EXHIBITIONS. 331 
 
 These consist of nearly 500 figures, all of the natural size, 
 and arranged in five rooms. Among the most remarkable 
 persons here presented to the spectator are, their late 
 and present Majesties ; her late Majesty, Queen Caro- 
 line, and the late Princess Charlotte of Wales; the 
 Emperor of Russia ; the Duke of Wellington ; the Arch- 
 duchess Maria Louisa; Buonaparte; Milton; the late 
 ministers. Fox and Pitt; Daniel Dancer, the Miser; 
 Johanna Southcott, &c. &c. Admission 1^. 
 
 The Royal Grand National Menagerie, Exeter Change, 
 Strand, consists of a Collection of living Beasts and 
 Birds, the most extensive and curious in the world ; and 
 far surpassing the Royal Menagerie in the Tower, both 
 in variety and numbers. Among the more extraordinary 
 quadrupeds, is the colossal male elephant, which some 
 years ago was exhibited in one of the dramatic spectacles 
 at Covent Garden theatre : it is now ten feet high, and 
 is about five tons in weight, and is very remarkable for its 
 intelligence and docility. Here likewise are several lions 
 and lionesses, a royal Bengal tigress, panthers, leopards, 
 hyaenas, the oriental bear, emews, the camelus pacos, 
 or alpacos, llama's, the bison, an Ethiopian zebra, the 
 condor of South America, kangaroos, the boa con- 
 strictor, cameleons, rattle snakes, &c. ; the whole forming 
 one of the most extraordinary exhibitions ever seen. 
 There are three rooms; the admission to the first, in 
 which the elephant has a large apartment, is Is, 6d., and 
 to each of the others 1^. The admission to the second and 
 third rooms is 2^., and to the whole menagerie 2s. 6d. 
 At 8 o'clock in the evening all the animals are fed, to see 
 which 6d. extra, is charged. The voracious and savage 
 nature of the beasts is most interestingly displayed dur- 
 ing the feeding time, and particularly as contrasted with 
 their familiarity to their keeper before. 
 
 ^-. Corbetfs Museum, 63, Piccadilly, contains a variety of 
 ijuadrupeds, birds, an enormous serpent, &c. Admission 
 }j. Children 6d, 
 
 : Various other exhibitions, of temporary interest, or but 
 
532 ' PICTURE OF LdNDON 
 
 of short duration, are frequently opened in London: ' 
 these are advertised in the newspapers, or rendered suf- 
 ficiently public by placards in the principal streets. 
 
 Logier*s New Si/stem of Musical Education, A con- 
 siderable sensation has been of late years produced in the 
 musical world, by the introduction of a new system of 
 musical education ; the author of which, Mr. Logier, is a 
 native of Germany, though many years resident in Dub- 
 lin, where he first established his system ; and that it is 
 really an improvement upon former modes of instruction 
 may be securely relied upon from its rapid extension 
 through Ireland, Scotland, and England. It was intro- 
 duced into the metropolis by Mr. Webbe, jun., whose 
 merit as a musical professor, as also that of his late fa- 
 ther, is universally acknowledged. Many academies have 
 been established upon this plan. 
 
 Mr. Logier, in order to the better promulgation of his • 
 system, has united himself to Mr. Webbe's establishment, 
 and as a proof of the rapid prevalence of his system in 
 London, many other professors of high respectability have 
 already applied to Mr. Logier to be made acquainted 
 with his modes of tuition. An extraordinary facility and 
 readiness in playing the piano forte is obtained in these 
 schools by the aid of an ingenious machine called a 
 chiroplasty and the acquisition of the theory is imbibed 
 through so simple a process as to become intelligible and 
 interesting even to children. 
 
 Royal Academy of Music, Tenterden Street, Hanover 
 Square. The direction of this establishment is vested in 
 a committee of twenty-five persons : its professed object 
 is to facilitate the cultivation of music in our own country, 
 and among our own people. The school is supported by 
 benefactions and annual subscriptions. The pupils are 
 divided into classes : the first class is elected by ballot, 
 and each pupil for the first year pays 1 5 guineas, and sub- 
 sequently 10 guineas per annum. The second class is 
 composed of the children of professors, who, when 
 elected, pay 10 guineas for the first year, and afterwards 
 8 guineas per annum. The third class consists of extra 
 
MUSICAL EDUCATION. 535 
 
 Students, who require only the recommendation of a sub- 
 scriber, but each pays 20 guineas per annum if boarded 
 in the establishment, and 33 guineas otherwise. The 
 students, severally, are instructed in writing and arithme- 
 tic, in the Latin and English languages, and in harmony, 
 composition, and the piano-forte : they are also directed 
 in the study of any particular branch of music by the 
 principal professors of the establishment^ accordingly as 
 their respective talents may indicate a distinct bias or 
 proficiency. 
 
 The Apollonicon, 101, St. Martin's Lane. It is well 
 known to the least scientific of the public, that there are 
 two distinctions of organs, the finger and the barrel. A 
 most superb instrument combining both has been invented 
 and built by Messrs. Flight and Robson, at an immense 
 expence, under the patronage of his Majesty. This truly 
 ^yonderful effort of musical science and mechanism plays 
 the most celebrated overtures by its own self-acting powers ; 
 and that with a precision and effect surpassing the perform- 
 ance of the most scientific orchestra. It will also ad- 
 mit of being played by a single performer, or by six per- 
 formers at the same moment. — Admittance, every 
 Wednesday and Saturday, at 2 o'clock, U. ; or to the 
 performance in the evening, 2s, 6d, 
 
 Concert of Ancient Music, The concert of ancient 
 music (at present more generally known by the appella- 
 tion of the King's Concert) is a branch that seceded from 
 the Academy of Ancient Music, and is held in the great 
 room, Hanover Square. It generally commences in 
 February, and continues weekly till the end of May, 
 [The performances are on a Wednesday. Six directors, 
 /chosen from among the nobility, select in turn the pieces 
 [for the night, and regulate all its principal concerns. Its 
 leading feature is the utter exclusion of all modern music. 
 The vocal performers are always of the first class, and 
 are liberally paid. 
 
 The Cecilian Society, for the performance of Sacred 
 Music, is held at Coachmaker's Hall, Noble Street^ 
 
354 PICTURE OF LONDON^ 
 
 Cheapside. Since the formation of this Society, in th^- 
 year 1785, it has had the support of many eminent per- 
 fbrmers, who have occasionally presented it with many 
 valuable and much-admired compositions. The society' 
 is supported principally by its own members, about 
 seventy in number; but their subscriptions being inade- 
 quate to the expenditure, it has been found necessary to 
 issue monthly and quarterly subscription tickets, which 
 may be had of any of the members of the committee at 
 a very trifling expense. There are usually three grand" 
 nights in the year, viz. — on St. Cecilia's Day, Christmas 
 Eve, and one during the first quarter. The society meet 
 every Thursday/ at eight o'clock in the evening, and con- 
 tinue their performances about two hours. 
 
 LITERARY ESTABLISHMENTS, AND GENERAL LITERATURE,^ 
 
 The Royal Society of Literature, Sfc, 61, Lincoln's Inn 
 Fields, is a recent institution, established under the particu- 
 larpatronage of his Majesty, George IV., and the immediate 
 superintendence of the learned and venerable Dr. Thomas- 
 Burgess, late Bishop of St. David's, but now Bishop of 
 Salisbury, to which he was promoted in the spring of 
 1825. The constitutions and regulations of the Society^ 
 which had been under consideration about three years, re-, 
 ceived his Majesty's approbation at the beginning of June, 
 182 J, and its first public meeting was held on the 17th of 
 that month. Its sole object is the Advancement of Lin'^ 
 terature, on the principle of that advance being the effi- 
 cient means by which the most solid advantages can be 
 secured to the nation, and the general happiness of man* 
 kind be most effectually secured. This great end is pro- 
 posed to be obtained, — "By the Publication of inedited J 
 remains of Ancient Literature, and of such Works as may 4; 
 be of great intrinsic value, but not of that popular charac- | 
 ter, which usually claims the attention af publishers: — By 5 
 the promotion of Discoveries in Literature:— By endea- 
 vours to fix the standard, as far as practicable, and to- 
 preserve the Purity of our Language by the critical Im- 
 provement of our Lexicography: — By the reading, at 
 Public Meetings, of interesting Papers on History, 
 
I 
 
 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 335 
 
 Philosophy, Philology, and the Arts ; and the Publication 
 of such of those Papers as shall be approved of in the 
 Society's Transactions : — By the assigning of Honorary 
 Rewards to Works of great Literary Merit, and to im- 
 portant Discoveries in Literature ; and By establishing a 
 Correspondence with Learned Men in Foreign Countries, 
 -for the purpose of Literary Enquiry and Information." 
 — The Society consists of Fellows, Royal and Honorary 
 Associates, and Honorary Members ; its direct manage- 
 ment being vested in a President, eight Vice Presidents, 
 -and a Council of sixteen Fellows. There are at present 
 about 210 Fellows, and ten Royal Associates ; each of 
 •the latter receiving 100 guineas yearly, from the annual 
 generous benefaction of 1 1 55l. made by his Majesty, the 
 .remaining 100 guineas being appropriated to the confer- 
 ang of medals. It is purposed also, when the funds are suf- 
 •ficiently flourishing, that there shall be ten Society Associ- 
 tatesy each of whom will receive a similar sum. All the As- 
 sociates are elected by the Council. The meetings are held 
 once a fortnight, on Wednesdays, at three o'clock in the 
 afternoon ; except during a short vacation in the summer 
 Reason. Fellows are elected by ballot, at the fourth 
 i«neeting after being proposed. The recommendatory paper 
 or certificate must be signed by three Fellows, at least, 
 and suspended in the Society's room, during three meet- 
 ings. The payment for entrance is three guineas, and the 
 annual payment either two, three, five or ten guineas, 
 and upwards, at the pleasure of the person elected. 
 
 t The Metropolitan Literary Lutilution, No. 6, Chatham 
 
 Ipiace, was established in 1823, after the dissolution of the 
 
 ISurrey establishment, which, for nearly twenty years, had 
 
 jbeen seated at Parkinson's Museum, near Blackfriars 
 
 Bridge. This very useful Institution owes its origin to a 
 
 meeting of ten gentlemen at the York Hotel, New Bridge 
 
 I Street, who were convened by James .Jennings, Esq. late 
 
 • Honorary Secretary, and now one of the Managers, by whose 
 
 indefatigable exertions, aided by m.any other members, 
 
 and particularly by Thomas Saunders, Esq., its final 
 
 establishment took place on the 7th of November in the 
 
 above year. This Institution was designed to consist of 
 
336 PICTURE OF LONDON* 
 
 three hundred proprietors at twelve guineas each, every 
 share being subject also to an annual payment on the 
 1st of May, of three guineas. Persons belonging to 
 the family of a proprietor are admitted to all the ge- 
 neral advantages of the institution, on the payment of 
 two guineas for one person, three guineas for two per- 
 sons, and one guinea for every additional admission. Sub- 
 scribers, likewise, are admitted for three guineas an- 
 nually ; and other measures are now in contemplation to 
 render this establishment still more accessible to the public. 
 A valuable and select Library, both for reference and cir- 
 culation, is already formed; ten daily newspapers, and the 
 principal periodical publications and new works are pro- 
 vided for the news and reading rooms^ and gratuitous 
 lectures on subjects of science, literature, and the arts, 
 are occasionally delivered here. Under the auspices of this 
 institution, a Metropolitan Literary Journal was commenc- 
 ed, but is now discontinued. Mr. G. H. Hunter is the 
 present secretary. The presents of books to the library 
 have been numerous.* 
 
 General Literature, London is the focus of British li- 
 terature, and the grand mart for publications of every 
 .kind. New works are yearly issuing from the press in 
 thousands and tens of thousands, and the demand is still 
 increasing with astonishing rapidity in consequence of the 
 new and vast impulse which has been given to the public 
 mind by the establishment of schools for the lower classes 
 on the Bell and Lancaster Systems, by the formation of 
 Reading Societies, and Libraries for the middle ranks, and 
 by the establishment of Scientific and Literary Institu- 
 tions for the upper and affluent classes. The progress ol 
 knowledge among the multitude has been greatly ex- 
 tended by means of the Bible and Religious Tract Societies,! 
 by the gratuitous distribution of millions of religious tracts 
 and books annually, and by the publication of standan' 
 works and magazines, both of science and miscellaneous! 
 information, in cheap weekly, monthly, and quarterly nuni 
 bers. Another great cause of the advance of Literatun 
 
 * For accounts of the Royal, London, Russell, and other 
 Literary and Scientific Institutions, see p. 282 — 303. 
 
 
GENERAL LITERATURE. 337 
 
 within the last fifty or sixty years, has arisen from the 
 important improvements made in Children's Books, which 
 previously to the year 1760 were chiefly confined to the 
 Horn Book, Royal Primer, Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales, 
 Goody Two Shoes, the Seven Champions, and others 
 of a like description; but about that time, a publisher, 
 named Newhury, who was a man of ability, compiled 
 several books himself, and had others written under his 
 direction, of a far higher character, by which the educa- 
 tion of children was much advanced. Of later years, 
 persons of taste and cultivated intellect have vied with 
 each other in producing books for youth of a very 
 superior kind, in which information is imparted in such an 
 agreeable and attractive manner, that the progress of 
 both sexes has been most materially facilitated. In this 
 respect Dr. Aikin, his sister, Mrs. Barbauld, Mrs. Hannah 
 More, Miss Edgeworth, Mrs. Trimmer, Mrs. Wakefield, 
 Mrs. Pilkington, Mrs. Helme, Mrs. Taylor, Mrs. West, and 
 many others, deserve the gratitude of their country. 
 
 The great increase in the number and circulation of 
 Magazines, Reviews, and Newspapers, has a most important 
 influence on the promulgation of general information. We 
 have now magazines, not as formerly, confined to mere 
 amusement, and the furnishing of a little historical and 
 biographical intelligence, but extended even to the most 
 recondite principles of philosophy and science, whilst our 
 Reviews have assumed a character for information and 
 analytical inquiry utterly unknown to former times; 
 and the circulation of the Edinburgh and the Quarterly 
 Reviews is as extensive as that of all the Magazines and 
 Reviews together that were published thirty years ago. 
 
 To Reading Societies and Book Clubs, (many of which 
 now exist even among the clerks of our public esta- 
 blishments), the middle classes are greatly indebted, for 
 they furnish them with books of real information, which 
 are too much excluded from the Public Circulating Li- 
 braries, of which Novels form the main feature. Journey- 
 ^ men mechanics, by their now easy access to scientific 
 ' publications, are become more intelligent than most of 
 their masters formerly were ; and Cyclopaedias, possess- 
 t ing general information on almost all subjects, by being 
 
33S PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 published in parts and weekly numbers, have been ren- 
 dered accessible to almost every person. 
 
 The delivery of Lectures at Public Institutions has 
 created an extensive taste for Philosophical and Chemi- 
 cal pursuits, and there are, at present, no fewer than 
 ninety periodical journals, besides eight Medical ones; none 
 of which existed thirty years ago. The establishment of 
 
 ' Parochial Libraries by the Society for promoting Chris- 
 tian Knowledge, under the direction of Ministers of Pa- 
 rishes, in which many useful books, besides those on 
 religious subjects, have been introduced, have likewise 
 had a very beneficial effect; and most of our principal 
 Schools, also, have useful Libraries supported by sub- 
 scriptions among the scholars. 
 
 From the best calculation that can possibly be made, 
 it may be estimated that there are from 1800 to 2000 
 
 ' Book-Clubs and Reading Societies, including Subscription 
 
 'Libraries and Literary Institutions, now flourishing in 
 Great Britain ; scarcely any of which were formed tjll 
 long after the commencement of the late reign. The 
 Public Circulating Libraries, which are now so very nu- 
 merous throughout the country, had scarcely any exist- 
 ence till after the middle of the last century ; those esta- 
 blished of late years have much improved in the selection 
 of books, from the superior literary information of the ge- 
 neral public. 
 
 From what has been stated, it may be at once inferred, 
 as is the fact, that there never were so many periodical 
 publications as at the present period. On the last night 
 of every month. Paternoster Row and its vicinity ex- 
 hibit, from the bustle and activity that prevail, a kind of 
 
 fair, upwards of 2000 parcels being then packed, and 
 sent off by the coaches and waggons, containing from 
 80,000 to 100,000 parts and numbers of periodical 
 works, besides numerous books and pamphlets. It is 
 impossible, perhaps, to ascertain the amount of the 
 annual returns arising from the printing and selling of 
 books, but it is evident, that it must be immense, at the 
 present time, and is progressively increasing. 
 
 
LITER A.HY ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 359 
 
 Alphabetical List of Publishers and Wholesale Booksellers, 
 
 Arnold, C. S., Tavistock Stree', 
 
 Covent Garden 
 Bagster, S., Paternoster Row 
 Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, ditto 
 Boys, T., Ludgate Hill 
 Butterworth and Son, Fleet Street 
 Cadell, T., Strand 
 
 Clarkes, law publishers, Portugal St, 
 Colburn, Henry, New Burlington 
 
 Street. 
 Cowie and Co., Poultry 
 Dean and Munday, Threadneedle St 
 Duncan, J., Paternoster Row 
 Hamilton and Co., Paternoster Row 
 Harding, Triphook, and Lepard, 
 
 Pall Mall East 
 Harvey and Darton, Gracechurch 
 
 Street 
 Hatchkrd and Son, Piccadilly 
 Hessey; Fleet Street 
 Holds worth, B. J., St. Paul's Church 
 
 Yard 
 Hunt and Clarke, Tavistock Street, 
 
 Covent Garden 
 Hurst, Robinson, and Co., Cheap- 
 side, and Pall Mall 
 Jennings, R., Poultry 
 Kelly, T., Paternoster Row 
 Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen, 
 
 Leadenhall Street 
 Kirbv, R. S., Warwick Lane 
 Knight, Charles, Pall Mall East 
 Knight and Lacey, Paternoster Row 
 Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, 
 
 Brown, and Green, Paternoster 
 
 Row 
 
 Mawman, J., Ludgate Street 
 Miller, J., Bridge Street, Blackfriars 
 Murray, J., Albemarle Street 
 Newman and Co., Leadenhall 
 
 Street 
 Nichols and Son, Parliament Street 
 Nicol, G. and W., Pall Mall 
 Payne and Foss, Pall Mall 
 Pickering, W., Chancery Lane"^ 
 Priestley and Weale, High Street, 
 
 Bloomsbury 
 Richardson, John, Royal Exchange 
 Richardson, James, Cornhill 
 Rivington, C. and J., St. Paul's 
 
 Church Yard, and Waterloo 
 
 Place 
 Rodvvell and Martin, New Bond 
 
 Street 
 Saunders and Otley, Conduit 
 
 Street 
 Sclioley, Robert, Paternoster Row , 
 Seeley and Son, Fleet Street 
 Sherwood and Co., Paternoster Row 
 Simpkin and Marshall, Stationers*^ 
 
 Court 
 Souter, J., St. Paul's Church Yard 
 Taylor, Josiah, architectural library, 
 
 Holborn 
 Taylor, Waterloo Place 
 Tegg, T., Cheapside 
 Underwood, T. and G., Fleet Street 
 Westley, Francis, Stationer's Court 
 Whittaker, G. B., Ave Maria Lane 
 Williams, E., Red Lion Court, Fleet 
 
 Street. 
 
 Dealers in Second-hand Books. 
 
 Anderson, W., Piccadilly 
 
 Arch, J. and A.. Cornhill 
 
 Arnould, J., Spring Gardens 
 
 Bain, Mews Gate 
 
 Barnes, Piccadilly 
 
 Barrington, C, Strand 
 
 Baynes and Son, Paternoster Row 
 
 Baynes, R, ditto 
 
 Bigg, J., Parliament Street 
 
 Bohn, J., Henrietta Street 
 
 Boone, T., Strand 
 
 Booth, J., Duke Street, Portland 
 
 Place 
 Carpenter and Son, Old Bond Street 
 Christie,J., Holborn 
 Clark, F., Piccadilly 
 Clarke, W., New Bond Street 
 
 Collingwood, J., Strand 
 
 Cuthell, John, Middle Row, Holborn 
 
 Darcy, J., Holborn 
 
 Denley, Catherine Street, Strand 
 
 Doyle, M., ditto 
 
 Eaton, D., ditto 
 
 Egerton, T., Charing Cross 
 
 Evans, R. H., PaU Mall 
 
 Evans, G., Great Queen Street 
 
 Geeve.s, Strand 
 
 Ginger, College Street 
 
 Gossling and Egley, New Bond St. 
 
 Greenland, G., Finsbury Place 
 
 Harding, Triphook, and Co., Pall 
 Mall East 
 
 Hayes, S., Henrietta Street, Co- 
 vent Garden 
 G 2 
 
540 
 
 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Jeffery and Son, Pall Mall 
 
 Laycock, Mrs,, High St., Blooms- 
 bury 
 
 Longman and Co., Paternoster Row 
 
 Major, J., Fleet Street 
 
 Maxwell, A, Bell Yard 
 
 Maynard, J., Panton Street 
 
 , Fleet Street 
 
 Nattali and Combe, Tavistock St., 
 Covent Garden 
 
 Nornaville and Fell, New Bond 
 Street 
 
 Nunn, J., Great Queen Street 
 
 Payne and Foss, Pall Mall 
 
 Pickering, W., Chancery Lane 
 
 Priestley, R., Holborn 
 
 Priestley and "Weale, High Street, 
 
 Bloomsbury 
 Setchell, KingStreet, Covent Garden 
 Steel, Tower Hill 
 Thorpe, Thos,, Bedford St., Covent 
 
 Garden 
 Warder, R. and W., Change Alley 
 Wicksteed, Duke Street, Lincoln's 
 
 Inn Fields 
 Whitmore and Fenn, Charing Cross 
 Wood, W., Strand. 
 
 Dealers in Modern Books, chiefly by Retail. 
 
 AUason, W., New Bond Street 
 Arch, J. and A., Corn hill 
 Black and Co., Tavistock Street 
 Booker, J., New Bond Street 
 Booth, J., Duke Street, Portland 
 
 Place 
 Bowdery and Kirby, Oxford Street 
 Boys, T., Ludgate Hill 
 Budd and Calkin, Pall Mali 
 Bumpus, T., Holborn Bars 
 
 , J., Newgate Street 
 
 Burton and Smith, Leadenhall Street 
 
 Butcher, Regent Street 
 
 Capes, J., Fleet Street 
 
 Carpenter and Son, Old Bond Street 
 
 Chappie, C, Pall Mall " 
 
 Clarke, F., Piccadilly 
 
 , W., New Bond Street 
 
 — — ^ — , W., Royal Exchange 
 Crewe, F., Grehville Street 
 Dowding, J., Newgate Street 
 Edwards, Newgate Street 
 Gardiner and Son, Princes Street, 
 
 Cavendish Square 
 Ginger, W., College Street 
 Gossling and Egley, New Bond SL 
 Gray and Fell, Piccadilly 
 Harding, J., St. James's Street 
 Hardy, J., High Street, Shadwell 
 Harris, J., St. Paul's Church Yard 
 Hatchard and Son, Piccadilly 
 Hearne, J., Strand 
 Henshaw, J., Gloucester Place 
 Hessey, Fleet Street 
 Hill, R., Borough 
 Hodgson, H. T., Wimpole Street 
 Holdsworth, B. J., St. Paul's Church 
 
 Yard 
 Hone, W^., Ludgate Hill 
 Hughes, T., Ludgate Street 
 Hunter, R., St. Paul's Church Yard 
 Jennings, R., Poultry 
 Ilbery, J., Titch field Street 
 Kerby, E , Stafford Street 
 
 Kershaw, City Road, and Paternos- 
 ter Row 
 
 Kingsbury and Co., Leadenhall Street 
 
 Leigh, S., Strand 
 
 Lindsel!, W., Wimpole Street 
 
 Lloyd and Son, Harley Street 
 
 Mackie, G., Greek Street 
 
 Marsh, Oxford Street 
 
 Mason, T, Great Russell Street 
 
 — , W., Holywell Street 
 
 Moore, R P., Store Street 
 
 Mudie, T., Wigmore Street 
 
 Nisbet, James, Castle Street, Oxford 
 Street 
 
 Porter, J., Pall Mall 
 
 Reynolds, W., Oxford Street 
 
 Richardson, J. M., Cornhill 
 
 Richardson, J , Royal Exchange 
 
 Ridgway, J., Piccadilly 
 
 Rivington, C. and J., Waterloo PI. 
 
 Robins and Sons, Tooley Street 
 
 Rodwell and Martin, New Bond St. 
 
 Sams, W., St. James's Street 
 
 Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill 
 
 Smith, G., Strand 
 
 Souter, J., St. Paul's Church Yard 
 
 Steuart, Cheapside 
 
 Stockdale, Mrs., Piccadilly 
 
 , J. J., Pall Mall 
 
 Taylor, Waterloo Place 
 
 Tegg, T., Cheapside 
 
 Warden, J., Borough 
 
 Walker, W., Strand 
 
 Westley, F., Stationers' Court 
 
 , J. C, Strand 
 
 Williams, E., Strand 
 
 , Holborn 
 
 , W., Sweeting's Alley 
 
 Wilson, E., Royal Exchange ', 
 
 , G., Essex Street 
 
 T., Doctor's Commons 
 
 Wright, 
 bury 
 
 P, Broad Street, Blooms. * 
 
LITERARY ESTABLISHMENT'S. 341 
 
 Medical Booksellers. 
 
 Anderson, J, West Smithfield Cox and Son, St. Thomas's Street, 
 
 Burgess and Hill, Windmill Street Borough 
 
 Callow and Wilson, Prince's Street Highley and Son, Fleet Street 
 Churchill, X, Leicester Square Longman and Co., Paternoster Row 
 
 Underwood, T. and G., Fleet Street. 
 
 Juvenile Libraries. 
 
 Bowdery and Kirby, Oxford Street Harvey and Darton, Gracechurch St. 
 
 Cox, J., Bemer's Street Hoitt, T. and J., Upper Berkeley St. 
 
 Darton, W., Holborn Hill Souter, J., St. Paul's Church Yard 
 
 Hailes, N., Piccadilly Thomas, H. R., Hanover Street, 
 Harris and Son, St. Paul's Church Hanover Square 
 
 Yard Wallis, E., Skinner Street. 
 
 Law Booliscllers, 
 
 Butterworth and Son, Fleet Street Reader, C, Bell Yard 
 
 Butterworth, H., ditto Stevens, R., ditto 
 
 Clarke, J. and W. T., Portugal Street Sweet, S., Chancery Lane 
 
 Hunter, C, Bell Yard Walker. W., Strand 
 
 Peall, E., Fleet Street Wilson, G., Essex Street 
 Pheney, K., Inner Temple Lane 
 
 French and Italian Booksellers, 
 
 Bain, Mews gate Dulau and Co., Soho Square 
 
 Boosey and Sons, Old Broad Street Treuttel and Wurtz, Soho Square 
 
 Bossange and Masson, Great Marlbo- Zotti, Broad Street, Golden Square, 
 rough Street 
 
 German Booksellers. 
 
 Bohn, J., Henrietta Street, Co vent Bohte, Y'ork Street 
 
 . Garden Boosey and Sons, Old Broad Street 
 
 American Bookseller's, 
 Miller, J., Bridge Street, Blackfriars Souter, J., 73. St PauPs Church Yard. 
 
 Circulating Libraries. 
 
 The first circulating library in London was established 
 about the year 1740, by a bookseller of the name of 
 Batho, at his house now No. 132, in the Strand. Such 
 institutions have since proved so useful, and have 
 spread- so extensively, that almost every small town in the 
 kingdom now possesses its circulating library. That of Ed 
 inburgh, established in 1725, by the celebrated Allan Ram- 
 say, was the first of the kind in Great Britain. 
 G G a 
 
542 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 The principal circulating libraries in London are, 
 
 Anderson's, (Medical Books), West Hoitt's, Upper Berkeley St., Port- 
 Smith field man Square 
 
 Andrews's, New Bond Street Hookham's, Old Bond Street 
 
 Booth's, Duke Street, Portland PI. Home's, Queen Street, Cheapside 
 
 Burgess and Hill's, (Medical Books), Ilberry's, 'J itchfield Street 
 
 Windmill Street Iley's, Somerset Street, Portman Sq. 
 
 Callow's, (Medical Books), Prince's Keys's, Coleman Street 
 
 Street Newman's, Leadenhall Street 
 
 Capes's, Fleet Street Rice's, Berkeley Square 
 
 Carpenter's, 514, High Holborn Sams's, St. James's Street 
 
 Cawthorne's, Cockspur Street Saunders and Otley's, Conduit St. T 
 
 Chappie's, Pall Mall Steuart's, Cheapside ^ 
 
 Earle's, Berkeley Square Swale, Great Russell St., Blooms. 
 Ebers's, Old Bond Street bury 
 
 Hebert's, 88. Cheapside Wilson's, Gracechurch Street 
 Hodgson's, Wimpole Street 
 
 Heading Rooms, 
 
 Booth's, Duke St., Portland PL Lowe's, Lamb's Conduit Street 
 
 Hatchard's, Piccadilly Reynold's, Oxford Street 
 
 Hookham's, Old Bond Street Rice's, Berkeley Square 
 
 Lett's, Cornhill Sams's, St. James's Street 
 
 Lloyd's, Harley Street Steuart's, Cheapside 
 
 Kelfe, L., Cornhill Westley, J. G. Strand. 
 
 N. B. Many of the latter take in the Daily Newspapers. 
 Monthly und other Periodical Publications, 
 
 The periodical publications, independently of the ad- 
 vantages which result from the knowledge they diffuse over 
 the country, are highly useful to literature, by creating a 
 monthly circulation of books, in conjunction with them, 
 through every part of the empire. The value of the 
 various periodical works, circulated on the first day of 
 every month, is little short of 6000/., and they are the 
 means of giving circulation, at the same time, to 1 5,000/, 's 
 worth of other works. 
 
 The Periodical Publications consist of Miscellanies, ^ 
 embracing all the various subjects of Literature and Sci- 
 ence, of Reviews of New Books, or of Journals, devoted | 
 to particular objects. They may be arranged in the fol- 
 lowing classes : 
 
 Reviews, (Those with a * are published quarterly.) 
 
 Monthly Review, 2s. 6d., Hurst, Robinson, and Co. 
 
 *British Critic, 65., Mawman. 
 
 Eclectic Review, 2s, 6d., Holdsworth. 
 
 * Westminster Review, 6s,, Baldwin and Co, 
 
PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. 343 
 
 * Retrospective Review, 5s., Baldwin and Co. 
 ^Edinburgh Quarterly Review, 6s., Longman and Co. 
 
 * Quarterly Review, 6s., Murray. 
 
 * British Review, 45., Seeley. 
 
 * Cambridge Review, 6s., Mawman. 
 ♦Musical Review, 5s., Baldwin and Co. 
 *European Review, 5s. , Pouch^e, 
 ♦Theological Review, 6s., Rivington. 
 
 JMagazines. 
 
 *Knight*s Quarterly Magazine, 6s., Knight, Pall Mall East. 
 
 Monthly Magazine, 2s., G. B. Whittaker. 
 
 Gentleman's Magazine, 2s., Harris. 
 
 European Magazine, 2s. 6d., Miller. 
 
 New Monthly Magazine, 35. 6d., Colburn. 
 
 London Magazine and Review, 35. 6d., Hunt and Clarke, 
 
 Imperial Magazine, I5., Fisher. 
 
 Edinburgh Magazine, Constable's, 25. 6d., Hurst and Co. 
 
 , Blackwood's, 25. 6d., Cadell. 
 
 Harmonicon (chiefly on music), 25. 6d., Pinnock. 
 
 Asiatic Journal, 35. 6d., Kingsbury and Co. 
 
 Sporting Magazine, 25. 6d., Pitman. 
 
 Annals of Sporting and Fancy Gazette, 25. 6d. Sherwood, 
 
 and Co. 
 The English Spy, 35. 6d., Sherwood and Co. 
 Oriental Herald, 5^., Arnot, Old Bond Street 
 Intellectual Repository, I5. 6d., Hodgson. 
 Newcastle Magazine, I5., Richardson. 
 ^Farmer's Magazine, 35., Hurst. 
 •Spanish Magazine, IO5. 6d. 
 
 Arliss's Pocket Magazine, 6d. and I5., Knight and Co. 
 Sailor's Magazine, 6d., Offor. 
 Indo-Chinese Gleaner, 25. 6d. 
 Literary Magnet, or Monthly Journal, is , Wright. 
 American Monitor, 45. 
 Dublin and London Magazine, I5., Robins. 
 Monthly Repository, I5. 6d.y Sherwood and Co. 
 
 Drama, 
 Drama, 6d., GifFord, 
 
 Dramatic Biography, weekly, 3f/., Smeeton. 
 Oxberry's Drama, I5., Simpkin. 
 
344 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Scientific Works in Philosophy/, CJiemistry, Botany, Sfc. 
 
 Philosophical Magazine, 2s. 6d.^ Star Office. 
 Annals of Philosophy, 25. 6d., Baldwin and Co. 
 Repository of Arts, Manufactures, and Agriculture, 35., 
 
 Sherwood and Co. 
 Technical Repository, 2s., Cadell. 
 London Journal of Arts and Sciences, 2s. 6d., Sherwood 
 
 and Co. 
 Botanical Magazine, 35. 6d., Sherwood and Co. 
 Edward's Botanical Register, 45., Ridgeway. 
 Botanical Cabinet, 2s. 6d. and 5s., Arch. 
 ♦Brewster's Philosophical Journal, 75. 6d., Cadell. 
 Curtis's British Entomology, 35. and 45. 6d., Sherwood and 
 
 Co. 
 Donovan's Naturalist's Repository, 35. 6d., Rivington. 
 
 * Journal of Literature, Science, and Art, 75. 6d., Murray. 
 *Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 75. 6rf., Hurst. 
 Dublin Philosophical Journal, 6s. , every six months, Long- 
 man and Co. 
 
 Memoirs ofthe Caledonian Horticultural Society, 35., Hurst. 
 Sowerby's Mineral Conchology, 55., Sherwood and Co. 
 
 Shells, 45. and 65., ditto. 
 
 Sweet's Geraniums, 35., Ridgway. 
 
 Flower Garden, 35., Simpkin. 
 
 Flora Londinensis, I65., Sherwood and Co. 
 *Zoological Journal, 95. 
 
 Medical, 
 
 London Medical and Physical Journal, 25. 6rf., Souter. 
 London Medical Repository and Review, 2s. 6d., Under- 
 wood. 
 *Edinburgh Medical Jouriial, 65., Hurst. 
 Family Oracle of Health, I5., Bullock. 
 Gazette of Health, I5., Reece. 
 
 * Medico- Chirurgical Journal, 65., Burgess and Co. 
 Cottage Physician, I5., Sherwood. 
 
 ♦Journal of Foreign Medicine, 45. 6d., Anderson. 
 
 Works on Theological Subjects. 
 
 Baptist Magazine, 6d., Holdsworth. 
 
 Christian Observer, I5. 6d., Hatchard and Son. 
 
 Christian Remembrancer, I5. 6d,, Mawman. 
 
fERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. 545 
 
 Christian Instructor, Is., Hamilton and Co. 
 
 Christian Guardian, 6d., Seeley. 
 
 Christian Reformer, 6d. , Sherwood and Ca 
 
 Evangelical Magazine, 6d., "Westley. 
 
 Catholic Miscellany, Is., Cuddon. 
 
 Gospel Magazine, 9d., Day. 
 
 Monthly Repository, Is. 6d., Sherwood and Co. 
 
 Methodist Magazine, 6d, and I5., Kershaw. 
 
 Missionary Register, 6d., Seeley. 
 
 Home Missionary Magazine, 6d., R. Baynes. 
 
 Edinburgh Christian Instructor, 1«. Gd.., Longman and Co. 
 
 Jewish Expositor, 6d., Duncan. 
 
 Orthodox Journal, Is., Cuddon. 
 
 Herald of Peace, Is., Hamilton. 
 
 Free-thinking Christian Register, 2s. 
 
 Critica Biblica, Is., W. Booth. 
 
 Jones's History of the Christian Church, 3s., Jones. 
 
 New Baptist Magazine, 6d., Jones, Lovell's Court. 
 
 Evangelical Resister, 6d., Jones. 
 
 Spiritual Magazine, 6d., Palmer. 
 
 Select British Divines, 2s. 6d., Seeley. 
 
 Christian Repository, I5., Westley. 
 
 Pulpit, 3d., Knight and Lacey. 
 
 Education, 
 
 Assistant of Education, Is. 6d., Baker. 
 
 National School Magazine, \d., Rivington. 
 
 Teacher's Offering, Ir/., Westley. 
 
 Child's Companion, \d., Davis. 
 
 Cottage Magazine, 3d., Sherwood and Co. 
 
 Servant's Magazine, 2d. 
 
 Sunday School Teacher's Magazine, 6d., Hamilton. 
 
 Sunday Scholar's Magazine, 2d., Holdsworth, 
 
 Tract Magazine, Id., Davis. 
 
 Youth's Magazine, 4d., Hamilton. 
 
 Youth's Instructor, 4d., Kershaw. 
 
 Juvenile Friend, 4d., Souter. 
 
 Cottager's Monthly Visitor, 6d., Rivington. 
 
 Wilson's Children's Friend, Id., Seeley. 
 
 Friendly Visitor, Id., Seeley. 
 
 Publications for Ladies* 
 Lady's Magazine, 2s, 6d. , S. Robinson, 
 
346 PICTURE OF LONDOK. 
 
 Ladies' Museum, Is. 6d., Dean and Munday. 
 La Belle Assembl^e, 35., G. B. Wljittaker. 
 Lady's Pocket Magazine, 6d., Robinson. 
 Ackerman's Repository, 45. Ackerman. 
 Townsend's Parisian Costumes, Is, 6d» Arnold. 
 World of Fashion, 2s., Anderson. 
 
 Miscellaneous* 
 
 * Classical Journal, 65., Valpy. 
 
 * Pamphleteer, 65. 6d., Valpy. 
 Army List, I5. 6d., Egerton. 
 Navy List, 2s., Murray. 
 
 Literary Advertiser, 8^., 10th of every month, Waterloo 
 
 Place. 
 Magistrate, I5. 6rf., Stocking. 
 
 Weekly Periodicals, exclusive of Newspapers, 
 
 Literary Gazette and Journal of the Belles Lettres, Arts, 
 
 Sciences, &c., Sd or I5. stamped, Scripps, 362. Strand. 
 Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, 2d., 
 
 Lirabird, Strand. 
 Portfolio of Literature, Entertainment, and Science, 2d. , 
 
 Wright. 
 Economist, 2c?. 
 
 Literary Chronicle, 6d, or lOrf. stamped, 335. Strand. 
 Nev^^s of Literature, Science, and Art, Sd., or I5. stamped, 
 
 17. Brydges Street, Covent Garden. 
 Cobbett's Political Register, 6d , W. Cobbett, Fleet Street. 
 Mechanic's Register, 3^/. 
 
 Journal, Sd. 
 
 Magazine, 3^/. 
 
 Recorder of Science and Art, Zd, 
 
 Every- Day Book, M., Hone, Ludgate Hill. 
 
 Terrific Register, 2d. 
 
 Lancet, 6d., 210. Strand. 
 
 Scientific Gazette, Sd., Boys. 
 
 Medical Adviser, 6d., Martin. 
 
 Any of the above works are sent to the Colonies, and all 
 parts of Europe and America, by the Clerks of the General 
 Post Office, on their receiving six or twelve months pay- 
 ment in advance. The terms may be known, by appli- 
 cation to Mr. Thornhill, Sherborne Lane. 
 
leEBIODICAL PRE£S. 347 
 
 Newspapers. 
 
 The circulation of the different newspapers varies from 
 700 to 7000 per day; and together, they give employment 
 to a great number of reporters, collectors of news, editors, 
 translators, printers, newsmen, &c. The first expense of 
 estabhshing a successful paper is from 2000/. to 5000/. 
 The sources of profit, besides that which arises from the sale 
 and the advertisements, ai-e from paid paragraphs, puffs, 
 interested notices, &c. Of the Morning Papers, there are 
 sold altogether nearly 20,000 daily. Of the Daily Evening 
 Papers, upwards of 1 5,000 ; and of those published every 
 other day, about 8,000. There are also about 70,000 of 
 the Weekly Papers sold : and of the Observer, Sunday 
 Paper, alone there are vended not less than 10,000. In all, 
 the enormous number of 328,000 copies per week are cir- 
 culated, yielding to the government the annual revenue of 
 more than 465,450/. for stavip and advertisement duties 
 only. 
 
 Daily Morning Papers. 
 
 , British Press, 181. Strand. 
 
 Morning Chronicle, 169. Strand. 
 Morning Pjost, 335. Strand. 
 Morning Herald, 18. Catherine Street. 
 Morning Advertiser, 127. Fleet Street. 
 Public Ledger, 10. Warwick Square. 
 Times, Printing-house Square, Blackfriars. 
 New Times, 153. Fleet Street. 
 
 Daily Evening Papers. 
 
 British Traveller, Black Horse Court, Fleet Street. 
 
 Courier, 348. Strand. 
 
 Globe and Ti-aveller, 127. Strand. 
 
 St^r, Pickett Place, Pickett Street, Strand. 
 
 Sun, 112. Strand. 
 
 Weekly Papers, every Saturday. 
 
 Baldwin's Journal, Union Street, Blackfriars. 
 Cobbett's Register, 183. Fleet Street. 
 
^'iS PICTDTRE OF LONDON, 
 
 Literary Chronicle, 355. Strand. 
 Literary Gazette, 362. Strand. 
 
 News of Literature and Fashion, 7. Brydges Street, Co- 
 vent Garden. 
 Truth Teller, 3. Chapter House Court, St. Paurs. 
 
 Weekly Papers y Sunday and Monday, 
 Observer, 169. Strand. 
 
 Beirs Messenger, Bride Court, Fleet Street. 
 John Bull, 11. Johnson's Court, Fleet Street.. 
 News, 28. Brydges Street, 
 Examiner, 38. Tavistock Street. 
 Egan's Life in London. 113. Strands 
 Fleming's Express, 25. Fleet Street. 
 
 Weekly Papers, every Sunday,, 
 
 IXspatch^ 39. Fleet Street. 
 
 Englishman,^ 1 92. Strand. 
 
 Sunday Monitor, Fleet Street. 
 
 Bell's Life in London, 169. Strand. 
 
 Weekly Register, 127. Fleet Street. 
 
 Sunday Times, 135. Fleet Street. 
 
 Sovereign, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden* 
 
 The Age, 1. Catherine Street, Strand. 
 
 English Gentleman, Brydges Street, Covent Gtarden. 
 
 Common Sense, 311. Strand. 
 
 WecMy Papers y every Monday. 
 
 County Chronicle, 18. "Warwick Square. 
 
 Exley and Dimsdale's Corn Exchange Circular, S3* 
 
 Trinity Square. 
 Farmer's Journal, 29, Budge Row. 
 
 Weekly Papers, every Tuesday. 
 
 Price Current, London Mercantile, 7. Old Broad Street. 
 Surrey and Sussex Gazette, 135. Fleet Street. 
 
 Weekly Papers, every Wednesday, 
 
 British Guardian, 1. Wellington Street, Strand. 
 British Mercury, 11. Johnson's Court, Fleet Street. 
 
n:ewspapkrs. 349 
 
 Weekit/ Papers, every Thursday 
 
 Law Advertiser, 5. Quality Court, Chancery Lane. 
 Law Chronicle, 15. Peter*s Hill, Doctor's Commons. 
 Law Gazette, ditto. 
 
 Weekly Paper, every Friday. 
 County Herald, 18. Warwick Square. 
 
 Papers, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, 
 
 Evening Mail, Printing-house Square, Blackfriars. 
 London Packet, Union Street, Bridge Street. 
 
 Paper, every Monday and Thursday, 
 
 London Evening Chronicle, 2^ Dove Court, Lombard 
 Street. 
 
 Papers, every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, 
 
 English Chronicle, 12. York Street, Covent Garden. 
 St. James's Chronicle, Union Street, Blackfriars. 
 
 Papers, every Tuesday and Friday. 
 
 Courier de Londres, Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 Price Current, Prince's, 22. 'Change Alley. 
 Price Current, New, 127. Fenchurch Street. 
 
 Paper, every Tuesday and Saturday. 
 
 London Gazette (by authority of government), Cannon Row, 
 Westminster. 
 
 Paper, every Third Week, 
 Hue and Cry, (Police Gazette) 240. Strand. 
 
 Paper, Tenth of each Months 
 Literary Advertiser, Waterloo Place. 
 
 Sixteen Numbers in the Year, 
 Racing Calendar^ 7. Oxendon Street. 
 
 H H 
 
350 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Newspapers are sent into the country through the 
 General Post Office ; and, by a late regulation of parlia- 
 ment, it is no longer necessary to write the name of a mem- 
 ber of parliament on the envelope, but both ends must 
 be left open as formerly. The news-venders assemble every 
 morning and evening at the News Hall, as it is called, in 
 Black Horse Alley, Fleet Street, where transfers and ex- 
 changes of papers are made, and an extraordinary bustle 
 is exhibited by the different distributors (men, women, and 
 boys) on preparing to set out for their respective walks. 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 The Theatres, and other Places of Public Amusement, 
 
 The Public Amusements and Spectacles in London ' 
 may be classed as follow : 
 
 WINTER SPECTACLES. 
 
 Drury Lane Theatre, Brydges Street. 
 
 Covent Garden Theatre, Bow Street. 
 
 The King's Theatre, or Italian Opera House, Hay Market. 
 
 Adelphi Theatre, Strand. 
 
 Cobourg Theatre, Waterloo Road. 
 
 Olympic Theatre, Newcastle Street, Strand. 
 
 East London Theatre, Well Street, Wellclose Square. 
 
 SUMMER SPECTACLES. 
 
 Theatre Royal, Haymarket. 
 
 The English Opera, Strand. 
 
 Sadler's Wells, near the New River Head. 
 
 Royal Amphitheatre, Westminster Bridge. 
 
 Surrey Theatre, Blackfriars Road. 
 
 The West London Theatre, Tottenham Street. 
 
 Vauxhall Gardens 
 
TPIEATKES. .T5I 
 
 Concerts, 
 
 The King's (or Ancient) Concert. 
 
 Philharmonic Concert. 
 
 Oratorios, in Lent; at Drury Lane and Covent Garden 
 
 Theatres. 
 
 It is a prevailing weakness among mankind to depreciate 
 the merit of every thing contemporary, and to refer all 
 greatness to past ages. This prejudice tinctures the writ- 
 ings of dramatic, not less than those of other critics ; yet 
 we are convinced, that in all the varied and essential 
 features of Dramatic entertainments, no age has approxi- 
 mated so nearly to perfection as the present. We may not 
 have as contemporaries a Shakspeare, an Otway, a Rowe, 
 2t Dryden, and a Congreve, nor were those men contem- 
 poraries of any single age, but the time of George IIL, 
 It must be remembered, produced Sheridan, the two Col- 
 itians, Cumberland, O'Keefe, Tobin, Murphy, Inchbald, 
 Morton, Holcroft, the Dibdins, Reynolds, and Kenney, 
 names which will be duly estimated by posterity, when 
 viewed in connexion with their predecessors in the gene- 
 ral retrospect of past ages. 
 
 In like manner, if, in regard to actors, we do not enjoy 
 the contemporaneous talents of such performers as Gar- 
 rick, Booth, Cibber, Quin, Woodward, Foote, Shuter, 
 Pritchard, and Clive ; yet the last reign also elicited the 
 talents of Kemble, Siddons, Lewis, Munden, Fawcett, 
 Cooke, Young, Farren, King, Bannister, Jordan, Emery, 
 Matthews, Liston, Elliston, Johnstone, Dowton, C. Kem- 
 ble, Macready, Jones, O'Neal, and Kean. Neither did 
 any prior age present a theatrical system of such excel- 
 lence, as that which, under the able management of the late 
 (Mr. Thomas Harris, and the late Mr. J. P. Kemble, reduced 
 the business of the stage to the precision of a science. 
 Several of the actors last mentioned are still our con^ 
 temporaries, and it is impossible to prove, that they were 
 ever surpassed. 
 
 Drury Lane Theatre. — This externjilly substantial, anfd 
 internally superb and well-cohtrived theatre, was rebiiiU 
 H H 2 
 
352 PICTUHE OF LONDON. 
 
 in isn, on the ruins of the former edifice, which had 
 been burnt down in 1 809. The architect was Benjamin 
 Wyatt, Esq., and his skill was powerfully ^nd liberally 
 aided by an intelligent and public spirited committee, of 
 which the late Mr. Whitbread was chairman. The front 
 towards Brydges Street is ornamented with pilasters of the 
 Doric order. Previously to the commencement of the sea- 
 son of 1822, the interior of the theatre was entirely new- 
 modelled, by Mr. Peto, from designs by S. Beazley, Esq. 
 Architect. The house was originally built to afford sitting 
 room for 2810 persons; viz. 1200 in the boxes, 850 in 
 the pit, 480 in the lower gallery, and 280 in the upper 
 gallery; but, under the present arrangements, it will con- 
 tain 3060 persons. The house was completed for 1 12,000/. ; 
 including lamps, lustres, furniture, &c. 125,000/.; and 
 including scenery, wardrobe, and other properties, near- 
 ly 150,000/. The chief entrance to the boxes is from 
 Brydges Street, through a spacious hall, which also com- 
 municates with the pit entrances. This hall opens into 
 a rotunda of great beauty, on each side of which are pas- 
 sages to the great staircases, which are remarkably spacious 
 and grand. The entire architectural design of this part is 
 at once grand, convenient, and commodious. 
 
 The salo&n is eighty-six feet long, circular at each ex- 
 tremity, and separated from the box-corridors by the ro« 
 tunda and principal staircase. The ceiling is arched, and 
 the general effect of two massy Corinthian columns, 
 painted, in imitation of variegated marble, at each end, 
 with eight duplicated corresponding pilasters at each side, 
 is magnificent. At the extremities of the saloon are 
 rooms for coffee and refreshments. 
 
 The interior of the theatre has been altered to the lyre 
 or horse-shoe form, as seen from the stage. There are 
 three circles of boxes, with family, or private boxes be- 
 hind them. The coup d^ceil is extremely impressive^ espe- 
 cially since its effect has been heightened by suspending 
 from the ceiling a most magnificent glass chandelier with 
 gas lights. 
 
 The principal actors of this house are Messrs. Kean, 
 Elliston, Pope, Wallack, Harley, Knight, T. Cooke, Fitz- 
 william, Horn, &c. ; and the females, Miss Kelly, Mrs^ 
 

 Fit 
 
 0?vervt &ardeiv Theatrey. 
 
 StTazjJs Cathedral N.£. 
 
THEATRES. 355 
 
 Glover, Mrs. W. West, MissPovey, Miss Graddon, Mis. 
 Or^er, Mrs. Harlowe, &c. 
 
 Previously to the fire, the concerns of this Theatre were 
 in an embarrassed state ; but on the occurrence of that 
 ilCcident, a composition was entered into with the cre- 
 ditors, and the house was rebuilt, and put under the 
 management of a Committee of Noblemen and Gentle- 
 men, who conducted the affairs in a way by no means 
 profitable to the proprietors, nor agreeable to the public ; 
 so that the creditors were forced to accept a trivial com- 
 
 ?osition for their claims, and it was resolved to let the 
 'heatre to the highest bidder. It was consequently 
 leased to Mr. Elliston, for fourteen years, at an annual 
 rent of 10,200/. ; and on the 4th of October, 1819, it was 
 opened under his management, with the popular Comedy 
 of Wild Oats, 
 
 The details of the business of this Theatre, since it has 
 been rented by Mr. Elliston, have been conducted chiefly 
 by Mr. Winston, whose active exertions and knowledge 
 of tlieatrical concerns cannot be exceeded. A competent 
 judgment of this concern can only be formed by per- 
 sons, who, on a formal apphcation for the purpose, ob- 
 tain permission to see the vast interior in the day-time. 
 The wardrobe, the painting rooms, the machinery above 
 and below the stage, the provisions for preventing or 
 ^extinguishing fire, all excite the just admiration of those 
 who have opportunities of examining them. 
 
 The Drury Lane Company usually commence their per- 
 fbrmances in September, and close in July. The prices of 
 admission are 7^. to the boxes, 5jt. 6d. to the pit, and 2t, 
 and Is. to the galleries. The doors open at half-past six 
 o'clock. The performances commence at seven o'clock. 
 JIalf price is taken after the third act of the first piece. 
 
 Covent Garden Theatre, — This theatre, which, like the 
 'former, was destroyed by fir®, in September, 1808, was 
 rebuilt from the designs of Robert Smirke, Esq. R. A., 
 and opened in September 1809, about ten months only 
 having been occupied in its erection. 
 
 The order of the architecture is Grecian Doric ; the 
 portico consists of four columns, supporting a pediiftent>; 
 11 H 5 
 
554 PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 they are very large, fluted, without bases, and elevated 
 upon a flight of steps. Near the lateral extremities of 
 this front, are niehes, containing statues of Tragedy and 
 Comedy, by J. Flaxman, R. A. And over the windows, 
 on each side the portico, are compartments, containing 
 emblematical representations, in basso relievo, of the 
 Ancient and the Modern Drama. The architect merits great 
 approbation ; he has displayed much grandeur of concep- 
 tion, and reared a more majestic theatre than any this 
 nation had hitherto possessed. 
 
 The interior is elegant ; the vestibule grand ; and the 
 staircase, ascending between two rows of Ionic columns, 
 between each of which is suspended a beautiful Grecian 
 lamp, has a splendid effect. At the head of the staircase 
 is an ante-room, surrounded with Ionic pilasters, in which 
 is a statue of Shakspeare, by Rossi, The lobby to 
 the lower tier of boxes is in the same style of Ionic archi- 
 tecture, and is divided by arched recesses. The fronts of 
 the boxes are rich, though simple; the rose, thistle, 
 and shamrock adorn the tiers, upon a pale-coloured 
 ground. Slender pillars, richly gilt, separate these boxes 
 from each other. From the centre of the ceiling, over the 
 pit, depends a superb gas-chandelier, and from gilt 
 brackets over the lower boxes, cut glass lustres are sus- 
 pended, each furnished with three gas lights. 
 
 The stage is large, and well calculated, by its depth, for 
 the exhibition of processions and extensive scenery. Two 
 very elegant and lofty pilasters support a semi-elliptical 
 arch, over which are the royal arms. A crimson fall of 
 drapery, in rich folds, appears within the arch, and covers 
 the supporters of the curtain. The new drop-scene is 
 splendid in the extreme. It represents a magnificent 
 profusion of drapery, partly drawn up, and displaying the 
 interior of a palace. The ceiling is painted to resemble a 
 cupola, divided into compartments, and surmounted bj^ 
 the figure of an ancient lyre. The shape of the house before 
 the curtain is that of a rounded horse-shoe^ wide at the heel. 
 The shape is continued from the bottom to the top of the 
 house, with an unbroken uniformity, and by that means 
 every sound, as it enters, is regularly diffused. The width 
 of the jjroscenium is such as to present the scenery com- 
 
THEATRES, 355 
 
 plete to the view of even those at the sides of the pit, or 
 ^, m the side-boxes. 
 
 The present theatre was opened on the 18th of Sep- 
 , tember, 1 809, with the Tragedy of Macbeth, on which 
 occasion the Proprietors, with a view the more speedily to 
 cover the loss they had sustained, raised the prices of ad- 
 mission to the boxes and pit, and increased the number of 
 private boxes. These arrangements gave origin to the 
 famous O. P. (Old Prices) Row, or riot, which, after 
 continuing fifty nights, vv^as terminated by the submission 
 of the Proprietors, who agreed to throw open a num- 
 ber of the private boxes, and lower the admission price 
 to the pit. Half price is taken, as at Drury Lane. 
 
 The introduction of Gas, at this and the other 
 theatre, forms a new era in theatrical concerns. No ob- 
 struction impedes the direct view of the stage, and the 
 whole interior, in both houses, is illuminated by a soft ra- 
 diant light, which, without dazzling the eye, enables the 
 spectator to see the features of the entire auditory. 
 
 The principal performers here are Messrs. C. Kemble, 
 Macready, Yates, Abbot, Cooper, Liston, Jones, Fawcett, 
 and W. Farren ; Miss Stephens, Miss Hallande, Miss 
 Tree, Miss Foote, and Miss Lacy. 
 
 The prices of admission, and time of commencing the 
 performances, are similar to those of Drury Lane. 
 
 The King*s Theatre, or Italian Opera House, is one of 
 tlie public places chiefly resorted to by the members of the 
 world of fashion. The stage of this theatre is devoted 
 Exclusively to music and dancing, a prevailii\g taste for 
 which^ in this country, seems to have originated towards 
 "I the commencement of the last century, when a theatre 
 on the site of the present edifice was erected by Sir John 
 Vanbrugh. 
 
 The principal part of the existing edifice was built by 
 M. Novosielski about 1790, and no material changes have 
 been made in the interior since it was finished. But the 
 exterior was completed in 1820, from the designs of Mr. 
 Nash and Mr. G. Repton. Three sides of the theatre are 
 encompassed by a colonnade of the Roman Doric order; 
 and on the west side is a covered arcade. The front to- 
 
556 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 wards the Haymarket is decorated with a long panel 
 filled with groups of emblematic figures, in basso-relievo, 
 illustrative of the Origin and Progress of Music and 
 Dancing, executed in artificial stone, by Mr. J, G. Bubb. 
 
 * In dimensions, the Opera House very nearly approaches 
 the great theatre at Milan. The stage is sixty feet deep, and 
 eighty feet wide. From the orchestra to the centre of the 
 front boxes, the pit is sixty-six feet in length, and sixty-five 
 in breadth, and contains twenty-one benches, besides a 
 passage about three feet wide, which goes round the seats 
 and down the centre. It will hold eight hundred persons. 
 The height is fifty-five feet, from the floor of the pit to 
 the dome. There are five tiers of boxes, and each box is 
 about seven feet in depth, and four in breadth, and so con- 
 structed as to hold six persons with ease, all of whom com- 
 mand a full view of the stage. Each box has its curtains 
 to inclose it, according to the fashion of the Neapolitan 
 theatres, and is furnished with six chairs, but these are 
 not raised above each other like the seats of the English 
 theatres. The boxes hold nearly nine hundred persons. 
 They are private property, or let, for the season, to some 
 of the most distinguished votaries of fashionable life. 
 
 The gallery is forty-two feet in depth, sixty-two in 
 breadth, contains seventeen benches, and holds eight hun-^ 
 dred persons. The lobbies are each about twenty feet 
 square. The great Concert room is ninety-five feet 
 long, forty-six broad, thirty-five high, and is fitted up in 
 the first style of elegance. 
 
 The Opera usually opens for the season in January, and 
 continues its representations, on the Tuesday and Sa- 
 turday of every week, till August. The attractions of 
 this house, in a musical point of view, have been already 
 noliced. It remains to be added, that the ballets are got 
 up in a superior style of splendour: and the dancing 
 is by the most celebrated performers. The doors are 
 opened at a quarter before seven, and the performances 
 begin at eight o'clock. — Admissions to the boxes and 
 pit are each 10^. 6d., and 5s. to the gallery. 
 
 Theatre Royal, Haymarket* This theatre was erected 
 from the designs of John Nash Esq , and opened for dra- 
 
Quadrant- 
 
THEATRES. 357 
 
 matic exhibitions, July 4, 1821. The front is distin- 
 guished by a handsome Corinthian portico of six columns:; 
 and above the pediment are nine circular windows, con- 
 nected by sculptured work, in a tasteful manner. The 
 auditory is remarkable for having the sides rectangular and 
 the centre very slightly curved, differing in this respect 
 from any other theatre in London. The fronts of the boxes 
 are decorated with gold chequered work, on a purple 
 ground; and the whole interior is elegantly fitted up. 
 This house opens during the summer months, for the 
 representation of plays and farces. The term of its per- 
 formances, formerly restricted to the period within the 
 patent, viz. from the 14th of May to the 14th of Septem- 
 ber, has been recently extended to seven months. 
 
 The price of admission to the boxes is 5s., to the pit 3s,, 
 to the first gallery 2^., and to the second gallery is. The 
 doors open at half past six o'clock, and the performance 
 begins at seven. Half price is not taken at this, as at the 
 larger English theatres. 
 
 English Opera House. This theatre oi'iginated from a 
 Society of Artists, who, previously to the institution of the 
 Royal Academy, erected a room on its site for the public 
 exhibition of their productions, and called it the Zyj/c<?w?». 
 In 1790, a theatre was first built here, which, in 1808, 
 was purchased by the present proprietor, S.A. Arnold, Esq. 
 The house was,immediately after, appropriated to the use 
 oftheDrury Lane Company, during the rebuilding of that 
 theatre. The present English Opera House was erected 
 from the designs of S. Beazley, Esq., and opened as a 
 summer theatre, for dramatic performances, (chiefly 
 comic pieces, similar to the French VaudevUles,) in 1816. 
 For several seasons past, this house has been open in the 
 winter months, for the exhibition of the very amusing co- 
 mic entertainments, expressively termed Monopolj/iogues, 
 which display, in a surprizing degree, the versatile genius 
 of the performer, Mr. Charles Matthews. During Lent, 
 Astronomical Lectures are usually delivered here, by Mr. 
 Bartley, and illustrated by a beautiful Orrery and de- 
 tached scenes. 
 •; The interior of this theatre is fitted up in a splendid 
 
obS PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Style. There are two spacious saloons, one of which is 
 decorated with flowering shrubs, and with paintings on 
 the walls. 
 
 The English Opera is under the joint management of Mr. 
 Arnold, as proprietor, and Mr. Hartley, as stage man- 
 ager, and their system evinces superior taste and great 
 public spirit. But the patent limits them to a short 
 season, and any attempt to enlarge that season has beeii 
 warmly, and hitherto successfully, opposed by the manar 
 gers of the larger theatres. The prices of admission are. 
 boxes 5s,; pit, 3s. ; lower gallery 2s.; upper gallery Is. — ; 
 Half price commences at 9 o'clock.* 
 
 The Cobourg Theatre, built in 1816-1818, stands at th^' 
 southern extremity of the road leading from Waterloo 
 Bridge; and, in dramatic attractions, it fully equal^ 
 most of those called Minor Theatres. It is, besides, most 
 admirably arranged; and, from its situation, is well at- 
 tended by visitors from both banks of the Thames. The 
 pieces performed are, principally, of the melo-dramatic 
 kind. Admission : boxes, 4s,; pit, 2s. ; gallery, Is. Half 
 price is taken here, as at all the other minor theatres. 
 
 AdelpM Theatre, Strand, This theatre opens under a 
 license from the Lord Chamberlain, for the performance 
 of burlettas, ballets, and pantomimes. The pieces prcr 
 sented here are, generally, highly ingenious. Boxes 4s:; 
 pit 2s, ; gallery 1^. 
 
 The Olympic Theatre is a small building, which Was 
 originally erected by Mr. Astley, the elder, and is neatly 
 fitted up for burlettas, under a license from the magis- 
 trates. Boxes 45. ; pit 2s,; gallery 1^. 
 
 The East London, formerly called the Royalty Theatre^ 
 is situated in a part of the metropolis where it encounters 
 no rivalry; for it is the only place for dramatic amusement 
 
 * Plans, sections, views, and airiple historical and descriptive 
 accounts of all the Theatres, are published in " Illustrations 
 of the public Edifices of London," vol. i. 1825. 
 
THEATRES. , 559 
 
 in the eastern suburbs of London, a circumstance that does 
 not seem to have a favourable influence on the exhibitions 
 which take place here, and which are chiefly raelo-dramas 
 and other light pieces. Boxes 4^.; pit 2s.; gallery 1^. 
 
 West London Theatre, This house was formerly termed 
 the Regency theatre. The summer performances are ana- 
 logous to those at the other minor theatres; but in the 
 winter and spring it has, for a few seasons, been occu- 
 pied by French comedians, who have exhibited dramas, 
 vaudevilles^ &c., in their native language, to fashionable 
 and crowded audiences. Summer prices of admission — 
 Boxes, 45.; pit, 2s.; gallery, \s. — Admission, by subscrip- 
 tion tickets, to the French performances, — Boxes, 7^. ; 
 pit 35. 6d., 
 
 Sadler^s Wells. This theatre is situated a little to the 
 south of Islington, near the New River Head. Its amuse- 
 ments are limited to burlettas, ballets, pantomimes, me- 
 lo-dramas, &c. like those of all the minor Theatres, 
 but it has a leading feature in the occasional exhibition of 
 a concluding scene, on a large sheet of water, extending 
 the entire length and width of the stage, on wliich ves- 
 sels of large size, aquatic pageants, &c. are produced: 
 no other theatre here, or on the continent, presents an ex- 
 actly similar attraction. The present stage-manager, and 
 author of the pieces acted here is Mr. T. Dibdin. 
 This theatre opens on Easter Monday, and continues 
 open till October. The doors are opened at half-past five, 
 and the performances begin at half-past six. Admission : 
 boxes, 45.; pit 25.; gallery Is. Half-price began to be 
 taken here at Whitsuntide, 1825. Wine is sold at ds. 6d, 
 per bottle, from the tuood, or in proportion for larger 
 quantities, in the Saloon and Wine Room. This is an 
 iold custom, which had been discontinued in 1807, but 
 [was revived at the commencement of the present season. 
 
 Royal Amphitheatre, late Astlei/^s. This theatre is si- 
 .tuated in the Westminster Road, near the bridge, and the 
 building contains one tier of boxes, a pit, gallery, and ride. 
 It opens on Easter Monday, and its amusements continue 
 
560 prCTURfi OF LONDON. 
 
 till October, or November. Feats of horsemanship ^ aniJl: 
 maneged hoi'ses, form the grand attractions of this house. 
 The prices of admission are, boxes, 4^.; pit, 2^.; and gal- 
 lery, \s. The doors open at half past five, and the per- 
 formance begins at half past six. 
 
 The Surrey Theatre was originally erected for eques- 
 trian exhibitions, and was called the Royal Circus. 
 Here,, under an annual Ifcense from the magistrates of 
 the county, burlettas, melo-dramas, dances, and panto- 
 mimes are performed in a good style. It is at present 
 under the management of Mr. Charles Dibdin, who, 
 for many years, was manager of Sadler's Wells. Some 
 years since, this theatre was rented by Mr. Elliston, who 
 introduced the novelty here of performing pieces, but very 
 little dissimilar from those of the regular drama ; and his 
 example has since been imitated by all the minor theatres, 
 under the support and encouragement of the public, al- ; 
 though several attempts have been made to suppress such 
 performances, by the proprietors of the Winter theatres^. 
 Admission : boxes, 4^. \ pit, 25. ; gallery, 1^. 
 
 Vauxhall Gardens. This delightful and much frequented 
 place of summer amusement, which was the great resort 
 of the gay world even in the early part of the last century, 
 is situated about a mile and a half from Westminster 
 bridge, on the south side of Lambeth. The gardens are 
 extensive, and contain a variety of walks, which are bril- 
 liantly illuminated, on public nights, with variegated co- 
 loured lamps, and terminated with transparent paint- 
 ings ; the whole disposed with so much taste and effect, 
 as to produce sensations bordering on enchantment in 
 the visitor, who, on entering, might suppose himself 
 to be suddenly transported to one of the terrestrial pa« 
 radises described in the Arabian Tales. Foreigners uni- 
 versally acknowledge, that no continental country 
 possesses any thing of the kind that can compare with 
 VauxhalL 
 
 Facing the western entrance is a large and superb or- 
 chestra, decorated with a profusion of lights of various 
 colours. This edifice is of wood, fancifully ornamiiyy 
 
VAUXHALL. ,5G1 
 
 ed; and here, in fine weather, the musical entertain- 
 ments are performed by a select band of the best vocal and 
 instrumental performers. At the upper extremity of this 
 orchestra, a very good organ is erected, and at the foot of 
 it are the seats and desks for the musicians, placed in a 
 semicircular form, leaving a vacancy at the front for vocal 
 performers. The concert is opened with instrumental 
 music at eight o'clock ; and to this are added several 
 songs, with sonatas or concertos between each, till the 
 close of the entertainment, which is generally about twelve 
 o'clock, though the company seldom depart till one or 
 two o'clock in the morning. 
 
 A curious piece of machinery was formerly exhibited 
 here, which was announced by the ringing of a bell. By 
 raising a curtain, a landscape, in perspective, was displayed, 
 of a fine open hilly country, with a miller's house, a 
 bridge, and a water-mill, all illuminated by concealed 
 lights. The exact appearance of a waterfall was then 
 seen flowing down a declivity, and, turning the wheel of 
 the mill, it rose up in a foam at the bottom, and glided 
 away. This moving picture, attended with the noise of 
 the cascade, had a very pleasing effect, both on the eye 
 and ear. But this performance was set aside to introduce 
 the dancing, and the wonderful aerial ascent of Madame 
 Saqui, to a most astonishing height, on the tight-rope, — an 
 exhibition that again transported the spectator, in imagi- 
 nation, to fairy land, since the ease, grace, and rapidity, 
 with which that lady ascended, aided by the light of the 
 fire-works that encompassed her, and still more by the 
 darkness of the surrounding atmosphere, combined to give 
 to her performance the appearance of the flight of some 
 celestial being to a higher sphere. Fireworks, of the most 
 ingenious kind, are profusely displayed in these gardens : 
 and the glitter of upwards of twenty thousand coloured 
 lamps amcmg the dark green tints of the trees, the sound 
 of music in various directions, the promenading, or dancing,, 
 and the groups of the company, all add to the delightful 
 enchantment of the scene. 
 
 The gardenswere purchased, in 1821, by Mr. Bish, the 
 lottery office keeper ; since which, various improvements 
 have been made in the exhibitions, particularly by the 
 
 X I 
 
:^62 PlCTUftE OF LOKDOy. 
 
 introduction of ballets and other dramatic representations. 
 Mr. Blackwell succeeded Madame Saqui, in performing on 
 the tight-rope, and has been succeeded by Mr. Wilson. 
 
 In cold or rainy weather, the musical performances are 
 given in a great room, or rotunda, which is seventy feet 
 in diameter, and contains an elegant orchestra. The roof 
 is so contrived, that sounds never vibrate under it ; and 
 thus the music is heard to the greatest advantage. Ad- 
 joining it, is an arcade of five arches, which opens into a 
 semi-circle, with a temple and cupola at each end, where 
 refreshments are served. 
 
 The original price of admission to these gardens was one 
 shilling; but, of late years, it has been raised to three shillings 
 and sixpence,a sum comparatively trifling, when we consider 
 the great nightly expenditure of the proprietors to render the 
 gardens convenient and attractive. The best refreshments 
 are provided with the utmost attention, and charged ac- 
 cording to a bill of fare, with the prices annexed. From 
 five to sixteen thousand well dressed persons are fre- 
 quently present. The gardens open early in June, should 
 the weather be promising, and close about the end of 
 August. The doors open at 7 o'clock ; the concert 
 begins at 8, and the fire-works are let off at 12 o'clock. 
 These gardens are only opened on Mondays, Wednesdays, 
 and Fridays, with the exception of one evening, on a 
 Saturday, for the express entertainment of the Juvenile 
 ^ass. 
 
 TEA GARDENS. 
 
 The following are much frequented by the middling, 
 classes, on Sundays especially. 
 
 White Conduit House, near Islington. 
 
 Hornsey \^aod House, three miles north of London. 
 
 Highbury Barn Tea Gardens. 
 
 Chalk Farm, near Primrose Hill. 
 
 Canonbury House, near Islington. 
 
 Bayswater Tea Gardens, near Paddington. 
 
 Copenhagen House, between HolloVay and Maiden 
 
 Lane. .- 
 
 i3ngnigge Wells, near Battle Bridge. , , 
 
TF.A GARDENS, CONCERTS, AXD BALLS. 563 
 
 New Bagnigge Wells Bayswater. 
 
 Yorkshire Stingo Tea, Gardens, Lisson Green. 
 
 The New Ranelagh, Millbank. 
 
 Caniberwell Grove House and Garden. 
 
 Montpelier, Walworth. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, or High-Hill Ferry Gardens, Clapton 
 
 Mermaid Gardens, Hackney. 
 
 St. Helena Gardens, near the Lower Road, Deptford. 
 
 Cumberland Gardens, Vaiixhall. 
 ' KJlburn Wells, Edgeware Road. 
 
 ' Eel-Pye, or Sluice House, near Hornsey. 
 * Union Gardens, Chelsea, corner of Ranelagh. 
 
 CONCERTS AND BALLS. 
 
 Besides the concerts before mentioned, others are fre- 
 quently given during the winter and spring seasons, at 
 Willis^' Rooms, King Street, St. James's; at the Hanover 
 Square Roo}}is ; at the Argyle Rooms ; at the Free Ma- 
 sons^ Tavern^ Great Queen Street ; at the Crown and 
 Anchor Tavern^ Strand ; at the London and City of London 
 Taverns, Bishopsgate Street ; and at the Albion in Alders- 
 gate Street ; particulars of which are advertised in the 
 public papers, or may be had at the respective houses. 
 Balls at Almack^s, Willis' s, and those at the Argyle Rooms^ 
 are particularly splendid, and numerously attended by the 
 fashionable world : the rooms themselves, at the latter, 
 are in a style of no common magnificence. At the Argyle 
 Rooms, a new Theatre for French Dramas is now building. 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 ! General Public Accommodations, — Subscription, and C/nb- 
 Houses. — Hotels ^ — Taverns. — Coffee-Houses. — Lins, 
 — Conveyances . — Markets, Sfc. 
 
 London excels in accommodations for temporary resi- 
 dents, as well as for its inhabitants. In many of the finest 
 situations at the west end of the town, are hotels that eveo 
 I I 2 
 
564 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 the spoiled children of fortune will not disdain, either for 
 their lodging or tables. In every eligible street through- 
 out the whole metropolis, are to be found private lodgings, 
 that are not equalled, for cleanliness and other comforts, 
 by those of any city of Europe.* All the principal 
 quarters of the town are amply furnished with taverns and 
 coffee-houses. Nor are the less wealthy, who visit London 
 on'business, banished from commodious lodgings, or excel- 
 lent food; the former they will readily find at the houses of 
 reputable tradesmen, and the latter at eating-houses, which 
 are places where provisions are served up to individuals ia 
 the smallest quantities they may require, and at the lowest 
 possible charge. But though it may be just to acknow- 
 ledge that to this liberal statement there may be some ex- 
 ceptions, yet no traveller is driven to the necessity of 
 remaining at an inn where there are bad accomn\oda- 
 tions. 
 
 The capital is supplied with 1200 hackney coaches and 
 chariots ; and with a number ofcabriolets, and sedan-chairs ; 
 and 3000 wherries, or boats, ply on the Thames for hire. 
 Stage coaches, for conveyance to and from the circumjacent 
 towns and villages, abound to a degree no where else to be 
 seen, and their lares are extremely reasonable. There are a 
 number of livery stables (chiefly towards the skirts of the 
 town), at which the saddle-horses of individuals are kept at 
 a certain price per week, and where horses may be hired at 
 
 * Ready furnished lodgings, by the week or month, may be 
 met with in private houses, in most of the second, third, and 
 fourth-rate streets, on terms which vary according to the quality 
 and extent of the apartments. Upon the first floor in respect, 
 able houses, ready-furnished rooms may be had at from two to^ 
 three, four, cr six guineas per week ; and on the second floor, 
 tliey are about two-thirds of those prices. When a lodging is 
 taken, it is necessary to be very particular about the articles 
 which are to be furnished, and the attendance which is expected. 
 An agreement should also be made as to what notice shall be 
 given on quitting, when lodgings are taken for an uncertaiw^ 
 period. '■ 
 
SUBSCRIPTION HOlfBESANJJ TAVERNS. 365 
 
 a certain rate per daj. Post chaises and private coaches are 
 also to be hired in every quarter, with perfect facility, by 
 the distance or day. 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION HOUSES. 
 
 Subscription or Club Houses to which the Members are 
 elected by close Ballot ; highly useful to eminent political 
 K and fashionable Characters. 
 
 Albion^ 85. St. James's Street. 
 i Alfred^ Albemarle Street 
 ' Arthur's^ 69. St. James's Street. 
 
 Atheneum Cluby 12. Waterloo Place, 
 
 Boodle'Sy St. James's Street. 
 
 Brooke^s, ditto. 
 
 Cocoa Tree^ ditto. 
 
 Colonial, 60. ditto. 
 
 Graham's, 87. ditto. 
 
 Imperial, Ben net Street. 
 
 Oriental Club, 16. Grosvenor Street. 
 
 Parsloe's, St. James's Street 
 
 Royal Guards, 49. ditto. 
 
 Boyal Naval Club, 30. Albemarle Street. 
 
 St. James's Club, 106. PaU Mall. 
 
 Stratford, 1. Stratford Place. 
 
 Union Club, Union Square, Cockspur Street 
 
 United Service, Regent Street, comer of Charles Street 
 
 United University, Pall Mall East 
 
 White's, 38. St. James's Street 
 
 Chambers, or Houses divided into, and let in Floors or 
 Sets of Apartments, 
 
 The City Chambers, near the City of London Tavern, Bishopsgate Street. 
 
 The Old City Chambers, Bishopsgate Street 
 
 East India Chambers, Leadenhall Street, 
 
 Langbourne Chambers, Fenchurch Street 
 
 Temple Chambers, Temple. 
 
 Gray's Inn Chambers, Gray's Inn Lane. 
 
 Buckingham Street Chambers, 19. Buckingham Street, Strand. 
 
 Bury Chambers, St Mary Axe. 
 
 The Albany, Piccadilly. 
 
 Covent Garden Chambers, the end of King Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 Green Park Chambers, Piccadilly. 
 
 Waterloo Place Chambers, Waterloo Place, 
 
 k Hotels for Families or Single Gentlemen^ 
 
 Bgaley's (late Thomas's), Berkeley Square, is one of the first Hotels ia 
 
 London, both for situation and accommodation, 
 Mtmett's, Spring Gardens. 
 
 Bath and Oxford, comer of Arlington Street, Piccadilly. 
 Bait's, Dover Street, PiccadiUy. 
 
 115 
 
566 FICTURE OF LONIiON. 
 
 Beale^Sy Jermyn Street. 
 
 Bedford^ Great Piazza, Covent Garden 
 
 Blake's, 57. Jermyn Street. 
 
 Blenheim Hotel and Coffee House, New Bond Street 
 
 Blizard's, Great Surrey Street, Blackfriars. 
 
 British Imperial, Tavistock Row, Covent Garden * 
 
 British, 88. Jermyn Street. 
 
 Brown's, Russell Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 Brunei's, Leicester Square. 
 
 Brunswick, Princes Street, Hanover Square 
 
 Cafe Roy ale. Regent Street, Piccadilly. 
 
 Caledonian, 3. Robert Street, Adelphi. 
 
 Claremont, {Royal) New Bond Street. 
 
 Clarendon, New Bond Street. 
 
 Colonnade, 22. Charles Street, St. James's. 
 
 CoulsorVs, 45. Lower Brook Street. 
 
 Collins' s Hotel and Coffee House, 19. Conr»»:'t Street. 
 
 Craven Hotel and Coffee House, Craven street. Strand. 
 
 Croom's, 38. Bouverie Street, Fleet Sticct. 
 
 Codper's, Bouverie Street. 
 
 Jbunn's, Bridge Street, Westminster. 
 
 Easty's, Southampton Street, Cavent Garden. 
 
 Fenton's, 63. St. James's Street. 
 
 Fladong's, 144. Oxford Street. 
 
 Frank's Hotel and Coffee House, 3. and 4. Lower Brook Street 
 
 Gloucester Hotel and Coffee House, Piccadilly. 
 
 Gordon' Sf 1. Alljemarle Street. 
 
 Grillon's, 7. ditto. 
 
 Grand Hotels Covent Garden. 
 
 Grove's, 49. Albemarle Street. 
 
 Hanover, Hanover Square. 
 
 Hatchett's, Dover Street. 
 
 Henderson's, Bridge Street, Westminster.' 
 
 Hitchcock's London, 34. Albemarle Street, 
 
 Hodgson's, Dover Street, Piccadilly. 
 
 Holding's, ditto. 
 
 Holding's, Hanover Square. 
 
 Holyland's, Cecil Street, Strand. 
 
 Hoop's, 108. Park Street, Grosvenor Square, 
 
 Horseman's, Charing Cross. 
 
 Humfnums, New, Covent Garden. 
 
 Hummums, Old, ditto. 
 
 Jhbef son's, Vere Street, Oxford Street. 
 
 Jordan's, 58. St. James's Street. 
 
 Kidman's, Albemarle Street. 
 
 Kirkham's, 48. Lower Brook Street. 
 
 Lincoln, 1. Manchester Street. 
 
 I^ondon, 44. Albemarle Street. 
 
 Long's Hotel and Coffee- Room, corner of Clifford Street, New Bond Street 
 
 I^ofhian's, Albemarle Street. 
 
 Marshall Thomson's, 20. Cavendish Square. 
 
 Mecklenburg Hotel and Coffee-House, Cockspur Street, ChaHng Cross. 
 
 Millar's, Jermyn Steet. 
 
 M'vart's, Lower Brook Street. 
 
 Morin's, Duke Street, Manchester Square. 
 
 Morley's British Hotel, Cockspur Street. 
 
 Museum Hotel and Coffee-House, Blackfriars Road. 
 
 N'tval and Military, St. Martin's Lane 
 
 yprot's, V>. Clifibrd Street. 
 
 iv-'w London, Bridge Street, Blackfriars. 
 
 Ofbonte's, John Street, Adelphi. 
 
suBscRirrroN houses axd taverns. J67 
 
 Pagliano*St Leicester Square. 
 
 Fayne'Sy Lower Brook Street. 
 
 Peas's^ Lower Brook Street. 
 
 PerroWs^ Lower Brook Street 
 
 Petersburg^ Dover Street. 
 
 Prince of Saxe Coburg's^ C^harlcs Street, Grosvenor Square. 
 
 Prince of PVales's Hotel and Cqffee-House^ Conduit Square. 
 
 ProbaWs, King Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 Pulteney^ 13. Albemarle Street 
 
 Pulsford'Sy Berkeley Street, Piccadilly, 
 
 Piazza Hotel and Coffee-HouiCy Covent Garden. 
 
 Head's, Lower Grosvenor Street. 
 
 Reddish' s New Royal, Jermyn Street 
 
 Regent's, 9. Leicester Street. 
 
 Regent's, Newcastle Street, Strand. 
 
 Royal Hotel, Pall Mall. 
 
 Richardson's Hotel and Coffee-House, Little Piazza, Covent Gardciv 
 
 Reilley's, Parliament Street. 
 
 Reid's, St. Martin's Lane. 
 
 Rugby, 60. Lamb's Conduit Street 
 
 Russet's, Southampton Row, near Russel Square. 
 
 Sablonier's, 30. Leicester Square. 
 
 Scaife's, 7. Lower Brook Street. 
 
 Serle's, 4. Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn. 
 
 Sheffield's, Adelphi. 
 
 St. Ja7nes's, Jermyn Street. 
 
 St. James's Royal Hotel and Co^eeHouse, St. James's Street 
 
 St. Jatnes's Royal, 4. Dover Street 
 
 Stevens's, New Bond Street. 
 
 Stratford Hotel and Co^'ee-House, near Stratford Place, Oxford Street 
 
 Surrey and Kent Hotel and Tavern, Blackfriars' Road. 
 
 Tavistock Hotel and Public Rreakfast Room, Great Piazza, Covent Garden, 
 
 Topha7n*s, Jermyn Street. 
 
 Travellers' Hotel. 49. Pall Mall. 
 
 Union, Cockspur Street. 
 
 Walkers, Hotel and Coffee-Room, Dean Street, Soho. 
 
 Warm's, Conduit Street. 
 
 Warren's, 1. Regent Street 
 
 Waterloo, Jermyn Street. 
 
 Webb's, 134. Piccadilly. 
 
 Wentworth's Jermyn Street 
 
 York, Charles Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 York Hotel and Coffee-House, St. James's Street 
 
 York Hotel and Cojfee Room, Albemarle Street. 
 
 York Hotel and Cojfce-House, Bridge Street, Blackfriars, 
 
 Young's, 10. Princes Street, Hanover Square. 
 
 Taverns^ celebrated. 
 
 The Albion, Aldersgate Street 
 
 hreemasons' Tc.vern and Hall, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 
 Cock, Threadncedle Street. 
 
 Crown and Anchor, Strand- 
 
 Thatched House, St James's Street 
 
 London Tavern, Bishopsgate Street 
 
 City of London Tavern, ditto. 
 
 l^evcis's New London Tavern and Coffee- House, Chcapside, 
 
 King's Head, in the Poultry. 
 
 Queen's Jrma, {Dolly's Chop House), Paternoster Row. 
 
QM TICTUSE OF LONDON. 
 
 Coffee^Homes. 
 
 Ahercrombie Coffee-House and Tavern^ Lombard Street 
 
 Anaerton*s Coffee-Hovse and Hotely Fleet Street. 
 
 Antwerp^ Threadneedle Street, 
 
 African and Senegal Coffee-House, St. Michael's Alley, ComhilL 
 
 Auction Mart, Throgmorton Street. 
 
 Army and Navy, St. Martin's Lane, Charing Cro^ 
 
 Blue Posts, Bennet Street, St. James's. 
 
 British, Cockspur Street. 
 
 Bedford Head, Maiden Lane, Covent Garden. 
 
 B irnard's Inn, Holborn. 
 
 Brawn's, Mitre Court, Fleet Street. 
 
 Baptist's Head Coffee-House, Aldermanbury. 
 
 Bank Coffee-House, Bank Buildings. 
 
 Baltic and Hanseatic, Cornhill. 
 
 Batson's, Cornhill. 
 
 Baker's, 'Change AUey. 
 
 Boar and Castle, Oxford Street. 
 
 Boston and New England, Cornhill. 
 
 Cambridge Coffee- House, Charles Street, Cayei)dt«h ScfuarcC 
 
 Colonial, corner of Skinner Street 
 
 Commercial, Poplar. 
 
 Chapter Coffee-House, Paternoster Row. 
 
 City Coffee- House, corner of Size Lane, Bucklersbury. 
 
 Cole's, Ball Court, Cornhill. 
 
 Carolina and Pennsylvania, Birchin Lane, CornhilL 
 
 Corn Exchange Coffee Hozise, Mark Lane. 
 
 Cocoa Tree, St. James's Street. 
 
 Cross Keys Coffee-House and Tavern, Wood Street. 
 
 Cumberland, Upper George Street, Bryanstone Square. 
 
 Drury (Old), Brydges Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 Dog Tavern and Coffee-House, Holy^vell Street. 
 
 Exchange (New), 69. Strand. 
 
 Exchequer (New), Palace Yard, Westminster. 
 
 Fur nival' s Inn Coffee-House and Hotel, Holbon* 
 
 George's, Strand, near St. Clement's Church. 
 
 Giraudier's Coffee House and Tavern, Haymarket. 
 
 Grecian, Devereux Court, leading to the Temple. 
 
 Gray's Inn, Holborn. 
 
 Grosvenor, Bond Street. 
 
 George and Blue Boar, Holborn. 
 
 Globe Coffee-House and Hotel, Fleet Street. 
 
 Guildhall, King Street, Cheapside. 
 
 Garraway's, 'Change Alley, Cornhill. 
 
 Grigsby's, Threadneedle Street. 
 
 George's, Coventry Street, Haymarket. 
 
 Garrick's Head, Bow Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 Hindoostanee, 34. George Street, Portman Square. 
 
 Hyde Park Coffee-House and Hotel, Upper end of OlLford Street 
 
 Huntly's Coffee-House, Leicester Square. 
 
 Hungerford, Strand. 
 
 Holylahd's, Strand. 
 
 Hamburgh, Sweeting's Alley, Cornhill. 
 
 Half Moon, Gracechurch Street. 
 
 Jack's, Mark Lane. 
 
 Joe's, Mitre Court, Reet Street. 
 
 John's Turkey and Mediterranean, Cornhill. 
 
 Jamaica, Hryti, and Madeira, St. Michael's Alley, ComhiU. 
 
 Jet-usalem and Easl India, Cowper'i Court, Cornhill. - 
 
COFFEE HOUSES. r 36<) 
 
 f+f This Ijouse is open only to subscribers, but information relating 
 to East India Shipping and Captains may be daily obtained at the 
 Bar. 
 King's Arms, Palace Yard, Westminster. 
 King's Head Cqffee-Housey Leadenhall Street. 
 King's Head Tavern and Excise Coffee-Hause. corner of Tower Street, and 
 
 Tower Hill. 
 London Coffee-Housej Ludgate HilL 
 Lloyd's, ill the Royal Exchange. 
 Manchester, Manchester Street. 
 NoUoy's Cojfee-House and Hotel, New Bond Street 
 Mtxklinburgh's Coffee-House, Cockspur Street. 
 Munday's, Maiden Lane, Covent Garden. 
 
 Monument Coffee-House, corner of Little East Cheap, and Fish Street Hill. 
 Mount Coffee-House, Lower Grosvenor Street 
 Museum Coffee-House, corner of Albion-street, Surrey side of Blackfriars' 
 
 Bridge. 
 Miller's Coffee-House, opposite Astley's Amphitheatre, Westminster Road. 
 Northumberland, Charing Cross. 
 Navy Coffee-House, Newcastle Street, Strand. 
 New York, Sweeting's Alley, Cornhill. 
 New England, Threadneedle Street. 
 Offleys, 'Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. 
 Oxford, Oxford-street. 
 Oliver's, New Palace Yard, Westminster. 
 Osborne's Coffee-House, Adelphi. 
 Portland, Great Portland Street, Mary-le-Bonne.' 
 prey Coffee-House and Hotel, Rathbone Place. 
 Prince of Orange Coffee- House and Hotels corner of Cockspur Street, and 
 
 near the Haymarket. 
 Parliament Coffx-House and Hotel, Parliament Street, Westminster. 
 Peel's Coffe House and Hotel, Fleet Street. 
 
 Queen's Arms Coffee-House, Royal Larder and Hotel, St. James's Street 
 Queen's Arms Coffee-House, St. Paul's Church Yard. 
 Kainbow, King Street, Covent Garden. 
 Rainbou), Cornhill. 
 Richard's, Fleet Street. 
 Smyrna, St. James's Street. 
 Slaughter's {Old), St. Martin's Lane, 
 Slaughter's {New), ditto. 
 Shakspeare, Russel Court, Covent Garden. 
 Salopean, Charing Cross. 
 Spring Garden, Spring Gardens. 
 Serjeant's Inn, Chancery Lane. 
 Symond's Inn, ditto. 
 
 St. Alban's, 12, Charles Street, St. James's. 
 St. Paul's, St. Paul's Church Yard. 
 Stock Exchange, Sweeting's Alley, ComhilL 
 Somerset, Strand. 
 
 Turk's Head and Bath Coffee-House, Strand. 
 Temple, Devereux Court, Temple Bar. 
 Tom's, Cornhill. 
 
 Turf, Z5, St. James's Street. ' 
 
 Virginia and Maryland, Newman's Court, ComhilL 
 Will's. Serle Street, Lincoln 's-inn-fields. 
 \orkt Bridge Street, Blackfriars. 
 
370 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Public Baths» 
 
 Besides the Baths attached to many of the great Hotels and Coffbe- 
 Houses, there are Public Baths at 
 
 St. Agnes le Claire, Old Street. Old Hummums, Covent Garden. 
 
 St. Chad's Well, Grays Inn Lane. Adjoining the Russel Institution, 
 
 Peerless Pool, City Road. Great Coram Street. 
 
 In Cold Bath-fields. St. Mary Axe, No. 34. 
 
 Long Acre. Harley Street, Cavendish Square. 
 
 In Old Gravel Lane. Strand Lane, near Somerset House. 
 
 Bagnio Court, Newgate Street. Leicester Square, No. 27. 
 
 A Floating Bath at Westminster Bath Place, New Road, Fitzroy 
 
 Bridge. Square. 
 
 Ditto at Blackfriars' Bridge. A Sea- Water Bath, George Street, 
 
 Ditto at Waterloo Bridge. Adelphi. 
 
 Chapel Place, Vere Street, Oxford Windmill Street, Haymarket. / 
 Street. 
 
 The general terms of bathing are from Is. to 2s. for a single time in' fresh 
 water ; from 3s. to 4s. in sea- water ; and in warm sea- water, 7s. 6d. A 
 warm bath 4s. per time, and a vapour bath 5s. : — but these terms are 
 lower, if persons subscribe by the year or quarter. 
 
 Alphabetical List of the VK\^c\v XI. Inns at which Mail and 
 Stage Coaches put up. 
 
 Angela behind St. Clement's, Coffee- House, Tavern, and Hotel. 
 
 Angel. Angel Street, St. Martin 's-le- Grand, Coffee-House, Tavern and 
 
 Hotel. 
 Belle Sauvage, Ludgate Hill, Coffee-House, Tavern, and Hotel. 
 Bull and Mouth {or Boulogne Mouth) ^ Bull and Mouth Street, St. Martin*S- 
 
 le'-Gratid, Coffee-House, Tavern, and Hotel 
 Bolt-in- Tun, Fleet Street. 
 
 Bull, Holborn, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Bully Bishopjgate Street, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Boar and Ca tie, Oxford Street. 
 
 Bell {Old)y Holborn, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Be.'l, Friday Street. 
 Bell, Leaden hall Street. 
 
 Bell and Crown, Holborn, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Black Bear, Piccadilly. 
 Black Lion, Water Lane, Fleet Street. 
 
 Blossom's Lin, Lawrence Lane, Coffee Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Blue Boar, White Chapel. 
 
 Cross Keys, Wood Street, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Cross Keys, Gracechurch Street, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Castle and Falcon, Aldersgate Street, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Commercial Inn, Wood-street, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Catherine Wheel, Borough. 
 Catherine Wheel, Bishopsgate Street. 
 Dog and Bear, Borough. 
 Four Swans, Bishopsgate Street. 
 
 Golden Cross, Charing Cross, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 George and Blue Boar, Holborn, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Green Dragon, Bishopsgate Street, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 Gerard's Hall, Basing Lane, Bread Street, Cheapside. 
 George, Borough. 
 
 King's Arms, Leadenhall Street, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 King's Arms, High Holborn Coffee-Room, and Hotel 
 Nag's Head, Borough. 
 
FLY BOATS AND STEAM PACKETS. 571 
 
 QueetCs Head^ Borough. 
 
 Ram, Smith field. 
 
 Spread Eagle^ Gracechurch Street, CofTee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern 
 
 Saracen's Head, Skinner Street, Cofree-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 
 Saracen's Head, PYiday Street, Coifee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 
 Saracen's Hrad, Aldgatp 
 
 Sivan-ivit/i-iwo-necksy Lad Lane, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 
 Sivan, Holborn Bridge. 
 
 Spur, Borough, CofFee-Rooni, and Hotel. 
 
 TaUwf, South-.vark. 
 
 T/free Cups, Aldersgate Street, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 
 Three Nuns, Whitechapel. 
 
 White Bear, Piccadilly. 
 
 TV/lite Hart, Borough. 
 
 White Horse, Friday Street. 
 
 White Horse, Fetter I^ne, Coffee-Room, Hotel, and Tavern. 
 
 White Horse, Cripplegate Buildings. 
 
 Fly Boats from the Canal Basin, City Road, and from 
 Paddington, daily, to all parts of England and Wales. 
 Goods sent to Pickford's Warehouse, Wood Street, 
 ^jCheapside, will be forwarded to Paddington Wharf. 
 
 Steam. Yachts, or Packets. — To Richmond, Gravesend, 
 and Martrate, daily, during the summer months. The 
 recent introduction of the power of Steam has been so 
 much extended and improved, that the Steam packets be- 
 tween London and Margate, always perform their voyage 
 within the day, and often in Eight hours. Being pro- 
 vided with low pressure engines, regulated by proper 
 valves, nothing can be more secure, or pleasant, than such 
 a day's voyage. The vessels are elegantly fitted up, the 
 fare is moderate; and, besides music, several kinds of re- 
 freshment are to be had on board. The packets for Rich- 
 mond go from Queenhithe, and Hungerford stairs; those 
 for Gravesend, Margate, &c., from the Tower and the 
 Custom House Quay, below Billingsgate. 
 
 Repositories for the weekly Sale of Horses and Ca?'riag€S, 
 
 Alridge^s, St. Martin's Lane, Wednesdays and Saturdays, 
 Dixon's, formerly Sadler and Son's, Goswell Street, TueS' 
 
 days and Fridays. 
 JS/Laherly's Horse Bazaar, Portinan Square. 
 2\ittersall'' Sy Hyde Park Corner, Mondays. 
 
57 i PICTURE or lONOOX. 
 
 Markets, 
 
 Those for Hay and Straw are held three times a week, 
 in the street called the Haymarket^ near Piccadilly; in 
 Smtthjieldy in Whitechapel^ at Paddington^ and in South-- 
 wark. Oats and beans are sold, with all other grain, at the 
 Corn Exchange, in Mark Lane, at which the market days 
 are, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. 
 
 Smitkfield is famous for the sale of bullocks, sheep, 
 lambs, calves, and hogs, every Monday; and, likewise, 
 though not to so great an extent, on Fridays; on the latter 
 da3's, there is also, in the afternoon, a market for ordinary 
 horses Leadenhall Market is the greatest in London for 
 the sale of country killed meat ; and is the only skin and 
 leather market within the bills of mortality. Newgate 
 Market is the second great place for country killed meat ; 
 and, at both Leadenhall and Newgate markets, are sold pigs 
 and poultry killed in the country, together with fresh 
 butter, eggs, &c. to an astonishing amount. The three 
 last markets almost entirely supply the butchers of Lon- 
 don and its vicinity, to the distance of twelve miles 
 and upwards, it being a current opinion that live cattle 
 can be bought cheaper at Smithfield than at any other 
 place. At Billingsgate is the fish market, which is prin- 
 cipally supplied by fishing-smacks and boats coming from 
 the sea up the river Thames, and partly with fresh fish, 
 by land carriage, from every distance within the limits of 
 England, and part of Wales: this market is held daily. 
 
 Various other Markets for butchers' meat, vegetables, 
 &C.5 are held in different parts of the metropolis; making 
 a total of sixteen flesh-markets, and twenty-five markets 
 for corn, coals, hay, vegetables, and other principal ne- 
 cessaries. Of late years, however, the population of Lon- 
 don has so greatly increased, that there is now an absolute 
 want of new markets in almost every part of the suburbs. 
 New shops, it is true, continue to be opened in almost 
 every new street, but in these, from the distance o^ the 
 great markets of supply, the prices of provison are much 
 enhanced to the consumer. 
 
Waterloo Flaco. 
 
 Sca^inarl'yfjt Ttucdre^. 
 
 Bmiuwtofv Arcade . 
 
 I\iru'ras.s New Church.^. 
 
375 
 
 CHAP. Xlll. 
 
 Princrjml Maiwfar hiring and Trading EUablishmenh ; 
 including JJazaarSy Wafer and Gas-Light Companies, 
 Insurance Offices ^ and Fire Offices. 
 
 BAZAARS. 
 
 . Nume" ous establishments for the exhibition and sale of 
 goods, s: Hilar to those called by the East Indians, Bazaars, 
 or col lee ions of small shops in one place, sprung up in 
 London a few years ago. That in Soho Square, belonging 
 to John. Trotter, Esq., who has the merit of being the 
 first who attempted such an establishment, consists of a 
 ground story, and two large floors, in which upwards of 
 400 /e-jpza/e dealers are daily occupied in the sale of fancy 
 articles of every kind, — jeweller}^ watches, optical instru- 
 ments, perfumery, stationery, books, prints, pictures, 
 female dress, toys, &c. and even pastry may be had here. 
 This Bazaar, notwithstanding it had, in the beginning, to 
 encounter much of that prejudice and consequent oppo- 
 sition by which the most useful inventions and discoveries 
 are frequently attempted to be decried, has continued to 
 flourish with increased and deserved reputation. It is open 
 every day except Sundays, Christmas-day, and Good- 
 Friday, from 10 o'clock till 5 o'clock, in the winter season, 
 and till 6 o'clock in the summer season, which commences 
 the first of May, and terminates about the middle of Sep- 
 tember. The rooms and galleries are hung with red 
 cloth, and fitted up with mahogany counters, ranging in 
 continuity across each apartment. What is called acounter, 
 in the Bazaar, is a part of the above, measuring four feet in 
 length, for which every tenant pays 3d. per day ; but two, 
 three, or more counters, are generally hired by the same 
 person. Young single women are mostly employed, though 
 married females are not excluded. An upper floor was 
 first opened on the 2d of May, 1825. — There is another 
 Bazaar in Bond Street, called the Western Mart ^ con- 
 sisting of only one room, well fitted up, and equally well 
 furnished with commodities. The Burlington Arcade^ in 
 Piccadilly, is another establishment of the same kind. 
 
37.4 PICTUHE Oi LONDUA. 
 
 which has been noticed elsewheie. The Regent Bazaar, 
 on the north side of the New Road, near Mary-le-bone 
 Church, has been recently opened in a building ori- 
 ginally designed for a chapel. There is also a Horse 
 Bazaar, formerly the barracks, in King Street, Port- 
 man Square, which was established in 1825, for the sale 
 of horses, &c. Here horses and carriages are sold daily, by 
 commission; and on every Wednesday and Saturday by 
 auction : on Mondays, carriages only are sold by auction : 
 sadlery, harness, &c. are sold daily. 
 
 The Breweries of Barclay, Reid, and Whitbread, re- 
 spectively merit notice from their size, the style of their 
 buildings, and the ingenuity of their operations. Steam 
 engines are used in all these establishments. 
 
 The Ship Building Yards, at BlacKwall, Deptford, and 
 Woolwich, are objects of the highest curiosity. 
 
 The Plate Glass and other Glass Manufactories, near 
 the south end of Blackfriars Bridge, are well deserving of 
 inspection. So, also, are'the Glass and China Shops on the 
 south side of St. Paul's Church Yard, and more parti- 
 cularly that of Mr. Wedgwood, in St. James's Square. 
 
 The Musical Instrument Manufactories of dementi, of 
 Goulding, and of Broad wood, merit examination. 
 
 The workshops of the Coachmakers in Long Acre, are 
 unrivalled by any others in the world. 
 
 TattersalVs Repository for horses, at Hyde Park Corner, 
 claims a visit, particularly at its great resort on a Sunday 
 morning. 
 
 The Auction Rooms of Phillips, in Bond Street, Christie, 
 in King Street, St. James's, and of Squib, in Saville Row, 
 afford objects of constant interest and gratification on 
 view and sale. 
 
 M^Gowan^s Stereotype Printirig Office, in Windmill 
 Street, is a meritorious attempt to improve the art of 
 printing, and deserves the stranger's notice. " 
 
 BruneVs Shoe Manufactory, and his Circular Saws for 
 Veneering^ claim an excursion to Baftersea. 
 
 Bowden*s Iron Foundry, for anchors and mooring chains, 
 near Westminster Bridge, as well as the Shot Mariufactory, 
 and several others, on the banks of the river, between 
 Westminster and London Bridges, merit particular ex- 
 amination. ' 
 
WATER COMPANIES. 375 
 
 \ * The Oil'doth and Papej^- Hanging Manufactories^ in 
 
 \ Various parts of the suburbs, are on a large scale, and 
 challenge curiosity. 
 
 ; The extensive Distilleries and British Wine Manufac- 
 tories, at South Lambeth, which were highly interesting 
 from their magnitude and machinery, were removed on the 
 
 j building of Waterloo Bridge. 
 I The Vinegar Works, in Old Street, as well as some of the 
 
 ' Chemical Manufactories, are highly interesting. 
 
 Most of the establishments of the Sugar Bakers, Type 
 Founders, and Cojjper smiths, are upon an extensive scale, 
 and merit attention. 
 
 So also Bramah^s Mamfactory of Locks, Sfc* at Pim- 
 lico, would well employ a morning's visit : his especial per- 
 mission to view the premises is, however, required. 
 ' , Brunton^s Mamfactory of Iron Cables, Commercial 
 JRoad, Limehouse, is well worth inspection. 
 
 Water Companies, 
 
 , Scarcely a more striking picture of change, accompanied 
 with immense improvement, can be presented to the ima- 
 gination, than that of the universal substitution of the 
 present Water Companies of London, in place of the 
 Water-bearei's of old times, a portrait of one of whom 
 occurs in Ben Jonson's comedy of " Every Man in his 
 Humour." Among these establishments the New River 
 Company claims the first notice, from its having supplied 
 the metropolis with w^ater for nearly two centuries, at an 
 original cost to Sir Hugh Middleton of 500,000/. Its re- 
 servoir is 85 feet above the level of the Thames; but to 
 give it the necessary force, it is raised by a steam engine, 35 
 feet above that level, whence it is propelled into the second 
 stories of many houses. The quantity which it discharges 
 every twenty-four hours is 214,000 hogsheads of sixty- 
 three gallons each. Since the taking down of the London 
 \ Bridge Water-Works, the New River Company have 
 formed a reservoir from the Thames near Queenhithe. 
 The East London Works ; the South London Works ; the 
 WeH Middlesex, at Hammersmith and Kensington, on a 
 gr^hd scale, with contrivances for purifying the water; 
 
 K K 2 
 
576 PICTCRE OF LONDON. 
 
 the Chelsea, near Ranelagh ; and the Grand Junclion 
 Works, at Paddington, are the principal sources which sup- 
 ply the metropolis with water, independently of the 
 New River. Latterly, iron pipes have been substituted 
 for wooden ones, and the competition of new com- 
 panies would seem likely to lead to contrivances for 
 giving greater purity to the water and to its being fur- 
 nished at a cheaper rate; but the companies having in 
 some instances combinedy monopoly, and advance of prices 
 have been the result. 
 
 Gas Light Companies. * 
 
 A number of companies have been also formed for the 
 supply of gas to light the streets and houses of London/ 
 and many of the public buildings have adopted this new 
 and eligible method of lighting. -i 
 
 The principal Gas Light Companies are: — 
 
 The City of London Company, Dorset Street. 
 
 Gas Light Company, Peter Street, Westminster. 
 
 South London Gas Light and Coke Works, Bankside, 
 South wark. From this station, nearly the whole of London, 
 south of the Thames, is supplied with Gas. 
 
 Bill and Company, East London Gas Light and Coke 
 Works, Gulstone Street, Whitechapel. 
 
 Imperial Gas Light and Coke Company, at Pancras and 
 at Whitechapel. 
 
 A Portable Gas Light Company has also been formed, 
 and from the works in St. John Street, lamps filled with 
 condensed gas are sent in carts to different parts of the 
 town. 
 
 INSURANCE AND FIRE OFFICES. 
 
 The establishments of these wealthy companies, the 
 principal object of whose formation is the security, by 
 various modes of insurance, of individuals against loss 
 from fire, are several of them ornamental to the metro- j 
 polis. They are chiefly in the City, but there are some 
 in other parts of the metropolis. 
 
TNSirRANCE OlFlVYh. JTT 
 
 \ ^' Three Insurance Offices alone are incorporated by 
 
 diarter ; viz. the Royal Exchange, whose offices occupy a 
 
 |!>art of the building so called ; the London, the business 
 
 x>f which is transacted in a handsome building, in Birchin 
 
 I Lane; and the Giobe, in Cornhill and Pall Mall^ which also 
 
 / '^aakes insurances on lives. 
 
 f The first was incorporated in 1720, the 6th of Geo. I. 
 and endowed with several extraordinary privileges, in con- 
 sideration of which the association was to advance his 
 Majesty 300,000/. without interest, for thirty-one years. 
 This and the London, are the only bodies, corporate or 
 otherwise, which can make insurances on shipping. And it 
 is a singular circumstance, that the whole of the marine 
 insurances, except the small portion executed by the two 
 chartered Companies, are done by private underwriters. 
 This business is mostly transacted at Lloyd's Coffee- 
 house.. 
 
 Among the other offices more particularly meriting 
 notice, are the following : 
 
 The Albion, Great Bridge Street, established 1805. 
 
 The Phcenix, Lombard Street and Charing Cross, 1782. 
 . The Imperial, in Cornhill, 1803. 
 
 The Eagle, in Cornhill, 1807. 
 r The Atlas, in Cheapside, 1808. 
 
 The British^ in the Strand, 1799. 
 
 The County, in Regent Street, 1807. 
 
 The Hand in Hand, (the oldest, founded in 1696,) Bridge 
 Street, Blackfriars. 
 
 ^ The Norwich Union, Birchin Lane, and Waterloo 
 ^lace, 1797. 
 "' The //b/?<?, Bridge-street, and Oxford Street, 1767. 
 
 The Union, in Cornhill, 1714. 
 
 The Westnimster, King Street, Covent Garden, 1787. 
 
 The Sun, in Cornhill, which now makes the largest 
 insurances against fire, was projected by an individual, 
 ;^pamed John Povey, for insurances of goods, merchandize, 
 'J^c, (the first ever attempted on this plan), in 1706.* 
 f ^t- c. - 
 
 I shvf ;Tlie^ duties paid by the different offices for Fire Insurance, 
 j iti the year ending in 182S, amounted to 619,170/. 85; 6c?. ; 
 
 K K .3 
 
578 PlCriniE OF LONDON. 
 
 Besides which, the following, instituted for the purpose 
 of granting insurances upon lives, with some collateral 
 objects, and not embracing insurances against fire, are 
 equally, it not still more beneficial to the public in theiiC^ 
 operation than the former mentioned : — i! 
 
 The Equitable, in Chatham Place, 1762. 
 
 The Rock, in Bridge Street, 1806. 
 
 The Westminster, in the Strand. 
 
 The Europeaiiy in Chatham Place, 1819 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Notices of the most remarkable Antiquities in and near 
 London, with Reminiscences of its Literary Meii, 
 
 The London Stone, near St. Swithin's church, in Cannon 
 Street, is supposed to have been the Milliarium of the Ro- 
 mans, from which they commenced the measure of dis- 
 tances to their several stations throughout Britain. 
 
 Relics of the ancient Wall of London are yet to be seen 
 in some places ; the most perfect occur on the north of 
 Bull and Mouth Street, between that street and St. Bo- 
 tolph's Church Yard ; and on the south side of Cripple- 
 gate Church yard. Until within these few years, a large- 
 
 of which the following sums were paid by the respective offices 
 
 undermentioned : — 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 Sun 112,163 3 9 
 
 Phoenix 64,975 8 4 
 
 Norwich Union 64,407 18 4 
 
 Royal Exchange 50,018 1 9 
 
 County 41,239 4 10 
 
 Imperial... ,... 32,392 14 It 
 
 Globe 26,814 19 9 
 
 Guardian 21,042 11 9 
 
AN'TIQtJlTIES, 579 
 
 portion of it was standing on the south of Moorfiel(Js» 
 forming one side of a street still designated as * London 
 Wall;* but this was removed when Old Bethlera Hos- 
 pital, which stood contiguous, was pulled down, and the 
 late improvements in that quarter begun. 
 
 The road now called Old Street, was a part of one of 
 the Roman military ways, the course of which from Staines, 
 in Middlesex, to Colchester m Essex, has been nearly ascer- 
 tained. It anciently crossed the church-yard at Shoreditch ; 
 and some vestiges of it were lately to be seen in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Bethnal Green ; whence it was traced almost 
 in a straight line to Old Ford, where it crossed the river 
 Lea into Essex. Another of the ancient military roads, as 
 its name imports, was Watling Street. It passed the river 
 from Stoney Street, Southwark, to Dowgate, or Dwrgate, 
 that is the Water-gate, in the city. 
 
 Of We$tmimter Abbey, as a monument of antiquity, it 
 Imay be sufficient to observe, that a few relics of the old 
 building by Edward the Confessor, still remain in the 
 vicinity of the cloisters, among the dwellings of the 
 clergy. The east end of the present church was built by 
 Henry III.; the chapter-house with its beautiful door- 
 way, about 1250; the western part of the church at 
 various periods, from the time of Edward I. to Henr^'' 
 VII.; but the western towers were not finished until 
 George II.'s reign. 
 
 The most curious specimens of casting in metal found 
 in the metropolis, are in the chapel of Edward the Con- 
 fessor, where the monumental figures of Henry III., and 
 Eleanor of Castile, are universally admired, as are also 
 those on the tomb of Henry VII. 
 \ The chapel of Henry VII. displays in a high degree the 
 Jriumph of architectural skill. See Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Among the antient churches, that at the Temple is by far 
 tliie most curious. The figures of cross-legged knights, in 
 the circular area within, are worth attention. 
 
 Westminster Hall, one of the largest rooms in Europe 
 ^nrtsupported by pillars, was built in its present form soon 
 iafter 1395, by Richard II. 
 
 The Tower merits notice from the antiquary. The 
 
580 riCTURS OF LONDON. 
 
 pn!*ticular curiosities which are generally sliewn there are 
 mentioned under the proper head; but others equally in- 
 teresting as antiquities, should be here pointed out. The 
 names of the different towers within its walls, where 
 some of the most interesting scenes of our ancient history 
 have occurred, may be easily gathered from its warders.. 
 Among these, the White Toiuer, and the Beauchamp Tower ^ 
 are curious. The first was the usual residence of our 
 early Norman monarchs, when they passed any portion 
 of their time within the fortress ; and where Richard III. 
 held the fatal council which decreed Lord Stanley's 
 death. The second was the tower whence Anna Boleyii 
 is said to have written her memorable letter to Henry 
 VIII. On its dreary walls, are undoubted autographs, and 
 devices of many illustrious and unfortunate tenants of 
 this gloomy mansion; amongst the most remarkable of 
 which are those of John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, 1553;^ 
 Philip Howard, Earl of Amndol, 1572; and Edmund 
 and Arthur Poole, the great grand-children of George, 
 Duke of Clarence. 
 
 Whoever has observed the ancient Ma^s of London, 
 must have noticed the houses of the nobility, which 
 were once situated on the banlts of the river, between 
 London Bridge and Westminster. But of these, not one 
 is now remaining ; the ruined palace of the Savoy, the 
 last, having been removed upon the erection of Waterloo- 
 Bridge, with the exception of the Chapel of St. John 
 Baptist, and the parts used as a military prison; and, 
 more recently, " e'en these ruins (except the chapel) were 
 destroyed." 1 
 
 The demolition of the MonasterieSy and other Religioiw 
 houses in the reign of Henry VIII., was at once so ex* 
 tensive and complete, that the enumeration of their 
 relics will take but little room. The principal remains 
 are those of St, Bartholomew\^, in Smithfield ; St. HelevLSy 
 Bishopsgate ; Chrn€s Hospital; St. John^s, Clerkenwell ; 
 St. Mary Odery*s ; St. Kaiherine^s, near the Tower ; an4 
 St, Augvstin^Sy near Broad Street, most of which are 
 now used as parish churches. 
 
 A curious crypt, being a remain of the beautiful Ch^pcI, 
 
ANCIENT BUILDINGS, 581 
 
 of St, Michael, built by Prior Nornian, forms the cellar oi 
 the house, No. 71, Aldgate.* 
 
 Among the more ancient of the London InnSy may be 
 reckoned Gerard's Hail; the BjiH, Bishopsgate ; and the 
 Bolt'in-Tiin, Fleet Street. Mention of the latter occurs 
 so early as the days of Henry IV. The site of the Boards 
 Heady in East Cheap, where Shakspeare placed the joyous 
 meetings of Falstaff and Prince Henry, is still (hstin- 
 guished by a boar*s head, in stone, in the front of one of 
 the houses. No. 210. The Inns in Southwark were ori- 
 ginally, perhaps, more numerous even than at present, on 
 account of the number of pilgrims travelling to and 
 from Becket\ shrine at Canterbury. Chaucer's Tabard 
 now the Talbot^ in the Borough, is sufficiently known 
 from the circumstance of Geoflfiey Chaucer, the poet, 
 and his brother pilgrims, having visited * mine host' 
 there. Many ancient and curiously ornamented dwell- 
 ings are still to be found in this neighbourhood ; but the 
 Play-houses of Shakspeare's time, the Bear-Gardens of a 
 yet i)rior age, the Palace and Park of the Bishop of Win- 
 chester, with the Stews for Winchester Geese (alias houses 
 for prostitutes under his Lordship's license\ have vanished 
 from the neigbourhood once so famed for their united 
 attractions. 
 
 In Pannier Alley, Newgate Street, is a small figure in 
 low-relief of an infant Bacchus, beneath which, with some 
 difficulty, can be read — ** When y° have sough* the citty 
 
 * The church belonging to the priory of Carmelites or While 
 Friars, in Fleet Street, stood near Water Lane. It was de- 
 molished at the Reformation ; and the monastic buildings be- 
 came the residence of the gentry and nobility. Sir John 
 Cheke, tutor and afterwards Secretary of State to Edward VI. 
 lived there. James I. granted to the inhabitants of the White 
 Friars, certain privileges and exemptions, which induced per- 
 sons liable to be arrested for debt, to take refuge there ; and it 
 at length became the common resort of fraudulent debtors, 
 sharpers, and bravos, and was popularly denominated Alsatia. 
 Shadwell wrote a comedy, entitled *' The Squire of Alsatia," 
 and the place is decribed in *• The Fortunes of Nigel," by the 
 author of Waverly. William III. revoked the grant of James 
 I.j and deprived the Alsatians of their mischievoa< nrivileg**? 
 
58? PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 round, yet still this is the highs* ground. August the 27^ 
 1688." 
 
 Over the entrance of Bull's Head Court, in the same 
 street, is a stone having figures sculptured on it to re- 
 present William Evans, the gigantic porter of Charles I. 
 and Geoffry Hudson^ the dwarf, who acts so conspicuous 
 a, part in the story of " Peveril of the Peak." 
 
 The principal mansions of the nobility, parliamentafy > 
 abbots, and rich citizens of London, which had survived 
 the effects of time, violence, &c., were unluckily destroyed 
 by the Fire of London, in 1666. Considerable vestiges, 
 however, of that which belonged to the Gisors family, at 
 a very early period, may still be seen among the cellars at 
 Gerard's-hall inn. A few arches of the house attached 
 to the Manor of the Rose, still exist beneath the houses 
 near Laurence Pountney Hill ; and a small basso 7'elievo, 
 (lately restored,) of an armed figure, in Wariuick Lane, 
 marks the site of the old mansion of the Earls of Warwick. 
 But the most beautiful of all, which escaped the general 
 wreck, is the Hall of Croshy Place, near Bishopsgate : it 
 was built about 1470, by Sir John Crosby, Sheriff* of 
 London; and was once inhabited by Richard III., 
 while his nephews were kept prisoners in the Tower. The 
 hall, called Richard IIL's Chapel, is 54 feet long, 28 wide, • 
 and 36 high ; but, for the convenience of \k\Q packers, by 
 whom it is now occupied it, it has been divided into 
 floors. In Elizabeth's time, this mansion was appropriated 
 for the reception of ambassadors. (See "Architectural 
 Antiquities of Great Britain.") In Bishopsgate Street, 
 nearly opposite Widegate Street, are the remains of the 
 house of Sir Paul Pindar, an eminent merchant in the 
 reign of Charles I. The building is curious for its ancient 
 " Gothic" front, which, however, has been sadly muti* 
 lated by modern reparations. 
 
 Canonhury House, at Islington, was the villa of the Priors ; 
 of St. Bartholomew's, in Smithfield. — Among the man- 
 sions erected at a later period, were Winchester Place, in; 
 Broad Street, about the time of Henry VIII. by William 
 Lord St. John ; Lord Burghley's at Exeter Change ; and 
 Lord Shaftsbury*s, in Aldersgate Street, built by Inigo 
 Jones, of which the General Dispensary forms a part. The 
 Equestrian Statue of Charles I. at Charing Cross^ is . 
 
ANCIENT BLTlLDINftS, 3SJ 
 
 said to have been the first of the kind erected in the 
 kingdom. At the lower end of Clerkenwell Green, in 
 Ray Street, opposite Mutton Hill, is the spring at which, 
 in ancient times, the Parish Clerks of London were accusr 
 tomed to hold their annual meetings, for the performance 
 of tiieir mysteries, or sacred piays. A small pump, erected 
 in a recess in the street, is the only memorial of a spot so 
 interesting from the recollections which it must excite 
 in the minds of those who study the history of the drama. 
 
 In the Borough, near St. Saviour's Church, are the re- 
 mains of the ancient Palace of the Bishops of Winchester, 
 which, with the buildings belonging to it, occupied, to- 
 wards the river side, what is now called Clink Street. 
 In Rochester Street was the palace of the Bishops of 
 -Rochester. 
 
 On the north side of Lambeth Palace, at the top of one 
 of the towers, is the prison in which the Lollards were 
 formerly confined, and in which the iron rings remain to 
 which they were fastened. Connected in some degree, 
 in its history, with the Lollard's Tower, is Smithjield. 
 The spot opposite Bartholomew's Gate, where the I'ro- 
 testants suffered martyrdom, was until lately m.rked by 
 a cijTular disposition of the pavement stones. 
 
 In Lambeth church-yard is the tomb ol the Tradescants, 
 who so highly contributed to excite a taste for the study 
 .of natural history in this country. 
 
 The monument of Stow, the historian of London, is a 
 curious composition in imitation of stone, in the parish 
 church of St. Andrew Undershaft, which was built in 
 1552. The figure of Stow, which appears seated, writing 
 at a desk, is well executed. 
 
 John Gerarde, one of the earliest English writers on 
 Botany, had a garden in Holborn in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth, said to have been between Hatton Garden and 
 * Brook Street. 
 
 Greville Street, Hatton Garden, is so denominated from 
 ' Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, who resided there, and was 
 murdered by his servant, in 1628. 
 
 In Angel Court, Shoe Lane, Chatterton put a period to 
 
 his life in 1770. The house, No. 7, Craven Street, in the 
 
 ^,6^rand, was once the residence of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 y.. In Tufton Street, Westminster, b a house (having a 
 
334 PICTURE or londox, 
 
 shield on the brick-work, over the first story), which was 
 inhabited by the infamous Colonel Blood, after he was par- 
 doned by Charles 11. for attempting to steal the crown 
 from the Tower. 
 
 The house of Richardson^ author of Clarissa Harlowe, 
 &c. is at the upper end of Salisbury Court, Fleet Street. 
 
 The tenement over Break-neck-Stairs, Green Arbour 
 Court, was once inhabited by Goldsmith, 
 
 The house now occupied by Mr. Bensley, printer, in 
 Bolt Court, Fleet Street, was the residence of Dr. Jo^«- 
 lon : and in Johnson's Court, adjoining, he compiled his 
 Dictionary. 
 
 The house of Sir Isaac Newton, late an hotel, is in St. 
 Martin's Street, Leicester Square, where his observatory 
 still remains ; and he also lived in Haydon Square, Mi- 
 nories. 
 
 The celebrated surgeon, John Hunter, resided on the 
 east side of Leicester Square ; and his brother, Dr, Wil- 
 liam Hunter, inhabited a large house in Great Windmill 
 Street, Hay market. 
 
 The house in which Dryden lived, and wrote his Ode 
 to St. Cecilia's Day, is now a tallow-chandler's, in Ger- 
 rard Street. In a room opposite the Admiralty, Thomson 
 lived when he wrote his Winter. 
 
 In Jewin Street and Bunhill Row, lived Milton, and 
 composed his Paradise Lost. He was born in Bread 
 Street, and interred in St. Giles's Church, Cripplegate. 
 
 CHAP. XV 
 
 Environs of the Metropolis: — A Description of the most 
 remarkable Objects, Villages, Towns, Palaces, and Seats, 
 near London ; followed by a brief Alphabetical Enu* 
 meration of Villages and Places of Interest contiguous. 
 
 (See the annexed Map of the Environs.) 
 
 Face of the Countri/. *- The amphitheatre which the me- 
 traoolU forms on the north side of the Thames, as it recede* 
 
i 
 
 2-: 
 
 

 ENVntONS OF ^ 
 
 1 lLf)NJ30W. J 
 
 sf^d 
 
ENVIRONS OF LONDON. 385 
 
 from the banks of that river, is greatly enhanced in beauty by 
 a chain of hills on the same side, forming a second amphi- 
 theatre, rising beyond the first, and including the villages of 
 Hampstead, Highgate, Muswell Hill, &c. 
 
 On the east and west are extensive plains, stretching at least 
 twenty miles each way, along the banks of the Thames, and 
 forming one of the most fertile and interesting vallies on the 
 surface of the earth. 
 
 On the south the landscape is beautifully varied, from west 
 to east, by the high grounds of Richmond, Wimbledon, Ep- 
 som. Norwood, and Blackheath, terminating in the horizon by 
 Leith Hill, Box Hill, the Reigate Hills, the Wrotham Hills, 
 and Sliooter's Hill. 
 
 The lands immediately sTirrounding London are mostly 
 cultivated by the gardeners, who furnish the public markets with 
 vegetables and fruit ; extensive nurseries of trees, of various 
 kinds, also occupy a large portion. Country houses of the 
 wealthy ; successive rows of villas and boxes of the citizens ; and 
 seats of the nobility, are to be seen in every direction. 
 
 Several Mineral Springs rise in the vicinity of the metropolis ; 
 and some of them were formerly in much repute, though they 
 are now but little used. The Spa Fields were so called from 
 the ditferent chalybeate springs that rise within their boun- 
 daries; and of which, that of Islington Spa, called also New 
 Tunbridge Wells, from the similarity of the waters to those of 
 Tunbridge Wells, in Kent, is the principal. At Ba^nigge 
 Wells, are springs both chalybeate and cathartic. At Hamp^ 
 stead are many chalybeate springs, of which those in the Well 
 walk are strongly impregnated, and were once in high request: 
 here also, at the south -east extremity of the Heath, near Pond 
 Street, are neutral saline springs, said to bear affinity to the 
 waters at Cheltenham. St. Chad's [Veils, near the north end of 
 Gray*s Inn Lane Road, are impregnated with calcareous nitre, 
 and are both diuretic and purgative : similar springs are met 
 with near St. Pancras Church. Kilburn Wells were once 
 famous for their saline and aperient waters ; and Acton Wells, 
 . which are of the same description, were much celebrated for 
 their medicinal virtues about the middle of the last century. 
 
 The River Thajnes. — This source of the greatness and 
 wealth of the metropolis, and one of its chief ornaments, de- 
 serves the especial notice of strangers. Pope, in a rich and 
 luxuriant vein of poetry, describes this majestic stream by the 
 following finely imagined personification ; 
 
 L L 
 
386 PICTURE Of LONDON. 
 
 From his oozy bed 
 Old Father Thames advanced his reverend head ; 
 His tresses dress'd with dews, and o'er the stream^ 
 His shining horns difFus'd a golden gleam. 
 Grav'd on his urn appeared the moon, that guide* 
 His swelling waters and alternate tides ; 
 The figur'd streams in waves of silver rollM, 
 And on their banks Augusta rose in gold. 
 
 There are few more delightful amusements than will be af- 
 forded by a day's excursion in fine weather up this river to 
 Kew Gardens, Richmond, Twickenham, or Hampton Court.* 
 It is impossible to conceive the beauty and variety of the nu- 
 merous objects, which, on every side, delight the eye of the pas- 
 senger. The whole voyage exhibits a continued series of 
 villages, magnificent seats, spendid villas, beautiful pleasure- 
 grounds, and highly-cultivated gardens. 
 
 From the magnificent Bridges across this river, in and near 
 London, very interesting views are afforded of the metropolis ; 
 and the immense number of boats, barges, and smaller vessels, 
 which are always in motion, afford a spectacle of active in- 
 dustry, which cannot be equalled in Europe. The view from 
 the river, at a little distance to the west of Blackfriars Bridge, 
 is extremely grand ; the lofty spire of St. Bride on the north, 
 the Bridge itself in front, with the towering fabric of St. Paul 
 rising above it, the glimpses caught through the arches of 
 South wark and London Bridges, the aspiring shaft of the 
 Monument, the numerous steeples of the city Churches, with 
 the various craft moving in quick succession along the stream, 
 altogether combine to form a very imposing- and animated 
 scene. 
 
 The forest of masts presented by the shipping, as seen from 
 London Bridge, fills every beholder with astonishment ; but 
 how much is this feeling increased, when, in an excursion down 
 the river, it is discovered, that this forest covers the Thames for 
 several miles, and also that all the adjacent Docks are full of 
 shipping. The Port of London^ as actually occupied by ship- 
 ping, extends from London Bridge to Deptford, being a 
 distance of nearly four miles, and from four to five hundred 
 yards in average breadth. It may be described as consisting of 
 ;four divisions, called the Upper, Middle, and Lower Pools, 
 
 * Parties, during the summer, often carry provisions with thcm^ dineon 
 tome favourite spot, and recreate themselve'i till the turn of th^ tide. 
 
RlVrR THAMES. 387 
 
 Bud tlic space between Limehouse and Deptford : Upper Pool 
 extends from London Bridge to Union Hole, about 1600 yards; 
 the Middle Pool, from thence to Wapping New Stairs, 700 
 yards ; tl^e Lower Pool from the latter place to Horse Ferry 
 Pier, near Limehouse, 1800 yards; and the space below to 
 Deptford about 2700 yards. 
 
 The Tiiames rises two miles south-west of Cirencester, in 
 Gloucestershire: at Lechdale, 138 miles above London, it be- 
 comes navigable for barges of 80 or 90 tons : it is navigated by 
 ships of 700 or 800 tons near London Bridge, and by the 
 largest ships below Deptford and Greenwich. The tide flows 
 eight miles in four hours, as high as Richmond ; but the water 
 I is not salt scarcely higher than Gravesend, which is thirty miles 
 I below London Bridge by water. At London it is about a 
 I quarter of a mile broad, and at Gravesend about a mile. Its 
 whole course is about 200 miles. Its fall from Oxford to 
 Maidenhead, is 25 feet every 10 miles, and thence to Brentford 
 20 feet every 10 miles ; but the fall from Brentford, where the 
 tide ends, to the Nore, a distance of 60 miles by the river, 
 is but seven feet. 
 
 The southern banks of the Thames, contiguous to the bridges, 
 for a considerable extent, are lined with manufactories and 
 M:arehouses ; such as iron-founders, dyers, soap and oil-makers, 
 glass-makers, shot-makers, boat-builders, Sec. To explore 
 these will repay curiosity ; in a variety of them, that powerful 
 agent, steam, performs the work, and steam-engines are daily 
 erecting in others. These may generally be viewed by apply- 
 ing a day or two previously, to the resident proprietors. 
 
 , The mercantile importance of this noble stream is greater 
 than that of any other river in the world. Its merchantmen 
 visit the most distant parts of the globe : and the productions 
 of every soil, and of every clime, are wafted home upon its 
 bosom, to answer the demands of British commerce. The 
 frozen shores of the Baltic and North America, the sultry 
 inegions of both the Indies, and the arid coasts of Africa, have 
 miike resounded with its name : and there is not a single 
 country, perhaps, in any quarter of the earth, bordering on the 
 sea, that has not been visited by its sails. 
 
 . It deserves to be remarked, in conclusion, that, notwithstand- 
 ^g the very existence of London depends on the navigation of 
 jfehe Thames, insomuch that if this river were rendered unnavi- 
 gable, London might soon become a heap of ruins, like Ni- 
 "neveh and Babylon, yet some of the passages of this important 
 iHver, below the Nore, are suffered to become half choaked, and 
 L L 2 
 
588 PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 almost impassable, from the increase and shifting of sand- 
 banks. 
 
 The New River, — This fine canal was cut by Sir Hugh 
 Myddelton, and completed in 1613, for the purpose of supply- 
 ing the metropoiis with water. It commences near Ware, at a 
 distance of 20 miles from London, and is brought on one 
 level by Am well, Hoddesdon, Cheshunt, Enfield, Hornsey, 
 and Stoke Newington, to Islington ; where it runs into a 
 large Basin, called the New River Head. It is about 39 miles 
 long, and from its passage through so populous a country, is 
 crossed in its course by nearly 220 bridges. It supplies about 
 100,000 houses, by means of leaden pipes of half-inch bore, 
 which branch from its numerous mains, some of wood of seven- 
 inch bore, but most of iron of twelve-inch bore. The Basin is 
 85 feet above the level of the Thames, and the water is raised 
 35 feet higher by means of steam-engines. There is also an 
 upper reservoir near Pentonville. 
 
 But, owing to the turnings and windings of the water in its 
 passage through the pij)es, it does not find its own level within^ 
 the time in which it remains in them ; in consequence of which 
 the New River Company was unable to supply the higher 
 parts of London, ur'til they constructed an immense Basin in the 
 Hampstead Road, into which the water was conveyed from 
 Islington ; and from that basin, pipes have been laid to carry it 
 to those parts of the metropolis more elevated than the New 
 River Head. 
 
 The River Lea. — This river, which is of great advantage to 
 the commerce of London, rises in Bedfordshire, and, becoming 
 navigable at Ware, affords the means of conveying from that 
 place malt and flour in great quantities, to the Thames at Lime- 
 house. 
 
 Grand Junction and Paddington Canal. — Notwithstanding 
 the interior of the kingdom is almost wholly intersected by 
 canals, this, until very recently, was the only one which, for 
 commercial purposes, had been extended to the metropolis. 
 
 One branch of this canal enters the Thames at Brentford, 
 while another runs from Cranford to Paddington, near Lon- 
 don, where it terminates in a basin, after running nearly 
 100 miles, from the village of Braunston, in Northampton- 
 shire, where it enters tJie Oxford Canal, and by which it is con- 
 
ij I 
 
 BLGE^SI S CAKAL. HAMrSTEAD. 589 
 
 iiected with the Coventry and Birmingham Canals, the Grand 
 Trunk Canal, &c., thus forming a regular line of water con- 
 veyance from London into Lancashire and Yorkshire. 
 
 Regent's Cancl. — This Canal, branching out of the Grand 
 Junction at Paddington, after passing through Maida Hill, and 
 round the northern side of the Regent's Park, and under Isling- 
 ton and the New River, by a Tnnnel, takes its course towards 
 the Thames by Kingsland, Hackney, and Limehouse. It 
 unites all the principal canals in the kingdom with the river 
 Thames. From its commencement to the termination at 
 Limehouse, it extends nearly nine miles; and within that 
 space are comprised 12 locks and 37 bridges. The con- 
 struction of the former is on so excellent a principle, that only 
 three minutes and a half are occupied in passing each. The 
 work was projected by J. Nash, esq., the royal architect, under 
 whose superintendence it has been completed. The tunnel 
 under a part of Islington, from the Wliite Conduit Fields to 
 some distance beyond the New River, under which it passes 
 below Colnbrook Row, is about three quarters of a mile in 
 length. The expense of its execution has been upwards of half 
 a million sterling. 
 
 Hampstead. — This village, from its beautiful situation, and 
 the fine views which it commands of the metropolis, and of the 
 neighbouring country, is one of the most agreeable and plea- 
 sant near the metropolis. It consequently abounds in de- 
 lightful villas and elegant mansions. A great number of 
 houses, and parts of houses are also let furnished, as temporary 
 lodgmgs, at prices which vary according to the size and accom- 
 modations. 
 
 "For the entertainment of the numerous strangers who visit 
 Hampstead, dinners, tea, &c, are provided at the Assembly 
 House ; the Spaniards, near Caen f^Tood ; the Jack Stratus 
 Castle ; and the Bull, at North End, 
 
 From the fields called Shepherd's Fields may be distinctly 
 seen, Windsor Castle, Leith Hill, Box Hill, and the rich and 
 matchless variety of intervening objects extending over a space 
 of forty miles. From a bench on the road to West End is 
 visible the whole amphitheatre of the Surrey and Kentish 
 Hills, including the metropolis. From the north-west the 
 prospect includes Harrow on the Hill, and extends into the 
 counties of Buckingham, Bedford, and Northampton; and 
 
 L L 3 
 
390 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 from the east it ranges over Essex and Kent, almost to the 
 mouth of the Thames ; and even the ships, with a telescope, 
 may be distinctly seen in motion. 
 
 Cliil(Vs Hill, vjrest of Hampstead Heath, commands a fine 
 view, including Windsor Castle, and the obelisk near the Duke 
 of Gloucester's mansion on Bagshot Heath. 
 
 Caen Wood, or Ken Wood, the residence of the Earl of 
 Mansfield, is situated at a short distance east of the Spaniards^ 
 and if admission can be obtained, will repay the trouble of 
 visiting it. The house was finished in the best style by Mr. 
 Adam and Mr. Saunders, and is decorated with pictures by 
 Zucchi, Rebecca, Martin, and others : the pleasure-grounds 
 include every advantage that can be derived from a good situa- 
 tion, aided by art. 
 
 A delightful walk to Hampstead, from the west end of Lon* 
 don, is through the Regent's Park, over Primrose Hill, a spot 
 which bounds the rural excursions of many hundreds of the 
 inhabitants of the metropolis. There is also a pleasant foot- 
 way across the fields from Islington through Kentish Town. ; 
 
 .1 
 Highgate. — This is a sister hill to Hampstead, but some- 
 what farther from London. It does not possess the same 
 variety of prospects as Hampstead, nor is it so large a village ; 
 but its views to the south and south-east are superior to those 
 in the same directions from Hampstead, and deserve the no- 
 tice of strangers. The principal north road passes through 
 this place, and the number of conveyances always in motion, to 
 and fro, give it a lively appearance, and atford occupation 
 to numerous houses of entertainment. The neighbourhood 
 of the metropolis does not afford a pleasanter walk or ride, 
 than from hence to Hornsey. There is also a good carriage 
 and foot-way to Hampstead. The direct road to Highgate 
 from Londop, is through Islington, a village which exceeds in 
 size and population some cities. 
 
 An excavation was cut in 1821, at an enormous expense, 
 through the eastern side of Highgate Hill, with a view to di- 
 minish the draught of the horses passing in this direction; 
 and across this new road a grand archway has been thrown, to 
 connect Highgate with Hornsey, &c. 
 
 A range of Almshouses, built and endowed by the Mercers* 
 company, from funds arising out of the Whittington estatev 
 
ForeiL^n CHice 
 
 Siijhoate Ardtwcu^. 
 
KEW AND ITS ROYAL GARDENS. 391 
 
 has lately been erected near the bottom of Highgate Hill, in 
 Holloway. Mr. George Smith is the architect. 
 
 JCew. — A small village rendered remarkable by a royal 
 palace and its celebrated gardens. It is situated opposite 
 Brentford, on the south bank of the Thames, six miles from 
 Hyde Park Corner, and about four miles from Kensington. 
 An additional Palace was built here by the late king, from 
 designs by the late James Wyatt, in the Gothic style, and on a 
 large plan, but of an aspect so heavy as to possess rather the ap- 
 pearance of a prison, than a place of residence for a Royal 
 Family. Its situation also is very objectionable. 
 
 ITew Gardens were decorated with a variety of Chinese tem- 
 ples and picturesque objects, by Sir William Chambers, and 
 are rendered famous by the collection of exotics, begun in the 
 year 1760, and at this time exhibiting one of the finest assem- 
 blages of plants in the world. To improve this garden was a 
 favourite object with his late Majesty, and he was assisted by 
 Sir Joseph Banks, and other zealous botanists. So extensive 
 were those additions of late years, that a new house, of 110 feet 
 in length, was built for the reception of African plants only. 
 Catalogues have been published successively by Messrs. Aiton, 
 father and son, the late and present gardener. 
 
 In an open space in the middle of the Wilderness, stands a 
 superl) building, called the Pagoda. The design is an imitation 
 of the Chinese Taa. It is octagonal, and consists of ten 
 stories, being 163 feet in height, and commanding a most en- 
 chanting prospect over a rich and variegated tract of country. 
 The room on the lower story is 26 feet in diameter, and 18 feet 
 high; and that on the tenth story is 17 feet diameter, and 
 71 feet high. Round each story is a gallery, inclosed by a rail». 
 with a series of projecting roofs, after the Chinese manner. 
 The staircase is in the centre of the building. 
 
 The other prominent features of Kew Gardens, as designed 
 by Sir W. Chambers, are the Orangery, the Temple of the Siin^ 
 the Flower Garden, the Menageriey the Temple of Bellona, the 
 Temple of Pan, the Temple of Eolus, the Temple of Solitude ^ 
 the House of Conhicius, the Theatre of Augusta, the Temple of 
 \ Victor I/, the Alhambra, the Mosque, the Gallery of Antiques, the 
 I Temple of Peace, and the Roman Arch in Ruins. 
 
 The temples and alcoves were a few years ago repaired and 
 decorated ; and a spacious walk, nearly half a mile in length. 
 
592 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 was made, which, wiA several others, intersects the lawn at dif- 
 ferent points. 
 
 Kew Gardens are open on Sundays only, from Midsummer 
 till the beginning of October, from ten o'clock in the morning 
 till sun-set, when any well-dressed persons are admitted. . The 
 botanic garden may, however, be seen any day, as well as the 
 pictures in the old Palace. His Royal Highness the Duke of 
 Cambridge has a mansion on Kew Green. 
 
 Itichmond, celebrated for its picturesque situation on the 
 banks of the Thames, is about eight miles from Hyde Park 
 Corner, and the rich and fascinating prospects from the hill and 
 bridge, are well worth visiting. 
 
 No person has ever seen Richmond Hill without being en- 
 chanted with the landscapes which it presents. Windsor, Harrow, 
 Hampton Court, Twickenham, Petersham, the winding sil- 
 very Thames, and a large tract of country filled with villas, 
 woods, and richly-cultivated fields, delight the eye of the spec- 
 tator. The prospect cannot be described more appropriately^ 
 than in the language of Thomson*, who resided many years 
 at the house in Kew Foot Lane, now called Ross-dale House. 
 
 Enchanting vale ! beyond whate*er the Muse 
 
 Has of Achaia or Hesperia sung ! 
 
 O vale of bliss ! O softly svvelling hills ! 
 
 On wliich the power of cultivation lies, 
 
 And joys to see the wonder of his toil. 
 
 Heav'ns ! what a goodly prospect spreads around. 
 
 Of hills and dales, and woods, and lawns, and spires. 
 
 And glittering towns, and gilded streams ! 
 
 Some portions of the old Palace of Sheen, the favourite resi- 
 dence of many of the Kings of England, are still remaining, 
 and are occupied as private residences. 
 
 The beautiful Bridge of Richmond is chiefly remarkable 
 for the fine views which it affords of the hill, and of the villas 
 ■which adorn both banks of the Thames. 
 
 Richmond Park is eight miles round, andcont^n 225 3 acres 
 
 * This illustrious poet lies buried at the west end of the north aisle of 
 Kichmond church. The house in which he formerly resided deserves the 
 notice of the stranger. It has been enlarged since his time, but his fa- ; 
 vouriteseat in the garden is still preserved, as well as the table on whiph .^ 
 he used to write. 
 
RICHMOND. 533 
 
 Tlie first Earl of Orford built a mansion called the Great 
 Lodge in Richmond Park, for his son, Robert, Lord Walpo.e 
 who was Ranger. It is an elegant structure, the centre of 
 which is constructed of stone, and the wings of brick ; standing 
 on rising ground and commanding a fine prospect. Here also 
 is the New, or Stone Lodge j built by George I., from a design 
 by the Earl oF Pembroke, as a hunting seat. His late Ma- 
 jesty, in 1S02, gave it for life, together with sixty acres of 
 land adjoining, to the present Viscount Sidmouth. 
 
 Near Richmond Green was formerly a park, called the Old 
 or Little Parlc^ to distinguish it from that just mentioned. Not 
 far from the Lodge stands the Observatory, erected by Sir W. 
 Chambers for the late King, in 1769. It contains an excel- 
 lent collection of astronomical instruments, among which are 
 a mural arch of eight feet radius ; a zenith sector of twelve 
 feet ; a transit instrument of eight feet ; a ten-feet reflector^ 
 made by Dr. Herschel ; and the moveable dome contains a 
 capital equatorial instrument. Here also, is a collection of 
 sul'jects \v\ natural history, an extensive apparatus for philoso- 
 phical experiments, some models, and a collection of ores from 
 Hartz Forest, in Germany. 
 
 These gardens contain an elegant Cottage, situated in a se- 
 questered spot, which was a favourite retreat of her late Ma- 
 jesty. Nature has disposed the ground of this park to great 
 advantage. 
 
 Richmond Church is a neat edifice, with a low, embattled 
 tower at the west end, built with white stone and flints ar- 
 ranged chequer-wise. Several persons of literary celebrity 
 were interred in the adjoining cemetery ; among whom, be- 
 sides Thomson, are Dr. Moore, author of " Zeluco,'* Gilbert 
 Wakefield, and Mons. Mallet du Pan ; and also Mrs. Yates, 
 the actress. 
 
 An excursion upon the water to Twickenham, or Hampton 
 Court, is among the delightful recreations which offer them- 
 selves at Richmond. • The most striking beauties of this en- 
 chanting spot have been described by the late Rev. T. Maurice, 
 in a Poem, intituled, ** Richmond Hill." 
 
 « In the summer season there are steam-packets to Richmond and 
 Twickenham, which start daily, from Queenhithe, at 10 o'clock in the 
 morning, except on Sundays, when they go from Blackfriars Bridge, at 
 10 and 11. The fare on Sundays is Zs. each person, and Is. 6rf. on other 
 days. The accommodations are good, and the packets have bands of mu* 
 sician* on board. 
 
3^4 picture' Of LONDON. 
 
 Sion House. On the opposite bank of the Thames, facing 
 Kew Gardens, in the parish of Isleworth, is situated Sion 
 House, one of tlie seats of the Duke of Northumberland. It 
 was originally built for a society of Brijyitine Nuns, removed 
 thither from Twickenham, in 143ti. After the reformation, 
 it was granted to Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset; 
 and on his attainder given to Dudley, Duke of Northumber- 
 land. Queen Mary restored it to the Nuns, who were expel- 
 led by her successor. In 1601, it came into the possession of 
 the ancestors of the present proprietor. The buildings form a 
 large quadrangle, and the mansion is in all respects fitted up in 
 a style suitable to the princely opulence of its owner. The 
 great hall, which is paved with black and white marble, is 
 sixty-six feet by thirty-one, and thirty-four high : it contains 
 some antique colossal statues, and a cast of the Dying Gla- 
 diator, in bronze, by Valadier. Adjoining the hall is a most 
 magnificent vestibule, wi^i twelve columns of the Ionic order, 
 and sixteen pilasters of verd antique, purchased at a considerable 
 expense, being the greatest quantity of that valuable species of 
 marble which is to be found in any single building in Europe. 
 The dining-room is ornamented with marble statues, and 
 paintings in chiaro scuro. The ceiling of the drawing-room is^ 
 ornamented vrith copies from many of the antique paintings that 
 have been found in different parts of Europe. The Mosaic 
 work of which the tables are composed, was found in the Baths 
 of Titus at Rome. The magnificent library extends the whole , 
 length of the eastern quadrangle, and is 130 feet by fourteen. 
 The house was much improved under the direction of Robert 
 Adam, the architect, in 1762 ; and the gardens by Brown. 
 
 ' Osterley Park, situated nine miles west from London, in the 
 parish of Heston, formerly belonged to Sir Thomas Gresham, 
 Sir William Waller, and others. In the beginning of the last 
 century it was purchased by Sir Francis Child. The park, 
 finely wooded, is six miles in circumference. The house, re- 
 built by Sir F. Child, in 1750, is a magnificent structure, ex- 
 tending 140 feet from east to west, and 117 feet from north to 
 south. The apartments are spacious, and are fitted up with 
 tlie richest hangings of silk, velvet, and Gobelin tapestry, ele- 
 gantly sculptured marbles, &c. ; the decorations display the 
 talents of Mr. Adam, the architect, and Zucchi, the painter: 
 they were fitted up by the late Sir Robert Child, who succeeded 
 \m brother Francis in 1763. From the lodges, a spacious road 
 
twjcklkham: hampton court. 395 
 
 h conducted between two fine sheets of water, which give great 
 beauty and variety to this part of the park. On the north 
 bank of one of these is a Menagerie. Strangers are permitted 
 to drive through the park, and to visit the house, any day, ex- 
 cept Sunday, by applying at Messrs. Child and Co.'s, London, 
 for a ticket for that purpose. The Earl of Jersey, in right of 
 his lady, is the present occupier. 
 
 Twickenham J distinguished by the number of beautiful seats 
 and villas which adorn it, is ten miles from Hyde Park Corner, 
 and about two from Richmond. 
 
 In this village lived Pope, and here he lies buried in 
 the church : but his once admired house was pulled down, a. 
 few years ago, by a later occupant, the Baroness Howe. The 
 grotto, however, is preserved. An interesting account of this 
 •eat, by Mr. Britton, with a fine print from Turner, were pub- 
 ished in ** The Fine Arts of the English school." 
 
 The chief ornament of Twickenham is Straivberry Hili, the 
 seat of the late Plorace Walpole, who bequeathed it to the Hon. 
 and ingenious, Mrs. Darner. It belongs at present to the Earl 
 of Waldegrave. It is built entirely in the Gothic style, and 
 most of the windows are ornamented with stained glass. The 
 house is not large, nor the rooms numerous ; but the pictures, 
 .sculptures, reliques, antiques, books, and curiosities, are of 
 very great value. The principal apartments are the refectory, 
 or great parlour, tlie little parlour, the blue breakfasting-room, 
 the library, the star-chamber, the Holbein chamber, the gal- 
 lery, the round-room, the tribune or cabinet, the great bed- 
 chamber, and the small library. In the garden is a " Gothic 
 jchapel," containing a curious Mosaic shrine, brought from 
 
 Hampton Court Palace, thirteen miles from London, was 
 built originally by Cardinal Wolsey, and afterwards rebuilt oj* 
 enlarged, . under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren, for 
 King William III. The grand fa9ade next the gardens is 330 
 feet in length, and that next the Thames is 328 feet. 
 
 The palace consists of three grand quadrangles ; the western, 
 4)r entrance court, is 167 feet by 141 ; the middle, or clock 
 court, is 133 feet by 91 ; and the eastern, or fountain court, is 
 13 1 feet by 117. Charles I. was a state-prisoner in the old 
 palace ; Cromwell afterwards resided here ; and it was occa- 
 .sionally inhabited by Charles II. and James II. The present 
 
396 PICTURE OF LONDOX. 
 
 structure was the favourite residence of William III., and fre- 
 -quently occupied by Anne and George I. and II. George 
 III. never resided here ; but his present Mnjesty, when Regent, 
 passed a short time at Hampton Court in the autunm of J 81 7. 
 
 The pictures are numerous, and many of them by the first 
 masters. Among them are the unrivalled Cartoons of Raphael, 
 perhaps the greatest wonder of the art that the world ever pro- 
 duced. They may be seen any day or hour on application to 
 ^he guide, who resides in the palace, and to whom it is usual 
 for parties to give from three to five shillings. s 
 
 The park and gardens are three miles in circumference. In 
 fthe wilderness is a Maze^ which furnishes much amusement to 
 those who do not understand the plan of its arrangement. In 
 the grape-house is the famous vine, which, in one year, pro- 
 •duced 2200 bunches of grapes, averaging \U) weight each. 
 
 Hampton House was the villa of the late David Garrick, th^ 
 celebrated dramatist. On purchasing the estate, he had the 
 mansion new fronted, from designs by R. Adam the architect. 
 Near the Thames, he erected a temple to Shakspeare, where 
 ■was a statue of the great bard, by Roubiliac ; and it contained 
 paintings by ^offany, and by Hogarth, all of which are dispersecL 
 
 Oatlandsy lately the seat of the Duk^ of York, is situated 
 in the parishes of Weybridge and Walton, in Surrey, on a 
 terrace which commands views of tl>e rich adjacent country. 
 The mansion formerly standing here, was accidentally destroyed 
 by fire, in 1793; after which the present structure was erected 
 from designs by Mr. Holland. This estate was sold by auc- 
 tion a few years ago. The park and grounds are pearly six miles 
 round, and seated in the finest part of the county. A famous 
 Grotto is the curiosity of this place, which chiefly attracte 
 Itrangers : it cost 1 2,000Z. Here also is a cemetery for the fa- 
 Tourite dogs of the late amiable Duchess of York, who kept ^ 
 considerable number in a state of whimsical luxury. Her 
 <3race had likewise a curious menagerie in the Park. This is 
 now the seat of Edw. Hughes Ball, Esq. 
 
 Claronont is situated near the village of Esher, in Surrey, 
 about 17 miles from London. Sir John Vanbrugh, well known 
 for a peculiar style of architecture, built a low brick bouse, 
 for his own residence here, which Thomas Holies Pejham, Earl 
 <^ Clare, afterwards created Duke of Newcastle, bought ^rid 
 ta-whirfi he added a -magnificent room for the enterUdnvn&dfjsOt 
 
 .); 
 
CHEKTSEY . EPSOM.-— DO BRING. 39? 
 
 large companies. He also increased the grounds by further 
 purchases, and having adorned the park, edged by a winding 
 bank, with scattered shrul>beries, he erected a buildir.g on an 
 eminence in tlie park, in the shape of a castle, and named it 
 Claremont, from its first title. 
 
 After the death of the Duke, the estate was purchased by 
 Lord Ciive, who gave directit ns to Mr. Brown to build him a 
 house, and lay out the grounds, without any limitation of ex- 
 pense : this lie performed to his Lordship's satisfaction, at the 
 cost of upwards of 100,000/. 
 
 After Lord dive's death, in 1774, Claremont was sold to 
 Viscount Galway, and by him to the earl of TyrconneJ, who, 
 in 1807, disposed of it to Charles Kose Ellis, E^q. ; the latter 
 occupied it until i816, when it was purchased by Parliament 
 for 65,000/., as a country residence for Prince Leopold and 
 his consort, the late Princess Charlotte of Wales, who died 
 therein child-bed, the 6th November, 1817. 
 
 Chertsey, and St Annes Hill. — Not far from Oatlands is 
 the market town of Chcrtsey, and near it is St. Anne's Hill, 
 the residence of Mrs. Fox, and once the favoured retirement of 
 that celebrated statesman, the Right Hon. Charles James Fox. 
 "' The mansion contains among other objects of curiosity, 
 a selection of paintings by the first masters. The house, green- 
 house, and grounds display many traits of the taste and talents 
 f>f the late eminent proprietor. 
 
 - Epsom. — This village is famous for a mineral spring, strongly 
 impregnated with sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom Salts, which 
 iMice drew large resorts of fashionable company, but which, 
 ^Jas a medical water, has long been disused. 
 
 ' It now derives nearly equal celebrity from its extensive and 
 touch frequented race-course, where the metropolitan admirers 
 "^ horse-racing assemble, in great numbers, in the spring and 
 %utumnal seasons, when the races are held. Epsom Downs af- 
 ford a charming ride in every season of the year. 
 
 o"^ Dorking, The neighbourhood of Dorking, in Surrey, 22 
 ftailes from London, is one of the most picturesque, and the 
 rfnost highly -cultivated and decorated of any in the country. 
 ^it merits three days residence better than any water. 
 ^Dg place in England, Matlock or Malvern alone excepted. 
 *51ie village of Mickleham, Norbury Park, Box Hill, LeiUv 
 
 M U 
 
S98 PiexunE a? LONpON. 
 
 Hill, and the noblemen and gentlemen's seats which cover the 
 neighbourhood, all render it a sort of fairy region. About half 
 a mile from the town is the Deepdenet the very beautiful seat of 
 Thomas Hope, Esq. who has, of late \ears, made such various* 
 alterations in the mansion, from his own classical designs, that 
 it has now all the air and character of an Italian villa. The 
 grounds are uncommonly picturesque, and possess greater va^ 
 riety, perhaj>B, than can be found in any other seat of similar 
 extent throughout England. He has also purchased tlie 
 adjoining estate, called Chart Park, and annexed it to that cf 
 the Deepdejie, 
 
 Egham. This village is situated on the south of the Thames 
 eighteen miles from the metropolis. It is celebrated for its 
 annual races, which are much frequented, and take place 
 nearly on the site of Runnymede, where the encamped Ba- 
 Tons extorted from the tyrant John the Great Charter of Liberr 
 ties, called Magna Charta. It is nowise creditable to the 
 country, that no monument yet honours the site, though one 
 has long been in contemplation. The Iron Bridge of one 
 arch, over the Thames, from this place to Staines, merits no- 
 tice. The races are held on the 4th, 5th, and 6th of Septem- 
 ber. Hounslow Heath is famous for its extensive Powder 
 Mills, and was formerly much noted for the highway robberies 
 committed on its exposed roads. Nearly tJie whole heath is now 
 inclosed and cultivaied. 
 
 Windsor Castle. Twenty-two miles west of London, on the 
 south bank of the Thames, stands the lofty residence of the 
 Kings of England, Windsor Castle. It was always the fa^^ 
 vourite retreat of George II L, and at this time is the only 
 palace which England can boast of, as fully worthy of the resi- 
 dence of its Sovereign. Tiie castle is situated on a hill^ 
 wliich commands a delightful prospect over the adjacent counr 
 try. The terrace is one of the most chsirming walks in the- 
 world, and is 1870 feet in length. 
 
 The present, or rather the late structure was built princi- 
 pally under the direction of William of Wykeham, in the 
 reign of Edward III. Great additions were made to it under 
 Edward IV., Henry VII., Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and 
 Charles II. ; but it liaving long been in a state of dilapidation, 
 designs for rebuilding and enlarging it were made by Jeffry 
 Wj^att^ Esq. (now Wi/utville), und under his superintendence, 
 
Tlw U)ln>i//v IJi^-ftl/r. 
 
FROGMORE. — BRANDENBURGH HOUSE. CHISWiCK. 3-99 
 
 rnany parts of the old castle have been pulled down, and other 
 parts are now in a rapid state of progress. 
 
 The castle is divided into two courts, the upper and the 
 lower, separated from each other by the Round Tower, in which 
 resides the governor. On the north of the upper court, were 
 situated the state apartments ; on the east, his Majesty's pri- 
 vate apartments ; and on tlie south, various apartments belong- 
 ing to officers of state. The new entrance to the royal apart- 
 ments was erected from designs by the late James Wyatt, and 
 under the immediate direction of George III. The lower 
 court is chiefly remarkable, as containing St. George's Chapel, 
 a beautiful structure of Pointed Architecture. It was founded 
 by Edward 111., in 1377, and improved and embellished in 
 the reigns of Edward IV. and Henry VII. 
 
 The Royal Cemetery here was begun in 1810, under the 
 direction of Mr» James Wyatt. An excavation was formed in the 
 dry rock of chalk, of the entire length and width of the build- 
 ing called Cardinal Wolsey's Tomb-house, within the walls of 
 which it is enclosed to the depth of fifteen feet from the surface. 
 The dimensions of the whole are, 70 feet long, by 28 wide, and 
 14 deep. The interment of the late Queen Charlotte, on the 
 2d of December, 1818, was the fourth that had taken place 
 here since the vault was formed by the order of his late Ma- 
 jesty. The first was that of the Princess Amelia ; the second 
 that of the Duchess of Brunswick ; the third that of the la- 
 mented Princess Charlotte. Another has followed, in the bu- 
 rial of our late venerable monarch, George III. 
 
 At Frogmorey about half a mile south-east of Windsor, is a 
 very beautiful house with tine gardens, which const?iuted a fa- 
 vourite residence of the late Queen Charlotte. 
 
 Brandenburgk Hovse, Hammersmilkt was remarkable as 
 having been the residence of her late Majesty, Queen Caroline, 
 and the place of her decease on August the 7th, 1821. It wa? 
 erected in the reign of Charles the First, by Sir N. Crispe, Bart., 
 and belonged, afterwards, to Prince Rupert. It was purchased 
 in 1792, for 85,000/. by the late Margrave of Anspach, who 
 married Lady Craven. Tiie Margravine's taste was eminently 
 conspicuous in the improvements and decorations of the house j 
 the whole of this mansion has recently been pulled down. 
 
 . Chiswick HousCf six miles from Hyde Park Comer, is a 
 Ceautiful villa belonging to the Duke Of Devonshire. It wd« 
 w M 2 
 
400 PICTURE OF LOKDON. 
 
 built by Lord Burlington, from a design of Palladio, and has 
 since been enlarged by the addition of wings, under the direc- 
 tion of the late James Wyatt, Esq. The front, as seen from the 
 "oad, with severnl beautiful cedars before it, is truly fascinating. 
 The inside is equal in effect, if not superior. The walls are 
 covered with pictures by the first Flemish and Italian mas- 
 ters ; and the cfiilinp;s, cornices, mouldings, Sec. are richly 
 gilt, and finished with the utmost elegance and taste. 
 
 The late Duchess of Devonshire, who was justly celebrated 
 for her taste, genius, and liberality, made several considerable 
 improvements and additions to the house ; and in the gardens, 
 which have always been famous for their classic elegance, she 
 assembled all the modern improvements in the art of pic- 
 turesque planting. The present duke, by pulling down Mor- 
 ton House, and joining its gardens to his own, has still further 
 improved this elegant seat. 
 
 The house may be viewed by tickets, which can be obtained 
 by respectable persons, on proper application, at Devonshire 
 House, in Piccadilly. 
 
 Chelsea. The royal hospital at this place for invalid soldiers, 
 is situated on the northern bank of the river Tliames, and 
 consists of several spacious buildings with large gardens. ITie 
 hospital is a brick building, ornamented with stone quoins, cor- 
 nices, pediments, and columns. The north front is simple in 
 its style, consisting of a centre and wings, in a straight line, 
 and having no other ornament than a plain portico. The front 
 next the Thames is more decorated, and has a pleasing appear- 
 ance. The principal parts form three sides of a squ.ire ; the cen- 
 tre building possesses a fine portico, with a piazza on each side ; 
 and the other two, noble and corresponding porticos. Froni 
 the centre building extend wings, covering two spacious qua- 
 drangles; the whole front of the hospital measures 804 feet., 
 The plan of this edifice was by Sir Christopher Wren, In 
 the centre of the hospital, are the chapel, and the great dining- 
 hall. The former is a large plain building: the floor is paved 
 with marble, alternately of black and wliite squares. The latter 
 is a fine room, decorated, at the upper end, with paintmgs by 
 Cooke, representing Charles II., with devices, expressive of 
 various attributes. 
 
 The aflPairs of this establishment are managed by Commi^ 
 sioners, consisting of some of the great officers of state, (es- 
 pecially in the war department , a governor, and lieutenant- 
 
CHELSEA.— DErrroRB. '<ai 
 
 governor. Hie ordinary number of in-pcnsioners is 476; 
 and of out-pensioners, not less than 80,000. The former are 
 provided with all necessaries ; the latter have each pensions from 
 7/. 12s. to 54 L 1 5s. per annum, paid half-yearly. 
 
 T/ie Ro7/al Military Asylum. — A magnificent building, 
 upon an extensive plan, was completed in 1805, situated near 
 Sloane Square, Chelsea, as a Royal Military Asylum for edu- 
 cating about 500 children of non-commissioned Ouicers and 
 soldiers ; to erect and support which, parliament granted a 
 sura of money, and each regiment contributes annually one 
 day's pay. 
 
 The new parish Church of St. Luke's, Chelsea, which was 
 erected from the designs of Mr. J. Savage, was consecrated in 
 October, 1824. This is a handsome edifice, in the pointed 
 style of architecture. At the west end is a lofty square tower, 
 supported on four arches ; and on each side is an elegant 
 arcade, protecting the entrance to the ailes. 
 
 Besides these buildings, the Botanical Garden^ belonging 
 to the Apothecaries* Company of London, is deserving of at- 
 tention. In this garden, are two Cedars of Lebanon, of large 
 dimensions and singular shape, which were planted in 1685, 
 and were then about three feet high. The coffee-tree, tea- 
 jshrub, sugar-cane, and bread-fruit tree, are among the cu- 
 riosities which may be seen in this garden. 
 
 Deptford. — Deptford is remarkable for its spacious dock- 
 yard, where second and third rate ships may always be seen 
 upon the stocks, and where the Queen Charlotte of 110 guns 
 was launched in 1810. ITie whole extent of the yard is thirty- 
 one acres. It contains a double wet dock, of two acres, and 
 a single one, of an acre and a half, a basin, and two mast- 
 ponds ; a large quadrangular storehouse, and extensive smiths* 
 shops ; with about twenty forges for making anchors, &c. — 
 mast-houses, sheds for timber, a mould loft, various otiier ex- 
 tensive work-shops, and houses for the officers of the yard. 
 .The number of the artisans, constantly employed, is from 
 ,1000 to 1500. 
 
 ; The ancient manor-house of Deptford was the scat of the 
 Celebrated John Evelyn, whose Diary ^ Letters, &c. were pub- 
 lished a few years since, by Mr. Bray. This mansion was long 
 ago destroyed ; and the parish work-house of St. Nicholas stands 
 jQD its site, but his memory is still preserved, by the sign of 
 i^} Evelyn's Head," at a public-house, 
 
 M M 3 
 
102 KCTOKE OF LONDOR. 
 
 Dulwich College, At the present village of Dulwich, w 
 GocVs Gift College^ so named by its founder, Edward AUeyne, 
 a player of great celebrity in Shakspeare's time. It is, or 
 should be, devoted to the maintenance of persons exclusively 
 of the name of AUeyne, or Allen, derived from certain parishes 
 named in the founder's v^rill. 
 
 In the year 1810, the late Sir Francis Bourgeois bequeathed 
 a large and valuable collection of pictures to this college, with 
 a sum of money tor building a spacious and appropriate Gallery, 
 and to produce an annual income to support the expenses of 
 the establishment. A Gallery was built from the design-i of 
 John Soane, Esq., and a Mausoleum attached to it for the bo- 
 dies of the founder, and of Mr. and Mrs. Desenfans. This Gal- 
 lery w^as completed and opened in 1817.* 
 
 The hours of admission, from April to November, are from 
 10 to 5, and from November to April, lltoS. Children 
 under twelve years of age are not admitted ; nor is there any 
 admittance on Fridays and Sundays. Tickets to view the 
 Bourgeois Gallery may be had gratis of Colnaghi, Pall Mall, 
 East ; Clay, Ludgate Hill ; Hurst and Robinson, Pall Mali ; 
 and Lloyd, Harley Street, Cavendish Square. 
 
 Greenwich Hospital, founded in 1694 by King "William and 
 Queen Mary for invalid seamen, is situated on the south 
 bank of the Thames, at the distance of five miles from Lon- 
 don Bridge. It consists of four grand edifices, detached 
 from each other, yet forming a very entire and beautiful 
 plan, especially when viewed from tlie river, to which the 
 main front is opposite. These buildings, which are respectively 
 denominated King Charles's, Queen Anne's, King William's, 
 and Queen Mary's, are disposed in the following manner : 
 King Charles's and Queen Anne's buildings are situated to the 
 north, or next to the river, from which they are separated by a 
 spacious terrace 865 feet in length ; they have a grand area, 
 or square, between them, 273 feet wide, with a fine statue c^ 
 George II. by Rysbrach, in the centre. Beyond, to the 
 south, stand the two other piles, having an interval between 
 them, considerably less than the grand square, being but 115 
 feet wide ; the effect of this is to occasion an apparent cortJ- 
 nexion between the portions of the edifice as seen from the 
 river. 
 
 « A catalogue and an account of this collection will be found in 
 " \V«*tmacott'i Catalogues of Pioturj Galleries, &c. 8vo. 1824. "^^ 
 
raJJy MaR JEast. 
 
GREENWICH HOSPITAL. 403 
 
 The northern buildings are after one of the finest designs of 
 Inigo Jones, and correspond in their style and ornaments, 
 which are of the Corinthian order ; the western part of King 
 Charles's building was rebuilt in 181 1 — 1814. The southern 
 were designed by Sir Christopher Wren, and correspond as to 
 their general effect, although there is some small difference 
 between them Each has a Doric colonnaile (surround- 
 ing all that part which is seen from the river or terrace, twenty 
 feet high, with an entablature and balustrade ; and each is or- 
 namented, at the angle seen from the river, with a cupola, 
 supported by duplicate columns, of the Composite order, with 
 four projecting groups of columns at the quoins, and crowned 
 with a turret. 
 
 The principal elevations of Greenwich Hospital are of Port- 
 land stone, except some subordinate parts, which are, however, 
 to be taken down, and rebuilt of stone. The grandeur of effect 
 produced by the entire edifice, presenting, as it does, so much 
 variety without discordance, is scarcely to be imagined. And 
 this is still heightened by the great square and the area beyond, 
 with the Naval Asylum, terminating with a view of the Ob^erv- 
 atori/, standing on a tine eminence in Greenwich Park. 
 
 The entrance to the Chapel in Queen Mary's building, is by 
 an octangular vestibule, in which are four niches, containing 
 the statues of Faith, Hope, Charitj/y and Meekness, executed at 
 Coade's artificial stone manufactory, from designs by West. 
 From this, a flight of fourteen steps leads into the chapel, 
 through a beautiful portal, with large folding doors of ma- 
 hogany. The body of the chapel is 1 1 1 feet long, and 52 
 broad, and capable of conveniently accommodating KX^O pen- 
 sioners, nurses, and boys, exclusive of pews for the direc- 
 tors, the several officers, &c. Over the altar is a painting by 
 
 . West, of the Escape o/* St. Fanlfrom Shipwreck on the Islaiid 
 of Melita. On each side of tlie arch, which terminates the top 
 
 i of this picture, are angels of statuary marble, as large as life, by 
 Bacon, one bearing the cross, the other the emblems of the 
 
 ' Eucharist. In the segment, between the great cornice and the 
 ceiling, is a painting of the Ascension, designed by West, and 
 executed by Rebecca, in chiaro oscuro, forming the last of a 
 series of paintings of the life of our Saviour, which surround 
 the chapel. The pulpit is circular, supported by six fluted 
 columns of lime-tree, with an entablature above the same, 
 richly carved. In the six inter-col umniations are alto relievos^ 
 designed from the Acts of the Apostles. The reader's desk is 
 
404 . nCTUIlE or LONDON*. 
 
 square, with columns at the four corners, and th^ efilabtature 
 over them similar to those of the pulpit. In the four intet- 
 columniations are alto relievos from the prophets. 
 
 In King William's building, the Painted Hall, which is of 
 ,cqual size with the Chapel, and was painted by Sir James 
 lliornhiil, consists of two divisions, separated by a flight 
 of steps. In the lower hall is a fine collection of pictures, 
 first placed here in 1824, consisting of representations of sea*- 
 jfights and portraits of naval officers. The ceiling represents 
 King William and Q,ueen Mary sitting on a throne under a 
 large pavilion ; they are surrounded by the Cardinal Virtues, 
 the Four Seasons, the Signs of the Zodiac, &c. At the sides of 
 the upper Ilall, are paintings of the respective Landings in 
 England of William III., and George I. ; and on the ceiling, 
 the portraits of Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark, 
 her consort, with various emblematical figures, &c. In this part 
 stands the funeral car in which the remains of the brave Lord 
 Nelson were carried to St, Paul's Cathedral. Within a pediment 
 of the inner quadrangle of this building, is a very large em- 
 blematical representation of the Death uf Nelson in alto reliev&f 
 designed by the late Benjamin West, and executed in Coade-** 
 artificial stone. -f 
 
 On the north, is an entrance to the hospital from the river. 
 An iron balustrade runs the length of the terrace, having gates 
 opening to a flight of steps, leading down to the water. On 
 the outside of the balustrade is a quay, paved with broad stone 
 flags. On the east and west are two entrances, corresponding 
 with each other, by iron gates, with rusticated piers, adjoining 
 which are the porters* lodges. These gates are open to the 
 public during the day. The chapel may be seen for sixpence ; 
 and the great hall for the same fee, but with company, each 
 each person pays 3d. only. 
 
 We may add to wliat we have said of this edifice, that each 
 of the grand colonnades, attached to the two southern buildings, 
 is 347 feet in length, having a return pavilion 70 feet in length ; 
 and that they are composed of more than 300 duplicate columns 
 and pilasters, of Portland stone. The stranger, we are per- 
 suaded, will return highly gratified by a visit to Greenwich 
 Hospital, which is one of the finest modern buildings in 
 Europe ; and, without exception, the most superb and beau« 
 tiful edifice in the world, devoted to a charitable purpose. 
 - The Infirmary is a square building of brick, 198 feet in 
 length, and 175 in breadth. It was designed by the late Mrv 
 
GREENWICH HOSPITAL. 405 
 
 James Stuart, and is a very valuable addition to the institu- 
 tion. Tliis infirmary is very commodious, and is calculated to 
 hold 256 patients. 
 
 The School, which was also designed by Stuart, is 146 feet in 
 length, and 42 in breadth, exclusive of a colonnade of the 
 Tuscan order, intended for a play-ground and shelter for 
 the boys in l)ad weather; it is 180 feet long, and 20 broad. 
 The school-room is 100 feet long, and 25 broad, capable of 
 containing 200 boys. The apartments of the boys are fitted up 
 with hammocks instead of beds. Here are rooms for the 
 nurses, and other attendants ; and, at a small distance, a good 
 house for the sclioolmaster. 
 
 The Naval Asylum is on a grand and extensive scale in the 
 park, for the education of 3000 children of seamen, who, when 
 of a proper age, are sent to sea, if J hey manifest no dislike to it, 
 and the girls are apprenticed, or put out to service. 
 
 The present establishment of Greenwich Hospital consists of 
 a master and governor, a lieutenant-governor, four captains, 
 and eight lieutenants, with a variety of officers of the hospital, 
 2710 pensioners, 168 nurses, and 32,000 out-pensioners. The 
 number of persons residing within the walls, including officers, 
 &c. amounts to -nearly 3500. 
 
 The pensioners within the hospital have the following allow- 
 ances ; boatswains 25. 6c/., mates \s. 6d., private men Is. per 
 week for pocket-money ; and every man, indiscriminately, 
 the following diet: one loaf of bread of sixteen ounces, and 
 two quarts of beer every day ; one pound of mutton on Sunday 
 and Tuesday ; one pound of beef on Monday, Thursday, and 
 Saturday ; and peas soup, cheese, and butter, on Wednesday 
 and Friday. For clothing, they are allowed, in the space of 
 two years, a blue suit of clothes, a hat, three pair of blue yarn 
 hose, four pair of shoes, four shirts, and five neckcloths. The 
 out-pensioners are allowed from Al. \\s. ^d. to 211. Is. 6iZ. a 
 year each, for which they have tickets granted enabling them 
 to receive their pensions quarterly at the hospital, or from col- 
 lectors of the customs or excise, if they reside at a distance. 
 
 Greenwich is also remarkable for its pleasant park, which af- 
 fords some fine views of the metropolis, and of the Thames, 
 £]led with shipping, and is celebrated as the grand rendezvous 
 of the populace of London, in the three first days of the Easter 
 and Whitsuntide holiday's. Every stranger to the British me- 
 liopolis, at either of those periods, should, if tlie weather be 
 fine, not miss the opportunity of viewing this grand merry- 
 making of 30 or 40,000 persons of both sexes. 
 
J§06 PTCTDRE OF LONDON. 
 
 The Royal Observatory is a conspicuous and celebrated ob 
 ject on the top of the hill in this park. It is well furnished 
 with astronomical apparatus, llie famous Camera Obscura. in 
 one of the turrets, when in order, deserves the notice of every 
 person who visits this park ; but, to obtain a sight of it, an in- 
 troduction to the Astronomer Royal is necessary. 
 
 Woolwich. — This place is worthy of being visited by stran- 
 gers, on account of its Dock-yard, Royal Arsenal, Military 
 Barracks, and Repository, &c. 
 
 The royal dock-yard consists of a narrow strip of land, by 
 the river side, almost half a mile in length. It contains two 
 dry docks, three mast ponds, a smith*s shop, with several forges 
 for making anciiors, a model-loft, extensive store-houses, 
 sheds, workshops, &c. It employ supv/ards of 1000 persons; 
 and first-rate men of war are frequently built in this yard : 
 the Nelson, of 120 guns, was launched from it. The rope- 
 walk, for making large cables, is a quarter of a mile hfi 
 length. 
 
 Tlie Royal Arsenal, formerly the JFarren, is the grand d^p6t 
 of artillery, and for warlike apparatus and machinery belonging 
 to the British navy and army. It covers altogether upwards 
 of an hundred acres of ground, and contains a foundry for 
 biass cannon, the manufactory for Congreve rockets, immense 
 stores of shot, shells, mortars, and other instruments of destruc- 
 tion, besides the old military academy, barracks, &c. All the 
 ordnance used by government are lirst proved in this place. 
 
 At Woolwich, also, is the Royal Military Academy for the 
 education of cadets, &c. This is a handsome castellated edifice 
 more than 200 yards in length, designed by the late Mr. James 
 Wyatt. 
 
 The ArlUIery Barracks, erected in recent years, form a pro- 
 digy even among our late expensive war establishments. This 
 building is on the common, and near it, on the south-west side 
 of the barrack-field, is the Royal Military Repository, in which 
 is a piece of water and canals for experiments with gun-boats, 
 &c. The Marine Barracks is likewise an extensive modern 
 building, at a short distance westward from the artillery 
 barracks. 
 
 Strangers, who wish to view the objects worthy of attention 
 at Deptford, Greenwich, and Woolwich, which are of a nature 
 in a great degree peculiar to the British empire, may, in warm 
 weather, and if the tide serves, very pleasantly efiect their in- 
 tentions, by takrrig a boat for the day at Billfng-^rate or tl.e 
 
WEST INDIA DQCKA, 407 
 
 Tower ; or they may avail themselves of one of the Gravesend 
 saih'ng or steam boats. 
 
 J'/ie West India Docks. — These immense works, which form 
 a d^pat for the shipping in the West India trade, are among 
 the prominent wonders of British commerce. They were un- 
 dertaken in pursuance of an act of parliament, passed in 119% 
 intituled, " The West India Dock Act." The entrances into 
 them are at Black wall and Limehouse-hole ; their site is 
 wholly on the Isle of Dogs ; and upon the wharfs and quay^ 
 adjoining theiti, all West India ships unload and load their 
 cargoes. 
 
 'J he northern dock, for unloading inwards, is in extent 2600 
 by 510 feet, and 29 feet deep, covering a space of .SO acres, 
 and capable of containing from two to three hundred sail of 
 ships. The Export Dock, situated to the south of the other, 
 covers an area of twenty-four acres, and its size is 2800 by 400 
 f^et, being also 29 deep. Both docks are surrounded by a 
 series of immense warehouses. 
 
 The proprietors of this capital mercantile improvement are 
 styled ** The West- India Dock Company ;'* and they are reim- 
 bursed by a tonnage of 6s. upon the burthen of every ship 
 which enters the docks : for wharfage, landing, housing, weigh- 
 ing, cooperage, and warehouse room, they are entitled to certain 
 rates upon all goods that are discharged, such as 8t/. per cwt, 
 upon sugar; \d. per gallon upon rum; \s. 6d. per cwt. upon 
 coffee ; 2*. 6d. per cwt. upon cotton, wool, &c. &c. 
 
 Notwithstanding that these docks have occasioned a very im- 
 portant branch of trade to be removed to a considerable and 
 even inconvenient distance from the metropolis, yet their ad- 
 vantages to the port of London are, upon the whole, incal- 
 culable. The West-India trading-ships generally arriving in 
 fleets, occasioned much crowding, confusion, and damage, 
 in the river, whereas these vessels being now disposed of in the 
 docks, the overgrown trade of the port is carried on with far 
 greater convenience. 
 
 To enable shipping, in their passage up and down tlie 
 Thames, to avoid the circuitous and inconvenient course round 
 the Isle of Dogs, a canal is cut across this Isle, through which, 
 upon paying certain moderate rates, all ships, vessels, and craft, 
 are permitted to proceed in their passage up and down the 
 Thames. For three years after its completion, ships above two 
 hundred tons paid Id, per ton ; from one hundred to two bufir 
 dred t<Jns, 1 Jrf. per ton; from one Hundred to fifty tons, iO*, 
 
40S PXCTUllE OF I-OXDdK. 
 
 per vessel ; from fifty to twenty tons, 5s, per vessel ; and boats 
 and craft, Is eaeh. 
 
 At Mill fVall, near the West-India Docks, are several ma- 
 nufactories of importance ; especially iron works, for making 
 chains and anchors ; and captain Huddart's cable manufactory, 
 worked by a machine, which, in a surprising degree, simplities 
 the process. 
 
 The East India Docks. — These are situated lower down the 
 river than Blackwall, and comprise a noble series of works, 
 worthy of the great Company which produced them ; but they 
 excite less interest than tlie West- India Docks, and are more 
 difHcult of access to inquisitive strangers. 
 
 That called the Brunswick, or the Outer Dock, was formed 
 by Mr. Perry. The inner dock, constructed by the East India 
 'Dock Company for the purpose of unloading their homeward- 
 bound ships, comprehends eighteen acres. This is called the 
 Import dock, and is 1410 feet long, 560 wide, and 30 deep. Tlie 
 Export dock, as originally excavated, was 780 feet long, 520 
 wide, and 30 deep, covering 9h acres ; but this part was, in 
 1817, considerably enlarged, by the formation of a new basin, 
 towards the east. Great alterations and improvements are now 
 in contemplation here. PVom these docks all the goods of the 
 Company are conveyed to the warehouses in London in covered 
 caravans, locked up so as to prevent fraud or smuggling. 
 
 The adjoining Ship Building Yard is the property of Sir 
 Robert Wigram, and merits the notice of strangers who are 
 unacquainted with the drtails of that art. Below his premises 
 is the Trinity House Buoy Wharf. 
 
 The London Dock, — This is an immense Dock situated at 
 Wapping, between Ratcliffe Highway and the Thames : it 
 •covers more than 20 acres of ground, and is 1262 feet long, 
 699 feet wide, and 27 feet deep. The capital of the company 
 is 1,200,000/. ; the ultimate profits upon the scheme are limited 
 to 10 per cent. It was first opened on the 31st of January 
 1805. A new dock of 14 acres is now forming here. 
 
 The two warehouses for the reception of tobacco are situated 
 at the eastern extremity. The largest is 762 feet long, and 
 160 feet widci equally divided by a strong partition wall, with 
 double iron doors ; the smallest is 250 feet by 200. Both of 
 them consist of a ground-floor and vaults ; the first is wholly 
 applied to the reception of tobacco ; the cellars in the smoUer 
 
TWELVE DAYS PERAMBULATION. 409 
 
 warehouses are appropriated to the care and housing of wine*, 
 brandies, &c. They are solely under the controul of the 
 officers of the customs, the proprietors of the docks having no- 
 thing more to do with them than to receive the rents. 
 
 RIDES AND PROMENADES. 
 
 = Among the fashionable or more pleasing drives and rides, 
 the attractions of some of which have been previously alluded 
 to, may be named Hi/de Park, which is accessible at all hours, 
 except in Hackney Coaches ; the Begent's Park, which in- 
 cludes a double drive of four miles' variety ; the Alng^s Road, 
 from Pimlico to Fulham ; the Harrow Hoad from Paddington ; 
 the vicinity of Crouch End and Hornsey / and the cii cuit of 
 Hampstead and Highgnte. 
 
 Equestrians, and persons occupying carriages, may in these 
 places, (more particularly in those first mentioned) between the 
 hours of one and Jive, meet persons of rank, affluence, and 
 fashion, and partake in this metropolitan recreation. 
 
 Equestrians will be highly gratified every Sunday morning 
 from twelve to two, at Tattersatr s, where there is an exhibition 
 iof the finest horses for sale, and often an assemblage of gentle- 
 men of the first rank. 
 
 A more extended ride for strangers may include Kewt Rich- 
 mond, and Hampton Court, a route which may be performed 
 in a day or morning. Windsor may also be included, but the 
 tour will then employ two days. 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 A Twelve Days' Peramhidaiion in London and its Ku' 
 virons, with a Panoramic View of the principal Objects 
 of Interest. 
 
 . Strangers in London have frequently only a limited 
 time to devote to the inspection of the more prominent 
 features of the metropolis : and it is not uncommon for 
 
 N N 
 
tlO PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 them to lose no small part of this time for want of know^ 
 ing exactly how to bestow it to the best advantage ; or^ 
 in other words, for want of some regular plan, which, 
 embracing the most interesting objects according to their 
 local distribution, would enable the stranger to visit them 
 in succession, and thus see more in a few days than he 
 might otherwise be able to inspect in as many weeks. 
 
 The following sketch of a Twelve Days' metropolitan 
 perambulation has therefore been drawn out; and by 
 adhering to this, or any similar scheme, it is inconceivable 
 how much may be viewed within such a penod. 
 
 In thus arranging the various excursions to the best 
 advantage, this Picture of London will prove a useful 
 companion ; as an accurate description of each object, so 
 far as our limits allow, may be found in the body of the 
 book, further illustrated by maps, and in the more ex- 
 pensive copies, by numerous engravings. Thus, supposing 
 the first wish of a stranger to be a visit to St. Paul's 
 Cathedral, the Tower, &o., and that he fixes his resi- 
 dence at no great distance from the city, we shall pro* 
 ceed to a distribution of visits not occupying an entire 
 fortnight, and yet embracing every material object o£ ge- 
 neral curiosity. 
 
 First Day, 
 
 St. Paul's may be visited in the forenoon : Guildhall 
 may then be viewed, together with the Mansion House, 
 the Bank, the Royal Exchange, the Auction Mart, 
 St. Stephen's, Walbrook, &c. 
 
 FiNSBURY Square merits notice as the only good one at 
 the east end of the town ; and in the way to it may be seen 
 the London Institution, and the Catholic and Albion 
 Chapels. 
 
 Returning to the southward, and passing throng 
 Queen Street, Cheapside, the New Southwark Bridge 
 will arrest attention. Proceeding eastward to London 
 Bridge, take a view of that edifice and of the prospect 
 from it. Inspect also, the Coffer Dams and works of the 
 New Bridge, The Monument on Fish Street Hill may next 
 be visited; and on a clear day the prospect from the bal- 
 cony will well repay the fatigue of the ascent. Near this '%% 
 
TWELVE DAYR PKBAMBDLATION. 411 
 
 Billingsgate, the celebrated fish market, and also the 
 New Custom House. The elevated Quay here affords 
 a fine view of the Thames and its forest of masts. The 
 Shipping, and the busy scenes upon the bosom of the 
 river, are of no small interest to persons from inland 
 wtua-tions. 
 
 Second Day* 
 The variety of objects of interest and curiosity, still to 
 be seen eastward, will require a complete day. Proceed- 
 ing, therefore, through Cornhill, and Leadenhall Street, a 
 sight of the India House, particularly of the interior, will 
 prove highly gratifying. Continuing down the Minories, 
 after viewing the Tower, the New Mint will claim atten- 
 tion. Thence the visit may be extended to the London 
 Docks at Wappixg, and to theWEST and the East India 
 Docks, in succession down the river: if the wea- 
 ther permit, the pleasure will be increased by crossing the 
 Thames to Greenwich, and returning to town through 
 Deptford and Rotherhithe, in which latter place, near 
 the Church, inspect the excavation made for commencing- 
 the intended Tunnel beneath the river Thames, 
 
 Tldrd Day, 
 
 Crossing Blackfriars' Bridge, the Obelisk in the dis- 
 tance is generally noticed, as closing the suburban vista 
 from the bridge. The establishment of the Philan- 
 thropic Society, New Bethlem, the School for the Indi- 
 gent Blind, that for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Asy- 
 lum, all lie on that sideof the water, and merit attention. 
 If this visit should be made on a Sunday, the evening may 
 be appropriated to hearing divine service at the Mag- 
 dalen ; but if on a week day, a visit to the Surrey 
 Theatre, to the Cobourg Theatre, to Astlfy's Am- 
 phitheatre, or to Vauxhall, if open, may conclude the 
 excursion. 
 
 Fourth Day, 
 
 The Temple Gardens, Temple Church, &c. deserve) 
 xiwpection; and the stranger, passing through TeMple 
 
 N N 2 
 
412 nCTURE OF LOXDON. 
 
 Bar, may find amusement at the Panorama near the 
 New Church, in the Strand; or, turning towards Lin- 
 coln's Inn Fields, a view of the Hall, Chapel, &c.. 
 and the new Surgeons' Hall, will demand his attention, 
 Mr. Soane's collection of Pictures and Antiquks, in- 
 cluding the Belzoni Sarcophagus, &c. is in the same 
 Square, but can only be visited by particular favour. 
 The Royal Academy at Somerset House comes next in 
 order, and the day may be finished (supposing it to be 
 summer-time) at the English Opera, the Sans Pareil, or 
 the Olimpic Theatre. 
 
 Fifth Day, 
 
 Proceeding again towards the Strand, the ExHlBITIO^f' 
 of Living Animals over Exeter 'Change will aflfbrd na 
 small gratification to an admirer of nature; and after a 
 view of Somerset House and the Strand Bridge, and 
 inspecting the Adelphi, where the Society of Arts is si- 
 tuated, we may proceed to Northumberland House, and 
 Charing Cross. Then, turning towards Soho Square, 
 Trotter's Bazaar will well employ an hour, after which, 
 the Havmarket Theatre, or th Opera House, if 
 open, will repay the lover of theatricals, or of scientific 
 music, for the expense and time of a visit. 
 
 In Leicester Square is Miss Linwood's Gallery, 
 one of the most curious exhibitions in the metropolis; 
 and, nearly adjoining, in Cranbourne Alley, are the Pano- 
 ramic Exhibitions of Mr. B. Barker. 
 
 Sixth Day, 
 
 The vicinity of Charing Cross is fruitful in interest and 
 amusement. Spring Gardens is always the Theatre of a 
 variety of exhibitions: the Royal Mews opposite are to 
 be shortly taken down : Weeks' Museum, near the Hay- 
 market: Carlton House : the Co/o^zwar/e of the Opera 
 House, also justly challenge admiration. The New 
 College of Physicians, the Water Colour Exhibi- 
 tion, the Society of British Artists, Waterloo Place, 
 the United Service Club House, and the improve- 
 ments connected with the whole architectui*al design of 
 
TWELVE DAYS FERAMEULATION. 413 
 
 the buildings in this neighbourbourhood, will make no 
 common impression upon the mind of the observer. 
 
 Returning to Pall Mall, the Gallery of the Bkitisu 
 Institution solicits particular regard. Permission being 
 obtained, Marlborough House, St. Jamiis's Palace, the 
 Angerstein Gallery, and the Marqujs of Stafford's 
 Cleveland Gallery, might be now inspected. The latter is 
 only open during the months of May and June, and caa- 
 Rot be viewed except by tickets previously obtained. 
 
 Seventh Day, 
 
 Crossing Waterloo Bridge, the stranger may proceed 
 toCroggon's Gallery of Artificial Stone, and,continu- 
 ing his route towards Lambeth, take a view of the ancient 
 Palace of the Archbishops of Canterbury. West- 
 minster Bridge being then crossed, Westminster Hall, 
 Westminster Abbey, and both Houses of Parliament, 
 will naturally engage his attention. The new Publac 
 Offices at the Treasury, the Horse Guards and Admi- 
 ralty, the Banqueting House, Whitehall ; and if time 
 will admit, St. James's Park, and the rising Palace at 
 Buckingham House, may be included in this route. 
 
 Eighth Day. 
 Passing through the Green Park, and entering Pic- 
 cadilly, at the gate near Hyde Park Corner, Aisley 
 House, and several other handsome structures, succes- 
 sively engage the attention. Apsley House contains the 
 colossal bust of Napoleon, sculptured by the celebrated 
 Canova. Proceed to Hyde Park, and see Westmacotfs 
 Statue of Achilles: thence, by the Serpentine River, to 
 Kensington Gardens. Return through the Gardens 
 and Park on the north side, to Berkeley Square, where 
 the Marquis of Lansdowne's Pictures and fine speci- 
 mens of Sculpture may hz viewed upon proper applica- 
 tion. The New Covered Way from Piccadilly across 
 the site of Burlington Gardens, is filled with hand- 
 some shops, and has become a noble Bazaar, under the 
 title of the Burlington Arcade. Entering Bond Street, 
 Ifeat lounge of fashionables, the Western Exchange 
 ' " '»-■ . .y N 3 
 
414 PICTURE or LONDOK. 
 
 may be viewed, as well as the several temporary Exhibi- 
 tions in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Ninth Day, 
 
 This may be very well employed in viewing the Collec- 
 tions of Pictures (permission obtained) belonging to a 
 number of eminent individuals at the West End of the 
 town: viz. Lord Radstock's in Portland Place; Mr. 
 Thomas Hope's in Duchess Street; Sir Abraham 
 Hume's, Stratford Place; and the Earl of Suffolk's 
 in Hill Street. Sir John Leicester's Gallery of Bri- 
 tish Art is liberally opened to the public every spring, near 
 which, in South Audley Street, is Mr. R. West«ma- 
 cott's fine collection of Ancient and Modern Sculpture. 
 Mr. Bone's Enamels in Berners Street, may be seen with 
 tickets every Thursday in June and July, and are most 
 eminently deserving of attention. 
 
 Tenth Bay. 
 
 Should the stranger prefer an out-door excursion, the 
 day may be amusingly passed, by viewing the principal 
 Squares, many of which are surrounded with noble Man* 
 sions of the Nobility and others, and have their areas or- 
 namentally laid out in plantations, garden plots, and gra- 
 vel waiks. The British Museum is sufficiently extensive 
 and interesting to employ an entire morning. Either of 
 the Theatres-Royal, oJ'Drury Lane, or Covent Gab- 
 den, may then occupy the evening. 
 
 Eleventh Day, , 
 
 A long day may be most agreeably and profitably erat 
 ployed in visiting some of those great manufactories, which, 
 in so many directions, arise in London. Thus, either 
 Whitbread's, Reid's, or Barclay's Brewery will af* 
 ford a high gratification; and the Gas Light Manufaci* 
 tories, either in Brick Lane, Peter Street, or Dorset 
 Street, astonish all beholders by the magnitude of their 
 operations. Any Printing Office which employs a 
 Steam Engine is also worthy of a visit ; and the Gla^s 
 Manufactories and Shot Works, near BLACKFRiAB3t* 
 Beidge, and a great many others claim attention. 
 
TWELVE DAYS PERAMBULATION. 415 
 
 Twelfth Day, 
 
 This Day's excursion may be passed in the north-west 
 quarter of the metropolis, where are the New Churches 
 of St. Mary-Le-Bone, St. Pancras, Langham Place, 
 Regent Street, &;c. A Sunday, of coarse, would be the 
 most eligible for this excursion, when the walk bein^ ex* 
 tended to the Regent's Park, the stranger may visit Prim- 
 rose Hill and Hampstead, which, with the neighbouring 
 fields, are frequently thronged towards evening with com- 
 pany, to enjoy the healthful breezes and the pleasing pros- 
 pects that peculiarly distinguish the northern environs of 
 London. 
 
 Or the Eleventh and Twelfth Days might be occupied 
 in a Tour to see the Royal Palaces in the environs. Passing 
 from Piccadilly through Kensington and Hammersmith 
 we reach Chiswick : pass the Duke of Devonshire's villa, 
 and then over Kew Green to Richmond: there walk 
 through the Gardens or on the river side. Spend an hour 
 on Richmond Hill ; refresh at the Star and Garter, the 
 Castle, or the Talbot. Proceed over Richmond Bridge to 
 Twickenham, Teddington, and Bushy Park, to Hampton 
 Court, this whole district being the glory of Middlesex, 
 
 Hampton Court Palace, with the Garden and Maze, merits 
 an accurate survey. Proceed through Hampton, Staines, 
 and Egham, across Runny-mede, by the old romantic site 
 of Windsor church-yard, where, in passing, the monument 
 of the beautiful Mrs. Robinson will catch the eye. Pro- 
 ceed to New Windsor. Next morning, the Castle and 
 Parks may employ several pleasant hours, taking directions 
 from the landlords or booksellers in the town. The return 
 to London may be varied through Eton, Slough, Houn- 
 slow, and Brentford, or from Slough to Stoke-Pogis, once 
 the residence of Gray, and the scene of his Elegy, written 
 in a Country Church-Yard. At Slough, the scientific ob- 
 server may be gratified by the inspection of Dr. Herschell*s 
 telescopes, upon apphcation. Or, returning by Uxbri(%e 
 and Harrow-on-the-Hill, the homeward route will include 
 thirty miles, throughout which beauties of no common 
 order will excite pleasure iii the most listless or inatten- 
 tive traveller. 
 
416 HCTURE OF LONDON 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 A Diary of the Public Spectacles, Amusements, S^c. of 
 London; indicating most of the Objects deserving of 
 Notice throughout the Year^nearly in the Qvder in which 
 
 they 
 
 occur. 
 
 tit The *, after the Day of the Month, denotes, that the particular day iS 
 not fixed, 
 
 JANUARY. 
 
 6 TWELFTH-DAY; the Bishop of London makes an offering of gold, 
 frankincense, and myrrh, at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, where 
 public worship is then performed, with the assistance of musical per- 
 formers of the first rate talents. 
 The Confectioners' and Pastry-cooks' shops furnish an exhibition of 
 rich Twelfth cakes, with illuminations, in the evening, 
 
 2G* The lectures commence at the Royal Institution, by Mr. Brande, on 
 Chemistry, Galvanism, &c,, with various lectures in difierent branched 
 of ."science and the Arts. 
 Lectures are also in course of delivery, at this period, at all the Hospi- 
 tals, and at the houses of many medical men, on Medicine, Surgery, 
 Chemistry, Botany, &c. 
 
 N. B. In the course of this and the ensuing five months, Masque- 
 rades are occasionally held at the Opera House and the Argyle Rooms, ' 
 always previously advertised in the Newspapers. Admission 10^. 6t/., 
 1/. Is. and 2/. 2s. ; and dresses may be hired at the masquerade ware- 
 houses, from 5s. to 21. 2s. each. 
 
 23* Hilary Terra begins. On this, and the first day of every term, the 
 Judges breakfast with the Lord Chancellor, and thence go in proces- 
 sion to Westminster Hall, to open the courts, where they arrive 
 about twelve o'clock. 
 The Gresham Lectures, on various Sciences, are delivered daily, during 
 the several Terms, in the Royal Exchange, at noon in Latin, and at 
 t)ne o'clock in English ; open to the public, gratis. 
 
 30 King Charles's Decapitation ; the House of Lords go in procession to 
 Westminster Abbey, to attend divine service; the Commons to St. 
 Margaret's Church. 
 Every Sunday evening, from Christmas to Raster, the boys at Christ** 
 Hospital sing an anthem, and sup in public at six o'clock. An intro- 
 duction to this interesting sight may be procured from any of the nu. 
 merous governors of the Hospital. 
 Every Sunday, during the year, service is performed at the Magdalen, at 
 a quarter past eleven o'clock in the morning, and a quarter past six 
 in the evening, and at the Asylum and Foundling Hospitals. 
 These places are much frequented, and highly interesting to strangers^ ;; 
 both from the celebrity of the preachers, and the excellence of the I 
 music. I 
 
DIARY OF AMUSEMENTS. 417 
 
 FEBRUARY. 
 
 The concert of Ancient music usually commences early this month at 
 the rotwns in Hanover Square. 
 
 6* Anniversary of the Society for discharging persons confined for small 
 debts. Craven Street, Strand. 
 
 7* Concert for the benefit of the Choral Fund, Theatre Royal, Hay- 
 market. 
 
 12* Hilary Term ends; after which, as at the end of every term, the sit- 
 tings commence for the trial of causes, the first day at Westminster- 
 Hall, the next at Guildhall, in the City ; they then recommence at 
 Westminster, continuing till all the business is finished, and after- 
 wards again proceed to Guildhall, and continue till the business is 
 concluded. 
 
 19* The British Gallery, Pall-Mall, opens for the exhibition ^nd sale of the 
 works of British Artists 
 
 22* The Lectures on Paint'ng commence at the Royal Academy, Somerset 
 Place. Admission gratis, by tickets to be had of the academicians. 
 During Lent, on Wednes *ay and Friday evenings, Oratorios are per- 
 formed at Covent Garden and Drury Lane Theatres. 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 1 St David's Day, Anniversary of the Welch Charity, the governors 
 of which, after service at St. Andrew's church, Holborn, dine at 
 the Freemasons' Tavern. 
 
 4 Anniversary of the Marine Society, at the London Tavern. 
 
 7 St. Patrick's Day, Anniversary of the Benevolent Society of St. Patrick, 
 at the Crown and Anchor. ' 
 
 N. B. Most of the public Anniversary Dinners are, either on the 
 same day, or on the previous Sunday, preceded by a sermon by 
 some eminent preacher, which is announced in the morning news- 
 papers. The admission to the dinners is by tickets, to be had of 
 the stewards, or at the bar of the tavern, usually at 155. or li. is. 
 each. 
 Maunday Thursday. His Majesty's bounty is this day distributed to 
 
 the poor at W^hitehall Chapel, by his Majesty's almoner. 
 Every morning about ten o'clock, a })ieasing military spectacle is dis. " 
 played on the Parade, behind the Horse Guards, where the stranger 
 will be entertained with a concert of martial n^usic. 
 
 30* Anniversary of the Asylum for Female Orphans, at the Freemasons* . 
 Tavern. 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 5* Anniversary of the Society for the Refuge of the Destitute. 
 
 7* Ditto of the Freemasons' Charity, for educating female children, at 
 
 the Crown and Anchor. 
 10* Ditto of the Institution for the education of the Deaf and Dumb, 
 who are taught to speak and read articulately, write, &c., held at 
 the London Tavern. 
 
 On Easttr Monday and Tuesday the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, &c. go in 
 state to Christ Church, and attend divine service; after which, on 
 Monday a grand dinner is given at the Mansion House, and a splen- 
 did and numerously attended ball in the evening. Tickets obtained 
 of the Lord Mayor. 
 
 On Easter Monday, the following Summer Theatres open : — Sadler's 
 W'ells, Asileys Amphitheatre, the Surrey Theatre, the Olympic, 
 the Cobourg, &c. 
 
 Easter Monday and Tuesday are days of great amusement and revelry 
 m Grt^enwich Park, and these revels deserve notice as spccimens- 
 q( national manners. 
 
418 , PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 18* Exhibition opens of the Painters in Water Colours, Pall Mall East. 
 
 £1* Anniversary of the Society of the Friends of Foreigners in Distress, at 
 the City of London Tavern. 
 
 2S St George's Day, the day on which his Majcsty^s Birth-day is kept 
 His Majesty's tradesmen's houses are illuminated ; and the mail 
 coaches, with the guards and coachmen in their new liveries, 
 make a pleasing display in going in procession to the Post Olfice. 
 On this day, the Society of Antiquaries has its Anniversary Din- 
 ner, at Freemasons' Hall. 
 Easter Term begins the third Wednesday after Easter Sunday, antf 
 
 lasts twenty-six days. 
 In this and the three next months, every day, but particularly on Sun- 
 days, from two o'clock till five, Hyde Park is a great resort of per- 
 fion.«5 on foot, horseback, and in carriages. Kensington Gardens form 
 also, during the same time, a fashionable promenade, unequalled per- 
 haps in any part of Europe. 
 On the first Sunday of Easter Term, the Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, and^ 
 Judges, go in state to St. Paul's Church, and afterwards partake ot& 
 grand dinner at the Mansion House. 
 
 MAY. 
 
 I On this, and the two following days the Chimney-sweepers parade the 
 
 streets, dressed in fantastic finery, and form whimsical groups. 
 £* Clerical Levees commence at Lambeth Palace every Saturday. 
 
 The Annual Exhibition of the Royal Academy commences at Somerset 
 
 Place about this time, and continues open eight or nine weeks, 
 i* Anniversary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, New London • 
 
 Tavern. 
 Anniversary of the Boyal Humane Society, at the City of London 
 
 Tavern. After dinner there is a most interesting procession of the 
 
 persons who have been restored to animation. 
 5* Ditto of the Philanthropic Society, Crown and Anchor. 
 7* Anniversary of the Magdalen Charity. 
 
 II Grand Feast of the Freemasons at their Hall, Great Queen Street. 
 
 The Anniversary public Meeting and Dinner of the Literary Fundf 
 at the Freemasons' Tavern, the 2d Wednesday in May. 
 12* The Anniversary of the Sons of the Clergy is held at St Paul's, where 
 a fine concert of sacred music is performed, and afterwards there is 
 a dinner at Merchant Tailors' Hall. Tickets are to be had of various 
 booksellers. 
 13* Ditto of the Foundling Hospital. 
 
 Ditto of the Sea Bathing Infirmary at Margate. 
 16* Annual Benefit Concert of the Royal Society of Musicians, 'at the King's 
 
 " Theatre. 
 19* Anniversary of the Asylum. 
 23* Eton Anniversary, Crown and Anchor. 
 
 25* On the last Tuesday of this month, the medals and rewards are oistri- . 
 buted to successful candidates by the Society of Arts, at their grand 
 room in the Adelphi, and the sight is one of the most pleasing af- 
 forded by the metropolis. Any member can introduce his friends ; or 
 admission maybe obtained by strangers, on application to the secre- 
 tary. 
 Anniversaryofthe Pitt Club. 
 Whit- Monday and Tuesday, the revels at Greenwich are repeated as at 
 
 Easter, and are equally interesting. 
 •iDrinity Term commences the first Friday after Trinity Sunday, and 
 lasts three weeks. 
 
ftlAKY or AMUSEMENTS. 419 
 
 JUNE. 
 Vauxhall usually opens early in this month. 
 
 The Thursday before Whit-Sunday, the Charity Children ef the me, 
 tropolis unite and attend divine service at St. Paul's Church, to the 
 number of about 8000, and form tlie grandest and most interesting 
 spectacle of its kind afforded by any nation in the world. 
 2* Anniversary dinner of the Naval Asylum for the Support and Educa* 
 tion of the Orphans and Children of British Sailors and Marines, 
 London Tavern 
 11* Anniversary of the Friends of the Indigent Bliml. 
 JL5* Astley's Annual Prize Wherry rowed for at Westminster Jfoi^, 
 aboat four in the afternoon. 
 
 JULY. 
 3* Silver Cup and Cover, given by the proprietors of Vauxhall Gar- 
 dens, sailed for by gentlemen's i)leasure-boats. 
 . 9* The Exhibition atthe Royal Academy closes. 
 21* The Opera House closes, 
 
 30* Wherry rowed fox-, given by the proprietcws of Vauxhall. 
 31* The British Museum shuts for two months. 
 
 In this month, the Parliament is generally prorogued. The proces- 
 sion from St. James's to Palace Yard and back, and the delivery of 
 the speech in the House of Lord.s, as well at the close as at the open- 
 ing of parliament, are objects of proper curiosity. 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 1 Coat and Badge, bequeathed by Dogget, a player, annually rowed 
 for by six watermen, in the first year after serving their apprentice- 
 ship. 
 
 30* Vauxhall closes. 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 3 Bartholomew Fair begins, and is a popular spectacle, for four days, for 
 
 the lower and middling classes of society. 
 14* Drury Lane and Covent Garden Theatres open. For about three 
 
 weeks they perform alternately, each three nights a- week, then for 
 
 some time each four nights, till the expiration of six weeks, when 
 
 they play every night. 
 15 The Hayinarket Theatre closes. 
 16* Annual Rowing Match at Deptford. 
 21 The Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, and Aldermen, attend a sermon at Christ 
 
 Church, after which, at Christ's Hospital, two orations are delivered 
 
 in the hall, between one and two o'clock. The hall is open to the 
 
 public. 
 23* Annual Rowing Match at Greenwich. 
 
 28 The new Sheriffs are sworn in at Guildhall, after which they go in state 
 
 to the Hall of the Senior Sheriff", and partake of a grand dinner, 
 
 29 The Lord Mayor is elected at Guildhall, and the old Lord Mayor gpves 
 
 the new one a grand dinner at the Mansion House. 
 ^ The new Sheriffs go to Westminster Hall to be accepted by the King. 
 The procession takes place by and to Blackfriars' Bridge, and thence, 
 by water in the City State barges, to Westminster, where tl>e cere- 
 mony and procession are worthy of notice. On this day the junior of 
 the two Sheriff's entertains the Corporation and his friends with a 
 grand dinner in the Hall of his Company. 
 
420 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 OCTOBER, 
 
 1 The British Museum opens, and may be seen gratis, and without de- 
 lay, from ten till four, upon application. 
 5* The Surrey Theatre, Astley's Amphitheatre, the Cobourg Theatre, and 
 Sadler's Wells, close. The East London Theatre generally opens. 
 
 NOVEMBER 
 6* Michaelmas Term begins. 
 
 7* The Lectures on Anatomy at the Royal Academy begm, and are 
 delivered every Monday. Tickets may be obtained from the Aca- 
 demicians. 
 9 Lord Mayor's Day. A grand procession from Guildhall to Black- 
 friars' Bridge, and thence, by water, in the City State and Companies' 
 barges, to Westminster, where the new Lord Mayor is sworn in be- 
 fore the Lord Chief Baron. After which, the procession returns by 
 water to Blickfriars' Bridge, and by land, up Ludgate Hill, to Guild- 
 hall. A magnificent dinner is given to about 1300 persons, at the 
 joint expense of the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, and is served up at 
 Guildhall, to which admission is to be had by tickets from the 
 Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, or their Committee. The different City 
 Companies have also dinners at their respective Halls. The Guild- 
 hall dinner costs 30001, and the whole of the public dinners given 
 in the City of London, on this day, by the several Companies, do 
 not cost less than 20 0001. 
 €8 Michaelmas Term ends. 
 30 Royal Society's Anniversary Meeting. 
 
 St. Andrew's Day. Anniversary of the Scotch Corporation for the 
 relief of Indigent Scotchmen, at the London Tavern. 
 
 DECEMBER. 
 
 4* Anniversary of the Society for promoting Religious Knowledge, at the 
 
 London Tavern. 
 9* One of Terence's Comedies performed at Westminster School. 
 
 20* The Annual Show of Prize Cattle, Sheep, &c. in Goswell Street, with 
 dinners at the Crown and Anchor, which are attended by the prin- 
 cipal Agriculturists from every part of the United Kingdom. 
 
 Si St. Thomas's Day. On this day the Common Council of London are 
 elected, and at one o'clock, they are put in nomination at their 
 several Wardmotes, where there is often much controversy and pub- 
 lic speaking, as well among the Candidates as the Electors. 
 
 25 Christmas Day. This Day is celebrated with fine Music at many 
 Public Chapels. 
 
 *^* Additions or Connections to this Article^ from Pub^ 
 lie Bodies, or other Persons whom it may concerUy will be 
 thankfully received, addressed to the Publishers, 
 
421 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 Alphabetical Enumeration of the principal Towns y Villages^ 
 remarkable Seats, dfc, near London. 
 
 ACTON, a village in Middlesex, five miles W. from London, on the 
 road to Ux bridge. 
 
 ADDINGTON, a small village in Surrey, is adorned with some gentle- 
 men's seats. 
 
 ADDISCOMBE PLACE, near Croydon, was formerly the mansion of 
 the late Earl of Liverpool; after whose death, in 1809, it was purchased 
 by the East India Company, and converted into a seminary for the educa- 
 tion of Cadets, for military service in H.ndostan. 
 
 AM WELL, a village in Herts, two miles S. S. K from Ware, 21 miles 
 from London. Mr. Hoole, the translator of Tasso ; Walton, the angler j 
 and the poel, " Sco:t of Amwell," resided here. 
 
 AKNO'S GROVE, atSouthgate, Middlesex, the seat of John Walker, 
 Ev«q. Here are painted ceilings,Etruscan antiquities, &c. 
 
 ASHFOKD, Middlesex, a village, about two miles from Staines. 
 
 ASHKIDGE PARK, near Little Gaddesden, Herts, is the noble do- 
 main of the late Earl of Bridgewater, who has built a splendid mansion 
 here in the gothic style. 
 
 BARKING, a market town in Essex, seven miles R from London, on 
 -the river Roding, which fails into the Thames. In this parish was the ce- 
 lebrated Fairlop Oak, which stood in Hainault Forest 
 
 BARNES, a village in Surrey, on the banks of the Thames, six miles 
 W. from London 
 
 BARN-ELMS, so called from its majestic trees, the theme of many a 
 pastoral poet. It consists of two houses only. The first an ancient man- 
 sion, called Queen Hizabeths Dairy : in this house lived and died Jacot 
 Tonson, the bookseller. In the gallery Tonson placed the portraits of all 
 the members of a club, called the Kit Cat Club, which were painted by 
 'Sir Godfrey Kneller These portraits now belong to William Baker, 
 Esq. M. P. of Bayfordbury, Herts j the whole have been engraved, and a 
 'very interesting account of all the v)arties in them, has been written by A. A, 
 Watts, the accomplished poet. Sir Francis Walsingham, and the unfor- 
 tunate Earl of Essex, who married his daughter (the widow of Sir Philip 
 S.dney), resided frequently at Barn-Elms. 
 
 BARNET, a market-town in Herts, eleven milesN. from London, on the 
 top of a h.ll, when;.-e t is called High Barnet. Barnetis remarkable fro.n 
 'being the site of the decisive battle fought between the houses of York 
 'and Lancaster, in li71, in which the great Earl of Warwick was slain. 
 
 BAT TERSE A, a village in Surrey, on the banks of the Thames, four 
 miles S. from London, remarkable as the birth-place of Henry St. John, 
 Viscount Boiingbroke, who died here in 1751. Part of his mansion left 
 -standing forms a dwelling-house, one of the parlours of which is lined 
 with cedar, beautifully inlaid, and was the favourite study of Pope. 
 
 BEACONSFIELD, Bucks, six miles W. of Uxbridge. Here is Hall 
 Bam, once the seat of Edmund Waller, the poet. Here also resided the 
 celebrated Edmund Burke, who lies interred in the parish church. 
 •^' 0- 
 
122 TOWNS, VI tX AGES, &C, 
 
 KECKENHAM, a village near Bromley, in Kent, nine miles & from 
 London. 
 
 BELVEDERE HOUSE, the seat of Lord Eardley, is situated on the 
 brow of a hill, nc-ar Erith, in Kent, and commands a vast extent of coun- 
 try north of the Thames. 
 
 BENTLEY PRIORY, ^ Middlesex, three miles S. E. from Watford. 
 The magnificent seat of the Marquis of Abercorn is situated' on the sum- 
 mit of Stanmore Hill. Here is a neat theatre. 
 
 BLACKHEATH, Kent, five miles S E. from London, is a fine elevated 
 tr.ict of open commou. On this heath is the villa of the Princess Sophia of 
 Gloucest£r, as Ranger of Greenwich Park. 
 
 BOW, or STRATFORD LE-BOW, a village in Middlesex, two miles 
 to the E. of Lon ion, on the great Essex Road. Here is a bridge over the 
 river Lea, said to have been built by Matilda, Queen of Henry L, and 
 commonly said to be the first stone bridge erected in England. 
 
 EOXHILL, two miles N. E. from Dorking, in Surrey, received its name 
 from thii box-trees planted on the south side of it, by the Earl of Arundd, 
 in the reign of Charles L 
 
 BRENTFORD, a market town in Middlesex, seven miles W. from Lon- 
 don, has its naiTie from a brook, called the Brent, Here, in 1016, King 
 Edmund Ironside overcame the Danes with great slaughter ; and here, "n 
 1642, Charles I. defeated some forces of the Parliamentarians. 
 
 BRENTWOOD, a market-town in Essex, upon a fine eminence, on the 
 road to Harwich, eighteen miles E. from London : within two miles S. is 
 Thorndon Hall, the magnificent seat of Lord Petre, in which is a fi le col- 
 lection of paintings. 
 
 BRIXTON CAUSEWAY, Surrey, three miles S. from London, con- 
 sists of a great number of new houses, and a new church. 
 
 BROCKET HALL, Herts, three miles N. W. from Hatfield, the mag- 
 nificent seat of Lord Melbourne. 
 
 BROMLEY, a market town in Kent, nine miles and three-quarters S.E. 
 from London, on the road to Tunbrid^/e. Here is a palace of the Bisliopa of 
 Rochester. 
 
 BROMLEY, a village near Bow, in Middlesex, two miles and a half E. 
 from London. 
 
 BROMPTON, Middlesex, one mile and a half S. W. from London, is a 
 hamlet of Kensington, adjoining Knightsbridge, said to be remarkable 
 for the salubrity of its air. 
 
 BULSTRODE, Bucks, three miles S. E. from Beaconsfield, was the seai 
 of the l.ite Duke (f Portland, and, since his decease, has been purchased 
 by the Duke of Somerset. 
 
 BUSH HILL, Miudlesex, three quarters of a mile S. W. from Enfield,a 
 delightful spot in the parish of Edmonton, eight miles from London, where 
 is Bu h Hill Park, the seat of William Mellish, Esq. M. P. 
 
 BUSHY, a village, one mile S. E. from Watford, in Herts, adjoining 
 which is a spacious common, called Bushy Heath, extending towards 
 Stanmore. 
 
 BUSHY PARK, a royal park, near Hampton Court, Middlesex, seven 
 miles E. from Staines, is well stocked with deer, and is the residence of 
 H. R. H. the Duke of Clarence, as Ranger. 
 
 CAMBER WELL, in Surrey, two miles S of London, is an extensive 
 
 ?ar:sh, including the populous and respectable hamlets of Peckham and 
 )ulwich 
 
 CAMDEN TOWN, a modern built hamlet, in the j^arish of St. Pancras, 
 on the Hampstead Road. Near it, towards the E., is situated the Veteri- 
 nary College, instituted in 1791, for the improvement of Farriery and Ve.- 
 terinary Medicine. It was founded in 17yi, when Mr. Charles St. Bel, a 
 Frenchman, was made Professor of the Veterinary Art; on which he deli- 
 vered lectures to pupils from various parts of the kingdom. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Mr. Edward Coleman. The buildings of this establishment art 
 exteusive and convenient, includin|r an infirmary for gick horses, nod 
 
NEAR LONDON. 4£5 
 
 h theatre for dissections and lectures. The college is principally supported 
 by subscription ; but liberal assistance has been repeatedly afforded by 
 I'arliament. 
 
 CAMDEN PLACE, nearChislehurst, in Kent, was the seat of the first 
 I x>rd Camden, and since belonged to Thomson Bonar, E^^q., who, together 
 with his wife, was so strangely and inhumanly murdered by his servant, in 
 1813. 
 
 CAMPDEN HOUSE, near Kensington, now a boarding school, was 
 ereotedin lHl'.i, by Sir Baptist Hickes, created Viscount Campdcn. It was 
 the residence of Queen Anne, when Princess of Denmark. 
 
 CANONS, Middlesex, adjoining Edgeware, eight miles N. W.from Lon- 
 Ccw. On the site of this villa rose and vanished, in the last century ,the pa- 
 lace erected by the first Duke of Cliandos, whose prince'y spirit was such, 
 th'it the people in this neiglibonrhood still style him, '* the Grand Duke." 
 
 CARSHALTON, a village in Surrey, eleven miles S. from London, .s 
 s'luated in a flat tract of ground r.bf linding with springs, which col.ect 
 inlo a river near the centre ot the place. 
 
 CARSHALTON PARK is the seat of George Taylor Esq. ; and Car. 
 sknlfon House xvaahuih by the famous Dr. Ratclitfe, who died there JSo- 
 vember 1st, 1714'. 
 
 CASHIOBUHY PARK, ne.ir Watford, in H^rts, fifteen miles N. W. 
 from London, where is said to have been a residence of the Kini^s of Mer- 
 cia, is now the seat of the Earl of Essex. 
 
 CHARLTON, a village in Kent, two miles S. from Woolwich, on the 
 edge of Blackheath, is famed for a fair on St. Luke's day, called Horn Fair, 
 at which tliemob decorate their heads with horns, and all kinds of horn 
 goods are sold. 
 
 CHESHUNT, a village in Hertfordshire, once a market town, thirteen 
 miles N. N. E. from London. At Cheshunt, in the dtciine of life, Richard 
 C romwcll, the Protector, spent many years. He assumed the name of 
 Clark, and first resicied, in -1680, in a house near tiie church ; and here he 
 died, in 1712, in his 88th year, enjoying a good state of health to the last. 
 Oliver Cromwell, Esq., lineal descendant of the Protector, has built an ele- 
 gant house here, called Cheshunt Park. 
 
 CHEVENING, a village in Kent, twenty-one miles S. from I^ndon. 
 Here is a seat which belonged to the late Earl Stanhope, who died in 1816. 
 
 CHINGFORD, a village in Essex, five miles S. from Waltham Abbey. 
 
 CHISLEHUltST, a village near Bromley, in Kent, eleven miles and a 
 quarter S. E. from London. 
 
 CLAPHAM, a village in Surrey, three miles S. from London, con- 
 taining many hrindsome bouses surrounding an open common. 
 
 COBHAAI, a village in Surrey, niueteon miles S. of London, near 
 which IS Cobhatn Park, the seat of" the late Harvey Christian Combe, Esq. 
 
 COBHAM, a village in Kent, twenty-five miles E. S. E. of London, 
 in the vicinity of which is Cobhani Hall, now the property of the Earl of 
 Darnley ; formerly the seat of the ancient family of Cobham, for many 
 individuals belonging to which there are monuments in the parish 
 chur;-h. 
 
 COOPER'S HILL, in Surrey, the subject of a poem by Denhara, is si- 
 tuated in the jiarish of Egham, on the right of the road from London. 
 
 COLNBROOK, a town six miles W. of Hounslow. 
 
 COWLEY, a village in Middlesex, one mile from Uxbridge. 
 
 CK AN FORD PARK, on the north of Hounslow Heath, the seat of the 
 Berkelev family. 
 
 CRaYFORD, a town in Kent, thirteen miles E. of London. 
 
 CROYDON, a market town on Surrey, on the edge of Banstead Downs, 
 nine miles and a half S. from London. 
 
 . CULLAND'S GROVE, Southgate, Middlesex, the seat of Sir William 
 Curtis, Bart. M. P., which has been much improved by its present pro- 
 pri^^tor. 
 
 O 2 
 
424 TOWNS, VILLAGES, &C. 
 
 DARTFORD, a'market town in Kent, fifteen miles E. of JU>ndon, on. 
 the great Eastern road to Dover, &c. 
 
 DEN HAM, Bucks, a village two miles from Ux bridge. 
 
 DENMARK HILL, a fine eminence near Cauiberwell, Surrey, on the 
 road !rom that village to Dulvvich. 
 
 DROPMORE HILL, a receiitly-built villa of Lord Grenville, at Burn^ 
 ham, in Buckinghamshire. 
 
 EALING, a parish in Middlesex, situated near the road to Uxl ridge, 
 about seven miles W. from London : within half a mila of whi(;h is Castle 
 Hill Lodge, a seat of the late Duke of Kent. 
 
 EDGEWARE, a market town, eight miles K W. from London, on the 
 road (the ancient "Watling Street) to St Alban's. 
 
 EDMONTON, a village in Middlesex, seven miles E. from London, on 
 the roHd to Ware, &c. 
 
 ELSTREE, a village in Herts, eleven miles N. N. W. from London, in 
 the road from Edgeware to St. Alban's. 
 
 ELTHAM, aniarket town in Kent, eight miles S. from London, on the 
 road to Maidstone. In the polacey of which there are some curious' remains, 
 Edward II. frequently resided. H's Queen was here delivered of 'i sun, 
 who had the name of John of Eltham ; possibly from this circumstance it- 
 is improperly called King John's Palace; unless it obtained this appellation 
 from the sumptuous entertainment given here by Edward III. to the cap- 
 tive King John of France. Succeeding princes,' particulary Henry VIL, 
 enlarged and improved this palace ; but it was neglected after Greenwich 
 became the favourite country residence of the monarch. 
 
 ENFIELD, a town in IVIiddlesex, ten miles east from London, was 
 famed for its Chase, a large tract of woodland, fiMed with deer. 
 
 EPPING, a town in Essex, sixteen miles E. from London. 
 
 EPPING FOREST, a royal chase, extending from Epping almost to- 
 liOndon, was anciently a very extensive district, and, under the name of 
 the Forest of Es:-ex, including a great part of that county. 
 
 EPSOM, properly Ebbesham, a town in Surrey, fourteen miles S.S.W. 
 from London. 
 
 ESH ER PLACE was anciently one of the seats of the prelates of Win- . 
 Chester, being built by Bishop Wainfleete, and greatly imi)roved by Car- 
 dinal Wolsey, when he held that see, in conjunction with those of York and 
 Durham. 
 
 frrON, a village on the banks of the Thames, in Bucks, opposite Windsor, 
 from which it is separated by a bridge, was in ancient times, as it is still, ; 
 famed for its royal college and school. 
 
 FINXHLEYJ a village in Middlesex, seven miles N. N. W. from Lon- 
 don, near the road to St. Albans. 
 
 FLAMBARDS, near Harrow, the seat of Lord Northwick, containing 
 some very valuable ))aintings. 
 
 FOOTS CRAY, a village tv/elve miles S. E. of London, near which are 
 several gentlemen's seats, and one which belonged to the late Marquess of 
 Londonderrv. 
 
 FROGMOKE HOUSE, Berkshire, half a mile from Windsor, purchased 
 by her late Mijesty, who made very considerable additions to the house and 
 gardens In ciffl'rent parts of the grounds, Gothic temples, rural huts, 
 &c. have been erected. The grounds were laid out, and the ornamental 
 improvements elfected, imder the directions of the Princess Ehzabetb, 
 and the late Major Price, brother of Uvedale Price, Esq. Ne.ir tlxi house is 
 the late Queen's Dairy, commended for its neatness and simpbciiy. 
 
 FULHaM, a village of Middlesex, four miles S. W. from London, is 
 situated on the Thames, opposite Putney, with which it is connected by a 
 wooden bridge, built in 1729. The Bishop of London has a palace here. 
 
 GATTON, in Surrey, two miles and three quarters N. E. from Reigate, 
 was formerly a very populous place, but is now only a poor village. 
 
NEAR LONDOX. 425 
 
 GORH AMBURY HOUSE, Herts, the seat of Lord Viscount Grimston, 
 built between 1778 and 1785, under the direction of Sir Robert Taylor. 
 Here is a fine collection of pictures. 
 
 GROVE PARK, two miles N.W. of Watford, in Hertfordshire, the 
 seat of the Eiirl of Clarendon. The principal apartments contain a va- 
 luable co^^cction of original portraits. 
 
 GRAVESEN'D, in Kent, the first port arrived at on the Thames, east 
 of London, from which it is twenty-two miles. Gravesend packets leave 
 London every tide, and the fare is but 1*. 6d. There are also Steam 
 packets, of which the fares are 2s. and 3s. 
 
 GREENHITHE, in Kent, three miles N. E. from Dartford, a hamlet of 
 Swanscom'oe, on the Thames, has a horse-ferry to West Thurrock, in Essex. 
 
 HACKNEY, Middlesex, a large and ])opulous village, two miles N. E. 
 from London. The parish has several hamlets, among which are Upper 
 and Lower Clapton, on the north ; Dalston, Shacklewell, and King^land 
 on the west ; an<l Homerton on the east. 
 
 HADLEY, a village in Middlesex, three quarters of a mile N N. E. 
 from Bar net. 
 
 HAINAULT FOREST, adjoining Epping Forest, in Essex, two miles 
 and a half N. E. from W^oodford : in tlis forest, about a mile from Barking, 
 side, stood an oak, which was known through many centuries by the name 
 of Fairlop Oak, and under which an annual fair was held on the first Fri- 
 day in July. The oak was blown down in the beginning of 1820 ; but the 
 fair is still continued. 
 
 HAM, EAST, a village in Essex, half a mile E. from Barking, is pecu- 
 Jarly noted for the growth of vast quantities of potatoes and other vege- 
 tables for the supply of the metroix>lis. 
 
 H.aM, WEST, a village one mile S. of Stratford, in Essex; formerly 
 the residence of Dr. Dodd, who was clergyman of the parish. 
 
 H.AM COMMON, a village in Surrey, one mile and a half N. from 
 Kii.gvton, to which it is a hamlet. 
 
 HAM HOUSE, one mile and a half N. of Kingston, in Surrey, the seat of 
 the Earl of Dysart. Here are ceilings painted by Verrio ; and some fine 
 pictures l-.v oh! masters. 
 
 HAMMERSMITH, a village in Middlesex, four miles W. from London, 
 on the great western road, which, with Brook Green, Pallenswick, or Stan- 
 brook Green, Bush (rreen, and Shepherd's Bush, form the Hammersmith 
 division, or side, as it is termed, of the parish of Fulham. The first stone of 
 a new bridge across the Thames, was laid hereon the 7lh of May, 1825. 
 
 H ANWELL, a village eight miles W. from London, on the road to Ux- 
 bridge. 
 
 HANWORTH PARK, in Middlesex, three miles and a half S. W. from 
 Hounslow, lately the seat of the Duke of St. Alban's, was a favourite palace 
 ©f Henry VIII. 
 
 HAREFIELD, in Middlesex, four miles N. E. of Uxbridge, at which 
 is Gush Wells, the late residence of J. Hunt, Esq. Here is a fine organ, 
 which p^ays by the movement of a water-wheel. 
 
 HARROW ON THE HILL, in Middlesex, ten miles N. W. from Lon. 
 don, on the highest hill in the county. It has a celebrated grammar school, 
 at which many eminent men have been educated. 
 
 HATFIELD HOUSE, Herts, adjoining Hatfield, was, in ancient times, 
 part of the revenue of the Saxon princes. It was alienated to the crown 
 in the reign of Elizabeth, but had been, before that period, an occasional 
 rcn'al residence. James I. exchanged this royal demesne for Theobalds, in 
 Herts, with Sir Robert Cecil, afterwards Earl of Salisbury, who erected 
 the present magnificent seat on the site of the ancient episcopal palace, and 
 it still continues in the possession of the same noble family. Here are many 
 tine paintings. 
 
 HAVERING BOWER, a village in Essex, three miles N. from Rom. 
 ford, in the parish of Homchurch, and liberty of Havering, was a seat of 
 60W6 of our Saxon kings, particularly of F/d^vard the Confessor. 
 L' 3 
 
426 TO^'NS, VILLAGES, <5cC. 
 
 HAYES PLACE, nenr Bromley, in Kent, w?.s the seat of the great 
 £arl of Chatb.am, and the birth-place of his son, the late Right Hon. Wil- 
 liam Pitt, It now belongs to Mrs. Delaney. 
 
 HEDSOR LODGE, Bucks, four miles S. W. from Beaconsfield, the 
 elegant scat of Lord Boston, stands in a lofty situation ne-r Cliefik'n 
 
 HENDON, a villatje in Middlesex, seven miles N. N. W. from London. 
 
 HESTON, one mile N. of Ho-mslow, Middlesex ; a village famous for 
 the excellence of the wheat grown near it. 
 
 HOLLAND HOUSE, Middlesex, the ancient mansion house of the 
 manor of Abbot's Kensington, in the parish of Kensington, Uvo miles 
 from London, having from the public road a most venerable appearance. 
 It is the seat of Lord Holland. 
 
 HOLLOW AY, Upper and Lower, two hamlets in the parish of Isling- 
 ton, rapidly increasing in houses and population. 
 
 HORNSEY a village in Middlesex, five miles north from London. 
 
 HOUNSLOW, a market town of Middlesex, nine milfs and three quar- 
 ters W^. from London. It stands on the edge of the heath of the same name, 
 on which are some extensive powder mills on a branch of the river Coin. 
 
 HOXTON, Middlesex, a village in the parish of Shoreditch, formerly 
 quite distinct from, but now joined to themetro])olis. 
 
 TLFORD, Essex, six miles from London, on the road to Romford. 
 
 ISLE OF DOGS, a part of Poplar Marsh, on the north side of the 
 Thames, in Middlesex. When our sovereigns had a palace at Greenwich, 
 they had here a hunting s^eat, and, it is said, kept the kennels of their 
 hounds in this marsh ; from which circumstance the seamen first called 
 the place the Isle of Dogs. 
 
 ISLEWORTH, a village in Middlesex, on the Thames, eight miles and a 
 half W. from London. In this neighbourhood are some fine seats, particu- 
 larly Sion House, belonging to the Duke of Northumberland. 
 
 ISLINGTON, a considerable village N. of London, to which it is now^ 
 an ted. The parish contains, besides the village, the hamlets of Holloway,' 
 Kingsland Green, and part of Newington Green. 
 
 IVER, Bucks, a neat village, standing on a hill, three miles S. W. of Ux- * 
 bridge, famous for fine trout streams. 
 
 KENNINGTON, Surrey, one of the eight precincts of Lambeth A new 
 church was erected on Kennington Common in 1824, on the very spot 
 where the famous Jerry Abershaw was executed. 
 
 KENTISH TOWN, Middlesex, a village in the parish of St. Pancras, 
 three miles N. from London, between London and Hamps(e;id, containing 
 several handsome houses. The buildings have been greatly increased of 
 late years. 
 
 KiLBOURN, a village of Middlesex, two miles and a half N. W from 
 London, in the parish of Hampstead, is famed for a fine spring of mineral 
 water, belonging to a tea-drinking house, called Kilbourn Wells. 
 
 KINGST.>>N UPON THAMES, a market town in Surrey, eleven miles 
 and a h:ilf S. W. from London is, as its name implies, situated on the 
 banks of the Thames, over which is a wooden bridge to Hampton Wick. 
 
 KNIGHTSBRIDGE, Middlesex, the first village on the great western 
 road, now united to the metropolis. 
 
 LALEH.AM, a beautiful village on the banks of the Thcxmes, between 
 Shepperton and Staines, where Lord Lucan has a villa. 
 
 LAYTONSTONE,along village in Essex, west of Wanstead. 
 
 LEATHEHHEAD, a very pleasant and picturesque village in Surrey, 
 four miles S W. of Epsom. 
 
 LEE, a rural village in Kent, six miles S. from London, on theS. side of 
 Blackhe:ith,and on the road to Maidstone. 
 
 LEITH HILL, five liiiles W. by S. from Dorking, in Surrey, is ad- 
 mired as affording one of the noblest prospects in Europe; the extent of 
 which includes a circumference of 200 miles. 
 
 LEWISH AM, a pleasant village in Kent, five miles and a half sooth 
 from London, in the rovid to Bromley. 
 
NEAR LONDON. 42 T 
 
 LITTLE LONDON, in Middlesex, in the road to, and a mile and a half 
 from, Uxbridga Here is a fine mansion, most beautifully situated, which 
 was the residence of the late Marchioness of Rockingham. 
 
 LOSELEY PLACE, two miles S. W. of Guildford, the seat of James 
 Moore Molyneux, Esq., where are many good portraits and other pictures. 
 The house ishirge, and is a fine specimen of tiie Elizabethan architecture. 
 
 LOW LaYTOV, a village in Es^cx (which with that of Laytonstone, 
 forms »)ut one parish) on the skins of Epping Forest, five miles and a 
 quarter N. E. from London. 
 
 Mai DA HILL, a new and rapidly increasing hamlet on the Edge- 
 ware road. 
 
 MAHBLE HILL, the villa of the late Earl of Buckinghamshire, at 
 Twickenham, Middlesex, situated on a fine green lawn, open to the 
 Thames. ^ 
 
 MEHTON, a village in Surrey, eight miles S. S. W from London, in the 
 ro.d to Epsom, is seateti on the river Wandle, and was once celebrated 
 for an abbey. Here Lord Nelson resid'd. 
 
 MICKLEH AM,in Surrey, three miles N. from Dorking, a village at the 
 foot of Box Hill, between liatlierhead and Dorking, watered by the p'C- 
 tur.'sque river Mole. 
 
 MILL HILL, a village in Middlesex, in the parish of Hendon, nine 
 miles and a half N. from London. 
 
 MITCH AM, a village in Surrey, eight miles S. S. W. from London, on 
 the road to Reigate. Mitcham Grove is the handsome seat of Henry 
 Hoare, Esq 
 
 MORTLAKE, a village of Surrey, on the Thames, about SQven miles W 
 from London. 
 
 MUSWELL HILL, a hamlet in Middlesex, five miles and a half N. from 
 London . in the parish of Hornsey. 
 
 NEWINGTON, or STOKE NEWINGTON, a village in Middlesex,, 
 two miles and a half north from London, in the road to Edmonton. In the 
 manor-house there, S:r Thomas Abney and Dr. Watts resided for thirty-six 
 years . 
 
 NEWINGTON BUTTS, a vil'age in Surrey, extending from the end of 
 Souihwark to Kennington Common, is said to have received the name of 
 Butts, irom the exercise of archery at butts^ anciently much praciistd 
 tiure. 
 
 NEWINGTON GREEN, a village in Middlesex, between Islington and 
 Stoke Newington, consisting of a handsome square. Here Henry VI IL 
 iiad a Palace. 
 
 NORBURY PARK, in the parish of Mickleham, near Leatherhead,, 
 Surrey, the seat of — Spurdens, Esq. The extent and richness of prospect 
 from this 5eat are highly picturesque and interesting. One of the rooms is 
 painted by Barratt. 
 
 NORWOOD, a village in Surrey, two miles S. from Camberwell, scat- 
 tered round a large wide coram- n, five miles from London, in the parishes 
 of Croydon, Streatham, Lambeth, and Camberwell. Many pleasant seats 
 are in this neighbourhood. 
 
 0.\KS, the villa of the Earl of Derby, on Banstead Downs, between 
 Croy<lon and Dorking, Surrey, was built l>y a soc ety of gentlemen, called 
 tire Hunters' Club, to whom" the land was leased by Mr. Lambert. Lord 
 Derby naving acquired the fee simple of the estate, added, at the west end, 
 a large brick building, with four towers at each corner. 
 
 PAI.N'E'S HILL, Surrey, seven miles and three quarters S. W. from 
 Kingston, the elegant .seat' and celebrated gardens of the late Benjamin 
 Bond Hopkins, Esq., but now of the Earl of Carhampton. 
 . PANSHANGER, in Hertfordshire, the handsome mansion and park of 
 Karl Cowper ; the former of which was enlarged and modernized a few 
 years ago. . 
 - PETERSHAM, a village of Surrey, nine miles and a half S. W. from 
 
428 TOWNS, VILLAGES, &C. 
 
 London, situate on the Thames, in the midst of beautiful scenery. Peter» 
 tkatn Lod^e, in its vicinity, which once belonged to the Duke of Clarence, 
 IS now the residence of Sir William Manners. 
 
 PITT PLACE, near Epsom, the seat of Thomas Jewdwine, Esq., con- 
 taining some fine paintings. 
 
 PUTNEY, a village in Surrey, four miles and three quarters S. W. from 
 London, is pleasantly situated on the southern bank of the Thames, over 
 which there is a wooden bridp^e connecting it with Fulham. On Putney 
 Heath, in a mansion called Bowling-green Houses died the Rt. Hon. Wil- 
 liam Pitt, January 23d, 1806. 
 
 ROEHAMPTON, Surrey, a hamlet to Putney, at the west extremity of 
 Putney Heath. There are several seats in the neighbourliood ; among 
 them is Roehampton Grove, belonging to William Gosling, Esq. 
 
 RUMFORD, in Essex, a large market town, twelve miles from London, 
 on the road to Ipswich. 
 
 RUNNYMEAD, near Egham, in Surrey, is celebrated as the spot where 
 King John, in 1215, was compelled to sign Magna Charta, and the Charter 
 of the Forests. It is true, that here his consent was extorted; but these 
 charters were signed, it is said, in an island betw^een Runnymead and An- 
 kerwyke House. This island, still called Charter island, is in the parish of 
 Wraysbury, in Bucks. 
 
 SALTHILL, in Bucks, twenty-one miles and a quarter W. from Lon- 
 don, on the Bath road, is remarkable for its fine situation and its spa- 
 cious inn?. 
 
 SHEEN, EAST, Surrey, a hamlet to Mortlake, situated on the Thames, 
 two miles E. from Richmond. 
 
 SHOOTER'S HILL, Kent, eight miles S. E. from London, on the road 
 to Dover, from the summit of which is a fine view of London, and into 
 Essex, Surrey, and even part of Sussex. The Thames is also seen in all its 
 grandeur ; on the top and around this hill are some handsome villas. 
 About a mile southward, is Ssvern-Droog Castle, erected in 1784, by the 
 late Lady Jaines, to commemorate an achievement of her husband, (Sir W, 
 James,^ over the pirate, Angria, in the East Indies. 
 
 SION HILL, in the parish of Isleworth, eight miles from London, a 
 seat of the Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 SOUTHGATE, Middlesex, eight miles and a half N. from London, a 
 bam let to the parish of Edmonton, is situated on the skirts of Enfield 
 Chase. 
 
 SPRING GROVE, at Smallberry Green, near Hounslow, a villa, which 
 was the residence of the late Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal 
 Society. 
 
 STAINES, a market town in Middlesex, sixteen miles W. S. W. from 
 London. 
 
 STANWELL, Middlesex, four miles W. of Hounslow, is a seat of Sir 
 W. Gibbons, Bart. 
 
 STAMFORD HILL, the upper part of Clapton, Middlesex, three miles 
 and a half N. N. E. from ivondon. 
 
 STANMORE, GREAT, a village in Middlesex, ten miles N. W. from 
 London, on the road to Watford. On Stanmore Hill is a seat which was the 
 residence of thelate James Forbes, Esq. F.R.S., who erected here an octagon 
 temple, decorated with Hindoo sculpture. 
 
 STOCKWELL, a village in Surrey, in the parish of Lambeth, three 
 miles and a half S. from London. 
 
 STRATFORD, three miles and a half E. from London, the first village 
 in Essex, on crossing the Lea, at Bow Bridge, in the parish of West 
 Ham. 
 
 STREATHAM, a village in Surrey, five miles S. from London on the 
 road to Crovdon. 
 
 SUNBURY, a village in Middlesex, on the Thames, sixteen miles and 
 i]vtic quarters vS. W. fvom London. The scenery around the Commtyt 
 ik very l^eautiful. 
 
NEAR LONDON. 429^ 
 
 SUNDRIDGE HOUSE and PARK, near Bromley, Kent, the very 
 beautiful seat of Samuel Scott, Esq., erected from designs of John Nash 
 Esq. The grounds were laid out by the late H. Repton. 
 
 SYDENHAM, a village in Kent, on the declivity of a fine hill, seven. 
 miiesi S or" Lon<ioii. 
 
 Tr.DDlNGTON, a village in Middlesex, seated on the Thames, twelve 
 miles VV. S. W. from Lonaon, near which are several noblemen's and 
 gentlemen's seats. 
 
 THA.VIES DITTON, a village in Surrey, two miles and h quarters, 
 froui Km^sion. 
 
 THEUiJALDS, a hamlet on the New River, in the parish of Cheshunt^ 
 Herts, two miies VV. N. W. from Waltham Abbey ; King James I. had a 
 palcC-e there. 
 
 TOOTING, UPPER, a hamlet in the parish of Stre'itham, and in the 
 roan to lieig;.te, tive miles and a halt S. from London. 
 
 TOOTING, LOWER, six miles from London, on the same road, ha« 
 majiv goo<i hi.uses. 
 
 TOi Tt.NH.'VM HIGH CROSS, a village four miles and a half N. E. 
 from LoiKion, in the road to Ware Here is an old seat called Bruce Castle. 
 
 TRENT PL.\tE, a beautiful villa on Enfield Chase, the property of 
 John dimming, Esq. 
 
 TURNH AiM GREEN, a village in Middlesex, fiverailes W. from London » 
 in the parish of Chiswick. 
 
 TWO-WATERS, a village in Hertfordshire, noted for a number of 
 paper-mills. 
 
 TWYFORD PRIORY, Middlesex, two miles and three quarters N.N.W. . 
 from Acton, situated on the Paddmgton Canal, the only house in the 
 par sh, the seat of Tlion^as WMlan, Esq. 
 
 UXBRIDGE, a market town in Middlesex, fifteen miles W. from Lon- 
 don, on the road to Oxlord, is situated on the river Coin and Grand June* 
 tion Canal, over each of which it has a bridge. 
 
 WALHAM GREEN, a village of Middlesex, in the parish of Fulham, 
 three miles S. W. Irom London. 
 
 WALTHAM ABBEY, or WALTHAM HOLY CROSS, is a large ir. 
 regular to^vn, situated on low ground near the river Lee, which here form»- 
 a number of small islands, and is skirted by fruitlul meadows which have 
 been long f..med for succulent grass. The church formed a part of the 
 ancient Abbey, andtxhiL>its some curious Norman architecture. 
 
 WALlHAM CROSS, or WEST W'ALTHAM, a village in Hertford- 
 shire, is situated one mile and a half VV. from VVaitham Abbey, on the high 
 north road, consisti.ig of a singl^i street, di.-«posed on each side of the road. 
 I; derives its name from one of ihose elegant stone crosses which the pious 
 afi'ection of Edward I. occasioned him to erect in memory of his beloved 
 yueen Eleanor. 
 
 WAL'lHAMSTOW, five miles N. N. E. from I>ondon, is a large and 
 populous Village, inc uding the hamlets of Chapel-end, Clay-street, Hale* 
 end, Hoo-stieet, Marsh-street, and Wood-street, and abounds with the 
 villas of opulent merchants and tradesmen. 
 
 WALTON, a village in .Surrey, six miles S. W. from Kingston, pleasantly 
 situated on the river Thames, over which it has a bridge. 
 
 WALWORTH, a long village between London and Cambervrell, contains^ 
 like the latter village, many resptctable dwellings of merciiants and 
 private gentlemen. 
 
 WWNDS WORTH, a village in Surrey, five miles \W. S. W. from Lon- 
 tlon, situate .n the ro.-d to Kingston, near the confiuence of the Wandle 
 With the 'I'htmes, and between two \)ills called East Hill and West Hill 
 Gurrat Lune, l)etween this place and Tooting, was formerly the scene of the 
 ludicrous ceremony which gave origin to Foote's amusing farce " The 
 Mayor of Garrat." 
 
 VV ANSTEAD, a village, six miles from London, on the skirt* of Epping: 
 
4^0: TOWNS, VILLAGES, &C, 
 
 Forest, is adorned with several villas, and was ennobled by the magnificence 
 of Wan stead House, now pulled down. 
 
 WESTBOURN GREEN, a village in the parish of Paddington, one mile 
 an«l a half W. N. W. of London. Mere are situated Westboum Places the 
 neat of S. P. CockerelL Esq. ; and several other villas. 
 
 -WE^T WYCOMBE, a town of Bucks, six miles from Uxbridge. Here 
 is a seat of Sir John Dashwood. The Clv;rch stands on a hill : the ball on its 
 cupola will hold six persons. 
 
 .IWEYBRIDGE, a village in Surrey, three miles S. E. from Chertsey, 
 took its name from a bridge formerly erected here over the Wey. 
 
 -WHITTON, Middlesex, a hamlet of the parish of Twickenham, one 
 mile and a half south from Hounslow. A seat of G. Gosling, Esq. The 
 grounds are celebrated for their cedars of Lebanon, said to be the finest in 
 England. Sir Benjamin Hobhouse, Bart has a seat here. 
 
 WIMBLY GREEN, six miles from London, on the Harrow road, a scat 
 of John Gray, Esq. 
 
 WILSDON, Middlesex, a village five miles W. N. W. from London. 
 There are fine views in this vicinity. 
 
 WIMBLEDON, a village in Surrey, on a fine heath, seven miles S. W. 
 oT London. Here is a fine seat of Lord Spenser's, and many pleasant villas 
 of nobility and gentry surround this Common and its neighbourhood. 
 
 WOODFORD, a village eight miles from London, in the road to Eppingr, 
 has some agreeable villas on each side of the road, which command fine 
 prospects over a beautiful country. 
 
 WROTH AM PARK, in the parish of South Mims, Middlesex, the seat 
 of George Byng, Esq. M.P., contains fioaie valuable pictures, 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 Compendium of the History of Middlesex, exclusive of 
 London. 
 
 SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 JBotmdaries. North, Hertford j East, Essex j South, Surrey and Kentf. 
 
 West, Buckinghamshire. -y- 
 
 Greatest lengthy 23 i greatest breadth, 17; circumference^ 115 j square, 
 
 280 miles. 
 Province, Canterbury. Diocese, London. 
 
 ANCIENT STATE AND REMAINS. 
 
 British Inhabitants. Trinobantes, the first tribe that submitted to the 
 Romans. 
 
 Roman Province. Flavia Caesariensis. — Stations. Londinium, London j 
 SuUoniacee, Brockley Hill. 
 
 Saxon Heptarchy. Part of the Kingdom of Essex. 
 
 Antiquities. Hampton Court Palace, Drayton, Harrow, Hayes, and Hen- 
 don Fonts. Uariington Church, south door. Stratford le Boiv Bridge, 
 built by Matilda, queen of Henry I. Bromley, St. I^onard's Priory 
 Church, in which was buried Elizabeth, sister of Puilippa, the exceUeiif^. 
 queen of Edward I U. , r^' 
 
coiiFKN-Di i: M , Sec. 45 I 
 
 At Sh?pp.?rton, it la supijosed that Ciesar crossed the Thames in pursuit 
 of Casiivelaunus, and that Cowey stakes were placed there to prevent his 
 passage. A rude canoe, cut out of a solid block of oak, v/as discovered here, 
 m 1812. 
 
 Sion was the only convent of Bridgetine nuns in this kingdom. 
 
 PRESENT STATE AND APPEARANCE. 
 
 Hivers. Thames, Colne, Lea, Brent, Crane, Serjjentinc river, or canal, in 
 Hyde Park, Exe or Echel, Mose or Mosell. 
 
 Ijiland Nav^ation. Grand Junction, Paddington, Regent's, Isle of Dogs, 
 Canals. Thames River. 
 
 Eminences and Views, Hanger-Hlll-Tower, 251 feet ; King's Arbour,~132 
 feet ; Brockley. Dollis, Hampstead, Harrow, Highgate, Highwood, 
 Mill, Muswell, Winchmore Hills, Harrow Weiid, Belmont in Stanmcre 
 grounds. 
 
 Natural Curiosities. Enfield Chase, now chiefly enclosed, but retaining its 
 name, contained (in 1777) 8349 A. 1 R. SOP. Finchley Common, recently 
 enclosed, had lUlO acres. Hounslow Heath, where many camp.? h^ve 
 been stationed, but great part of which is enclosed, m(\isured, in 1546, 
 42i;3 acres. Hyde Park is 394 A. 2 R 38 P. Wormwood Scrubs, 140 acres. 
 Hampstead Heath. Acton, Bagnigge, Hampstead (first recommended 
 by Dr. Gibbons, the " Mirmillo" of Garth's "Dispensary.") Hoxton 
 Islington, Kilhourn, Pancras, and St. Chads, or Shadwell, mediclrial 
 waters. — Near Old Brentford, in digging clay for bricks, were discovered 
 tXHies of elephants, hippopotami, deer, and oxen, v.ith shells of oysters, 
 and nautili and other marine exuviae — The first Mulberry trees planted 
 in this kingdom are now standing in the grounds of Sion House. The 
 Cedar of Libanus was first planted at Fulham in 16S3: there was one a 
 Henoon Place, blown down Jan. 1, 1779, height 70 it. ; circumference, at 
 7 ft. from the ground, 16 ft.; diameter of the horizontal extent of its 
 branches, 100 ft. Another of nearly equal dimensions was cut down.at 
 Hillingdon in 1789: there is a very large one now growing at Enfield 
 Manor house, and two in Apothecaries' garden, Chelsea, The Ta?- 
 marisk was first planted in Fulham Palace garden, v.hcre it v,as introduced 
 by Bp. Grindall in 1560, as were many new plants from North America 
 by Bp. Compton, The first Pine and 'Chinese strawberries, and the first 
 auricula, were cultivated at South field farm by Mr. Rench, whose son 
 first intro<iuced the moss-rose at the same place. 'I'he first weeping Wil- 
 low was planted at Twickenham early in the eighteenth century. At 
 Hampton Court the great Vine of the'Black Hamburgh kind has been 
 known to produce, in one year, 2200 bunches oi grapes, weighing on an 
 average \lb. each. 
 
 Public Edifices, Acton Conduit, constructed 15,12; Goldsmiths' Alms^ 
 houses, finished 1811. At Bayswater, Queen's Lying-in- Hospital, re- 
 moved there 1791. Bromley, St. Leonard's Alms-houses. Camden Towii, 
 Veterinary College, instituted 1791 ; professor, Mr. Edward Coleman. 
 Chehea College for wounded and superannuated soldiers ; first stone laid 
 by Charles II. March 12, lh"82 ; finished 1690; architect. Sir Christopher 
 -Wren ; length of the principal building 790 leet ; whole space occupied, 50 
 acres, cost 150,000/.: College Infirmary —architect, J. Soane, Esq.: 
 York Hospital, Royal Military Asylum for soldiers' children ; 700 boys, 
 300 girls ; first stone laid-by the Duke of York, June 19, ISOl—arcliiteft, 
 Geo. Saunders, Esq. In Apothecaries' garden, a statueof Sir Hans Sloane, 
 by Rysbrack. Battersea Bridge, one furlong long, 28 feet wide : built of 
 wood, 1772, cost 20,000/. Fulham Bridge, built of wood, from plan of the 
 surgeon Cheselden ; length, 789 feet, width 24 ; cost 23,075/. Hampton 
 Court Bridge, of wood, 11 arches, opened Dec. 13, 1753. Harrow School, 
 founded by John Lyon, yeoman, and the rules ordained by him, 1590 : S5^ 
 students, the greatest number, in 1804. Greenwich Hospital and Parfe 
 
 I 
 
433 COMTLSDIL^M^ Sec. 
 
 Naval Asylum and new Church. Highgate Archway, 56 feet hi^h, !3 
 wide, erected in consequence of an intended tunnel under the hill, which 
 bad proceeded 130 yards, when it fell in, April 12, 1812. Homerton, Wi- 
 dow's Retreat, founded 1812. At Islington, Lady Owen's Almshouses and 
 School, founded 1610 : Quaker's Workhouse and School. Sadler's Wells, 
 so called from one Sadler, who discovered the Spa in 1683; present 
 theatre erected 1765 : White Conduit House, Hornsey Wood, Hij^libury, 
 Canonbury, and Belvidere Tea Gardens. Kensington Schools. At 
 Knightsbridge, St. George's Hospital, opened 1734, and Lock Hospital, 
 '1743. Littleton and Chertscv stone bridge, 7 arches ; built 1785 ; cost 
 ' 13,000/. ; architect, Payne. 'At Mile End, Newyt Tzadd.k, or Gfrnian 
 Jews' Hospital, established 1806 ; Hospital of Portuguese Jews ; Trinity, 
 ' Bancroft's, Fuller's, Vinters', and Skinners' Almshouses. At Pentonville, 
 London Female Penitentiary. In Pancras, Foundling Hospital, in- 
 stituted 1739, through the exertions of Capf. Thomas Coram, who was 
 buried in its vaults, 1751 ; first stone of the present building laid 1742 ; 
 among its paintings is H ^garth's famous *' March to Finchley." Welch 
 Charitv School, established 1718, by the Society of Ancient Britons, in- 
 stituted on St. David's Day, (March 1,) 1714. Smallpox H spital, the 
 iirst in Europe, established 1745; the present building, now chiefly de- 
 voted to vaccination, erected 1794. "Tabernacle," Meeting-house of 
 
 ' Calvinistic Methodists, founded by George Whitetield, 1756 ; in it is a 
 monument of h s wife, buried there* 1768 ; a cenotaph of himself, who died 
 in America, 1770; and a monument of Augustus Montague Toplady, 
 Calvinistic divine, 1778 Poplar and Blackwall, West India Warehouses 
 and Docks; first srone laid by Mr. Pitt and other?, July 12, 18(;0; 
 •finished 1802. East India Company's Docks : Dock and Warehouses of 
 
 ■ Wigram and Green ; the rnost considerable private dock in Europe, 19 
 acres. Trinity Buoy Wharf. East India Company and Mercers' Alms- 
 houses. Staines iron bridge, supported by woolen piles ( two bridges 
 have fallen there since 1797,) completed 1807. Tottenham Cross Schools 
 and Alms houses, one of the latter founded in 1600, by Baltaser Sanchez, 
 a Spaniard, said to have been the first person in this kingdom who ex- 
 ercised the trade of a confectioner, or " comfit- maker." Oxbridge Mar- 
 ket-house, erected 1789. 
 
 Peerage. Che'sea viscounty to Cadogan, Earl Cadogan : Enfield barony to 
 Nassau, Earl of Rochford : JL^rlington (the aspirate being dropped) earl- 
 dom and barony to Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton : Kensington Irisli barony 
 to Edwardes : Middlesex earldom to Snckville. Duke of Dorset : Of^sulston 
 (hundred) barony to Bennet, Earl of Tankerville : Uxbridge earldom to 
 Paget, Marquis of Anglesea : of Caen- wood, Mansfield earldom and 
 Murray barony f,o Murray : of Hanworth, Vere barony to Beauclerk, 
 Duke of St. Alban's. 
 
 Members of Parliament. For the county, 2 ; for the City of l«ondon, 4 ; and 
 for Westminster 2. 
 
 produce. Wheat, for which Heston was so famous, that it was reserved 
 for Royal use, and El'zabeth had her manchets made of it; Barley; 
 
 = Peas; Beans; Oats; Hay; Osiers; Garden Vegetables and Fruit, par- 
 ticularly Raspberries for distillers; Milk ; Poultry ; House-lamb;' Clay 
 for Bricks. 
 
 Manufactures. Calico-printing; Bleaching; Dyeing; Silk- weaving ; Dis- 
 
 ' tilling ; Brewing ; Floor-cloth ; Stained pai)er ; Paste board ; Iron ; 
 Copper-sheets ; Bolts and Bars ; Anchors ; Mooring-chains ; Ropes ; 
 Oil; Vitriol; White-lead; Stone Jars and Pots; Crucibles; bricks; 
 Fur-cutting; Gunpowder. 
 
 .# 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 LONDON BANKERS, 
 
 WITH THE NAMES OF THE COUNTRY BANKERS WHO DRAW 
 UPON THEM. 
 
 {The utiUty of this List will be felt by all visitors to London^ and person* 
 having pecuniary negotiation^.^ 
 
 Barclay, Tritton, Bevan, & Co., 54. Lombard Street, 
 
 Liverpool : J. Hadwen 
 
 Alresford : Knapp, Son, and Co. 
 Barnstaple : Bury, Pyke, and Co. 
 Birmingham : Gallons and Co. 
 Bishop's VValthara : Fox and Co. 
 Braintree : Sparrow and Co. 
 Bungay : Gumey and Co. 
 Bury St. Edmund's : Brown, Bevan 
 
 and Co. 
 Ditto : Edmund Squire 
 Carmarthen : Waters and Co. 
 Chelmsford : Sparrow and Co. 
 Cheltenham : Hartland and Son 
 Darlington : Wm, Skinner and Co. 
 Duffield : Haynes and Co. 
 Durham : Backhouse and Co. 
 Edinburgh : Forbes 
 Edinburgh : Rob. Allan and Son 
 Edinburgh : Alex. Allan and Co. 
 Evesham : Oldaker and Co. 
 Ditto: Harland 
 Exeter : Sanders and Co. 
 Fakenham : Gurneys and Co. 
 Godalming : Mellersh and Co. 
 Grantham : Holt and Kewney 
 Halesworth : Gurneys and Co. 
 Harleston : Gurneys and Co. 
 Hitchin : Sharpies 
 Leeds : Farrer 
 Leighton Buzzard : Basset, Grant, 
 
 and Co. 
 Lancaster : Dil worth and Co. 
 Liverpool : Moss and Co. 
 
 Barnard, Dimsdale, and Barnard, 50. Cortihill. 
 
 Bath : Clement and Co. Ross (Herefordshire): Newman & Co, 
 
 Burnley, Lancashire : Birkbeck and Settle : Birkbecks and Co. 
 
 Co. Shaftesbury : William Storey 
 
 Bristol : W^orrall and Co. Woodchester : Wathen 
 
 Luton : Bassett 
 
 Lynn : Gurneys 
 
 Malton r Haynes and Co. 
 
 Montrose : Banking Company 
 
 Newark : Godfrey and Co. 
 
 Newcastle upon Tyne : Lambton 
 
 Newport Pagnell : Bassett 
 
 Norwich and Norfolk : Messrs. Gur- 
 ney. 
 
 Perth : Banking Company 
 
 Plymouth : Hingston and Co. 
 
 Richmond : Stapleton and Co. 
 
 Rochdale : Fenton and Co. 
 
 Ross and Archenfield : Jones and Co. 
 
 Saddleworth : Harrop and Co. 
 
 Stowmarket : Brown. 
 
 Stockton : Skinner and Co. 
 
 Sudbury : Brown, Fenn and Co. 
 
 Sunderland : Backhouse and Co, 
 
 Tewkesbury : Hartland and Co. 
 
 Wellingborough and Northampton- 
 shire : Morton and Co. 
 
 Whitby : Simpson and Co. 
 
 Wigan : Thicknesse and Co. 
 
 Winchester : Knapp and Co. 
 
 Wisbeach and Lincolnshire : Gur. 
 neys and Co. 
 
 Witham : Sparrow and Co. 
 
 Yarmoutli and Suffolk : Gumey,Yeo- 
 vil, and Bretton 
 
4J4 PICTURE OF LONDOX. 
 
 Barr>etts and Co., 62. Lombard Street, 
 
 Ashby and Measham : Fisher & Co. Loughborough : Thorp and Co, 
 
 Baldock : Williamson and Co. Milford : Rotch and Co. 
 
 Bewdley : Pardee and Co. Newark : Handley and Co. 
 
 Bridgenorth : Pritchard Norwich and Norfolk: Thompson 
 Bristol : Pitt and Co. and Co, 
 
 Bristol : Miles and Co. Plymouth r Elford and Co. 
 
 Broseley : Pritchard Saffron Walden : Searle and Co, 
 
 Diss : Taylor and Co. Shrewsbury : Price and Co. 
 
 Dover : Latham and Co. Sleaford : Peacock and Co. 
 
 Ipswich and Needham : Alexander Southampton : Maddison and Co. 
 
 and Co. Tavistock : Gill and Co. 
 Leith : Banking Company 
 
 Bond, Sons, and Pattishall, 2^ ^Change Alley 
 Bosanquet, Pitt, Anderdon,and Franks, 73. hombardStreeU 
 
 Denbigh : Sankey and Co. Ruthin : Sankeys and Co. 
 
 Holywell : ditto. Wincanton : Messrs. Messiter 
 
 North wich: Williams 
 
 Bouverie, PI ey dell) and Antrobus, 35. Craven Street, Strands 
 
 Brown, Janson, and Co., 32. Abchurch Lane, 
 I^eeds Union ; Williams, Brown, and Co. 
 
 Child and Co., Temple Bar. 
 
 Cockbui'n and Co., 4. Whitehall. 
 
 Cocks, Cocks, Ridge, and Biddulph, 43. Charing Ci^oss. 
 
 Chepstow : Buckle and Co. Newport . (Monmouthshire) : Buckle 
 
 Newmarket : Eaton and Co. and Co. 
 
 Coutts and Co., 59. Strand. 
 
 Ab( rdien • Branch of Bank of Scotland Inverness : Branch of Bank of Scot- 
 Air: ditto ditto land 
 
 Andrews, St. : ditto ditto Kirkcudbright : ditto ditto 
 
 Dumfries : ditto ditto Kirkcaldy : ditto ditto 
 
 Dunfermline: ditto ditto Kelso: ditto ditto 
 
 Dublin : Newcomen and Co. Newton Abbott : Wise, Farewell, 
 
 Edinburgh : Bank of Scotland and Co. 
 
 . Sir W. Forbes and Co. Perth : Branch of Bank of Scotland 
 
 Ramsays and Co^ Retford : Cooke 
 
 Scotland : Royal ] 
 Stirling : Branch 
 Worksop: Cooke 
 
 Gl.isgow: Branch of Bank of Scotland Scotland : Royal Bank 
 Haddington: ditto ditto Stirling : Branch of Bank of Scotland 
 
 Cunliffes, Brooks, CunlifFe, and Co., 24. Buckler shury. 
 Blackbura ; Cunliffes, Brooks and Co. Manchester : Cunliffes, Brooks and Co. 
 
LIST or BANKERS* ^iSS 
 
 Curries, Raikes, and Co., 29. CornhilL 
 
 Beverley : Bower and Co. Maidstone : Corrall 
 
 Cambridge : Thomas Fisher and Son Manchester ; Scholes and Co. 
 
 Exeter : Cole and Co. Malton : Bower and Co. 
 
 Hull : Raikes and Co. Trowbridge ; Barton and Co. 
 Kingston : Shrubsole and Co. 
 
 Curtis (Sir Wm.), Robarts, and Curtis, 15. Lombard Street. 
 
 Banbury : Gibbinsand Gillet Ramsgate : Austin and Co. 
 
 Boston : Gee and Co. Shrewsbury : Rocke, Eyton, and Co. 
 
 Bristol : Stuckey Stockton : Hutchinsons 
 
 Burton : Clay Taunton : Stuckey and Woodlands 
 
 Exeter : Milford and Co. Tewkesbury and Upton : Lechmere 
 
 Kidderminster : Wakeman and Co. and Co. 
 
 Leeds : (New Bank), Field and Co. Whitby : Richardson and Co. 
 
 Market Drayton : Jervis Worcester (Old Bank) : Berwick and 
 
 Newbury : Bunny and Co. Co. 
 
 Newcastle on Tyne : Ridley and Co. : Farley and Co. 
 
 Nottingham^ Wright and Co. York: Wilson and Co. 
 
 De Lisle, 16. Devanshire Square. 
 Jersey Commercial Bank : Janvrm Jersey Old Bank : Aimraiix 
 
 Denison and Co., 106. Fenckurck Street. 
 
 Doncaster : Leatham & Co. Preston : Pedders and Co. 
 
 Liverpool : Heywood and Co. Wakefield : Leatham and Co. 
 
 Pontefract : Leatham and Co. 
 
 Dixon, Langdale, and Co., 25. Chancery Lane. 
 
 Bodmin, J. WaUis Helstone : Grylls, Vivian, and Co. 
 
 Dorrien, Magens, and Co. 22. Finch Lane. 
 
 Hcmel Hempstead : G rover Warringt<}n : Parr 
 
 Drewett and Fowler, 60. Old Broad Street, 
 
 SftffVon Walden : Gibsons 
 
 Drummonds and Co., 49. Charing Ci^os<s. 
 Esdaile (Sir James) and Co., 21. Lombard Street. 
 
 Abergavenny : Hills, Wheeley^, and Bradford (Yorkshire) : Harris & C&* 
 
 Co. Brentwood : Joyner 
 
 Aberystwith : Williams, Davies, and Bridport: Gundryand Co. 
 
 Co. Cambridge : Mortlock and Co, 
 
 Ashford : Jemmett Carnarvon : Williams and Co. 
 
 Axminster : Gundry Chard : Gundry and Co. 
 
 Bangor : Williams Chelmsford : Crickett and Co. 
 
 Barnstaple and S. Moulton : Drake Cheltenham : Turners and Co. 
 
 and Co. Cheltenham : Pitt and Co. 
 
 Beccles : Lacon Chester : Williams and Co. 
 
 Bideford : Ley and Co. Cirencester : Pitt, Croome, and Co 
 
 Birmingham : Gibbons Colchester : Cricket and Co. 
 
 Bishop Stortford : Mortlock and Co. Colebrookdale : Darby and Co. 
 
 jSlandford : Dansey and Co. Coventry : Beck and Co. 
 
 P P 2 
 
456 
 
 PICTURE OF LONDON 
 
 Darlington : Backhouse and Co. 
 Dublin : Gregg and Co. 
 East Grinstead : Hurly and Co. 
 Ely : Mortlock and Co, 
 Epping : Joyner and Co. 
 Farringdon : Pitt and Co. 
 Gloucester : Turner and Co. 
 Grays (Essex) : Joyner and Co. 
 Guiid«>rd : Sparkc's and Co. 
 Harborough : Inkersole and Co. 
 Huntingdon : Pashellers 
 IlmJnster : Gundry and Co. 
 Ipswich : Cricket, Bacon, and Co. 
 Lewes : Hurly and Co. 
 Lyme : Gundry and Co. 
 Lynn : Bagge and Co. 
 Maldon ; Crickett and Co. 
 Margate : Cobb and Co. 
 North Walsham : Lacon and Co. 
 Northampton : Percival and Co. 
 
 Ongar : Joyner and Co. 
 Penzance : Boaze and Co. ^ 
 
 Ripon : Coates and Co. 
 Romford : Joyner and Co. 
 Royston : Mortlock and Co. 
 St. Ive's ; Pashellers and Co. 
 St. Neot's : Pashellers and Co. 
 Stockton : Backhouse 
 Stoke": Moore 
 Stourbridge: Hills and Co. 
 Stone: Moore and Co. 
 Sunderland : Backhouse and Co. 
 Taunton : Woodford and Co. 
 Tetbury : Wood and Co. 
 Thirsk: Backhouse 
 Waldon : Mortlock and Co. 
 Wellington (Somerset) : Fox and Co, 
 Woodbridge : Crickett and Co. 
 Yarmouth : Lacon and Co. 
 
 Everett and Co., 9. Mansion House Street. 
 
 Chesterfield : Maitby and Co. 
 Hastings : Tilden, Smith, and Co. 
 
 — Breeds and Co. 
 
 Mansfield : Maitby and Co. 
 Oundle : Smith and Co. 
 Reigate : Piper and Co. 
 
 Robertsbridge : Hilder 
 Romsey : Sharp and Co. 
 Rotherham : Walker and Co 
 Sarum : Everett and Co. 
 Sheffield : Walkers and Co. 
 Warminster : Everett and Co. 
 
 Frys and Chapman, 4. St. Mildred's Courts Poultry, 
 
 Burslem : Wood and Co. 
 Chichester Old Bank : Ridge and Co. 
 Chippenham Bank : Gundry and Co. 
 Collumpton (Devon) : Skinner & Co. 
 Frome : Hooper 
 Godalming : Moline and Co. 
 Hadleigh : Alexander and Co. 
 Harwich : Cox and Co. 
 Huddersfield : Sikes 
 Launceston : Harvey 
 Manningtree ; Alexander and Co. 
 
 Newcastle on Tyne : Chapman 
 Newport (Salop) : Parsons and Co. 
 Oundle and Northampton : Yorkes 
 
 and Co. 
 Peterborough : Yorkes 
 Shields (North) : Chapman 
 Staines : Ashby and Co. 
 Westbury : Hooper .^4 
 
 Whitchurch (Salop) : Corser and Co. - 
 Wincanton : Garrett and Co. 
 Woodbridge : Alexanders and Co. 
 
 Gill and Co., 42 
 
 Baldock : Williamson and Co. 
 Cheltenham : Pitt, Gardner, and 
 
 Co. 
 Chelnisford : Crickitt and Co. 
 Colchester : ditto 
 
 Dorking : Piper and Co. 
 Guildford : Sparkes and Co 
 Hereford : Garrett and Son 
 Ipswich : Crickitt and Co. 
 Lynn : Bagge and Bacon 
 
 Fullers and Co., 84. CornliiU, 
 
 Lombard Street. 
 
 Norfolk General Bank: Tompson and 
 
 Co. 
 Norwich and Swaffham : Days 
 Oxford : Cox and Co. 
 Rochford and Romford : Jbyner and 
 
 Co. 
 Saffron Walden : Searle and Co. 
 Tauuton : Stuckeys and Co, 
 Woodbridge : Crickitt and Co. 
 Yarmouth : Sir £. K. Lacon and Co 
 
LIST OF BANKEKS. 
 
 437 
 
 Glyn (Sir Richard Carr), Mills, and Co., 67. Lombard Street. 
 
 Alnwick : Batson and Co. 
 Alnwick : Ridley and Co. 
 Arbroath Banking Company 
 Do. Dundee Union Branch Bank 
 Barnsley : Beckett and Co. 
 Bcith : Paisley Union Bank Branch 
 Berwick : Batson and Co. 
 Beverley : Macheli and Co. 
 Blandford : Fryer and Ca 
 Boroughbridge : Fletcher and Co. 
 Brechin : Branch of Dundee Union 
 
 Bank 
 Cardiff : Guest and Co. 
 Chipping Norton : Whitehead and 
 
 Co. 
 Coupar : Branch of Arbroath Bank- 
 
 ing Company 
 Coventry : Bunney and Co. 
 Cyfarthaf, Wales, Glamorganshire : 
 
 Crawshay and Sons 
 Darlington : Baxter 
 Dundee Commercial Bank, also the 
 Dundee Union Bank 
 Durham : Ridley and Co. 
 ^Edinburgh : Donald Smith and Co. 
 ildinburgh : National Bank of Scot- 
 land 
 Porfa* : Dundee Union Bank Branch 
 Do. Dundee Commercial Bank 
 
 Branch 
 Glasgow : Banking Company 
 Hamilton ; Paisley Union Bank 
 
 Branch 
 Jlfracombe : Lee and Co. 
 
 Leeds : Beckett and Co. 
 Leicester : Messrs. Pagetsand Kirb> 
 Lewes : Wood and Co. 
 Limerick : Edw. Bernard 
 Liverpool : Hope and Co. 
 Merthyr Tydvil : Guest and Ca 
 Newca'stle (Tyne) : Ridley and Co. 
 Newcastle (Line) • Sparrow and Ca 
 Newport (Isle of Wight) ; Basket and 
 
 Co. 
 Newtown, Montgomeryshire: Tilsley, 
 
 Jones, and Co. 
 Northallerton : Fletcher and Co. 
 Nottingham : Moore and Co. 
 Paisley : Union Bank Company 
 Penrith : Atkinson and Co. 
 Poole : Fryer and Co. 
 Preston : Claytons and Co. 
 Ringwood : Fryer and Co. 
 Ripon : Farmer and Co. 
 Rochester and Chatham : Day & Co. 
 Sandwich : Emmerson and Co. 
 Shields (N. and S.) : Ridley and Co. 
 Shipston on Stour : Whitehead and 
 
 Ca 
 St. Columb : Magorand Co. 
 Staf brd : Birch and Co. 
 Str£.tford on Avon : Whitehead and 
 
 Ca 
 Truro : Magor and Co. 
 Warwick : Whitehead and Co. 
 W^imborne : Fryer and Co. 
 Winchester : Wickham and Co. 
 York : Swann and Co. 
 
 Goslings and Sharpe, 19. Fleet Street. 
 
 Doncaster : Sir Wm. Bryan Cook, Childers, and Co. 
 
 Grote, Prescott, Grote, and Prescott, 62. Threadneedle 
 
 Street. 
 
 Cambridge : Foster and Co. Lynn Regis : Massey and Co. 
 
 Bristol (Old Bank) : Elton and Co. Peterborough : Simpson 
 
 Deal : Hulke and Co. Sturminster': Osborne and Co 
 Faversham : Wright and Co, 
 
 Hammersleys, Greenwood, and Co., 76. Pall Mall, 
 Oxford Old Bank-: Fletcher and Co 
 
 Hanburys, Taylor, and Lloyds, 60. Lombard Street. 
 
 Birmingham : Taylor, Lloyd, and Co. Shiffnal : Biddle and Co. 
 ■ Freer and Co. Stockport : Christy. Lloyd, and Co. 
 
 Brighton : Lashmar and Co. Weymouth : Henning and Co. 
 
 Exeter •. Floud and Ca Wolverhampton : Sir J. Wrottesley 
 
 Nottingham : Hart and Co. and Co, 
 
 r F 3 
 
4 58 
 
 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Hankeys, A. R. W. A. and T., 7. Fenchurch Street 
 
 Avlcsham : Copeman and Co. 
 Colchester : Mills and Co. 
 Exeter : Sparkes and Co. 
 
 Hadleigh : Mills and Co 
 Manningtree : Nunn and Co. 
 Norwich : Harvey and Co. 
 
 Hemes, Farquhar, and Co., 16. St. James's Street, 
 
 Ayr : Hunters and Co. 
 
 Dover Union Bank : Latham and Co. 
 
 Irvine : Hunters 
 Kilmarnock Bank : Hunters 
 
 Hemes, Farquhar, Halliday, Davison, and Chapman, 
 265. Regent Street. 
 
 Hoare, Henry, Henry, Hugh, Charles, and Henry Mer- 
 rick, 37. Fleet Street. 
 
 Hopkinson, G. and C. and Co., 5. Regent Street, 
 Jones, Loyd, and Co., 43. Lothbury, 
 
 Aberdeen : Branch of Commercial 
 
 Banking Company 
 Aberdeen : Town and County Bank 
 Alloa: Branch of Commercial Bank- 
 ing Company 
 Annan : ditto ditto 
 
 Ash ton under Lyne : Buckley, Ilo- 
 
 berts, and Co. 
 Bath : Hobhouse ai>d Co. 
 
 Tuffnell, Collet, and Co. 
 
 Banff: Branch of CommercialBauk- 
 
 ing Company 
 Beith : ditto ditto 
 
 Barwick : ditto ditto 
 
 Bolton : Hardcastle, Cross, and Co. 
 |5radford (Wilts) : Hobhouse & Co. 
 Brighton : HaH, West, and Co. 
 Cambridge : Barker and Eadon 
 Cambridge : Skrine and Humfrey 
 Campbeltown : Branch of Commer- 
 cial Bank 
 Chester : Dixons and Co. 
 Coldstream : Branch of Commercial 
 
 Banking Company 
 Crieff : ditto ditto 
 
 Cupar : ditto ditto 
 
 i>aventry : Hall, Jenkins, and Hall 
 Derbv : W. W. and S. Evans and Co. 
 :i)ork'ing : Piper and Co. 
 Dunfermline : Branch of Commercial 
 
 Banking Company 
 Dunkeld : ditto ditto 
 
 Edinburgh : ditto ditto 
 
 Elgin : Branch of Commercial Bank 
 Falkingham : Hardy and Newromcs 
 Falkirk : Branch of Com. Bank 
 
 Glasgow : Branch of Com. Bank 
 Gloucester : Russell and Key 
 Grantham : Hardy and Co. 
 Halifax : Rawson and Co. 
 
 -- — R. Briggs and Co. 
 
 Haverfordwest : Saer, Thomas, and 
 
 Co. 
 Hexham : Wm. BeH 
 Hawick : Branch of Commercial 
 
 Bank 
 Horsham : Piper and Co. 
 Huddersfield : Rawson and Co. and 
 
 Buckley, Roberts, and Co. 
 Kelso : Branch of Commercial Ba!)3c 
 Kilmarnock : ditto ditto 
 
 Kirkcaldy : ditto ditto 
 
 Kirkwall : ditto ditto 
 
 I^nark : ditto ditto 
 
 Leith : ditto ditto 
 
 Liverpool : Lowry, Roscoe, and Co. 
 Llandovery : D. Jones and Co. 
 Macclesfield: Brocklehurst and Co. 
 Manchester : Wm. Jones, Loyds, and 
 
 Co. 
 Narbeth and Pembroke : Saer, Tho- 
 mas, and Co. 
 Neath : Williams and Rowland 
 Oxford : Cox, Morrell, and Co. 
 Paisley : Branch of Commercial 
 
 Bank 
 Peterhead : ditto ditto 
 
 Preston : Lawe, Roskell, and Co. 
 Reigate : Piper, Dewdney, and Co. 
 Rochdale : Rawsons and Co. 
 Saddleworth : Buckley, Roberts, and 
 
 Co. 
 
LIST OF BANKERS. 
 
 439 
 
 Si. Ncot'.s : Hjx and Co. 
 
 Stirling : Branch of Commercial Bank 
 
 ijtonehaveii : Branch of Aberdeen 
 
 Town and County Bank 
 Stoney Stratford : Olivers and York 
 Swansea : Walters 
 Tain : Branch of Commercial Bank« 
 
 ing Company 
 Thurso : ditto ditto 
 
 Torrington : Loveband, Slade and 
 
 Cooke 
 Uttoxeter: Bell, James 
 Wells : Payne and Co. 
 Wick, Branch of Commercial Bank 
 WMvel's-combe, (Somerset) : P. & W, 
 
 Hancock 
 Woodstock : Cox, Morrell and Co. 
 
 Sir Wm, Kay, Bart., Price and Co., Mmuion House Street, 
 
 Bedford : Barnard and Co. 
 Brighton : Tamplin 
 Christchurch : Dean and Co. 
 Greenock : Banking Company 
 Guildford : Haydons 
 Hull : Harrison and Co. 
 
 Llanelly : Haynes 
 Ringwood : Deane 
 Swansea : Haynes 
 Thornbury : Parslow 
 Whitehaven : Hartleys and Co. 
 Wimbourne : Deane and Co. 
 
 G. F. Kinloch and Sons, 1. New Broad Street, 
 
 Aberdeen : Com. Banking Company Stirling : Banking Company 
 Dundee : Banking Company 
 
 Ladbrokes and Gillman, Bank Buildings, CornhUL 
 
 Portsea : Grant and Co. 
 Portsmouth : ditto 
 
 Sheerness : Bishoo 
 
 Warwick (Old Baak) : Toms and Co. 
 
 Lees, Brassey and Co., 71. Lombard Street, 
 
 Andover : W. S. Wakeford, 
 Bury (Suffolk) : Oakes and Son 
 Chesterfield : Crompton, and Co. 
 
 Derby : Crompton and Co. 
 
 Diss : Fincham 
 
 Isle of Wight : Kirkpatricks and Co. 
 
 Lubbock (Sir J. W., Bart.) and Co. 11. 
 
 Street. 
 
 Mansion House 
 
 Arundel : Henty and Co. 
 Bewdlev : Skev, Son and Co. 
 
 (Old Bank): Roberts and Co. 
 
 Bishop's Castle : Coleman and Co. 
 Birmingham : WooUey and Co. 
 Bridlington : Harding and Co. 
 Bristol : Ricketts and Co. 
 Carmarthen : Morris and Co. 
 Deal : May and Co. 
 Devizes : Lock and Co. 
 
 Tylee and Co. 
 
 Devonport : Glencross and Co. 
 Driffield : Harding and Co. 
 Dursley : Vizard and Co. 
 Famham : Stevens and Co. 
 Gloucester : Old Bank, Wood, James 
 Hereford : Old Bank, Matthews and 
 
 Co. 
 Hevtesbury : W. M. Everett, 
 Houiton : Flood and Co. 
 . Kington & Presteigne : Davies & Co . 
 Leeds : Perfect and Co. 
 
 Leominster : Coleman and Co. 
 Ludlow : Coleman and Co. 
 Lymington : C. St. Barbe 
 Malmesbury : Robins and Co. 
 Marlborough : W^ard and Co. 
 Norwich : Day and Co. 
 Penzance : Batten and Co. 
 Plymouth Naval Bank : Harris & Co 
 Pontefract: Perfect and Co. 
 Romsey : Warner and Co. 
 Southampton : Atherley and Co. 
 Southwell : Wylde and Co. 
 Stroud : Grazebrook and Co. 
 Swaff ham : Day and Co. 
 Swansea : Neath, Gibbins and Co. 
 Tiverton : Dunsford and Co. 
 Truro : Wlllyams 
 Warminster : Phipps and Co, 
 Wednesbury : Addison and Co. 
 Whitehaven : Johnson and Co. 
 Worthing : Henty and Co. 
 Wrexham : Kenrick and Ca 
 
440 
 
 PICTURE OF LONDON 
 
 Marten, Call and Arnold, 25. Old Bond Street, 
 Martins, Stone and Martin, 68. Lombard Street. 
 Masterman, Peters and Co., 35. Nicholas Lane. 
 
 Andover : Heath and Co. 
 Basingstoke : Raggett and Co. 
 Bicester : Tubb and Co. 
 Boston : Cleypon and Co. 
 Brecon : Bromage 
 Brighton : Wigney and Co. 
 Bruton : Prince and Co. 
 Chatham : Jeffreys and Co. 
 Chichester ; Hack and Co. 
 Cirencester : Cripps and Co. 
 Crewkerne : Peckham and Co. 
 Dartford : Bugden and Co. 
 Dudley : Dixon and Co. 
 Dursley ; Bloxsome and Co. 
 Haverfordwest : Phillips 
 Hertford : Adams and Co. 
 Hitchin : Chapman and Co. 
 Huddersfield : Dobson and Co. 
 Kendal : Wilson and Co. 
 
 Wakefield and Co. 
 
 Kettering : Keep and Co. 
 Kingsbridge : Prideaux and Co. 
 Kirby Lonsdale : Gibson and Ca 
 Liverpool : Leyland and Co. 
 
 Louth : Cleypon and Co. 
 Manchester : Hey wood and Co. 
 Monmouth : Bromage 
 Newcastle (Stafford) : Kinnersley, T. 
 Oswestry : Croxon and Co. 
 Oxford : Tubb and Co. 
 Pembroke: Phillips 
 Petworth : Stoveld and Co. 
 Portsmouth : Godwin and Co. 
 Shrewsbury : Beck and Co. 
 Skipton : Chippendale and Co. 
 Stamford : Eaton and Co. 
 Swindon : Strange and Co. 
 Teignmouth : Langmead and Co 
 Thrapstone : Johnson and Co. 
 Tonbridge : Beeching and Co. 
 Uxbridge : Hull, Smith and Co. 
 Wakefield : Wentworth and Co. 
 Ware : Coss and Co. 
 Welchpool : Beck 
 
 Wellington (Salop) : Reynolds & Co. 
 Witney : Clinch and Co. 
 Woolwich : Bugden and Co. 
 
 Maudes and Hallett, 14. George St7^eet, Westminster. 
 Morlands and Co., 50. Pall Mall. 
 
 Abingdon : Stephenson and Co. 
 Buckingham : Parrott 
 Cupar (Fife) : Banking Company 
 Dublin : Ball 
 
 Kirkaldy (Fife) : Banking Company 
 Mevagissey : Ball and Co. 
 Sheffield: Parker 
 Warrington : Turner 
 
 Pares and Heygate, 25. Bridge Street, Blackfriars. 
 Leicester : Pares, Heygates and Co. Rugby : Butlin and Son 
 
 Perring (Sir J.) and Co., 72. CornhUl, 
 
 Bath : Cavenagh and Co. 
 Brighton : Mich ell and Co. 
 Bristol, Bullion Bank: H. Brown 
 
 and Co. 
 Canterbury Union Bank : Halford 
 
 and Co. 
 Croydon : Harman and Co. 
 Devonport : Shiells, Husband and 
 
 Co. 
 Dolgelly : Jones and Co. 
 Eastbourne : Michcll and Co. 
 
 Gravesend : Miller and Co. 
 Hailsham : Mich ell and Co. 
 Hastings Union Bank : Michell and 
 
 Co. 
 Hereford : Bodenham and Co. 
 Melksham : Moule and Co. 
 Milton : Vallance and Son 
 Ross : Jones, Love and Co. 
 St. Alban's : Martin eau and Story 
 Sherborne : Thorne 
 Sittingbourne : Vallance 
 
LIST OF BANKERS. 
 
 441 
 
 Pocklington and Lacy, 60. Smithfield. 
 Pole (Sir Peter, Bart.) and Co., 1 . Bartholomew Lane. 
 
 Aberdeen : Banking Company 
 Abergavenny : J. P. Jones and Co. 
 Ashbourne : Arkwright and Co. 
 Banft*: Branch of Aberdeen Banking 
 
 Company 
 Brecon : Wilkins and Co. 
 Bridgewater : Bk. Sealy and Sons 
 Bristol : Cave and Co. 
 
 Hcwthome and Co. 
 
 Carlisle : Foster and Co. 
 Chesterfield : J. Coller 
 Coventry : Goodall and Co. 
 
 Maidstone : Edmeads and Co. 
 
 Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire : 
 Clarke and Philips 
 
 Merthyr Tidvill : Breconshire, "Wil- 
 kins and Co. 
 
 Monmouth : Jones and Co. 
 
 Newport (Monmouth) : Forraan and 
 Fothergill 
 
 Northallerton : Hutchinson and Co. 
 
 Oakham : Rutlandshire, Clarke and 
 Philips 
 
 Penrith : Forster and Co. 
 
 Edinburgh : Royal Bank of Scotland Peterhead : Branch of Aberdeen 
 
 — Ramsays and Co. Banking Company 
 
 Elgin : Branch of Aberdeen Banking Pontypool : Jones and Co. 
 
 Company Richmond (York) : Hutton and Co. 
 
 Falmouth : Carne and Co. Scarborough : Woodall and Co. 
 
 Frazerburgh, Branch of Aberdeen Southampton : Kellow and Co. 
 
 Banking Company 
 
 Frorae : Sheppard 
 
 , Barton and Co, 
 
 Glasgow, Royal Banl of Scotland 
 
 Hinckley : Jervis and Co. 
 
 — — ^— Sansome and Co. 
 
 Hull : Pease and Liddell 
 
 Huntley: Branch of Aberdeen Bank- 
 ing Company 
 
 Keith, ditto ditto 
 
 Leicester : Clarke and Co. 
 
 Leyburn : Hutton and Co. 
 
 Lutterworth : Goodacre and Co. 
 
 Stockton : Hutchinson and Co. 
 Stokesley : Hutchinson and Co. 
 Stroud water : Martin and Co. 
 Totness : Wise and Co. 
 ' Prideaux and Co. 
 
 Uley : Sheppard and Son 
 Uppingham : Rutlandshire, Clarke 
 
 and Philips 
 WiUingford : Wells and Co. 
 Ware : Adams and Co. 
 Winchester : Deane and Co. 
 Wirksworth : Arkwright and Co. 
 
 Praeds, Mackworth, Newcombe and Fane, 189. Fleet 
 Street, 
 
 Northampton : Smith and Co. 
 Truro : Praed and Co. 
 Willingborough : Smith and Co. 
 
 Aylesbury : Rickford and Co. 
 Buckingham : Bartlett and Co. 
 Falmouth : Praed and Co. 
 Marsh field: Baldwin, Isaac and Co. 
 
 Puget and Bainbridges, 1 2. St, PauVs Church Yard. 
 
 Cork : Leslie and Co. Limerick : Mahony 
 
 Dublin : " "" ' 
 
 : La Touche 
 
 Ransom and Co., 1. Pall Mall, East. 
 
 Dunbar: New Bank 
 
 Dublin : Benjamin Ball and Co. 
 
 Glasgow : Banking Company 
 
 Penzance : Bolithoand Co. 
 Taunton : J. and D. Badcock 
 Yeovil : Whitmarsh and Co. 
 
 Remington, Stephenson and Co., 69. Lombard Street, 
 
 Abingdon: KnappandCo. 
 Ash ford : Haflfenden 
 Canterbury : Hammond and Co. 
 Falkirk : Ramsay 
 Hiintiii.sdon : Rust and Co. 
 Ncwmiirket : Bryant and Son 
 
 Perth Union : Stewart 
 Ramsgate : Burgess and Co. 
 Salisbury : Brodie and Co. 
 Salop : Burton and Co. 
 Whitehaven . Harrison and Co. 
 
442 P1CTU11£ OF L0^DON 
 
 Rogers, Towgood and Co., 29. ClemenVs Lane, Lombard 
 
 Street. 
 
 Bridgewater : Stuckey and Co. Langport : Stuckey and Ca 
 
 Sealey and Co. Leek : Fowler and Co. 
 
 Bristol : Savory and Co. Poole : Ledgard 
 
 Chard : Sparks and Co. Ringwood : Ledgard 
 
 Christchurch : Ledgard and Co, Sherborne : Preter and Co. 
 
 Congleton : Fowler and Co. Wells : Stuckey and Co. 
 Crewkerne : Sparks and Co, 
 
 Sansom and Postlethwaite, 65, Lombard Street. 
 
 Dudley : Hordern and Co. Wolverhampton : Hordern and Co. 
 
 Newport : Shropshire, Hordern 
 
 Scott, Williams and Co., 26. Holies Street^ Cavendish 
 Square, 
 
 Sikes, Snaith and Co., 5. Mansion-House Street. 
 
 Daventry : Watkins and Co. 
 
 Smith, Payne and Co., Mansion-House Place. 
 
 Arbroath : British Linen Company Glasgow : Thistle Banking Company 
 
 Arran : ditto Carrick and Co. 
 
 Brigg : W, Owston Haddington : British Linen Com- 
 
 Burton-on-Trent : Blurton and Co. pany 
 
 Castle Douglas : British Linen Com- Hamilton : ditto 
 
 pany Hawick : ditto 
 
 Coldstream : ditto Hull : Smith and Co. 
 
 Coventry : Little and Co. Inverness : British Linen Company 
 
 Cupar : British Linen Company Jedburgh: ditto 
 
 Derby : S, Smith and Co. Kerryrnuir : ditto 
 
 Dewsbury : Hagues and Co. Leith : ditto 
 
 Dover : Feet or and Co. Leicester : Mansfield and Co. 
 
 Dublin : Hague and Co. Lincoln : Smith and Co. 
 
 Dumfries : British Linen Company Lichfield : Scott and Co. 
 
 Dundee : ditto Montrose : British Linen Company 
 
 Dunbar : ditto Newton Stewart : ditto 
 
 Dunse : ditto Nottingham : Smith and Co. 
 
 Edinburgh : ditto Paisley : Keir 
 
 Kinnear and Sons Perth : British Linen Company 
 
 Elgin : British Linen Company Selkirk: ditto 
 
 Forres : ditto Stranraer : ditto 
 
 Gainsborough : T. Tidd Tain : ditto 
 
 Glasgow : ditto Wexford : Redmond and Co. 
 
 : J. and R. Watson Wrexham : Lloyd, R. M. 
 
 Sir John D.Paul Snow, Bart., and Co., 217. Strand, 
 Spooner, Atwoods and Co., 27. Gracechurch Street, 
 
 Atherstone : Chapman and Co. Bromsgrove : Rufford and Co. 
 
 Bilston : Jones and Co Caistor : Ingelon and Son 
 
 Birmingham: Attwood and Co. Calne : King and Co. 
 
 Boston : Inglelon Faringdon : Ward and Co. 
 
LIST Of BANKERS. 445 
 
 Henley in Arden: Oldaker and Co. Shiffnall : Botfieldand Co. 
 
 Horncastle : Ingelon and Son Stourbridge : Rufford and Co. 
 
 Hovvden : Scholfield and Co. Stratford-on-Avon : Oldaker and Co. 
 
 Hungerford : King and Co. Walsall : Forster and Son 
 
 Marlborough : King and Co. — : Barber and Co. 
 
 Selby : Scholfield and Co. Wolverhampton : Fryer, Richard 
 
 Stevenson and Salt, 20. Lombard Street. 
 
 Dartmouth : Harris and Co. Stafford : Stevenson and Co. 
 
 Nantwicb: Broughton and Co. 
 
 Sir Walter Stirling, Bart., Stirling and Hodsoll, 345. Strand, 
 
 Veres, Ward and Co., 77. Lornbard Street. 
 Atherstone : Wlldsay, Joseph Nuneaton : Craddock and Co. 
 
 Wentworth, Chaloner and Co., 25. Tlireadneedle Street. 
 
 Bradford: Wentworth and Co. York Bank : Wentworth andCo. 
 
 Wakefield : Wentworth and Co. 
 
 Weston and Co., Boroicgh Bank, Southward, 
 Cranbrook : BusSy Wilmshurst and Ca 
 
 Whitmore, Wells and Whitmore, 24. Lombard Street, 
 
 Macclesfield : Daintry Royston : Fordham 
 
 Manchester : Daintry 
 
 Willis, Percival and Co., 76. Lombard Street. 
 
 Knaresborough : Harrison and Co. Rippon : Harrison and Co. 
 Oxford : Walker and Co. Rye : Curtis and Co. 
 
 Reading : Stephens and Co. 
 
 Williams, Burgess and Williams, 20. Birchin Lane. 
 
 Alton : Levy Gravesend : Brenchley and Co. 
 
 Banbury : Cobb and Co. Knaresborough : Charhock 
 
 Bodmin : Robins and Co. Petersfield : Hector and Co. 
 
 Bolton : Wylde and Co. Liskeard : Robins and Co. 
 
 Bridgenorth : Cooper Reading : Simonds and Co. 
 
 Chertsey : La Coste and Co. Rif>pon : Charnock 
 
 Dorchester : Pattison Uttoxeter : Thomas Hart 
 East Cornwall : Robins, Foster and Weymouth : Wm. Bower 
 
 Co. Windsor: Ramsbottom 
 
 Wright (T.) and Co., 5. Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. 
 Young atid Son, 1 1 . Smithfield. 
 
444 
 
 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 DIRECTORS, &c. OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Corneliiis Duller, Esq. Governor, 
 John Baker Richards, Esq. Deputy Governor, 
 
 Directors. 
 
 David Barclay, Esq. 
 John Bowdeij, Esq. 
 John Cockerell, Esq. 
 William Cotton, Esq. 
 Samuel Drewe, Esq. 
 George Dorrien, Esq. 
 Jeremiah Harman, Esq. 
 Samuel Hibbert, Esq. 
 William Manning, Esq. 
 William Mellish, Esq. 
 William Mitchell, Esq. 
 &r Thomas Neave, Bart. 
 
 G. Warde Norman, Esq. 
 James Pattison, jun., Esq. 
 John Pearse, Esq. 
 John H. Pelly, Esq. 
 Charles Pole, Esq. 
 Henry Porcher, Esq. 
 Richard Mee Raikes, Esq. 
 William R. Robinson, Esq. 
 Henry Smith, Esq. 
 Andrew H. Thomson, Esq. 
 Samuel Thornton, Esq. 
 Thomas Warre, Esq. 
 
 Robert Best, Secretary. 
 John Knight, Assistant. 
 William Shrubsole, Secretary to the Committee of 
 
 Treasury. 
 William Dawes, Chief Accountant. 
 William Hutchinson, Deputy. 
 Robert Bryer, Assistant. 
 Henry Hase, Chief Cashier. 
 Thomas Rippen, Second Cashier. 
 Thomas Bross, Third Cashier. 
 
 EAST INDIA DIRECTORS. 
 
 Campbell Majoribanks, Esq., Chairman, 
 Sir G. Abercrombie Robinson, Bart., Deputy Chairman 
 
 Wm. Astell, Esq. M. P. 
 
 Josias Dupre Alexander, Esq. 
 
 John BaiUie, Esq. M. P. 
 
 Jacob Bosanquet, Esq. 
 
 Robert Campbell, Esq. 
 
 W. Stanley Clarke, Esq. 
 
 Neil Benjamin Edmonstone, Esq. 
 
 John Hudleston, Esq. 
 
 Hon. Hugh Lindsay, M. P. 
 
 John Masterman, Esq. 
 
 W. Taylor Money, Esq. M. P. 
 
 John Morris, Esq. 
 
 Edw. Parry, Esq. 
 
 J. Petty Muspratt, Esq. 
 
 Richard Chicheley Plowden, Esq, 
 
 Charles Elton Prescott, Esq. 
 
 George Raikes, Esq. 
 
 J. Goldsborough Raven shaw, Esq. 
 
 George Smith, Esq., M. P. 
 
 John Thornhill, Esq. 
 
 Sweny Toone, Esq, 
 
 William Wigram, Esq. 
 
army and navy agents. 445 
 Army Agents. 
 
 Ashley, James, 44. Charing Cross. 
 
 Bonner, Thomas, 14. Angel Court, Throgmorton Street. 
 
 Brookesbank and Morland, 19. Craven Street, Strand. 
 
 Brent, Timothy, Board of Green Cloth, St. James's. 
 
 Browell, Henry, Stable Yard, St. James's. 
 
 Byrne, William, 99. Pall Mall. 
 
 Codd and Co, Fludver Street, "Westminster. 
 
 Collyer, G S., Park Place, St. James's. 
 
 Combe and Boyce, Lloyd's Coffee-house. 
 
 Cox, Charles, 44. Hatton Garden. 
 
 De Courcy and Langley, 56. Spring Gardens. 
 
 Disney, William, 1'6. Parliament Street. 
 
 Donaldson and Co. 16. Buckinjjham Street, Strand. 
 
 Fitter, Godfrey, 8,' Kegent Street. 
 
 Foulis. Thomas, 3 New Basinghall Street. 
 
 Fraser, John, Duke Street, Westminster. 
 
 Gordon, John, 24. Spring Gardens. 
 
 Greenwood and Co., Craig's Court. 
 
 Guy, Frederick, Tokenhouse Yard. 
 
 Hopkinson and Co., Regent Street 
 
 James, J. G., Adam's Court, Old Broad Street. 
 
 King, Morris, 4. Great Ryder Street. 
 
 Kirkland, Nugent, 8. Waterloo Place. 
 
 Lawrie, John, 1. Robert Street, Adelphi. 
 
 Macdonald ai'.d Campbell, 6. Regent Street. 
 
 Maudes and Hallett, (icorge Street, Westminster. 
 
 M'Gougan, John, George Street, Adelphi. 
 
 Nestor and Co., 33. Craven Street, Strand. 
 
 Pardv, George, 28. Spring Gardens. 
 
 Price, W. Frazer, 34 Craven Street 
 
 Ridge, John, 44. Charing Cross. 
 
 Rollerston and Co., 16. Downing Street. 
 
 Shaw, John, America Square, Minories. 
 
 Stables, Keen, Pay Office, Whitehall. 
 
 Stewart and Sofer, 4. Charles Street, Westminster. 
 
 Stoddart, Dan 'el, 17. Charles Street, St. James's. 
 
 Tustin, William, 8, Fludyer Street, Westminster. 
 
 Walker, William, 7. Dover Street, Piccadilly. 
 
 Watson, William, 63. Charlotte Street, Portland Place. 
 
 Window, James, Craig's Court, (for Hospitals.) 
 
 .Navy Agents. 
 
 Abbott, H., 70. Great Russel Street, Bloomsbury. 
 Barnett and King, 37. Essex Street, Strand. 
 Brine, Robert, 3- Clifford's Inn. 
 Campbell and Co., 9. Regent Street 
 Channon, John, 12. Regent Street 
 Chippendale, John, 10. John Street, Adelphi. 
 Clementson, Charles and Richard F., 14. Clement's Lane. 
 Clementson, Lsaac, 2. Adelphi Terrace. 
 Cooke, Halford and Co , 41. Norfolk Street, Strand. 
 Cook, Harry, 1. James Street, Adelphi. 
 Copland, John, 23. Surrey Street, Strand. 
 Coppock, Joseph, 46. Speldhurst Street, Burton Crescent 
 Cox, Charles, and Son, 44. Hatton Garden. 
 Collier, Thomas, Brick Court, Temple. 
 Davis and Lyon, 137. Ratcliffe Highway 
 Q <i 
 
446 PICTURE OF LONDON 
 
 Evans and Eyton, 22. George Street, Adelphi. 
 
 Evans, Maurice, 22. George Street, Adelphi. . 
 
 Foulis, Thomas, 3. New Basinghall Street. 
 
 Goode and Clarke, 15. Surrey Street, Strand. 
 
 Greenland, J. A., Blue Posts, Cloth Fair, Smithfield. 
 
 Hartwell, George, 9. Broad Street Buildings. 
 
 Hinxman, John, 70. Great Russel Street. 
 
 Holmes, William, 3. Lyons Inn. 
 
 Isaac, Phillips, 8. Great Prescott Street, Goodman's Fields. 
 
 Joseph, Aaron, 11. Clement's Inn. 
 
 Kempster, W. H., 37. Craven Street. 
 
 Lawrie, Andrew, 1. Robert Street, Adelphi 
 
 Levy, Isaac, 5. Commercial Chambers, Minories. 
 
 M'Inerheney, 1. James Street, Adelphi. 
 
 Madden and Rice, 50. Poland Street. 
 
 Maudes and Hallet, 13.- Great George Street, Westminster. 
 
 Mearns, Wm., 74. Tower Street. 
 
 Ommaney, Sir F. M , 22. Norfolk Street, Strand. 
 
 Philpot, John, 33. St. owithin's Lane, Lombard Street. 
 
 ShoU, Robert, 7. Clement's Inn, 
 
 Stanger, Hugh, 13. Clement's Inn. 
 
 Stilwell, Thomas, 22. Arundel Street. 
 
 Thomson, Hugh, Prince's Court, Wilson Street, Finsbury. 
 
 Woodhead, Joseph, 10. Lyon's Inn. 
 
 LAWS RELATIVE TO LONDON AND ITS INHABITANTS. 
 
 Numerous acts of parliament have been passed in difierenS 
 reigns, for the better government of the congregated inhabit*, 
 ants of the metropolis. 
 
 Sewers. — For the draining and carrying off surface water 
 and land springs, numerous large sewers, with lateral drains^ 
 are constructed beneath the streets ; and for the formation, rc4 
 paration, and cleansing of them, the Commissioners of Sewers 
 are vested with high powers by different legislative enactments. 
 Sewers were placed under the mianagement of special commis- 
 sioners by act 6 Henry 6. c. 5. ; and regulated by 6 Henry 8. 
 c. 10., and by several subsequent statutes. 
 
 By 18 Geo. 3. c. 66. persons interfering with the powers of 
 the Commissioners of Sewers, by unstopping any sewer or 
 drain stopped by them, are subject to a penalty of 20L Pri- 
 vate drains must be repaired, when necessary, at the expense of 
 the owners or occupiers of the buildings to which they belong. 
 Neglect, after three days notice from the Commissioners, subjects 
 the party to a penalty not exceeding 201, 
 
 Water. — In the reign of James I. in 1 604, an act was first 
 passed for insuring to the inhabitants of London, a supply o^ 
 water. As the buildings of the metropolis were gradually in* 
 
METROPOLITAN LAWS. 447 
 
 <n*eased, various other enactments have subsequently taken 
 place, for the purpose of extending the distribution of this ne- 
 cessary article. 
 
 Paving the Streets. — Several acts were passed in the reign 
 of Henry 8. for paving some of the streets of the metropolis. 
 The eastern suburbs were first paved in pursuance of an act 
 passed 1 3 Elizabeth, and various acts for paving other parts 
 have been subsequently obtained. The new pavings according 
 to the present mode, commenced in 1763, under a statute made 
 the preceding year. At that period, the enormous signs which 
 hung across the streets, or over the footways, and other impe- 
 diments, were removed. Westminster and Blackfriars Bridges 
 have recently had their road-ways M^Adamized and several of 
 the squares and other parts of the metropolis have undergone a 
 similar operation. 
 
 Metropolitan Paving Act, 51 Geo. 3. c. 29. commonly called 
 
 Michael Angelo Taylor's Act. 
 
 The following abstract of this important Act has been pub- 
 lished by the Commissioners of Sewers and Pavements for the 
 
 city of LoiKlon. 
 
 Sect 5. J Any person destroying, damaging, or defacing any 
 inscription board, forfeits from 1.55. to 1/. 105. 
 
 Sect. 53.] Taking up, altering, or wilfully damaging any 
 pavement, without the consent of the Surveyor, from 51. to 
 10^. 
 
 And for every square foot exceeding one foot so taken up, 
 the further sura of 51. to 10/. 
 
 Sect. 58.] Any person wilfully or carelessly breaking, damag- 
 ing, or injuring any guard-posts or rails, from 21. to 10/. 
 Neglecting to remove building rubbish, within twelve hours 
 
 after being placed on the pavement, 51. 
 Preventing the scavenger from removing any other rubbish, 
 soil, ashes, cinders, &c. from any house, yard, &c. 51. 
 
 Sect. 60.] Any person, except the scavenger, or those em- 
 ployed by him, who shall " go about to collect, or gather, or 
 shall ask for, or receive, or carry away,*' any dust, cinders, or 
 ashes, for the first oflfence, forfeits 10/ 
 For the second oflfence, 151. 
 For the third and every subsequent offence, 20/. 
 
 Sect. 62.] Any person sweeping slop or slush into any com- 
 mon sewer, or upon any sewer grate, 51. 
 Q Q 2 
 
48 PICTURE or LONDON. 
 
 Sect. 63.] Occupiers omitting to sweep the foot-way, before 
 their houses during frost and snow, every day, except Sun- 
 day, before ten o'clock in the morning, forfeit 10s. 
 Sect. 64.] Any person beating or dusting carpets in any pub- 
 lic street or place ; or 
 
 Riding or driving any horse, carriage, &c. for the purpose of 
 breaking, exercising, airing, trying, or exposing the same 
 for sale ; or 
 Throwing, or laying, or permitting to be thrown or laid, or 
 to remain, any ashes, rubbish, offal, dung, soil, blood, or 
 other filth or annoyance, upon the carriage-way, or foot" 
 ways or 
 Killing, scalding, or cutting up any beast or swine, or other 
 cattle, in or so near any street or public place, as that any 
 blood or filth shall run upon or over the pavement ; or 
 Running, rolling, driving, drawing, or placing, or permit- 
 ting to be run, &c. upon the foot-way, any waggon or 
 other carriage, or any wheel, wheel-barrow, hand-barrow, 
 or truck, or any hogshead, cask, or barrel ; or 
 Wilfully riding, leading, or driving any horse, ass, mule, or 
 other beast upon thejbot-way, from 21, to 5L 
 Sect 65,] Any person setting or placing, or permitting to be 
 set or placed, any stall-board, chopping-block, show-board, 
 on hinges, or .otherwise, basket, wares, merchandize, casks, 
 or goods of any kind ; or 
 
 Hooping, washing, or cleansing, or permitting to be hooped, 
 &c. any pipe, barrel, cask, or vessel, upon either the car- 
 riage way, or foot- way ; or 
 Setting out, laymg, or placing, or permitting to be set out, 
 &c. any coach, cart, or other carriage, wheel-barrow, 
 hand-barrow, or truck, upon the carriage-way, (except 
 hackney-coaches, or carts, &c. for the purpose of loading 
 or unloading, ^c ) ; or 
 Setting or placing, or permitting to be set or placed, upon 
 or over either of the pavements, any timber, stones, brick, 
 lime, or other materials, unless properly inclosed by li- 
 cence from the surveyor ; or 
 Hanging out or exposing, or permitting to be hung out or 
 exposed, any meat or offal, or any other inatter or thing 
 whatsoever, over any part of either of the carriage-ways or 
 foot-way, or over any area of any house or building ; or. 
 Placing or putting out, or permitting to be placed or put 
 out, any garden or other pot, (except the same shall be 
 
METROPOLITAN LAWS. 449 
 
 secured from falling to the satisfaction of the Surveyor), 
 or any other matter or thingf from and on the outside */f 
 any house or building, over, or near unto, any public street 
 or place, and not immediately removing the same, when 
 thereunto required by the Surveyor, whether the same 
 shall have been set or placed by the housekeeper or his 
 servants; or 
 Replacing, after such requisition and removal, the same or 
 any other stall, show-board, chopping-block, basket, wares, 
 merchandize, casks, goods, coach, cart, wain, waggon, 
 dray, wheel -barrow, hand-barrow, sledge, truck, carriage, 
 timber, stones, bricks, lime, meat, offal, garden pots, or 
 other matters or things, or any of them ; for the first of- 
 fence, forfeits 21. 
 For the second, and every subsequent offence, 51 
 Sect. 67] Any person not removing, within seven days after 
 notice, any hog-stye, slaughter-house, or other nuisance, 10/. 
 Sect. 68.] Keeping or suffering swine to stray about the 
 
 streets, forfeits the swine so kept or straying, and also 21. 
 Sect. 69.] Any person sifting, skreening, or slacking lime, 
 without the Surveyor's consent, or without a hoard previ- 
 ously erected by license ; or 
 Sect. 70,] Leaving open, or unguarded, or refusing, or neg- 
 lecting to repair any area rails, coal-hole, trap-door, or cel- 
 lar-flap ; or 
 Sect. 71.] Leaving open, for six hours after notice, holes 
 excavated for areas, vaults, foundations of buildings, or 
 other purposes ; or 
 Sect. 72.] Refusing, after notice, to remove any sign, spout, 
 gutter, shade, or other projection, forfeits from 21. to 51.; or^ 
 Sect. 73.] Any person carrying soap-lees, night-soil, am- 
 moniacal liquor, slop, &c. in any other than covered car- 
 ^ riages; or 
 
 Carrying soap-lees, night-soil, or ammoniacal liquor, through 
 any public street, &c. between the hours of six in the 
 morning and eight at night ; or 
 Filling any such covered carriage, so as to cast any soap- 
 lees, night-soil, ammoniacal liquor, slop, &c. into any such 
 street, &c. ; or. 
 Sect. 74.] Beginning to empty any bog-house, or taking away 
 any night-soil, at any time, except between twelve at night 
 and five in the morning from Lady.day to Michaelmas, and 
 QQ 3 
 
450 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 between twelve at night and six in the morning between Mi- 
 chaelmas and Lady-day ; or, 
 
 Casting out of any cart or tub, or otherwise, any night-soil, 
 in or near any public street, — the servant, in either case, 
 to be imprisoned thirty days, and the master forfeit 51. 
 
 Sect. 75.] Any person erecting any board, scaffolding, bars, 
 or other thing, by way of inclosure, without licence ; or con- 
 tinuing the same for a lo iger time than expressed in such 
 license, for every day 10s. 
 
 Sect. 76.] Any person wilfully obliterating or defacing the 
 name of any street, or the number upon any house, 21. 
 Any occupier refusing to restore the number within three 
 days after notice, for every day from 105. to 1/. 
 
 Sect. 122.] Any person obstructing any Surveyor, or other 
 officer, in the performance of his duty, for the first offence, 5/. 
 For the second offence, 10/. 
 For the third and every subsequent offence, 20/. 
 Any person or persons summoning the Surveyor before the 
 
 Justices, for not having repaired any dangerous pavement 
 
 within the limited time, and not making good their complaint^ 
 
 to forfeit 405. 
 
 Penalties recovered before a Justice, applied under his 
 
 direction, not exceeding one half to the informer, the other to 
 
 the trust. 
 
 Lighting the Streets. — As early as the year 1416, the inha- 
 bitants of London were required to hang lanterns in the streets 
 on winter evenings. In the reign of Anne, globular glass 
 lamps with oil burners were introduced instead of lanterns 
 and common lamps. In 1 736, an act was passed to regulate 
 the "better enlightening the streets, &c.'* within the city ; in 
 consequence of which 4200 lamps were put up, exclusive of 
 those attached to public buildings. This was the commence-, 
 ment of the system of defraying the charges of lighting the 
 metropolis by parochial assessments. 
 
 Gas. — The various Gas Light Companies have a right to 
 break up the soil and pavements of the streets, for the purpose 
 of laying down pipes, &c., provided it be done in a workman- 
 like manner. They are obliged to remove pipes from private 
 houses, when tenants quit, if required. When gas is found to 
 escapo from pipes laid down by gas companies, they are obliged 
 
METROroLITA>? LAWS. 451 
 
 immediately to repair the defect, at their own expense, and are 
 liable to a penalty o£ 51. a-day,for every day suffered to elapse, 
 after receiving notice. They must remove nuisances on re- 
 ceiving notice, within three days, under penalty of .5/. a day. 
 Pipes, &c. cannot be laid down on private property, without 
 permission. 
 
 Buildings. — By 29 Geo. 2. c. 40. the lord mayor and com- 
 mon council were empowered to purchase and remove build- 
 ings, to improve, widen, and enlarge the passage over and 
 through London Bridge. 
 
 By 6 Geo. 2. c. 22. the lord mayor and citizens were em- 
 powered to fill up Fleet Ditch, and the inheritance of the ground 
 was vested in them, for building upon. 
 
 By 14 Geo. 3. c, 78. all buildings whatsocTer, heretofore 
 built, or to be built hereafter, are divided into seven rates; and 
 all houses of the 1st, 2d, 3d, or 4th rate, contiguous to other 
 buildings, shall have party-walls between them, to extend to 
 the outward surfaces of each, and those and all chimneys and 
 chimney shafts shall be of brick or stone, or both together. 
 
 Party-walls to be 18 inches above the buildings adjoining. 
 Those of first-rate buildings shall be at the foundation 3^ bricks 
 or two feet six inches and a half in thickness, decreasing up- 
 wards in a given proportion. No recesses to be made in party 
 walls, (except for chimneys, fire places, girders, &c.) so as to 
 reduce such wall under the thickness required. No timber to 
 be in party- walls, (except bonds, templets, and chains, and the 
 ends of girders, beams, &c. ) and eight and a half inches of solid 
 brick -work to be between the ends and sides of every piece of 
 timber, except opposite to other timbers, and then no part of 
 such timber to approach nearer than four inches to the centre 
 of the wall. 
 
 The Surveyor is to give information of irregular buildings, and 
 the lord mayor and justices are to order the same to be demol- 
 ished or amended, and a penalty of 505. may be levied on the 
 workmen. 
 
 Fire, — By 14 Geo. 3. c. 78. fire-engines and ladders shall 
 be kept in known places, and the parish oflSeers shall place on 
 mains of water- works, stop-blocks and fire-cocks, and shall mark 
 the house near, and keep keys there : the fire-cocks to be 
 kept in repair by the parish, and the plugs by the owners of the 
 water-works ; and engines and ladders shall be kept in eveiy 
 
452 PIClUllE Of LOxNDON 
 
 parish, on penalty of 10/. on the officers, to be levied by dis- 
 tress. In case of iire, the turncock whose water comes first, 
 shall have IO5. paid by the parish officers. First engine ]/. 10s. 
 second engine, U. and third engine, IO5. to be paid by the same; 
 but no reward without the approbation of an alderman, or two 
 common councilmen in London, and of a justice out of Lon- 
 don. Rewards to be paid out of the poor's rate. 
 
 By 6 Ann. c. 31. every parish within the bills of mortality 
 shall keep one large engine, one hand-engine, and one leather 
 pipe, on pain of 10/. Gratuities shall be paid to turncocks, en- 
 gine-keepers, and others first assisting to extinguish any fire. 
 
 Servants through negligence firing any house, shadl forfeit 
 100/. or be sent to the workhouse for 18 months. 
 
 Not above ten gallons of turpentine shall be boiled or dis- 
 tilled, at one time, in any place contiguous to other buildings 
 (except in houses already built in South wark,) on forfeiture of 
 100/. and treble costs. 
 
 Watching. — In 1737, an act was passed for regulating the 
 city watch, &c. in which al erations and improvements were 
 made by 14 Geo. 3. c. 90. By 1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. 118. watch- 
 men and patroles, in cases of incompetence, negligence, mis- 
 conduct, or delinquency, may be suspended, or absolutely 
 dismissed from office, at the discretion of two justices of the 
 peace. No man above forty years of age to be appointed a 
 ■watchman or patrole, unless he has been previously employed 
 in the horse or foot patrole. 
 
 Police. — By 1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. 118. the police officers are at 
 present regulated. The magistrates are required to attend eyery 
 day (except Sundays, Good Friday, Christmas Day, and fast and 
 thanksgiving days) from 10 in the morning till 8 in the even- 
 ing. Tables of fees must be hung up in a conspicuous part of 
 Police Offices. Under this act, keepers of shops, for the sale of 
 ready-made tea and coffee, are required to shut them at 11 at 
 night, and not open them before 4 in the morning in summer 
 iind 6 in the winter, under penalty not exceeding 10/. ; and 
 they are liable to be committed to the House of Correction 
 and kept to hard labour, in default of payment. Persons 
 blowing horns, &c. for the purpose of selling or distribut- 
 ing any article within the city, the limits of the bills of mor- 
 tality, or the parishes of St. Mary-le-bone, Paddington, St. 
 Pan eras, Kensington, and St. Luke, Chelsea, may be appre- 
 
HACKNEY COACHES, &C. 455 
 
 bended by any person, and taken before a justice of the peace, 
 who, on conviction, may fine the offender not more than 405. 
 nor less than lOs. ; and in default of payment send him to the 
 House of Correction, to be kept to hard labour, for not above 
 rten days. 
 
 Court of Requests, — By 3 James 1. c. 15. citizens and free- 
 men of London having debts under 405. may cause the debtor ,, 
 to be summoned to the court of requests at Guildhall ; and the K 
 debt there shall be summarily determined. Debtors refusing f 
 to appear, or pay, shall be imprisoned ; but this shall not ex- 
 tend to debts for rent, or on real contracts. 
 
 By 39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 104. a court of three of the com- 
 missioners shall have jurisdiction over debts not exceeding 
 405. and seven shall have jurisdiction over debts not exceed- 
 ing 51. 
 
 By 25 Geo. 3. c. 45. debtors committed to prison by courts 
 of conscience in London, Middlesex, or Southwark, for a debt 
 of 205. or under, shall not be confined more than twenty days, 
 and not exceeding 405. for more than forty days. 
 
 Courts of conscience are not to issue process against both 
 body and goods of the same party ; and no commissioner shall 
 act unless he has a real estate of 20/. per annum, or a personal 
 estate of 500/, on pain of 20/. 
 
 HACKNEY-COACHES. 
 
 Their Number. — The commissioners may licence 800 
 coaches, by 9 Anne, c. 23.; 200 more by 11 Geo.3. c. 24. ; and 
 ■100 more by 42 Geo. 3. c. 78. Total 1200. 
 
 By 54 Geo. 3. c. 147. they may license 200 chariots, but 
 not to exceed in coaches and chariots the above authorized num- 
 ber of 1200. 
 
 Cabriolets. — The commissioners may also (with the appro- 
 bation and direction in writing of the Lords of his Majesty's 
 treasury, or any three or more of them) license such number 
 of carriages with two wheels, and drawn by one horse, as shall 
 i»e specified by them, subject to the same laws and regulations 
 as hackney-coaches and chariots. 
 
 Size of Horses. — No horse shall be used with a hackney-coach 
 which shall be under 14 hands high. 
 
 Number of Passengers. — Coachmen are not compellable to 
 take more than four adults in a coach, nor above three in a cha- 
 riot, inside ; but if the coachmen agree to take more, the fare 
 
454 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 will be Is. for each extra person, of whatever age he or sh« 
 may be, not being a child in arms; and if taken into the coun- 
 try, Is. forgoing, and Is. for returning. Drivers of cabriolets 
 are not compellable to carry more than two persons. 
 
 Charges for fares. — Carriages discharged after 9 o'clock in 
 the evening, between Lady -day and Michaelmas, and after 7 
 o'clock between Michaelmas and Lady-day, at any distance be- 
 yond the carriage-waj pavement, or if hired at a stand beyond 
 the same, may demand the full fare back to such extremity or 
 standing. For coaches or chariots hired to go into the coun- 
 try in the day-time, and there discharged, should the distance 
 from the pavement exceed four miles, the coachman is entitled 
 to 6d. a mile backfare, to the nearest carriage-way pavement or 
 stand where hired. 
 
 Obligation to go. — A coachman may be compelled to take 
 a fare to any place not exceeding ten miles from the stones* 
 end, unless he has been at work with his coach and horses 12 
 hours ; and if a coach or chariot is drawn off the stand, it is 
 equally liable to be hired, as if it stood in its proper place on 
 the stand. 
 
 Option of reckoning fares hy time, or distance, — If a coach, 
 when hired, be kept waiting, so that the time amounts to more 
 than the distance, the coachman may reckon the amount of his 
 fare by time : he may charge also for persons in his coach above 
 the regular number. If taken to any place where there is a 
 possibility of losing his fare, and there desired to wait, no per- 
 son being left with him, he may demand a reasonable sum in 
 hand, to be accounted for when he is discharged: but he is not 
 obliged to wait longer than the sum in hand will pay for time. 
 
 Miscellaneous Regulations. — No coachman shall be compeU 
 led to send out his coach and horses before his own usual time, 
 or convenience ; but if that is required and complied with, he 
 is entitled, by custom, to 5s. beyond the regular fare. 
 
 A coachman may refuse to take any heavy luggage in his 
 coach, without remuneration for the same ; but it must be re.» 
 fused before it is put into his coach, and the coachman so re- 
 fusing is entitled to payment, not less than \s. for tlie distance 
 he has been brought, if he was not told, previously to leaving 
 the stand, that he would be required to carry luggage. N. B. 
 This regulation does not apply to such small trunks or parcels 
 as may be carried in the hand. 
 
 A coachman is requ'red to take the shortest way, unless 
 ordered to go out of the direct road, which will, of course autho- 
 rise an increase of fare ; or if the pavement be* broken up ill 
 
CABRIOLETS. 45.* 
 
 any place through which he ought to pass, and he is, therefore^ 
 obliged to increase the distance, he must be paid for it. Sending 
 for a coach will also increase the fare, if the coachman is taker 
 further from the point to which he is desired to go. 
 
 Fares by distance to be calculated, from the spot where the 
 coach is taken, at the following rate. — For any distance less 
 than one mile, Is. and so on in proportion of 6d. for every hali 
 mile, and an additional 6d. for every two miles completed ; con- 
 sequently there are no 2s. 6d., 5s. or 75. 6d. fares. 
 
 Fares by time. — Thirty minutes, Is.; forty-five minutes. Is. 
 6d. ; one hour, 2s. ; two hours, 5s.; three hours, 85.; four hours, 
 II5.; and soon, in the proportion of 6c/. for every quarter of an 
 hour. N. B. No agreement to pay more than the proper fare 
 is, at any time, binding. 
 
 CABRIOLETS. 
 
 The Cabriolets are entitled to two thirds of the same fare as 
 the hackney-coaches and chariots ; and the drivers are subject to 
 the same penalties for misbehaviour. 
 
 Penalties. — For driving for hire a coach, ^c. not clean, or 
 without a check-string, or in any respect unfit for the accommo- 
 dation of the public, IO5. 
 
 For driving contrary to orders, affecting slow driving, carry- 
 ing any person about in the coach without his consent, being 
 absent from the coach without satisfactory reasons, purposely 
 obstructing the way, standing or plying for hire across any 
 street or common passage, and refusing to remove, refusing 
 to give way to a private carriage, standing or plying for hire by 
 the foot pavement, before shops or houses, IO5. 
 
 For refusing, or for exacting more than the usual fare, not 
 exceeding 31., nor less than 10s. 
 
 For abusive language, furious driving, wantonly, or cruelly 
 beating horses, intoxication, &c. — the driver not exceeding 
 20s. ; if owner and driver, not exceeding 31., or the revocation 
 of his licence. 
 
 For preventing a person from taking the number of a 
 coach, (who has a reasonable cause so to do,) or giving a false 
 number, or for abusive language to any person going to or re- 
 turning from preferring a complaint before the commissioners 
 or a magistrate 40s. 
 
 For not having such plates or numbers on the outside, as have 
 been ordered by the commissioners, not exceeding 5L 
 
455' PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 For not placing the inside number in a conspicuous part of 
 the roof, not exceeding 10/. 
 
 For not depositing within four days, at the Hackney-coach 
 office, any property found in a coach, &c. 20/. 
 
 By 55 Geo. 3. c. 159, s. 15. one moiety of all fines and pe-r 
 nalties is to be accounted for with the crown, and the other 
 moiety to be received by the complainant. 
 
 Coach stand. — By 11 Geo. 3. c. 29. coaches are to stand 
 eight feet asundei^ and leave room for waggons, &c. on penalty 
 of 205. 
 
 Inspection. — By 39 «& 40 Geo. 3. c. 47. the commissioners 
 may appoint inspectors of hackney-coaches and horses, and sus-^ 
 pend the license of any person whose coach shall be defective, or 
 horses unfit ; and may annul licenses if the inspectors are re- 
 fused leave to examine coaches. 
 
 N. B, The Hackney- Coach Office is open for business, and 
 receiving complaints, every day, except Sundays, from 10 tilt 
 3 o'clock: and no fees are allowed to be taken by clerks or ser- 
 vants. 
 
 For Fares to different places, see " A new Table of Hackney 
 Coach Fares, calculated from the different coach stands in the 
 metropolis, alphabetically arranged, and containing nearly 5000 
 distinct fares, compiled from official documents, and actual 
 measurements, in one sheet,'* published by J. Wyld, Charing 
 Cross. ' 
 
 Sedan Chairs. — By 7 Geo; 3. c. 44. the following rates of 
 fares are allowed to be taken by licensed hackney- chairs, viz. for 
 one mile, l5., one mile and four furlongs, Is. 6d.f for every 
 four furlongs farther, 6d. — By the time, the first hour is, 6d, 
 and for every half hour after 6d. 
 
 The hackney coach commissioners, or magistrates, are em- 
 powered to decide, in a summary way, upon all complaints 
 arising between chairmen and those who may have occasion 
 to employ them. 
 
 Stage- Coaches. — Numbered stage-coaches are not to take up 
 passengers in the streets to bs set down again in any of the paved 
 streets, on pain of a sum not exceeding 3/. nor less than 2O5.4 
 if, being the owner, the coachman shall offend a second time, 
 the license is to be forfeited ; but the penalty is not incurred if 
 the party shall have previously taken his place for the country 
 at a booking-house, and paid the whole fare. v 
 
PORTERAGE^ 457 
 
 Coachmen improperly summoned are authorised ta demand 
 a compensation not exceeding 55. nor less than 3*. 
 
 Porterage. — By 39 Geo. 3. c. 58. the charges for conveying 
 parcels within London and Westminster, Southwark^ and the 
 suburbs thereof, and other places within half a mile from the 
 end of the carriage pavements, when under 56lbs. weight, 
 are the following : not exceeding one quarter of a mile, 3d. ; 
 exceeding a quarter, and not half a mile, 4d.; exceeding half a 
 mile and not one mile, 6d.; exceeding one mile, but not one 
 and a half, 8d. ; and for any greater distance than one mile and 
 a half, but not exceeding two miles, lOd. ; and so in propor- 
 tion, 3d. for every further distance, not exceeding half a mile. 
 
 Tickets shall be made out at the inns and given to the por- 
 ters, and by them delivered with the parcels ; and any innkeeper 
 not making out such tickets, to forfeit not exceeding 40s. nor 
 less than 5s.;, and porters not delivering, or defacing the same, 
 to pay 40s., and for overcharging, 20s. 
 
 Parcels brought by coaches shall be delivered within six 
 hours, on pain of paying not exceeding 20s. nor less than 10s. 
 
 Parcels brought by waggons shall be delivered within 24 
 hours, on a like penalty. 
 
 Parcels directed to be left till called for, shall be delivered to 
 persons to whom the same shall be directed, on payment of the 
 carriage, and 2d. warehouse- room, on the like penalty. 
 
 Parcels, if not sent for till the expiration of one week. Id. 
 more for warehouse-room may be charged. 
 
 Parcels not directed to be left till called for, shall be deli- 
 vered, in like manner, on demand, under a like penalty. 
 
 Misbehaviour of porters may be punished by a magistrate by 
 a fine not exceeding 20s. nor less than 5s» 
 
 Watermen. — By 34 Geo. 3. c. 65. the lord mayor and al- 
 dermen are empowered to make rules and orders for the go- 
 vernment of watermen plying on the river Thames. Magis- 
 trates have power to fine watermen for extortion and misbeha- 
 viour ; and persons refusing to pay the fares authorised by law, 
 may be compelled to do so, with all charges, or be imprisoned 
 one month ; and whoever shall give a waterman a fictitious 
 V me or address is liable to a penalty of 51. 
 
 Carts. — By 1 Geo. 1. stat. 2. c. 57. no carter, drayman, 
 waggoner, or other person, shall, within the bills of mortality, 
 BE 
 
453 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 ride on Iiis cart, dray, car, or waggon, not having some person 
 on foot to drive the horses, on forfeiture of IO5. ; in default of 
 paynient, he is to be sent to the house of correction for three 
 days. By 24 Geo. 2. c. 43. the penalty on a carter for riding 
 on his cart, within the bills of mortality, is extended to within 
 ten miles thereof. By 30 Geo. 2, c. 28. empty carts obstruct- 
 ing the streets or highways, except while they are loading, for- 
 feit a sum not exceeding 20s, 
 
 Cattle. — By 14 Geo. 3. c. 87. and 21 Geo. 3. c. 67. any 
 peace-officer may secure persons driving cattle through the 
 streets of London in an improper or cruel manner. If the 
 party be convicted before a justice, he shall forfeit from 5s. to 
 20s. to the prosecutor, or be committed to the house of correc- 
 tion for one month. Persons, not being drivers of cattle, who 
 shall pelt them with stones, or set dogs at them, without leave, 
 may be taken before a justice, and be subject to the same 
 penalties. 
 
 Offenders who refuse to tell their names and places of abode 
 shall be committed to the common gaol. 
 
 A new and very important act of parliament has been re- 
 cently passed, at the instigation of R. Martin, Esq., M. P. for 
 Galway, for the purpose of preventing cruelty to cattle, &c. and 
 to punish offenders. Many prosecutions have been instituted 
 under the clauses of this act, and Mr. Martin himself has fre- 
 quently appeared at the Police Offices, to indict offenders, and 
 enforce conviction. 
 
 Beggars, t^c. — By 5 Geo. 4. c. 83. pedlars and petty deal- 
 ers, trading without a license ; common prostitutes behaving 
 in a riotous and indecent manner in streets or public places; 
 persons asking alms in streets, &c., or causing or encou- 
 raging children to do so, are deemed idle and disorderly 
 persons, and are liable to be sent to the house of correction, and 
 kept to hard labour, for any time not exceeding one month. — 
 Fortune-tellers, dealers in obscene prints, &c., persons inde- 
 cently exposing themselves, fraudulent beggars, and reputed 
 thieves found under suspicious circumstances, are liable to be 
 punished with three months' imprisonment and hard labour. Any 
 person may apprehend such offenders and take them before k 
 magistrate, or deliver them over to a peace officer, who will ]}e 
 Jiable to fine or imprisonment if he refuse to take charge of 
 them. 
 
COALS. 459 
 
 Coals. — By 47 Geo. 3. sect. 2. c. 68. the Coal Exchange 
 shall be a free, open, and public market, and held every Mon- 
 day, Wednesday, and Friday, from twelve at noon until two in 
 the afternoon. Coals are to be sold in the market during mar- 
 ket hours only, on pain of \QOl. If any vender of coals shall 
 knowingly sell one sort of coals for another which they really are 
 not, within 25 miles from the Royal Exchange, he shall forfeit 
 20/. per chaldron, up to and not exceeding 25 chaldrons for the 
 same offence. 
 
 No bushel shall be used but that described in 12 Ann. c. 17., 
 and 36 of such bushels heaped shall be a chaldron ; and a ven- 
 der using any other bushel, or diminishing the same, shall 
 forfeit 20/. ; and if his servant shall use any other bushel, or 
 diminish the same, he shall be committed to hard labour in the 
 house of correction for a time not exceeding three calendar 
 months. A bushel measure always to be carried with the coals. 
 
 Pharmacy and Surgery. — By 3 Hen. 8. c. 11 no person 
 within the city of London, or seven miles thereof, shall exer- 
 cise as a physician or surgeon, except examined and approved, 
 on forfeiture of 51. a month. 
 
 By 55 Geo. 3. no person shall practise as an apothecary in 
 any part of England or Wales, without a certificate (of his 
 being duly qualified,) from the Court of Examiners of the Apo- 
 thecaries' Company, under penalty of 20/. for every offence. 
 And any person acting as an apothecary's assistant without hav- 
 ing served an apprenticeship for five years, is liable to a penalty 
 of 51. for every offence. 
 
 Freedom at Fairs, — By 3 Hen. 7. c. 9. citisens and free- 
 men of London are authorised to carry their wares to any fair 
 or market in the kingdom, notwithstanding any bye-law to the 
 contrary. 
 
 Juries. — By 3 Geo. 2. c. 25. jurors in London shall be 
 householders within the city, and have tenements or personal 
 estate to the value of lOOZ, 
 
 By 29 Geo. 2. c. 19. persons summoned to serve on juries 
 in London or any other town corporate, or franchise, not at- 
 tending, shall forfeit not more tlian 405. nor less than 205., un- 
 less the court be satisfied with the cause of absence : such fine 
 being leviable b;r distress and sale. 
 
460 PICTURE QF LONDON. 
 
 LAW AND PUBLIC OFFICES, BUILDINGS, &e. 
 
 JFitk the Hours of Attendance ^ and Business at each* 
 
 Accountant General's Office, 1, WhitebalJ Place; 9 till 2, and 
 4 till 7 ; and for delivery of drafts, 9 till 2 
 
 Accountant General's and Master of Court of Exchequer Of- 
 fice, 17, Mitre Court Buildings 
 
 Admiralty Office, Charing Cross 
 
 Admiralty Court and Office, College Square, Doctors' Com- 
 mons, 9 till 7 
 
 Affidavit Office, Symonds' Inn, 10 till 2, and 5 till 8 
 
 *#* No candles lighted from the last seal after Michaelmas 
 term till the first seal before Hilary term 
 
 African Company of Merchants, Mark Lane 
 
 African Institution for Civilization, 42, Fludyer Street 
 
 Albion Fire and Life Insurance Office, Bridge Street, Black- 
 friars, and Bond Str^eet 
 
 Alien Office, Crown Street, Westminster 
 
 Alienation Office, 2, King's Bench Walk, Temple; 11 till 1, 
 and 8 till 5 
 *^* In the long vacation the commissioners attend only 
 from 11 till 12, Mondays and Wednesdays 
 
 Allowance Office, for Spoiled Stamps, Somerset Place, Tues- 
 days and Thursdays, 1 1 to 1 
 
 Almoner's Office, Scotland Yard 
 
 American Fund Office, City Chambers 
 
 American Agency, Fenchurch Street 
 
 Amicabk Society, 13, Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street, 9 till 3 
 
 Antiquaries' Society, Somerset Place 
 
 Appeals for Prizes, High Court, College Square, Doctors* 
 Commons, 9 till 7 
 
 Arkindale and Derwent Mines Company, 12, Serjeants* Inn, 
 Fleet Street 
 
 Army Medical Board, Berkeley Street, Piccadilly 
 
 Army Pay Office, Whitehall 
 
 Army and Navy Claims, 1 0, Duke Street, Westminster 
 
 Archdeacon of London's Court, Knightrider Street 
 
 Archdeaconry of Rochester, Bennet's Hill 
 
 Arches Court, Knightrider Street, 9 till 8 
 
 Arts, Society for the Encourag^ement of, 18, John Street, 
 Adelphi 
 
PUBLIC OFFICES AND BUILDINGS. 461 
 
 Assessed Taxes' Office, Somerset House 
 
 Athenaion, 164, Regent Street 
 
 Atlas Assurance and Fire Office, Cheapside 
 
 Auction Mart, opposite the east end of the Bank of England 
 
 Auditor's Office, for Land and Window Tax Palace Yard, 
 
 (^Exchequer), Palace Yard, Westminster, 10 
 
 till I 
 
 Auditor General's Office, 23, Great George Street, West- 
 minster 
 
 Auditor's Office, Somerset Place, 10 till 2 
 
 of W^est India Accounts, Duke Street, Westminster 
 
 Augmentation Office, Palace Yard, Westminster, 10 till 1 
 
 Bank of England, Threadneedle Street. Transfer hours, 1 1 
 till 1, and payment of dividends, 9 till 11, and 1 till 3 
 
 Bankrupt Office (secretary of j, Southampton Buildings, 10 
 till 3, and 5 till 8 
 
 Bankrupt Office (Patentee for Commissions), 10 to 1, and 5 to 
 8 ; 5, Lincoln's Inn, New Square 
 
 Baptist Chambers, Chancery Lane 
 
 Barnard's Inn, Holborn 
 
 Barrack Office, 83, Pall Mall 
 
 St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield 
 
 Beacon Fire Office, 8, Chatham Place, and 184, Regent 
 Street 
 
 Bill of Middlesex Office (K. B.), 15, Clifford's Inn, 11 till 
 2, and 5 till 7 
 
 Bishop of London's Office, Knightrider Street, 9 till 8 
 
 Board of Controul for East India Affairs, Cannon Row, 1 to 4 
 
 Board of Green Cloth, St. James's Palace 
 
 Board of Ordnance, Military Department, Pall Mali 
 
 Board of Trade, 23, Great George Street, Westminster 
 
 Board of Works, Middle Scotland Yard 
 
 Borough Court of Southwark, St. Margaret's Hill, Monday, 
 3 till 4 
 
 Borough Compter, Tooley Street 
 
 Bridewell Hospital, Bridge Street 
 
 British Claims Office, 43, Parliament Street 
 
 British Commercial Assurance Office, 20, Southampton Row 
 
 British Gallery, 52, Pall Mall 
 
 British and Foreign Bible Society, Great Queen Street, Liu- 
 coin's Inn Fields 
 
 British Lying-in Hospital for Married Women, Brownlow Street 
 
 British Museum, Russell Street, Bloomsbury 
 R R 3 
 
46'2 riCTURE OF LOXDON. 
 
 British Fire Offiec, 429, Strand, and Cornhill 
 
 British Assuranec Society, 129, Aldersgate Street 
 
 Cart or Carmen's Office, Somerset Place 
 
 Chamber of Commrcee, Cornhill 
 
 Chamberlain's (Lord) Office, Stable Yard, St. James's 
 
 Chancery Office, Southampton Buildings, 10 till S, and from 
 
 6 till 8, in term time 
 Chancery, Court of, Lincoln's Inn and Westminster Hall 
 Chancery Register Office, 10 to 2, and 5 to 8 
 Chelsea Water Office, 16, Great Queen Street, Westminster 
 Chirographer*s Office, (C. P*), 3, Hare Court, Temple, 11 
 
 till 3 
 Christ's Hospital, Newgate Street 
 Churches, Ccmmissioners for building, and for enquiring into 
 
 Charities, Office, 13, Great George Street, Westminster 
 City Solicitor's Office, Guildhall, King Street, Cheapside 
 City of London Lying-in Hospital, City Road 
 Civil List Audit Office, 7, New Street, Spring Gardens 
 Clement's Inn, behind St. Clement's Church, Strand 
 Clerk of the Crown Office, Rolls Yard, Chancery Lane 
 Clerk of the Docquets (K. B.), King's Bench Office 
 Clerk of the Docquets (C. P.), Prothonotaries' Office 
 Clerk of the Essoigns' Office (C. P.), Elm Court, Temple, 9 
 
 till 2, and 4 till 8, in term, and till 6 in vacation 
 Clerk of the Juries and Habeas Corpus Office, Chancery Lane, 
 
 10 till 3, and 5 till 8 in term ; executed at the Chief Justice 
 
 of the Common Pleas' Chambers 
 Clerk of the Foreign Estreats' Office, Somerset Place 
 Clerk of the Escheats, Somerset Place 
 
 Clerk of the Errors' Office, at the Chambers of the Chief Jus- 
 tice of the King's Bench 
 Clerk of the Peace for Surry, 6, King's Bench Walk 
 Clerk of Outlawries, executed by the Attorney- General's clerk 
 Clerk of the Papers' Office, (K.B.j, Symond's' Inn, 10 till 2, 
 
 and 6 till 8 
 Clerk of the Papers' Office (C. P.), Fleet Prison, 10 till 3> 
 
 and 6 till 9 
 Clerk of the Papers' Office (K. B.), near the King's Bench 
 
 Prison, 10 till 2, and 6 till 9 
 Clerk of the Rules' Office, (K. B.), Symonds' Inn, 10 till 2, 
 ' and 6 till 9 in term 
 Clifford's Inn, Fleet Street 
 Coal Exchange, Lower Thames Street 
 
PUBLIC OFFICES AND BUILDINGS. 465 
 
 X^oal Meters* Office, Northumberland Street, Strand 
 
 College of Physicians, Pall Mall East 
 
 College of Surgeons, Lincoln's Inn Fields 
 
 Colonial Audit Office, 5, Whitehall Place 
 
 Colonial Slaves' Registry Office, 13, James Street, Westminster 
 
 Common Bail Office (K.B.;, 14, Paper Buildings, Temple, 11 
 
 till 2, and 5 till 7 in term, and 1 1 till 3 in vacation 
 Common Pleas, or Prothonotaries' Office, 2, Tanfield Court, 
 
 11 till 1, and 4 till 8 in term, and 1 till 6 in vacation 
 Commissioners for building Churches, and inquiring into Cha- 
 rities' Office, 13, Great George Street, Westminster 
 Commissioners of Sewers, Lamps, and Pavement Office, for 
 
 London, Guildhall Yard 
 Commissioners of Sewers' Office, forW^estminster, Soho Square 
 — for Finsbury Division, Hatton 
 
 Garden 
 Commissioners for Dutch Property Office, Old Broad Street 
 Commissary of Surrey's Office, Godliman Street, 9 till 8 
 Committee of Counsel for Foreign Trade, and Plantations, 
 
 Whitehall, 10 to 4 
 Comptroller of Army Accounts, Horse Guards 
 <^orn Exchange, Mark Lane 
 
 •Cornish Mines' Company's Office, 196, Regent Street 
 Coroner's Office, in Westminster Cloisters, Westminster 
 Coroner's Office for Middlesex, 44, Bedford Row 
 Corporation Office, 13, Paper Buildings, 10 till 2, and 4 till 7 
 Corporation for Sick and Maimed Seamen in the Merchants' 
 
 Service, Royal Exchange 
 Council Office, Cockpit, Whitehall, 10 till 4 
 County Fire Office, Quadrant, Regent Street 
 Courts of Conscience — Aldermanbury ; Castle . Street ; Vine 
 
 Street ; Kingsgate Street ; Osborne Street ; St. Margaret's 
 
 Hill ; and F^hvood's Rents 
 Courts of Common Pleas, King's Bench and Exchequer ; at 
 
 Westminster Hall and Guildhall, King Street, Cheapside 
 Courts of Record within the Manor o." Stepney and^Hackney, 
 
 in Middlesex, Whitechapel 
 Crown Office (K. B.), 2, King's Bench Walk, Temple, 10 
 
 till 2, and 5 till 8 
 Crown Office in Chancery, -Rolls Yard 
 Cursitors' Office, Rolls Yard, 10 till 2, and 6 till 8 in terra 
 
 tiire, afid 11 till 2 in vacation 
 Custom House, Lower Thames Street, 9 till 8 
 
464 Picture of London. 
 
 Custos Brevium Office (C. P.), 1, Church Yard Court, Tem- 
 ple, 1 1 till 2 ; 5 till 7 in term time ; and 11 till 1 in vacation 
 
 Clerk of the Peace for Middlesex, Clerkenwell Green 
 
 Crown Lands' Office, Whitehall Place 
 
 Commissariat Office, Treasury 
 
 Declaration Office, King's Bench Office, Inner Temple, U 
 till 2, and 5 till 7, in term, Tuesday, Thursday, and Satur- 
 day ; 1 1 till 3 in vacation 
 
 Dispensation Office (C. P.), Elm Court, Temple 
 
 Duchy Court of Lancaster, Lancaster Place, Waterloo Bridge, 
 10 till 4 
 
 Delegate Office, College Square, 9 till 7 
 
 Deputy Remembrancer's Office, King's Bench Walk, Temple 
 
 Doctors' Commons, St. Paul's Church yard 
 
 Duchy of Cornwall Office, Somerset Place 
 
 Duchy of Lancaster Office, Ditto 
 
 Kagle Fire and Life Insurance Office, Regent Street 
 
 Economic Assurance Office, Bridge Street, Blackfriars 
 
 English Copper Company, 22, Bush Lane 
 
 Error Office (K. B.), Gray's Inn Squarfe 
 
 Enrolment Office, Chancery Lane, 9 till 2, and 5 till 7 
 
 *^* No candles lighted from last seal after Michaelmas term 
 till first seal before Hilary term ; nor after second seal 
 of Hilary term till first seal before Easter 
 
 European Assurance Office, 10, Chatham Place 
 
 Kxarainers' Office, Rolls Yard, Chancery Lane, 10 till 4, in 
 term, and 11 till 3 in vacation 
 
 Exchequer Chamber Office, Garden Court, Temple, 10 till 
 J 2, and 5 till 7 in term, and 10 till 12 in vacation, except 
 on affirmance-days, and such days in which seal-offices are 
 not open, and from last general seal in Chancery after every 
 Trinity term, to first seal before every Michaelmas term. 
 
 Exchequer of Pleas' Office, 9, Lincoln's Inn, Old Square, 9 
 till 2, and 4 till 8 
 
 Exchequer Loan Bill Office, over the Royal Exchange 
 
 Excise Office, Broad Street, 9 till 2 
 
 Excise Export Office, Tower Hill 
 
 Eastern Dispensary, Whitechapel 
 
 East India House, Leadenhall Street ; transfer days, Mondays, 
 Wednesdays, and Fridays, 12 till 1 ; payment of dividends, 
 9 till 2 
 
 Eastland Company, 11, Stepney Lane, Wood Street 
 
 East India Commission Office, W^hitehall 
 
PUBLIC OFFICES AND BUILDINGS. 46S 
 
 Equitable Assurance Office on Lives and Survivorship, New 
 Bridge Street, Blackfriars, 9 till 3 
 
 Exchequer Receipt, New Palace Yard 
 
 East London Water Works, Old Ford 
 
 Fen Office, Tanfield Court, Inner Temple, 10 till 1, and 4till 
 6, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays 
 
 Filazer's Office to the Common Pleas, for London and Mid- 
 dlesex, 4, Hare Court, Inner Temple 
 
 Filazer^'s, Exigenter's, and Clerk of the Outlawries' Office, 
 (K.B,), 1, Pump Court, Middle Temple 
 
 First Fruits' Office, 10, Inner Temple Lane 
 
 Fleet Prison, Fleet Market 
 
 Foreign Apposer's Office, Inner Temple 
 
 Faculty X)ffice, Godliman Street, 9 till 3 
 
 Finsbury Dispensary, St. John's Street, Clerkenwell 
 
 Furnival's Inn, Holborn 
 
 Game Licence Office, Somerset Place 
 
 Gazette Office, Cannon Row, Westminster 
 
 General Accountant Office of New Duties Somerset Place 
 
 General Post Office, Lombard Street, new one erecting in St, 
 Martin 's-le- Grand 
 
 Geological Society, 20, Bedford Street 
 
 Guildhall, King Street, Cheapside 
 
 Gresham College, Royal Exchange: Lectures in term 
 
 Giltspur Street Compter, Giltspur Street 
 
 Globe Insurance Fire Office, Cornhill and Pall Mall 
 
 Grand Junction Canal Office, Surrey Street, Strand 
 
 Grand Junction Water Works, Soutli Molton Street 
 
 Gray's Inn, Holborn 
 
 Guardian Assurance Office, 11, Lon.bard Street 
 
 Hackney Coach and Chair Office, Essex Street, 9 till 3 
 
 Hanaper Office, Temple, 10 till 4 
 
 Hawkers* and Pedlars' Office, Somerset Place, 10 till 2 
 
 Heralds' College, St. Bennet's Hill, Doctors' Commons 
 
 Hope Fire and Life Insurance Office, Bridge Street 
 
 Horse Dealers' Tax Office, Somerset Place 
 
 Hand in Hand Fire Office^ New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, 
 and Oxford Street. 
 
 House of Correc'tion, Coldbath Fields 
 
 House of Recovery for Fever Patients, Battle Bridge 
 
 Hudson's Bay Company, Fenchurch Street 
 
 Horticultural Society, Regent Street 
 
 Imperial Fire Office, Sun Court, Cornhill, and St. James's Str. 
 
<^66 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Inrolment of Fines and Receivers' Office, Inner Temple 
 
 Insolvent Debtors* Court, Portugal Street 
 
 Invalid Office, opposite the Adauralty 
 
 Inland Navigation, Token House Yard 
 
 Irish Exchequer, Great George Street 
 
 Judge Advocate General's Office, 13, DoAvning Street 
 
 Judges' Chambers, Serjeants' Inn, Chancery Lane, 1 1 till 2, 
 
 and 6 till 8 
 Judgment Office and Clerk of the Docquets (King's Bench 
 
 Office), Inner Temple, 11 till 2, and 5 till 7, in terra ; and 
 
 1 ] till 3 in vacation 
 King's Bench Office, bottom of King's Bench Walk, 11 till 1, 
 
 and 4 till 7, in term, and a fortnight after each issuable 
 
 term, and a week after the other two terms ; and 4 till 6 
 
 the remainder of the year 
 King's Bench Prison, St. George's Fields 
 King's Remembrancer's Office, Eq. Ex. King's Bench Walk, 
 
 Temple, 10 till 4, and 6 till 9. — No attendance fromChrist- 
 
 mas till after Twelfth-day 
 King's Silver Office (C.P.), Elm Court, 11 till 3 
 Lambeth Water Works, Blackfriars Road 
 Land Revenue Office, 3, Whitehall Place 
 
 Auditor's Office, 11, Spring Gardens 
 
 Landed Property Office, Craig's Court, Charing Cross 
 
 Land Tax Office for London, Guildhall Yard 
 
 Land Tax Register Office, Somerset Place 
 
 Laudable Society for Widows, 1, Surrey Street, Strand 
 
 Law Life Association, 60, Lincoln's Inn Fields 
 
 Legacy Duty Office, Somerset Place 
 
 Lead Company, St. Martin's Lane, Cannon Street 
 
 Levant and Turkey Office, Salter's Hall, Cannon Street 
 
 Life Assurance Society for Widows and Female Relat'ons, 
 
 Parliament Street, 1 1 till 3 
 Linnean Society, 32, Soho Square 
 Literary Fund, 4, Lincoln's Inn Fields 
 Lord Chamberlain's Office, Stable Yard, St. James's 
 Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer's Office, Somerset Place 
 Lord Mayor's Court and Office, Royal Exchange^ 10 till 2 
 Lottery Office (Stamp Office), Somerset Place, 10 till 2 
 Lock Hospital, Grosvenor Place, Hyde Park Corner 
 London Annuity Society for the Benefit of Widows, 25, Old 
 
 Fish Street 
 London Assurance Fire Office, BIrchin Lxine 
 
PUBLIC OFFICES AND BUILDINGS. 467 
 
 London Fire and Life Assurance OiTice, 70, Baker Street 
 
 London Hospital, Whiteehapel Road 
 
 London Dock Company's Office, 33, Winchester Street 
 
 London Dock Office, Princes Street, Lothbury 
 
 London Institution, Finsbury Circus, Moorfields 
 
 London Flour Company, 29, Mark Lane 
 
 Liidgate Prison, New Giltspur Street 
 
 Magdalen Hospital, BlackfriaKs Road 
 
 Mansion House, Mansion House Street, Cornhill 
 
 Marine Society, Bishopsgate Street 
 
 Marshalsea Court and Prison, in the Borough, Southwark 
 
 Masters in Chancery Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, 10 
 
 till 3, and 6 till 8, except in Trinity Term, when only a few 
 
 Clerks attend in the afternoon, and hours are not regular 
 Master's Office, K. B. 8, Paper Buildings, Temple, — The 
 
 Master and his Assistant attend the Court while sitting in 
 
 term ; and in vacation from 1 1 till 1 , and 6 till 8 ; and about 
 
 the same time in the evening in term 
 Master's House, Tanfield Court, Temple 
 Master of the Rolls' Office, Rolls' Yard, Chancery Lane 
 Medicine Licence Office, Stamp Office, Somerset Place 
 Mendicity Society, 13, Red Lion Square 
 Medical Society of London, Bolt Court, Fleet Street 
 Medical and Chirurgical Society, 57, Lincoln's Inn Fields 
 Medical, Clerical, and General Life Assurance Office, 32, 
 
 Great Russel Street 
 Merchant Seamen's Office, Royal Exchange 
 Metropolitan I^iterary Institution, Chatham Place 
 Metropolitan Loan Society, 3, Verulam Buildings, Gray's Inn 
 Military Board Office, 21, Spring Gardens 
 Middlesex Hospital, Berners Street, Oxford Street 
 Mint, Tower Hill 
 Musicians, Royal Society of, 12, Lisle Street, Leicester 
 
 Square 
 National Benevolent Institution Office, 45, Great Russel Street 
 National Fire Office, 38, New Bridge Street 
 Navy Office, Somerset Place 
 New Gaol, Horsemonger Lane, Southwark 
 Newgate Prison, Old Bailey 
 New Prison, Clerkenwell 
 New Compter, Giltspur Street 
 Nisi Prius Office, 5, Peck's Buildings, Temnle, 11 till 1, and 
 
 4 till 7 
 
46S- PICTURE or LONDO.V. 
 
 New River Head, Spa Fields 
 
 New River Company, Dorset Street, Salisbury Square 
 
 Norwich Union Fire and Life Office, 16, Waterloo Place 
 
 Ordnance Office, in the Tower 
 
 Ordnance Board, Pall Mall 
 
 Orphan School, City Road 
 
 Palace Court Office, 39, Chancery Lane 
 
 Parliament Office, 28, Abingdon Street 
 
 Patent Office, 4, Lincoln's Inn, Old Square 
 
 Pawnbrokers' Licence Office (Stamp Office), Somerset Place 
 
 Pay Office of the Army, Horse Guards, Whitehall 
 
 Pay Office of the Navy, Somerset Place, 10 till 2 
 
 Pelican Life Insurance Office, Lombard Street 
 
 Pell Office, Westminster Hall, 10 till 1 
 
 Perfumery Licence Office (Stamp Office), Somerset Place 
 
 Petty Bag Office, Rolls* Yard, 10 till 2, and 5 till 8 
 
 Pipe Office, Somerset Place 
 
 Plantation Office, Whitehall, 11 till 3 
 
 Police Offices, see Public Offices 
 
 Post Horse Licence Office (Stamp Office), Somerset Place 
 
 Post Office, General and Twopenny, Lombard Street 
 
 Presentation Offices, 2, Hare Court, Middle Teoiple 
 
 Privy Council Office, Whitehall 
 
 Privy Seal and Signet Office, Somerset Place 
 
 Public Accounts' Office, Somerset Place 
 
 Phoenix Fire Office, Lombard Street, and 57, Charing Cross 
 
 Philanthropic Society, St. Geo/ge's Fields 
 
 Philological Society's School, King Street, Edge ware Road 
 
 Philomathic Institution, Burton Street 
 
 Pneumatic Institution, .204, Regent Street 
 
 Prayer- Book and Homily Society, Salisbury Square 
 
 Prerogative Office, Knightrider Street, 9 till 2, and 3 till 6, if 
 
 light so long 
 Preventive W^ater Guard Office, 1 8, Fludyer Street 
 Prothonotaries* Office, Tanfield Court, Temple 
 Provident Life Institution, Regent Street 
 Public Dispensary, Bishop's Court, Chancery Lane 
 Public Offices for the Administration of Justice — Bow Street; 
 
 Queen Square, Westminster; Great Marlborough Street ; 
 
 Hatton Garden ; Worship Street ; Lambeth Street, White- 
 
 rhapel ; High Street, Mary-le-bone ; Wapping ; Shadwell ; 
 
 Union Street, Southwark 
 Queen Anne's Bounty Office, Dean's Yard, AVestminstcr 
 
PUBLIC OFFICES AND BUILDINGS. 469 
 
 Quarter Master General's Office, Horse Guards 
 
 Receiver General's Office for Stamps, Stamp Office, Somerset 
 
 Place, half-past 8 till 2 
 Record Office, Tower (Chancery), 10 to 3 
 Recruiting Office, 17. Duke Street, Westminster 
 Refuge for the Destitute, Hackney Road and Hoxton 
 Register Office of Bankruptcies, from 1771 to the present time, 
 
 34, Red Lion Square 
 Regent s Canal Office, 98, Great Russell Street 
 Register Office, Chancery Lane, 10 till 2, and 5 til 8 
 Register Office of Deeds in ^liddlesex, Bell Yard, Temple 
 
 Bar, 10 till 3 
 Register, containing Marriages of the Fleet, May Fair, and 
 
 Mint, in Rutland House, Charterhouse Square 
 Report Office, Chancery, New Buildings, Chancery Lane, 10 
 
 till 1, and 4 till 8 
 Return Office, 5. Hare Court, Temple, in C P., 10 till 1, 
 
 and 4 till 8, in term time; 10 till 1, and 5 till 6, vacation 
 Rolls' Office, Chancery Lane, 10 till 3 
 Register Office of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, Carter 
 
 Lane, 9 till 8 
 Receiver's Office for Greenwich Hospital, Tower Hill 
 Rock Life Insurance, 14. Bridge Street, BJackfriars 
 Royal and Peculiar Jurisdiction of St. Catherine's Registry, 
 
 Godliman Street, 9 till 8 
 Royal Institution, Albemarle Street 
 Royal Academy of Arts, Somerset Place 
 Royal Society of Musicians, Lisle Street, Soho 
 Royal Academy of Music, Tenterden Street, Hanover Square 
 Royal Asiatic Society, 14. Grafton Street, Bond Street 
 Royal Cumberland Freemasons' School, St. George's Fields 
 Royal Exchange Fire Office, Royal Exchange, and 29. Pall 
 
 Mall 
 Royal Humane Society, 29. Bridge Street, Blackfriars 
 Royal Jennerian Society, for exteniiinating the Small Pox, 
 
 Salisbury Square 
 Royal Marine Pay Office, 22. New Spring Gardens 
 Royal Society of Literature, 61. Lincoln's Inn Fields 
 Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 
 Russell Institution, Great Coram Street 
 Russia Company, over the Royal Exchange 
 Salt Office, Somerset Place 
 School for Indigent Blind, St. George's Fields 
 
 B S 
 
470 PICTUItl^; or LONDON. 
 
 Scottish Hospital and Corporation, Crane Court, Fleet Str^lKk 
 
 Sea Policy Office, Lornbard Street 
 
 Seal Office, 3, Inner Temple Lane, 11 till 2, and 5 till 7 ki 
 
 term; 11 till 3, out of term 
 Secondaries' Office of Pleas (K. B. ', i, King's Bench WaH^^. 
 
 Inner Temple, 11 till 2, and 5 till 8 in term 
 Secretary of State's Office, Home Department, Whilehalt; 
 
 Foreign, Dovvning Street ; Colonial, Downing Street 
 Secretary's Office of Rolls, Chancerj' Lane, 10 till 2, & 6 till 8 
 Secretary of War's Office, 10, Duke Street, Westminster 
 Sewers, Commissioners of, for Westminster, Office, Greek 
 
 Street, Soho 
 — for Finsbury Division, Hatton Garden 
 Sheriff of London's Office, Coleman Street, 9 till 12, and 3 
 
 till 6 
 Sheriff of Middlesex's Office, 24. Red Lion Square, IJ till 2, 
 
 and 5 till 7, in term ; and 1 1 till 3, and 4 till 6, in vacation 
 Sick and Hurt Seamen's Office, Somerset Place 
 Sierra Leone Company, Birchin Lane 
 
 Signer of Writ's Office (K. B.), King's Bench Walk, Tem- 
 ple^ 11 till 2, and 5 till 7 in term; and 3 till 6 in vacation 
 Signet Office, - Somerset Place 
 Six- Clerks' Office, Chancery Lane, 10 till 2, and 6 till 8, in: 
 
 term ; and till dark in vacation 
 Sion College, London Wall 
 Sixpenny Receiver's Office, Tower Hill 
 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Bartlett's Build-^ 
 
 ings, meet every Tuesday 
 Society for Encouragement of Arts, &c. Adelphi 
 Society for Detection of Swindlers, 36. Essex Street 
 Society for Relief of Prisoners for Small Debts, Craven Street, 
 
 Strand 
 Society for the Encouragement of good Servants,. Pall Mall 
 Society for the Encouragement of Female Servants, Hatton 
 
 Garden 
 Society for improving Naval Architecture, New Bridge Street 
 Society for the Relief of Ruptured Poor, Russell Street^ 
 
 Bloomsbury 
 Society for the Supf/ression of Vice, 31. Essex Street, Strand 
 South Sea House, Threadneedle Street 
 
 Spanish Claim Office, 12. Manchester Buildings, Westminster 
 Stage- Coach Duty Office, Somerset PhfCB 
 Stamp Office, Somerset Place, 9 till 4 
 
PUBLIC OFFICES AND BClLDfNGS. 4TI 
 
 Stamp Office, Irish, ( Dowse and Peacock, Distributors 6£ 
 
 Irish Stamps,) 47. Chancery Lane 
 Star Life Assurance Office, Regent Circus, PiccadHly 
 State Paper Office, Middle Scotland Yard, 10 till 3 
 St. Thomas's Hospital, Soutliwark 
 Stock Exchange, Capel Court, Royal Exchange 
 Storekeeper General, Great George Street 
 Subpoena Office, Rolls Yard, 11 till 2, and 5 till 8, in term; 
 
 and 1 1 till 2 in vacation only ; between the Gift Seal after 
 
 Trinity Term, and Gift Seal before Michaelmas Term 
 Sun Fire Office, Bank Buildings, and Craig's Court 
 Surgeons' College, Lincoln's Inn Fields 
 Surrey Dispensary, Union Street, South wark 
 Surveyor of Crown Lands, Somerset Place 
 Tax Office, Somerset Place, 10 till 2 
 Tenth's Office, Portugal Street, every day, holidays excepted, 
 
 10 till 2 
 Thames Police Office, 259. High Street, Wapping 
 Treasurer for the County of Middlesex Office, Staple's Inn 
 Treasury Office, Whitehall 
 Treasury Keeper f C. P.}, under the Court of Exchequer in 
 
 Westminster Hall 
 Trinity House, Tower Hill 
 Transport Office, Dorset Street, Westminster 
 Turkey Company, Little St. Helen's 
 Two-penny Post Offices, two principals, viz. Post Office, 
 
 Lombard Street, and Gerrard Street, Soho 
 Union Fire and Life Office, Cornhill, and Baker Street 
 Universal Medical Institution, Old Gravel Lane, RatcliflTe 
 
 Highway 
 Vaccine Pock Institution, Broad Street, Golden Square ' 
 Veterinary College, Pancras 
 
 Vice-Chancellor^s Court, Old Buildings, Lincoln's Inn 
 Victualling Office, Somersei Place 
 Vicars' General and Peculiars' Office, Knightrider Street, 
 
 9 till 8 
 War Office, Horse Guards 
 Warrant of Attorney Office, 3. Pump Court, Middle Temple, 
 
 (C. P.), 1 1 till 2, and 4 till 7 in term ; and 4 till 6, only in 
 
 vacation 
 West India Dock Company, 8. Billiter Square 
 West India Office, 18. Spring Gardens 
 Whitechapel Court, Whitechapel 
 
472 PICTURE OF LONDON. 
 
 Wine Licence Office, Excise Office, Broad Street, Tuesdays, 
 
 Thursdays, and Saturdays, 9 till 1 
 Westminster Fire Office for Houses, Bedford Street, Covent 
 
 Garden 
 Westminster Water Works, Abingdon Street 
 York Buildings Water Works, Strand 
 
 INCORPORATED TRADING COMPANIES, 
 
 Including those without Halls, and those without Liveries ; and 
 specifying when and where they transact Public Business. 
 
 APOTHECARIES' Hall, Water Lane, Blackfriars. Busi- 
 ness done the first Tuesday in the month 
 Armourers and Braziers' Hall, Coleman Street, quarterly and 
 
 half-yearly 
 Bakers* Hall, Harp Lane, Tower Street, first Monday in the 
 
 month 
 Barbers' Hall, 3. Monkwell Street, first Tuesday in the month 
 Blacksmiths' Company, first Tuesday in the month. Held a 
 
 Cutlers' Hall 
 Bowyers* Company, held at the New London Tavern 
 Brewers' Hall, Addle Street, Cheapside 
 Butchers' Hall, Pudding Lane, Eastcheap, first Tliursday in 
 
 the month 
 Carmen's Company, no Livery, held at Guildhall 
 Carpenters' Hall, London Wall, first Tuesday in the month 
 Clockmakers' Company 
 Clothworkers' Hall, Mincing Lane, first Wednesday in the 
 
 month 
 Coach and Coach Harness Makers' Hall, Noble Street 
 Combmakers' Company, no Livery 
 Cooks' Company, held at Guildhall 
 
 Coopers' Hall, Basinghall Street, first Tuesday in the month 
 Cordwainers' Hall Distaff Lane, first Wednesday in the month 
 Curriers' Hall, London Wall, days uncertain 
 Cutlers' Hall, Cloak Lane. Business done at any time of the 
 
 day, by giving notice 
 Distillers* Company, held at Drapers' Hall, first or second 
 
 Tuesday after Quarter-day 
 Drapers* Hall, Throgmorton Street 
 
LIST OF TRADING COMPANIES. 47' 
 
 Dyers' Hall, Elbow Lane, first Wednesday in the month 
 Embroiders* Hall, Gutter Lane, first Wednesday in the month 
 Fanmakers' Company, no Livery, held at the London Tavern^ 
 Farriers' Company, held at the George and Vulture Tavern, 
 
 Cornhill, first 'i hursday in January, April, July, October, 
 
 Midsummer, and Lord flavor's day 
 Fellowship Porters' Hall, St. Mary's Hill, Lower Thames 
 
 Street. Days uncertain 
 Feltmakers' Company, held at Pewterers' Hall. Days of 
 
 meeting, first Monday in the month. Binding and making 
 
 free at the clerk's house 
 Fishmongers' Hall, Thames Street, days fixed occasionally 
 Fletchers* Company, George and Vulture Tavern, Cornhill 
 Founders' Hall, Lothbury, first Monday in the month 
 Frame-work Knitters' Company, held at the King's Head 
 
 Tavern, Poultry 
 Fruiterers' Company, held at the George and Vulture 
 Gardeners' Company, no Livery, held at Guildhall, last Wed- 
 nesday in the month 
 Girdlers' Hall, Basinghall Street, business done any day by 
 
 giving notice at the hall 
 Glass-sellers' Company, held at the Antwerp Tavern, Thursday 
 
 before Lady-day, Midsumnier, Michaelmas, and St. Tho- 
 
 mas's-day 
 Glaziers' Company, held at the London Coffee House, 25th 
 
 January, 25th April, 29th Jtine, 21st September, 9th and 
 
 30th November. Binding and making free at the clerk's house 
 Glovers' Company^ George and Vulture Tavern, Cornhill 
 Gold and Silver Wire Drawers' Company, no Livery, held at 
 
 the New London Tavern 
 Goldsmiths' Hall, Foster Lane 
 
 Grocers' Hall, Poultrv', first Thursday in the month 
 Gunsmiths' Company, held at Guildhall, first Thursday in the 
 
 quarter 
 Haberdashers' Hall, Maiden Lane, fii-st Thursday in the month 
 Hatband Makers' Company, no Livery, held at Cutlers* Hall 
 Innholders' Hall, Elbow Lane, first Tuesday in the month 
 Ironmongers' Hall, Fenchurch Street, quarterly meetings at 
 
 the option of the Masters and Wardens 
 Joiners' Hall, Upper Thames Street, first Tuesday in the month 
 Leathersellers' Hall, 11. Little St. Helen's, first Tuesday in 
 
 the month 
 Long Bow String Makers' Company, no Livery 
 
<ii PICTUUE OF LONDON. 
 
 Lurimers* Company, held at the Nag*s Head Tavern, Leaden- 
 hall Street 
 
 Masons' Hall, Masons' Alley, Basinghall Street, first Tuesday 
 after quarter day 
 
 Mercers* Hall, Cheapside, business done at the option of the 
 Master and Wardens 
 
 Merchant Taylors' Hall, 30. Threadneedle Street, first Wed- 
 nesday in the month 
 
 Musicians' Company, business done at option of Master 
 
 Needlemakers' Company, held at Cutlers* Hall 
 
 Painter Stainers' Hall, Little Trinity Lane, first Wednesday 
 in the month 
 
 Parish Clerks* Hall, Wood Street, Cheapside, meetings quar^ 
 terly 
 
 Patten Makers' Company, held at Guildhall, first Thursday in 
 the month 
 
 Paviours' Company, no Livery, held at Guildhall 
 
 Pewterers' Hall, Lime Street, business done quarterly 
 
 Pin Makers' Hall, Pinners' Court, Broad Street 
 
 Plasterers Hall, Addle Street, court held at New London 
 Tavern, first Tuesday in January, April, July, and 8th Oc- 
 tober, and 9th November. Binding and making free at 
 clerk's house 
 
 Plumbers' Hall, Chequer Yard, Dovrgate Hill, April 25th, 
 June 24th, September 29th, and December 29th 
 
 Poulterers' Company, no hall, first Thursday after each quarter- 
 day, held at Guildhall 
 
 Sadlers' Company, Cheapside, first Tuesday in the month 
 
 Salters* Hall, Swithin's Lane, Cannon Street, business done at 
 the option of the Masters 
 
 Scriveners* Company 
 
 Shipwrights* Company, Irish Chamber, Guildhall, last Tuesday 
 in the month 
 
 Skinners* Hall, 7. Dowgate Hill, first Tuesday in the month, 
 from ten to twelve 
 
 Spectacle Makers* Company, no Livery 
 
 Starch Makers, incorporated with the Grocers' Company 
 
 Stationers* Hall, Ludgate Street, first Tuesday in the month, 
 except January 
 
 Tallow Chandlers' Hall, Dowgate Hill, first Tuesday in the 
 month from eleven to twelve 
 
 Tin Plate Workers' Company, held at Guildhall. Binding 
 and making free at the clerk's houb« 
 
LIST OF -TRADING COMPANIES. 475 
 
 Tobacco Pipe Makers' Company, held at Curriers* Hall 
 Turners' Company, first Wednesday in the month, and first 
 
 Wednesday after quarter-day 
 Tylers and I3ricklayers' Company, held at the New London 
 
 Tavern, Cheapside, first Tuesday in January, April, July, 
 
 October, and 9th November. Binding, &c. done at the 
 
 clerk's house 
 Vintners' Hall, Upper Thames Street, first Thursday in the 
 
 month 
 Upholders' Company, Crane Court, Old Fish Street Hill, first 
 
 Wednesday m the month 
 Watermen's Hall, St. Mary Hill, Lower Thames Street 
 Wax -Chandlers' Hall, Maiden Lane, Wood Street 
 Weavers' Hall, 22. Basinghall Street, first Tuesday in the 
 
 month, and quarterly. 
 Wheelwrights' Company, no Livery, held at Guildhall 
 
 Individuals of these several Companies having congregated 
 their trading establishments at particular spots, it may be useful 
 to the reader to be made acquainted with the Chief Seats of 
 Trades in London : viz. 
 
 Booksellers Paternoster Row. 
 
 Drapers..,...^.. Cloth Fair. 
 
 Hosiers Wcod Street. 
 
 Manchester Houses Cheapside, and collateral streets. 
 
 Bankers Lombard Street, and Cornhill. 
 
 Upholsterers Moorfields. 
 
 Fruit-Merchants Thames Street & Botolph Lane. 
 
 Sugar-Bakers Thames Street. 
 
 Hop -Merchants... Borough. 
 
 fir- Tiyr u ^ \ Tower and Cannon Streets, and 
 
 Wme-Merchants J collaterals. 
 
 Wire- Workers Crooked Lane. 
 
 Type- Founders Chiswell Street. 
 
 Si Ik- Manufacturers Spital Fields. 
 
 Birmingham and Sheffield ) ^, ., , ,, ^ , ^ 
 p ^^ > Cheapside and collateral streets. 
 
 Watchmakers Clerkenwell. 
 
4'/« 
 
 MAPS AND PLANS- 
 
 The accompanying Maps and Plans are attached to this volume for the 
 purpose of affording the stranger the most satisfactory information ; and 
 to furnish him with a graphic view of the relative situations and distances 
 of places surrounding the Metropolis, in the " Map of the Environs :"" — and 
 of the extent, arrangement, and situation of all the main streets, squares, 
 
 ? laces, widths and windings of the river, &c. in the " Map of London.'* 
 'he reference Map to the squares, &c. will be found to point out the re- 
 lative sites of most of the public or popular places in the Metropolis, the 
 names of which are subjoined. 
 
 REFERENCE TO PLAN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 . Repent's Park 
 
 . Mar^-Ia-bonne Church 
 
 . Colosseum 
 
 . Diorama 
 
 . St. Pancras Church 
 
 . Russel Ijibtjtution 
 
 . Foundling Hospital 
 
 . Sadler's Wells Theatre 
 
 . Shoreditch Church 
 
 . Lan^ham-place Church 
 
 . Argyle Rooms 
 
 . British Museum 
 
 . Covent-paiden Theatre 
 
 . English Opera House 
 
 . Diury-lane Theatre 
 
 1. G ray's Inn 
 
 . Furnival's Inn 
 
 . Lincoln's Inn 
 
 . St. Mary le-Strand Church 
 
 I. St. Clement Danes Church 
 
 . Temple Church 
 
 ;. St. Bride's Church 
 
 ;. Fleet Prison 
 
 . Old Bailey 
 
 I. St. Bartholomew's Church 
 
 1. St. Bartholomew's Hospital 
 
 '. Christ's Hospital 
 
 ;. New Post Office 
 
 (. St. Paul's Cathedral 
 
 I. Bow Church 
 
 . Guildhall 
 
 !. London Institution 
 
 i. Bank of England 
 
 t. Royal Exchange 
 
 I. Mansion House 
 
 i. St. George's Hospital 
 
 '. Royal Institution 
 
 t. Burlington Arcade 
 
 I. Egyptian Hall 
 
 ). British Institution 
 
 [. St. James's Palace 
 
 >. County Fire Office 
 
 f. Carlton Palace 
 
 I. Opera House 
 
 >. HaymMket Theatre 
 
 ;. St. Martin's Church 
 
 ', College of Pbysicians 
 
 48. 
 
 184. 
 
 Charing Cross 
 
 Admiralty 
 
 Horse Guards 
 
 Whitehall Chapel 
 
 Treasury 
 
 St. James's Park ' 
 
 Society of Arts 
 
 Exeter Change 
 
 Waterloo Bridge 
 
 Somerset Place 
 
 BlackfriEurs Bridge 
 
 Souihwark Bridge 
 
 St. Stephen's Church, Wattirook 
 
 St. Saviour's Church 
 
 London Bridge 
 
 East India House 
 
 Custom House 
 
 Trinity House 
 
 Mint 
 
 Tower of London 
 
 Monument 
 
 Royalty Theatre 
 
 London Docks 
 
 Buckingham House 
 
 New Royal Meuse 
 
 St. Margaret's Church 
 
 Westminster Abbey 
 
 Westminster Hall 
 
 House of Commons 
 
 House of Lords 
 
 St. John's Church 
 
 Westminster Bridge 
 
 Astley's Amphitheatre 
 
 Cobourg Theatre 
 
 Asylum 
 
 King's Bench Prison 
 
 Magdalen Hospital 
 
 Surrey Theatre 
 
 Blind School 
 
 St. Thomas's Hospita. 
 
 Guy's Hospital 
 
 Penitentiary 
 
 Lambeth Palace 
 
 Bethlem Hospital 
 
 Philanthropic Reform 
 
 Horsemonger-iane 0*301 • 
 
 Tunntl under the Tham» 
 
A 
 b 
 
 MAP TO TJHE 
 c 
 
I AKEFEEENCE MAP TO THE SOUAIMS ,PlUBM€ BlTM.ID)I[MGS & OBJECTS! OF WTIKIRTEST IN ll.OKJDON . 
 
 Um.ui,.-. Puhliihfilhy Longm 
 
SOUAlRES-jfDOI^J 
 
 c 
 
 ■lorv, Puhlished I 
 
477 
 
 AFT 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL STREETS, 
 
 PLACES, AND COURTS, 
 
 With References to the Letters and Cross Lines on the Mapf by 
 means of which their Localiti/ may be readily ascertained. 
 
 f+f The direction of the main streets of London follows the course of the 
 river Thames from west to east, and the cross streets run, foi the mcst 
 part, in a direction from north to south. 
 
 There are two grand lines of streets from west to eat. One of thenr.. 
 which may be called the northern line, commences Irom the Uxbr'.dge 
 road, north of Hyde Park, and under the successive names of Oxford 
 Street, St. Giles's, Holborn, Skinner Street, Newgate Street, C heapside, 
 Cornhill, and Leadenhall Street, is continued to Whitechapel and Mile 
 End on the Essex road. 
 
 The southfr7i line commences from the Bath road, south of Hyde Park, 
 and is continued under the successive names of Pii-cariilly, St. James's Street, 
 Pall Mall, Charing Cross, Strand, Fleet Sreet, Lud^ate Hill, M. Pauls 
 Church Yard, Walling Sireet, Cannon Sireet, and Tower Street, to the 
 Tower of London ; whence it may be said to be fiirtlier extended two miles 
 along the river side iii Wapping. 
 
 The course of the Thames, and the two grand lines of streets, render it 
 exceedingly easy, therefore, for strangers totind their way in London, for 
 there is scarcely any point of the town whzch is not within half a mile of 
 one of these lines. 
 
 ABCHURCH-LANE, Lombsurd-street, C f 
 Abingdon street, Westminster, D c 
 Adam-street, Adelphi, C d 
 Adam-street, Portmjm-square, B b 
 Addle -hill, Upper Thames- street, C e 
 Addle-street, Wood-street, B c 
 Adelphi, Strand, C d 
 Air-street, Piccadilly, C c 
 Albemarle-street, Piccadillv, C b 
 Albion-place, Blackiiriars bridge, C e 
 Albion-place, Newington, E e 
 Aldermanbury, C at eaton -street, B e 
 Aldermanbury Postern, London Wall, B e 
 Aldermanbury Church-yard, C e 
 A Idersgate- street and Bars, B e 
 Albany, Piccadilly, C c 
 Albany, New road and place, Walworth, 
 
 Ff ' 
 Aldgate, Minories, C f 
 Aldgate-street, C f 
 Aldgate, High-street, C f 
 Allhallows-stairs, Upper Thamea-street, C e 
 Alpha-road, Lisson Green, A a 
 A hop's Buildings, New -road, A b 
 Amelia-street, Walworth, F e 
 Aaaea Coroer, Paternoster -row, B « 
 
 Anchor and Hope-street, ^Vapping, D g 
 
 Argyle-street, Oxford-street, fee 
 
 Arlington -sireet, Piccadilly, C, b 
 
 Artillery (Tround, Finsburv, A f 
 
 Artillery-lane, Bishopsgate', B f 
 
 Artillerv-])lace, W^estminsier, D c 
 
 Artille.^ place, Finslmry, A f 
 
 A run del-street. Strand, C d 
 
 Audley street, (North and South), Oxford* 
 street, B b 
 
 Ave-Maria lane,Ludgate-hill, B c 
 
 Austin Friars, Old Broad street, B f 
 
 Au tin-street, Shoreditch, A f 
 
 Ayiitte-street, ((ireat and Little), Good- 
 man's Fields, C g 
 
 Bagnio-court, Newgate street, B e 
 
 Baker-street, Portman-square, A b 
 
 Baker-street, (North), Mary-la-bonne, A b 
 
 Baker-street, (Unper), Mary 'a-bonne, A b 
 
 Baldwin's (iaraens, and Square, Leather-* 
 lane, B d 
 
 Bankside, Southwark, C e 
 
 Bank Buildings, Threadneedle-street, G f 
 
 Bank-street, Threadneedle-street, C f 
 
 Barbican, A Iderspate-street, B e 
 
 Banrosa 'Terrace, Hackney-read, a h 
 
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL STREETS, ScC. 
 
 478 
 
 Bartholomew Close, Little Biitain, Be 
 Bartholomew-Jane, Threadneedle-street, 
 Bf 
 
 Bartlett's Buildings, Holbom, B d 
 Bayhain-street, Camden Town, a c 
 Basinj^hall-street and court, B e 
 Basing-lane, Bread-street, C e 
 Battersea, F b 
 Battle Bvidge, a d 
 Beaufort Buildings, Strand. C d 
 Bedfordbury, Covent Garden, C c 
 Bedford-court, Strand, C c 
 Bedford- row. Red Lion-street, B d 
 Bedford-street, Bedford-square, B c 
 Bedford-street. Covent Garden, C c 
 Bedford-street, Holborn, B d 
 Bedford-place, k..^sel-sqvjare, A c 
 Belgrave-place, (Up])er and Lower), D b 
 Belmont -place, Battersea, F e 
 Bennet's hill, Thames-street, Cc 
 Ben net-street, Blackfriars-road, D e 
 Bentinck-street, Berwick-street, B c 
 Bentinck-street, Mary la-bonne, B b 
 Berkeley -street, Piccadilly, C b 
 Berkeley street, (Upper and Lower), Port- 
 man-square, B b 
 Bernard-street, Brunswick-square, A d 
 Berners-street, Oxford-street, B c 
 Berwick-street, Golden-square, Be 
 rBe%'is .Alarks, St. Mary Axe, B f 
 Billingsgate>stairs, Billingsgate, C f 
 Billiter-lane, Leadenhall-street, C f 
 Eirchin-lane, Comhill, C f 
 Bird -street, Lambeth, C d 
 Bisho])sgcite-street, {within and without), 
 
 Bf 
 Bishopsgate Church-yard, Bishopsgate- 
 
 street, B f 
 Blackfriars, Ludgate hill, C e 
 Blackfriars-road, St. George's Fields, D e 
 Black Horse-alley, Fleet-street, B d 
 Black -Lion Stairs, Strand, C c 
 Blat-kman-street, Southwark, D e 
 Blackwell-hall, Basinghall-street, B e 
 Blackwcll -hall -court, B e 
 Blandford-street, Manchester-square, B b 
 Bolsover street, Oxford-street, B b 
 Bolt-in-Tun-court, Fleet-street, Bd 
 Bolt court, Ditto, Bd 
 Boltcn-street, Piccadilly, C b 
 Bond-street, (Old and New), Piccadilly, 
 
 Borough-road, St. George's Fields, D e 
 Botany Bay, Hackney-road, a h 
 Botolph-lane, Little Eastcheap, C f 
 Bow-lane, Cheai)side, C e 
 Bow Church-yard, Cheapside, C e 
 Bow-street, Covent Garden, B d 
 Brandon-street, Borough, E f 
 Bread-street, Cheapside, C e 
 Brown's-buildingsi Chancery -lane, B d 
 Brewer-street, Golden -square, B c 
 Brick- lane, Spital Fields, A e 
 Brewer-street, Pimlico, D b 
 Bride-lane, Fleet-street, B e 
 Bridge street, (New), Blackfriars, C e 
 •Bridges-street, Covent Garden, B d 
 Brighton-place, Greenwich-road, E c 
 Broad-court, Long Acre, B d 
 Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, D c 
 Broad-street, Bloomsbury, B c 
 Broad-street, (Old and New), B f 
 Broad-street, Poland-street, B c 
 Broad-street-buildings, Moorfields, B f 
 Broadway, Tothill-street, D c 
 Brcikers'-row, Moorfields, B f 
 
 / 
 
 Brook-street, (Upper and Lower), Gro»- 
 
 venor-square, B b 
 Brook-street, Holborn, Bd 
 Brook-street, Lambeth, E d 
 Brownlow-street, Drury-lane, B d 
 Brownlow-street, Holborn, B d 
 Brunswick-court, Ormond-street, A d 
 Brunswick street, Hackney -road, a g 
 Bruton-street, New Bond-street, C b 
 Bryanston -street, (Upper and Lower), Port- 
 
 raan-square, B b 
 Buckinglidm-house and gate, Pimlico, D b • 
 Buckingham-street, Strand, C c 
 Huckinj^'ham-street, Fitzroy-square, Ac 
 Bucklersbury, Cheapside, C e 
 Budge-row, Watling-street, C e 
 Bulstrode-street, Mary-la-bonne, B b 
 Bull and Mouth-street, Akiersgate-street, 
 
 Bunhill-row, Moorfields. Bf 
 Burr street. East Smithfield, Dg 
 Burleigh-street, Strand, C d 
 Burton Crescent, New-road, A c 
 Burlington -street, (New and dd). Bond* 
 
 street, C c 
 Burlington-gardens, Bond-street, C c 
 Burton -street, ditto. 
 Butcher-hall-lane, Newgate-stieetj'B-* 
 Calthom-place, Chelsea, Ea 
 Cam bridge-row, 'Hackney-road, ah. 
 Camomile-street, and coxirt, Bishopsg«t*> 
 
 street, B f 
 Camden-street, a c 
 Camden-street, Walworth, F e 
 Cannon-row, Westminster, D c 
 Canon-street, Walbrook, C e 
 Canterbury-place, Lambeth, E d 
 Carburtonstreet, Fitzroy-square, A c 
 Carey-lane, Foster-lane, Cheapside, B • 
 Carey-street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, B d 
 Carlise- street, Soho, B c 
 Carmarthen-street, Tottenham-court-road* 
 
 Ac 
 Carnaby-street, Golden-square, B c 
 Caroline-street, Bedford-square, B c 
 Caroline- street. Hackney-road, a g 
 Carrington-place, May-fair, C b 
 Carter- lane, (Great and Little), Doctor*' 
 
 Commons, B e 
 Castle-street, Air-street, Piccadilly, Ce 
 Castle-street, Bloomsbury, Bd 
 Castle-street, Cavendish -square, B b 
 Castle-street, Falcon-square, Be 
 Castle-street, Holborn, Bd 
 Castle-street, Leicester-fields, C c 
 Castle-stree*, Finsbury- square, A,f 
 Castle-street, Thames-street, C f 
 Cateaton-tstreet, Cheapside, B e 
 Catherine-streetj Strand, C d 
 Cavendish street", Oxford-street, A b 
 Cecil-street, Strand, C d 
 Chanceryiiane, Fleet-street, B d 
 Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, B b 
 Chandos-sn-eet, St. Martin's lane, C c 
 Chapel-street, Bedford-row, B d 
 Chapel -street, (East & VVest),May-Fair, C b 
 Chapel -street, Pimlico, D b 
 Chapel-street, Pentonville, ad 
 Chapman-street, Islington, a e 
 Chapter-street, Westminster, E c 
 Charing-cross, Strand, C c 
 Charles-street, Manchester-square, B b 
 Charles-street, Finsbury, A f 
 Charles-street, (Upper and Lower), Fitzroj- 
 
 square, A c 
 Charles-street, Bloomsbury, Bd 
 
IJST OF THl PRINCIPAL STUEETS, &C. 
 
 Cfiar'ies-surWft, Covent-gani«», B d 
 Ctiarles-btreet, B^rkeley-squarpjC b 
 Charles- street, Grosven'or-s ^uare, C b 
 ^:h3trie6 street, St. James's-square, C c 
 Charles-street, Soho, B c 
 Charles-street, Westminster, D c 
 Charlotte street, (Upper and Lcwer;,Fitzroy. 
 
 square, A c 
 Chariotte-street, (Great'', Blackfriars-road, 
 
 De 
 Charlctte-street, Bloomsbury, B c 
 Charlotte street, Bedford square. Be 
 CharJotte-itreet, Portland-place, A b 
 Charleton-street, Somers-town, a c 
 Charter-house-lane, Smithfield, B e 
 China row, Lambeth, E d 
 Church -street, Lambeth, E d 
 Cbeapside, St- Paul's, B e 
 Chester-street, Great Mary-la-bonne, A b 
 Chester-street, Upper Gro-,venor-place,Hyde- 
 
 park-comer, D b 
 Chesterfield-street, I\Iary-la-bor,nev B o 
 Chesterfield-street, Mav-fair, C b 
 Chick-lane, West Smithfield, B e 
 Chiswell-street, "Whitecross-street, P. e 
 Church street, Millbank, D c 
 Church-street, Soho, B c 
 Ci^ Chambers, Bishops^te AVithin, C f 
 City-road, Moorfields, A e 
 City Green-yard, Whitecross-street, A e 
 City yard, \VTiitechai>el, B g 
 Claure-market, Lincoln's Inn Fields, B d 
 Glare street, Clare- market, B d 
 Clarges-street, PiccadilU, C b 
 Clarendon-street, Somers-town, A c 
 Cleveland-street, L'pper and Lower, C b 
 Cleveland-row, St James's, C c 
 Clement's-lane, Lombard-street, C f 
 Clerken well-close, Clerkenwell, A e 
 Clerkenwell-ereen, ditto, A e 
 Clirtbrd- street, New Bond-street, B b 
 Clfpitone-street, Mar\-la-bonne, A c 
 Cloth Fair, West Smithfield, B e 
 Coal Exchange, Billinfjspate, C f 
 Coal Harbour, L'pper Thames- street, C e 
 Cock-lane, SnowhiU, B e 
 Cockpit, Whitehall, D c 
 Cockpit-vard, St. James's, C c 
 Conkspur-street, Pall Mall, C c 
 Coleman-street, Lothbur>-, B e 
 CoUege-street, AVestminsler, Dc 
 College-street, Camden town, a c 
 College-hill, Thames street, C 
 Colly er- street, Pentonville, j d 
 Cooke's-row, a c 
 
 Colvil-street, Mary, la-bonne, A b 
 Compton -street, (Old and New), Soho, B c 
 Conduit-street, Hanover square, B b 
 Conway -street, Hanover -square, B c 
 Conway-street, Fitzroy -square, A e 
 Constitution-row, New-road, a d 
 Copthall- court, Throgmorton-street,. B f 
 Cork street, Burlington -gardens, C b 
 Comhill, Royal Exchange, C f 
 Covent-garden Market, B c 
 Coventry-street, Haymarket, C c 
 Coram-street, Brunswick-square, A d 
 CoverUd-fields, Spitalfields, A f 
 Craig's -court, Charing- cross, C c 
 Crane- court. Fleet-street, B d 
 Cranboum-street, Leicester Fields, C c 
 Cran bourn- passage, ditto, C c 
 Craven -street, and court. Strand, C c 
 Crawford-street, Mciry-la-bonne, A a 
 Crescent, Pcrtland- place, A b 
 Crescent, Minories, Cf 
 
 479 
 
 Crescent-place, Burton- crescent, A c 
 Cripplegate, and Buildings, London Wall^ a 
 Crispin-street, Snitairields, B f 
 Crescent, Piccauilly,^ C c 
 Crescent, Oxfcrd-stteet, B c 
 Crooked-lane, Fish-street-hill, C f 
 Crosby-court, Bishop<gate- street, B f 
 Cross-street, Finibur^'-place, B f 
 Cross-street, Hatton-garden, A d 
 Cross-street, Islington, a e 
 Cross-lane, Chelsea, E b 
 Crown-court, Temjile-bar, B d 
 Crown- court, Cheapside, B e 
 Crown-court, Gracechurch -street, C f 
 Crown-court, Fleet-street, Bd 
 Crown-court, Newgate street, B e 
 Crown-court, Threadneedle- street, B 
 Crutched Friarsj Mark-lane, C f 
 Cullum-street, !• en church- street, C f 
 Cumberland-Street (Great), Oxford -st., B a 
 Cumberland-street, Blackfnars-road,C d 
 Cumberland-place, and Crescent, Oxford- 
 street, Ba 
 Cumberland- place. Borough, E f 
 Curtain-road, A f 
 
 Cuper's-bridge, and Stairs, Lambeth, D d 
 Cursitor-street, Chancerv-Iane, B d 
 Dacre-street, Tothill- fields, D c 
 Dartmouth-street, "Westminster, D c 
 Davies-street, Berkeley -square, B b 
 Dean-street, High Holbom, B d 
 Dean-street, Soho, B c 
 Denmark-street, St. Giles's, B c 
 Deptford ; Lower) road, E h 
 Devonshire-place, Vauxhall, F d 
 Devereux-court, Tem])le-bar, C d 
 Devonshire-i)lace, Mar\- la-borne, A b 
 Devonshire-street, Portland-place, A b 
 Devonshire-street, Queen-square, A d 
 Distaft-lai;e (Great and Little), C e 
 Dcccors'-commons, St. Paul's, B e 
 Dorset -street, Mary-la-bonne, A b 
 Dorset square, Westminster, t c 
 Dover-street, Ficcadillv, C b 
 Dowgate-hill, Thames-'s;treet, C e 
 Dowgate-stairs, Couzen's-lane, C e 
 Downing-street, "Westminster, 1> c 
 Drury-lane, B d 
 
 Duke's court, St. Martin "s^ane, C c 
 Duke's-row, Fimlico, D b 
 Duke's-stieet, Manchester-?quare, B b 
 Duke's-place, Aldgate, B f 
 Duke-street, Great KusseU -street, Blooms- 
 
 bar>-, B c 
 Duke street, Grosvenor-squr.re, B b 
 Duncan -terrace, Islington, n e 
 Duncan-place, J-eice>ter-square, C c 
 Durham yard. Strand, C c 
 Eastcheap (Great and Little), Fish-street - 
 
 hill, Cf 
 East Harding-street, Shoe- lane, B d 
 East-street, Manchester-square, E b 
 East-street, Red Lion-square, A d 
 Eaat Smithfield, Tower-hill, C g 
 Edgeware-road, Oxibrd-street, A a 
 Edward street, Portman-square, B b 
 Ely-court, and place, HoILom, B d 
 Essex-street, and stairs. Strand, C d 
 Essex-street, Kingsland, a f 
 Essex- place, Lambeth, E d 
 Evesham buildings, Somers-to-wn, «e 
 Exeter-street, Strand, C d 
 Excliange-ailey, Comhill, C f 
 Falcon-court, "Fleet street, B d 
 Falcon -street, A Idersgate street, B e 
 Faicon-stairs, New Gravel-!ane» D « 
 
LIST OP THE PRINCIPAL STREETS, &C. 
 
 480 
 
 Parthing Fields, Borough, D e 
 
 Farthing Fields, Gravel -lane, E e 
 
 Featherstone-buildi igs, Holbom, B d 
 
 Fenchurch-street, Citv, C f 
 
 Fetter-lane, Fleet street, B d 
 
 Fieid-lane, Holbom, B d 
 
 Finsbury-place, Finsbury-square, Bf 
 
 Fish-street-hill, (iracechurch-street, C f 
 
 Fitzroy-place, New Road, A c 
 
 Fitzrov-street, (Upper), Fitzroy square, A c 
 
 Five-fields, Chelsea, E b 
 
 Flask-lane, Chelsea, E b 
 
 Fieet-stree^ City, B d 
 
 Flower-de luce-court. Fleet-street, B d 
 
 Ditto, Grav's Inn-lane, -A. d 
 
 Fludyer-straet, \Vestminster, D c 
 
 Foley-]»lace, Cavendish-square, A c 
 
 Fore-.->treet, iMoor-t?ate, B e 
 
 Fore-street, Westminster, E c 
 
 Foster-lane, Cheapside, B e 
 
 Francis-street, Newington, E e 
 
 Frederick's place. Old Jewry, B e 
 
 Freeman's-court, Comhill, C f 
 
 Friday street, Cheapside, C c 
 
 Frith-street, Soho, B c 
 
 Frederick-]ilace. Somers-town, a c 
 
 Ful wood's Rents, High Holl>om, Bd 
 
 Furnival's inn and court, Holbom, B d 
 
 Garlick-hill, Thames-street, C e 
 
 Garden-row, Rotherhithe, E h 
 
 George.street^(Great and Little),Spitalfields, 
 Ag 
 
 George-street, Hanover-square, B b 
 
 George-street, (Great and Little), Westmin- 
 ster, D c 
 
 George-street, Blackfriars-road, De 
 
 George-street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, B d 
 
 Gerrard-street, Soho, B c 
 
 Giltsjmr-street, Newgate street, B e 
 
 Glasshouse-street, Swallow-street, C e 
 
 Gioster-street, Hoxton, a f 
 
 Gloucester-i)lace, Portman-square, A a 
 
 Gloucester-street, Queen-square, A d 
 
 Godliman-street, Carter-lane, C e 
 
 Goldsmith-street, Cheai)side, B e 
 
 Goodge-street, Tottenham-court-road, B c 
 
 Golden lane, Barbican, A e 
 
 Goodman's-Hilds, AVTiitechapel, C g 
 
 Goswell street, Aldersgate-street, A e 
 
 Gower-street, (Up|)er and Lower), Bedford- 
 
 Grace-church-street, Fish street-hill, C f 
 square, A c 
 
 Grafton-street, Soho, B c 
 
 Grafton-street, Old Bond-street, C b 
 
 Gr<ivel-lane, and court, Southwark, De 
 
 Gravellane, (Old and New), AVapping, D g 
 
 Gray's Inn-lane, Holbom, Ad 
 
 Grange road. Borough, E f 
 
 Grenvillestreet, Brunswick-square, A d 
 
 Greek-street, Soho-square, B c 
 
 Grosvenor-place, Pimlico, D b 
 
 (irosvenor Alarket, Davies-street, B b 
 
 Grosvenor ))lace, (Upper and Ix)wer),Grosve- 
 nor-square, C b 
 
 Grosvenor-row, Chelsea, E a 
 
 Grove-street, Hackney-road, a h 
 
 Grub street. Fore-street, B e 
 
 Guildhall and yard, Ivingstreet, West- 
 )uinster, I) c 
 
 Guildford-street, (Upi>er and Lower,) Found- 
 ling Hospital, A a 
 
 Guildford-piace, ditto, A d 
 
 Haberdashers' Walk, Hoxton, A f 
 
 Half-moon-street, Piccadilly, C b 
 
 Half'}>€nnj-hatch, Borough, E f 
 
 Hamilton place, New-road, a rt 
 
 ] Hand-court, Holbom, Bd 
 Hans-place, Sloane-street, D a 
 Han way-yard, Oxford-street, B c 
 Harley street, (Ui)per and Lower), Cavtn- 
 
 dish-square, A h 
 Harpur-street, Red Lion-square, A d 
 Hart-street, Blf>omsbury, B c 
 Hart-street, Covent-garden, B d 
 Hatton garden, Holbom, Bd 
 Hay -hill, Dover-street, C b 
 Haydon-court, Minories, C f 
 Haymarket, Pall Mall, C c 
 Henrietta-street, Cavendish-square, B b 
 Henrietta-street, Brunswick-square, A d 
 Henrietta-street, Covent-garden, C c 
 Henry-street, Pentonville, ad 
 Hermitage-bridge, Hermitage,© g 
 Hermi.age-stairs, Waiiping, Dg 
 Hereford-street, Park-lane, B b 
 Hertford-street, May -Fair, C b 
 High-street, Borough, D e 
 High -street, Blconisbury, B c 
 High-street, Mary-ia-bonne, A b 
 High-street, Whitechapel, B g 
 High park, Walworth, F f 
 Hill-street, Berkeley-square, C b 
 Hockley in the Hole, Clerkenwell, A d 
 Holbom, formerly si)elt O'd bourne, B d 
 Holbom-bars, and bridge, Holbom, B d 
 Holies-street, Clare Market, B d 
 Holies-street, Oxford-street, B b 
 Holywell street. Strand, B d 
 Honey -lane Market, Cheapside, B e 
 Horsleydown-stairs, Sourthwark, D f 
 Horseferry-road, Westminster, E c 
 Horsemonger-lane, Borough, E e 
 Houndsditch, Bi.shopsgate, B f 
 Howard-street, Strand, C d 
 Howland-street, Tottenham-court-road. A o 
 Hungerford market, and street. Strand, C o 
 Hungerford-court, and stairs, C c 
 Hunter street, Brunswick-square, A e 
 Hyde-Park, end of Piccadilly, C a 
 Ingram-court, Fenchurch-street, C f 
 Islington, High-street, A e 
 Ivy. lane, Newgate-street, B e 
 Jamaica-street, Rotherhithe, E g 
 James-strviet, Havmarket, C c 
 James-street, Covent-garden, B c 
 Jermyn -street, Piccadilly, C e 
 Jewin-street, Aldersgate-street, B e 
 John-street, Berkeley -square, C b 
 John street, AdeJphi, C e 
 John-street, Oxford- street, B c 
 John-street, Pentonville, a d 
 Judd-place, and street, New-road, a 
 Kent-street, Soutliwark, D e 
 Ken ton -street, Brunswick-square, A d 
 Kennington-green, or lane, F d 
 King Edward-street, and stairs, WajJpl.ig, 
 
 King James's Stairs, Wapping, D h 
 King's Arms-stairs,'College-street, C e 
 Kingsgate-street, High Holbom, B d 
 King's-Mews, Charing-Cross, C c 
 Kinn's-road, (»ray's-Inn-lane, A d 
 Kings-street, Cheapside, B e 
 Kings-street, Povtman-snuare, B b 
 King-stree?, Covent-garden, C c 
 King-street, High Holbom, B C-l 
 King-street, St. James's-square, C « 
 King street, W'ostminster, D c 
 King-itreet, Chelsea, Eb 
 Klng's-read, Pimlico, I) h 
 King's-road, Borough, E f 
 Kirby-street, Hat ton -garden, B A 
 
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL STREETS, &C. 
 
 4S1 
 
 Knightrider-street (Great and Little), Doc- 
 tors' Commons, C e 
 Labour-in-vain-hili, Thames-street, C e 
 Lad -lane, Wood -street, B e 
 Lady Parson's Stairs, Wapping, D g 
 Lambeth-Marsh (Upper and Lower), Lam- 
 beth, D d 
 Lambeth-terrace, ditto, D d 
 Lambeth-road, St. George's-fields, Dd 
 Lambeth -butts, E d 
 
 Lambs' Conduit-street, and passage. Red | 
 Lion-street, A d i 
 
 Langhan-place, Portland -place, Ab i 
 
 Lansdown-ulace, Foundling-hospital, A d ! 
 Lawrence rountnev-lane, and hill. Canon- J 
 street, C f ' ' 
 
 Leadenhall -street, Comhill, C ! 
 
 Leather-lane, Holbom, B d ; 
 
 Leicester -place, Leicester-square, C c i 
 
 Leicester-street, dino, C c \ 
 
 Leicester-street, Liquorpond-street, A d | 
 Leicester-street, <4olden->quare. Be i 
 
 Leigh-street, Red-Lion-Street, Bd i 
 
 Leman-street, Goodman's-fields, Cg 
 Leonard-street, Old-street-road, A f I 
 
 Limehouse-bridge and Causeway, Lime- • 
 house, C h | 
 
 Lime-street, Fen church -street, C f I 
 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields, and Square, near 1 
 
 Holbom, Bd 
 Linco'n's Inn Passage, Lincoln's Irm New I 
 S'|uare, B d , 
 
 Lion-street, Bloomsbury, B d 
 Lion<street, Newington, E e j 
 
 Liquorpond-street, Leather-lane, A d I 
 
 Lisle-street, Leicester-square, C c 
 Lisson green, near Paddington, A a 1 
 
 Lisson street, ditto, A a ' 
 
 Litchfield-street, Soho, B c 
 Little Britain, Aldersgate-street, B e ! 
 
 Little St. Martin's- lane. Long- acre, B c 
 Lombard street, (iracechurch-street, C f [ 
 Lombard street, ^\^litefriars, C f I 
 
 Lombard-street, Mint, C f i 
 
 London -bridge. Fish-street -hill, C f [ 
 
 London-road, St. George's-fields, D d ■ 
 
 London road. Borough, E e 
 London-street, Fenchurch-street, C f 
 London-street, Tottenham -court -road, A c ' 
 London-street, New-crutched-finars, C f 
 London-wall-street, Ciipplegate, B e \ 
 
 Long-lane, Aldersgate-street, B e [ 
 
 Lothburv, Cateaton-street, B e 
 Ludgate-hill, St. Paul's, B e 
 Ludgate street, ditto, B e 
 Lucas-street, Brunswick-square, A d \ 
 
 Lumley-court, Strand, C c ' 
 
 Lyon-street, Holbom, B d i 
 
 Mabledon-place, New Road, A c I 
 
 Macclesfield-street, Genrard-street, B c I 
 
 Maddox-street (Great and Little), Swallow- , 
 street, B b { 
 
 Maiden-lane, Covent-Garden, C c I 
 
 Maiden-lane, Queen-street, Cheapside, C e ! 
 Maiden-lane, Wood- street, ditto, B e i 
 
 Maiden lane. Battle-bridge, a d 
 Major Foubart's-passage, Cjumaby-Market, 
 
 Be 
 Manchester-street, Manchester-square, A b ! 
 Manchester-street (Upper), New Road, A b 1 
 Mann-street, Walworth, F e 
 JVfann place, Kennington, F d 
 Mansell-street, Goodman's-fields, C g 
 Mansfield-place, St. Georre's- fields, D e 
 Manstield-street, Portland street, A b 
 Marchmont-str«et, Bnms'wick-square, A d 
 
 Margaret- street, Cavendish-sqtiare, B b 
 Margaret-street, Westminster, D c 
 Margaret-street, Hackney -road, a g 
 Mark-lane, Tower-street, C f 
 Market street, Oxford-street, B c 
 Market-street, Fit zroy -square, A c 
 Market-street, Westminster, Ec 
 Marl borough -street (Great and Little), 
 
 Oxford -street, B c 
 Martin-street, Leicester fields, C c 
 Mary-la-bonne-lane, Oxford-street, B 
 Mary -la-bonne-street (Great and Little), 
 
 Mary-la-bonne, A b 
 Mary la-bonne-street. Golden-square, C c 
 Mary -la-bonne-street (Upper and Lower), 
 
 ditto, C c 
 Mare-street, Hackney-road, a h 
 May -fair, near Hyde-park, C b 
 Maze-street, Tooley -street, D f 
 Mead's-place, St. George's-fields, D « 
 Mercer's-street, Long Acre, B c 
 Michael's alley, Comhill, C f 
 Middle-row, High Holbom, B d 
 Middle-Scotland yard, C c 
 Middle-temple-lane, Fleet-street, B d 
 Mil bank-street, and row, Westminster, 
 
 Dc 
 Milford-lane and stairs, Strand, Cd 
 Milk-street, Cheapside, B e 
 Milman -street. Foundling Hospital, A d 
 Milman place, Red Lion-square, B d 
 Mincing -lane, Fenchurch-street, C f 
 Minories, Tower -hill, C f 
 Mint-square, Southwark, De 
 Mint-street, ditto, D e 
 Mitre-court, Fleet-street, Bd 
 Monmouth-street, Seveu Dials, B c 
 Montague-street, Russell square, A c 
 Montague-place, Portraan -square, B b 
 Montague.place, Russel Square, Ac 
 Montpellier Gaurdens, F e 
 Monument -yard. Fish-street hill, C 
 Moorfields, Finsbury -square, B f 
 Momington-place, Hampstead-road, a c 
 Mortimer-street, Cavendish-jquare, B b 
 Mount-street, Berkeley -;quare, C b 
 Mutton-lane, Hackney-road, a g 
 Mutton-lane, Hatton garden 
 Myrtle-street, Hoxton, a f 
 Nassau-street, Soho, Be 
 Neckinger-road, Borough, E f 
 Nelson street. Hackney -road, a g 
 New-buildings, Coleman-street, B e 
 New Cavendish street, Portland-streeU A b 
 Newcastle-street, Strand, B d 
 New Cut, Finsbury -square, B f 
 Newgate-street, Ch apside, B e 
 Newington-place, Newington, E e 
 Newington-butts, ditto, E e 
 Newman-street, Oxford-street, B c 
 Newman's-court, Comhill, Cf 
 Newport -street (Great and Little), Be 
 New-road, Whitechapel, B g 
 New -road, Mary-la-Donne, A b 
 New -square, Minories, C f 
 New -street, Bishopsgate street, B f 
 New street, St. Martin's-lane, C c 
 New-street, Threadneedle- street, B f 
 New-street, WTiitechapel, B g 
 Newington Causeway, E e 
 Norfolk street. Strand, C d 
 North Audley-street, Grosvenor-square, B b 
 North-street, Finsbury -square, At 
 North-street (New and Old), Red Lkm* 
 
 square, A d 
 Northumberland street. Strand, C p 
 
lAST OF THE PftlNClTAL STREETS, &C. 
 
 482 
 
 Nbrthumba^and-street, IVfary-la-boraie, A b 
 Norton-falgate, Bishopssate without, A f 
 Norton-street (Upper), Mary-la-btame, A c 
 Old Bailey, Ludgate hill, B e 
 Old Bethlehem, Bishopsgate-street, B f 
 Old Change, Cheapside, B e 
 Old City -chambers, Bishopsgate-street, B f 
 Old Fish-street, Knightrider-street, C e 
 Old Fish-street-hUl, Thames-street, C f 
 Old Jewry, in the Poultry, B e 
 Old-street, Goswell-street, A e 
 Orange-street, Lei cester -fields, Cc 
 Orange-street, Red 1. ion -square, B d 
 Orange-street, Swallow-street, B c 
 Orchard- street, Portman-Square, B b 
 Ormond-sti-eet (Great and Little), Red- 
 lion-square, A d 
 Osnaburgh Row, Pimlico, D b 
 Ossulston-street, Somers-town, a c 
 Oxendon-street, Coventry-street, C c 
 Oxford-street, Mary -la- bonne, C b 
 Paddington street, MMy-la-bonne, A b 
 Palace Yard (Old and New), Westminster, 
 
 D c 
 Pall -Mall, St. James's-street, C 
 Palsgrave-place, Strand, C d 
 Panton-street, Haymarket, C c 
 Paragon, Kent-road, D e 
 Paik-lane, Hyde- park, Bob 
 Park place, St- James's-street, C b 
 Park-place, New-road, A b 
 Park street, Grosvenor-square, B b 
 Park-street, Westminster, D c 
 Parliament-street, Westminster, D c 
 Parliament place, Westminster, J) c 
 Parliament-alley, Artillery-lane, D c 
 Parliament place, OldTalace Yard, D c 
 Parliament-steirs, and Old Palace- Yard, 
 
 Do 
 Paradise row, Chelsea, E a 
 Paradise-row, Lambeth, E d 
 Paradise- street, Rotherhithe, E g 
 Paragon, Greenwich-road, E e 
 Parson's street. East Smithfield, C g 
 Paternoster-row, Cheapside, B e 
 Paternoster-row, Spitalfields, B f 
 Paul's-chain, St. Paul's-church-yard, B e 
 Paul's-sireet, Finsbury-sguare, A f 
 Pearl-street (Great and Little), Spitalfields, 
 
 Pentonville, a d 
 Pen ton-place, Walworth, F e 
 Peterborough-court, Fleet-street, Bd 
 Peter-street, Bloomsbury, B c 
 Peter-street, Westminster, D e 
 Peter-street, Thames-street, C e 
 Petticoat-lane, Whitechapel, B g 
 Petty France, now York-street, Westmin- 
 ster, D c 
 Philpot-lane, Fenchurch-street, Of 
 Piccadilly, Haymarket, C c 
 Picket-street, Strand, B d 
 Pierpoint -buildings, ditto, a e 
 Pilgrim-street, Pimlico, D b 
 Pilgrim-street, Ludgate-street, B e 
 Pimlico, near Buckingham-house, D b 
 Pitt-street, Rathbone place, B c 
 Pitt-street, St George's-fields, De 
 Pitt-street, Blackfriars-road, Dc 
 Pitt-street, Greenwich-road, E e 
 Playhouse-yard, Blackfriars, C e 
 Playhouse yard, Whitecross-street, A e 
 Pleasant-row, Islington, a e 
 Plough-lane, Lower-road, Deptford, E h 
 Plow -street, and square, Whitechapel^ B 
 Plumber'«-street, City-road, A • 
 
 Phunbtree-«treet, Bloomsbirr>', B c 
 Polzund-street, Oxford-street, Be 
 Polygon, Soma"s-town, a c 
 Pope's head-alley, Comhill, C f 
 Portland- j)lace, Mary -la-bonne, A b 
 Portland-street, Oxford- street, A b 
 Portland-street, Soho, B c 
 Portman-street, Portman square, B b 
 Portsmouth-street, Lincoln's-inn fields, Bd- 
 Portugal-row, Lincoln's-inn-fields, B d 
 Poultry, Cheaoside, C e 
 Powis-place, yueen-square, A d 
 Pratt-street, Somers-town, a c 
 Prescot-street (Great and Little), Good* 
 
 man's-fields, C g 
 Prince's-street, Soho, B c 
 Prince's street, Oxford-street, B b ■ 
 Prince's-street, Barbican, B e 
 Prince's-street, Westminster, D c 
 Prince's-street, Hanover-square, B b 
 Prince's-street, RatcliflTe-highway, C g^ 
 Prince's-street, Red-lion-square,'B d 
 Prince's-street, Lothbury, B e 
 Prince's street, Vauxhall, E c 
 Prince's-square, Kennington, F d' 
 Privy -gardens, Whiiehall, D c 
 Providence-row, Hackney road. Aft' 
 Quaker-street, Spitalfields, A f 
 Quebec-street, Oxford-street, B b 
 Quebec-street (Great)., Mary-la-bonne, A a." 
 Queeiihithe, Meal-market, Thames.«stree*^ 
 
 Ce 
 
 eueen -place, Westminster, D c 
 ueen-street (Great and Little), Lineo4i»'s- 
 inn -fields, B d 
 Queen-street, Cheapside, C e 
 Queen -j,treet. Golden square. Be 
 Queen-street, Hoxton, A f 
 Queen-street, Westminster, D c 
 Queen -street, in the Mint, C f 
 Queen-street, Moorfields, Bf 
 Queen-street, Southwark, D e 
 Queen-street, Soho-square, B c 
 Queen-street, May-fair, C b 
 Queen -Anne-street (East and West), Maty- 
 
 la-bonne, A B c 
 Queen street, Chelsea, E b 
 Queen's-row, Kennington, Fd 
 Ranelagh-street, Pimlico, D b • 
 Raquet -court. Fleet-street, Bd 
 Ratcliflfe-cross, RatcliflTe, C g 
 Ratcliffe-highway, Upper Shadwell, C g 
 Rathbone-place ( Upper and Lower), Oxford- 
 street, B c 
 Red-Cross-Street, Ccipplegate, B e 
 Red-Lio;i -Market, Whitecross-street, A e 
 Red-Lion-Street, Clerfcenwell, A e 
 Red -I -ion -street. High -Hoi born, A d 
 Red-Lion-street, Whitechapel, B g 
 The Regent's Park, Mary-la-bonne, A b 
 Regent-street, Westminster, E c 
 Richard-street, Islington, A e 
 Richmond-street, St. James's, C c 
 Richmond-place, Walworth, F e 
 Rider-street (Great and Little), St. James's- 
 street, Westminster, C e 
 Robert street, Adelphi, C c 
 Robert -street, Blackfriars-road, C 
 Rochester-row, Westminster, E c 
 Rosamond-buildings, Clerkenwell,^«ie 
 Rosemary-lane, in the Minories, C f 
 Rotherhithe, E g h 
 
 Round-court (Old and New), Strand, C c 
 Rupert-street, Coventry- street, B c c 
 Rupert-street, Goodman's^eWs, G g 
 Russel-cotirt> Drurj-lane^B d 
 
tisT OF Tiip: ^Ill^•cIl•^\L streets, &c. 
 
 483 
 
 Russel -street .(Great «»d Little), Covent- 
 
 garden, Bd 
 Russel-street, Blooinsbury,>B c 
 Sackville-street, Piccadilly, C c 
 Salisbury street. Strand, C c 
 Salisbury-place, Newington, E e 
 Sanctuary (Great and Little), W«itminster, 
 
 Dc 
 Savage Gardens, Tower-hill, C f 
 Savil)e-row, near New Bond-street, C c 
 Saville-row, Newington, E e 
 Savoy-place, and stairs. Strand^ C d 
 Scotland-yard, WTiitehall, C c 
 Searle->trett, €arey-street, B d 
 Seething lane. Tower-street, C f 
 Seven Dials, near St. Martin's-lane, B c 
 Seymour-street (Upper and Lower), Port- 
 man -square, B b 
 Seymour-street, Cur/on-street, C b 
 Seymour place. South Audley-street, C b 
 Shepherd-street, Oxford street, B b 
 Sherrard-street, Golden-square, C c 
 Shire lane (Great and Littie), Temple-bar, 
 
 Bd 
 Shoe-lane, Fleet -street, B d 
 Shoreditch-street, Xorton-fals^ate, A f 
 Sidnev's-alley, Leicester-fields, C c 
 Sidney-street, Somers-town, a c 
 Silver-street, (iolden -square, B c 
 Silver-street, Hare-street, Spitalfidds, B f 
 Silver-street, Whitefiiars, C d 
 Silver-street, \A^ood-street, Cheaiw^de, B e 
 Sion College court, London-wall, Be 
 Skinner- street, Holbom-hill, B e 
 Sloane-street, Ilnightsbridge, C a 
 Sloane-square, Ohelsea, E a 
 Sloane-street (Little), Chelsea, E a 
 Smithfield and Market, City, B e 
 Smith-street, Chelsea, E a 
 Snow's-fields, Bermondsey-street, D f 
 Snow-hill, Holborn-bridge, B e 
 Somerset place. Strand, C d 
 Somerset-stairs, Somerset -house, C d 
 Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane, B d 
 Sbutharripton-row, Bloomsbury, B c 
 Southampton -street. High Holbcm, B d 
 Southampton-street, Strand, C c 
 Southampton-place, Euston-square, A e 
 Southnioulton-street, Oxford-street, B b 
 Spanish-jilace, and chapel, Manchester- 
 square, B b 
 Speldnnrst-street, Brunswick-square, A d 
 Spital -fields, B f 
 
 Spring Gardens, Charing-cross, C e 
 St. Andrew -street (Great and Little), Seven 
 
 Dials, B c 
 St. Bride's- church yard. Bride-lane, C d 
 St. Catherine's-stairs, St. Catherine's, Tower- 
 hill, D f 
 St. Clement's-church-yard, Strand, C d 
 St. Dunstan's-hill, Thames-street, C e 
 St. Helen's ((ireat and Little), Bishopsgate- 
 
 within, B f 
 St, Helena, Deptford-road, F h 
 St. Jameses-park, Whitehall, D c 
 St. James's street, C b 
 St. James's-place, St. James's street, C b 
 St. John's-street, West-sraithfield, A e 
 St. Margaret's-street, AVestminster, D c 
 St. Margarefs-hill, Borough, D e 
 St. Martin*s-court, St. Martin's-lane, C c 
 St. Martin's-le-grand, Newgate-street, B e 
 St. Mary Axe, Leadenhall-street, B f 
 St. Mary-hill, Thames- street, C f 
 St. Mildred 8 court. Poultry, B e 
 
 St. Paul's ChOTch-v^d, B e 
 St. Peter s alley, Comhill, C f 
 St. Thomas Apostle, Queen-street, C e 
 St. Thomas's-square, Hackney, «h 
 Stable-yard, St. Jame^'^, C b' 
 Stafford-street, A llieiinarle-street, C b 
 Staining-lane, Woo<l-,street, B e 
 Stamford-street, Blackfriars-road, Cd 
 Stanhope-street, Clare-market, B d 
 Stanhope-street, May-fair, C b 
 Stationers'-court, Ludgate hill, B e 
 Steel-yard, and stair>, Thames-street, C e 
 Stone's-end, Borough, D e 
 Strand, from Charing-cross to Temple- bar, 
 
 C c d 
 Stratford-place, Oxford-street, B b 
 Stratton-street, Piccadillv, C b 
 Suffolk-street (Great and Little), Hay- 
 market, C c 
 Suffolk-street, Strand, C d 
 Sun-street, Bishopsgate-without, B f 
 Surrey -street, and stairs. Strand, C d 
 Surrey-street (Great), Blackfriars-road, C • 
 Surrey -square, Wahvorth, F f 
 Sussex-place, Walworth, F f 
 Swallow-street, Piccadillv, B, C, b, e 
 Sweeting's-alley, Comhill, C f 
 Swithin's-lane, Cannon-street, C e 
 Swithin's-alley, ThreadneetUe-street, B f 
 Syth's-Jane, Ouecn-street, Cheapside, C « 
 Tavistock-street, Coven t-garden-, C cd 
 Tavistock-street, 'l"ottenham-court-road, B c 
 Tavistock-place, Russel-square, A c 
 Temple, Fleet-street, C d 
 Temple-bar, Fleet-street, B d 
 Temple-lane, and siairs, Wbitefriars, B d 
 "Terrace, Spring gardens, Charing-cross, C c 
 Thames-street (Upper and Lower), London- 
 bridge, C e f 
 Thanet-place, Strand, C d 
 Thayer-street, Manchester-street, B b 
 Theobakrs-row,Red-lion-street,Holbom, A d 
 Thornhaugh-street (Upper and Lower), 
 
 Bedford-square, A c 
 Threadneedle-street, Bishopsgate-strcct, B f 
 Three Crane-stairs, Queen-street, C e 
 Throgmorton-street, Broad-street, B f 
 Thurlow-place, ^Valworth, F f 
 Tichbome-street, Haymarket, C c 
 Tilt-yard, Whitehall, C c 
 Titchfield-street (Upper and Lower), Marj- 
 
 la-bonne, B c 
 Tokenhouse-yard, Lothbury, B f 
 Tooke's court. Chancery-lane, B d 
 Tooley-street, London-bridge, Df 
 Tooley-stdirs, Tooley-street, D f 
 Torrington-street, Russel-square, A c 
 Torrington -street, Ratcliffe-highway, C g 
 Tottenham-court-road, St. Giles's. A c 
 Tothill-street,Broad-sanctuary,"\Vestminster» 
 
 D c 
 Tothill-fields, Peter-street, ditto, D c 
 Tower Royal, St. Thomas Apostle, C e 
 Tower-stairs, Tower ofLondon, Cf 
 Tower-street (Great and Little), Tower-hill, 
 
 Cf 
 Trafalgar-place, Hackney road, ag 
 Traitor's-bridge, at the Tower, C f 
 Trinity- lane. Great Bow-lane, C e 
 Turk's-row, Chelsea, E a 
 Turnstile (Great and Little), Holborn, B d 
 Turner's- square, Hoxton, af 
 Union-street, Blackfriars, C e 
 Union -street, Bishopsgate-street, B f 
 Union-street, BorougH, E e 
 
 T T 2 
 
4S4 LIST or THE PRINCIPAL STREETS AND SQUARES^ 
 
 ITnion-crescent, Greenwich-road, E e 
 Upper Mary-la-bonne-stre«t, Oxford-street. 
 
 A b 
 Vauxhall-row, Westminster, E c 
 Vauxball, F d 
 
 V'ere-street, Clare-market, B d 
 V'ere-street, Oxford-street, B b 
 Vigo-lane, Bond-street, C b 
 Vllliers-street, Strand, C c 
 Vincent-street. Westminster, E c 
 Vincent square, Westminster, E c 
 Vine-street (Great and Little), Piccadilly, C c 
 Vine-street, Westminster, E c 
 Walbrook, near the Mansion House, C c 
 Walcot-])lace, Lambeth, E d 
 Walworth, F e 
 
 Wardour-street, Oxford-street, B c 
 Warren-street, Fitzroj-square, A c 
 Water- lane. Fleet street, B d 
 Water -lane, Tower-street, C f 
 Waterloo-place, Pall Mall, C e 
 AVatlingstrcet, St. Paul's Church-yard, Co 
 Warwidt-iane, Newgate street, B e 
 Warwick-court, High Holbom, B d 
 Webb-street, Borough, E f 
 Welbcrk-street (Upper and Lower), Mary- 
 la-bonne, B b 
 Wellington-street, Strand 
 Wells-street, Oxford-road, B c 
 Wells street, Hacknej-road, a h 
 Westminster-bridge,'ard stairs, D c 
 Westmoreland-stre.t, Mar>-la-bonne, A b 
 Westmorland-place, Walworth, F f 
 Westmorland -place. City-road, A e 
 West-street, Soho, B c 
 West Harding-street, Fette--lane, B d 
 Weston j>Iace, Pentonville, a d 
 Wevmouth-street, Cavendish-square, A b 
 WeymoUth-street, Is'ewington, E e 
 
 Wheeler street, Spitalfield«,'B f 
 Whitechapel, Mile End, B g 
 "Whitecross-street, Cripplegate. A B • 
 Whitefriars, near Fleet-street, C d 
 White Swan-stairs, Thames-street, C e 
 White Lion-street, Pentonville, a d 
 White-hart-row, Kennington, F d 
 Wiemore-street, Mary-la-borne, B b 
 Wild-street (Great and Little), Lincoln't- 
 
 inn-fields, B d 
 Wilderness-row, Goswell-street, A e 
 Wilderness-row, Chelsea, E a 
 William-street, Mary -la-bonne, A b 
 Willow-walk, Chelsea, E b 
 Wimpole-street (Upper and Lower), Mary- 
 
 la-bonne, A b 
 Winchester-street, Southwark, D e 
 Windmill-street (Great and Little), Golden. 
 
 square, B c 
 Windmill-street, Tottenham-court-road, 
 
 A Be 
 Windmill-yard, Coleman-street, B e 
 Wine-office-court, Fleet-street, Bd 
 Woburn -street, Bloomsbury, B c 
 Woburn-place, Russel-square, A c 
 Woodstock-street, Oxford-street, B b 
 Woodstock-street (Great and Little), High- 
 street, Mary-la-bonne, A b 
 Wood-street, Cheapside, B e 
 Wormwood-street, Bishopsgate within, B f 
 Worship-street, Norton Falgate, B f 
 Wych-street, Drury-lane, B d 
 York-buildings, Strand, C c 
 York-street, Bridges-street, Covent-garden, 
 
 B d 
 York-street, St. James's-square, C c 
 York-street (late Petty France), Westminster, 
 
 Dc 
 York-place, Islington, a e 
 
 SQUARES. 
 
 The principal of these are marked with an asterisk, many of the 
 others being such merely in name. 
 
 ♦America-square, Minories, Cf 
 Angel-square, Bishopsgate-street, B f 
 Audley-square, Grosvenor-square, C b 
 *Bedford.square, A c 
 *Belgrave-square, Pimlico 
 * Berkeley-square, Bond-street, C b 
 Billiter-square, Billiter-lane, C f 
 *Bloomsbury.square, Bd 
 Bridgewater-square, Barbican, A e 
 ♦Brunswick square, A d 
 *Bryanston-square, A B a 
 *Cadogan-square, Chelsea, D a 
 Canterbury-square, Southwark, D f 
 *C.avendish- square, Oxford -street, B b 
 Charles-square, Hoxton, A f 
 *Charter-house-sq'iare, B e 
 Cleveland-square, St. James's-place, CI 
 Crosby-square, Bishopsgate-street, B f 
 Devonshire-square, Bishopsgate-street, B f 
 Dorset square, Lisson-green, A a 
 *Euston- square, New-road, B c 
 Falcon square, Alderssrate-street, B e 
 *Finsbury-square, Moorfields, B f 
 *Fitzroy-square, near the New -road, A c 
 *Golden-square, St. James's, B c 
 ♦Gordon-square, New-road ■ 
 Goueh square, Fleet-street, B d 
 GouUton-sqiuure, Whitechapel, B f 
 
 ♦Grosvenor-square, C b 
 Haberdashers' square, Fore-street, B e 
 *Hanover-square, Bond-street, B b 
 Hans-place or square, Sloane street, D o 
 Haydon-square, Minones, C f 
 Hoxton-square, Hoxton, A f 
 ♦Leicester-square, C c 
 Leonard-square, Finsbury, A f 
 Lime-sireet-square, Lime-street, C f 
 *Lineoln's-inn fields, or square, Bd 
 ♦Manchester-square, Portm an -square, Bb 
 *Mecklenburgh-square, A d 
 Mint-square, Southwark, D e 
 Montague-square, Gloucester -place, Ab 
 Nelson-square, Blackfriars, C d 
 New-square, Minories, C f , 
 ♦Northampton-square, Clerkenwell, A e 
 Panton-square, Coventry-street, C e 
 Plow-square, Whitechapel, B g 
 
 ♦ Portman-quare, Oxford -street, B b 
 Prince's-square, Ratcliffe-highway, C 
 ♦Queen-square, Ormond street, A d 
 Qiieen -square, Hoxton, A f 
 *Red-cross-square, Jewin-street, B e 
 Red-cross-square, Nightingale-lane, C g 
 Red -cross-square, Southwark, D e 
 
 ♦ Red-Lion-square, Holbom, B d 
 ilrRuMel-square, Bloomtburj, A a 
 
MARKETS, REMARKABLE SITES, &C. 
 
 485 
 
 Salisbury sqxuire, Fleet-street, B d 
 Searie-square, Lincoln's-inn, B d 
 Sir "\V"m. Warren's square, Wapping, D g 
 Sion-square, Whitechapel, B g 
 *Soho-square, St. (iiles's, B c 
 Spital-sqiiare, Bishopsjjate without, B f 
 *Sunev->quare, Greenwich-road, D e 
 *St. Ja'mes's-square, PaU Mail, C c 
 
 St. John s-square, Clerkenwell, A e 
 *Tavistock-tquare, Bloomsbury, A e 
 *Torrington -square, Bloonisbury, A e 
 Turner's-square, Hoxton, A f 
 Arellclose-.-quare, Rosemary lane, Cg 
 *West square, St. George's fields, D c 
 Worship square, Hoxton, A f 
 
 PRINCIPAL MARKETS. 
 
 Billingsgate Fish market, C f 
 
 Bloomsbury market, near Bloomsbury- 
 
 square," B c 
 Borough market, Southwark, De 
 Brook's market, Holbom, B d 
 Camaby market, C a rnaby street, Be 
 Clare rnarket, Lincoln's inn, B d 
 Coal market, or exchange. Lower Thames- 
 street, C f 
 Corn market, or exchange, Mark Lane, 
 
 Fenchurch-street, C f 
 Govent Garden-market, C c 
 FitzToy market, Fitzroy-square, A c 
 Fleet market^ Ludgate-hiil, B c 
 
 Honey lane market, Cheapside, B c 
 { Hungerford market. Strand, C c 
 
 Leadenhall market, Leadenheiil -street, C f 
 I Newgate market, B e 
 I Newport market, Gerrard street, B c 
 
 Smithtieltl market, B e 
 
 Spitaltields market, B f 
 I St. George's market, Oxford street, B b 
 I St. George's market, St. George's-fieJds, Dd 
 I St. James's market, Jermjn street, C c 
 I Westminster market, Iving-slreet, West 
 i minster. Do 
 
 i "V\Tiitechapel market, TVhitechapel, B g 
 
 Remarkable Sites and Central Situations often referred to. 
 
 Charing Crots, between the Strand and 
 Pall Mall, C c 
 
 Hicks's Hall, the ancient court of quarter- 
 sessions for the county, stood in St. John's- 
 street, near the end of St. John's lane, a fur 
 long from Smiihfield. The great North 
 Road is measured from hence, A e 
 
 Holbom Bars, near Middle row, B d 
 
 Holbom Bridge, at the bottom of Holborn- 
 hill, Bd 
 
 Hyde Park Comer, at the West end of 
 Piccadilly, C a 
 
 Moorfields, formerly large open fields, on 
 part of which are Finsbury-squzu^ and the 
 adjoining streets, B f 
 
 The Obditk, In Bridge-street, Blackfriars, 
 Be 
 
 Ditto— in St. George^ Fields, D e 
 
 Pump, at Aldgate. 
 
 St. Giles's Pound, on the open space at the 
 bottom of Tottenham court road, and Ox- 
 ford street, formerly stood a pound, called 
 by this name, B c 
 
 Staiulard in Cornhill, at the upper end, 
 whence the distances on several great roads 
 are measured, C f 
 
 Temple Bar, the last remaining of the city 
 gates, between the Strand and Fleet street, 
 B d 
 
 Tomer Hill, the large open space on the 
 south side, of which is the Tower of Lon- 
 don, C f 
 
 Tyburn Turnpike, at the West end of Ox 
 ford street. Near this was formerly the place 
 of execution for male&ctors, B a e. 
 
 T T 3 
 
•1ST 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Embracing such a multiplicity of navies of persons, places, 
 and subjects, as the present volume does, it Is very desirable to 
 accompany it with a copious and accurate Index. This is at- 
 tempted in the following alphabetical table, and it is hoped 
 will be found to afford the stranger a ready and satisfactory 
 reference to every leading subject noticed in the preceding 
 pjiges. The Index might have been greatly augmented, but 
 from a fear of extending it to undue length. 
 
 Academy of Music 
 
 , Royal, 311 ' 
 
 Accommodations for visitors, 363 
 Acton, 421 
 Addington, ibid. 
 Adelphi, 192 
 
 , Theatre, S5S 
 
 Admiralty, High Court of, 213 
 African Institution, 258 
 Albany, 193 
 
 Aldermen of London, 74 
 Alms Houses, 274 
 
 ■ ■ of Trinity Company, 
 
 275 
 Amusements, Diary of, 416 
 Anatomical Chirurgical Society, 305 
 Animal food for London, 88 
 Annual exhibitions at Somerset 
 
 House, 313 
 Antilopean Society, 263 
 Antiquaries, Society of, 285 
 Antiquities in and near London, 
 
 with reminiscences of literary 
 
 men, 378 
 Ancient Britons, society of, 257 
 
 — — mansions, &c.,'S82 
 
 Apollonicon, 333 
 Apothecaries' Company, 305 
 Arcade, Burlington, 373 
 Architects, list of, 326 
 Architectural Ornaments, 184 
 Army Agents, 445 
 Artists' Greneral Benevolent Insti- 
 tution, and Artists' Joint 
 
 Stock Fund, 260 
 Arts, Curiosities, &c., list of, 329 
 
 Exhibitions, state of, 309 
 
 I Mannfactoriea and Commerce, 
 
 »6 
 
 Association for relief of the poor of 
 the city of London and parts ad- 
 jacent, 263 
 
 Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, 
 252 
 
 Asylum for Female Orphans, 251 
 
 Auction Mart, 129 
 
 B 
 
 Balls and Concerts, S6S 
 
 Bank of England, founded 1701, 
 124 
 
 , Directors of, 444 
 
 ' History and De- 
 
 scription of, 124 
 
 , payment in spe. 
 
 cie stopped, 59 
 
 Bankers, list of, 433 
 
 Banking, origin of, 46 
 
 Bankrupt Court, 183 
 
 Barker's Panorama, 317 
 
 Barnard's Inn, 224 
 
 Bartholomew's H'^fpital, 235 
 
 Bazaars, trading establishments, S73 
 
 Bedford Square, 188 
 
 Beggars, 4o8 
 
 Benefit Societies, various, 263 
 
 Benevolent Society of St Patrick. 
 256 
 
 Berkeley Square, 189 
 
 Bethlem Hospital, 240 
 
 Bills of Mortality, 42 
 
 Blackfriars Bridge, building of, 16 
 
 Bloomsbury Square, 189 
 
 Board of Controul, 172 
 
 Borough Compter, 232 
 
 Brandenburgh House, 399 
 
 Bridewell, 242 
 
 Bbidge : first across the Thamet, 8 
 
 ■ London, 197 
 
INCXX, 
 
 48? 
 \ 
 Bridge : New London, 198 
 
 — ■ • SoutJuvark, ibid. 
 
 BUcktriars, 199 
 
 Waterloo, ibid. 
 
 Westminster, 201 
 
 Vauxhall, 202 
 
 British Museum, 287 
 
 and Foreign Bible Society, 
 
 279 
 
 Union School, 273 
 
 and Foreign Philanthropic 
 
 Society, 262 
 Brooks and Rivulets, 8 
 ' Brookes's Anatomical Museum, 329 
 Buckingham House, 155 
 ' ' ■' Stairs water-gate, 186 
 
 Buildings, public acts relating to, 
 
 451 
 
 , new in London, during 
 
 1825, &c. Introduction. 
 Burdett, Sir Francis, sent to the 
 
 Toiver, 155 
 
 Cabriolets, 455 
 Caledonian Asylum, 255 
 
 Society, 256 
 
 Canning. Elizabeth, 53 
 Carlton Palace, 153 
 Caron House, 275 
 Carts, laws relating to, 457 
 Cato Street conspiracy, 165 
 Cattle, laws relating to, 458 
 Cavendish Square, 188 
 Cecilian Society, 333 
 Central School, 271 
 Chambers, 505 
 
 Chancery, High Court of, 207 
 Chancellor, Lord, 206 
 
 's Vice, Court, 207 
 
 Chelsea School, 400 
 Chertsev and St. Anne's Hill, 397 
 Ch is wick House, 400 
 Chapels : episcopal list of, 1^ 
 
 Catholic, 123 
 
 ' Foreign, 16 
 
 — St. George's, 105 
 
 St. Philip's, ibid. 
 
 Protestant dissenting, 122 
 
 Rolls, 208 
 
 Churches : St. Andrew, Undershafl, 
 
 114 
 
 St. Andrew, Holbom, HI 
 
 AUhallows, Barking, 114 
 
 All Souls, 108 
 
 St. Anne, Soho, 107 
 
 ■ St. Anne, Limehouse, 118 
 
 ■ ' I St. Bartholomew the Great, 
 
 111 
 
 Churches: St. Bartholomew the 
 
 Less, 113 
 — — — — St. Botolph, Aldersgatc, 
 ibid. 
 
 St. Bride, 109 
 
 St. Catharine Cree, 113 
 
 Christ Church, Stafford 
 
 Street, 108 
 
 Christ Church, 111 
 
 Christ Church, Spital 
 
 Fields, 117 
 
 St. Clement's Danes, 106 
 
 — St. Dunstan, Stepney, 117 
 • St. Dunstan In the Kast, 
 
 111 
 
 107 
 
 - St. Dunstan, 110 
 
 - St. George in the East, 117 
 • St. George the Martyr, 
 
 ibid. 
 
 • St. George, 
 
 — — St. George, 
 
 119 
 
 Bloomsbury, 
 High Street, 
 
 105 
 
 ibid. 
 
 119 
 
 117 
 
 - St. George, Hanover Sq. 
 
 - St. Giles, Cripplegate, 113J 
 
 - St. Giles in the Fields, 106 
 
 - St. Helen, Bishopsgate St. 
 
 >t. Jame5, Clerkenwell, 116 
 
 - St. James, Piccadilly, 104 
 
 - St. John the Evangelist, 
 
 • St. John the Baptist, 106 
 
 - St. John, Wapping, 118 
 
 ■ St. John, Clerkenwell, 116 
 
 ■ St. John, Waterloo Road, 
 
 •Lambeth, 119 
 
 ■ St. Leonard, Shoreditch, 
 
 ■St. Luke, Old Street, 116 
 — St. Margaret, Westmin- 
 ster, 103 
 
 St. Martin in the Field«, 
 
 105 
 
 St. Mary, Temple, 110 
 
 St. Mary-le-Bow, 109 
 
 St. Mary-le- Strand, 106 
 
 St. Mary, Woolnoth, 108 
 
 St. Mary le-bone, 107 
 
 • St Mary,Wyndham Place, 
 
 108 
 
 117 
 
 — St. Mary, WTiitecliapfel, 
 
 -St. Matthew, Bethnal 
 Green, 117 
 
 . St. Olave, Tooley Street, 
 
 118 
 
Churches: St. Pancras Old Church, 
 
 114 
 
 '. — Ditto New'Church, 115 
 
 St.Paul,Covent Garden, 106 
 
 St. Paul, Shadwell, 118 
 
 St. Paul's Cathedral, 81 
 
 • St. Peter, Walworth, 119 
 
 St. Sepulchre. 46 
 
 St. Stephen, "Walbrook,:i09 
 
 Stepney, New, 117 
 
 St Thomas, St. Thomas's 
 
 Street, 118 
 
 Trinity, 119 
 
 • Westminster Abbey, 89 
 
 Churches built by Sir Christopher 
 
 Wren, 111 
 
 — ~ , list of, ibid. 
 
 -, society for the building 
 
 and enlarging of, 282 
 
 — , parish, in the city, 108 
 
 — — in Westminster, 103 
 
 Church, Missionary Society for 
 
 Africa and the East, 
 Christian Knowledge Society, for 
 
 promoting, 278 
 
 in the Highlands, 279 
 
 Circulating Libraries, 341 
 
 Citv of London (General Pension So- 
 
 " ciety, 259 
 School of Instruction 
 
 and Industry, 274 
 City Philosophical Society, 302 
 — — Officers, election of, 52 
 Claremont, 396 
 Clarendon Square, 187 
 Clement's Inn, 224 
 Clergymen's Widows and Children, 
 
 257 
 Clifford's Inn, 224 
 Climate of London, 21 
 Coaches first introduced, 42 
 Coals, Laws relating to, 459 
 , Use of forbidden, 36 
 
 , Exchange, 144 
 Cobourg Theatre, 358 
 Cock Lane Ghost, 53 
 Coffee Houses, 368 
 
 first introduced, 47 
 
 Collections and Exhibitions of Paint- 
 ings, various, 318 to 323 
 College of Physicians, 303 
 Commerce and Manufactories, 66, 67 
 Commercial Edifices, 124 
 
 Bank of England, ibid. 
 
 Slock Exchange, 128 
 
 Auction Mart, 129 
 
 Excise Office, ibid. 
 
 Royal Exchange, 130 
 
 Guildhall, 132 
 
 Mansion House, 135 
 
 General Post Office, 136 
 
 rx. 499 
 
 Commercial Edifices. 
 
 Custom House, 140 
 
 Commercial Hall, 145 
 
 Corn Exchange, 144 
 
 Coal Exchange, ibid. 
 
 East India House, ibid. 
 
 Trinity House, 145 
 
 South Sea House, 148 
 Commercial Hall, 143 
 Common Council, 75 
 Common Pleas, Court of, 212 
 Commons, House of, 205 
 Committee for Relief of DistreM 
 . in Ireland, 257 
 Concerts and Balls, 351. 363 
 
 of Antient Music, 333 
 
 Conspiracy by Babington, 43 
 
 in Cato Street, 165 
 
 Corbett's Museum, Piccadilly, 331 
 Coronation of George III., 53 
 
 George IV., 163 
 
 Corporation of London, 71 to 76 
 for Widows of Clergy- 
 men, 257 
 Cosmornma, 318 
 Courts of Requests in the City, 215 
 
 various, 216 
 
 of Requests, 453 
 
 of City and Liberties of 
 
 Westminster, 217 
 of Suburbs and Southwark, 
 
 - for Insolvent Debtors, 214 
 
 - of Law, New, 165 
 
 Covent Garden, 191 
 
 Theatrical Fund, 262 
 
 ■■ Theatre, 353 
 
 Croggon's Scagliola Works, 329 
 Custom House, 140 
 
 Danes besieged London, 31 
 
 Debtors' Prison, 228 
 
 Deptford, 401 
 
 Diary of Public Spectacles, Amuse- 
 ments, &c. of London, through- 
 out the Year, 416 
 
 Diorama, 317 
 
 Diseases of London, 22 
 
 Dispensaries, 245 
 
 Dorking, 397 
 
 Dramatic Publications, 343 
 
 Drapers' Alms Houses, 275 
 
 Drury Lane Theatre, 351 
 
 Theatrical Fund, 262 
 
 Dulwich College, 402 
 
 E 
 
 Earthquakes in London, 36. 43 
 East India Docks, 408 
 •————<- House, 144 
 
490 IKH 
 
 East India Gompany, Directo?s of, 
 444 
 
 ■ Alms' Houses, 
 
 -Incorporation, 43 
 
 E;«.st London Theatre, .'>58 
 
 Ecclesiastical Courts, 21:5 
 
 Pxlucation, Periodical Works on, 345 
 
 Edward's, Alms Houses, 276 
 
 Egliam, .';98 
 
 Egyptian HaP, 330 
 
 Emanuel Hospital, 276 
 ^Emperors of Russia and Prussia, 64 
 
 English Opera House, 357 
 
 Ep<om, 3M7 
 
 Establishments for tne promotion 
 and encouragement of general 
 Science, Literature, &c., 283 
 
 Euston S()uare, 187 
 
 Exchange, Coal, 144 
 
 Hoyal, 130 
 
 Exeter, 331 
 
 Shutting up, 1. 49 
 
 Exchequer, 209 
 
 Exeter 'Change Menagerie, 331 
 
 Famine, 3H, 37 
 
 Fimrs Glass Working Exhibition, 
 
 3^30 
 FinslMiry Square, 190 
 Fire of Lontlon in 1077, S3 
 
 — of London Bridge, 35 
 — — the great, 48 
 
 — — in Exchange Alley, 53 
 ■■ at Ratcliffe Highway, 56 
 
 — of Drury Lane and Covent Gar- 
 den Theatres, 62 
 
 — — Laws, relating to, 451 
 
 — — in Thames Street, 1715, 51 
 
 Fisn and Poultry, 70 
 
 Fishmongers' Alms Houses, 276 
 
 Fitzrov Square, 187 
 
 Fleet iPrison, 230 
 
 -Fly Boats, Steam Packets, 371 
 
 ■Food, consumption of, 68 to 70 
 
 Foreigners, society for the relief of, 
 
 258 
 Foundling Hosi>ital,247 
 Freedom at Fairs, 459 
 French Hospital, 243 
 
 . House of Charity, 263 
 
 Frost of 1739, 40. 52 
 
 1813, 14 
 
 Furnival's Inn, 223 
 
 Gallery, the British Institution, 313 
 Gas, 450 
 
 Light Companies, 376 
 
 Georgel V.,Coronation Dinner of,163 
 
 Giltspur Street Gompter, 2?. 
 Gothic Hall, 329 
 Government Offices, 170 
 
 War Office, 171 
 
 Admiralty, ih/d. 
 
 Treasury, /7»/V/. 
 
 Secretary of States, 172 
 
 Bo;ird ot" Controul, ibid. 
 
 Crown Lands and Board of 
 Works, /hid. 
 
 Somerset House, 173 
 
 Tower, 175 
 
 Mint, 182 
 
 Bankrupt Court, 183 
 errand Junction Canal, 388 
 Gray's Inn, 222 
 Greenwich Hospital, 402 
 Gresham College, 300 
 Grosvenor Square, 18S 
 Guardian Society, 261 
 Guildhall, 1.*>.3 
 Gunj)Owder Plot, 44 
 Guy's Hospital, 238 
 
 H 
 
 Haberdashers' Alms Houses, 275 
 Hackney Coaches, 45. 453 
 Halls of the City CompjiWies, 149 
 Ham|)stead, 389 
 Hampton Court Palace, 395 
 Hanover S<p»are, 188 
 Hayraarket Theatre, 356 
 Henry VII.'s Alms Houses, 276 
 
 Chapel, 
 
 Heralds' College, 148 
 
 Heretics, burning of, 38 
 
 Hibernian Society, 256 
 
 High Court of Parliament, 204 
 
 Highland Society of London, 256 
 
 Horticultural Society, 302 
 
 Horse He})Ositories, 371 
 
 Hospitals, 2,'34 
 
 St. Bartholomew's, 235 
 
 St. Thomas's, 237 
 
 (iuy's, 238 
 
 New Bet hi em, 240' 
 
 St. Luke's, ibid. 
 
 Bridewell, 242 
 
 St. George's, ibid. 
 
 Ix>ndon, 243 
 
 Westminster, ibid. 
 
 Middlesex, ibid. 
 
 Dutch and Jews', td&i 
 
 ————— Jews', ifnd. 
 
 French, ibid. 
 
 Lying Inn, i&i<i. 
 
 Hotels, 365 
 
 House of Lords, 165. 204 
 
 Commons, 167. 205 
 
 — — Correction, Q$5 
 
 
TNDEX. 
 
 4t)J 
 
 Hurricane of 1779, 54 
 
 Hyde Park, 160. — See Introduction 
 
 Inns of Court, zl8 
 
 ' Chancery, 223 
 
 and Hotels, 370. 381 
 
 Insolvent Debtors' Court, 184 
 Institutions for the promotion of 
 
 Christian Knowledge, 278 
 Institutions for i)romoting Religion, 
 
 &c., 281 
 Insurance and Fire Offices, 576 
 Insurrection of W^it Tyler, 37 
 *————»- — -— Jack Cade, 38 
 Irish Peasantry Society, 256 
 
 i- Society oV London, ibid. 
 
 Jews' Hospital, ?43 
 
 Massacre of, 34 , 
 
 Jubilee, celebration of, 62 
 Juries, 459 
 
 K 
 
 Kensington Palace, 157 
 *' — Gardens, 158 
 
 Kew, 391 
 King Charles I. beheaded, 46 
 
 ^ George III., Recovery of, 58 
 
 assaulted by mob, 
 
 58 
 
 - Death of, 65 
 
 Indies', Periodical Works for, 345 
 Laws relative to London, and its in. 
 
 habitants, 446 
 Law and Public Offices, Buildings, 
 
 &c., 460 
 Law Association, 259 
 Legal Institutions and Societies, 218 
 Legislative, the King's power in, &c., 
 
 203 
 Leicester Square, 189 
 Letters, regulations relative to, 138 
 
 to, 140 
 Lighting the Streets, 450 
 Lincoln s Inn, 221 
 
 Fields, 190 
 
 Linnaean Society, 301 
 Linwood Gallery, 316 
 Literature, General State of, 289 
 Literary Establishments, 334 
 
 Fund Society, 259 
 
 Livery of London, 76 
 Lodgings, Sfrt 
 
 Logier's Musical Educaticwi, 532 
 London, State of Improvement in 
 
 1825, Introduction. 
 
 general outlines, 1 
 
 geographical and general 
 
 locality, 2 
 
 site, soil, and extent, i,o 
 
 divisions, 3, 4 
 
 ■ relative extent of the prin- 
 
 cipal streets, 5 
 
 extent and progressive in- 
 crease at different periods, 6 to 19 
 
 Population at different 
 
 ^ras, 19to20 
 
 Climate, 20 to 22 
 
 Diseases, salubrity, &c., 22 
 
 to 23 
 
 — — — Historical notices of prin- 
 cipal events, 24 
 
 its name and origin, 24, 26 
 
 Walls, 26 
 
 Characteristic features of, 
 
 under the Britons, Romans, 
 Saxons, Danes, &c., 28 
 
 present commerce of, 6.3, 70 
 
 - the Police of, 77 
 
 ^ George IV. Coronation of, 163 
 
 King's Mews, 155 
 
 Bench, 210 
 
 Prison, 229 
 
 King, the executive and legislative 
 power of, 203 
 
 Civil Establishments of, 76 
 
 Military Establisliments of. 
 
 - religious EdiMces oi, to-* 
 
 - Docks, 408 
 
 - Municipal ln>titutionsof,71 
 
 • Workhouses, 277 
 
 - Maritime Institution, 258 
 
 - HospiU^l, 243 
 . Society, 263 
 
 . Institution, 298 
 
 ■ Female Penitentiary, 250 
 
 • Orphan Asylum, Ciat>ton, 
 
 251 
 
 Hibernian Society, 2;>6 
 Lord Mayor and Lord Mayor's Day, 
 
 71 
 Lord Mayor.^, List of, 72] 
 s Election of, o^ 
 Lloyd's Coffee House, 132 
 Lottery, first at Saint Paul's, 42 
 Lying-Inn Hospitals, 243 
 Lyon's Inn, 224 
 
 M 
 
 Magazines, Reviews, and Newspa- 
 
 pers, 337 
 Magdalen Hospital, 249 
 Manchester Square, 188 
 Mansion House, 135 
 Manufactories of the City, 67 
 Map of London, 1st, 10 
 Maps and Plates, references to, 476i. 
 Marine Society, 251 
 Maritime Cambrian Society, 257 ' 
 
-tM INDEX* 
 
 Markets, 372. 485 
 Marshakea Prison, 232 
 
 Court, ibid. 
 
 Masonic Benefit Society, 262 
 
 ■ '■ Institution, ibid. 
 
 Mathematical Society, 302. 
 Medical and Surgical Institution^ 
 
 303 
 
 . Benevolent Society, 259 
 
 — — — Society, 30;> 
 
 and Cliirurgical Society, 
 
 305 
 — Charities for particular pur- 
 
 poj;evS, 241) 
 Medical and Surgical lectures, 306 
 
 ■ i ^ . Publications, 34-t 
 Members of Parliament, 76 
 Menagerie, Kxeter Change, 331 
 Merchant Tailors' School, 2(i9 
 
 Seamen's Society, 25S 
 
 Methodist Missions, 2S0 
 
 Metropolitan Paving Act, 447 
 
 ■ Literary Ijistitution, 
 
 MiDni.KSEX, its situation and extent, 
 430 
 
 ■ ■ , ancient state and re- 
 mains, /W/A 
 
 -, present state and ap- 
 
 pearance, 431 
 
 Hospital, 243 
 
 Military Kstablishment, 80 
 
 Milk, quality of, used in London, 69 
 
 Mineral Springs, 2!6b 
 
 Missio.NAKY Museum, 330 
 
 • Societies,. var;?ou5, 2S1 
 
 — ■ Society of the Cal- 
 
 vinistic Methodists, 28 , 
 
 Societies, 280 : / 
 
 Monument, the, 184 ^ 
 Monuments in Westminster Abbey 
 Church, 101 
 
 St. Paul's, 84 
 
 Monasteries, dissolution of, 40 
 Morden College, 374 
 Museums and Exhibitions, 329 
 Music Concerts, Sjcieties, iS:cv3S2 
 
 N 
 National Benevolent Institution, 257 
 
 Vaccine Society, 247 
 
 (;allery,318 
 
 ■I . - . . Mutual Insurance Benefit 
 
 Institution, 263 
 Navy Agents, 445 
 Navigation Acts ]>assed, 46 
 Nelson, Ailmiral, funeral of, 61 
 New Hiver brought to London, 44. 
 
 S88 
 — Prison, ClcrkenwcH, 23 
 
 Newgate, 225 
 
 New Court House, or Westminster 
 Guildhall, 163 
 
 Bethlcm Hospital, 240 
 
 Inn, 224 
 
 , Newspapers, list of, 347. 350 
 Norfolk College, 275 
 Normau Conquest of London, 33 
 
 O 
 
 Oatlands, 396 
 
 Offices and Public Buildings, list o^ 
 
 460 
 Olympic Theatre, SlJQ 
 Opera House, o5ii 
 Orphan Working School, 27* 
 Osterley Park, 394 
 Owen's Alms Houses, 276 
 
 P 
 
 Painters, &c. list of, 32* 
 Palaces, list of, 151 
 
 Saint James's, 156 
 
 Buckingham House, \5S> 
 
 Whitehall, 156 
 
 Kensington, 157 
 
 Carlton, 153 
 
 Palace Court, or Marshalsca, 212' 
 
 Parks Koval. 
 
 ■■ St. James's, 158 
 
 Green and Hyde, 160 
 
 — ■ Regent's, 161 ' 
 
 l*anorama. Barker's, 317 
 i'arliamcnt, composition of, 204. 
 Patriotic Fund, 61 
 l*aving the Streets, 447 
 
 and Lighting, 16 
 
 Peace, celebration of, CA^ €iQ 
 Penitentiary, Milbank, 232 
 Penny Post established, 49 
 Perambulatioji (twelve days), 409 ' 
 Periodical Publications, 342 
 Pestilence, Plague in London, 37 
 I*barmacy and Surgery, state of, 459 
 Philo- Medico Cliirurgical Society^ 
 
 306 
 Philological Society, 260 
 Philanthropic Society, 252 
 Physical Society, 305 
 Pictures, sales of, 323 
 Plague of 1(;63, 43 
 
 h)54, 44 
 
 , the Cireat, 1664, 47 
 
 Police of the Metropolis, 77. 452: 
 
 River Thames, 79 
 
 l*opulation of London, 19, 21 
 Porter and Ale Brewers, 70 
 Porterage, laws relating to, 457 
 Portland Place, 192 
 Portman Square, 186 
 Post, establishment of, 40 
 
Post Office General, 136 
 
 Hegulations of,. 137 
 
 TSvopenny, 139 
 
 Prayer Book and Homily Society, 
 
 280 
 Princes Square, 191 
 Princess Charlotte, funeral of, 65 
 Printing first introduced, 3d 
 Prisons, 224 
 -II - ..I. .■■■■ Newgate, 225 
 Giltspur Street Compter, 
 
 227 
 
 for Debtors, 228 
 
 King's Bench, 229 
 
 Fleet, the, 230 
 
 . I. House of Correction, ibid. 
 Tothill Fields Bridewell, 
 
 ibid. 
 
 New- Prison, 292 
 
 Marshalsea^ 232 
 
 Borough Compter, f&'d. 
 
 — ^ Penitentiary, ibid. 
 
 Protestant Dissenters'CharitySchool, 
 
 274 
 Public Swtues, 193 to 196 
 
 Baths, 370 
 
 Publishers and Booksellers, 339 to 
 341 
 
 Quakers' School, 274 
 
 Queen Square, 190 
 
 '.. ■ ■ .. Anne's Bounty, 281 
 
 Caroline's ArriA'al in Enfc;- 
 
 land, and Death, 66 
 Quo Warranto, writs of» 49 
 
 R 
 
 Raine's Charity, 259 
 
 Reading Societies and Book Clubs, 
 
 337 
 Reading Rooms, 342 
 Rebellion of 1745, 53 
 Great, 45 
 
 — of 1715, 51 
 
 Red Cross Street Library, 300 
 Reformation, progress of, 41 
 Refuge for the Destitute, 253 
 Regent's Canal, 389 
 
 -, Park, 161 
 
 Street, 191 
 
 Requests, Court of, 453 
 Richmond, 392 
 Rides and Promenades, 409 
 Riot, called Evil May-Day, 40 
 
 of 1780, 54 
 
 of 1768, 56 
 
 of 1800, 65 
 
 of 1816, 63 
 
 River Left, 388 
 
 RX. 493 
 
 River Thames, 385 
 
 Roman roads, walls, streets, &c. 28 
 
 Royal Acahe.my of Music, 332 
 
 of Arts, 311 
 
 Royal Society of Musicians; Choral 
 
 Fund ; and New Musical Fund, 
 260 
 
 Society, 283 
 
 College of Surgeons, 504 
 
 Exchange, 130 
 
 InstitULioii, 2Pfi 
 
 National li stitution for the 
 
 preservation of Life from Ship- 
 wreck, 263 
 
 - Humane Society, 253 
 
 Freemasons' Charity, 262 
 
 British Institution, 279 
 
 Society of Literature, 334 
 
 Amphitheatre, S5d 
 
 Russell Institution, 299 
 Square, 187 
 
 S 
 Sadler's Wells, 359 
 Savings Banks, 264 
 Saxonst>ossessed London, 29 
 Schools under the patronage of the 
 National, and the British and 
 Foreign School Societies, 270 
 
 - for the Indigent Blind, 252 
 Schoolmasters, Society of, 254 
 Scotland Yard, 172 
 
 Scottish Hospital, 255 
 
 Sculptors, list of, 326] 
 
 Seamen's Hospital, 2*68 
 
 Secretary of State's Offices, 172 
 
 Sedan Chairs, 456 
 
 Serjeant's Inn, 223 
 
 Sessions House, Old Bailey, 183 
 
 Sewers' Offices, 446 
 
 Sheriffs of London, list of, 72 
 
 s' fund, 259 
 
 — — — s' officers' houses, 233 
 Ship Money, 45 
 Sion College, 300 
 
 - House, 394 
 
 Society for procuring nightly shelter 
 for the houseless, 261 
 
 ■ for the improvement of prison 
 
 discipline, and the reformation 
 of juvenile offenders, ibid. 
 
 - for the encouragement of in- 
 dustry and the reduction of poor 
 rates, 263 
 
 •— — — for promoting Christian 
 Knowledge in the Highlands, 
 6ic. of Scotland, 279 
 
 ———for the suppression of men- 
 dicity, 260 
 
 ■ - for superseding climbing 
 boys, 263 
 
494 IND 
 
 Society of Antiquaries, 285 
 — for relief of widows and or- 
 phans of medical men, 2o9 
 
 ■ for the ])roi)agation of the 
 gospel in foreign parts, '279 
 
 ■ •■-- of painters in water colours, 
 314 
 
 ■ for the encouragement of 
 arts, manufactures, and com- 
 merce, 2S6 
 
 — for relief of foreigners, 258 
 
 for educating the children of 
 
 debtors. 262 
 
 of British artists, 315 
 
 -of philanthropic harmonists, 
 
 263 
 — — — for bettering the condition of 
 
 the poor, 2.^6 
 - I - I.— for charitable purposes. 261 
 for the suppression of vice, 
 
 ibUL 
 — . — — of schoolmasters, 25-i 
 
 of guardians, 261 
 
 Spital fields Benevolent Society, 261 
 Soho Square, 188 
 South Sea. House, 148 
 
 Bubble, 151 
 
 Somerset House or Place, 173 
 Southwark, parishes in, 118 
 
 , suburbs of, 217 
 
 Squares : — List of, 484 / 
 
 Bedford, 188 
 
 Berkley, 189 
 
 Bloomsburv, ibid. 
 
 Cavendish,' 188 
 
 Clarendon, 187 
 
 Covent Garden, 191 
 
 Euston, 187 
 
 Finsburv, 190 
 
 Fitzroy, 187 
 
 Grosvenor, 186 
 
 Hanover, 188 
 
 St. James's, 189 
 
 Leicester, ibid. 
 
 Lincoln's Inn, 190 
 
 Manchester, 188 
 
 Portman, 186 
 
 Prince's, 191 
 
 gueen's, 190 
 egent, 191 
 
 Russell, 187 
 
 Soho, 188 
 
 Tavistock, 187 
 
 Wellclose, 191 
 Staee Coaches, 456 
 S^amrd's Alms Houses, 276 
 Staple Inn, 223 
 Statues, public, 193 
 Stock Exchang e, 128 
 Stock's Market, 8 
 Storm of Thunder, &c., 55 
 
 Storm'ofWlnd, 51 
 Stranger's Friend Society, 261 
 Stratford Place, 192 
 St. Anne's Society Schools, 274 
 
 — Bartholomew's Hospital, 235 
 
 — George's Hospital, 242 
 
 — John s Gate, 185 
 
 — Luke's Hospital, 240 
 
 — Peter's Hospital,, or Fishmongers* 
 
 Alms Houses, 275 
 
 — Thomas's Hospital, 257 
 
 — Mary-le-bone Workhouse, 277 
 
 — Martin's Workhouse, ibid, 
 
 — Pancras Workhouse, ibid. 
 
 — Paul's Cathedral, 81 
 — School, 269 
 
 — James's Park, 158 
 
 Square, 189 
 
 Squares, &c., 186 
 Statues, Public 
 
 Charles I., 193 ' 
 
 II., ibid. 
 
 James II., 194 
 
 Charles James Fox, ibid. 
 
 Duke of Bedford, ibid. 
 
 — ■ Kent, ibid. 
 
 Achilles, 195 
 
 George 1., ibid. 
 
 Henry VIII , ibid. 
 
 Edward VI., ibid. 
 
 List of several, 196 
 Streets of London, extent of the 
 
 princii)al, 5 
 
 ■ List of, 477 
 
 Subscription Houses, SQ5 
 Surrey Theatre, 360 
 Sweating Sickness, 39 
 Symonds' Inn, 224 
 
 TavernSj367 
 
 Tavistock Square, 187 
 
 Tea Gardens, 362 
 
 Temple, Inner and Middle, 219 
 
 Bar, 185 
 
 Thavies' Inn, 224 
 Theatres, &c , 350 
 
 . East London, 
 
 ibid. 
 
 . Drur)' Lane, 357 
 
 • English Opera House, 
 
 - Covent Garden, SSZ \ 
 
 — Opera House, 355 
 
 Haymarket, 356 
 
 Olympic, 358 
 
 Licensing Act for, 52 
 
 . Consumed by fire, 62 
 
 Astley's, 359 
 
 Theological Publications, 344 
 Tothill Fields Bridewell, 231 
 Tower of London, 379 
 
Town Hall,.Southwark, 183 
 
 Towns, Villages, Seats, &c. near 
 London, alphabetical enumera- 
 tion of, 4iil 
 
 Trades, seats of, 475 
 
 Trading Companies, list of, 472 
 
 Treasury, 171 
 
 Trinity House, 146 
 
 Twickenham, 395 
 
 Vauxhall Gardens, 360 
 Vegetables and Fruit, 69 
 Vice- Chancellors' Court, 209 
 Volunteer force raised, 60, 61 
 
 W 
 
 Walls of London, 26 
 
 War Office, or Horse Guards, 171 
 
 •p-— Civil, temp. John, 35 
 
 ^ between France and England, 
 
 58 
 Wards of London, 75 
 Watch houses, 79 
 Watching, 452 
 Water, -HQ 
 
 ■X. 495 
 
 Water Companies, 375 
 Watermen, 457 
 Wax-work, 330 
 Weeks' Museum, 329 
 Wellclose Square, 191 
 Welsh Charitv School, 257 
 West India Docks, 407 
 West Lont'on Theatre, 3^39 
 Westminster Abbey, 89, 379 
 
 Hall, 163 
 
 Hospital, 243 
 
 . Parishes in the Sub- 
 
 urbs, 18 i 
 
 . Medical Society, 305 
 
 School, 268 
 
 City and Liberties of, 
 
 217 
 West's Gallery, 315 
 Whitefriars, 381 
 Whitehall, 156 
 
 Whittington's Alms Houses, 276 
 Widows- Friendly Society, 2()2 
 Wigley's Promenade Rooms, 329 
 Windsor Castle, 398 
 Woolwich, 406 
 Workhouses, 277 
 
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 Tripoli, Lebanon, Baalbcck, and by the Valley of theOronte^ 
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DEDICATED. BY PERMISSION, TO THE KlXa 
 
 HOW PUBLISHIXG, 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS OF LONDON; 
 
 ACCOMPANIED BY 
 
 Historical and Descriptive Accounts^ 
 
 By J. BRITTON, F.S. A.&c. and A. PUGIN, Architect. 
 
 'This Work is pfinteS in Medium and Royal Octavo, and will be pro- 
 tluced periodically, in Numbers, at 5s. each, small, and &.'. large Paper. 
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 Nos. 11, 12, and 13, being a portion of Vol. II, are Published. Seven 
 more Numbers, to complete the Work, will be ready in the year 1826. 
 
 Catfie&fal an& architectural ^ntuimtieUj 
 
 By JOHN BRITTON, F.S. A. &C.&C. 
 
 1. THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF SALISBURY CA» 
 THEDRAL; with 31 Engravings by J. and H. Le Keux, &c. from 
 Drawings by Mackenzie, &c., and 3 Wood-cuts ; also 114 Pages of Let- 
 ter-press. — 3/. 3s. Medium 4to. — 51. 5s. Imperial 4to. — 11/. Royal Folio j 
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 2. THE HISTORY, &c. OP NORWICH CATHEDRAL, with 24 
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 3. THE HISTORY, &c. OF WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL, con- 
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2 Cathedral and Architectural Antiquities. 
 
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 11. CHRONOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS 
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 mer Volumes, — is illustrated with a Map of the County, and 15 other 
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 and 1/. 4^. Small Paper. 
 
 London : Published by Longman, Rce;5, Omic, Browne» 
 and Green, Paternoster Row. 
 
This Day is Published, Xo. 1. Pince U. lis, ed. Medium ^to ; 
 . 21. 12s. 6d. Imjyerial 4to, 
 
 ENGRAVED SPECIMENS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF 
 NORMANDY; 
 
 INTENDED TO ILLUSTRATE BY 
 
 PLANS; ELEVATIONS, SECTIONS, AND VIEWS, 
 
 THE VARIOUS STYLES AND FEATURES OF THE ANCIENT BUILDINGS 
 OF THAT PROVINCE. 
 
 THE DRAWINGS BY A. PUGIN, ARCHiTEer. 
 
 THE ENGRAVINGS BY J. & H. LE KEUX. 
 
 THE LITERARY PART BY J. BRITTON, F.S.A.,&c. 
 
 This Publication will consist of, at least, 80 Engravings, and as much 
 Letter-press as may be necessary to elucidate the History and describe the 
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 buildings: — at Caen : The Churches of *^ Abbey aux IlomtneSt'' ** Ab. 
 baye aux DameSy'' and Si. Nicholas : — at Roi;en : Palais de Justice, 
 Church of St. Ouen, Abbaye St. Aniandy Cathedraly Fountain de la Crosse, 
 and JHoiel de Bow theroulde. 
 
 The Second Number, to be ready in E^Tuary, will contain 20 En- 
 gravings. Besides serving to illustrate Architecturally and Scientifically, 
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 Work will tend to exemplify the correspondencies and variations between 
 the early Architecture of that Country and of England; and thus furnish 
 data for the Critical Antiquary, and practical examples for the Architect. 
 
 Six Copies only worked on India Papery Proofs, at 31. 12s. 6d. each. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 SELECTED FROM 
 
 VARIOUS ANCIENT EDIFICES IN ENGLAND; 
 
 Consisting of Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Parts at large ; calcu- 
 lated to exemplify the various Styles, and xhe practical Construction of this 
 Class of admired Architecture — accompanied by Historical and Descriptive 
 Accounts. The Drav/ings by A. Pugin, Architect; and the Engravings, 
 in Outline, by J. Le Keux, Turrel, &c. The Literary part by E. J. Wil. 
 SON. Vol I., contains 60 Engravings, with a Glossary of Technical Terms. 
 Vol. II. 55 Prints. The two Vols. Medium 4io, 6 Guineas, and 9 Guineas 
 Imperial ito. 
 
 J^ This Work is adapted to furnish practical Information to the 
 Architect, Builder, Cabinet Maker, &c. also to the Critical Antiquary and 
 Connoisseur. , 
 
 London : Published by Longman, Rees, Ome, Browne, 
 and Green, Paternoster- Row. 
 
Preparing for FublicatioHf 
 PICTURESQUE VIEWS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CITIES AND CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND 
 
 FROM DRAWINGS BY G. F. ROBSON, 
 MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF PAINTER3 I.V WATER COLOURS. 
 
 The Work now announced for Publication will comprise a Series oi 
 graved Views of all the Cities of England, which will be represe 
 from such Stations, and under such Effects, as to convey the most 
 pressive and faithful Portraits of the respective Places. 
 
 This Work will consist of upwards of Thirty Engravings, representing 
 Views of the following Cities ; some of which will be illustrated by tw 
 distinct Views :— Bath, 2 ; Bristol, 1 ; Carlisle, 1; Chichester, 1 ; Ch 
 ter, 1 ; Coventry, 1 ; Canterbury,; Durham, 2; Ely, 1 ; Exeter, 1 ; Gl 
 cester, 1 ; Hereford, 1; Lichfield, 1 ; Lincoln, 2; London 2, ; Norwich. 
 Oxford, 1 ; Peterborough, 1 ; Rochester, 1 ; Salisbury, 1 ; Wells, 1 j W 
 minster, 1 ; Winchester, 1 ; Worcester, 1 ; and York, 2. 
 
 Two very elaborate and appropriately designed Plates, will likewise 
 given for the Frontispiece and the Title-Page. 
 
 This Publication will be comprised in Eight Numbers, issued at intt 
 vals of Two Months No. I will ai)jiear in the ensuing Spring ; and tl" 
 whole will be completed in the Summer of 1827. Each Number will cor 
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 the same size ; Two Guineas, Proofs, and Etchings on India Paper : S 
 Copies, Proofs and Etchings, to be worked on Super-royal Folio, Ind 
 Paper. 
 
 Marfy in Spring will be Piiblishedf in Five Volumes, small Svo 
 Illuztrated by 1 50 Engravings^ a Nexo Worky iniittUed 
 
 LONDINIANA, 
 
 OR 
 
 EEMINISCEN<.£3 OF THE BRITISH CAPITAI^ 
 
 ANTIQUARIAN, TOPOGRAPHICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, 
 AND LITERARY ; 
 
 INTEBSPEIQED WITH CHARACTERISTIC SRBTCHES OF 
 
 THE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ITS INHABITANTS-,. 
 BY E. W. BRAYLEY, F.S.A. %c 
 
 OF THE 
 RUSSELL INSTITUTION ; 
 
 Author ©f tb« •* History and Antiquities of Wcttminster Abbey,** 
 ^ "* una ottmerous other Workt. 
 
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