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THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
Of this edition^ on Hand-made paper ^ 
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INTERIOR OF THE SYNAGOGUE IN I 794 
 From a lithograph in the possession of the Hon. Mayer Sulzberger, of Philadelphia 
 
THE JEWS 
 
 OF 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES 
 TO THE PRESENT DAY 
 
 BY 
 
 BARNETT A. ELZAS, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 ASSOCIATE OF JEWs' COLLEGE, LONDON 
 
 HOLLIER SCHOLAR, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON 
 
 RABBI OF K. K. BETH ELOHIM, CHARLESTON, S. C. 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 1905 
 
# 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,• 
 
TO THE 
 FRIEND OF MY YOUTH 
 
 MADAME EMILY S. KIEFE 
 
 OF PARIS 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS 
 
 AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED 
 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR 
 
** Wherever possible, let us not be told about this man or that. 
 Let us hear the man himself speak, let us see him act, and let us 
 be left to form our own opinions about him. The historian, we 
 are told, must not leave his readers to themselves. He must not 
 only lay the facts before them : he must tell them what he himself 
 thinks about those facts. In my opinion this is precisely what he 
 ought not to do." — Froude on The Science of History. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 write a comprehensive history of the 
 Jews of South Carolina is to-day a task 
 of no small difficulty : not that there is 
 any dearth of material at the disposal 
 of the historian, but by reason of the 
 very vastness of that material, of 
 which scarcely anything has hitherto 
 Deen utilized. Twenty years ago the task would have been a 
 much easier one. There were then several people still living 
 in Charleston who were born in the first decade of the nine- 
 teenth century and who could have filled in many an inter- 
 esting gap that must now remain void. 
 
 Strange as it may seem, very little of historical value has 
 been written on the subject. Four brief sketches of the 
 Jewish Congregation at Charleston, by the late Nathaniel 
 Levin, in the first volume of Leeser's Occident, reproduced 
 in substance in the Year Book of the City of Charleston for 
 1883, useful as far as they go but exceedingly imperfect 
 and erroneous; a few biographical notices in Markens's The 
 Hehreivs in America and in the recently published Jewish 
 EncyclopcBdia; a few items collected in the Puhlications of 
 the American Jewish Historical Society, and a few mis- 
 cellaneous articles in the Jewish newspapers of the last fifty 
 years are all that we possess. For the rest, the data have 
 been buried in the voluminous records of various character 
 existing in South Carolina and in the newspaper files of the 
 
 7 
 
8 PREFACE 
 
 last hundred and seventy years. The story is here pre- 
 sented for the first time from original sources. 
 
 Until quite recently the Congregation Beth Elohim had 
 no records prior to 1866. These were long supposed to have 
 been burnt in Columbia, where they were sent for safe- 
 keeping during the war between the States. A singular 
 accident has brought most of these books, beginning with the 
 year 1800, to light again. They form, indeed, a most re- 
 markable collection, and correct many fictions that till now 
 have passed current as history. 
 
 In the preparation of this work the author has carefully 
 collated all files of newspapers published in Charleston 
 from 1732 to the present time; he has examined all the 
 public documents of the State from the earliest times to the 
 present day ; he has ransacked the historical collections of 
 the Charleston Library Society, the South Carolina His- 
 torical Society, the Winyah Indigo Society, the Library 
 of Congress, the New York Public Library, and the Wis- 
 consin State Historical Society ; and the treasures of many 
 private libraries have passed through his hands. 
 
 In the following chapters tradition will play but an in- 
 significant part. A whole volume might be written on the 
 traditions of the Jews of South Carolina, but it is perhaps 
 as well to let these traditions die. Traditions, while inter- 
 esting to the general reader, do not help the truth of history. 
 The story will therefore be treated objectively. The 
 records will speak for themselves. Here and there personal 
 interpretation of the documents and of the facts will be 
 necessary. They will be interpreted in as faithful a light 
 as possible, nothing extenuated and nothing set down in 
 malice. 
 
 The author would here acknowledge his deep sense of 
 obligation to numerous friends without whose assistance 
 this volume could never have been carried to successful 
 completion: to the late General Edward McCrady, whose 
 
PREFACE 9 
 
 name will ever be indissolubly associated with the history 
 of South Carolina ; to the late Henry A. de Saussure, Esq., 
 whose valuable collection of historical material he ungrudg- 
 ingly placed at his disposal; to Mr. A. S. Salley, Jr., the 
 able secretary till recently of the South Carolina Historical 
 Society, whose time and knowledge have been unsparingly 
 drawn upon on innumerable occasions ; to the Hon. William 
 A. Courtenay, of Newry, who, at his own expense, sent to 
 him some of his most precious volumes; to Mr. Yates 
 Snowden, late of The Neivs and Courier, who has called 
 his attention to many suggestive data ; to Mr. A. S. Freidus 
 and Mr. Wilberforce Eames, of the New York Public 
 Library; to J. Quintus Cohen, Esq., of New York, to whom 
 the author is indebted for much valuable material; and, 
 finally, to Henry A. M. Smith, Esq., of Charleston, to whose 
 unceasing encouragement the publication of this volume is 
 largely due. 
 
 The author would only add that the following chapters 
 are the result of several years of steady work done in the 
 intervals of a busy life. He has striven to make the story 
 as complete and as accurate as possible. Other facts may 
 yet come to light, but all the sources at present available 
 have been laid under contribution. Many interesting data 
 have doubtless been omitted, but the author only claims to 
 tell the story in as far as it is revealed in the records. 
 When the reader considers the immensity of the task here 
 undertaken, and the fact that this history is now written 
 for the first time, the author feels that he may reasonably 
 seek indulgence for any small shortcomings of which he 
 may unconsciously be guilty. 
 
 Charleston, S. C, September, 1905. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Preface 
 
 PAGE 
 
 7 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 Beginnings. 1670-1750 17 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Organization. 1750-1775 
 
 30 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 Moses Lindo 47 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 Francis Salvador 68 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 The Revolutionary Period 73 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 Joseph Salvador 103 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 1783-1800 119 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 1800-1824 131 
 
 11 
 
12 CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Reformed Society of Israelites 147 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 1824-1860 166 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 Religious Development. 1824-1860 203 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 The War Between the States 220 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 Smaller Communities 241 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 Modern Period. 1865-1905 260 
 
 Miscellaneous Biographies 268 
 
 APPENDIX A 
 The Act for Making Aliens Free 276 
 
 APPENDIX B 
 
 Directories (a) 1695-1750, (b) 1750-1783, (c) 1783-1800 277 
 
 APPENDIX C 
 The Salvador Grant of Arms 280 
 
 APPENDIX D 
 The Hebrew Benevolent Society 282 
 
 APPENDIX E 
 The Hebrew Orphan Society 285 
 
CONTENTS 13 
 
 APPENDIX F 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Congregation Beth Elohim. 1800-1824 287 
 
 APPENDIX G 
 Ministers of Beth Elohim. 1750-1905 292 
 
 APPENDIX H 
 
 Old Jewish Cemeteries in South Carolina 293 
 
 Bibliography 295 
 
 Index 307 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Interior of the Synagogue in 1794 Frontispiece 
 
 From a lithograph in the possession of the Hon. Mayer Sulzberger, of 
 Philadelphia 
 
 An Early Jewish Advertisement 26 
 
 From The South-Carolina Gazette, April 19, 1735 
 
 The Salvador Grant of Arms from the Heralds' College, London 68 
 
 Original in the possession of the College of Charleston. Irreparably 
 damaged by water during the South Carolina Inter-State and West 
 Indian Exp)osition in 1902, after the photo was taken from which this 
 plate was made 
 
 Captain Abraham Mendez Seixas, 1750-1799 78 
 
 From an original oil-painting in the possession of Mr. Leopold H. Cohen, 
 of New York 
 
 Signatures of Jews during the Siege of Charles Town in 1780 . . 91 
 
 Originals in the Emmet Collection, New York Public Library 
 
 Tombstone of Joseph Salvador (1716-1786), Da Costa Burial- 
 Ground, Charleston, South Carolina 108 
 
 Jacob Cohen (1741-1808), President of the Congregation Beth 
 Elohim in 1790 119 
 
 From an original oil-painting in the possession of J. Quintus Cohen, Esq., 
 of New York 
 
 A Page from the Treasurer's Cash Book for the Year 1800 131 
 
 From the Archives of the Congregation Beth Elohim, recovered by the 
 author 
 
 Major Raphael J. Moses, 1812-1893 166 
 
 General Edwin Warren Moise, 1832-1903 220 
 
 Theodore Kohn, 1840-1902 241 
 
 The Original Seal of the Hebrew Benevolent Society 282 
 
!l 
 
THE 
 JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 CHAPTER /—BEGINNINGS 
 
 1670-1750 
 
 HE history of South Carolina is a thrill- 
 ing history. From her settlement in 
 1670 to our own day it has been one 
 long tale of glorious achievement. In 
 not a few things has South Carolina 
 set the pace to her sister States, but 
 in nothing may she feel a more jus- 
 tifiable pride than in the broad and liberal principles on 
 which she was founded. 
 
 "In the year 1669, the Lords 'did encourage severall 
 people to come in their Vessells to inhabitt this part of their 
 province «& with the said people did alsoe send Fundamll 
 Lawes, Constitucons under the hands & Seales of six of 
 their Lordshipps bearing date 21st July, '69, as the unalter- 
 able forme & rule of Governmt for ever. ' " ^ 
 
 This Constitution of John Locke (1669) was a veritable 
 Magna Charta of liberty and tolerance. South Carolina 
 
 ^ Note of Langdon Cheves to " Shaftesbury Papers," Vol. 5, Collections 
 of the South Carolina Historical Society, p. 117. 
 
 17 
 
18 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 started right. Our chief concern being with the Jews of 
 South Carolina, it would be well to note carefully Article 
 87 of this wise and far-seeing Constitution : 
 
 " 87. But since ye natives of yt place who will be concemd in or. 
 plantations are utterly strangers to Christianity, whose idoUatry, igno- 
 rance, or mistake gives us noe right to expell or use ym. ill, & those who 
 remove from other parts to plant there, will unavoydably be of diffrent 
 opinions concerning matters of religion, ye liberty whereof they will expect 
 to have allowed ym., & it will not be reasonable for us on this account 
 to keep ym. out yt civil peace may be maintaind amidst ye diversity of 
 opinions, & our agreement & compact with all men may be duly & faith- 
 fully observed, ye violation whereof upon what p'tence soever, cannot 
 be without great offence to Almighty God, & great scandal to the true 
 religion yt we p'fesse, & also yt heathens, Jues, and other disenters from 
 the purity of Christian religion may not be scared and kept at a distance 
 from it, but by having an oppertunity of acquainting themselves with 
 ye truth & reasonablenes of its doctrines, & ye peacablenes & inoffen- 
 civenes of its professors, may by good usage and perswasion, & ail those 
 convincing methods of gentlenes & meeknes sutable to ye rules & designe 
 of the Ghospel, be wone over to imbrace and unfeynedly receive ye truth. 
 Therefore any seaven or more persons agreeing in any religion shall con- 
 stitute a church or profession to wch. they shall give some name to dis- 
 tinguish it from others." * 
 
 Little wonder, then, that the persecuted Jew, like the per- 
 secuted Huguenot and German Palatine, soon came here to 
 find a haven of rest. To be undisturbed in the possession 
 of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," and to en- 
 joy the privilege of worshipping God as his conscience dic- 
 tated — these have ever been the ideals of the Jew, even as 
 they were the ideals upon which this great Republic was 
 established. For by far the greater part of his history, in 
 every country, some or all of these "inalienable rights of 
 man ' ' have been denied him. Here he could have them all, 
 and in fullest measure. South Carolina welcomed him, 
 welcomed him as a man and as a citizen, and the Jew showed 
 
 Shaftesbui-y Papers," p. 113. 
 
BEGINNINGS 19 
 
 himself worthy of the confidence that was reposed in him. 
 It is no idle boast to claim that there are none who have 
 shed more lustre upon the annals of this State or have done 
 more towards its upbuilding than have its Jewish citizens. 
 
 When did the Jews first come here and where did they 
 come from? Thereby hangs an interesting tale. 
 
 In the Charleston Library there is a reprint of a unique 
 volume .entitled A New Description of that Fertile and 
 Pleasant Province of Carolina, by John Archdale, Late 
 Governor of the Same. (London, 1707.) On page 22 we 
 read the following quaint narrative : 
 
 "Now that the Reader may plainly discern, that the Almighty and 
 Omniscient God, takes cognizance of Human Affairs, and directs them 
 by a wise and prudent Chain of Causes, I shall relate some remarkable 
 Passages that happened quickly after that I ent—ed upon the Govern- 
 ment, which was the 17th of August, 1695. There is a Nation of Indians 
 call'd the Yammassees, who formerly liv'd under the Spanish Govern- 
 ment, but now live under the English, about 80 Miles from Charles-Town. 
 Some of these Indians going a Hunting, about 200 Miles to the South- 
 ward, met with some Spanish Indians that lived about Sancta Maria, not 
 far from Augustine, the Seat of the Spanish Government; and taking 
 them Prisoners, brought them Home, designing to sell them for Slaves 
 to Barhadoes or Jamaica as was usual ; but I understanding thereof, sent 
 for their King, and ordered him to bring these Indians with him to 
 Charles-Town, which accordingly he did: There were three Men and one 
 Woman; they could speak Spanish, and I had a Jew for an Interpreter, 
 so upon examination I found they profess'd the Christian Religion as 
 the Papists do; upon which I thought in a most peculiar manner, they 
 ought to be freed from Slavery; and thereupon order'd the King to 
 carry them to Augustine to the Spanish Governour with a Letter, desiring 
 an Answer relating to the receit of them ; who having received them ; sent 
 me the following Letter ; So far as relates to this Affair, I copy it forth :" 
 
 (Here follows the letter, which is of no interest to our 
 investigation.) 
 
 So there was a Jew in Charles Town in 1695. There were 
 other Jews here, too, at that early date. Hereby, also, hangs 
 an interesting tale. 
 
20 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 a con- 
 siderable number of French Huguenots refugeed to South 
 Carolina. They had fled from persecution at home and here 
 they were treated as aliens and denied the liberty of sub- 
 jects.3 Toleration, however, as we have seen, was the funda- 
 mental principle of the Constitution, and when the Hugue- 
 nots appealed to the Lords Proprietors to redress their 
 numerous grievances, as soon as the temper of the colonists 
 permitted, the General Assembly passed for their especial 
 relief An Act for the making aliens free of this part of the 
 Province and for granting liberty of conscience to all 
 Protestants.'^ 
 
 There were sixty-four men who were made citizens under 
 this Act of 1697 and among them were four Jews : Simon 
 Valentine, merchant ; Jacob Mendis, merchant ; Avila, mer- 
 chant ; and , merchant, — the name of the fourth being 
 
 unfortunately obliterated in the original text.^ A copy of 
 the naturalization papers of one of these Jews, Simon Val- 
 entine, is preserved in an old volume in the Secretary of 
 State's Office in Columbia.® It reads as follows: 
 
 " CAROLINA 
 
 " The Rt Honble Joseph Blake Esqr, one of the true and absolute Lds 
 and Proprietors of the Province of Carolina Commandr in Chief vice 
 Admiral and Governr of South Carolina 
 
 " To all Judges Justices Magistrates, ministors & officers Ecclesiastical 
 and Civil and to all psons whatsoever to whome this shall come to be seen 
 heard read or known 
 
 ^ Dalcho : Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 
 South Carolina, p. 28 et seq. 
 
 * This Act was passed in March, 1696-7. In the old style, the year 
 ended on March 25. According to our method of writing, it would be 
 1697. For the main provisions of the Act, see Appendix A. 
 
 ^ The full list of names is given in Trott's Laws of the Province of 
 South Carolina, p. 62, also in The Statutes of South Carolina, Vol. 2, pp. 
 131-133. 
 
 ' Grants, Sales, etc.. Book D, 1703-9. 
 
BEGINNINGS 21 
 
 " GREETEING 
 "KNOW Yee that Simon Valentine Mercbt: an alien of ye Jewish 
 Nation borne out of the Crown of England hath Taken his oath of Alle- 
 giance to our Sovereigne Lord William ye Thii'd over England Scott- 
 land France and Ireland King &c Defender of ye faith and hath done 
 every other thing wch by an act of assembly made att Charles Town in 
 ye ninth Yeare of ye Reigne of our Sovereign Lord King Willm, &c, 
 Anno Dom: One Thousd Six hundred ninety Six and Seven entituled 
 an Act to make alien free of this pte of the Province and for granting 
 Liberty of Conscience to all Protestants as one is required to do And is 
 fully and effectually to all Intents Constructions and Purposes Qualified 
 and Capacitated to have use and Enjoy all the rights Priviledges Powers 
 and Immunityes Given or Intended to bee given to any Alien then In- 
 habitant of South Carolina by the aforesd Act to Certifie wch I have 
 hereunto Sett my hand and Caused the Publick Scale to be affixed at 
 Charles Town the Twenty Sixth day of May Anno Dom. one Thousd 
 six hundi'ed ninety and seaven. 
 
 "JOSEPH BLAKE." 
 
 This Simon Valentine must have been a man of consider- 
 able prominence in Charles Town, for we meet with him far 
 more frequently in the records than we do any other Jew of 
 the period. He came to Charles Town from New York, in 
 the records of which city his name occurs as having paid 
 for his '■ ' burgher right ' ' in 1682. He was a party to a law- 
 suit in Albany, New York, in 1684. His full name appears 
 to have been Simon Valentine Vander-Wilden.'^ We find 
 him in Charles Town in 1696, where he signs his name as 
 a surety on an administration bond.^ His name appears 
 several times on similar documents.^ He signs his name 
 Simon Valentijn. 
 
 In 1698 ''Abraham Avilah, of Charles Towne, in ye 
 County of Berkeley and Province of Carolina, for divers 
 
 'Hon. Simon Rosendale: "An Early Ownership of Real Estate in 
 Albany, New York, by a Jewish Trader," Publications of the American 
 Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 3, pp. 68-71. See also ibid., No. 8, p. 22. 
 
 " Probate Court Records, Book 1692-3, pp. 280-281. 
 
 " Ibid., pp. 248, 256, 357. See also Book 1671-1727, p. 71. 
 
22 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 good causes and considerations me at this time especially 
 moveing and more especially out of trust and confidence 
 which I repose in Mr. Simon Valentine M-cht," makes him 
 his true and lawful attorney.^ "^ 
 
 He must have had business relations with Jamaica, for 
 on July 3, 1701, ''Jacob Mears, of ye Parish of Port Royall, 
 in ye Island aforesaid" (Jamaica), appoints ''his trusty 
 friend William Smith, of Carolina, merchant, his true and 
 lawfull Attorney, to demand of Simon Valentine, of Caro- 
 lina, shopkeeper, all and every such Debt and Debts, Sum 
 and Sums &c, as may be owing to him." ^^ 
 
 The last reference to this Simon Valentine is of particu- 
 lar interest, inasmuch as it is the earliest record of a Jew 
 holding land in South Carolina. On November 23, 1715, 
 Mordicai Nathan mortgages to Henry Peronneau a farm of 
 three hundred and fifty acres, which land, the deed tells us, 
 "was formerly purchased by the said Mordicai Nathan and 
 Symond Valentine, Deceased, being Joyn purchers, whom 
 the said Mordicai has survived." ^^ They had bought the 
 land as joint-tenants and according to the old law, which 
 has since been repealed by statute, it fell to the survivor. 
 
 It is not practicable to tell a connected story yet. There 
 is as yet no organized community. Apart from what we 
 gather from the records themselves, we know nothing of 
 the individuals mentioned, though descendants of some of 
 
 "Probate Court Records, Book 1694-1704, p. 133. The name also 
 appears on p. 410 of this volume, on a document bearing the date January 
 24, 1703-4. 
 
 " Ibid., 339. 
 
 " Ibid., Book Miscellaneous Records, 1714-1717, p. 233. This Mordicai 
 Nathan, like Simon Valentine, came to Charles Town from New York. 
 His name occurs in a list of " The Jews' Contributions" towards the 
 finishing of the steeple of Trinity Church, in New York, This list is 
 dated May 1, 1711. See Sparger in The American Hebrew for June 26, 
 1903. 
 
BEGINNINGS 23 
 
 these early settlers are still in South Carolina. There may 
 have been a semblance of a community about this time, but 
 we do not know of any communal organization prior to 1750. 
 
 As one of the main objects of this volume is to preserve 
 the early memorials of the Jews of this State, many of 
 which are crumbling to pieces and will soon be no longer in 
 existence, and the rest in imminent danger of being irre- 
 vocably lost, this end would be defeated if we dismissed 
 this pre-organization period in a few hasty generalizations. 
 To carry out our purpose it will be necessary to give an 
 exhaustive list of references to the Jews of South Carolina 
 prior to 1750, preserving the chronological order as far as 
 possible. 
 
 The first document, then, to which our attention is at- 
 tracted is an old will. It is the oldest Jewish will on record 
 in South Carolina: 
 
 " In the Name of God Amen I : Abraham Isack of Cyty of New Yorke 
 Being bound to Sea and therefore being present in good health, but not 
 knowing when it may please the Almighty God to take me out of ye 
 world my Will is yt after my just debts are paid I bequeath all my Estate 
 whatsoever be it in houses Lands Good Chatles or what else unto my Dear 
 and Loveing Sister Sarah Isack & to her heires for ever shee paying out 
 of ye same ye Sum of ten Pounds New Yourke mony to my Brother 
 Henry Isack if Liveing, after my Deceas and I do Constitute and appoynt 
 my dear Sister Sarah my whole and Sole Executrix of this my Will, 
 revokeing all Wills by me heretofore made and this alone to Stand in 
 Force. In Testimony wereof I have hereunto Sett my hand and Seale 
 in New Yorke this Twenty Sixth day of May Anno Dom. One Thousand 
 Seven hundred & Nine. 
 " Signd Seald published and 
 Declared by ye said Abra: Isack 
 in ye presence of us 
 Edmd. Creiswell 
 Jno Basford 
 
 "ABRAHAM ISACK (Seale) 
 " Recorded Febry 20th 1710 per J. H. D. Secy." " 
 
 Probate Court Records, Book Wills, 1671-1727, p. 91. 
 
24 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 It is some years before the records make further mention 
 of Jews. In an old volume in the Secretary of State 's Office 
 in Columbia there is a bond from Edward Home Forest to 
 Mr. Joseph Tobias, shopkeeper, of Charles Town, dated 
 1737.^* This Joseph Tobias was the first President of the 
 Congregation Beth Elohim when it was organized in 1750. 
 He is mentioned in a list of those who paid quit rent in 
 1739.^^ His name occurs also in an old volume of mort- 
 gages.^'' In the documents copied from the State Paper 
 Office in London his name is included in a "List of per- 
 sons qualified according to the Act for naturalising Protes- 
 tants in his Majesty's Colonies in America." He is granted 
 a "Jew Certificate." This document was recorded on De- 
 cember 11, 1741.^^^ We meet with him several times in the 
 Charleston records in the office of Register of Mesne Con- 
 veyances.^^ He advertises for the first time in The South- 
 Carolina Gazette of November 5, 1737. He died on January 
 29, 1761, aged seventy-six. 
 
 The last reference to Jews in the records during this 
 period occurs in the Probate Court Records for 1736-1740. 
 On page 300 there is a bond of Samuel Levy and Moses 
 Solomons, of Charles Town, merchants, to Daniel La Roche 
 and Thomas La Roche, of Winyau, for £2605.6.8. It is 
 dated March 20, 1741. On page 3 of this volume there is 
 a letter from New York, dated November 25, 1743, and 
 addressed to Messrs. Daniel and Thomas La Roche, of 
 Charles Town. Mr. Jacob Franks refers to his nephew, 
 Mr. Moses Solomons, and some difficulty which the said 
 
 "Records in the Secretary of State's Office, Columbia, Book MM, pp. 
 191-3. These records will hereafter be referred to as " Columbia Records." 
 
 " Ibid., Receipts of the Quit Rent, 1732-1741. 
 
 " Ibid., Book YY. 
 
 " Ibid. 
 
 "Mesne Conveyance Records, Book W, p. 471, Book PP, p. 696, Book 
 Inventories, 1749-1750, p. 75. 
 
BEGINNINGS 25 
 
 Moses Solomons had had with a London shipping house. 
 On the next page David Franks, of Charles Town, Gent., 
 declares that the letter signed Jacob Franks is in the hand- 
 writing of his father. It would seem from another letter 
 here recorded that Franks had connections in Lisbon. In 
 this letter reference is made to Moses Solomons 's intention 
 of going to India. It is worthy of note that David Franks 's 
 name is mentioned in the list of members of the St. An- 
 drew's Society of Charles Town for 1740-1748. 
 
 Leaving the records, let us now look at the Jews of early 
 South Carolina in their private life. As we have seen, the 
 Jew here has never labored under any civil or religious 
 disability whatsoever. As early as 1703 it is on record that 
 Jews voted at the popular election for members of the Com- 
 mons House of Assembly. This toleration on the part of 
 the Established Church party in South Carolina brought 
 forth a protest from the bigoted Dissenters of that day, 
 who complained that ''at this last Election, Jews, Strangers, 
 Sailors, Servants, Negroes and almost every French man in 
 Craven and Berkely county came down to elect, & their 
 Votes were taken, & the persons by them voted for were 
 returned by the Sheriff." ^^ 
 
 McCrady points out that this protest was especially 
 directed against the Huguenots, and it was by reason of 
 the fact that they would not join the Dissenters to control 
 the Province that their indignation was aroused.^^ The 
 protest was carried to England, Joseph Boone being sent 
 over to present their grievances. He presented a petition 
 to the Lords Proprietors but met with little sympathy ; he 
 managed, however, to present a memorial to the House of 
 Lords on behalf of himself and many other inliabitants of 
 
 " Rivers : A Sketch of the History of South Carolina, Appendix, p. 459. 
 "" McCrady : South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, pp. 
 391-2. 
 
26 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 the Province of Carolina, and also of several merchants of 
 London trading to Carolina, setting forth the "dangerous 
 situation and the threatened ruin of the trade of the Colony 
 to the great prejudice of her Majesty's Customs," etc. By 
 intrigue and misrepresentation, the Dissenters gained the 
 day.^^ There is nothing to show, however, that the Jews 
 were ever subsequently interfered with in the exercise of 
 the franchise. 
 
 The next point of interest in our investigation is the 
 question of how the Jews earned their livelihood in those 
 early days. Here the wonderful collection of Gazettes that 
 have been preserved in the Charleston Library will throw 
 the fullest light. 
 
 There were but few professional men in the Province in 
 those days. With the exception of a small number of handi- 
 craftsmen, the entire population subsisted by planting and 
 trade. Competition must have been very keen, for every- 
 body seems to have had almost the same things for sale and 
 to have advertised them in the very same way. Let us look 
 at the advertisements in the South-Carolina Gazettes be- 
 tween the years 1731 and 1750.22 
 
 We do not meet with any Jewish names in the Gazettes 
 prior to 1734. In that year Messrs. Carvallo & Gutteres 
 announce that they ''have to dispose of Good Old Bar- 
 bados Rum. Good Madera Wine. Muscovado Sugar & Lime- 
 juice ; Likewise some dry goods, &c, living in Church street, 
 where formerly the printing office was."^^ 
 
 On April 19, 1735, they are in Broad Street with a large 
 selection of goods. The accompanying fac-simile of their 
 advertisement will give an idea of the contents of a typical 
 
 "' McCrady : South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, pp. 
 425 et seq. 
 
 " These references to the Jews of South Carolina, 1731-1750, are prac- 
 tically exhaustive. 
 
 "" The South-Carolina Gazette, August 17, 1734. 
 
»ro be i^of^ 
 
 vcci 
 
 DCI1. 
 
 boy 
 Ca- 
 reaibnablc rates, by wn 
 
 AN EARLY JEWISH ADVERTISEMENT 
 From The South-Carolina Gazette, April 19, 1735 
 
.->f 
 
 .-. .-US 
 
 olony 
 
 o. By 
 
 d the 
 
 Jew8 
 
 luently int se of 
 
 *■ ^f inter 
 Jews V 
 e the wonderli 
 rved in the Charleston JLiDrary will tiirow 
 
 t few professional men in the Province in 
 of a small ofhandi- 
 
 t -p-v.iUizitstT^QA mvffsi Yj»Aa-«ii in the Gazettes 
 
 ^'e 
 
 ■I Carolima u 
 ro the Jewg of S-. ;o prac- 
 
 nn Gazf.tie. AiiE'ir- 
 
•*ro be ^OlD by Mflrs Carvallo and Cut- 
 
 /rr<'/ at their btore in Broad-ftreet, China taftetjcs, i\\k 
 romiiils, chcrrydaries, ginghams, lundiy (brts of Bcngaic, 
 fjlk damaiks, liUc handkerchiefs, fillc brocades, indi a per- 
 fians, broadcloths with liningsand trimmings, duroys with 
 ditto, fhaloons, 3 foarth, 7 eighth and yard wide garlixs, 
 platillociiy b^ holland*, iiidia and englifli chims, fcveral 
 colot:fs of cotton romals,calIimancocs,whitc callicocs,miird 
 and knitted caps, black durante, filk camlets with trim- 
 mings, mens & boys woofted& thread hofc, flowcr'd fring'd 
 & plain ribbons, Hat & round filk laces, dyapcr, tabic cloths 
 & napkins of ditto, pinsjivofycombs, fine nuns thread, whi- 
 tcd brown thread, brown oinabfigs,biuc linnen, ruflia lin- 
 Dcn, 5 founh linnen, checks, filk Itays, bohca tea, mens & 
 boys fine hats, mens, boys, womcns & girls fhocs, Boxes of 
 Caftilc fbap, ofdip't candles, & very good Limcjuicc, all at 
 reaibnablc rates, by whole falc and retail. 
 
w 
 
BEGINNINGS 27 
 
 store in Charles Town in the early years of the eighteenth 
 century. 
 
 On September 13, 1735, they are in Elliott Street. On 
 November 8, 1735, Mr. Carvallo, in Elliott Street, advertises 
 for sale '*A very good Rhode Island Pacing-Horse." On 
 January 17, 1735-6, they announce that they intend to leave 
 the Province early in the spring, and on January 31st Aaron 
 Gutterez advertises in his own name. They seem to have 
 carried out their intention of leaving the Province, for this 
 is the last mention of them. 
 
 On March 30, 1738, Mr. Is: Depaz, in Union Street, ad- 
 vertises for the first time. On September 7, 1738, he adver- 
 tises as Isaac De Pas, offering to sell ' ' Good White Sugar, 
 very good Barbados Eum & very fine Citron Water," etc., 
 etc. On March 8, 1739, he advertises as Isaac De Paz. On 
 February 20, 1744, as Isaac De Pass, he advertises his wares 
 at his shop on Broad Street, and on March 19, 1744, he an- 
 nounces to his patrons that ''All gentlemen that have rice 
 to dispose of may have two Parts in ready Cash and the 
 Balance in Cordials of all sorts, or any other goods that I 
 have to sell."^^ 
 
 On August 25, 1739, we read the following: ''To Be Sold 
 in Union St, by Moses de Mattos, White, Milk, Ship, Mid- 
 dling & Brown Bread & Loaf Sugar. The same may be had 
 of Mr. Tobias on the Bay. Also good Esopius Flour." He 
 is still in Union Street on November 1, 1742. 
 
 The next notice is interesting, as one of the earliest refer- 
 ences to social life in South Carolina. On March 26, 1741, 
 we read of the establishment of the ' ' Right Worthy & Ami- 
 cable Order of Ubiquarians, by some gentlemen, members 
 of the Grand Convention in England. ' ' The following para- 
 graph informs us of the purposes of this Society: 
 
 " The original name is De Paz. There are many descendants of this 
 Isaac De Paz still living in South CaroUna. They are no longer identified, 
 however, with the Jewish faith. 
 
28 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 " This order is justly celebrated at home, for the generous and benevo- 
 lent principles of its institution. It has ever been conducted with the 
 most genteel ease and decency and attended with the greatest improve- 
 ment of any Society hitherto erected. It's no secret, that the Roman 
 Constitution in its most perfect state, is the settled polity of this most 
 worthy order; as the virtue and morality of the antient Romans are 
 the models recommended to the imitation of every person, who aspires 
 to become an accomplished member of it. Induced by such laudable 
 purposes, under so right an oeconomy, several gentlemen of Tast and 
 Distinction have been enfranchis'd here, by the Praetor, Censors and 
 Senators." 
 
 Many distinguished people in Charles Town were mem- 
 bers of this Society. In the Gazette of April 3, 1742, we 
 read that at its half-yearly Festival, Moses Solomon, Esq., 
 was one of the ^dils. This Moses Solomon was a member 
 of the St. Andrew's Society of the City of Charles Town 
 between 1740 and 1748. We have met him before in the 
 records. 
 
 The next reference in the Gazettes is the earliest death 
 notice of a Jew in South Carolina and the only one prior 
 to 1750. 
 
 " On Sunday, the 8th instant, the Charles-Town, one of the Govern- 
 ment's Gallies, having sailed over the Bar to convoy a Sloop, met with 
 a sudden hard Gale of Wind, overset, and sunk, 10 men were drowned, 
 and among them was Mr. Hart the Jew." ^ 
 
 Who this Mr. Hart was we do not know, for it is the only 
 reference to him. 
 
 In 1748 we have a notice of Mr. Solomon Isaacs. He is 
 a plaintiff in a lawsuit.^^ In the same year Solomon Isaacs 
 & Co. offer for sale ' ' Negro Cloth and other woolen goods, 
 linnens, callicoes, ironware and sundry other goods, at the 
 
 The South-Carolina Gazette, April 16, 1744. 
 ' Ibid., April 27, 1748. 
 
BEGINNINGS 29 
 
 House on the Bay, in which Capt. Colcock lives. ' ' ^^ This 
 is the last Jewish advertisement prior to 1750. 
 
 So far the records and the Gazettes. Summing up our 
 investigation thus far: We found a Jew in Charles Town 
 in 1695, and several Jews prior to 1700. They probably 
 came directly from London, though some may have come 
 here from Jamaica or Barbadoes, where Jews have lived 
 from an early date.^^ It is worth remembering that the 
 West Indies furnished South Carolina with many of its most 
 substantial citizens in the Provincial period. We have 
 followed the Jew in his daily life and as a citizen. We have 
 seen how, socially and religiously, he was at peace with his 
 neighbors. He lived the same life and followed the same 
 occupations, taking his full part in the burdens as well as 
 in the privileges of citizenship. There were other Jews 
 living in Charles Town in the year 1750 — of these we shall 
 tell in the next chapter. 
 
 The South-Carolina Gazette, Oct. 3, 1748. 
 
 Hotten : List of Emigrants to America, 1600-1700. 
 
CHAPTER //—ORGANIZATION 
 
 1750-1775 
 
 N the last chapter we saw that quite a 
 number of Jews were living in Charles 
 Town prior to 1750. A few years be- 
 fore there was an accession to the 
 community from the neighboring col- 
 ony of Georgia. 
 
 Georgia was colonized in 1733, and 
 we are told that a few days after its first settlement forty 
 Jews arrived in Savannah. So illiberal was the policy of 
 the Trustees, that in 1741 the bulk of the Jews left it. 
 Some went to Pennsylvania, others to New York, and 
 four, viz.: Mordecai Sheftall, Levi Sheftall, David de 
 Olivera, and Jacob de Olivera, came to Charles Town. 
 "We do not meet with any of them, however, in the records 
 prior to 1750. 
 
 There is a local tradition which tells that some time be- 
 tween 1732 and 1739 Moses Cohen, the first Haham, or 
 Chief Eabbi, came to Charles Town, bringing with him 
 from London a settlement of Jews, who afterwards formed 
 the first Congregation Beth Elohim. This tradition can no 
 longer be accepted. 
 
 The State Paper Office in London has preserved an im- 
 mense number of documents relating to South Carolina. 
 Thirty-six volumes of these documents have been copied 
 30 
 
ORGANIZATION 31 
 
 and are available in Columbia.^ They include the entire 
 data relating to a proposed settlement of Jews in South 
 Carolina in 1748.2 
 
 The circumstances of this proposed settlement are in- 
 teresting. The English writer, Picciotto, to whom we are 
 indebted for much of our information concerning Anglo- 
 Jewish history in the eighteenth century, has this to say 
 on the subject: 
 
 " The questions of labor, of the poor, and of emi^ation, appear to 
 have vexed the minds of the chiefs of the Sephardi community during 
 last century, just as they bewilder at present other important bodies. 
 Notwithstanding the presence of many persons in affluent circumstances 
 among the Jews, the poor unfortunately have always been in greater 
 numbers than the totality of the Hebrew population warranted. A hun- 
 dred years ago the Jews possessed no middle class. There were perhaps 
 150 to 200 families that might be considered rich, about two-thirds of 
 which belonged to the Spanish and Portuguese congregation. Then we 
 should find at most as many families engaged in small retail trade, and 
 finally we should see a floating mass, at least five times as numerous as the 
 other two classes together, consisting of hucksters, hawkers, journeymen 
 and others, either verging on pauperism or steeped hopelessly in its abyss. 
 
 " To endeavor to diminish the strain of pauperism by emigration the 
 Sephardi Congregation in 1734 appointed a committee to apply for grants 
 of land in Georgia, which the British Government was freely distributing 
 to intending emigrants under certain conditions. This committee remained 
 standing for some years, but we do not gather that it led to any practical 
 results. Three yeai-s afterwards the committee reported that some lands 
 in Carolina had been offered to them, and that they were negotiating on 
 the subject. In 1745 this committee was still in existence, and obtained 
 an extension of powers and an allowance to cover expenditure. After 
 
 ^Colonial Records of South Carolina (MSS.) copied from the State 
 Paper Office, London. Secretary of State's Office, Columbia, S. C. 
 
 'These documents have been published in full. See Elzas: Documents 
 Relative to a Proposed Settlement of Jews in South Carolina in 1748. 
 (Pamphlet Reprint, Charleston, 1903.) 
 
32 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 this time we hear no more of it, and it is fair to assume that had it 
 achieved anything worth recording it would have been recorded." * 
 
 Picciotto is correct in his surmise. The documents from 
 the State Paper Office, to which reference has just been 
 made, show that a certain John Hamilton, a well-meaning 
 and public-spirited but apparently financially irresponsible 
 promoter, had entered into negotiations with the Committee 
 of the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community in Lon- 
 don, composed of three of its most prominent members: 
 Solomon Da Costa, Francis Salvador, and Benjamin Mendes 
 Da Costa, with a view of transporting Jews to South Caro- 
 lina and settling them there ; he had petitioned the Lords 
 of the Committee of Council for Plantation Affairs for a 
 grant of 200,000 acres of land in South Carolina, but after 
 appearing several times before the Committee, being un- 
 able to carry out certain conditions, his petition was not 
 granted. Thus his negotiations with the Jews likewise 
 came to nothing. 
 
 The Jews who came to Charles Town from London in 
 1750 came, not as a colony, but as individuals. Nor did 
 they belong to the pauper class who were assisted to emi- 
 grate in order to relieve the strain and stress at home. 
 This is in perfect accord with the information that we de- 
 rive from other sources. 
 
 In 1750, then, several Jews came to Charles Town and 
 we read that in that year the following Jews lived there: 
 Moses Cohen, Isaac Da Costa, Abraham Da Costa, Joseph 
 Tobias, Meshod Tobias, Moses Pimenta, David de Olivera, 
 Mordecai Sheftall, Levy Sheftall, Michael Lazarus, Abra- 
 ham Nunez Cardozo, and Philip Hart.^ This same year 
 
 'Picciotto: Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, pp. 152-153. 
 
 * The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 337. See also Year Book, City of Charleston, 
 1883, p. 301. This list of Jewish residents in Charles Town in 1750 is 
 not complete, as the reader will be able to see. 
 
ORGANIZATION 33 
 
 (1750) saw the first beginnings of the congregational his- 
 tory of K. K. Beth Elohim. 
 
 The late Nathaniel Levin, who wrote both the sketch in 
 the Year Book and that in TJie Occident, — the two articles 
 are practically identical, — apparently used an old record- 
 book of the Congregation Beth Elohim as the source of his 
 information. The volume is, unfortunately, no longer in 
 existence. It recorded the fact that at the conclusion of 
 the Jewish New Year 5510 (1750) a meeting was called for 
 the purpose of organizing a congregation. Moses Cohen 
 was elected Chief Rabbi; Isaac Da Costa, Reader, and 
 Joseph Tobias, President. The name selected for the Con- 
 gregation, he tells us, was the same which it still bears: 
 ''Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim" (The Holy Congregation 
 Beth Elohim, or House of God).^ The Congregation was 
 strictly orthodox and its ritual was that of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese communities as practised in London and Am- 
 sterdam.^ 
 
 ' This is a mistake. There is evidence enough to show that prior to its 
 incorporation in 1791 the name of the Congregation was "Beth Elohim 
 Unveh Shallom." It was probably abbreviated to " Beth Elohim" for 
 convenience of reference. [See Will of Moses Molina (Will Book A, 
 p. 597), who bequeaths "£15 sterling to the Portuguese Jew Congregation 
 of Beth Elohhn Unve Shallom;" Will of Joseph Salvador (Will Book, 
 1786-1793), who leaves "£100 sterling to the Portuguese Congregation in 
 the City of Charleston, known by the name of Beth Elohim Unveh 
 Shallom, or The House of the Lord and Mansion of Peace." See, finally, 
 The Charleston Evening Gazette of February 3, 1786, which says : " Yes- 
 terday, the Portuguese Jewish Congregation of this City, called 'Beth 
 Elohim Unveh Shallom' or the House of the Lord and Mansion of Peace, 
 proceeded to their burying ground in Hampstead, in order to lay the 
 Foundation Stones of the Wall."] 
 
 It is just within the bounds of possibility that there were formerly 
 two societies or congregations which afterwards amalgamated. There is 
 no evidence for such a supposition, however, and it is exceedingly im- 
 probable. 
 
 'A good account of the early communal history of the Congregation is 
 
34 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 The organization of the Congregation Beth Elohim was 
 brought about through the zeal of Moses Cohen. Who 
 Moses Cohen was we do not know. He came from London 
 in 1750 a married man with at least one son.^ In that 
 year, as we have already seen, he was elected the first Chief 
 Rabbi. His full title was ' ' Haham v ' Abh Beth Din " ( Chief 
 Rabbi and Chief of the Beth Din, or Ecclesiastical Court). ^ 
 This was probably nothing more than a high-sounding title 
 in imitation of the old Synagogue of the Spanish and Portu- 
 guese Jews in London, of which the Congregation Beth 
 Elohim is a direct offshoot. Of his activity in this com- 
 munity we know nothing. 
 
 The early ministers of the Congregation Beth Elohim 
 were not salaried officials and we find them earning their 
 living by trade. Moses Cohen was a shopkeeper.^ The 
 only references to him in the contemporary literature are 
 two advertisements in The South-Carolina Gazette. In the 
 supplement to the Gazette of August 15, 1753, he advertises 
 for "a runaway Dutch servant-girl about 10 years of age 
 and 4 feet 6 inches high, ' ' and on October 21, 1756, his name 
 is mentioned in a published list of unrecorded plats.^*' 
 
 Moses Cohen, or as he is described on his tombstone, 
 ''The R. R. Moses Cohen, D.D.," died on April 19, 1762. 
 
 contained in the report of the case of The State vs. Aneker in Richard- 
 son's South Carolina Law Reports, Vol. 2, pp. 245-286. 
 
 ' See Obituary Notice of Abraham Cohen, of Georgetown, the son of this 
 Moses Cohen : " Died in the 61st year of his age, Abraham Cohen, post- 
 master. Born in London and as early as the year 1762, commenced and 
 carried on commercial business in this place." — The Georgetown Gazette, 
 Saturday, Dec. 13, 1800. 
 
 " The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 337. 
 
 * Mesne Conveyance Records, Vol. I 4, p. 241. " Deed of Conveyance 
 from Moses Cohen, of Charles Town, shopkeeper, to Isaac Da Costa, 
 merchant, of the same place." This document is dated 1759. 
 
 '" The records in Columbia show three grants of land made to him in 
 1755 and 1759. [Index to Grants, A to K, 1695-1776.] 
 
ORGANIZATION 35 
 
 His tombstone is still to be seen in the Coming Street ceme- 
 tery in Charleston. This cemetery was then the private 
 burial ground of Isaac Da Costa and was only transferred 
 to the Congregation Beth Elohim in 1764.^^ He was much 
 esteemed by his people and in the Constitution of the Con- 
 gregation Beth Elohim, dated 1820, it is especially enacted 
 that ''on every Kippur night perpetually, the first 'es- 
 caba' [prayer for the dead] shall be made for the Reverend 
 Moses Cohen, deceased, because he was appointed and con- 
 firmed the Reverend Doctor of this Congregation from its 
 first establishment, and as such it is conceived every mark 
 of respect is due to his memory." ^^ 
 
 The first Hazan, or Reader, of the Congregation Beth 
 Elohim was Isaac Da Costa. He was a member of an illus- 
 trious family that played an important part in English 
 Jewry during the early days after the Resettlement under 
 Cromwell.^ ^ Educated for the ministry, he came to Charles 
 Town from London in 1750. The date of his arrival is 
 confirmed by an entry in the Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, 
 Volume 1, page 453, under the date August 2, 1774 : 
 
 " In the Afternoon I was visited by Mr Acosta a Jew Huzzan of the 
 Synagogue in Charleston, So Carolina. He is aet. 52, born in London & 
 educated under Hoehem Rabbi Nieto there till aet. 29. Then he came 
 to America & in 1754 instituted a Synagogue at Charleston."" 
 
 " For a full history of the old Jewish cemeteries at Charleston, see 
 Elzas: The Old Jewish Cemeteries at Charleston, S. C, Charleston, 1903. 
 
 " Elzas : Constitution of the Hebrew Congregation of Kaal Kadosh 
 Beth Elohim, or House of God, M,DCCCXX (Reprinted Charleston, 1904), 
 Rule XX. 
 
 "■ Wolf : Crypto-Jews under the Commonwealth, p. 71. For further 
 information concerning this family, see The Gentleman's Magazine for 
 Jan., 1812, pp. 21-4. This article contains a full genealogy of the Mendes- 
 Da Costa families. See also the Jewish Encyclopcedia, art. Da Costa. 
 
 " Kohut : Ezra Stiles and the Jews, p. 134. The date 1754 is a manifest 
 error for 1750. 
 
36 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Like his colleague, Moses Cohen, Isaac Da Costa engaged 
 in trade. He seems to have been possessed of considerable 
 means when he came to South Carolina. We meet with him 
 first as a shopkeeper in The South-Carolina Gazette of 
 July 22, 1751. In 1752, he is on Broad Street.^^ In 1753, 
 he advertises as an administrator of an estate.^ ^ In this 
 year we find his name in the records of King Solomon's 
 Lodge, No. 1 — the oldest regularly constituted lodge in 
 South Carolina. In 1756, his name occurs in a list of un- 
 recorded plats.^^ In 1757, he is still on Broad Street, where 
 he advertises "European and Indian goods." ^^ In 1758, 
 he is in partnership with Thomas Farr and the firm is now 
 Da Costa & Farr.^^ In 1759, he advertises as treasurer of 
 Solomon's Lodge.^*^ In 1761, the firm is still Da Costa & 
 Farr. They are extensive ship agents.^^ In 1762, Isaac 
 Da Costa advertises alone — it is no longer Da Costa & 
 Farr.22 jjj 1754^ having some misunderstanding with his 
 Congregation, Isaac Da Costa resigned his position as 
 Eeader.2^ In 1765, he seems to have met with misfortune in 
 business.24 In 1766, he advertises again.^^ In 1772, he is 
 agent for the Spanish transport, ''The Diana. "^^ He is 
 on King Street in 1773.^7 In 1778, he is in partnership with 
 
 " The South-Carolina Gazette, May 28, 1752. 
 
 " Ibid., Nov. 26, 1753 
 
 " Ibid., Oct. 21, 1756. 
 
 " Ibid., June 23, 1757. 
 
 " Ibid., Nov. 17, 1758. 
 
 ==" Ibid., April 7, 1759. 
 
 ^ Ibid., Jan. 17, Nov. 28, and Dec. 5, 1761. 
 
 ='=' Ibid., Oct. 30, 1762. 
 
 '■^ The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 338. 
 
 '^ The South-Carolina Gazette, August 3, 1765. 
 
 =" Ibid., July 14, 1766. 
 
 ="■ Ibid., April 2, 1772. 
 
 ^ Ibid., April 19, 1773. 
 
ORGANIZATION 37 
 
 his son.2^ In 1779, he was elected one of the stewards of 
 the Palmetto Society.^" In 1781, during the period of Brit- 
 ish occupation, his estates were seized and confiscated.^*' 
 Refusing to take British protection, he was banished. From 
 a contemporary diary we learn that he arrived in Phila- 
 delphia on December 31, 1781.^1 On March 17, 1782, he was 
 the chairman of the meeting called for the purpose of 
 raising funds for the erection of a regular Synagogue in 
 Philadelphia.^^ His son was likewise one of the original 
 members of the Mikveh Israel Congregation of that city.^^ 
 In 1783 he returned to Charleston, and in February of that 
 year he established the ''Sublime Grand Lodge of Perfec- 
 tion. "^^ He died on Monday, November 23, 1783, in the 
 sixty-second year of his age.^^ He is buried in the cemetery 
 at Hanover Street that still bears his name. He left no 
 will, but letters of administration to his estate were granted 
 to Mrs. Sarah Da Costa, Joseph Da Costa, and Samuel Da 
 Costa on March 31, 1784.36 
 We do not know quite as much about Abraham Da Costa. 
 
 " Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, July 8, 1778. 
 
 =» Ibid., July 21, 1779. 
 
 "" Supplement to The Royal Gazette, March 14, 1781. 
 
 "Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., one of the exiles from Charles Town to 
 St. Augustine during the British occupation, 1780-1781, vmpublished 
 MSS. {Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society), "List of 
 Heads of families banished, who would not take protection." 
 
 " Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 1, p. 14. 
 
 " Morais : Jews of Philadelphia, p. 15. 
 
 " Mackey : Cryptic Masonry, p. 151. 
 
 '" " On Monday died, after a few days illness, by the wound of a splinter 
 in his hand, Mr. Isaac Da Costa, Sen., a respectable and valuable citizen." 
 — The Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, November 27, 1783. 
 
 ■"Probate Records, Administration Book 00, 1775-1783, p. 347. 
 
 There are numerous descendants of Isaac Da Costa still in South Caro- 
 lina. As is the case with all the old Jewish families, these descendants 
 axe for the most part Christians. 
 
38 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 He is mentioned in a most interesting document, a marriage 
 agreement that is reminiscent of mediaeval times. The 
 parties to this agreement are Abraham Da Costa, Rebecca 
 Pimento, and Leah Pimento, her mother : 
 
 " Abraham Da Costa, with the consent and good liking of the said Leah, 
 covenants, promises and agrees to take Rebecca Pimento to wife accord- 
 ing to the rights and ceremonies of the Jews without portion to be de- 
 manded or required, within the space of three months from the date of 
 these presents" * * * " the said parties binding themselves each to the 
 other in the sum or penalty of £3000 current money of South Carolina." " 
 
 A copy of the marriage settlement which he made upon his 
 wife is also preserved in the records.^^ He seems to have 
 had a business in Georgetown, for in an advertisement in one 
 of the Gazettes he ''informs his town and country friends 
 that since the late dreadful fire, he is under an obligation to 
 open a store at the upper end of King Street, where he has 
 to sell a great quantity of the goods lately sold at George- 
 town, and some of the remains saved out of the above 
 fire. ' ' ^^ He remained in Charles Town during the period 
 of British occupation. He was then the proprietor of the 
 ''Irish Coffee House" on Broad Street.^^ 
 
 Jacob Olivera was a merchant of means. His daughter 
 Leah married Joseph Tobias. His name does not appear 
 in the Gazettes, but his will is well worthy of mention as 
 a veritable ethical will of the olden days. This will was 
 made on July 27, 1751, and proved on May 15, 1752. It is 
 witnessed by Solomon Isaacs, and "his good friend Isaac 
 Da Costa" is one of his executors. After a conventional 
 preamble, he writes : 
 
 Probate Records, Book MM, 1763-1767, p. 222. 
 ' Ibid., Book Miscellaneous, 1767-1771, p. 479. 
 
 The South-Carolina and American General Gazette, March 26, 1778. 
 ' The Roijal Gazette, May 22, 1782. 
 
ORGANIZATION 39 
 
 " I commend my soul to the Almighty God of Israel, Creator of Heaven 
 and Earth, imploring His most gracious pardon for all my past sins and 
 transgressions of which I most sincerely repent and hoping His infinite 
 mercies will be extended to me. Also I most vehemently and sincerely 
 invoke His holy name, saying. Hear, Israel, the Lord our God the Lord 
 is One." 
 
 After making various bequests, among which are " £10 
 lawfull money of South Carolina to each Jew who should 
 have a hand in washing or burying my body," and £10 
 to the Portuguese Synagogue at London, with a request 
 for prayers to be said for him, he concludes : 
 
 " I also recommend to my said son" [David Lopez de OUvera] " to 
 walk in the fear of God and in the path of virtue, which is the last and 
 best legacy I can leave him. I conclude with imploring the Divine Mercy 
 of my Creator to receive my soul with pity on my frail nature, saying, 
 Into Thy hands I will deposit my spirit; Thou hast rescued me, Lord 
 God of Truth." " 
 
 Such were the Jews who settled in South Carolina in 
 Provincial days. There is an inventory of his estate in 
 the records of the Probate Court.^^ 
 
 Of David Olivera, who was one of the original Jewish 
 settlers in Savannah, the records make no mention. 
 
 Abraham Nunez Cardozo, or Abraham Cardozo, as he 
 was more commonly called, advertises only once in the 
 Gazettes.*^ The only other reference to him is the notice 
 of his death : 
 
 "November 17th, 1762. 
 " This day died, Abraham Cardozo, first cousin to Madam Sarah Da 
 Costa, of a hurt received the 10th instant, in Rebellion-Road, to the great 
 grief of his wife. HANNAH CARDOZO." " 
 
 " Probate Records, Book Wills, 1747-1752, pp. 522-524. 
 " Ibid., Book Inventories, 1751-3, pp. 409-410. 
 " The South-Carolina Gazette, Jan. 8, 1756. 
 " Ibid., Nov. 20, 1762. 
 
40 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Joseph Tobias has already been referred to at length. 
 
 Masoad Tobias (pronounced Meshod) was the son of 
 Joseph Tobias. He died on February 27, 1798, aged fifty- 
 seven. He must therefore have been born in Charles Town. 
 
 Joseph Tobias had a son Jacob, who died in 1773. He had 
 another son Joseph whose son, Jacob Tobias, was a member 
 of Captain Drayton's militia company in 1775.*^ He died 
 on November 16, 1775, aged twenty-six. He could there- 
 fore hardly have seen service in the Revolution. 
 
 Moses Pimenta, we are told, was ' ' a man learned in the 
 law and a teacher of the Jewish youth." ^^ In the inven- 
 tory of the estate of Solomon Isaacs there is a note of his.*^ 
 Moses Pimenta apparently learnt by experience that teach- 
 ing Jewish youth is by no means an easy road to affluence. 
 
 Mordecai Sheftall and Levi Sheftall were the sons of 
 Benjamin Sheftall, one of the original Jews who settled in 
 Savannah.^^ They are more closely connected with the 
 history of that community, though they did business and 
 for a while lived in Charles Town. In the Mesne Convey- 
 ance Records there is a marriage settlement, dated 1761, 
 from "Mordecai Sheftall, of the Province of Georgia, to 
 Frances Hart, the daughter of Moses Hart, at present in 
 the Hague in Europe. "^^ Levi Sheftall was more closely 
 identified with Charles Town.^*' 
 
 Of Michael Lazarus we know very little. He was in busi- 
 ness in King Street in 1762.^^ He was probably the father 
 of Marks Lazarus, the Revolutionary patriot, but this is 
 not certain. 
 
 ' The South Carolina Hist, and Gen. Mag., Vol, 1, pp. 135 and 187. 
 ' The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 337. 
 
 Probate Records, Book Inventories, 1756-8, p. 64. 
 ' The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 382. 
 ' Mesne Conveyance Records, Book 3, p. 501. 
 'Ibid., Book M 5, p. 308 (also Book Z, p. 472). 
 
 The South-Carolina Gazette, April 24, 1762. 
 
ORGANIZATION 41 
 
 Philip Hart was a native of Hamburg and one of the 
 officials of the Congregation Beth Elohim.^^ He was also 
 a merchant.^^ He was a partner in the business of Samuel 
 Isaacs, at Georgetown.^* His name is registered in the 
 Columbia Records as part owner of a vessel.^^ He fought 
 in Lushington's militia company in the Eevolution^^ and 
 furnished supplies to the State Commissary.^^ He was a 
 prominent member of the Jewish community and a gen- 
 erous contributor towards the erection of the Synagogue in 
 1794.^^ He was also a benefactor of the Charleston Orphan 
 House and his name appears on one of the memorial tablets 
 that adorn the walls of that institution. He died on Feb- 
 ruary 1, 1796. Among the bequests in his will are £200 to 
 the Synagogue in Charleston, £50 to the poor in the Poor 
 House, and £50 to the orphans in the Orphan House.^" 
 
 Another Jew of this period, whom we have met before, 
 was Solomon Isaacs. He advertises in the Gazettes in 1752 
 and 1755.^"^ He died in 1757. His will, proved January 14, 
 1757, mentions his nephew, Sampson Simson, of New York, 
 as one of his executors.^^ 
 
 In The South-Carolina Gazette of August 19, 1756, there 
 occurs the first notice of Moses Lindo, the most conspicuous 
 Jew in South Carolina in Provincial days. To this remark- 
 able man a special chapter will be devoted. 
 
 " The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 337. 
 
 " The South-Carolina Gazette, May 30, 1761. 
 
 " Ibid., Jan. 17, 1761. 
 
 " Columbia Records, Registered Vessels, etc. 
 
 '* Orderly Book, Charles Town Regiment of Militia, New York Public 
 Library (Uncalendared MSS.). 
 
 " Columbia Records, Indent Stubs, Book A, No. 224. 
 
 "^ The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 387. See also Constitution of 1820, Rule xx. 
 
 " Will Book C, 1793-1800, p. 270. 
 
 '"The South-Carolina Gazette, August 17, 1752, April 24, 1755, and 
 Oct. 9, 1755. 
 
 " Probate Records, Will Book 1757-1760, pp. 8-9. 
 
42 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Joseph Levy is the first Jew whom we meet with in con- 
 nection with military affairs. He was a lieutenant of Cap- 
 tain Gaillard's company of the South Carolina Regiment 
 of Foot, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Probart 
 Howarth. There is a copy of his commission, dated Sep- 
 tember 3, 1757, in the Probate Office in Charleston.^^ He 
 also held a commission as lieutenant in Colonel Middleton's 
 South Carolina Regiment in the Cherokee War of 1760-1, 
 and was on recruiting service in North Carolina in 1761.^^ 
 After the war, he went back to business. He advertises in 
 the Gazette of November 13, 1762. His last advertisement 
 appears on August 6, 1772. 
 
 Though the advertiser does not belong to South Carolina, 
 it would be well to notice here an interesting advertisement 
 which appears in The South-Carolina Gazette of October 
 20, 1759. Isaac Levy makes claim to the islands of Ossaba 
 and Sappelo on the sea-coast of Georgia, which have been 
 announced for sale, and gives notice to intending purchasers 
 that they will buy lands without a clear title. He is going 
 to petition his Majesty. On November 24 he publishes 
 papers in proof of his own title. This Isaac Levy was a 
 native of New York who lived for some years in England. 
 The full story of this case and its sequel is told in a paper 
 read by Dr. Herbert Friedenwald before the American Jew- 
 ish Historical Society.^^ 
 
 In the Probate Records, Volume 1758-1763, page 238, 
 there is a document of Israel hevj, merchant, of Charles 
 Town, dated November 29, 1759. 
 
 In The South-Carolina Gazette of December 16, 1760, 
 Isaac Pinto advertises as a wholesale wine merchant. He 
 
 "" Probate Records, Book Wills, 1754-8, p. 705. 
 
 "'^ The South-Carolina Gazette, April 11, 1761. See also Probate Rec- 
 ords, Book 1758-1763, p. 306. This commission is dated Sept. 23, 1760. 
 
 '^Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 9, pp. 
 57-62. 
 
ORGANIZATION 43 
 
 advertises also on February 21, 1761, and on January 23, 
 1762. 
 
 In the Gazette of December 11, 1762, we meet with Simon 
 Hart, and on September 25, 1762, Imanuel Cortissoz adver- 
 tises ''Fine fresh Butter, in Keggs, just brought to town," 
 ''at his store in Market-square, facing Broad-Street." 
 
 In the Gazette of April 24, 1762, we first meet with 
 Joshua Hart "on the Bay." He advertises steadily till 
 April 28, 1777. On November 18, 1777, there is this notice 
 — the first Jewish marriage-notice in the Gazettes: 
 
 " The same day [Wednesday] Mr. Abraham Mendez Sexias, of the 
 State of Georgia, was married to Miss Ritcey Hart, a young lady of the 
 most amiable qualifications, daughter of Mr. Joshua Hart, of this town," 
 
 This notice is interesting as an early example of inter- 
 marriage between Portuguese and German Jews. Such 
 intermarriages were by no means uncommon in South Caro- 
 lina in the early days. In later days they are less fre- 
 quent. 
 
 In the Gazette of September 10, 1763, we meet with Jacob 
 Jacobs. He leaves for Savannah, but is back again on 
 April 7, 1779. 
 
 On December 31, 1764, Dr. Andrew Judah, a physician 
 from London, advertises. His next advertisement states 
 that he is from Holland. One cannot say with certainty 
 whether he is a Jew. 
 
 In the Gazette of August 18, 1766, we read: 
 
 " On Friday, in the ship Queen Charlotte, Capt. Reeves, also from 
 London, arrived (among others) Mr. Mordecai Sheftall (for Georgia) 
 and the Rev. Mr. Alexander." 
 
 This Rev. Mr. Alexander is most likely the Abraham 
 Alexander who succeeded Isaac Da Costa as Reader of Beth 
 Elohim, though Mr. Levin in The Occident gives the date of 
 his appointment as 1764. We cannot always accept the 
 
44 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 statements of this writer, however, who is extremely reck- 
 less in the matter of dates.^^ 
 
 Abraham Alexander was the son of Joseph Raphael Alex- 
 ander, and came from London. He appears to have come 
 to Charles Town a widower, leaving behind him a young 
 son who came to South Carolina after the Revolution. He 
 afterwards married again. Like his predecessors, he ap- 
 pears to have served as Reader in the Synagogue without 
 remuneration till he resigned in 1784.®^ He earned his living 
 as a scrivener. A manuscript prayer-book according to the 
 ritual of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in his own hand- 
 writing is still in existence, in the possession of one of his 
 descendants. A document on record in Columbia shows 
 that he made his wife, Ann Sarah Alexander, a sole trader 
 in 1791. He was a clerk in the Charleston Custom House 
 in 1802 and afterwards auditor. He was one of the founders 
 of Scottish Rite Masonry in Charleston.^^ He died in 1816, 
 beloved and respected in the community. 
 
 In the Probate Records, Volume MM, 1763-7, page 432, 
 there is a deed of Solomon Levi. He mentions in it Bernard 
 De Young and Isaac De Lyon, saddler. 
 
 On page 579 of this volume there is a promissory note of 
 Henry Isaacks, dated June 18, 1765, and on page 429 there 
 is a deed of Isaac De Lyon, of Charles Town, dated June 11, 
 1766. In this deed occurs the name of Emanuel Abrahams, 
 who was a prominent member of Lushington's company 
 
 °° Compare, e.g., the dates given in The Occident with those in the repro- 
 duction of the same article in the Year Booh for 1883. A more extraor- 
 dinary compilation of dates than those given in the Year Book, pp. 315-6, 
 would be hard to imagine. How Mr. Levin could have compiled such a 
 table with his own article before him passes all comprehension. 
 
 ^ " The seventh eseaba shall be made for Mr, Abraham Alexander, sen., 
 deceased, who volunteered his services to perform divine service." (Con- 
 stitution of 1820, Rule xx.) 
 
 " Richardson : Centennial Address, p. 8. 
 
ORGANIZATION 45 
 
 during the Revolution. This Emanuel Abrahams is men- 
 tioned in an earlier document, a deed of settlement made in 
 April, 1763, by Joseph David, who married Dinah Cohen, 
 widow of Moses Cohen, deceased.^^ 
 
 In the Gazette of October 27, 1766, among the list of pas- 
 sengers arrived are Mr. Franks and daughter. 
 
 In the postscript to the Gazette of May 11, 1767, we meet 
 with Philip Abraham and Samuel Nunez Cardozo. 
 
 In the Gazette of June 1, 1767, we read that "On the 26th 
 inst. Mr. Lopez and many other passengers embarked for 
 Rhode Island. ' ' The Lopez family, however, did not settle 
 in Charleston till after the Revolution. 
 
 In the Gazette of July 6, 1767, we read of the arrival of 
 Mr. Joseph Jacobs from Philadelphia, and in that of August 
 3 Francis Cohen is mentioned. 
 
 In the Gazette of August 1, 1771, Mordecai Myers 
 advertises, and again, from Georgetown, on August 25, 
 1772. 
 
 On September 19, 1771, we meet with Myer Moses for 
 the first time in the Gazettes, though he had been living in 
 Charles Town for some years. 
 
 On November 1, 1773, there is mention made of Jacob 
 Ramos, and on December 6, 1773, we read of the arrival of 
 Francis Salvador, the hero and patriot, whose life and 
 death are invested with quite a romantic interest. To this 
 distinguished man a special chapter will be devoted. 
 
 From now on we meet with many new names. There is 
 nothing to be gained any more by detailed references. It 
 is worth noting, however, that there are not many men 
 who lived in Charles Town before the Revolution whom we 
 do not meet in some or other connection in the records. A 
 complete directory will serve a useful purpose, inasmuch as 
 
 Probate Records, Book 1758-1763, p. 599. 
 
46 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 it will enable us to discuss intelligently the part played in 
 the Revolution by the Jews of South Carolina.^^ 
 
 ** See Appendix B, 
 
 The critic may find fault mth the author's method of writing this early 
 history, but no other method was possible consistent with his design of 
 preserving these early memorials of the Jews of South Carolina. Apart 
 from the notices here given, nothing is known of many of the individuals 
 mentioned. The records of this State are in imminent danger of going 
 out of existence at any moment. The old records are going to pieces. 
 A few years from now many of the documents referred to will no longer 
 be legible. Many of them are already crumbling. The ink on the pages 
 of many of the Gazettes is fading. It should be remembered, too, that 
 by far the greater part of this material is unindexed. Even with accu- 
 rate references the investigator may have to spend hours in looking up 
 a single reference, for not a few of the papers have been misplaced by 
 the careless binder. Every reference in this volume has been carefully 
 verified. The author finds consolation in the thought that the real student 
 of history will prefer the dulness of detail of recorded facts to the 
 fascinating narratives invented by family vanity or by professional gene- 
 alogists to meet the requirements of patriotic societies, so called, whose 
 influence upon historical writing has not been one of entirely unmixed 
 good. 
 
CHAPTER ///—MOSES LINDO 
 
 HE subject of this sketch is a most in- 
 teresting figure in the early days of 
 South Carolina's history. Who Moses 
 Lindo was we do not know positively. 
 \r^r<^A Kf.o'V^ What we know of him is mainly con- 
 6 QJ(j >g^^ ^ tained in that wonderfully rich collec- 
 — ~ I tion of Gazettes that is to be found in 
 
 the Charleston Library alone. There can be no doubt, how- 
 ever, as to the fact of his being a member of the Lindo 
 family of London, England, which has been prominently 
 connected with the Spanish and Portuguese community of 
 that city for several generations. The present generation 
 of the Lindo family know nothing of him, even tradition- 
 ally, but it is worthy of note that Moses D. Lindo, the grand- 
 father of one of the distinguished Elders of the Bevis Marks 
 Synagogue, of London, who died about 1867, was an indigo 
 broker in Bury Court not far from Wormwood Street, 
 where our Moses Lindo had his office. In the Gentleman^ s 
 Magazine for 1753 there is mention made of a Moses Lindo, 
 merchant, of St. Mary Axe.^ He is probably the Moses 
 Lindo who came shortly afterwards to South Carolina. 
 Picciotto, in his charming Sketches of Anglo-Jewish His- 
 tory,^ makes mention of a Moses Lindo, Jr., as a prominent 
 
 ^ Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 23, p. 53. 
 
 ^ Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, p, 124. 
 
 47 
 
4.8 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 member of the "Deputies of British Jews," a body ap- 
 pointed ' ' To watch all Acts of Parliament, Acts of Govern- 
 ment, laws, libels, addresses, or whatever else may affect 
 the body of Jews, ' ' and which is to-day the most influential 
 organization of Jews in the world. He may be a son of our 
 Moses Lindo. The latter was himself an important per- 
 sonage in London prior to his coming to South Carolina. 
 He himself tells us : 
 
 "I have been allowed to be one of tbe best judges of Cocbineal and 
 Indico on the ROYAL EXCHANGE, for upwards of 25 years past; and 
 have not been thought unworthy (when Sir Stephen Theodore Jansen 
 represented the city of London in Parliament) to be called with Mr. 
 Samuel Torin, and Mr. Daniel Valentine, to give my sentiments of Caro- 
 lina Indico to the hon. House of Commons of Great Britain." ' 
 
 Suffice it to say, then, that Moses Lindo was an expert 
 indigo sorter in London, who, noticing that a particularly 
 fine grade of indigo was received from South Carolina, 
 changed his headquarters in 1756 from London to Charles 
 Town. The rest of his story cannot be told better than by 
 the Gazettes themselves. 
 
 We first meet with Moses Lindo in the Gazettes, some 
 three months before he arrives in Charles Town. The fol- 
 lowing is the first notice of him and appears in the supple- 
 ment to The South-Carolina Gazette of Thursday, August 
 19,1756: 
 
 " A Correspondent in London, has sent us the following Advertisement, 
 and with it proper Directions for making Lime Water to subside Indico. 
 
 " To the Printer of the Public Advertiser : 
 
 "SIR: 
 
 " I HAVE examined the major Part of the Carolina Indico entered 
 this year, and have the Pleasure to find a considerable Quantity equal 
 to the BEST French; and tho' there is some inferior to the Sight by 
 
 ^ The South-Carolina Gazette, Jan. 19, 1767. Peter Timothy was the 
 publisher of this Gazette. 
 
MOSES LINDO 49 
 
 3s. 6d. per Pound, yet on using it as under, I am convinced the In- 
 fe#iority is not more than Is. 6d. a Pound. Therefore, Sir, your pub- 
 lishing this, will be a singular Service to the consumer, and consequently 
 oblige. 
 "Your constant Reader, 
 
 " MOSES LINDO, Wormwood-street." 
 
 The next notice of Moses Lindo is the announcement of 
 his arrival in Charles Town. 
 
 " MOSES LINDO gives this public Notice, that he is arrived from 
 London, with an Intent to purchase Indico of the Growth and Manu- 
 facture of this Province, and to remit the same to his Constituents in 
 London, classed, sorted and packed in a Manner proper for the foreign 
 mai-ket. — If any are desirous to know upon what Credit, and to what 
 Extent he purposes to carry on his Branch of Business, he begs leave 
 to refer them for Particulars to Mr. John Rattray, who is possessed of 
 his Papers, and to whom he is recommended." * 
 
 The following is the notice of his first shipment : 
 
 "FOR LONDON 
 " The snow Dodgson, Burthen 130 Tons, with 8 Guns, Men answerable, 
 William Dunn Master, will sail about the 10th of January (Wind and 
 Weather permitting), Mr. Lindo having engaged to ship 20,000 lb of 
 INDICO with all his COFFEE purchased from the French prizes. No 
 other goods to be admitted but Coffee and Indico. Any person inclinable 
 to ship, may apply to Mr. Lindo or the aforesaid Master." ' 
 
 The magnitude of Lindo 's business transactions may be 
 gathered from the following: 
 
 "Whereas I have employ'd the Sum of One Hundred and Twenty 
 Thousand Pounds Currency in the Produce of this Country, besides 
 30,000 Pounds in Prize-Goods and other Articles, all which are paid for, 
 as appears by my Receipt-Book, except about 3,800 Pounds Currency, 
 2,000 of which does not become due 'till the 22d Instant. The Remaining 
 1,800 Pounds I have my objections for not paying. 
 
 * The South-Carolina Gazette, Nov. 11, 1756. 
 ' Ibid., Dec. 23, 1756. 
 
50 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 "NOW THIS IS TO GIVE NOTICE, to every Gentleman, Planter 
 and Trader in this Province, who has any Demands on me, that they 
 come and receive their Money from the 15th to the 25th Instant. If 
 any One shoidd take the Liberty of contradicting the above Advertise- 
 ment, or give out any other malicious Insinuation, in order to prejudice 
 me in the Good Opinion of those I have dealt with, I shall esteem it one 
 of the greatest Favours done to me, to let me know the same by a Line, 
 and their Names shall be concealed. And if such Information comes 
 from a person of midling Circumstances, on due Proof thereof, I do 
 hereby promise to reward him with the Sum of Five Hundred Pounds 
 Currency. 
 
 " I return my Thanks to those Gentlemen who assisted me in taking 
 my Bills for 12,000 Pounds Sterling; and to the Planters of Winyah 
 and those of the Southward, for giving me the Preference of their 
 Indico. And do hereby assure them, that (if it please God I live 'till 
 the next Season) I will not let their Fine Indico Fall under 20 Shillings 
 per Pound, having all the Reason to believe I shall have 200,000 Pounds 
 Currency to lay out the ensuing Year in that Article; wherefore I hope 
 they will not be discouraged. 
 
 "MOSES LINDO. 
 
 " Whoever is desirous of being informed what I paid for what I 
 bought, may know of William Branford, John Hutchinson, John Butler, 
 William Gibbs, Jonas Butterfield, Andrew Govan, &e., &e. 
 
 " N. B. — If any Person is willing to part with a plantation of 500 
 Acres, with 60 or 70 Negroes, I am ready to purchase it for ready money. 
 Please to leave a Line directed to me at Mrs. Shepard's in Tradd-street, 
 and Secrecy shall be observed if not agreed on." " 
 
 Moses Lindo was not only an expert indigo sorter, but 
 was also a scientific experimenter with dyes. He sought 
 to encourage investigation, likewise, on the part of others 
 by offering prizes for discoveries if they proved to be of 
 value. Witness the following: 
 
 " Mr Timothy : 
 
 " I HAVE made Trial of Two CRIMSON DYES lately discovered in 
 this Province; and in Justice to Mr. John Story of Port Royal, Car- 
 
 ' Supplement to The South-Carolina Gazette, March 3, 1757. 
 
MOSES LINDO 51 
 
 penter, I am obliged to declare, that I find his Crimson called JOHN'S- 
 BLOOD, answei-s all the Purposes of Cochineal; for it dyes a fine Crim- 
 son on Cotton, so as to stand washing with Soap-Lees; and it is my 
 firm Opinion will likewise dye Scarlet. I have sent Samples of it Home, 
 via Bristol, that, when approved of in London, by Messrs George Farmer 
 and George Honour, two eminent Dyers there, the said Mr Story may be 
 entitled to Part of the Reward offered by the Society for encouraging 
 Arts, to such as can fix a Scarlet or Turky-Red on Cotton. 
 
 '' And as there are many Roots and Weeds to be found in this Prov- 
 ince and Georgia, that will dye REDS, I shall be obliged to all who will 
 meet with such in their Way, to send me a Pound dried in the Shade; 
 that I may make Trials of them. And if the Discoverers be persons in 
 middling Circumstances, and what they produce to me be proven a DYE, 
 I will reward them with Fifty Pounds Currency, and use my best En- 
 deavours to obtain for them further Gratuities from the Dyers Company 
 in London. 
 
 " I am sensible, Mr. Timothy, you are a Well- Wisher to the Interest 
 of this Province and the Mother-Country; therefore, hope you will not 
 omit publishing in your Gazettes any Hints tending to the Advantage 
 of both whenever such are offered you; and thereby, amongst others, 
 oblige 
 
 " Your Constant Reader, 
 
 "MOSES LINDO. 
 
 " Charles Town, July 16, 1759." ' 
 
 Moses Lindo's contract with the London house which he 
 represented having expired, and their agent having failed 
 to pay for the indigo consigned to them, as also his annual 
 allowance, he next announces that during his stay here he 
 would mark Carolina indigo, first, second, and third sort, 
 as he had done for them, on a reasonable commission. He 
 does not expect to be paid unless the indigo so sorted ''adds 
 credit to this province and profit to those who cliuse to ship 
 that article," so as to prevent impositions by the purchasers 
 of Carolina indigo in England.^ 
 
 In the next notice he announces that in consequence of 
 
 ' The South-Carolina Gazette, July 28, 1759. 
 ' Ibid., Nov. 14, 1761. 
 
52 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 his advertisement of the 12th of November last, several 
 gentlemen have left their indigo to his care. He assures 
 the public that out of the twenty thousand weight on board 
 of the vessels under convoy there are 18,000 as good as the 
 French. Should it appear at home to the purchasers of 
 it that he has not demonstrated it as such, he says that it 
 will be doing the gentlemen here a piece of service if they 
 will signify his fault in Lloyd's Evening Post, under the 
 attestation of Messrs. Mark Hudson, Peter Fearon, Aaron 
 Lara, and William Richardson, eminent brokers in this and 
 other dyes, ''To whose judgment only I submit, as well as 
 to their equity in doing me justice, whether they ever saw 
 so large a parcel of Carolina indico so even sorted as not 
 to differ in value two pence sterling per pound from the 
 first lot to the last. ' ' 
 
 Lindo had met with such marked success in his business 
 that he roused the jealousy of his competitors, who seem 
 to have spread false reports concerning him. He retaliates 
 in this same advertisement : 
 
 " As some purchasers of indico may imagine that by this advertise- 
 ment I want to get more indico to sort, I do hereby declare that I will 
 only do it for those that I am engaged with, they being well known to 
 be capital people, and capable of purchasing as much indico of the 
 planters as I can well attend to." 
 
 He indignantly denies that he owes more than 3,000 
 guineas in this province than is due to him at home, ''as 
 some people have through their correspondence insinuated 
 to my friends and relatives. ' ' The advertisement ends with 
 a humorous touch of scorn: 
 
 " Sealed with my seal, well known in most markets in Europe for these 
 25 years, as always prime indico, which to this time of life I have not 
 yet forfeited; and it is to me really a diversion to see some people in 
 this town pretend to be judges of the quality of indico, to one that has 
 had the experience of upwards of thirty years in it; and I wish they 
 
MOSES LINDO 53 
 
 may not, by which they have shipped on board the fleet, experience the 
 presumption." * 
 
 The importance of the indigo industry to the Province of 
 South Carolina may be appreciated from the following his- 
 torical facts : Indigo began to be cultivated in South Caro- 
 lina in 1744 and was exported to England as early as 1747, 
 where it attracted considerable attention. Great Britain 
 was consuming annually 600,000 pounds weight of French 
 indigo, paying for it 150,000 pounds sterling, and the sta- 
 tistics showed an annual increase of consumption. In 1748 
 Parliament passed an Act, allowing a bounty of six pence 
 per pound on indigo from the British Colonies. This stimu- 
 lated the South Carolina production and in 1754 the export 
 of indigo from Charles Town amounted to 216,924 pounds, 
 and shortly before the Revolution had risen to 1,176,660 
 pounds. ^° 
 
 The man who had done more to encourage this important 
 industry — after rice, the greatest source of revenue in those 
 days to South Carolina — than anyone in the Province was 
 Moses Lindo. This is clearly evident from the following: 
 
 " The services heretofore rendered to this province by Mr. Moses Lindo, 
 in ascertaining the quality and establishing the reputation of our indico- 
 manufacture, both at home and at the foreign markets, in April last 
 induced many gentlemen of rank and fortune, merchants, planters and 
 others, to give him the following testimonial of their opinion of his 
 abilities, in writing, and of the necessity of having a public inspector, 
 subscribed with their names, viz : 
 
 " ' In order to bring our indico-produce into reputation at home as well 
 as at foreign markets, it becomes necessary to have a proper person 
 qualified to ascertain the value of our First Sort. We merchants, plant- 
 ers, principal traders and others, do, therefore, hereby certify under our 
 hands, that Mr. Moses Lindo, of Charles Town, merchant, is the only 
 
 The South-Carolina Gazette, Feb. 27, 1762. 
 Year Book, City of Charleston, 1883, pp. 402-403. 
 
54 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 person known to us, capable of rendering this province further service 
 in that article, if he is wilUng to undertake ascertaining the same and to 
 grant his certificate for the First Sort.' " 
 
 This testimonial was signed by the Hon. William Bull, 
 Lieutenant-Governor, five members of his Majesty's Coun- 
 cil, the Speaker and nineteen members of the late Commons 
 House of Assembly, forty-one merchants and seven ''con- 
 siderable planters of, or dealers in indico. ' ' Because of the 
 local interest attaching to the names appended to this testi- 
 monial, the list is here quoted in full : 
 
 " *Hon William Bull, Esq, Lieutenant-Governor; the Hon Othniel 
 Beale, Esq, *Henry Middleton, John Guerard, *John Drayton and 
 *Daniel Blake, Esqrs, members of his Majesty's Council. 
 
 " Benjamin Smith, Esq, Speaker, and * Thomas Middleton, *William 
 Moultrie, *Peter Manigault, William Scott, * Thomas Bee, * William Blake, 
 William Roper, *Robert Pringle, *Thomas Lynch, *Rawlins Lowndes, 
 *Benjamin Dart, George Roupell, *John Ainslie, *Thomas Ferguson, 
 *John Parker, James Parsons, *William Maxwell, *Doct. John Mur- 
 ray and *Sir John Colleton, members of the late Commons House of 
 Assembly. 
 
 " Messrs John Chapman, John Torrans, John Greg, John Poaug, * John 
 Smith, Thomas Listen, *Paul Douxsaint, *Miles Brewton, Henry Peron- 
 neau, Thomas Corker, John Lloyd, Arthur Peronneau, William Anerum, 
 Lambert Lance, *Richard Downes, John Benfield, Henry Laurens, George 
 Appleby, John Logan, Martin Campbell, John Neufville, Edward Neuf- 
 ville, Thomas Ellis, John Scott, Thomas Farr, jun, James Poyas, Evan 
 Jones, *John M'Queen, William Guerin, John Pamham, Robert Smyth, 
 Peter Bacot, James Laurens, George Anerum, Thomas Shirley, George 
 Inglis, Robert Rowand, John Nowell, Samuel Peronneau, Peter Mazyck 
 and Thomas Moultrie, merchants. 
 
 "Andrew Johnston, John Moultrie, jun, William Gibbes, Job Milner, 
 Alexander Eraser, John Mayrant, William Brandford, considerable 
 planters of, or dealers in indico. 
 
 " (Note — The gentlemen with the mark * prefixed to their names are 
 likewise considerable planters of indico.) 
 
 " In consequence of the above testimonial and an appKcation to the 
 Governor, his Excellency, on Tuesday last, was pleased to order the 
 following commission to be issued, viz: 
 
MOSES LINDO 55 
 
 "'SOUTH CAROLINA: 
 
 "'By his Excellency THOMAS BOONE, Esquire, Captain General, 
 and Governor in Chief, in and over the said Province. 
 
 "'TO MOSES LINDO, GENTLEMAN: 
 
 " ' WHEREAS, several of the most considerable inhabitants of the 
 said province, as well planters as merchants, have by a writing signed 
 by them, certified, that, in order to bring the indico produce into reputa- 
 tion at home and at foreign markets, it is become necessary to have a 
 proper person qualified to ascertain the First Sort; and that the said 
 Moses Lindo is the only person known to them capable of rendering the 
 province further service in that article, if he is willing to undertake 
 ascertaining the same, and grant his certificate of its being the First 
 Sort. And, whereas, the said Moses Lindo, in order to give such his 
 certificates the more weight and authority in Great-Britain, has made 
 application to me, that he may be appointed Surveyor and Inspector- 
 General of Indico in the province aforesaid. I, therefore, in considera- 
 tion of the premises, and being convinced of the fitness and ability of 
 the said Moses Lindo for discharging the said office, do hereby nominate, 
 constitute and appoint you the said Moses Lindo to be Surveyor and 
 Inspector-General of the Indico made in the said province, for the ends 
 and purposes above mentioned. 
 
 " ' This commission to continue during pleasure. 
 
 " ' Given under my Hand and Seal at Charles Town, this 21st day of 
 September, Anno Dom. 1762, and in the second year of his Majesty's 
 
 ^^^^' " ' THOMAS BOONE. 
 
 " * By his Excellency's command. ,, , ^ .. „ 
 
 •^ '' " * George Johnston for 
 
 " ' John Murray, Dep Sec' " " 
 
 The next notice in the Gazette is an announcement of 
 Moses Lindo oflEicially as Surveyor and Inspector-General 
 of Indico. It is as follows : 
 
 "MOSES LINDO. 
 " Surveyor and Inspector-General of INDICO made in South Carolina, 
 
 " GIVES THE FOLLOWING NOTICES : 
 " That as there is at present no obligation on any merchants or planters 
 to submit their Indico to his inspection, or on him to take that trouble for 
 
 The South-Carolina Gazette, Sept. 25, 1762. 
 
56 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 nothing, he will be ready and willing, after the 16th instant, to inspect 
 any parcel for either, ascertain the FIRST SORT, and give his certificate 
 therefor for the small consideration of ONE per cent on the value of 
 the Indico so certified. 
 
 " That he will make no distinction of persons in inspecting and giving 
 certificates, in regard to the quantity, but will with equal readiness serve 
 a planter who brings only 50 lb to market, as him who may bring thou- 
 sands. 
 
 " That where any differences arise, on allowances to be made for bad 
 mixtures, the accidental dampness, or designed wetness of Indico to dis- 
 guise the quality, he will expect TWO per cent for his decision and ascer- 
 taining the value; i.e., ONE per cent from the seller, and as much from 
 the buyer. 
 
 " That all orders gentlemen intend to favour him with, to purchase 
 Indico on their accounts for exportation, must be delivered to him, or 
 left at Messrs Inglis, Lloyd & Hall's, on or before the 16th instant; after 
 which he will receive no more till those then in his hands are compleated. 
 
 " And, that no planter or other person may complain that he means 
 to injure them (which is far from his intention) he declares, that he 
 will not buy any parcel, till they have tried the market eight or ten 
 days; when he will purchase, on orders upon some of the principal 
 houses in town, at three months' credit. 
 
 " N. B. — He begs pardon for having omitted among the subscribers 
 to the testimonial or certificate, in consequence of which he obtained his 
 commission from the Governor, to give the printer the following gentle- 
 men's names :" * * * " 
 
 A few days later Moses Lindo announces : 
 
 " That he has opened an office on Mr. Beresford's wharf, where con- 
 stant attendance will be given eveiy day in the week. (Saturdays, Sun- 
 days and holidays observed at other offices, excepted,) from 8 o'clock in 
 the morning till 1 in the afternoon, in order to survey, inspect and grant 
 certificates for all parcels of indico that shall be brought to him for 
 that purpose, of the FIRST SORT. 
 
 " That he will not give his certificate for any indico, unless the planter 
 produces a proper certificate of its being the growth of his plantation. 
 
 " That for declaring the first sort, and granting his certificate thereof, 
 he expects to be paid at the rate of twenty shillings currency, for every 
 
 ' The South-Carolina Gazette, Oct. 9, 1762. 
 
MOSES LINDO 57 
 
 hundred pounds weight of indico mentioned in such certificates, and the 
 like sum for settling any difference between buyer and seller, on every 
 hundred pounds weight. 
 
 " That if any planter, in eight days after obtaining his certificate for 
 the first sort, desires him to procure a purchaser for the same, he in that 
 case expects to be paid 5 per cent commission, if such indico is not in 
 any merchant or factor's hands; but if in a merchant or factor's hands, 
 then only 20s. per cent. 
 
 " That he will not sort, garble, and seal the first, second and third 
 Sorts of indico of the present crop for exportation, but for the follow- 
 ing gentlemen, who favoured him with their orders for that purpose 
 before the 16th instant, or by orders obtained from them; for which his 
 charge will be 3 per cent, casks and all other expences included. 
 
 " That all his fees must be paid him before the delivery of his certifi- 
 cates. 
 
 " That he will not accept, or undertake to execute any orders from 
 Europe or from any of his correspondents elsewhere, to purchase indico 
 for them this crop. And, 
 
 " That if any unfair dealings should be discovered, by fraudulent 
 mixtures, after he has given his certificate for any parcels of indico, he 
 is determined to expose such intended imposition. 
 
 " That after the first day of Februaiy next, he will not act in this or 
 any other capacity, in purchasing or declaring the qualities of indico, 
 until some regulation is made by Act of Parliament to encourage the 
 planting and manufacturing that valuable dye." * * * " 
 
 The following will give an idea of the prices received for 
 South Carolina indigo of the first sort : 
 
 "MOSES LINDO, Inspector and Surveyor-General of South Carolina 
 INDICO. Having granted certificates for the FIRST SORT, sold at 
 the prices opposite to the names of the respective makers (which he 
 declares to be equal in quality to the best French that has been taken 
 during the last or present war) viz: 
 
 8. d, 
 
 " His Honor the Lieut. Governor's, sold at 27 6 per lb 
 
 George Saxby, Esq 40 per lb 
 
 John Moultrie, jun. Esq 40 per lb 
 
 Sir John Colleton, Bart 30 per lb 
 
 " The South-Carolina Gazette, Oct. 23, 1762. 
 
58 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 3. d. 
 
 Mr. Edmund Bellinger 30 per lb 
 
 Alexander Fraser, Esq 26 and 40 per lb 
 
 Mr. Charles Elliott 23 per lb 
 
 David Deas, Esq 27 6 per lb 
 
 Mr. George Marshal 24 per lb 
 
 John Pamor, Esq 27 per lb 
 
 George Seaman, Esq 26 per lb 
 
 Mrs. Mary M. Daniel 23 per lb 
 
 Mr. William Campbell 21 per lb 
 
 Mr. William Pearson 25 per lb 
 
 Mr. Philip Porcher 27 6 per lb 
 
 Mr. James Laroach 22 6 per lb 
 
 Mr. James Commander 25 per lb 
 
 Mr. William Johnson 27 6 per lb 
 
 "Part of which is now on board the Boscawen, capt. David Jenkins, 
 commander, bound for London. 
 
 " IN THIS PUBLIC MANNER 
 
 " Requests, that the commissioners of his Majesty's customs in London, 
 will desire 15 or 16 gentlemen, merchants, salters and brokers, conversant 
 in this trade, to inspect the said indico when landed, and declare their 
 sentiments thereon in all the public papers. 
 
 " And, whereas, several other parcels of indico have been shipped on 
 board the said frigate, by divers persons, in like packages, which have 
 not been inspected or surveyed by him, he has, therefore, thought proper 
 to give a certificate for every cask that has undergone his inspection, and 
 been sealed by him, specifying in the margin the kind, weight and tare, 
 and registered the same in his office; which certificates Mr. WilUam 
 Richardson, broker in London (one of the best judges of indico now 
 left in England) will take care to cancel after inspection. This precau- 
 tion is so essentially necessary for the interest of a colony where any 
 manufactures are produced, that in England the law has made it felony 
 punishable with death, to counterfeit, imitate or alter any public inspec- 
 tor's mark." " 
 
 In his next notice Mr. Lindo refers to his last big ship- 
 ment : 
 
 The South-Carolina Gazette, Jan. 15, 1763. 
 
MOSES LINDO 59 
 
 " When the last 55 hogsheads arrive in England, I flatter myself the 
 world will be satisfied of my integrity of heart and the uprightness of 
 my intentions; as well as be convinced, that I have devoted myself to 
 the service of my native country, and equally so to this province; for, 
 if the indico that has undergone my inspection, and obtained my certifi- 
 cates, shall be proved equal in quality to the best French (which I am 
 confident it will) in that case £12,000 sterling per annum bounty will be 
 saved to the Government; and the planter here always sure of getting 
 25s currency a pound for the First Sort, and in proportion for the Second 
 and Third, which will be suflScient to encourage them to go on in the 
 planting and manufacturing that valuable dye." * » * 
 
 It would thus seem as if Moses Lindo had been meeting 
 with considerable criticism and opposition. He ends his 
 long letter: 
 
 " Your publishing this letter may prevent some evil-minded persons 
 continuing to insinuate, that, sensible of my superior knowledge and ex- 
 perience in all dyes and drugs to any in Europe or America, I only take 
 the advantage of exposing the ignorance of some pretenders to the like, 
 which is not my intention. I must, however, say that no person whatever, 
 that has not been ten or twelve years constantly employed as a broker 
 of indico, can be a competent judge of that article, or the true value of 
 each quality; therefore, an error in judgment after that time must be 
 deemed a crime, not an oversight." " 
 
 In his next notice he announces, among other things, that 
 he will not purchase any indigo himself, in less than three 
 or four days after it has been surveyed ;. when, if no better 
 price can be obtained for it than his valuation, he will re- 
 ceive it at that, and pay for the same as he has hitherto 
 done.^® 
 
 On September 2, 1763, he writes the following letter to 
 Mr. Emanuel Mendez da Costa, the librarian of the Royal 
 Society of London. This letter was communicated to the 
 
 " The South-Carolina Gazette, March 26, 1763. 
 " Ibid., Oct. 22, 1763. 
 
60 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Society on November 10, 1763, and is incorporated in the 
 Philosophical Transactions for 1763.^'^ 
 
 " In August 1757, I observed the mocking bird fond of a berry, which 
 grows on a weed called Pouck, represented to me as of a poisonous quality ; 
 the juice of this berry being a blooming crimson. I was several times 
 inclined to try, if I could extract a die from it; yet the very thoughts 
 of its quality prevented me from proceeding, till observing these birds 
 to void their excrement of the same colour as the berry, on the Chinese 
 rails in my garden, convinced me it was not of the quality represented. 
 I therefore made a tryal in the following manner. 
 
 " 1st I ordered one of my negroes to gather me a pint of those berries, 
 from which I extracted almost three quarters of a pint of juice, and boiled 
 it with a pint of Bristol water, one quarter of an hour. 
 
 " 2dly. I then took two pieces of flannel and numbered them 1 and 2, 
 boUed them in a separate tin pot with alum a quarter of an hour, and 
 rinced them in cold water. 
 
 " 3dly. I then dipped the piece of flannel No. 1 into the pot, where the 
 juice was, and left it to simmer five minutes, then took it out, and rinced 
 it in cold water; when, to my surprize, I found a superior crimson dye 
 fixed on the flannel than the juice of the berry. 
 
 " 4thly. I then dipped the piece of flannel No. 2 in the same juice, and 
 being desirous to clean my hands from the stain, which No. 1 had caused, 
 I ordered some lime water to be brought me, such as we use to settle our 
 indico, and found the colour of the stain change to a bright yellow. This 
 unexpected change urged me to throw a wine glass-full of lime water into 
 the pot, where the piece of flannel No. 2 was simmering; on which all 
 the juice, as well as the flannel, became of a bright yellow, by which I 
 find alum fixed the crimson, and lime the yellow. 
 
 " 5thly. Having then put a quart of fresh juice in 2 pint decanters, in 
 one of which I piit a small quantity of powdered alum, I laid them up; 
 about six weeks after, I then examined them, and found the juice in the 
 decanter, which had no alum, was turned black, and the other retained 
 its colour." ^° 
 
 " An Account of a new Die from the Berries of a "Weed in South Caro- 
 lina: In a letter from Mr. Moses Lindo, dated at Charles Town, Septem- 
 ber 2, 1763, to Mr. Emanuel Mendez da Costa, Librarian of the Royal 
 Society. Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 53, pp. 238-239. 
 
 " Dr. Kayserling, in Frankel-Graetz's Monatsschrift fUr Geschichte 
 und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, Vol. 8, p. 165, refers to Lindo as a 
 
MOSES LINDO 61 
 
 We continue to meet with Moses Lindo in the Gazettes 
 for some years longer. Several of the advertisements are 
 of no particular interest, others are extremely interesting. 
 For the sake of completeness, we note here all the refer- 
 ences to him in chronological order. He advertises on 
 October 8, 1764. In his advertisement of May 4, 1765, he 
 refers to "the iniquitous practices which have been com- 
 mitted with Carolina Indico," and which he declares he will 
 never countenance. 
 
 In June, 1765, there is an interesting reference to him in 
 a contemporary diary.^^ Here is the entry: 
 
 "Monday, 3. Dined this day with Mr. Thomas Ldston, a reputable 
 mereht bom here: is a man of great opeuess & politeness, of generous 
 sentiments & very genteel behaviour: passed the afternoon veiy agi-eably 
 in his sumer house with him & Mr. Lindo, a noted Jew, inspector of Indigo 
 here." 
 
 The next item is very amusing. It occurs in the Gazette 
 of July 28, 1766. Moses Lindo, in his investigation into the 
 properties of "roots and weeds," makes a valuable medical 
 discovery, and, while not, as far as we know, a member of 
 the medical profession, he is public-spirited enough not to 
 
 rich farmer who owned many negroes. There is nothing to show that 
 Lindo planted at all. From what we know of his life, this is most un- 
 likely. The Columbia records show two grants of land to him but in the 
 upper part of the State, remote from Charleston. The records Likewise 
 show that he purchased a negro man on two occasions. These were prob- 
 ably merely his personal servants. The Jewish Encyclopcedia likewise 
 represents Lindo as a wealthy planter and slave-owner." If we are to 
 believe Lindo himself, he was not wealthy and as we have just stated, he 
 was not a planter. In his paper, read before the American Jewish His- 
 torical Society, Mr. Hiihner tells us that Moses Lindo " was in the army 
 and held an important post"! (See The American Hebrew, Dec. 29, 
 1899.) 
 
 " Journal of a voyage to Charlestown in So. Carolina hy Pelatiah Web- 
 ster in 1765. (Charleston, S. C, 1898.) 
 
62 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 desire to retain the boon for himself, so he writes this letter 
 to the Gazette: 
 
 "MR. TIMOTHY: 
 
 " HAVING lately made a valuable discovery, the CURE of that grievous 
 and common disease among the Negroes, called the YAWS." * * * « i 
 beg leave to make use of the channel of your paper to make the Recipe 
 public for the good of mankind, without the least view to my private 
 advantage; and to request that such gentlemen whose negroes have been, 
 or may be cured, will make the same publickly known, so as to be com- 
 municated to his Majesty's other American dominions. I am yours, &e. 
 
 " MOSES LINDO, 
 ' " Inspector-General of Indico." 
 
 The recipe is interesting, as a fair sample of the thera- 
 peutics of the eighteenth century : 
 
 " RECIPE TO CURE THE YAWS, &c. 
 
 " To a pound of Poke root, add three ounces of Tobacco, and an ounce 
 of Roman Vitriol, boil the same in five quarts of water, till reduced to a 
 gallon, and strain it. With this, wash the infected part three times a day. 
 A pint is sufficient for ten or twelve days. 
 
 " At the same time use a diet drink, made of Two pounds of Lignum 
 Vitae shavings, four ounces of the bark of Sassafras root, four ounces 
 of Anniseeds, and half a pound of brown sugar, boiled in four gallons of 
 water till reduced to three. The patient to take a pint a day, mixed 
 with three pints of water for twenty-one days." 
 
 Moses Lindo advertises again on November 10, 1766, and 
 on January 19, 1767, he writes a long letter to Mr. Timothy 
 on the present status of Carolina indigo abroad : 
 
 " I have lately observed with concern, in an account of a public sale of 
 12 casks of French, and 23 of Carolina Indico on the 28th of August 
 last" * * * "that all the French sold at 4s 5d to 5s 5d per lb, while 
 only one cask of the Carolina allowed to be fully as good as the best 
 French, obtained no more than 3s 8d, and all the rest sold amazingly low." 
 
 He attributes the difference to a combination at home 
 among the importers of foreign indigo, to discourage its 
 cultivation in his Majesty's Colonies. He *^ publickly 
 
MOSES LINDO 68 
 
 avers" that the Carolina indigo, which he distinguishes 
 as first sort, properly prepared by the dyer, will yield a 
 superior dye to the very best French. He ought to know 
 more certainly than the generality of people by reason of 
 his long experience and expert knowledge. 
 
 Lindo was a man of resources and a true protectionist. 
 He suggests, that as there exists a prejudice of 25 per cent 
 against Carolina indigo brought about by the combination, 
 that the British Parliament, instead of continuing the pres- 
 ent bounty, should lay Is. a pound duty on all the French, 
 exported from Britain and which would save no less than 
 £12,000 per annum to the Government, and at the same 
 time give suflBcient encouragement to cultivate 1,500,000 
 pounds in his Majesty's Colonies, for the use of British 
 manufactories. As Inspector-General of Indico in this 
 Province (though without a salary) he thinks it his duty 
 ''to rescue that valuable branch of our staples from the 
 malign influence of designing men" as far as it lies in his 
 power. 
 
 In the Gazette of October 10, 1771, Moses Lindo has a 
 lengthy communication in defence of the custom of packing 
 Carolina indigo in the Spanish shape. ''Judges," he says, 
 "never buy from outward appearance; they will examine 
 its inward Quality. Therefore, there can be no Fraud in 
 the Imitation. ' ' He quotes in defence of his contention the 
 custom of mercers who, in order to get off their fine silks, 
 are often obliged to call them French, though wholly wove 
 in Spitalfields. He makes several observations on Carolina, 
 Florida, and Guatemala indigo and ends by the statement 
 that he has the interest of this country ' ' as disinterestedly 
 as much at heart" as any native, and is resolved to spend 
 the remainder of his days here, where merit will meet with 
 its reward, without partiality, from the highest to the low- 
 est of its inhabitants. 
 
 In the Gazette of July 23, 1772, he advertises that it 
 
64 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 would afford him great satisfaction, if three or four per- 
 sons, well experienced in the indigo business, would under- 
 take the sorting and garbling of indigo for exportation, by 
 which means that valuable produce might recover its repu- 
 tation both at home and at foreign markets. His own ser- 
 vices are only at the disposal of his regular patrons, whose 
 names are appended. 
 
 On August 6, 1772, there is an announcement that 
 ''Moses Lindo, Esq., has resigned the place of Inspector- 
 General of Indico for this Province." 
 
 On August 20, 1772, Lindo publishes a letter to Henry 
 Laurens, Esq., containing his reasons for refusing to act 
 any longer as Inspector-General of Indico. He would not 
 seal certain classes of indigo ''and bring disgrace on the 
 Seal with a Crown over G. R." He would still continue, 
 however, to serve his friends, if his knowledge could be of 
 any use to them. 
 
 On November 12, 1772, he advertises again vindicating 
 the action he has taken. 
 
 The next item is a most interesting one and deserves to 
 be investigated further, if only as a matter of curiosity, by 
 some English-Jewish antiquarian. It occurs in the Gazette 
 of March 15, 1773 : 
 
 " Moses Lindo, Esq., his Majesty's Inspector General of Indico, having, 
 about eight years ago, accidentally met with, and for a Trifle purchased, 
 a Stone (among others) found in this Province, which he judged to be 
 a WATER SAPPHIRE or TOPAZ, and then declared to be too valuable 
 a jewel to be possessed by any other than the Queen of England, making 
 a Vow, that it should be sent to her Majesty; we hear, has accordingly 
 sent the same, in the Eagle Packet-Boat, by the Hands of the Right Hon. 
 Lord Charles-Greville Montagi;, to be presented to her Majesty. The 
 size and shape of this Stone is like Half a Hen's Egg, and the Weight 
 526 Carats." 
 
 On July 13, 1773, Moses Lindo gives a testimonial of char- 
 acter to Jonas Phillips, of New York, who, it would seem. 
 
MOSES LINDO 65 
 
 had become involved in some charge reflecting on his in- 
 tegrity. The original is still extant.^° This interesting 
 docmnent recites that Moses Lindo had "arrived in this 
 Province in the Month of November, 1756, in the good vessel 
 called the Charming Nancy, Commanded by Captain Wil- 
 liam White, that some Three months before he left London 
 he engaged in his Service to come with him to this Province 
 one Mr. Jonas Phillips, that after their arrival together in 
 the same Vessel here, the said Jonas Phillips lived with him 
 some months and that the said Jonas Phillips was in his 
 employ and that he did behave and deport himself faith- 
 fully and honestly. ' ' He expresses his belief that ' ' the said 
 Jonas is trustworthy even to Gold untold." This affidavit 
 was accompanied by a letter in similar terms from Joshua 
 Hart, of Charles Town, in whose house Phillips had like- 
 wise stayed. 
 
 On September 6, 1773, he publishes a lengthy letter to Mr. 
 John Ledyard, of Melksham, in Wiltshire, pointing out 
 many fallacies in the statements made abroad concerning 
 Carolina indigo and showing him how he may prove his 
 own statements by actual experiment, the materials for 
 which he is sending him. This letter is a splendid illustra- 
 tion of Lindo 's patriotic feeling and of his untiring efforts 
 in behalf of the Province. 
 
 On November 22, 1773, he makes a statement of the fight 
 he is making against the combination in London against 
 Carolina indigo. He recites what he has done to promote 
 the welfare of the Province and refers to a recommendation 
 that is to be made to the General Assembly to allow him 
 a yearly salary besides fees. He has not become wealthy 
 as the result of his work : ' ' Should any accident befall me 
 thro ' the infirmities of age or otherwise, I am persuaded it 
 
 '^Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 2, pp. 
 51-55. 
 
66 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 is not difficult for you, or any of my friends to conceive how 
 very wretched a being would be Yours, &c, 
 
 "Moses Lindo." 
 
 He still signs himself Inspector-General of Indico, and on 
 December 27, 1773, there is a notice that ''13,000 pounds 
 weight of indigo, belonging to two planters, were last week 
 sold by Mr. Samuel Prioleau, jun., at a dollar a pound to 
 Moses Lindo, Esq., Inspector-General, who has declared 
 that the whole quantity is equal if not superior to any 
 French that, in the many years ' experience he has had, has 
 gone through his hands, or fallen under his observation." 
 
 Moses Lindo died in 1774. The South-Carolina Gazette, 
 in which he had advertised so extensively for so many 
 years, makes no mention of his death, but in The South- 
 Carolina Gazette; And Country Journal of Tuesday, April 
 26, 1774, we read: 
 
 "DIED, Moses Liiido, Esq; for many years Inspector-General of In- 
 dico in this Town." 
 
 There is but one notice more and that in The South-Caro- 
 lina Gazette of May 23, 1774: 
 
 "Moses Lindo, Inspector-General of Indico, having departed this life, 
 his estate and effects, consisting of Household Furniture, a Variety of 
 Plate, Books, a Gold Watch, Chain and Seals, and other Articles, will 
 be sold at public outcry on Saturday the 11th of June next, about Ten 
 o'clock in the forenoon at the back stores of Messrs. Martin Campbell & 
 Son; on the Bay" * * * 
 
 " May 17th. 1774." 
 
 We have thus kept track of the subject of our sketch from 
 the time he landed in South Carolina till his death. Moses 
 Lindo left no will. The inventory of his estate, dated May 
 17, 1774, and appraised at £1,199.17.8, is recorded in the 
 
MOSES LINDO 
 
 67 
 
 Probate Office in Charleston.^i It has been a source of 
 much gratification to perpetuate the memory of this public- 
 spirited and patriotic Jew, who was a resident of Charles 
 Town from 1756 to 1774. He is but one example of many 
 of his faith who have contributed in no small way to the 
 upbuilding of this great country. 
 
 Probate Records, Book V (1772), p. 591. 
 
CHAPTER /F— FRANCIS SALVADOR 
 
 "More than one hundred passengers are come, in the vessels that have 
 arrived here since our last." * 
 
 HE ''last" number of Tl%e South-Caro- 
 lina Gazette, prior to the one contain- 
 ing the above announcement, was dated 
 November 29, 1773. Following the 
 statement is a list of some of the pas- 
 sengers, and on the list appears the 
 name of Francis Salvador. He was a 
 young English Jew, who had come to settle in the Province 
 and who was destined within the brief space of not quite 
 three years' residence therein to engrave his name j&rmly 
 upon the pages of the history of South Carolina. But be- 
 fore proceeding to tell how he accomplished this, it is neces- 
 sary to give some account of the antecedents of this re- 
 markable young man. 
 
 His grandfather, Francis Salvador, was a son of Joseph 
 Salvador, a Portuguese-Jewish merchant, of Amsterdam. 
 Though the family was known to the commercial world by 
 the name of Salvador, the name which this family had orig- 
 inally borne in Portugal was that of Jessurun, or Isurune, 
 Eodrigues. After the death of Joseph Jessurun Rodrigues, 
 or Salvador, his son removed to England, where he was 
 
 ^ The South-Carolina Gazette, Dec. 6, 1773. 
 
 68 
 
the salvador granti 
 heralds' COLL^, 
 
 Original in the possession h 
 ton. Irreparably damaged b ■; 
 Carolina Inter-State and W 
 1902, after the photo was tal 
 was made 
 
Ll| AND SINGULAli 
 
 ;/ 
 
 i?acb 
 
 /'^/'/ At^A /Y^rf 
 
 ' , ^ ^ /A' /f^ //ir/jyy/;( 
 
 ' '/■iA,/'/A 
 
 • V ^ 
 
 v/zwa/mtyidjiM^/f/. (/jit^e(0f 
 
 
 
 Ill .']u\i ! Itnvti't ili' Lv > Or 
 
 n\ rr ik- 1 ,\^ <*• ^' /• . '' ' y 
 
 *' i 
 
 ! ARMS FROM THE 
 J, LONDON 
 
 lie College of Charles- 
 'ater during the South 
 ' Indian Kxposition In 
 ifrom which this plati- 
 
FRANCIS SALVADOR 69 
 
 enfrancliised and made a free denizen by letters patent 
 dated at Westminster, April 24, 1719. The father and son 
 were both men of prominence and used a eoat-of-arms, but 
 after coming to England the son found that under the laws 
 of heraldry observed in England he could not show a valid 
 title to these arms. He therefore applied, in 1744, to 
 Thomas, Earl of Effingham, Deputy to Edward, Duke of 
 Norfolk, Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of Eng- 
 land, to have the arms confirmed unto him, his descendants, 
 and all descendants of his father, Joseph Salvador. The 
 application was approved by his Lordship, who issued a 
 warrant to the Garter and Clarenceux Kings of Arms on 
 March 19, 1744, and the arms were properly confirmed by 
 a grant made by these officials on June 1, 1745.^ 
 
 The grantee of these arms, Francis Salvador, and his 
 sons, Jacob and Joseph, were for many years wealthy mer- 
 chants of London and were conspicuously identified with 
 the ancient Spanish and Portuguese Jewish Congregation of 
 that city. It is worthy of note that in the records of the 
 Sjmagogue the old family name — Jessurun Rodrigues — is 
 retained as late as 1764.^ 
 
 The subject of this sketch was the son of Jacob Salvador, 
 who died when his son Francis was about two years old. 
 Shortly after Jacob's death his widow gave birth to another 
 son, Moses. The two sons were liberally educated by a pri- 
 vate tutor and the best masters, and were taught the accom- 
 
 ' This original grant was subsequently brought to South Carolina by a 
 member of the Salvador family and is now preserved in the library of 
 the College of Charleston. This beautiful specimen of heraldic art 
 is now unfortunately ruined, having sustained irreparable damage from 
 water through the carelessness of its- custodians during the South Carolina 
 Inter-State and West Indian Exposition in 1902. For a transcript of this 
 document see Appendix C. 
 
 'Picciotto: Sketches of Anglo- Jewish History, pp. 161-164. Gaster: 
 History of the Antient Synagogue, Bevis Marks — A Memorial Volume. 
 
70 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 plishments suitable to their wealth and rank. Upon coming 
 of age, each of them inherited £60,000 sterling. Francis, 
 after spending some time in France, returned to England 
 and married his first cousin, Sarah, second daughter of 
 Joseph Salvador, received with her a marriage portion of 
 £13,000, and resided at Twickenham, near his mother, who 
 had married Abraham Prado. Moses Salvador lived for 
 many years in the Hague.* 
 
 Unfortunate investments having reduced his fortune, and 
 the earthquake in Lisbon and the failure of the Dutch East 
 India Company having impaired that of Joseph Salvador, 
 his father-in-law and uncle, Francis Salvador determined 
 to settle in South Carolina, where Joseph Salvador owned 
 a hundred thousand acres of land in Ninety Six District, 
 which he had purchased from John Hamilton, of Charles 
 Town, South Carolina, in 1755, for £2,000 sterling.^ In 
 1769 Joseph Salvador executed a power of attorney to 
 Richard Andrews Rapley, who was about to depart for 
 South Carolina, to sell a part of this land for him. In 
 October, 1773, Rapley sold two tracts of it, containing 1,062 
 and 1,638 acres respectively, to Abraham Prado, stepfather 
 of Francis Salvador. On the sixth day of the same month 
 Joseph Salvador sent to Rapley a special power of attor- 
 ney, by which Rapley, on May 17, 1774, in consideration of 
 £1,611 currency, conveyed to '^ Francis Salvador, late of 
 Twickenham in the County of Middlesex but now of the 
 Province aforesaid Esqr," 921 acres of the one hundred 
 thousand acre tract. Again, on May 31, 1774, by the same 
 special power of attorney, Rapley conveyed to Francis Sal- 
 vador, by way of mortgage, ' 'in consideration of seven thou- 
 sand Lawfull money of the said Province" which Joseph 
 Salvador owed him, 5,165 acres more of this land, so that 
 
 * Drayton : Memoirs of the American Revolution, Vol. 2, pp. 347-349. 
 ^ Mesne Conveyance Records, Book F 3, p. 133. 
 
FRANCIS SALVADOR 71 
 
 by collecting a debt and by direct purchase the accomplished 
 young gentleman, who had come to cast his lot in a new and 
 almost unbroken section, was now the possessor of a planta- 
 tion of nearly seven thousand acres. Drayton tells us that he 
 purchased slaves and began the life of a planter, living with 
 his friend, Rapley, at Coronaca, in Ninety Six District.® 
 His education and polished manners soon won for him a 
 prominent position in his District and in the Province. He 
 sjnnpathized with the popular movement in South Carolina 
 against British oppression, and at the election held on Mon- 
 day, December 19, 1774, for deputies to the First Provincial 
 Congress of South Carolina, he was returned as one of the 
 ten deputies from Ninety Six District — his friend, Rapley, 
 being another J The first session of the Provincial Congress 
 convened in Charles Town on Wednesday morning, January 
 11, 1775, and continued in session until Tuesday evening, 
 January 17th.^ Salvador was in attendance and his fine 
 abilities were soon recognized, and when on Sunday, the 
 15th, an election was held for members for the several elec- 
 tion districts on the Committee for Effectually Carrying 
 into Execution the Continental Association and for Re- 
 ceiving and Determining upon Applications Relative to 
 Law Processes, he was chosen one of the committee for 
 Ninety Six District.^ He also attended the second session 
 of the Congress in June, 1775, and was again conspicuous 
 in its work. At the election held on Monday and Tuesday, 
 
 'Drayton: Memoirs of the American Revolution, Vol. 2, p. 348. In 
 the supplement to The South-Carolina and American General Gazette for 
 Sept. 9, 1774, he advertised for an indigo overseer to live near Ninety Six 
 and look after about thirty slaves. 
 
 ' The South-Carolina Gazette, Dec. 26, 1774. 
 
 '^ The South-Carolina and American General Gazette, Jan. 13, 1775; 
 The South-Carolina Gazette, Jan. 23, 1775; Moultrie: Memoirs of the 
 American Revolution, Vol. 1, pp. 14-18. 
 
 * The South-Carolina Gazette, Jan. 30, 1775. 
 
72 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 August 7 and 8, 1775, he was returned as a Deputy from 
 Ninety Six District to the Second Provincial Congress,^*^ 
 taking his seat when the Congress convened on Wednesday, 
 November 1, 1775, and was, as in the previous Congress, 
 placed upon important committees and conspicuous in de- 
 bate. At the second session of the Second Provincial Con- 
 gress, held in February and March, 1776, Salvador was 
 again conspicuous in committee work and in debate. On 
 February 6th he was placed upon a special committee to 
 inquire into the state of the interior parts of the Province 
 lately in commotion; to consider what measures to pursue 
 to preserve the peace, secure safety, and prevent future 
 commotions in that quarter, and to consider the cases of the 
 state prisoners and report what measures should be pur- 
 sued in relation thereto.^ ^ On February 13tli he was named 
 as one of a special committee of three to extract such parts 
 as they should judge proper to be generally known from 
 the intercepted letters taken from Moses Kirkland and one 
 written by John Stuart to the Committee of Intelligence.^^ 
 On February 21st Mr. Salvador, from the first special com- 
 mittee mentioned above, made a report to the Congress, but 
 consideration of it was postponed,^^ and subsequently a 
 part of the report was recommitted. In Congress, on Feb- 
 ruary 28th, Salvador was appointed a teller for the *^Yeas" 
 on the question of raising another regiment of riflemen for 
 the regular service of the Revolutionary Government of 
 South Carolina, and had the satisfaction of seeing the ques- 
 tion carried by his side by a vote of fifty-one to thirty- 
 
 " The South-Carolina Gazette, Sept. 7, 1775. 
 
 " Extracts from the Journals of the Provincial Congress of South- 
 Carolina, second session, held at Charles Town, Feb. 1-March 26, 1776 
 (Charles Town, 1776), p. 13. 
 
 " Ibid., pp. 29-30. 
 
 " Ibid., pp. 51-52. 
 
FRANCIS SALVADOR 73 
 
 seven.^^ On March 2d Mr. Salvador, for the special com- 
 mittee, reported on the recommitted part of the original 
 report, and consideration of the report was agreed upon 
 for the next day. On March 3d, hefore proceeding with the 
 consideration of Mr. Salvador's report, a committee of 
 seven was appointed to consider ways and means of pay- 
 ing for services already voted and report the next day, and 
 Mr. Salvador was named as one of this committee.^ ^ On 
 March 20th Mr. Salvador was placed upon a special com- 
 mittee of five to report the next day what salaries were 
 proper to be allowed to the several public officers.^® Dur- 
 ing the consideration of the report the next day, a motion 
 was made to agree to the provision fixing the salary of the 
 President at £10,000 per annum, and when the question was 
 put to the house Mr. Salvador was appointed teller for the 
 ''Nays," who won.^^ On March 26th the engrossed copy of 
 the new Constitution being laid before Congress, Colonel 
 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Mr. Salvador were ap- 
 pointed a special committee to examine it and compare it 
 with the rough draft thereof. ^^ Later in the day Colonel 
 Pinckney for this committee reported that he and Mr. Sal- 
 vador had carefully examined the engrossed copy of the 
 Constitution and found it correct.^ ^ The new Constitution 
 was adopted that day and by one of its provisions the Pro- 
 vincial Congress was declared to be the General Assembly 
 of the new State until the 21st of October following, ^^ thus 
 making Salvador one of the members of the first General 
 Assembly of the new independent State of South Carolina. 
 
 ^* Extracts from the Journals of the Provincial Congress of South- 
 Carolina, second session, held at Charles Town, Feb. 1-March 26, 1776 
 (Charles Town, 1776), p. 69. 
 
 " Ibid., p. 81. " Ibid., p. 132. 
 
 " Ibid., p. 111. " Ibid., p. 133. 
 
 " Ibid., p. 115. "• Ibid., p. 140. 
 
74 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 He participated in its proceedings until its adjournment on 
 April 11, 1776. 
 
 Soon after the adjournment of the General Assembly a 
 British fleet, having under convoy transports bearing a 
 British army, appeared before Charles Town and began 
 preparations for an attack on the town. At the same time 
 British emissaries on the frontier of South Carolina began 
 to instigate the Cherokee Indians to deeds of violence 
 against the people of the upper part of the Province. The 
 Tories and Indians in the rear were expected to cooperate 
 with the fleet and army in front and crush the rebellion at 
 once. The fleet and army made a combined attack on the 
 28th of June and were severely defeated. The Indians 
 made their onslaught on Monday, July 1st. They poured 
 down upon the people of Ninety Six District, massacring 
 all who fell in their way. One of the plantations they 
 attacked was that of Captain Aaron Smith, on Little River. 
 Two of Captain Smith's sons escaped on horseback — one 
 riding to Mr. Salvador's plantation, on Coronaca Creek, 
 and one to Major Andrew Williamson's plantation (White 
 Hall). Mr. Salvador immediately rode to Williamson's. 
 Major Williamson was then in command of the militia regi- 
 ment of Ninety Six District, and he, with Salvador's assist- 
 ance, immediately began to collect the militia of the neigh- 
 borhood, and by Wednesday, July 3d, having collected forty 
 men, marched to Smith's, whence they moved to a point 
 about six miles above Captain Pickens's fort. Their force 
 increased each day until the 8th, when it amounted to two 
 hundred and twenty men, and they marched to Holmes's 
 field, on Hogskin Creek, about four miles from the Chero- 
 kee boundary line, at De Witt's Corner, and encamped. 
 By the 16th Williamson's force had increased to four hun- 
 dred and fifty, and he advanced to Barker's Creek. As 
 Williamson had not been joined by any of the militia com- 
 mands from the eastward of Saluda River, Mr. Salvador 
 
FRANCIS SALVADOR 75 
 
 rode thither on Saturday, July 13th, and found Colonel 
 Williams and Colonel Lisle, with detachments from their 
 commands, and two companies from Colonel Richardson's 
 regiment, amounting in all to four hundred and thirty men. 
 This force was attacked on Monday, the 15th, but repulsed 
 the Indians and Tories. Williamson's force now rapidly 
 increased. He was joined by a detachment of the 3d Regi- 
 ment under Captain Felix Warley and Captain John 
 Bowie's company of the 5th Regiment, and on July 25th 
 marched to Hencoop Creek, destroying in the meantime all 
 Indian villages and corn from the Cherokee boundary line 
 to their middle settlement, and on the 29th to Twenty-Three 
 Mile Creek, his force now amounting to 1,151 militia and 
 regulars. Having been informed by two white prisoners, 
 captured by his scouts, that some white men in the service 
 of the British were encamped at Oconee Creek, about thirty 
 miles away, and that they had been joined by the Essenecca 
 Indians, who had completely abandoned their town on the 
 Keowee River, Williamson decided to march at once to their 
 camp and attack them. With a detachment of three hun- 
 dred and thirty men on horseback, and the two prisoners 
 as guides, he set out about six o'clock on the evening of July 
 31st for the purpose of surrounding the enemy's camp at 
 daybreak the next morning. The Keowee River crossing 
 Williamson's route, and only fordable at Seneca, obliged 
 him to take the road by that village. Before he arrived at 
 that point the enemy, having either learned of his march 
 or expecting to ambush some of his scouts, had taken pos- 
 session of the first houses in Seneca and had posted men 
 behind a long fence on an eminence close to the road along 
 which Williamson's detachment was to march, and, to pre- 
 vent being seen, had filled up the openings between the rails 
 with bushes and cornblades. When Williamson's force 
 reached the spot, about half-past one o'clock in the morn- 
 ing, they allowed the guides and advance guard to pass and 
 
76 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 then poured in a heavy fire upon Williamson's men. The 
 attack, being unexpected, staggered the advance party. 
 Williamson's horse was shot down and Salvador, riding 
 with him, received three wounds and fell by his side, and 
 before he could be found in the dark an Indian took his 
 scalp — his being the only one taken. Captain Smith, son 
 of the murdered Captain Aaron Smith, saw the Indian and 
 could have stopped him, but thought it was Mr. Salvador's 
 servant assisting his master and made no effort to stop him. 
 He died forty-five minutes after receiving his wounds, sen- 
 sible to the last. When Williamson returned to him, after 
 defeating the enemy, he asked him if the enemy had been 
 beaten, and, when answered in the affirmative, said he was 
 glad of it and shook Williamson's hand, bade him farewell, 
 and said he would die in a few moments. 
 
 Thus perished, in the heyday of young manhood, one 
 whose future was full of promise both to himself and to 
 the young Republic.^^ ' ' The whole army regretted his loss, 
 as he was universally loved and esteemed by them. ' ' ^^ 
 Where he was buried we are not informed, but his body 
 
 " Francis Salvador was only twenty-nine years of age at the time of his 
 death. Mr. Hiihner, in his paper on Francis Salvador, read before the 
 American Jewish Historical Society, informs us that " he was certainly no 
 more than thirty-five or forty years of age at the time of his arrival." 
 {Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 9, p. 111.) 
 His guess is somewhat wide of the mark. His age at the time of his arrival 
 was twenty-six. This fact is easily obtained from the following data : His 
 father, Jacob Salvador, died in 1749. (See The Gentleman's Magazine, 
 Vol. 19, p. 189.) Francis Salvador was about two yeaxs of age when his 
 father died. (See Drayton: Memoirs, Vol. 2, p. 347.) He was there- 
 fore born in 1747. He arrived in Charles Town in December, 1773. For 
 further data concerning the family of Salvador see The Gentleman's 
 Magazine, Vol. 6, p. 112; Vol. 8, p. 546; Vol. 10, p. 36; Vol. 11, pp. 
 554 and 608; Vol. 19, p. 189; Vol. 24, p. 484; Vol. 30, p. 249; Vol. 33, 
 p. 618. 
 
 " The Remembrancer for 1776, Part 2, p. 320. 
 
FRANCIS SALVADOR 77 
 
 was doubtless taken back to his plantation at Coronaca, 
 He was the first Jew in America to represent the masses in 
 a popular assembly .^^ 
 
 " See Drayton : Memoirs of the American Revolution, Vol. 2, pp. 339- 
 350. Williamson's report to President Rutledge, published in Gibbes: 
 Documentary History of the American Revolution, 1764-1776, pp. 125- 
 126. This report as published in Gibbes is incon-ectly copied. It is 
 headed " Col. Thomson to W. H. Drayton" and the date is printed " 1775." 
 It should, of eoui-se^ be 1776. At the outset of this expedition Williamson 
 was only major of the Ninety Six District regiment, being the senior officer 
 and in command, but while on this expedition he was promoted to the 
 colonelcy of the regiment, receiving his commission about August 1st, 
 Captain Le Roy Hammond receiving at the same time the lieutenant- 
 colonelcy. See also The [London] Remembrancer for 1776, Part 1, p. 
 114, and Part 2, pp. 319-20. For some interesting Salvador correspond- 
 ence see Gibbes: Documentary History, 1776-1782, pp. 24-30. 
 
CHAPTER F— THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 
 
 describe the part played by the Jews 
 of South Carolina — or rather by the 
 Jews of Charles Town, for there is 
 nothing in the records, with one or two 
 exceptions, of any other Jews of South 
 Carolina who saw service in the field — 
 is a task quite easy and yet difficult. 
 Till now the story has not been written. A few traditional 
 tales, distorted according as the imagination of the story- 
 teller was more or less vigorous, and still further distorted 
 by Jewish editors, are all that we now possess. No attempt 
 has hitherto been made to go to original sources. Hence it 
 is that the traditional items that found their way into Lee- 
 ser's Occident some fifty years ago have gone the rounds 
 of the newspapers and the books, and have been so often 
 repeated that they have come to be looked upon as narra- 
 tives of fact. Read the story of the Jews of Charleston 
 where you will, you will find nothing but the same old 
 stories told over and over again, with variations more or 
 less absurd. 
 
 The trouble with all past writers, without exception, has 
 been that they have made no attempt to ascertain the facts. 
 Our present data are all of them traditions which, while con- 
 taining a germ of truth, are, like all traditions, largely unre- 
 liable. Fortunately for us, historical material in Charleston 
 is so abundant that it is possible to write the story of the 
 78 
 
CAPTAIN ABRAHAM MENDEZ SEIXAS, I 7 5O— I 799 
 
 From an original oil-painting in the possession of Mr. Leopold H. Cohen, of New York 
 
THE R 
 
 t^KRIOD 
 
 (distorted 
 
 describe the ; 1 by the Jews 
 
 of South Carolina — or rather by the 
 Jews of Charles Town, for there is 
 ni feline: in the records, with one or two 
 •ns, of any other Jews of South 
 ho saw service in the field — 
 ' ' ^'flicult. 
 ■ ional 
 ^tory- 
 orted 
 tempt 
 nee it 
 ay into Lee- 
 he rounds 
 so often 
 IP narra- 
 'larleston 
 e old 
 ...J re or 
 
 g a gei 
 
 tion, has 
 ' facts. 
 e con- 
 US, largely unre- 
 ial in Charleston 
 ..V, the story of the 
 
 QQ^I-OJ-I <eAXI32 S3a'/[3M MAHAMflA MIAT1A0 
 JiuV ,ri,y. 1o .risrioD .H bloqoaJ .iM 1o nois^sseoq srfj ni gahnifiq-Iio iBnigiTO ne moil 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 79 
 
 Jews of Charleston in the eighteenth century in almost as 
 complete detail and with the same historical accuracy that 
 one could write their history of twenty years ago. The news- 
 papers are here almost complete. The records are here 
 almost complete. These will furnish the historian with the 
 facts, and these facts will testify as eloquently to the value 
 of the Jew as a citizen as the glittering generalities and the 
 specious absurdities that have till now passed current as 
 history. We are far away enough removed from the scene 
 to view the story in its true perspective. As before, we 
 shall, wherever possible, let the records speak for them- 
 selves. 
 
 If it be the verdict of history that the Jew has been an 
 important factor in the material development of every coun- 
 try in which he has lived, it is equally true that he has every- 
 where manifested his appreciation of the protection and 
 freedom which have been vouchsafed to him by his willing- 
 ness to bear the full burdens of citizenship, even to the ex- 
 tent of ungrudgingly laying down his life in his country's 
 defence. One needs no better illustration of Jewish patriot- 
 ism than the story of the Jews of South Carolina. To ap- 
 preciate the part that the Jews of this State played in the 
 Revolution, however, one must possess an adequate knowl- 
 edge of the history of South Carolina as well as a knowledge 
 of the local field. Without this local knowledge, the writing 
 of reliable local history is manifestly impossible, but this 
 truth has not yet dawned upon the minds of many latter- 
 day writers. 
 
 To understand the position of the Jews of South Carolina 
 in the Revolution we must understand the position of South 
 Carolina in the Revolution. South Carolina was a favored 
 colony. She had none of the grievances, e. g., of Massachu- 
 setts. Her trade with the mother country was large. Her 
 agricultural products were sold at good prices to England, 
 and her industries were fostered by generous bounties on 
 
80 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 the part of the home government. Her only grievance was 
 the question of '^lome rule," and that question was of little 
 concern to the people at large. The only aggrieved ones 
 were the intellectual and ambitious classes, and with such, 
 a commercial population could scarcely be expected to be in 
 sympathy. The masses were naturally hostile to a revolu- 
 tion which threatened to disturb the quiet progress of a 
 trade of which, having interests unlike those of New Eng- 
 land, they had nothing to complain. 
 
 The population of South Carolina, too, was a very mixed 
 one. South Carolina was an English colony, and the Eng- 
 lish are by nature loyal. So are the Scotch, and they were 
 numerous. The foreign settlers were opposed to the Revolu- 
 tion, and it is only what is to be expected, therefore, that 
 public opinion in South Carolina should have been well 
 divided. 
 
 Not that the sentiments of the masses were always known. 
 A merchant to-day, if he is wise, does not go out of his way 
 to proclaim his political views to every customer who enters 
 his store, yet one can talk freely with far more impunity 
 to-day than he could have spoken at the beginning of the 
 Revolution. The commercial population simply watched 
 the course of events, awaited developments, and later on 
 showed unmistakably where they stood.^ 
 
 Jews are proverbially loyal to the ruling power. As was 
 the case with the rest of the population, Jewish sentiment 
 was divided. We shall see later that there were a number 
 of Jews whose sentiments were known to be pro-British. 
 The number of Jews who served in the field, however, and 
 who rendered other service to the Revolutionary cause, in 
 
 ^ These facts are forcibly set forth in two brilliant articles from the pen 
 of W. Gilmore Simms in the July and October numbers of The Southern 
 Quarterly Beview for 1848 — articles which ought to be read and read 
 again by all who are interested in the history of South Carolina. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 81 
 
 proportion to their total number, was phenomenally large. 
 Of this the records leave no doubt. 
 
 Before referring to these records, however, it would be 
 well to glance at the militia system of South Carolina at 
 the outbreak of and during the Revolution. We take note 
 only of pertinent points. 
 
 Every man between the ages of sixteen and sixty who 
 was able to bear arms was compelled to enroll himself in 
 some militia company. Prior to 1775 he could enroll himself 
 in any company he pleased, but subsequent to November 20, 
 1775, he could only enroll himself in the regiment of the 
 district in which he lived.^ 
 
 By a resolution of the Provincial Congress dated June 
 17, 1775, volunteer companies of not less than fifty might 
 organize themselves into companies of foot, choosing their 
 own officers.^ 
 
 By an Act of 1778 a company consisted of sixty men.* 
 
 In the same Act it is further enacted * * that there shall not 
 be formed any volunteer company in this State after the 
 passing of this Act."^ 
 
 The duties of a militiaman were '*to appear completely 
 armed once in every fortnight for muster, train, and exer- 
 cise," to do patrol duty, and to be drafted for a limited 
 time, usually thirty or sixty days, according to the season 
 of the year, when deemed necessary by the Governor or 
 Commander-in-chief.® 
 
 A man could furnish a substitute and thus be himself ex- 
 empt from militia duty.'^ 
 
 ' The South-Carolina Gazette, Nov. 28, 1775. 
 
 ' Supplement to The South-Carolina Gazette, Sept. 7, 1775. 
 
 * Statutes of South Carolina, Vol. 9, p. 667. 
 
 • Ibid., p. 667. 
 
 ' Ibid. See also The Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, March 10, 
 1779. 
 ' The South-Carolina Gazette, March 10, 1779. 
 
82 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Among those exempt from military services were cler- 
 gymen and teachers.^ 
 
 These militia laws do not seem to have been generally 
 observed. We find one presentment after another of the 
 grand juries calling attention to their neglect. It is worth 
 remembering, too, that every man was not physically able to 
 do military duty. Many were excused. Moultrie himself 
 tells us this in referring to those who surrendered after the 
 siege.^ 
 
 Before proceeding with the story it would be well to indi- 
 cate the present status of our knowledge of this most inter- 
 esting chapter of American Jewish history. It may teach a 
 useful lesson to those who undertake to write history. 
 Here, then, is the latest production on the subject, printed 
 under the auspices of the American Jewish Historical So- 
 ciety and the author, Leon Hiilmer, Esq., A.M., LL.B., the 
 Curator of the Society. It is taken from the article 
 ''Charleston" in Volume 3 of The Jewish Encyclopedia 
 (New York, 1902) and is presented without abridgment: 
 
 ''During the struggle for independence the Jews of 
 Charleston distinguished themselves by their patriotism. 
 Not a single case of Toryism was to be found among them,^^ 
 while many instances of devotion to the cause of indepen- 
 dence are recorded. The majority did good service in the 
 field, mainly as officers." The most prominent Jew at the 
 
 'Statutes of South Carolina, Vol. 9, p. 620. 
 
 • * * * " This threat brought out the aged, the timid, the disaffected, and 
 the infirm, many of them who had never appeared during the whole siege." 
 * * * a J g^^ ^-^Q column march out, and was surprised to see it so large, 
 but many of them we had excused from age and infirmities." — Memoirs, 
 Vol. 2, pp. 108-9. 
 
 '" This is not true, as will be clearly shown. 
 
 " The only officer in the Revolution among the Jews of South Carolina 
 was Captain Abraham Seixas, who fought as a lieutenant of the Con- 
 tinental Line in Georgia. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 83 
 
 outbreak of the war was Francis Salvador, who resided near 
 Charleston^ 2 and whose remains are interred in the old 
 Charleston Cemetery.^^ Salvador was a member of the Co- 
 lonial Assembly^* as early as 1774,^^ and of the Provincial 
 Congress as well. He was one of the leading patriots of the 
 South. 
 
 * ' In 1779 a special corps of volunteer infantry was organ- 
 ized for the defence of the city,^^ and this regiment was com- 
 
 " Francis Salvador did not reside near Charles Town, but at Ninety Six, 
 which is in the northwest of the State, almost as far from Charles Town as 
 one could get without leaving South Carolina. 
 
 " Francis Salvador's remains are not interred in the old Charleston 
 Cemetery, It is Joseph Salvador who is buried here, — the uncle and 
 father-in-law of the patriot, — and he is buried, not in the old cemetery, 
 but in the Da Costa burial-ground in Hanover Street. 
 
 " There never was such a body in South Carolina as the " Colonial As- 
 sembly." There was a " Commons House of Assembly of the Province of 
 South Carolina," but Salvador was not a member of that body. The last 
 election held prior to the independent government established on March 
 26, 1776, was held during the latter part of 1772, — before Salvador came 
 to South Carolina, — and the first election for the General Assembly, 
 created by the Constitution of 1776, took place in October, 1776 — after 
 Salvador's death. (See The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical 
 Magazine for January, 1902.) 
 
 " Salvador was not a member of any legislative body in 1774. He was a 
 Deputy to the Provincial Congress of 1775, and also to the second Pro- 
 vincial Congress of 1775-6. 
 
 "This company, referred to by all previous writers, is a myth. Abun- 
 dant reason for this opinion will be given in the text. The reference is to 
 Captain Richard Lushing^on's Company of the Charles Town Regiment 
 of Militia, which regiment had been in existence since 1738. This com- 
 pany, consisting of about sixty men, included possibly twenty Jews. We 
 have several references to Lushington's Company in the literature. In 
 The Gazette of the State of South-Carolina of Nov. 11, 1778, there are the 
 names of twelve members of this company, of whom but two are Jews. 
 In the same Gazette for March 10, 1779, five more names are given and 
 only one is a Jew, So that out of seventeen men who served in this com- 
 pany at the time it is supposed to have been organized, there were only three 
 
84 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 posed almost exclusively of Israelites.^ '^ Among its mem- 
 bers were Daniel N. Cardozo, Jacob I. Cohen, and Isaiah 
 Isaacs.^^ The regiment subsequently fought under General 
 Moultrie at the battle of Beaufort. Among those who served 
 in the field may be mentioned Jacob De La Motta, Jacob 
 De Leon, Marks Lazarus, and Mordecai Sheftail, who was 
 Commissary-General for South Carolina and Georgia,^^ but 
 who must be considered as a resident of Savannah, rather 
 than of Charleston.2" Major Benjamin Nones, a French 
 Jew in Pulaski's regiment, distinguished himself during the 
 siege of Charleston and won the praise of his commander 
 for gallantry and daring." ^^ 
 
 Jews. We have the names of twenty-five of Lushington's men who were 
 not Jews, and others will doubtless be brought to light. If further proof 
 is needed that there was no volunteer company organized in 1779, it is 
 sufficient to refer to the Militia Act of 1778, which expressly prohibited 
 the organization of volunteer companies after its passage. 
 
 " The transition from a " corps" (sic) to a regiment, in two lines, is 
 really too violent even for historical romance. A regiment, composed al- 
 most exclusively of Jews, and the majority officers! 
 
 " By Daniel N. Cardozo is probably meant David N. Cardozo. We have 
 no record of Jacob I. Cohen as a member of Lushington's Company, and 
 who Isaiah Isaacs is we cannot imagine. 
 
 " " Sheftail" should be Sheftail. Mordecai Sheftail was not Commis- 
 sary-General for South Carolina and Georgia. He was " Deputy Com- 
 missary-General of Issues for the Southern Department," i.e., to the 
 Continental army assigned to the Southern Department. The Commis- 
 sary-General of South Carolina was a State officer of militia and this 
 office was held by Thomas Farr, Jr. 
 
 ** He was a resident of Savannah and cannot be considered as anjrthing 
 else. 
 
 " The author has dealt at length with the article " Charleston" in The 
 Jewish Eneyclopcedia in a review of that article published in The [Charles- 
 ton] Sunday News of Dec. 14, 1902, which has been reprinted in pam- 
 phlet form. The article " Charleston" is a historical curiosity. Con- 
 sisting of less than a thousand words, it contains more mistakes than one 
 would ordinaiily find in a volume of a thousand pages, and such mistakes 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 85 
 
 Such is history as ''made to order" to-day. The day is 
 past, however, when such writing can be allowed to pass un- 
 challenged. 
 
 Let us now look at the records and see what they have to 
 tell. These records are by no means as incomplete as we 
 have hitherto been led to imagine. We have so many side 
 sources of information that we may claim that it is possible 
 to present a picture of the part that the Jews of South Caro- 
 lina played in the Revolution with almost absolute fidelity. 
 "We must, however, dismiss completely the fictions of the 
 early writers. 
 
 What are these side sources of information? We have 
 first of all the Record and Pension Ofiice and the Bureau of 
 
 as could not have been made had the article been entrusted to anyone in 
 the slightest degree familiar with the subject. There is scarcely a state- 
 ment that is correct. The writing of this review was anything but a 
 pleasant task, but it was a public duty. The time is fast approaching 
 when the complete story of the Jews in America will have to be written. 
 The Jewish Encyclopcedia is going to furnish much of the material for 
 the future historian. This work has been widely heralded as the acme 
 of accuracy. In the department of American Jewish Histoiy, however, 
 it is far from perfection. The best that can be said of it is that it is 
 not worse than some other encyclopaedias, and some of them are bad 
 enough. 
 
 It should be noted here that the author's review has given rise to an 
 interesting controversy with the writer of the article. This gentleman's 
 reply, together with the author's rejoinder, appeared in The [Charleston] 
 Sunday News of Feb. 8, 1903. This rejoinder was suppressed in The 
 American Israelite and The American Hebrew, both of which published 
 Mr. Hiihner's communication. In marked contrast to the unfairness of 
 these papers was the attitude of the Jewish Comment, which published the 
 rejoinder in full abstract. That such an original contribution to the his- 
 tory of South Carolina might not be hidden away in two obscure religious 
 weekly papers and thus perhaps be lost to posterity, the author has re- 
 printed both Mr. Hiihner's reply and his own rejoinder in his Pamphlet 
 Reprints. These can be consulted in many of the large public Libraries 
 and in the libraries of the leading historical societies of this country. 
 
86 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Pensions at Washington. We have a vast number of Revo- 
 lutionary records in this State. There is that wonderful 
 Emmet Collection in the New York Public Library. There 
 are a number of contemporary diaries available to us. 
 There are the tombstones in our cemeteries and the files of 
 the newspapers, which rarely fail to mention military ser- 
 vices in the obituary notices of deceased patriots. We have, 
 finally, a list that is fairly complete of the Jews who lived 
 in South Carolina during the Revolutionary period, and we 
 can account for the vast majority of them. We can now pro- 
 ceed to deal with the records intelligently. 
 
 The first real fighting in which the Charles Town militia 
 were called into service was the battle of Fort Moultrie, in 
 June, 1776. There were only a few militia in service on 
 Sullivan's Island, Fort Moultrie being garrisoned princi- 
 pally by South Carolina regulars. There were quite a num- 
 ber of Jews in the Charles Town militia. Who they were 
 we shall see later. Several of them saw service at Fort 
 Moultrie. 
 
 Simms, in his History of South Carolina, has preserved 
 a most interesting reminiscence of the battle of Fort Moul- 
 trie in a letter from Joseph Johnson, the author of the well- 
 known Traditions and Reminiscences, to Colonel Wade 
 Hampton, dated 27th June, 1842. Here is an extract from 
 the letter : 
 
 " When the fire from Fort Moultrie first began to slacken for want of 
 powder, it was proposed to Colonel Moultrie by the commissary, De 
 Lion,^^ that some refreshment should be served out to the men, who had 
 been on duty ever since daylight. This being approved, a rum cask 
 
 ^ It would be interesting to know who this " De Lion" was. The only 
 man of this name of whom the records make mention is Isaac De Lyon, 
 but he was a Tory and he appears to have settled in Charles Town in 
 1779. Nor can the name be a misprint for De Leon. Jacob De Leon 
 was only twelve years old at the time. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 87 
 
 sawed into two parts was brought oi;t on the platform and filled with 
 rum and water, the usual drink of the inhabitants and the rations of the 
 troops." " 
 
 The result of the battle of Fort Moultrie was to insure 
 undisturbed peace to South Carolina from June, 1776, to 
 February, 1779. Trade went on pretty much as usual. The 
 people married and gave in marriage, and beyond internal 
 dissensions on account of the Loyalists there is nothing to 
 be noted of interest. 
 
 Between 1776 and 1778 Richard Lushington was promoted 
 to be captain in the Charles Town Regiment of Militia. His 
 company included nearly all of the Jews of Charles Town 
 who fought in the Revolution, and that for reasons we have 
 already seen : Soldiers had to enroll themselves in the dis- 
 trict in which they lived. Richard Lushington 's district ex- 
 tended on King Street, from Broad Street to Charles Town 
 Neck, above the modern Calhoun Street. King Street was 
 then, as now, a principal business street, and most of the 
 Jews had their stores there. It would be an easy matter 
 to compile a list of Jews who lived in King Street, but this 
 would serve no useful purpose. The newspapers show that 
 quite a number of Jews lived in other streets. Of the names 
 of men in Lushington 's Company that have come down to 
 us the Jewish names are in a decided minority. 
 
 Lushington 's Company took part in several engagements. 
 It fought in the battle of Beaufort in February, 1779. Here 
 Joseph Solomon was killed.^* The Charles Town militia 
 likewise took part in the attempt to recapture Savannah in 
 the same year. Here David Nunez Cardozo distinguished 
 himself.^^ 
 
 '^ Simms : History of South Carolina, 2d edition, Charleston, 1842, p. 
 342. 
 
 " Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, March 10, 1779. 
 
 '" " The deceased served as a Subaltern Officer in the militia of South 
 Carolina during a great part of the Revolution, until made a prisoner 
 
88 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 That the Jews both of Charles Town and Savannah had 
 done their full duty to the patriot cause is attested by a 
 splendid piece of uncontradicted contemporary testimony. 
 It occurs in a letter in The South-Carolina and American 
 General Gazette of December 3, 1778. Mrs. Crouch's paper 
 containing the libel is no longer in existence, and while the 
 attack has come down to us by reason of the reply, we have 
 in this instance, at least, no cause to regret it. The style of 
 the letter is quaint, but its contents are telling : 
 
 "MR. WELLS, 
 
 " On perusing Mrs Crouch and Go's paper of the 1st instant, I was 
 extremely surprised to find, in a piece signed An American, a signature 
 sufficient to lead every honest and judicious man to imagine, that whatever 
 was said in so publick a manner, should be ingenuous and true, assertions 
 directly contrary. Here are his words: 
 
 " ' Yesterday being by my business posted in a much frequented comer 
 of this town, I observed, in a small space of time, a number of chairs and 
 loaded horses belonging to those who journeyed, come into town. — Upon 
 inspection of their faces and enquiry, I found them to be of the Tribe 
 of Israel — who, after taking every advantage in trade the times admitted 
 of in the State of Georgia, as soon as it was attacked by an enemy, fled 
 here for an asylum, with their ill-got wealth — dastardly turning their 
 backs upon the country when in danger, which gave them bread and pro- 
 tection — Thus it will be in this State if it should ever be assailed by our 
 enemies — Let judgment take place.' 
 
 " I am apt to think, Mr. Printer, that the gentleman is either very blind, 
 or he is willing to make himself so; for I am well convinced, had he 
 taken the trouble of going closer to the chairs, he would have found that 
 what he has thus publickly asserted was erroneous and a palpable mistake. 
 
 of war in 1780. He was also attached to the Forlorn Hope when the 
 lines of Savannah were attacked by the combined forces of Gen. Lincoln 
 and Count de Estaing." — From inscription on his tombstone, Jewish 
 Cemetery, Coming Street. 
 
 " He marched with the Grenadier corps from Charleston to the Lines 
 before Savannah, and as first non-commissioned officer of Capt Boquet's 
 company, volunteered and led the Forlorn Hope in the assault on the 
 British lines." — Obituary notice in The Charleston Courier, July 10, 1835. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 89 
 
 as he might have been convinced they were of the female kind, with their 
 dear babes, who had happily arrived at an asylum, where a tyrannical 
 enemy was not at theirs or their dear offsprings heels. I do, therefore, in 
 vindication of many a worthy Israelite now in Georgia, assert, that there 
 is not, at this present hour, a single Georgia Israelite in Charles Town; 
 and that so far to the contrary of that gentleman's assertion, I do declare 
 to the Publick, that many merchants of that State were here on the 22d 
 ult, and on being informed of the enemy landing, they instantly left this, 
 as many a worthy Gentile knows, and proceeded post haste to Georgia, 
 leaving all their concerns unsettled, and are now with their brother citi- 
 zens in the field, doing that which every honest American should do. 
 
 " The truth of this assertion will, in the course of a few days, be known 
 to gentlemen of veracity, who are entitled to the appellation of Ameri- 
 cans. The Charlestown Israelites, I bless Heaven, hitherto have behaved 
 as staunch as any other citizens of this State, and I hope their further 
 conduct will be such as will invalidate the malicious and designing fallacy 
 of the author of the piece alluded to. 
 
 " I am. Sir, Yours, etc, 
 
 "A real AMERICAN, 
 and 
 True hearted ISRAELITE. 
 
 " Charlestown, Wednesday, December 2, 1778." 
 
 We next meet with Lusliington's Company at the siege of 
 Charles Town in 1780. Here our information concerning 
 the Jews who fought in the militia is most complete. The 
 original papers of General Lincoln, who was in command 
 of the American army in South Carolina in 1780, are still 
 in existence and are to be seen in the ''Emmet Collection" 
 in the New York Public Library.^^ 
 
 The defence of Charles Town is unique in the history of 
 
 *° The documents in this collection relating to the siege of Charles Town 
 have been incorporated into the Year Book, City of Charleston, for 1897, 
 To Ex-Mayor Courtenay and to Ex-Mayor Smyth the people of South 
 Carolina are under lasting obligations for the making available to stu- 
 dents of this vast mass of priceless material. The accompanying cuts, 
 in reduced fac-simile, are reproduced through the courtesy of Ex-Mayor 
 Smyth. 
 
90 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 beleaguered cities. That it withstood a siege of two months 
 against such overwhelming odds must excite the admiration 
 of all who read the story. Its doom was sealed from the 
 first, but not until provisions had given out and all the am- 
 munition was practically spent ; not until the British were 
 within twenty yards of the American lines, and every hope 
 of assistance was cut off, was there ever a thought of sur- 
 render. But the inevitable came at last. All hope being 
 gone, and further resistance being impossible, to avoid a 
 useless slaughter the prmcipal inhabitants of Charles Town 
 and a number of the country militia petitioned General Lin- 
 coln to surrender. These petitions have come down to us, 
 and on them are many Jewish names. There are three lists, 
 one of civilians, containing three hundred names appended, 
 including a number of Jews; another of country militia, 
 with one hundred and eleven names, but no Jews, and a 
 third, of country militia, with three hundred and forty-six 
 names appended, including a number of Jews. The two peti- 
 tions that contain the names of Jews, with their fac-simile 
 signatures, are here reproduced. One of these signers, 
 Joseph Myers, it will be seen, tried to make "his mark" in 
 script Hebrew. From his Hebrew signature ''Joseph" he 
 appears to be almost as illiterate in that language as he was 
 in English. 
 
 I. 
 
 " To the Honorable Major General Lincoln — 
 
 " The Humble petition of divers Inhabitants of Charlestown in behalf 
 of themselves and others, their fellow citizens — 
 
 " Sheweth 
 
 " That your petitioners being inf orm'd the difficulties that arose 
 in the Negotiation yesterday, and the day preceding, related wholly to the 
 Citizens, to whom the British Commanders offer'd their estates, and to 
 admit them to their parole as Prisoners of War; and your petitioners 
 understanding it as an indisputable proposition, that they can derive no 
 advantage by a perseverance in resistance; with every thing that is dear 
 to them at stake, they think it their Indispensable duty, in this perilous 
 

 CU'^^^^- 
 
 '^/It^/^ 
 
 f^^jt^^j^y^^ y*^^'^'^^f^ -^'^*,^t^^,-^'^ '^ yCu. ^7^SW/» /J^^ 4CPj 
 ^^<:^^^ ^*r;<^ii^ ^y^ Cl/C'^t^^^ /^ ^^^^C^^ ,^;;?^^<%.,j:2:2?<C~----~«*<>^ 
 
 4tii»^t^ ^ /^ g^-» -« ^t^ f^Ta .^Cj ^ y^^^ •^I*»>r ^.f^ /C4^/i ^/ft^t^.^4u:j»y'*f^ 
 
 SIGNATURES OF JEWS DURING THE SIEGE OP CHARLES TOWN IN I "8o 
 Originals in the Emmet Collection, New York PuMic Library 
 

 V»* ^rft*<*^ent^ 
 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 91 
 
 situation of affairs, to request your Honor will send out a flag, in the 
 name of the people, intimating their acquiescence in the terms propounded. 
 " Charlestown, 10th May, 1780." 
 
 [Three hundred names are attached to this petition. Among them are:] 
 
 Markes Lazarus, Solomon Aaron, Philip Minis, Is Da Costa, Jr., Joseph 
 
 Solomons (x.), Gershon Cohen, Jacob Jacobs, Zadok Solomo, Meyer 
 
 Moses, Joseph de Palacios, Philip Hart, David Sarzedas, Abraham Moses, 
 
 Joseph De Palacios, Joseph Myers (x.). 
 
 II. 
 
 " To the Honorable Major General Lincoln 
 
 " The Humble petition of divers Country Militia on behalf of them- 
 selves and others their fellow citizens — 
 
 " Sheweth 
 
 " That your petitioners being inf orm'd the diflBculties that arose 
 in the negotiation yesterday and the day preceding related wholly to the 
 Citizens to whom the British commanders offered their estates and to 
 admit them to their parole as prisoners of war, and your petitioners 
 understanding it as an indisputable proposition that they can derive no 
 advantage from a perseverance in resistance, with every thing that is dear 
 to them at stake, they think it their indispensable duty in this perilous 
 situation of affairs, to request your Honor will send out a Flag in the 
 name of the people intimating their acquiescence in the terms proposed." 
 
 [Here are appended the names of field-officers and men — in all three 
 hundred and forty-six names, among which are the following:] 
 
 Philip Moses, Abraham Cohen, Myer Salomons, Moses Harris, Philip 
 Jacob Cohen, Jacob Moses, Juda Abrahams, Moses Cohen, Emanuel Abra- 
 hams, Samuel Polak, Samuel Jones, Barnard Moses, Junr., J. Cohen, 
 Samuel Mordecai. 
 
 We have on this last petition the names of fourteen 
 Charles Town Jews who served in the militia during the 
 siege. There are several others whose names have come 
 down to us. 
 
 A Revolutionary ''Orderly Booli" in the New York Public 
 Library^^ that covers a period of several months, beginning 
 
 Discovered among the uncalendared MSS. and identified by the author. 
 
92 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 with March, 1780, makes mention of the following Jews as 
 members of the Charles Town Regiment of Militia : David 
 Sarsadas (Sarzedas), Myers Solomon, Frederick Jacobs, 
 Philip Hart, Sampson Simon (Simons), Phillip Minas (Mi- 
 nis), Zodiack Solomon, and Solomon Polock. 
 
 Of these, David Sarzedas had seen service in Savannah. 
 His widow was afterwards pensioned.^^ He came to Charles 
 Town together with several other Savannah Jews after the 
 fall of that city in 1779. 
 
 Philip Minis likewise came to Charles Town in 1779 and 
 was a resident of that city for several years. He had ren- 
 dered service to the Revolutionary cause in Georgia, and 
 was one of those mentioned in the Disqualifying Act of 
 Georgia passed in May, 1780, ''disqualifying the parties in- 
 dicated, and rendering them ever afterwards incapable of 
 holding or exercising any office of trust, honor or profit 
 within the limits of Georgia. ' ' ^^ 
 
 Markes Lazarus saw service in 1776, 1779, and 1780. He 
 was a sergeant-major and was one of the petitioners to Clin- 
 ton in 1780. His record is preserved among those of appli- 
 cants for pensions in the Bureau of Pensions at Wash- 
 ington.^^' 
 
 David Nunez Cardozo was also a sergeant-major. We 
 have already taken note of him. 
 
 Abraham Seixas was a captain of militia in Charles Town, 
 
 ^ See A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services 
 * * * (Washington, 1841.) 
 
 "'Jones: History of Georgia, Vol. 2, pp. 421-3. The name of Philip 
 Jacob Cohen is likewise found on this list. 
 
 ^ " Mr, Lazarus was an actor in some of the eventful scenes of the 
 Revolution and earned the distinction of a single-minded and zealous 
 patriot." — Obituary notice in The Southern Patriot, Nov. 7, 1835. 
 
 The Census of Pensioners shows the following Jewish names: Rachel 
 Lazarus (Mrs. Markes Lazarus), Sarah Cardozo (Mrs. David N. Car- 
 dozo), Rebecca Cohen (Mrs. Gershon Cohen), Judith Abrahams (Mrs. 
 Emanuel Abrahams), Dr. Sarzedas, and Moses Harris. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 93 
 
 but fought as a lieutenant in the Continental Line in Geor- 
 gia. His prayer-book, now in the possession of the author, 
 contains several pages of family records in his own hand- 
 writing, and relates, among other things, that he was * ' ban- 
 ish 'd from Chs Town as disaffected to British Govt and ar- 
 rived in Philada, 29th May, 1782." ^i He returned to 
 Charleston after peace had been declared. 
 
 Joseph Solomon, we have already seen, was killed at the 
 battle of Beaufort. 
 
 Jacob Cohen, we are told in the Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., 
 was ' ' one of the prisoners on parole, that were sent on board 
 the prison ship Torbay and Schooner Pack Horse, the 17th 
 of May, 1781." It is worthy of note that his name is not 
 mentioned in any of the lists of these prisoners in Garden, 
 Ramsay, Drayton, Gibbes, or McCrady. It is confirmed, 
 however, by a British list of these prisoners on file in Wash- 
 ington.^^ 
 
 "In the Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., he is mentioned in the following 
 interesting note: 
 
 "November 1782. Mordeeai Sheftal of Georgia having found Friends 
 in Philadelphia to Assist him in the purchase of a Shallop, Something 
 less in Size than Mr. Savage's, by application thro, a friend at New 
 York, he also readily obtained a Flagg and Passports from Admiral 
 Digby and was allowed to take with him about 100 Bairils of Flour, 
 Bread, &c, for Savannah, and having fully Stuffed his vessel I may truly 
 Say, with Goods and Passengers he departed hence on the Instant, 
 
 besides his own family, there was Ab. Sexias and family, Capt. Wm. 
 Hall and Wife, Capt Albuoy and wife, and some Single Men, amount- 
 ing in all to Persons to whom I most heartily wich a safe and 
 • Speedy Passage." (P. 163.) 
 
 "Boogher: Gleanings of Virginia History (Washington, D. C., 1903), 
 pp. 226-227. 
 
 Curious, indeed, is the mistake that has been made in connection with 
 this Jacob Cohen. In 1839 the heirs of Captain Jacob Cohen (Cowen), 
 of Cumberland County, Virginia, memorialized the 26th Congress for 
 compensation for the service of their father as captain of a com- 
 pany of troopers of the Virginia Continental Line. This British list 
 of prisoners confined on the British ship Torhay was filed, together with 
 
94 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 There is but one name more and the story is complete as 
 far as our present knowledge of the records goes. The name 
 is that of Joseph Marques or Marquise, a member of the 
 6th Regiment, South Carolina Line.^^ 
 
 There are a few other names that have come down to us 
 traditionally. They are mentioned here merely because they 
 have gone the rounds of the newspapers and the books, and 
 are stamped as quasi-authoritative by the American Jewish 
 Historical Society. 
 
 Mordecai Manuel Noah, of South Carolina (1747-1825), is 
 said to have served with General Marion and also on the 
 staff of General Washington.^* He is represented as having 
 contributed £20,000 to the Revolutionary cause. 
 
 Jacob De La Motta is said to have been a captain on Gen- 
 eral Pulaski's staff. ^^ It would be interesting to know who 
 this Jacob De La Motta was. The records do not show this 
 name till long after the Revolutionary period. 
 
 Emanuel De La Motta, we are told, ' ' served in the Revo- 
 lution and in the War of 1812. In recognition of his valor 
 as displayed in battle he was promoted from the ranks to 
 a military position of honor. ' ' ^^ Confirmation of this story 
 is lacking. 
 
 an enormous number of exhibits and depositions, in substantiation of 
 the claim. The exhibits prove conclusively that there was a Captain 
 Jacob Cohen in the Virginia Continental Line, but there is no evidence 
 whatsoever that he is the Jacob Cohen of the Torbay. All of these 
 prisoners belonged to the militia of North and South Carolina. The claim 
 was rightly disallowed. (See Congressional Globe, First Session 26th 
 Congress, p. 239.) Jacob Cohen, of the Torbay, was the son of Moses 
 Cohen, the first Chief Rabbi of the Congregation Beth Elohim, and was 
 the President of this Congregation in 1790, who wrote the historic letter 
 to Washington. 
 
 '^ The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine for April, 
 1904, pp. 87-8. 
 
 ** Wolf : The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, p. 51. 
 '"Ibid. "Ibid. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 95 
 
 Israel De Lieben is also supposed to have risen from the 
 ranks ' Ho a military position of honor and trust. ' ' ^^ 
 
 Jacob I. Cohen, we are informed, ''went to Charleston in 
 1783 [sic] and during the campaign which followed, took 
 part as a volunteer soldier in the Continental army, serving 
 under Moultrie and Lincoln. Frequent references to Mr. 
 Cohen are found in the Madison Papers, and his valuable 
 services are repeatedly adverted to. ' ' ^^ 
 
 Under the heading ''South Carolina Jewish Patriots" 
 Mr. Kohler reprints from The Occident ^^ the oft-repeated 
 story of a company of soldiers who did good service in the 
 defence of Charleston Harbor and who were nearly all, if 
 not all, Jews.'*'^ The original writer of the paragraph says : 
 *'The names of Daniel W. Cardozo, Jacob I. Cohen, Sr., and 
 Isaiah Isaacs, we think, must have been on the roll of that 
 company. * * * Sheftall Sheftall, Isaac N. Cardozo, a 
 brother of David, and Colonel Bush, occur to us just now 
 as brave soldiers in the Revolution." ^^ 
 
 Jacob De Leon, we are informed, was "a distinguished 
 officer of the War of the Revolution.^- He served as captain 
 on the staff of General DeKalb, and when the latter was 
 mortally wounded at the battle of Camden, S. C, De Leon, 
 in company with Major Benjamin Nones and Captain Jacob 
 De La Motta, of the staff, carried De Kalb from the field." ^^ 
 
 " Wolf : The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, p. 50. 
 
 " Ibid., p. 47. 
 
 ™ The Occident, Vol. IG, p. 142. 
 
 *" Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 4, p. 96. 
 
 " Daniel W. Cardozo is probably David Nunez Cardozo, we do not 
 know of any Isaiah Isaacs in South Carolina, Sheftall Sheftall belonged 
 to Savannah, Isaac N. Cardozo is not of record, and Colonel Bush be- 
 longed to Pennsylvania. 
 
 " Wolf : The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, p. 50. 
 
 " This story of Captain Jacob De Leon is one of the many myths of 
 the Jews of South Carolina. The most diligent inquiry and research, 
 continued for many months, failed to discover the date of Jacob De 
 
96 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Leaving tradition, let ns now return to the records. Be- 
 fore resuming, however, let us make this observation, — com- 
 monplace, in truth, but ignored by latter-day writers, — that 
 
 Leon's birth or death, or the place of his burial. He was followed up 
 in the records till 1828, when all trace of him was lost. His tombstone 
 was finally discovered by the author in an old, abandoned cemetery in 
 Columbia, S. C. The inscription reads as follows: 
 
 " Sacred | to the Memory of | Mr. Jacob De Leon j who | Rendered 
 up his Spirit to | Him who gave it on the | 29th September 1828 | aged 
 64 years | Eternity how long." 
 
 Jacob De Leon might thus possibly have been at the battle of Camden, 
 but that he was a captain on De Kalb's staff is hardly imaginable. The 
 story that De Leon, De La Motta, and Nones carried the wounded De 
 Kalb from the field is mythical on its very face. There was no battle 
 fought in the Revolution that has been described in such detail and 
 by eye-witnesses as has the battle of Camden. The accounts agree in 
 all essential details. De Kalb was shot and at once captured hy the 
 British. It is difficult to see how his own staff officers could have car- 
 ried him from the field. (See Lossing: The Pictorial Field-Booh of the 
 Revolution, Vol. 2, pp. 461 et seq. See also Kapp : Life of De Kalb, 
 pp. 234-6. See also the account by Colonel 0. H. Williams, an eye- 
 witness of the battle, in A Narrative of the Campaign of 1780 in the 
 appendix to Johnson's Life of Nathanael Greene, Charleston, 1822.) 
 
 The origin of the tradition is not difficult to account for in this ease. 
 On the occasion of the visit of Lafayette to the United States in 1824-5, 
 De Kalb's body was removed, re-interred, and a monument raised over 
 his remains by the citizens of Camden. The corner-stone of this monu- 
 ment was laid by General Lafayette, and the ceremonies were conducted 
 under the Masonic auspices of Kershaw Lodge, of which Dr. Abraham 
 De Leon was master at the time. (See Voice of Masonry and Tidings 
 from the Craft, Vol. 1, No. 23, Louisville, Ky., 1859.) From Abraham 
 De Leon, who took part in the ceremonies at the re-interment of De Kalb 
 at Camden, to Jacob De Leon, who carried De Kalb from the field at 
 Camden, is not an unintelligible transition. 
 
 It may be worth while to note here an interesting item in reference 
 to the re-interment of De Kalb. A writer in the Baltimore Sun (1886) 
 tells that at the battle of Camden six of the officers were Masons. Among 
 these were several from the Maryland Line, and Major Benjamin Nones, 
 of Philadelphia. After the death of De Kalb, who was a Mason, 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 97 
 
 an entire population never fights. Many are physically un- 
 able to fight, and these will always form a goodly portion of 
 a population ; others are not sufficiently interested to fight, 
 while not caring to run away ; and still others, having fam- 
 ilies dependent upon them, cannot afford to fight. That 
 there were Jews in Charles Town who did not take any 
 active part in the Revolution is evidenced by the minutes of 
 testimony of a Court of Inquiry, held in 1783, which were 
 discovered by the author, under very peculiar circumstances, 
 in the Secretary of State's Office in Columbia.'''' The events 
 that led up to this Court of Inquiry are worthy of note. 
 
 After the evacuation of Charles Town by the British in 
 1782 the city again came into the possession of the Ameri- 
 cans. During the period of British occupation many of 
 those who formerly, perhaps, had favored the patriot cause 
 had gone back to their allegiance. It was now the patriots ' 
 inning. Feeling ran very high in Charles Town. In 1782 
 a Confiscation Act was passed, and a committee was ap- 
 pointed to examine into the standing of every man in town. 
 Many were banished forever and others were called before 
 the committee to give an account of themselves. The Min- 
 utes of Testimony to which we have just referred relate to 
 
 the brethren assembled and buried his remains with Masonic ceremonies. 
 At the time of the erection of a monument over the remains, many 
 years afterwards, Major Nones, who was present at the first burial, 
 was appealed to in order to locate the forgotten grave, which had become 
 level and the headboards rotted, so that it was difficult to locate the exact 
 spot. A full account of this stoiy will be given by Messrs. Kirkland and 
 Kennedy in their forthcoming history of Camden. 
 
 " See The Sunday News, Nov. 29, 1903. These minutes of testimony 
 are contained in a bundle of papers consisting of ten quarto sheets, each 
 of them folded separately into four, thus exhibiting eight narrow pages 
 of writing. The sheets are not in very good condition and are written 
 in a small, crabbed, and illegible hand, with many abbreviations. The 
 lines are close together and notes are added between the lines. They are 
 to be deciphered only with great difficulty. 
 
98 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 proceedings before this committee. The papers bear the 
 date of February and March, 1783, and contain a nmnber 
 of Jewish references which are here reproduced. It will be 
 observed that each man who comes before the committee 
 brings one or more witnesses to testify to his character. For 
 the rest, the documents shall speak for themselves. Here 
 are the items in the order in which they occur : 
 
 " JEWS. 
 
 " Henry Moses. 
 
 " Samuel Levy. 
 
 " Montague Simons. 
 
 " Hyam Solomons. 
 
 " Levy Solomons. 
 
 " Mordicai Lyon. 
 
 "HENRY MOSES. Came in 18 months since from N. York, is a 
 Prussian. Never assisted the British. Has been 3 years in America. 
 Gershon Cohen believes this Petitioner to be an honest man. Mr. Jacobs 
 says he has had a good deal of dealing with Petitioner, he is an honest 
 man. 
 
 " SAMUEL LEVY. Came 18 months agone. He is by birth a Ger- 
 man, came from England to N. York & from thence here. He has not 
 taken an active part, did intend to go out 18 months agone but had no 
 opportunity. Mr. Cohen says this man came as a sutler with a Hessian 
 General and left him. Thinks him an honest man. Jacobs says same of 
 Levy. 
 
 "MONTAGUE SIMONS. Native of London. May will be 2 years 
 since his arrival in America, (this town.) His motive for coming here 
 was to join his 3 Brothers in this town — has not taken a part with the 
 British. Cohen says this is true, believes he is honest. Jacobs says same 
 as of Cohen. 
 
 " HYAM SOLOMONS. Has arrived about 4 months in this town, he 
 was clerk to Messrs McGilvary and Struthers in West Florida. After 
 the reduction of Florida he came and lived in Georgia with Mr Wm 
 Struthers and came to Chas Town to sell a cargo of skins and remit the 
 money. Was born in England but came out young, remembers little of 
 that country. Cohen says this man is a man of good character. 
 
 " LEVY SOLOMON. A German, arrived about 2 years since in York 
 and came from thence to this place. He has not interfered, but has 
 minded only his shop. Mr. Cohen says he came from Germany with a 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 99 
 
 Hessian General, and left him, wishing to stay in this country. Jacobs 
 has known petitioner from a child, he is an honest man. 
 
 "MORDICAI LYON, a Polander, has been 14 months in Chas Town 
 with a wife & child — is a taylor, has done nothing against the American 
 canse, had enough to do to maintain his wife & children. Mr. Cohen 
 says this is tnie, he is an inoffensive man. Jacobs says this is an honest 
 man, & attentive to his work." 
 
 In the second folder, and dated February 20, 1783, we 
 have the followmg: 
 
 " WOLF & others. 
 
 "MOSES SIMONS. 
 
 "HENRY HARRIS. 
 
 " Mr Gershon Cohen knows these Petitioners to be honest men. Simons 
 keeps shop. Arrived in May last 12 month. Harris is a taylor, an honest 
 inoffensive man. Mr. Jacobs says these petitioners are honest men." 
 
 In the fifth folder there is a very amusing item. — ' ' David 
 Cameron's Case." 
 
 " * Moses with the big nose' testifies that he knew Cameron, that he 
 is an industrious man, &c, &c. Mr Abrahams gives similar testimony." 
 
 There is only one more reference and that is in the eighth 
 folder, where Mr. Gershon Cohen appears to testify for 
 William Cox. 
 
 There were other Jews in Charles Town who did not fight, 
 but who rendered equally valuable service to the cause. It 
 should be remembered that during the siege of Charles Town 
 there was no lack of fighting men, and most of the early 
 writers have noted the fact that if there had been more men, 
 the only purpose they could have served would have been to 
 make provisions scarce in a shorter time. Of men who ren- 
 dered good service to the American cause and who were not 
 fighters we have also documentary evidence. 
 
 In The North American Revieiu for July, 1826, page 73, 
 Isaac Harby, referring to the Jews of the Revolution, writes : 
 
100 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 ''My maternal grandfather contributed pecuniary aid to 
 South Carolina, and particularly to Charleston, when be- 
 sieged by the British. My father-in-law was a brave grena- 
 dier in the regular American army, and fought and bled for 
 the liberty he lived to enjoy and to hand down to his chil- 
 dren." The maternal grandfather of Isaac Harby was Meyer 
 Moses and his father-in-law was Samuel Mordecai. To the 
 services rendered by Meyer Moses, General Sumter testified 
 in after years in a letter to Franklin J. Moses, a grandson 
 of the Jewish patriot, who had died in 1787. This letter and 
 a testimonial of similar purport were till quite recently to 
 be seen in Columbia, in the collection of Sumter MSS. They 
 are no longer there, however. The following is the testi- 
 monial : *^ 
 
 " South Mount, October 11, 1831. 
 " I certify that I was well acquainted with Myer Moses, Esq, Merchant 
 in Charleston, So. Ca. I understood and believed that he was friendly 
 and attached to the American cause during the Revolution. I further 
 understood and believe that his treatment to the American wounded and 
 prisoners were such as to entitle him to the good wishes and gi-atitude 
 of all those who had the success of the Revolution at heart. After the 
 fall of Charleston his treatment to the wounded and prisoners who were 
 taken and sent to Charleston was extremely friendly and humane, they 
 being in the greatest possible distress. Moreover I have understood and 
 believed that on these occasions he expended a considerable sum in re- 
 lieving them. 
 
 (Signed) " THOS SUMTER." 
 
 Mordecai Myers, of Georgetown, was another Jew who 
 furnished supplies to the American army.^^ 
 
 We have already referred to the division of sentiment 
 that existed among the population of South Carolina and of 
 
 " The author is indebted to Mr. Altamont Moses, of Sumter, for the 
 copy. 
 
 "See Gibbes: Documentary History (1781-2), pp. 182-3. See, how- 
 ever, also Gibbes (1776-1782), p. 160, "Gen Marion to Col. P. Horry." 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 101 
 
 Charles Town at the outbreak of and during the Revolution. 
 The Gazettes print the names of some who "embarked 
 under an unhappy delusion" for other parts.^^ We read of 
 many who ''left the State to join the enemies thereof."^® 
 Charles Town, in fact, was full of British sympathizers — 
 witness the large lists of petitioners to Clinton, of address- 
 ors of Cornwallis, and of Clinton and Arbuthnot. In con- 
 versation with Moultrie, after the surrender. Captain Roch- 
 fort, a British officer, remarked: ''Sir, you have made a 
 gallant defence, but you had a great many rascals among 
 you who came out every night and gave us information of 
 what was passing in your garrison." ^^ Many at first, nat- 
 urally enough, were very careful as to how they betrayed 
 their real sentiments. When Charles Town surrendered, 
 however, they did not hesitate to show what their senti- 
 ments really were. Others, thinking that South Carolina 
 would finally remain a British province, and hoping to save 
 their property, sincerely returned to their allegiance. Still 
 others were by necessity compelled to accept British pro- 
 tection.^^ 
 
 Referring to the Jewish merchants, Ramsay remarks: 
 "While prisoners, they were encouraged to make purchases 
 from the British merchants who came with the conquering 
 army, and after they had contracted large debts of this 
 kind, were precluded by proclamation from selling the 
 goods they had purchased, unless they assumed the name 
 and character of British subjects." ^^ This could only 
 have been the case with a minority. The majority did not 
 
 *' Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, July 8, 1778. 
 " Ibid., Nov. 24, 1779. 
 "Moultrie: Memoirs, Vol. 2, p. 108. 
 
 *" Ramsay : The History of the Revolution in South Carolina, Vol. 2, 
 pp. 120 et seq. 
 " Ibid. 
 
102 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 take protection or swear allegiance, but left Charles Town 
 after the surrender. 
 
 About August or September, 1780, many citizens of 
 Charles Town presented a petition to the Commandant set- 
 ting forth ' ' that they were very desirous to show every mark 
 of allegiance and attachment to his Majesty's person and 
 Government, to which they were most sincerely well 
 affected, and, therefore, humbly prayed that they might 
 have an opportunity^ to evince the sincerity of their profes- 
 sions." This petition was referred to ''gentlemen of known 
 loyalty and integrity, as well as knowledge of the i^ersons 
 and characters of the inhabitants, in order to report the 
 manner in which the Memorialists had heretofore conducted 
 themselves." This committee reported favorably in the 
 cases of one hundred and sixty-six citizens, including the 
 following Jews : Joseph Myers, Saul Simons, Abraham Al- 
 exander, Moses Eliazer, Philip Cohen, Marcus Lazarus, 
 Philip Moses.^2 
 
 Of these Marcus (Markes or Marks) Lazarus and Philip 
 Moses had been soldiers in the war, and for some or other 
 reason now swore allegiance. Abraham Alexander was 
 the minister of Beth Elohim, and the Synagogue Consti- 
 tution of 1820 (Rule XX) tells us that Rabbi Moses 
 Eleizar was "a learned man in the laws of God, and until 
 his death had taught the youth of this congregation and 
 manifested unremitted zeal to promote religion in this 
 country. ' ' 
 
 There is no evidence to show and no reason for supposing 
 that these men were not expressing their real convictions 
 when they, together with many of the most prominent citi- 
 zens of Charles Town, signed the petition to Sir Henry Clin- 
 
 °' The Boyal South-Carolina Gazette, Sept. 21, 1780. The original 
 oaths of allegiance are still in existence and can be seen in the British 
 State Paper OflSce, London. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 103 
 
 ton.^^ Some of them had doubtless been loyal from the 
 start, and as for those who had taken an active part in the 
 war, they felt that they had fought a good fight, but that 
 now "the game was uj:*" — to use the language of common 
 parlance. And why blame them for returning to their alle- 
 giance? Was it not most natural! Who, living in Charles 
 Town in 1780, could have dreamt that subsequent events 
 would take the turn they did? Those who refused to take 
 protection were deprived of every means of making a living. 
 The only alternative was starvation. Judging by the num- 
 ber and character of those who took protection, the senti- 
 ment must, indeed, have been very strong that the Eevolu- 
 tion would prove a failure and that South Carolina would 
 finally remain a British province. It is most natural that 
 under the circumstances men should strive to save the little 
 property that remained to them. 
 
 The Royal Gazette and The Royal South-Carolina Gazette, 
 published during the period of British occupation, show the 
 following Jews as doing business here during that period : 
 Joseph Abrahams, Jacob Jacobs, Delyon and Moses, Isaac 
 Delyon, Gershon Cohen, Emanuel Abrahams, Abraham 
 Cohen, Abraham Da Costa. 
 
 Of these Emanuel Abrahams, Abraham Cohen, and Ger- 
 shon Cohen had fought in the war. All of these men, how- 
 ever, must either have taken protection after the surrender 
 or have been known to have been well affected or at least 
 not openly hostile to the British cause. Most of them had 
 been doing business right along since 1779. Those whose 
 sentiments were known to have been hostile were sought out 
 
 "It is worthy of note that in a subsequent petition for protection of 
 two hundred and eleven citizens, published in The Royal Gazette of July 
 11, 1781, nothing is said about the petition being referred to a conunittee 
 of citizens of known loyalty and integrity, etc. In this second petition 
 such a reference was unnecessary. The petitioners had been admittedly 
 anti-British. 
 
104 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 by the British and banished. Among these was Isaac Da 
 Costa, Sr., whose estates we have seen were promptly seized 
 and confiscated by the British and himself banished.^^ We 
 have likewise seen Jacob Cohen put on board a prison ship. 
 
 Isaac Delyon was a known Tory and his property was 
 amerced after the Revolution.^^ He came here in 1779. 
 There would doubtless have been other amercements, but 
 the records do not show any wealth among the Jews who 
 remained here in business during the period of British occu- 
 pation. 
 
 Levi Sheftall was at first a patriot, but afterwards a Loy- 
 alist.^^ At the outbreak of the Revolution he was living in 
 Savannah, where he was appointed a Commissary "to pro- 
 vide necessaries for the several companies of men that are 
 ordered out upon duty at and about Savannah." He came 
 to Charles Town in 1779. 
 
 Myer Franks, of Ninety Six District, was another Jewish 
 Tory, of whom an interesting tradition has been preserved : 
 
 "After killing Edward Hampton, the Tories thought it prudent to 
 leave a neighborhood in which they had committed so many murders. 
 The next day Captain John Barry raised a company of militia, and 
 started in pursuit of the ' Bloody Scout,' but did not overtake them. 
 Whilst on the pursuit, in Laurens District, they came to the house of 
 an old Tory, by the name of Franks, who had a very bountiful supply 
 of bacon on hand. The Whigs feeling quite hungry, and not having 
 tasted food for twenty-four hours, thought there was no harm in quarter- 
 ing themselves for a short time in the smoke-house of an enemy. Con- 
 sequently, they not only made free use, for the time being, of the old 
 Tory's bacon, but provided themselves with rations for several days. 
 David Anderson acted as commissary on this occasion, and took the 
 responsibility of judging how much would be a proper supply for the 
 company. It is said that he proved quite a liberal caterer, and that 
 
 '* The Royal Gazette, March 10, 1781. Also ibid., March 14. 
 °'^ Sabine : American Loyalists, p. 255. See also Statutes of South 
 Carolina, Vol. 6, p. 633. 
 ^' Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, Vol. 5, Part 1, p. 30. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 105 
 
 Franks's smoke-house required neither lock nor key after the Whigs left 
 it. This was in 1781. In 1783 peace was concluded, and the independence 
 of the countiy acknowledged. Some years afterwards the people in the 
 upper country, who had been long without law, found the Circuit 
 Court re-established in Ninety Six District. One of the first cases brought 
 in this court was docketed by Myer Franks vs. David Anderson — tres- 
 pass. Many years had passed by, and many things forgotten in the 
 Revolution, but not the taking of Myer Franks's bacon." * * * 
 
 " Be this as it may, Myer Franks brought suit for his bacon, as soon 
 as the luxury of the law was allowed him, by the establishment of the 
 court at Ninety Six. He thought it rather troublesome to bring suits 
 against all who had helped to eat his bacon; or may have been advised 
 by his counsel to begin with the agent in the business. He, therefore, 
 singled out Anderson, the commissary, as the object of his legal ven- 
 geance. The case was called, and a host of witnesses were in attendance, 
 to prove the fact t i the part of the plaintiff, and the use to which the 
 bacon had been appropriated by the defendant. After getting through 
 the testimony, his honor, the presiding judge, ordered the case to be 
 stricken from the docket, and left Mr. Franks to brood over his not 
 having ' saved his bacon,' and to lament that the royalists had not con- 
 quered the rebels." " 
 
 Concerning these Loyalists, it should be remarked here 
 that there was just as much true patriotism in them as there 
 was in the most ardent Revolutionists. Their conduct was 
 actuated by just as high motives. What they did was done 
 according to their best judgment of what was for their coun- 
 try's good, and it required the highest courage to show de- 
 votion to principle amid the opposing current of popular 
 opinion. 
 
 In the Columbia records there are many thousands of 
 ''indents" or certificates, entitling the holder to payment 
 of sums due for services rendered or supplies furnished m 
 the war. There are a few made out in favor of Jews and 
 these are principally for supplies. The dates of these in- 
 
 " Johnson : Traditions and Reminiscences, pp. 454-5. This story was 
 originally printed in The Orion, Vol. 3, pp. 218-9. The facetious ending 
 is Johnson's and is not in the original. 
 
106 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 dents explain the reason. They are nearly all for services 
 rendered subsequent to 1780. After May, 1780, the Charles 
 Town militia were prisoners on parole and very few after- 
 wards took the field. Some did, but there were special rea- 
 sons in their cases. We can account fairly well for the 
 Jewish population.^^ 
 
 After the fall of Charles Town the British compelled all 
 the inhabitants either to swear allegiance or to discontinue 
 business.^^ As many seem not to have regarded the British 
 proclamation, more stringent measures were enacted, and 
 those who refused to take protection were expelled. Many 
 of the Jewish merchants left for Philadelphia, and in 1782 
 we find ten Charles Town Jews in the list of original mem- 
 bers of the Mickveh Israel Congregation of that city.^° 
 There were others, doubtless, whose names do not appear on 
 this list. They all came back, however, after peace had been 
 restored. 
 
 Thus far, then, for the records of this most interesting 
 period of American history. We believe that the facts as 
 here given represent a well-nigh complete statement of the 
 
 °* TLe following indents are made out to Jews and those with Jewish 
 names: Philip Hart (A, No. 224), Abraham Cohen, Georgetown (D. 
 67), Joseph Markess (V. 199), Solomon Pollock, an express rider (N. 
 1470), Lieutenant Abraham Meyers (?) (V. 198 and R. 259), Moses 
 Harris (S. 579, T. 380, and V. 514), J. N. Hart, Georgetown (?), Joshua 
 Jacobs (?) (M. 482 and X. 2561), Joshua Jones (?) (K. 53). Those 
 marked as doubtful we have not been able to prove Jews or to the 
 contrary, 
 
 ^' " No person now a prisoner on Parole in Charles Town, shall have 
 the liberty of exercising any profession, trade, mechanick art, business 
 or occupation" * * * — Revolutionary Documents, Library of Congress, 
 No. 55. 
 
 *° Morals: Jews of Philadelphia, p. 15. The following are the names 
 referred to: Isaac Da Costa, Sr., Isaac Da Costa, Jr., Samuel Da Costa, 
 Philip Moses, Israel Jacobs, Jacob Cohen, Ezekiel Levy, Abraham Sas- 
 portas, Abraham Seixas, and Solomon Aaron. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 107 
 
 story, and that little remains to be revealed by future re- 
 search. The traditional tales of the Jews of South Carolina 
 in the Revolution have in them, like all traditions, an ele- 
 ment of truth. This element of truth we have essayed to 
 discover. If we have destroyed myths, we have put facts in 
 their place, and the facts are no less pleasing than the fic- 
 tions. We have no more, it is true, the ''remarkable fact" 
 of ''a regiment composed almost exclusively of Jews and 
 mainly officers," ''whose names have unfortunately been 
 lost, ' ' but we have the names of at least thirty-four Jews of 
 South Carolina whose services to the cause of independence 
 are matters of record. 
 
 Of Lushington's Company of King Street Jews enough 
 has been said. There is not the slightest difficulty in ex- 
 plaining the tradition. 
 
 Nearly all the Jews of Charles Town who saw service in 
 the Revolution fought in Lushington's command. We have 
 seen why this was the case. From the number of Jews in 
 this company it got the name of the "Jew Company." 
 Forty years afterwards, time enough for legend and fancy 
 to have had full play, we find the writers and speakers — and 
 there was some excuse for them — referring to Lushington's 
 Company of Jews. In furnishing material for a plea for 
 toleration for the Jews of Maryland, in 1826, a little exag- 
 geration was surely pardonable. There is no such excuse, 
 however, for those who undertake to write history. 
 
 And is not the tale that the facts unfold glorious enough ? 
 The Jews of South Carolina furnished the Revolution with 
 Francis Salvador, one of its must trusted leaders. In pro- 
 portion to their numbers they furnished at least as many 
 men as did their neighbors, and gave as freely of their means 
 to the cause. Is it not enough? 
 
CHAPTER K/— JOSEPH SALVADOR 
 
 HE subject of this sketch was a man 
 with a most remarkable career, and in 
 whose latter end pathos and tragedy 
 were largely commingled — Joseph Sal- 
 vador, the uncle and father-in-law of 
 Francis Salvador — a prince among 
 men, as he was a prince among mer- 
 chants, who, overtaken by misfortune, came to Charleston 
 in his old age and died here some two years after his 
 arrival. 
 
 We are mainly indebted to Picciotto for our knowledge 
 of the Salvador family. Of the later history of that family, 
 however, that writer knows nothing. We shall let Picciotto 
 speak for himself, and supplement his account by the facts 
 revealed in the records in Charleston. Here, then, is his 
 story. It would be a pity to spoil it by presenting it in muti- 
 lated paraphrase : 
 
 "Among the most distinguished families of that Congregation* during 
 the eighteenth century, we must mention the family bearing the name 
 of Jessurun Rodrigries. They had originally come over from Holland, 
 bringing with them considerable sums of money, which they had invested 
 principally in commerce, and they ranked as merchant princes among 
 the Jews. The most noted scion of that lineage was Joseph Jessurun 
 Rodrigues, to whom we have already adverted by the appellation of 
 
 ' The Spanish and Portuguese Congregation at Bevis Marks, London. 
 108 
 
TOMBSTONE OV ^LVADOR (1716-I786), DA Ci 
 
 CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
'^^*4y^?A^- 
 
 mSM^^^f/^^ 
 
 ,.H AFTER K/— JOSli 
 
 !-=<^ 
 
 chants, who, o 
 in his old age ^i. 
 
 arrivTil 
 
 HE subject of this sketch was a man 
 with a most remarkable career, and in 
 whose latter end pathos and tragedy- 
 were largely commingled — Joseph Sal- 
 vador, the uncle and father-in-law of 
 ir,.-, ^o[^ Salvador — a prince among 
 as he was a prince among mer- 
 raisfortune, came to Charleston 
 ' some two years after his 
 
 w^ledce 
 
 I'.i : <.>. 1 '« L vi ijlll H.-< 
 
 '.'. I'ai.^i 
 
 his 
 it ki muti- 
 
 the 
 of J 
 
 er from Holland, 
 
 .,i p 1 
 
 sy'iiM : j.i'v>. (II wiiuui *> t ji..'\'. .(11 
 
 A'/ilSOSthJ HTJOo fViOTiddiiAHj 
 
 irun 
 < aviQTzat/OT 
 
 ^The Spanish and Portuguese Cor.: 
 108 
 
 at Bevis Marks, London. 
 
JOSEPH SALVADOR 109 
 
 Joseph Salvador, under which guise the world knew him. He took a lead- 
 ing part in the affairs of his Synagogue and he was ever to the fore 
 when the sufferings of poor humanity were to be relieved. He was 
 president of the Congregation, and one of the most efficient members of 
 the original Committee of Portuguese Deputies. Notwithstanding the 
 extensive financial and mercantile transactions in which he was engaged, 
 he devoted a portion of his time to the improvement of the condition 
 of the needy. He not only gave largely to all existing institutions, but 
 was ever seeking new plans for conquering the hydra-headed evil of 
 pauperism. Now he would help to establish a new society, like that 
 intended to assist Jewish young men in earning their livelihood by hard 
 work, and which, unfortunately, was unsuccessful. At another time he 
 would be found asking permission of the Wardens to enter into a specu- 
 lation on behalf of some deserving families in humble circumstances. He 
 was always a liberal donor to the necessitous. Joseph Jessurun Rodrigues 
 was a partner in the well-known house of Francis and Joseph Salvador, 
 which, after the death of Sampson Gideon, repeatedly negotiated loans 
 for the British Government. We cannot tell at precisely what period the 
 name of Salvador was first adopted, but certainly it must be in the early 
 part of the last century, though it does not occur in the Synagogue regis- 
 ters until about 1760. 
 
 " Personally, Joseph Salvador, to style him by the most familiar desig- 
 nation, was popular, and enjoyed considerable repute among Jew and 
 Gentile; albeit, when he appeared in a theatre on one occasion after the 
 passing of the Naturalization Bill in 1753, he and his party were hooted, 
 and were constrained to withdraw, to the utter disgrace of the civilized 
 and Christian audience. The principal part of his career was accom- 
 panied by unbounded prosperity. He had vastly increased the wealth 
 he had inherited, and he was the first Jew who had been appointed Director 
 of the East India Company. He constructed a handsome house in White 
 Hart Court, Bishopsgate-street, which bore until recent times, if it does 
 not still bear, his name; and in the northeast corner of one of the cellars 
 may yet be seen the foundation-stone, with an inscription laid upon it 
 by his daughter, Judith Salvador. He also was the owner of a country 
 residence, with an extensive park, at Tooting. 
 
 " Joseph Salvador was less fortunate in his latter days. Misfortunes 
 began to befall him. He lost heavily in consequence of the earthquake 
 at Lisbon, he holding much property in various shapes in that city, though 
 this did not appear to affect him much. It was the failure of the Dutch 
 East India Company that brought ruin on him, and that proved almost 
 a calamity to many of the rich Portuguese Jews of England and of Hoi- 
 
110 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 land. This disaster was a great blow to those communities, from which 
 they found it difficult to recover. As for Joseph Salvador, he never 
 raised his head again. All his available property in Europe little by 
 little disappeared, and his last days were spent in obscurity. The family 
 were still possessed of some tracts of land in America, which were in 
 charge of a steward. A nephew of Joseph Salvador, Francis, determined 
 to undertake a voyage to the new continent. It is said that Mrs. Joshua 
 Mendez Da Costa, a daughter of Joseph Salvador, gave up a part of 
 her marriage settlement to furnish funds for the expedition. Francis 
 started to retrieve the family fortunes. In due course letters came ad- 
 vising his safe arrival to the new continent, and announcing his intention 
 of seeking his property. He never wrote again. A long silence ensued, 
 and then it was reported that the unhappy Salvador had been murdered 
 and scalped by Indians! 
 
 "It is related that in 1802 an American arrived in Amsterdam and 
 waited upon Mrs. Texeira de Mattos, Salvador's eldest daughter, and 
 offered her $10,000 to sign a deed giving up all claim on the American 
 property. The lady declined the transaction. In 1812 the stranger once 
 more returned and repeated his offer. He alleged that he was the grand- 
 son of Salvador's former steward; that the land in Mr. Salvadoi-'s time 
 had been a tract of barren forests and utterly valueless; that now it was 
 covered with villages and towns and that he himself had a good holding 
 title thereto. Finally he added that, during the War of Independence, 
 British subjects had forfeited all their rights to property in the United 
 States, and that she could advance no claim whatever to the land. Under 
 these circumstances Mrs. Texeira De Mattos, who was eighty years of 
 age at that time, and who had not the slightest idea as to the State or 
 part of the Union in which the demesne was situated, accepted the sum 
 tendered and signed the required assignment, which thus conferred a valid 
 selling title on the descendant of the steward. The last male representa- 
 tive of the family of Salvador or Jessurun Rodrigues was a member of 
 Lloyd's, and is believed to have died about 1830. In this manner ter- 
 minated that ancient and honorable lineage." ' 
 
 Let us now look at the Charleston records and see what 
 they have to tell. They will enable us to separate the facts 
 from traditions which, while containing an element of truth, 
 are largely erroneous. 
 
 ■Picciotto: Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, pp. 161-4. 
 
JOSEPH SALVADOR 111 
 
 First, as to the date at which the name of Salvador was 
 adopted. We have already referred to the ' * grant of arms ' ' 
 from the Heralds' College, London, to Francis Salvador, 
 the grandfather of the Revolutionary patriot.' In his appli- 
 cation for this grant of arms, in 1744, Francis Salvador 
 states that he is a son of Joseph Salvador, late of Amster- 
 dam, and that he was made a citizen of England (as Francis 
 Salvador) in 1719. It is worthy of note, however, that in 
 the records of the old Bevis Marks Synagogue, London, the 
 names of Jessurun Rodrigues, Jacob Jessurun Rodrigues, 
 and Joseph Jessurun Rodrigues occur in the lists of mem- 
 bers between 1760 and 1764.^ It would thus seem that the 
 name of Salvador had already been adopted by the family 
 in Amsterdam — possibly even in Portugal in their commer- 
 cial transactions, while they still retained the original name 
 of Rodrigues or Jessurun Rodrigues in the Synagogue. It 
 is not unreasonable to surmise that Salvador was the Ma- 
 rano name of the family.^ 
 
 We have seen that when misfortune overtook Joseph Sal- 
 vador he was still possessed of land in South Carolina — in- 
 deed, he was a very extensive land-owner, for he owned no 
 less than 100,000 acres. The history of this land is very 
 interesting. 
 
 In the Mesne Conveyance Records, Volume F 3, page 133, 
 we have the deed of Joseph Salvador's purchase of this land 
 recorded. It is dated November 27, 1755. John Hamilton, 
 
 ^ For a transcript of this document see Appendix C. 
 
 * Gaster : History of the Antient Synagogue. A Memorial Volume 
 (London, 1901). 
 
 " During the Inquisition, thousands of Jews in Spain and Portugal 
 were compelled, outwardly at least, to adopt Christianity. They were 
 called Christaos Novos, or Neo-Christians. The name is derived either from 
 maran atha, meaning " accursed" or " damned," or from the Spanish 
 word marano, which means " hog." The name was applied opprobriously 
 by the Portuguese to the Jews because they did not eat pork. 
 
112 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 late of the Parish of St. George, Hanover Square, in the 
 County of Middlesex, but now of Charles Town, in the Prov- 
 ince of South Carolina, in consideration of £2,000 sterling, 
 money of Great Britain, sells to Joseph Salvador, of Lime 
 Street, merchant, 100,000 acres of land situated at Ninety 
 Six, in the Province of South Carolina. We hear nothing 
 further of this land till 1769, when Joseph Salvador gives 
 Eichard Andrews Rapley, then on his departure into foreign 
 parts, his power of attorney to look after his interests in 
 South Carolina and to sell some 45,000 acres.^ The records 
 show that Rapley succeeded in disposing of a good portion 
 of this land. 
 
 The first transaction on record occurs after the arrival of 
 Francis Salvador in South Carolina. In Volume 4, page 
 12, we have a mortgage recorded from Joseph Salvador 
 per Rapley to Francis Salvador of 5,160 acres of land at 
 Ninety Six. It is dated May 31, 1774, though the trans- 
 action was concluded before Francis Salvador left Eng- 
 land, in October, 1773. On October 29, 1773, Joseph Sal- 
 vador per Rapley sells to Abraham Prado, Francis Salva- 
 dor's stepfather, 1,062 acres for a consideration of 
 £2,124, lawful currency of South Carolina."^ On the same 
 date he sells to Abraham Prado 1,638 acres more.^ On May 
 16, 1774, he sells to Francis Salvador 921 acres.^ On May 
 24, 1774, he sells 1,480 acres to Mathew Edwards.^^ On 
 June 20, 1774, he sells to Andrew Williamson 1,795 acres.^^ 
 On February 23, 1775, Joseph Salvador conveys to Rebecca 
 Mendes Da Costa 20,000 acres of land to satisfy a judgment 
 
 'Mesne Conveyance Records, Vol. F 4, p. 243. 
 
 ' Ibid., p. 191. 
 
 ' Ibid., p. 200. 
 
 " Ibid., Vol. M 4, p. 286. 
 
 '" Ibid., p. 358. 
 
 " Ibid., p. 362. 
 
JOSEPH SALVADOR 113 
 
 which she had obtained against him.^^ On March 2, 1775, 
 there is a deed executed between Joseph Salvador of the 
 first part, and Phineas Serra, Moses Isaac Levey, Emanuel 
 Baruk Louvado, Nathan Modigliani, Solomon D'Anynilar, 
 Samuel Haine, Joseph Franco, David Franco, Jacob Con- 
 salo, Rebecca Mendes Decosta, Benjamin D'Anynilar, 
 Jacob Franco, Francis Franco, — all of London, — who had 
 advanced and lent to him the sum of £3,000 in certain pro- 
 portions. He makes over to them 59,900 acres of land ex- 
 cepting such tracts as had been already sold by Rapley, his 
 attorney, and the tract secured to Rebecca Mendes Da 
 Costa.i3 
 
 On March 31, 1775, he sells to John Lesley 450 acres.^* 
 On December 8, 1777, he sells to Nicholas Eveleigh 3,022 
 acres.^'^ On April 13, 1778, he sells to Benjamin Mitchell 
 300 acres.i*' On April 29, 1778, he sells 1,480 acres to Nicho- 
 las Eveleigh.^ ^ Also another tract of 3,900 acres,^^ and a 
 third tract of 1,048 acres.i» On October 6, 1779, he sells to 
 John McCord 500 acres.^o On November 3, 1779, he sells 
 1,013 acres to Thomas Sanders.^^ The last recorded deed is 
 dated April 21, 1783, when Joseph Salvador, ''having occa- 
 sion for the sum of £1,000, mortgages his plantation, ' Corn- 
 acre,' of 5,160 acres, to William Stephens, of Lime Street, 
 London, Packer." ^2 
 
 In 1783 Joseph Salvador was still in London. All his 
 transactions till now have been made per Richard Andrews 
 
 " Mesne Conveyance Records, Vol. T 4, p. 1. 
 
 "Ibid., Vol. N 7, p. 140. This deed was not recorded till August 29, 
 1804, — long after Joseph Salvador's death. 
 " Ibid., Vol. Z 4, p. 286. " Ibid., p. 241. 
 
 " Ibid., Vol. Y 4, p. 236. " Ibid., p. 243. 
 
 " Ibid., Vol. Z 4, p. 282. ^ Ibid., Vol. K 5, p. 57. 
 
 " Ibid., Vol. Y 4, p. 238. " Ibid., Vol. N 5, p. 201. 
 
 =" Ibid., p. 81. 
 
114 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Rapley, his attorney. He had been living on the money he 
 obtained from the sale of his lands in South Carolina, — com- 
 paratively little, in truth, — but it is pleasant to know that 
 he must have had enough to live comfortably. We have ac- 
 counted for every acre of his vast estate. All that is left to 
 him now is a mortgaged plantation. 
 
 In 1784, when Joseph Salvador was sixty-eight years of 
 age, he came to South Carolina. On April 3, 1784, there is a 
 deed recorded in Charleston of Joseph Salvador, ''now of 
 Ninety Six District, ' ' revoking his former letters of attor- 
 ney to Richard Andrews Rapley.^^ It is surely pathetic to 
 think of a man at his time of life coming to a new world to 
 seek the wreckage of his former fortune. He did not remain 
 long, however, at Ninety Six, for on August 9, 1785, we find 
 a power of attorney recorded from William Stephens to 
 Joseph Salvador, ' ' now of Charles Town. ' ' ^^ 
 
 Of his life and doings in Charleston we know nothing, for 
 the records are silent. We should indeed like to know 
 something of how he spent the last months of his life. Let 
 us hope that he spent them happily. He did not live long 
 after his arrival here. In The Charleston Morning Post and 
 Daily Advertiser of Saturday, December 30, 1786, there is 
 the following notice of his death : 
 
 ''Yesterday died, JOSEPH SALV ADORE, Esq; aged 86 years. He 
 was formerly a most eminent merchant in England, being one of those 
 who furnished that Government with a million of money in two hours' 
 notice, during the rebellion in the year 1745; and likewise was one of 
 the gi'eatest landholders in this country .''^ 
 
 '^ Mesne Conveyance Records, Vol. K 5, p. 135. 
 
 '' Ibid., Vol. S 5, p. 143. 
 
 ^ The Charleston records are manifestly in error in the matter of the 
 age of Joseph Salvador. In The Gentleman^s Magazine for 1812, Part 1, 
 there is a full genealogy of the families of Mendes and DaCosta. In 
 that most interesting chapter there occurs the following entry : " Joseph" 
 [Salvador] " bom 21 Jan. 1716, died at Charles-town, Carolina, 29 Dec. 
 
JOSEPH SALVADOR 115 
 
 Joseph Salvador is buried in the old Da Costa burial 
 ground at Hanover Street. He rests next to his friend, 
 Isaac Da Costa. Here is all that is left of the inscription 
 on his tombstone, the dashes showing where the edges of 
 the slab are broken : 
 
 " — cred to the memory o — 
 Isurune Rodrigues other — 
 — oseph Salvadore of Coron — 
 Fort 96 in the Province of 
 Carolina and late of Tooting 
 in the Kingdom of Grate B — 
 he was one of the Elders — 
 of the Portugeuse Jewish — 
 He likewise was F. R. S. — 
 Governer of several Hos — 
 He was a respectable — 
 bearing misfortunes with — 
 & resignation to the will of — 
 Almighty God trusting in h — 
 Departed this transitory lif — 
 Eve of Sabath 8 of— 
 5547 which answers — 
 of December 1786 — 
 May his soul enj — " 
 
 Thus died this ' ' representative of generosity, kindliness, 
 and courtliness," as Picciotto calls him. His will, made on 
 October 7, 1782, whilst he is still in London, is recorded 
 here in the Probate Court.^^ He bequeathes all his real 
 estate in Great Britain or elsewhere, together with his plan- 
 tations, etc., in South Carolina, to his daughters, Abigail 
 Salvador, Elisebah Salvador, Sosannah, otherwise Susan- 
 nah, Salvador, and William Stephens, of London, packer. 
 
 1786, aged 70 years 11 months; and was buried in the Jew burial-ground 
 there" (p. 22). Joseph Salvador would thus have been sixty-eight yeai'S 
 of age when he came to South Carolina. 
 ■■"Book Wills, 1786-1793, pp. 66-73. 
 
116 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 In addition, he gives £1000 to each of the above-named 
 daughters. He leaves £100 in trust to William Stephens 
 to be paid to such person or persons as his daughter, Judith 
 Mendes Da Costa Salvador, wife of Mr. Joshua Mendes Da 
 Costa, shall appoint by note or writing, or in default of 
 such direction, to herself for her own and separate use. 
 He also leaves to her an annuity of £50 a year. He leaves 
 to Sarah Salvador, widow of Francis Salvador, Esq., £10, 
 and £100 to William Stephens. To his grandson, Jacob 
 Salvador, he leaves £100, when he becomes twenty-one, and 
 to his granddaughters, who may be living at the time of 
 his decease, £200. He leaves £100 to the Portuguese Jews' 
 Synagogue of the city of London. The residuary estate is 
 to go to his daughters. ? 
 
 In a codicil made at Charleston on November 11, 1786, he 
 adds his ''worthy friend Joseph DaCosta" to the list of 
 his executors. He leaves to him in trust £100 sterling 
 "to pay the same to the Portuguese Congregation in the 
 city of Charleston, known by the name of Beth Ek)him 
 Unveh Shallom, or the House of the Lord and Mansion of 
 Peace," and to Mr. Gershon Cohen £20 sterling for the 
 German Jewish Congregation in the city of Charleston, 
 known by the name of Beth Elohim, or House o£ the Lord.^^ 
 To his clerk, Michael Hart, he leaves £100 sterling. 
 
 '" This reference to a German- Jewish congregation in ChairUston in 
 1786 is not without its difficulties. Apart from this reference in the will 
 of Joseph Salvador, we know no place where such a German-Jewish con- 
 gregation is mentioned. Though there are many bequests in contemporary 
 wills to Beth Elohim, there is not a single one to a German- Jewish con- 
 gregation. This is remarkable in view of the fact that with few exceptions 
 these bequests were made by those who were not Portuguese Je%^s by birth. 
 None of the contemporary writers who have referred to the Charleston 
 Jewish community know of more than one congregation , and place of 
 worship. Besides this, there is the fact that in the ei^l/teenth century 
 the custom was not usual among the German Jews of giving names to con- 
 
JOSEPH SALVADOR 117 
 
 There is another codicil added on December 27, 1786. 
 Joseph Salvador is on his death-bed. He cannot sign his 
 name any more, but makes his mark. It reads as follows : 
 ** Fifty pounds more to Mr Michael Hart, my clerk; twenty- 
 five pounds to Mrs Jane Davis; twenty pounds to Mr 
 Charles 'Brown and a hundred pound to Mrs Sary Da Costa, 
 widow. ' ' 
 
 The subsequent history of the Salvador estate is some- 
 what uncertain. Picciotto's story of the American's visit 
 to Mrs. Texeira De Mattos is probably apocryphal. It is 
 strange that Joseph Salvador does not mention her in his 
 will. The story is highly improbable for reasons that are 
 self-evident. We know, however, that there was considera- 
 ble litigation in after years about those lands, which have 
 always been known as ''the Jews' lands." It is impossible 
 
 gregations or synagogues. And if they gave such a name to a congregation 
 in Charleston, would they have given the same name as that which the 
 Portuguese Congregation bore? And, finally, there is no reason for the 
 existence of such a congregation here in 1786. All writers have taken 
 particiilar pains to emphasize the fact of the prejudice or antagonism 
 that existed between the German and Portuguese Jews. There is no trace 
 of such prejudice or antagonism in the history of the Jews of South 
 Carolina prior to 1800. German and Portuguese Jews intennarried freely, 
 and the only lines of demarcation between them were the natural dis- 
 tinctions of birth and education. As a matter of fact, except at the very 
 beginning of the communal hjistory of Beth Elohim, German Jews have 
 always formed a decided majority. When the eight corner-stones of the 
 " New Synagogue" were laid in 1792, of the eight men who laid them — 
 Israel Joseph, Philip Hart, Lyon Moses, Isaac Moses, Emanuel Abrahams, 
 Mark Tongues, Hart Moses, and Abraham Moses, Sr. — seven were German 
 Jews, and of the Committee of Arrangements on this occasion — Daniel 
 Hart, Gershon Cohen, and Moses C. hevy — all three were German Jews. 
 We do not care to be dogmatic in the face of record evidence, but it 
 looks as if there were some mistake here. Is " Charleston" a copyist's 
 mistake for some other place ? The " Return Books" are no longer in 
 existence, so that we cannot say positively. Until further evidence is 
 forthcoming we must continue to doubt. 
 
118 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 to ascertain the details to-day, for the records of Ninety Six 
 District and of its successor, Abbeville District, now Abbe- 
 ville County, in which it was situated, were burnt many 
 years ago.^^ 
 
 Thus ends the singular story of the checkered career of 
 a noble philanthropist. We are proud to perpetuate his 
 memory and proud to think that his ashes now mingle with 
 those of our own beloved dead. 
 
 '^ The late Judge McGowan wrote an article on the subject of these 
 '•' Jews' lands" many years ago, we believe, in the News and Courier. The 
 reference is, unfortunately, not at hand. 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 JACOB COHEN ('I-4I-1808 ), PRESIDENT OF THE CONGREGATION BETH ELOHIM 
 
 IN 1790 
 From an original oil-painting in the possession of J. Quintus Cohen, Esq., of New York 
 
lo-day , 
 
 •essor, . 
 
 11 it was 
 
 AROT 
 
 TATA 
 
 ;ly yix 
 Abbe- 
 many 
 
 ..~j liie singular 
 1 :;ilanthropist. \. 
 and proud to think tl i 
 ^e of our own beloved dead. 
 
 of 
 his 
 ith 
 
 an wTote an article on tiie ,suDjt>ct oi these 
 ago, we believe, in the News and Courier. The 
 •^nce is, unfortunately, not at hand. 
 
 t/iHOja HT3a vtoiTAoa^ionoD 3HT io Tvi3ai83Jjq ,(8081-1^^1) naHOQ aODAI 
 
 oq'\i VII 
 
 •Ato / waK lo ,,pea .nsdoD aujniup .( 'io noiasaaaoq srij ni sdilaieq-Iio Isnigho ns rnoi"? 
 
CHAPTER K//— i783-i«oo 
 
 HE period from the end of the Revo- 
 lution to the year 1800 is interesting 
 to the student, as the period of the most 
 rapid growth and development in the 
 history of the Jewish community in 
 South Carolina. Nothing very re- 
 markable happened during this period, 
 nor were there any Jews here of special prominence. 
 There were some Jews, however, who afterwards became 
 very distinguished. Most of those who had left during the 
 period of British occupation returned in 1783, or shortly 
 after. The Jews had suffered in common with their neigh- 
 bors, and many of them, comparatively wealthy before the 
 Revolution, had to begin the battle of life over again. 
 Many of them engaged in the ''vendue," or auctioneer and 
 brokerage business. They seem to have possessed the con- 
 fidence of the coimnunity and to have soon regained their 
 former flourishing condition, a circumstance that roused 
 the envy of their less successful competitors, for we find 
 more than one spiteful reference to them in the Gazettes 
 of this period — a sure sign of hard times.^ 
 
 Commercially, South Carolina recovered rapidly from 
 the effects of the Revolution, and in the years succeeding 
 that epoch-making event there was a great influx of Jewish 
 
 ^ See, e.g., Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, Sept. 8, 1785. 
 
 119 
 
120 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 population. Jews came here from everywhere — from Eng- 
 land, Germany, Holland, Denmark, France, Russia, Poland, 
 Cura§oa, Jamaica, St. Eustatius, St. Domingo, Newport, 
 New York, and Philadelphia. In 1800, or shortly there- 
 after, Charleston had the largest Jewish population in 
 America. 
 
 Communally, too, we notice a great development during 
 the period under consideration. From 1750 to 1757 the 
 small Congregation worshipped in a small wooden building 
 in Union Street, near Queen Street. From 1757 to 1764 
 they assembled for worship at 318 King Street, near Hasell 
 Street, in a house "standing back in the yard." In 1764 
 they purchased the old burial-ground on Coming Street 
 from Isaac Da Costa.^ In the same year the Synagogue 
 was removed to a building in Beresford Street, near King, 
 where they remained till 1780, when they rented a lot and 
 brick building in Hasell Street from Joseph Tobias. This 
 building had been occupied as a cotton-gin factory, and was 
 now altered and arranged as a place of worship. It was 
 known as the ''Old Synagogue." This property, with an 
 adjoining lot, was afterwards purchased from the estate of 
 Joseph Tobias in 1792.^ This was not the site, however, 
 on which the present Synagogue stands. The site of the 
 "New Synagogue" was bought from Susannah Quince in 
 1791.4 
 
 In 1784 the Hebrew Benevolent Society was established 
 — a society that is still in existence and carries on the be- 
 neficent work of its founders.^ 
 
 ''Mesne Conveyance Records, Vol. C 3, p. 108, 
 
 ' Ibid., Vol. M 6, pp. 45 and 48. 
 
 *Ibid., Vol. H 6, p. 98. The various sites of the buildings where the 
 Congregation Beth Elohim worshipped are discussed in Shecut: Essays, 
 p. 30; The Occident, Vol. 1, pp. 338-9; Year Booh, City of Charleston, 
 1883, p. 302. 
 
 ° For a history of this Society see Appendix D. 
 
1783-1800 121 
 
 In 1791, we are informed, the Congregation had increased 
 to fifty-three families, nmnbering upwards of four hundred 
 persons. In this year it became incorporated by an Act of 
 the Legislature.*^ A copy of the petition for incorporation 
 is still preserved.'^ The original is no longer in existence. 
 It is entitled : ' ' The petition of the Wardens and Elders of 
 the Jewish Congregation in Charleston, called Beth Elohim 
 or House of God." 
 
 The following account of the ^ ' New Synagogue ' ' is taken 
 from the Year Book, City of Charleston, 1883, pages 306-8 : 
 
 " In January, 1792, the Synagogue being too small for the increased 
 number of members, the Congregation purchased the adjoining lot from 
 the heirs of Nicholas Trott, former Chief Justice of the Province, and 
 determined to erect a larger place of worship. A subscription was com- 
 menced for this purpose, and the members contributed most liberally. 
 The necessary amount was soon raised, proposals issued, and the contract 
 made with Messrs. Steedman & Horlbeck. The building with the orna- 
 mental work and cupola cost $20,000. The committee who procured the 
 subscription and superintended the erection of the edifice were Messrs. 
 Jacob Cohen, Gershom Cohen, and Philip Hart. To the indefatigable 
 exertions of these gentlemen, who frequently advanced large sums from 
 their individual purses, was the Congregation indebted for the beautiful 
 building they afterwards possessed. 
 
 " Friday, the 14th day of September, 1792, was the day appointed for 
 the ceremony of laying the corner-stones of the sacred edifice. On that 
 day the Congregation assembled in the ' Old Synagogue,' and after Divine 
 service proceeded in procession to the spot where the new building was 
 to be erected. Eight marble stones were laid — one at each corner of the 
 building, and one at each corner of the porch. Each stone bore the name 
 of the person laying it, also the date and an inscription in Hebrew and 
 English. The first stone was placed in the East by Mr. Israel Joseph, 
 and the second in the West by Mr. Philip Hart. These two gentlemen 
 having contributed very generously to the building fund the Congregation 
 awarded them this honor. The pri\dlege of laying the other six was dis- 
 posed of at auction, privately, and was secured by the following gentle- 
 men, at the annexed prices: Mr. Lyon Moses the third at £15; Mr. 
 
 ' Statutes of South Carolina, Vol. 8, pp. 161-3. 
 ' The Occident, Vol. 1, pp. 384-5. 
 
122 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Isaac Moses the fourth for £13; Mr. Emanuel Abrahams the fifth for 
 £18 ; Mr. Mark Tongues the sixth for £9 6s. ; Mr. Hart Moses the sev- 
 enth for £8 10s., and Mr. Abraham Moses, Sr., the eighth for £8 7s. The 
 Committee of Arrangements having charge of the ceremony, in their report 
 to the Vestiy speak in glowing terms of its having been ' conducted by 
 the rules and regulations of the ancient and honorable fraternity of Free- 
 masons.' 
 
 " In 1794 the Synagogue was completed, and on Friday, the 19th of 
 September of that year, the consecration took place, at which solemn and 
 imposing ceremony Governor Moultrie, the civil and military officers of 
 the State, the municipal authorities, the clergy and citizens, attended. At 
 the consecration and at every succeeding anniversary the highest honors 
 were awarded to Israel Joseph and Philip Hart as the principal bene- 
 factors to the building, to Lyon Moses for presenting a set of beautiful 
 brass chandeliers, and to Messrs. Jacob Cohen and Gershom Cohen for theii 
 zeal and energy in superintending the work until its completion. In 
 1799 the Congregation, at the suggestion of Mr. David Lopez, opened a 
 subscription for the purpose of erecting a handsome ' ark.' The sum 
 required was soon realized, and a chaste and beautiful one built, the con- 
 struction of which with its rich and graceful drapery added greatly to 
 the beauty of the building. 
 
 " The ceremony of the erection of the ark was similar to that of laying 
 the corner-stones of the Synagogue. Eight stones were deposited under 
 each column of the ark. The one under the southwest corner contained 
 the following inscription: 
 
 " ' This marble laid under the S. W. column of the Achal of " Beth 
 Elohim," on the 9th of Elul, 5550, by David Lopez, one of the committee 
 under whose superintendence this Achal was planned and erected by the 
 liberal contribution of the members. 
 
 " '7w perpetuam rei memoriam.' " ' 
 
 We must now go back a little. The Federal Government 
 was established in 1789, and in 1790 the Jewish community 
 of Charleston addressed the following letter of congratula- 
 tion to General Washington on his elevation to the Presi- 
 dency : 
 
 * A short account of the ceremonies at the consecration of the Synagogue 
 is given in The South-Carolina State Gazette of Sept. 20, 1794. 
 
1783-1800 123 
 
 " Charleston, S. C, July 15th, 1790. 
 "To the President of the United States: 
 
 " Sir : We presume to divert your attention for a few moments from 
 the more important matters which require it, in order to express the sincere 
 desire and Lively gratitude we experience, in common with our fellow- 
 citizens in your election to and acceptance of the exalted office of President 
 of the United States. As soon as the Federal Government was instituted, 
 the eyes of your fellow-citizens throughout the States were drawn towards 
 you; their unanimous voices at once proclaimed you the most worthy 
 to preside over it, and their anxious wishes awaited your consent to assume 
 your proper station. The spontaneous effusions of heartfelt satisfaction 
 which burst forth, the unstudied plaudits which universally and publicly 
 resounded on the occasion, seemed to us to obviate the necessity of any 
 particular address. But as these have been presented to you from different 
 classes and sects of our fellow-citizens, as additional attestations of your 
 eminent deserts, and their well-assured prospect of increasing happiness 
 from your wise and virtuous administration, we are desirous even thus 
 late not to appear deficient in this respect, especially as every day which 
 has intervened has tended to realize what we so fondly anticipated. Vari- 
 ous, extensive and invaluable are the benefits which your fellow-citizens 
 have derived from the glorious revolution which, under Providence, you 
 have been the principal instrument in effecting. To them it has secured 
 the natural and inalienable rights of human nature — all the requisite privi- 
 leges and immunities of freedom, and has placed within their reach peace, 
 plenty, and the other blessings of good government. To the equal partici- 
 pation and enjoyment of all these, it has raised us from the state of 
 political degradation and grievous oppression to which partial, narrow, 
 and illiberal policy and intolerant bigotry has reduced us in almost every 
 other part of the world. Peculiar and extraordinary reason have we, 
 therefore, to be attached to the free and generous Constitution of our 
 respective States, and to be indebted to you, whose heroic deeds have 
 contributed so much to their preservation and establishment. In a degree 
 commensurate to its wise and enlarged plan, does the general government 
 attract our regard, framed on principles consentaneous to those of the 
 Constitution of the different States, and calculated by its energy to em- 
 brace and harmonize their various interests, combine their scattered powers, 
 cement their union, and prolong their duration. They have already felt 
 their salutary effects. The great exploits you performed while you com- 
 manded in chief the armies of the United States, during the arduous and 
 perilous conflicts which purchased their freedom; the toils, fatigues and 
 dangers you surmounted during that glorious warfare, entitled you to 
 
124 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 honorable exemption from public services, and to spend the remainder of 
 your valuable life under the shade of your well-earned laurels in sage 
 retirement and dignified repose, to which your truly magnanimous dis- 
 position invited, and for the pure and rational enjoyment of which your 
 conscious virtue fitted you. But the infancy of the Federal Government 
 particularly required your fostering care, and invoked the aid of your 
 virtues to animate its friends and reconcile its adversaries. The genuine 
 authority which you alone possessed, which has its source in virtue, and 
 is built on the sure basis of merited esteem and implicit veneration, and 
 which once recognized, has more irresistible sway than arbitrary power 
 itself, was requisite to launch the Federal Government on its new and 
 untried voyage into the ocean, clear of rocks and quicksands, and with 
 favorable gales. Your consummate prudence and firmness were necessaiy 
 to trace out to your successors the courses they should steer, your example 
 to enlighten, excite, and strengthen them. When laudable ambition had 
 nothing more to tempt you with, when fame had wearied itself in trum- 
 peting your renown; yielding to the disinterested impulses of vmiform 
 protestations, and the urgent invocations of your fellow-citizens, you 
 quitted your peaceful and pleasurable mansion to involve yourself in the 
 cares and fatigues which now throng on you ; and you have shown yourself 
 as eminently qualified to preside at the helm of government, as at the 
 head of armies. While historians of this and every age shall vie with 
 each other in doing justice to your character, and in adorning their pages 
 with the splendor of your endowments, and of your patriotic and noble 
 achievements; and while they cull and combine the various good and 
 shining qualities of the Pagan and modern heroes, to display your char- 
 acter, we, and our posterity, will not cease to chronicle and commemorate 
 you, with Moses, Joshua, Othniel, Gideon, Samuel, David, Maccabeus, and 
 other holy men of old, who were raised up by God for the deliverance of 
 our nation. His people, from their oppression. May the Great Being, our 
 universal Lord, continue propitioi;s to you and to the United States; 
 perfect and give increase and duration of prosperity to the great empire 
 which He has made you so instrumental in producing. May He grant 
 you health to preside over the same, until He shall, after length of days, 
 call you to eternal felicity, which will be the reward of your virtues in the 
 next, as lasting glory must be in this world. 
 
 " I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 "JACOB COHEN, 
 "President Congregation 'Beth Elohim.' " 
 
 To this letter the President made the following reply : 
 
1783-1800 125 
 
 " To the Hebrew Congregation, at Charleston, S. C. : 
 
 " Gentlemen : The liberality of sentiment toward each other, which 
 marks every political and religious denomination of men in this country, 
 stands unparalleled in the histoi-y of nations. 
 
 " The affection of such a people is a treasure beyond the reach of cal- 
 culation, and the repeated proofs which my fellow-citizens have given of 
 their attachment to me and approbation of my doings, form the purest 
 source of my temporal felicity. The affectionate expressions of your 
 address again excite my gratitude and receive my warmest acknowledg- 
 ment. 
 
 " The power and goodness of the Almighty, so strongly manifested in 
 the events of our late glorious revolution, and His kind interposition in 
 our behalf, have been no less visible in the establishment of our present 
 equal government. In war He directed the sword, and in peace He has 
 ruled in our councils. My agency in both has been guided by the best 
 intentions and a sense of duty I owe to my country. 
 
 " And as my exertions have hitherto been amply rewarded by the appro- 
 bation of my fellow-citizens, I shall endeavor to deserve a continuance 
 of it by my future conduct. 
 
 " May the same temporal and eternal blessings which you implore for 
 me, rest upon your congregation. 
 
 " G. WASHINGTON." 
 
 The Charleston community likewise joined the Jewish 
 Congregations of Philadelphia, New York, and Richmond 
 in the following letter, to which Washington replied in the 
 exact words of his letter to the Congregation at Charleston : 
 
 "The address of the Hebrew Congregations in the cities of Philadelphia, 
 
 New York, Bichmond, and Charleston, to the President of the United 
 
 States : 
 
 " Sir : It is reserved for you to unite in affection for your character 
 and person every political and religious denomination of men, and in this 
 will the Hebrew Congregations aforesaid yield to no class of their fellow- 
 citizens. 
 
 " We have hitherto been prevented by various circumstances peculiar 
 to our situation from adding our congratulations to those which the rest 
 of America have offered on your elevation to the chair of the Federal 
 Government. Deign, then, illustrious sir, to accept this our homage. 
 
 " The wonders which the Lord of Hosts hath worked in the days of 
 our forefathers have taught us to observe the greatness of His wisdom 
 
126 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 and His might throughout the events of the late glorious Revolution; 
 and, while we humble ourselves at His footstool in thanksgiving and praise 
 for the blessing of His deliverance, we acknowledge you, the leader of 
 American armies, as His chosen and beloved servant. But not to your 
 sword alone is present happiness to be ascribed; that, indeed, opened 
 the way to the reign of freedom, but never was it perfectly secure until 
 your hand gave birth to the Federal Constitution and you renounced the 
 joys of retirement to seal by your administration in peace what you had 
 achieved in war. 
 
 " To the Eternal God, who is thy refuge, we commit in our prayers 
 the care of thy precious life; and when, full of years, thou shalt be 
 gathered unto thy people, ' thy righteousness shall go before thee,' and 
 we shall remember, amidst our regret, ' that the Lord hath set apart the 
 godly for Himself,' whilst thy name and thy virtues will remain an indeli- 
 ble memorial on our minds. 
 
 "MANUEL JOSEPHSON. 
 
 " For and in behalf and under the authority of the several Congrega- 
 tions aforesaid. 
 " Philadelphia, December 13, 1790." * 
 
 The character of the Jewish conununity in 1790 may be 
 judged by the following incident, which has been preserved 
 to us in The Occident. In that year a constitutional con- 
 vention was held in Columbia and in the election of dele- 
 gates to that convention the Jews took an active part. 
 Grateful for the assistance which the Jews had rendered 
 him, one of the elected delegates sent the following commu- 
 nication to the Vestry: 
 
 " To the Vestry of the Jewish Congregation : 
 
 " Gentlemen : I feel myself greatly obliged by the assistance I received 
 from you and the members of your Congregation at the late election. If 
 
 ' The letter of the Jews of Charleston to Washington is to be found in 
 the Year Book, City of Charleston, 1883, pp. 303-5. Washington's reply 
 to the individual letter is printed in the Tear Book for 1884, pp. 280-1, 
 and the reply to the joint letter in Wolf's The American Jew as Patriot, 
 Soldier and Citizen, pp. 58-9. The original reply to the Charleston 
 Congregation was probably burnt in the great fire of 1838. 
 
1783-1800 127 
 
 the enclosed can serve the poor, or be of any use in any respect to the 
 CongTegation, I request their acceptance of it, to be applied in any such 
 manner as they shall think proper. I shall be glad of any future oppor- 
 tunity of rendering any service to the Congi-egation. Your obliged and 
 humble servant, 
 
 " CHRISTOPHER KNIGHT." 
 
 The following reply, re-enclosing the order for 50 guineas, 
 was sent to Mr. Knight : 
 
 "Mr. C. Knight: 
 
 " Sir : Your favor of the 2Gth ultimo, with the enclosed acceptance for 
 fifty guineas, has been laid before our body, for which token of esteem 
 we are extremely obliged to you, but when we consider the motive that 
 has induced you to offer it, consistent with the tenor of your letter, we 
 cannot on any consideration think of accepting it, as it may be suggested 
 at some future period that the members of our community were to be 
 bought. We have, therefore, thought necessary to return it, assuring you, 
 we shall entertain a deep sensibility of your good intentions. We remain 
 your obedient servants, 
 
 "JACOB COHEN, 
 " President of the Congregation K. K. B. E." '" 
 
 The Jews of South Carolina do not appear to have taken 
 any very prominent part in public life during this period, 
 and this is not to be wondered at. There are a few refer- 
 ences, however, to Jews who held public office. Solomon 
 Cohen was Postmaster in Georgetown in 1794,^^ and was 
 Tax Collector in 1798.^- Abraham Cohen was Postmaster 
 in Georgetown from 1797 to the time of his death in 1800.^^ 
 He was the secretary of the Winyah Indigo Society in 
 1798,^^ and was one of the Commissioners on Streets and 
 
 •" The Occident, Vol. 1, pp. 339-40. 
 
 " The South Carolina and Georgia Almanac for 1794. 
 
 " The Georgetown Gazette, May 22, 1798. 
 
 "Ibid., Dec. 13, 1800. The Postmasters mentioned may have occupied 
 their positions prior to the dates here given, but the authoritative sources 
 of reference, beyond those quoted, are not at hand. . 
 
 " Ibid., Nov. 27, 1798. 
 
128 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Markets in 1799.^^ Moses Myers, of Georgetown, was 
 Clerk of the Court of General Sessions and Common Pleas 
 in 1798.^^ Eleazer Elizer was Postmaster in Greenville 
 in 1794. Abraham Mendez Seixas was one of the magis- 
 trates of the City of Charleston and Warden of the Work 
 .House in 1797. He occupied this position at the time of his 
 death in 1799.^'^ Dr. Levi Myers was a member of the Leg- 
 islature in 1796, and prior to 1800 was appointed Apothe- 
 cary-General of the State, a position that he occupied till 
 his death, in 1822. 
 
 Nor do we find many Jews in the professions during this 
 period. Moses Myers, of Georgetown, was admitted to the 
 Bar in 1793 — the first Jewish attorney in South Carolina.^^ 
 Abraham Myers, also of Georgetown, was admitted in 
 1796.^^ Dr. Sarzedas was a practising physician in Charles- 
 ton in 1795 — the only Jewish physician in Charleston in his 
 
 " The Georgetown Gazette, Feb. 20, 1799. 
 
 " Ibid., May 22, 1798. 
 
 " The following note, in the handwriting of his son, is taken from the 
 prayer-book of Captain Abraham Seixas, in the possession of the author: 
 
 " 9th April, '99 — Corresponding with the 4th of Nisan 5559. Departed 
 this Life, my Hond. Father Abraham Mendes Seixas, Esqr. Aged 49 
 years & 26 Days at 12 o'Clock in the Day (Tuesday) after an Illness of 
 4 Days, during all which Time he was continually deranged in his Mind, 
 at the time he Died he was Magistrate of the City & Warden of the 
 Work House, Parnas Presidenta of K. K. Beth eloim and Trustee for 
 the same, his Corpse was taken from the House on Wednesday after 
 noon 4 o Clock, & carried to the snogar and all round the outside, while 
 prayers was sung adapted to the occasion after once going round, it was 
 carried in & Lodged in front, while the Kinah of Kol al le lah was sung, 
 from thence to the Bet Hayim were he was Intered at 5 o Clock. A 
 greater Number of People never was seen at a Funeral in Charleston 
 before among our Profession my Father was Born in New York & came 
 to Charleston in June 1774 which place he has resided in ever since." 
 
 " O'Neall : Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Caro- 
 lina, Vol. 2, p. 602. 
 
 "Ibid. 
 
1783-1800 
 
 129 
 
 day .2*' After 1800, however, the Jews of Charleston played 
 a conspicuous part in art, in science, and in literature, to 
 all of which they made eminent contributions. They at- 
 tained considerable prominence commercially, however, 
 principally in the ''vendue" business. One of these ''ven- 
 due masters" has left us an advertisement, which gives us 
 a good insight into the miscellaneous nature of an auction 
 and brokerage business of those days. This advertisement 
 is unique — there is nothing like it in the Gazettes: 
 
 " ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 "ABRAHAM SEIXAS, 
 All so gTaeious, 
 Once again does offer 
 His service pure 
 For to secure 
 Money in the coffer. 
 
 " The young ones true. 
 If that will do, 
 May some be had of him 
 To learn your trade 
 They may be made 
 Or bring- them to your trim. 
 
 " He has for sale 
 Some negi'oes, male, 
 Will suit full well grooms. 
 He has likewise 
 Some of their wives 
 Can make clean, dirty rooms. 
 
 " The boatmen great, 
 Will you elate 
 They are so brisk and free; 
 What e'er you say. 
 They will obey, 
 If you buy them of me. 
 
 " For planting, too, 
 He has a few 
 To sell, all for the cash. 
 Of various price. 
 To work the rice 
 Or bring them to the lash. 
 
 "He also can 
 
 Suit any man 
 
 With land all o'er the State; 
 
 A bargain, sure, 
 
 They may procure 
 
 If they dont stay too late. 
 
 "His name occurs as an M.D. in a list of subscribers to The Traiteur, 
 Charleston, 1795. There is an earlier mention of a Jewish physician in 
 Charleston, in the Columbia records. It occurs in a " Bill of Sale of 
 negroes from Nathan Levy, * pysician,' to Meyer Moses, merchant." It 
 is dated April, 1772. (Columbia Records, Book PP, 1771-4, p. 193.) 
 
130 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 " For papers he By note or phiz, 
 
 Will sure agree, What e'er it is 
 
 Bond, note or publick debt; That they have got to sell 
 
 To sell the same 
 
 If with good name " He surely will 
 And buyer can be met Try all his skill 
 
 To sell, for more or less, 
 
 " To such of those The articles 
 
 As will dispose Of beaux and belles, 
 
 He begs of them to tell ; That they to him address." '^ 
 
 The Jewish community is now a large and prosperous 
 one. It will soon be at the zenith of its greatness. It is 
 already the largest, the most cultured, and the wealthiest 
 Jewish community in America.^^ 
 
 ^' The South-Carolina State Gazette, Sept. 6, 1794. 
 
 *^ The following interesting reference to the Jews of Charleston of 
 this period is to be found in Winterbotham : A Historical, Geographical, 
 Commercial and Philosophical View of the United States of America 
 (New York, 1796), Vol. 1, p. 394: 
 
 " The Jews in Charleston, among other peculiarities in burying their 
 dead, have these: After the funeral dirge is sung, and just before the 
 corpse is deposited in the grave, the coffin is opened, and a small bag 
 of earth, taken from the grave, is carefully put under the head of the 
 deceased; then some powder, said to be earth brought from Jerusalem, 
 and carefully kept for this purpose, is taken and put upon the eyes of 
 the corpse, in token of their remembrance of the Holy Land, and of 
 their expectations of returning thither in God's appointed time. The 
 articles of their faith are well known, and therefore need no description. 
 They generally expect a glorious return to the Holy Land, when they 
 shall be exalted above all the nations of the earth. And they flatter 
 themselves that the period of their return will speedily arrive, though 
 they do not venture to fix the precise time." 
 
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 SH BOOK FOR THE YEAR I 8oO 
 cth Klohim, recovered by the author 
 
CHAPTER F///— 1800-1824 
 
 EFORE discussing this most interest- 
 ing period in the history of the Jews 
 of South Carolina, it would be well to 
 glance at the Jews of the United States 
 in the year 1800. 
 
 At the beginning of the nineteenth 
 century there were only a few, small, 
 scattered communities of Jews in the United States. The 
 total Jewish population did not exceed, if indeed it repre- 
 sented, a total of 2,500 souls, though there are writers 
 who have made a somewhat higher estimate of the Jewish 
 population of that period. There was the Congregation 
 Shearith Israel, of New York, the oldest of them all. Then 
 there was the Congregation Yeshuat Israel, of Newport, 
 R. L, or whajt was left of it — for most of the Jewish popu- 
 lation had departed with the decadence of its commerce 
 after the Revolution. There was the small Mickveh Israel 
 Congregation, of Savannah, and the Congregation that bore 
 the same name at Philadelphia. There was the Beth Sha- 
 lome Congregation of Richmond, Va., and possibly a small 
 Congregation at Lancaster, Pa. And, finally, there was the 
 largest community of all — K. K. Beth Elohim of Charles- 
 ton, S. C. We are fortunately to-day in possession of the 
 records of this last Congregation, recovered by a peculiar 
 accident in the summer of 1902. Without these records, 
 
 131 
 
132 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 this wondrously interesting chapter could not have been 
 completely written.^ 
 
 First, then, as to the conunnnity itself. In the year 1800 
 there were, in round numbers, about one hundred Jewish 
 heads of families in Charleston. The total number of Jew- 
 ish souls was about five hundred. There were also a few 
 Jews scattered through the State, notably in Jacksonbor- 
 ough, Pon Pon, Camden, Georgetown, Beaufort, and Black 
 Mingo. By 1824 their number was considerably increased. 
 
 During this period the Jews were to be found in every 
 branch of trade and commerce. They were principally mer- 
 chants, store-keepers, shop-keepers, vendue-masters, brok- 
 ers, and auctioneers. They were likewise well represented 
 in the arts and professions. In public life, too, their influ- 
 ence was considerable. 
 
 The following is a fairly complete Directory of the Jews 
 of South Carolina for 1800-1824:2 
 
 Aaron, ^olomon (1800). Abendanone, Jacob.^ 
 Aarons, Moses (1811). " , Joseph (1800). 
 
 Abendanone, David (1800). Abrahams, Abraham, 
 
 , Hyam (1801). " , " S.* 
 
 ^ See Elzas : A History of Congregation Beth Elohim, of Charleston, 
 S. C, 1800-1810. Compiled from Recently Discovered Records. (Charles- 
 ton, S. C, 1902.) 
 
 ^ This Directory is compiled from newspaper files, synagogue archives, 
 directories, and almanacs scattered in public and private libraries in this 
 State, many of which are exceedingly rare and inaccessible to the public. 
 Tliere are many doubtful names in the records. Only such names have 
 been included as could positively be identified through the many sources 
 of information now available. Names which are manifestly those of 
 transients have been excluded. The dates in brackets are the years in 
 which these names are first found in the records of Beth Elohim. It 
 will be observed that practically every Jew who lived in Charleston was 
 a contributor to the Congregation. The Synagogue compelled every Jew 
 to support it, under the severest penalties. (See Constitution of 1820, 
 §12.) 
 
 ' Directory for 1809. " Ibid. Edisto. 
 
1800-1824 
 
 133 
 
 Abrahams, Elias (1814). 
 " , Emanuel (1802). 
 " , Hyam (1802). 
 " , Hyman. 
 
 , Isaac (1800). 
 " , Israel. 
 
 , Jacob (1800). 
 " , Levy J." 
 " , Moses (1800). 
 " , Samuel." 
 Abrams, Moise (1800). 
 Aguilar, Joseph (1804). 
 Albergo, Judah (1800). 
 " , Moses (1801). 
 Alexander, Abraham (1800). 
 " , " , Jr. (1800). 
 « , Alexander (1818). 
 " , Judah (1800). 
 " , Moses (1800). 
 Amesquita, R. D. (1811). 
 Aronson, Woolf (1800). 
 Audler, E. (1814). 
 " , Myer (1817). 
 " , Sol. (1823). 
 Azevedo, B. C. D'. (1805). 
 " , Isaac D'. (1800). 
 " , M. Cohen D'. (1819). 
 Azuby, Abraham (1800). 
 Barnard, Alexander (1806). 
 Barnet, Barnet (1801). 
 " , Moses (1818). 
 Barrett, Abraham (1803). 
 " , Isaac (1814). 
 " , Jacob (1818). 
 " , Judah (1802). 
 Benjamin, Philip (1823). 
 Bernard, M. 
 
 ' Directory for 1809. 
 ° Ibid. Edisto. 
 ' Georgetown. 
 
 Bramson, Jacob (1823). 
 Brandon, David (1805). 
 Buley, Jacob (1806). 
 Canter, Abraham (1801). 
 " , Benjamin (1802). 
 " , David (1800). 
 " , Emanuel (1800). 
 " , Isaac (1800). 
 " , Jacob (1800). 
 " , John (1802). 
 " , Jonathan (1800). 
 " , Joshua (1800). 
 Cantor, David (1800). 
 " , Jacob (1800). 
 Cardozo, David (1800). 
 " , Isaac N (1818). 
 " , Jacob N. (1807). 
 Carvalho, D. N. (1811). 
 
 " , E. N. D. (1807). 
 Cohen, Abraham (1800).' 
 " (1810).' 
 
 " , Jr. (1800). 
 " A. (1823). 
 Barnard (1800). 
 
 " , Jr. (1819). 
 Barnet (1802). 
 Benjamin (1801). 
 Esdaile P. (1825). 
 Gershon (1800). 
 " (1807).' 
 Hartwig (1815). 
 Henry (1800). 
 Hyam (1807). 
 Isaac (1814)." 
 
 " S. (1823). 
 Isdel (1818). 
 Jacob (1800). 
 
 Edisto. 
 
 Son of Philip Cohen. 
 " Beaufort. 
 
134 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Cohen, Jacob, Jr. (1802). 
 " (1818)." 
 " D. (1809). 
 " I. (1806). 
 John." 
 
 Jonas (1818). 
 Joseph (1801). 
 Judah (1823). 
 Lewin (1818)." 
 Lewis (1818). 
 Mordeeai (1800). 
 
 S. (1809). 
 Moses (1800). 
 Myer M. 
 
 Nathaniel (1823)." 
 Philip (1800). 
 Samuel (1804). 
 Solomon (1800)." 
 " Jr. (1800). 
 " I. (1803). 
 Wolf (1803). 
 Coleman, Benjamin." 
 
 " , Sylvester (1804). 
 Corre, Jacob (1805). 
 Cortissoz, Emanuel (1819). 
 Da Costa, Aaron (1802). 
 " , Isaac (1800). 
 " , Joseph." 
 Daniels, Henry (1818). 
 Davega, David.^^ 
 " , Isaac (1818). 
 " , Moses (1803). 
 
 David, Jacob." 
 Davis, Davis (1805). 
 " , George (1818). 
 " , H. (1823). 
 " , Israel (1800). 
 "• , Moses (1814). 
 De Jongh, J. 
 De La Motta, Emanuel (1800). 
 
 , Jacob (1811). 
 De Leon, Abraham (1811). 
 " , Jacob (1800). 
 " , M. H. (1814). 
 De Lieben, Israel (1800). 
 De Lyon, Isaac (1802). 
 De Pass, Abraham.^" 
 " , Jacob (1823). 
 " , Joseph (1808). 
 " , Ralph (1800). 
 De Young, M. H. (1819). 
 Elizer, Eleazer (1800). 
 " , EUsha.-'' 
 " , Isaac (1800). 
 Ellis, Myer (1818). 
 Emanuel, Emanuel (1800). 
 " , Isaac (1806). 
 " , Michael (1801). 
 " , Nathan (1803). 
 Emsden, August (1818)." 
 Etting, Elkan (1801). 
 Ezekiel, Emanuel (1818).'' 
 riorance, Jacob (1819). 
 « , Levy (1811). 
 
 Directory for 1806. 
 ' Georgetown. 
 Directory for 1806. 
 
 " Columbia. 
 
 "Directory for 1813. 
 
 " Georgetown. 
 
 "Directory for 1802. 
 
 ^^ Cheraw. Buried Charleston Cemetery. 
 
 '* Directory for 1807. '' Directory for 1806. 
 
 ^^ Directory for 1802. "' Georgetown. 
 
 ** Killer of cattle for the Congregation Beth Elohim. 
 
1800-1824 
 
 135 
 
 Florance, Lewis (1818). 
 " , Zachariah (1802). 
 
 Frideburg, (1807). 
 
 Goldsmith, Abraham (1802), 
 « , Isaac (1803). 
 « , I. M. (1809). 
 « , Morris (1810). 
 " , Moses (1802). 
 « , Richard (1818). 
 " , Samuel (1804). 
 " , Solomon (1804). 
 Gomez, Elias (1802). 
 " , Isaac D. C. (1805). 
 " , Jacob (1800). 
 " , Lewis.*" 
 " , P. H." 
 Goodman, M., Dr. (1805). 
 Green, David (1818). 
 Harby, G. W. (1820). 
 " , Isaac (1806). 
 « , Solomon (1803). 
 Harris, Andrew (1800). 
 " , Hyam (1800). 
 " , Jacob (1800). 
 " , " , Jr. (1800). 
 ^" , Moses (1800). 
 Hart, Daniel (1800). 
 " , Henry (1801). 
 " , Joseph (1802). 
 " , Leo (1804). 
 " , Levi (1812). 
 " , Mathias (1803). 
 " , Moses (1811). 
 " , Naphthaly (1801). 
 " , Nathan (1802). 
 " , Simon M. (1800). 
 " , Solomon (1803). 
 Henry, Barnard (1807). 
 
 "Directory for 1803. 
 " Directory for 1802. 
 
 Henry, Jacob (1823).'" 
 
 " , Joel (1809). 
 
 " , Maurice L. (1801)." 
 Hertz, Alexander (1804). 
 
 " , H. M. (1802). 
 
 " , Jacob (1809). 
 Heydenfeld, Jacob (1808). 
 Hunt, Solomon (1823). 
 Hyam, Daniel (1818). 
 Hyams, David (1800). 
 
 " , Henry (1814). 
 
 " , Isaac (1808). 
 
 " , Mordecai (1812). 
 
 " , M. K. (1822). 
 
 " , Samuel (1800). 
 
 " , Solomon (1800). 
 Hyman, B. (1823). 
 Isaacks, Abraham (1802). 
 
 " , " , Jr. (1800). 
 
 " , A. M. (1800). 
 
 " , Michael (1819). 
 
 " , Sampson (1804). 
 
 " , Solomon (1803). 
 Jackson, Montagu (1811). 
 Jacobs, Abraham (1800). 
 
 " , Barnard (1800). 
 
 " , Fisher (1823). 
 
 " , Hyam (1800). 
 
 " , Hyman (1802). 
 
 " , Jacob (1806). 
 
 " , Levi (1818). 
 
 " , Moses (1823). 
 
 " , Myer (1811). 
 
 " , Samuel (1805). 
 Jones, Abraham (1800). 
 
 " , Samuel (1800). 
 Joseph, A. (1811). 
 
 " , Barnet (1802). 
 
 ''Directory for 1806. 
 
 " Living in Georgetown in 1812. 
 
136 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Joseph, Daniel M. (1818). 
 " , Henry (1818).^ 
 " , Isaac (1818). 
 " , Israel (1800). 
 " , Joseph (1800).=* 
 " , Lazarus (1802). 
 " , Levy (1810). 
 " , Lizer (1800).'" 
 " , Moses (1818). 
 " , Samuel (1802). 
 " , Sol. M. (1800). 
 Judah, Jacob (1800). 
 Labat, A. C' 
 
 " , David (1800). 
 " , Isaac C. 
 Lazarus, Aaron (1800). 
 Benj. D. (1823). 
 Henry (1814). 
 Isaac (1804). 
 Jacob (1805). 
 " , Jr. (1814). 
 " B. (1823). 
 Joseph (1803). 
 Joshua (1823). 
 Marks (1800). 
 Michael (1811). 
 Moses L. (1818). 
 Simon (1800). 
 Lee, Joseph (1818). 
 
 Lemmon, (1823). 
 
 Levin, Emanuel (1819). 
 " , Lewis (1808). 
 " , " , Jr. (1818). 
 Levy, Abraham (1811). 
 " , " L. (1818). 
 
 Levy, Barnard (1818). 
 
 " , Chapman (1819).'' 
 
 " , David (1801). 
 
 " , Eleazer.'' 
 
 " , EUas (1814). 
 
 " , Emanuel (1800). 
 
 " , George (1818). 
 
 " , Hart (1800). 
 
 " , Hayman (1818)." 
 
 " , Jacob (1800). 
 
 " , " C. (1811) . 
 
 " , " L. (1814). 
 
 " , Jonas J. (1818). 
 
 " , Judah B. (1818). 
 
 " , Lyon (1800). 
 
 " , Mordecai (1809). 
 
 " , Moses (1805). 
 
 " , " C. (1800). 
 
 " , Nathan (1800). 
 
 " , Reuben (1800). 
 
 " , Samuel (1801). 
 
 " , Sam. L. (1818).'' 
 
 " , Simon (1802). 
 
 " , Solomon (1803). 
 
 " , " , Jr. (1803). 
 
 " , Uriah (1823). 
 
 " , Zachariah (1800). 
 Lewis, David (1804). 
 Lindo, Charles (1818). 
 Lipman, A. (1810). 
 Lobell, Moses (1803). 
 
 Loevenstein, (1818). 
 
 Lopez, Aaron (1800). 
 " , Abraham (1800). 
 " , David (1800). 
 
 ^ Georgetown. 
 ''Georgetown in 1823. 
 '" Georgetown. 
 "Directory for 1816. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 Directory for 1803. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
1800-1824 
 
 137 
 
 Lopez, John.'" 
 
 " , Joseph (1804). 
 
 " , Moses (1819). 
 
 " , Samuel (1800). 
 Lyon, Isaac (1805)." 
 
 " , Joseph (1818). 
 
 " , Levy (1804). 
 
 " , Mordecai (1800). 
 
 " , Moses (1806). 
 
 " , Solomon D. (1809). 
 
 " , William (1818)."" 
 Lyons, Isaac (1815). 
 
 " , Jacob (1823). 
 
 " , Joseph (1818). 
 Mairs, Levy (1823). 
 
 " , Simon (1803). 
 Manheim, Israel (1801). 
 
 , Sol. (1800). 
 Marchand, Levy (1819). 
 Marks, Alexander (1804). 
 
 " , Elias.'" 
 
 " , Hyam (1800). 
 
 " , Humphrey (1802). 
 
 " , Joseph.*" 
 
 " , Mark (1804). 
 
 " , Solomon (1805). 
 
 " , S. M. (1800). 
 Massias, Abraham (1804). 
 " , A. A. (1819). 
 " , Sol. H. (1802). 
 Melhado, Benjamin (1800). 
 " , David (1801). 
 " , Emanuel (1803). 
 Mendez, Aaron (1802). 
 Moise, Aaron (1800). 
 
 Moise, Aaron, Jr. (1818). 
 " , Abraham (1823). 
 
 " , " ,Jr. 
 
 " , Benjamin (1805). 
 
 « , Cherry (1800). 
 
 " , Hyam (1802). 
 
 " , Isaac (1823). 
 
 " , Jacob (1818). 
 Monsanta, M. R. (1805). 
 
 " , Rodrigues (1804). 
 Morales, Jacob (1800). 
 Mordecai, David (1801). 
 " , Goodman (1809). 
 " , Isaac (1823). 
 " , Jacob. 
 " , Joseph. 
 " , Noah (1810). 
 Morley, N. (1810). 
 Morris, Aaron (1811). 
 
 " , Henry (1802). 
 
 " , Simpson (1809). 
 Morse, Solomon (1818). 
 Moses, Abraham (1800). 
 
 " , " , Jr. (1814). 
 
 " , Andrew (1810). 
 
 " , Chapman (1805). 
 
 " , David (1804). 
 
 " , Daniel L. (1815). 
 
 " , Fishel (1803). 
 
 " , Franklin J. 
 
 " , Hart, Jr. (1818). 
 
 " , Henry (1803). 
 
 " , Isaac (1800). 
 
 " , " , Jr. (1800). 
 
 " , " C. (1802). 
 
 '"Directory for 1809. 
 
 " The distinction between Lyon and Lyons is not always clearly made 
 in the records of Beth Elohim. 
 ""Pineville. '"Directory for 1802. 
 
 ''Directory for 1816. 
 
138 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Moses 
 
 Isaiah (1800). 
 
 Nathan, Henry (1812). 
 
 « 
 
 " , Jr. (1804). 
 
 " , Isaiah (1819). 
 
 u 
 
 Israel (1806). 
 
 " , Moses." 
 
 (I 
 
 J. C.*^ 
 
 " , Nathan (1803). 
 
 ti 
 
 Joseph (1802). 
 
 " , Solomon (1800). 
 
 t( 
 
 Levy (1803). 
 
 Nettling, Solomon (1802). 
 
 11 
 
 Lyon (1800). 
 
 Noah, Mordecai (1811). 
 
 ti 
 
 Moses L. (1818). 
 
 " , Uriah (1811). 
 
 ti 
 
 Myer (1800). 
 
 Offen, Jacobus V. (1810). 
 
 u 
 
 Philip (1818). 
 
 Oppenheim, H. W. (1823). 
 
 i( 
 
 Reuben (1818). 
 
 Ottolengui, Abraham (1808). 
 
 u 
 
 Simon. 
 
 Peixotto, S. C. (1819). 
 
 u 
 
 Solomon (1800). 
 
 Perrera, Jacob (1800). 
 
 li 
 
 " , Jr. (1808). 
 
 Phillips, Aaron (1809)." 
 
 Moss, 
 
 Joseph (1823). 
 
 " , Abraham (1809). 
 
 Motta 
 
 Isaac (1800). 
 
 " , Benjamin (1800). 
 
 u 
 
 , Judah A. (1802). 
 
 " , " L (1819). 
 
 Myers 
 
 , Abraham (1801). 
 
 " , David (1800). 
 
 u 
 
 , Israel (1800). 
 
 " , Jacob (1808). 
 
 (( 
 
 , Jacob (1801). 
 
 " , Philip (1818). 
 
 u 
 
 , Levi (1805)." 
 
 " , Solomon (1803). 
 
 (I 
 
 , Lewis (1802). 
 
 Pinto, David (1808). 
 
 it 
 
 , Michael (1801). 
 
 Pollock, Joseph (1823). 
 
 u 
 
 , Mordecai (1804). 
 
 " , Levy (1809). 
 
 ti 
 
 , Moses (1801)." 
 
 " , Solomon.*" 
 
 ti 
 
 , Samuel (1800). 
 
 Pool, Isaac (1800). 
 
 il 
 
 , Solomon (1801)." 
 
 Rees, (1819). 
 
 Naar, 
 
 Moise (1801), 
 
 Ricardo, Benjamin (1800). 
 
 ti 
 
 Mordecai." 
 
 " , Joseph (1801). 
 
 Natha 
 
 a, A. M. (1804)." 
 
 " , Ralph (1802). 
 
 (( 
 
 , David (1800). 
 
 Riverra, Abraham R. (1801). 
 
 "Directory for 1818. 
 
 ^Georgetown in 1805 and Charleston in 1814. 
 *' Georgetown. "Directory for 1802. 
 
 " Georgetown. 
 
 ** The names Nathan and Nathans are not kept distinct in the records 
 of Beth Elohim. 
 
 "Directory for 1816. '"Directory for 1802. 
 
 ''' Beaufort in 1812. 
 
1800-1824 
 
 139 
 
 Kodrigues, Abraham (1800). 
 " , Moise.'" 
 " , Theodore. 
 Russel, Moses (1818). 
 " , Samuel (1802). 
 " , Solomon (1801). 
 Sacedote, Joseph C. (1818). 
 Salamon, Levy (1805). 
 " , Lewis." 
 " , Salamon." 
 Sampson, Elias (1805). 
 " , Heniy (1819). 
 " , Joseph (1818). 
 " , Michael (1805). 
 " , Sami;el (1823). 
 Samuel, Hyman."' 
 
 " , Joshua (1810). 
 Sarzedas, David." 
 
 " , " , Jr." 
 Sasportas, Abraham (1800). 
 Seixas, Isaac M. (1800). 
 " , Jacob (1823). 
 
 Simon, Michael (1805). 
 Simons, Israel (1801). 
 
 " , Montague (1800). 
 
 " , Moses (1800). 
 
 " , Sampson (1800). 
 
 " , Samuel (1800). 
 Simpson, Jacob (1823). 
 
 " , Michael (1806). 
 
 Sirqui, Joseph (1804). 
 Slowman, Abraham (1819). 
 Solomon, Aaron (1809). 
 « , Abraham (1818). 
 " , Israel (1818).°' 
 " , Lewis (1818). 
 Solomons, Alexander (1802). 
 " , Benjamin (1802). 
 " , Chapman (1802). 
 " , Hart (1804). 
 " , Israel (1800). 
 
 , Joseph (1800). 
 " , Judah. 
 
 , Levy (1800). 
 " , Mark (1805). 
 " , Nathan (1802). 
 " , Sampson (1819)." 
 " , Solomon (1805). 
 Spitz, L A. (1818). 
 Suares, David I. (1801). 
 " , Isaac (1804). 
 " , Jacob (1800). 
 " , " , Jr. (1809). 
 " , " L (1800). 
 Tobias, Abraham (1811). 
 " , Isaac (1800). 
 " , Jacob (1800). 
 " , Joseph (1800). 
 Tongue, Abraham (1802). 
 Torres, Abraham (1801). 
 
 ""Directory for 1806. 
 
 " Ibid. 
 
 °' Ibid. The names Salaman, Solomon, and Solomons are not differen- 
 tiated in the records of Beth Elohim. 
 
 ''Directory for 1806. 
 
 "Directory for 1816. 
 
 "Georgetown. The distinction between Solomon and Solomons is not 
 carefully made in the records of Beth Elohim, nor is the author able to 
 distinguish between these names. 
 
 '" Georgetown. 
 
140 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Valance, Moses (1801). Waterman, S. A. (1823). 
 
 Valentine, Abraham 0. Weissenberger, (1818). 
 
 " , Samuel (1823). Woolf, Isaac (1806). 
 
 Waage, Mordecai G. (1802). Zemach, Abraham (1801). 
 Warner, William (1819). 
 
 Of this large and flourishing community most of its mem- 
 bers, as we have already stated, followed commercial pur- 
 suits. A more than ordinarily large percentage, however, 
 found scope for their efforts in fields outside of commerce. 
 The following brief and necessarily incomplete notes will 
 furnish an idea of their multifarious activities during this 
 period. 
 
 Myer Moses was a member of the Legislature in 1810. 
 Chapman Levy, of Camden, represented Kershaw in 1812, 
 and was Senator from Kershaw in 1818. 
 
 Joshua Canter and John Canter were portrait and min- 
 iature painters. 
 
 Joshua Canter came to Charleston from Denmark in 
 1792. He had received his education as an artist under a 
 professor of the academy at Copenhagen. He painted and 
 taught drawing for many years in Charleston. He was 
 here as late as 1822. ''He was devotedly attached to the 
 art, and possessed talents which, under more favoring cir- 
 cumstances, and with that professional competition which 
 he did not find at that time in South Carolina, might have 
 raised him to a higher standing among artists than he actu- 
 ally enjoyed. He died in New York. ' ' ^^ 
 
 John Canter (1782-1823) was likewise a portrait and min- 
 
 " Dunlap : History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in 
 the United States, Vol. 1, pp. 426-7. 
 
 " He made great exertions to create a correct taste in drawing among 
 our citizens, in which he succeeded. His productions possess consider- 
 able merit." — Mills: Statistics of South Carolina, p. 466. 
 
1800-1824 141 
 
 iature painter who attained considerable distinction. He 
 was also a well-known drawing teacher.^^ 
 
 David Sarzedas, Sr,, had been practising as a physician 
 in Charleston since 1795. He was still practising in 1822; 
 Isaac Da Costa was a physician in 1809; Dr. Levi Myers 
 removed to Charleston from Georgetown in 1812, and after 
 practising there for some time returned to Georgetown; 
 Jacob De La Motta, who afterwards became very distin- 
 guished, was a physician in 1810, and Abraham De Leon, 
 who afterwards settled in Camden, was practising in 
 Charleston in 1813. Zachariah Florance was a dentist in 
 1802. 
 
 Moses Myers, of Georgetown, was Clerk of the Court of 
 General Sessions and Common Pleas from 1800 to 1817. 
 He was Prothonotary of Georgetown in 1806; Chapman 
 Levy, of Camden, was admitted to the Bar in Columbia in 
 1806; Abraham Moi'se, afterwards a distinguished lawyer, 
 was admitted in Charleston in 1822, and Solomon Cohen 
 at Columbia in 1823. 
 
 Eleazer Elizer was a Notary Public in 1803. He was the 
 compiler of the Charleston Directory for that year. He 
 was a Justice of the Peace in 1813 ; Lyon Levy was a Jus- 
 tice Q. U. in 1806; Isaac C. Moses was a Justice of the 
 Peace in 1819, and Moses K. Hyams in 1823. 
 
 Isaac Harby, dramatist, critic, and journalist, had done 
 his best work and had almost completed his career during 
 this period; Mordecai M. Noah, romantic dreamer and ''the 
 most graceful paragraphist in the United States," had 
 begun his public career as an editor of a paper in Charles- 
 ton ; ^^ Jacob N. Cardozo was editing The Southern Patriot, 
 
 ** Sheeut : Medical and Philosophical Essays, pp. 53-4. 
 
 ^ For the romantic career of this remarkable mau see Wolf : Mordecai 
 Manuel Noah — A Biographical Sketch. (Philadelphia, 1897.) See also 
 The Asmonean, March 28, 1851. Some interesting stories are told about 
 him in The Jewish Messenger for June 25, 1897. Mr. G. A. Kohut has 
 
142 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 and was already an acknowledged authority on statistics, 
 banking, and political economy. 
 
 Abraham Jacobs was a tutor in 1804; Abraham Otto- 
 lengui, afterwards a prominent merchant, started his career 
 as a teacher in 1807, and Abraham Tongue was a school- 
 master in the same year; Isaac Harby taught school in 
 1809; Mrs. R. J. Ricardo conducted a school of music in 
 1810; David Cardozo was a free school teacher in 1812, 
 and master of Free School No. 1 in 1813 ; Myer M. Cohen 
 established his '^ Academy" in 1824, and the distinguished 
 Elias Marks founded his famous "Columbia Female Acad- 
 emy" about the same time. 
 
 Dr. Levi Myers was Apothecary-General of the State 
 throughout this period to the time of his death in 1822; 
 Lyon Levy was clerk to the State Treasurer in 1806, Dep- 
 uty State Treasurer in 1813, and State Treasurer from 
 1817 to 1822. 
 
 Lizar Joseph was Coroner for Georgetown in 1821. 
 
 Lewis Gomez was Turnkey of the jail in 1802, and J. M. 
 Seixas, Master of the Workhouse in the same year ; Moses 
 Solomon was a Constable in 1802, Nathan Hart in 1821, and 
 Solomon Moses in 1822; Samuel Hyams was Crier of the 
 Court in 1816 and Keeper of the Jail in 1822 ; Morris Gold- 
 smith was Deputy Marshal in 1819 ; Henry Goldsmith was 
 Deputy Registrar in Equity in 1822; Elisha Elizer was 
 City Deputy Sheriff of Charleston in 1806, and Mark Marks 
 and Solomon Moses, Jr., Deputy Sheriffs in 1822. 
 
 published a most interesting literary autobiography of him in Publica- 
 tions of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 6, pp. 113-121. In 
 No. 11 of the Publications, pp. 131-7, G. Herbert Cone, Esq., publishes 
 some " New Matter relating to Mordecai M. Noah." See finally Daly : 
 Settlement of the Jews in North America, pp. 96 et seq., and Morals: 
 Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century, pp. 255-258. There is a 
 notice of his appointment as Consul at Tunis in the City Gazette of 
 March 29, 1813. 
 
1800-1824 143 
 
 Abraham Alexander was a clerk in the Charleston Cus- 
 tom House in 1802, and Auditor in 1809; David Cardozo 
 was Lumber Measurer in 1802 and for more than twenty 
 years afterwards; Israel Myers was Import Inspector in 
 1802. 
 
 Jacob Cantor was an interpreter and translator of lan- 
 guages in 1802 ; so was S. H. Massias ; Isaac Cardozo was 
 an accountant in 1813; so was Abraham Tobias in 1822, 
 who afterwards became a prominent merchant. Manning 
 Cantor was a comedian. 
 
 Isaac Lyons, Isaiah Moses, Barnet A. Cohen, and Morde- 
 cai Cohen were planters. 
 
 Myer Moses was a member of the ''South Carolina 
 Society for the Promotion of Domestic Arts and Manu- 
 factories" in 1809. He was a Commissioner of Free 
 Schools in 1811,^*^ a Director of the Planters and Me- 
 chanics' Bank in 1811, he was one of "a Committee of 
 Twenty-one for Adding to the Defences of the City" in 
 1813, and a Commissioner of Public Schools in 1823. 
 
 Solomon Cohen was a director of the Bank of the State of 
 South Carolina, in Georgetown, in 1819. 
 
 Philip Cohen was a member of the Board of Health from 
 1819 to 1823 ; Mordecai Cohen was a Commissioner of the 
 Poor House from 1811 to 1818, a Commissioner of Streets 
 and Lamps in 1817, a member of the Board of Health in 
 1819, and a Commissioner of Markets from 1819 to 1823. 
 
 In military affairs — as in every other period of the his- 
 tory of South Carolina — the Jews played a not unimportant 
 part. Myer Moses was a captain in the 1st Battalion of 
 
 ^ Not " Commissioner of Education," as stated in The Jewish Encyclo- 
 ptsdia, art. " Charleston." There was no such office in existence at the 
 time. Nor was he, as stated in that article, one of the first Commis- 
 sioners. This office had been in existence for over a hundred years before 
 he was elected to it. The writer of the article is in utter confusion con- 
 cerning the personality of this Myer Moses. 
 
144 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 South Carolina Volunteers in 1809 — afterwards promoted 
 to major. Philip Cohen was lieutenant in the same com- 
 pany, and Solomon I. Cohen, ensign; J. C. Levy was sec- 
 retary of the Charleston Riflemen from 1811 to 1813 ; Elias 
 Levy was 2d lieutenant of the Charleston Neck Rangers 
 in 1822.«i In the War of 1812 Jacob De La Motta served 
 as surgeon in the regular army;®^ Abraham De Leon 
 served as surgeon's mate;*^^ Abraham A. Massias was a 
 captain — promoted to major in 1814.®^ Hyam Cohen was 
 commissioned 2d lieutenant of Rifles in 1812 and was pro- 
 moted to 1st lieutenant of the 1st Rifle Regiment in 1814.^^ 
 Levi Charles Harby was a midshipman in 1807, in the 
 United States Navy, and was captured by the British 
 during the war.^^ Myer Moses was a captain of militia 
 in this war; so was Chapman Levy, of Camden.^^ Jacob 
 Cohen enlisted at Savannah, Ga., on January 22, 1815, and 
 served as a private in Captain William F. Bullett's com- 
 pany of the Georgia militia.*^^ 
 
 In Freemasonry the Jews of South Carolina have always 
 taken a prominent part. We have seen Isaac Da Costa a 
 member of a Masonic lodge in Charleston in 1753. We have 
 seen, likewise, that he established the "Sublime Grand 
 Lodge of Perfection" in that city in 1783. In an old volume 
 of minutes, kept in French, of La Candeur Lodge, dated 
 1798, there are no less than twelve Jews whose names are 
 inscribed as visitors during that year.^^ The Supreme 
 
 "^ These data are compiled from newspaper files and almanacs in the 
 Charleston Library. 
 
 "Heitman: Historical Register (1789-1903), p. 365. 
 
 "" Ibid., p. 366. ■" Ibid., p. 696. 
 
 ■^ Ibid., p. 315. 
 
 **Wolf : The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, p. 83. 
 
 "' O'Neall : Bench and Bar, Vol. 2, p. 282. 
 
 "^ Taken from a " Military Declaration" on file in Washington. 
 
 "^ Minutes of La Candeur Lodge. — Collections of the Home of the Tem- 
 ple, Washingion, D. C. 
 
1800-1824 145 
 
 Council of the Thirty-third Degree for the United States of 
 America, Scottish Rite Masonry, originated in Charleston 
 in ISOIJ^ The first Register of the Supreme Council, sent 
 out in 1802, included among its officers and members: 
 Emanuel De La Motta, Treasurer-General of the Holy 
 Empire; Abraham Alexander, Secretary-General of the 
 Holy Empire ; Israel De Lieben and Moses C. Levy, Grand 
 Inspectors-General. In 1806 Lodge No. 9 was a Jewish 
 lodge. Emanuel De La Motta was Worshipful Master; 
 David Brandon, Senior Warden; Samuel Hyams, Junior 
 Warden ; Cherry Moise, Treasurer, and M. L. Henry, Sec- 
 retary.'^^ David Labat was Treasurer of Lodge No. 45, a 
 French lodge — La Reunion Frangaise. Isaac Canter was 
 Secretary of the Grand Lodge, Israel De Lieben Hospitaller 
 Brother, and David Labat Tyler. 
 
 So much, then, for the record of the Jews of South Caro- 
 lina commercially, professionally, politically, and socially. 
 It is in truth a remarkable record. The Jewish community 
 is now at its zenith.'^^ 
 
 '" For a history of Scottish Rite Masoniy see Richardson : Centennial 
 Address. (Washington, D. C, 1901.) See also Allocution of the Acting 
 Grand Commander, etc. (Washinglon, D, C, 1901.) 
 
 " This lodge is now known as Friendship Lodge, No. 9. 
 
 " The following are two interesting references in the literature to the 
 Jews of Charleston at this period: 
 
 " The Jews of Charleston enjoy equal literary advantages with the 
 other members of the commuuit3^ Most of the parents being rich, the 
 prejudice is here despised which confines the important object of educa- 
 tion to the tenets of religion; and the Hebrews can boast of several 
 men of talents and learning among them. Those Jewish children who 
 are intended for professions receive a handsome classical education. There 
 is now in the city an academy, where the French, Italian, Latin, and 
 Greek languages are taught, together with other branches of learning. 
 The Rev. Carvalho, mentioned above, also teaches the Hebrew and Span- 
 ish languages." — From a letter written by Mr. Philip Cohen, a merchant 
 in Charleston in 1811, and printed in Hannah Adams's History of the 
 Jews, p. 465 (Boston, 1818). 
 
146 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Not less interesting and equally remarkable is the story 
 of the religious development of the Jews of South Carolina 
 during this period, for it was during this period that those 
 events were gradually shaping themselves which were later 
 to exercise an enormous influence upon the evolution of 
 American Judaism, an influence that has hitherto not been 
 sufficiently recognized — if, indeed, it has been recognized 
 at all. It was in Charleston, in 1824, that the first great 
 intellectual movement was born among the Jews of Amer- 
 ica. This movement will be the object of our next consider- 
 ation. 
 
 " In the province of South Carolina, especially in Charles Town, there 
 were, as my friend Leo de Blogg wrote me in 1816, very many Jewish 
 scholars who especially devoted their attention to the teaching of the 
 Hebrew language. Their former Rabbi was called Carvalo, formerly a 
 teacher in the Jewish school at New York. This man was very active 
 and organized a school where instruction was given in Latin, French, 
 English, and Spanish, besides Hebrew." — Sol. Ephr. Blogg: ^dificium 
 Salomonis (Hanover, 1831). 
 
CHAPTER /^— THE REFORMED SOCIETY OF 
 
 ISRAELITES 
 
 E have discussed at length the per- 
 sonnel of the Jewish community in 
 Charleston during the first quarter 
 of the nineteenth century. We re- 
 peat here the statement that at the 
 beginning of the nineteenth century 
 the Jewish community of Charles- 
 ton was the largest, the most cul- 
 tured, and the wealthiest Jewish community in America — 
 a statement that is not without bearing upon the subject of 
 our present study. 
 
 To understand the historical development of Judaism in 
 South Carolina we must remember that Beth Elohim of 
 Charleston was practically an offshoot of the old Spanish 
 and Portuguese Jewish community of Bevis Marks, Lon- 
 don. True, in 1800 the Portuguese Jews in Charleston were 
 already in a minority, but Bevis Marks had left its imprint 
 on the synagogue so indelibly that for nearly half a century 
 thereafter the ritual followed was that of the Portuguese 
 communities *'as practised in London and Amsterdam." 
 
 Let us now try to get a glimpse of the Charleston com- 
 munity ecclesiastically in the year 1800. "We can give no 
 better picture of it than that furnished by an English writer 
 of the parent community in a series of articles which he 
 contributed to The [London] Jewish Chronicle of Decem- 
 
 147 
 
148 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 ber 28, 1900, and January 4, 1901, entitled, ''A Hundred 
 Years Ago. ' ' Here is what he has to tell of it : 
 
 " The Jews were strictly orthodox. * * * Members of congregations 
 were ruled with a rod of iron. The most venial offence was punished 
 with a fine, failure to pay which might be visited with severer penalties 
 still. Members were frequently called before the Kahal [congregation] 
 and made to explain their conduct or apologize for it. * * * In Bevis 
 Marks the government was far more autocratic than in the German con- 
 gregation and it is an oft-told tale how the tyrannous character of their 
 Ascamot [by-laws] had the effect of driving Isaac D'Israeli and many 
 another from the fold of the community. Among the Portuguese the 
 penalty for establishing or even attending a Minyan [assembly for prayer] 
 within the city of London and its suburbs, except during the week of 
 mourning, was excommunication. Anyone even knowing of such a meet- 
 ing and not informing the Mahamad [Board of Elders] of it, was liable 
 to the same penalty. And as late as the year 1822 a gentleman was 
 visited with the utmost rigors of the law because he ventured to have 
 a Minyan at his house on the first night of Pentecost, followed by prayers 
 in the early morning. He and his fellow-worshippers were deprived of 
 their seats in synagogue, their names were erased from the list of Yehidim 
 [voting members], they were relegated to certain places at the back of 
 the reading desk, disqualified from being called up to the law, declared 
 ineligible for two years for any pious duties, and finally fines of £40 
 and £20 respectively were inflicted upon them. * * * It was a punish- 
 able offence to offend the President, to stir up public opinion against 
 the action of the Elders or the Mahamad, to strike a person either in the 
 synagogue or the court-yard, to strike or insult anyone in the burial- 
 ground or its precincts. * * * Such offences were variously punished 
 by fine or deprivation of rights. * * * Anyone openly desecrating the 
 Sabbath ceased to be a Yahid. A person who married out of the faith 
 was excluded from being a Yahid and from all the offices and honors of 
 the synagogue. * * * Then there was a whole system of fines in vogue, 
 for refusing to accept office, for refusing to be called up, for not attend- 
 ing synagogue when due to be called up, for not attending congregational 
 or committee meetings, for not being present to answer to one's name 
 when it was called, or leaving before the meeting was over without the 
 President's permission. * * * The wonder is that people could be found 
 willing to submit to such extraordinary penalties. The synagogue must 
 have had an immense hold upon people in those days to exact so entire 
 a submission. It could only have wielded such a power so long as it 
 
REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 149 
 
 remained the centre of the social life of the community. A defiance of 
 its ruling would have involved a social ostracism, the fear of which must 
 have exercised as strong a deterrent as the religious penalties that would 
 have been incurred by contumacy. Nor is it difficult to understand why, 
 in eai'ly times, the synagogue should have desired to maintain so strict 
 a rule. Some such imperium in imperio was necessary in the interests 
 of the Jewish community. The synagogue authorities felt themselves in a 
 measure responsible to the political powers for the good behavior of their 
 coreligionists. The position of English Jews was not yet consolidated. 
 The footing on which they had been admitted into this country was still 
 somewhat insecure, they enjoyed but scant liberties. A single false step 
 might retard their emancipation, or endanger the liberties already won. 
 With the gi-owth of a new order of things, this regime has passed entirely 
 away." ^ 
 
 We have presented the story of the Spanish and Portu- 
 guese community in London in considerable detail and we 
 have done so for very good reasons. In the first place, if 
 for ^'London" we substitute '^ Charleston," we shall have 
 an absolutely accurate picture of the Jewish community in 
 that city in the year 1800 and for twenty-four years there- 
 after. And in the next place, we have in this narrative a 
 key to the origin of the great intellectual movement, which 
 was born in Charleston in the year 1824, to which we have 
 already referred, and of which we must now write at some 
 little length. 
 
 South Carolina was not England. In 1800 Jews in Eng- 
 land were excluded from all civil, municipal, and political 
 offices. No Jew could become a freeman of the city of Lon- 
 don. Jews were thus precluded from opening retail shops 
 and even from plying handicrafts within the precincts of 
 the city proper. In South Carolina, from the day of its 
 settlement, the Jew has never labored under the slightest 
 civil or religious disability whatsoever. In this respect 
 South Carolina was unique among the British provinces. 
 It took the Jews of England over one hundred and fifty 
 years to win by steady fighting, step by step, the civil and 
 
 ' The Jewish Chronicle, Jan. 4, 1901. [Editorial.] 
 
150 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 religious equality that were guaranteed to the first Jew who 
 set foot on South Carolina soil. Is it to be wondered at that 
 the Jew in an atmosphere of perfect civil and religious free- 
 dom should develop far more rapidly and in a different way 
 from that in which he developed in the stifling atmosphere 
 at home ? 
 
 The Jews of South Carolina at the beginning of the nine- 
 teenth century present, indeed, a curious picture. The Jew 
 is by nature essentially conservative. Left to himself he 
 modifies his ideas and his practices very slowly. Wherever 
 he goes he carries the traditions of his old home with him 
 and clings to these traditions as tender memories of bygone 
 days. He had come originally to South Carolina, a child 
 of the old Spanish and Portuguese community in London. 
 It must have seemed strange to him, who was accustomed 
 to speak ''with bated breath and whispered humbleness," 
 to find a land where his brethren in faith labored under no 
 disabilities and where they even occupied positions of the 
 highest trust. Yet here he was, living the old life under 
 new skies, where circumstances were so different and where 
 his whole environment was changed. What was a natural 
 life to him in England became an artificial life in South 
 Carolina, and it was only a question of time when he was 
 compelled to adapt himself to his environment or to pay 
 the penalty which isolation invariably entails. 
 
 The personnel of the Jewish community in Charleston 
 comes into evidence here and enables us to understand the 
 subsequent course of events. In the early years of the nine- 
 teenth century Beth Elohim numbered among its members 
 the most intellectual men among the Jews of America; 
 many, too, whose fathers had lived here before them, and 
 who by their industry and by their integrity had made the 
 name Jew respected. The Jew was a man here. The syna- 
 gogue did not, as in England, have to feel itself responsible 
 to the political powers for the good behavior of its mem- 
 
REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 151 
 
 bers. The position of the Jew was assured and that posi- 
 tion had been strengthened by the conduct of the Jew him- 
 self. The regime of Bevis Marks, which had been in vogue 
 in South Carolina for at least seventy years, was now an 
 anomaly. The Jews of South Carolina had outgrown that 
 regime, and when this fact once became patent there were 
 not wanting men with courage enough to take the first great 
 step in the direction of progress. 
 
 And now, before speaking of the reform movement of 
 1824, we would protest against the prevailing conception 
 that this movement came into existence in consequence of 
 ** early tendencies towards laxness and irreligion" and ''to 
 stem the tide of already existing disloyalty and irreligion, 
 which were enormous in volume before the reform move- 
 ment took hold." "We confess that we once held this view 
 ourselves, but further investigation has convinced us that 
 it is erroneous. 
 
 We are fortunate, indeed, in that we possess to-day a 
 copy of the Constitution of the Congregation Beth Elohim 
 of the j^ear 1820. ^ This furnishes a good idea of the com- 
 munity religiously, as regards its internal economy, just 
 before the time when reform was born. Read along with it 
 the anniversary address of Isaac Harby before the Re- 
 formed Society of Israelites,^ and the article in The North 
 American Review for July, 1826 (pages 67-79), and the 
 picture is complete. 
 
 The following extracts from the Constitution of 1820 are 
 worthy of careful note by the student of the development 
 of American Judaism : 
 
 * This document has been reprinted in full by the author from a 
 unique copy in the possession of J. Quintus Cohen, Esq., of New York, 
 to whom he is under obligation for the transcript. Before reprinting, 
 he carefully compared this transcript with the original. 
 
 ' A Selection from the Miscellaneous Writings of the late Isaac Harhy, 
 Esq. (Charleston, 1829), pp. 57-87. 
 
152 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 " The Paruass Presidenta shall have the sole direction in the Synagogue, 
 during divine service, and all officers under pay shall be under his control. 
 * * * He shall be authorized to call before the Private Ad junta any 
 person or persons, who may misbehave either in Synagogue, its enclosures 
 during divine sei-vice, or other legal occasions of meeting, and moreover 
 shall make it his indispensable duty to support, protect, and defend this 
 Constitution, and call any one to account who shall violate the same." — 
 Rule VI. 
 
 " And if any new and unforeseen case shall arise and come before them, 
 for which this Constitution does not expressly provide, they shall be em- 
 powered to investigate the same, according to their best judgment and 
 discretion, and if necessary for the good example and advantage of this 
 Congregation, the said Private Adjunta shall place the offenders under 
 disabilities, and inflict a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars; and all 
 persons whatsoever coming under the penalty of the laws, shall absolutely 
 be deprived of their honors, rights, and privileges, in and out of Syna- 
 gogue, until he, she, or they comply with the fine, disabilities, or other- 
 wise be reconciled to the Congregation." — Rule VII. 
 
 "No person or persons shall be sanctioned to combine for the purpose 
 of erecting any other Synagogue or for uniting in any other unlawful 
 Minyan, within five miles of Charleston; nor shall any person or per- 
 sons, under the jurisdiction of this Congregation, be permitted, under 
 any pretence whatever, to aid, join, or assist at any such unlawful Minyan 
 or Combination. 
 
 " All strangers arriving here, who do not, after the lapse of time affixed 
 by the Constitution, become members of the Congregation, shall be liable 
 to all the penalties and restrictions that members are subject to, and shall 
 not be admitted members, until such restrictions are removed. And if 
 any person under the jurisdiction of this Congregation, be guilty of such 
 an atrocious offence, as either to be concerned, aid, or assist as aforesaid, 
 he shall on sufficient proof thereof before the Private Adjunta, forfeit 
 all his rights and privileges in this Congregation, and be subject to a 
 fine not exceeding two hundred dollars; and such offender or offenders, 
 shall never be reinstated into his or their rights and privileges, and more- 
 over be deprived the right of burial inside of the Beth Hiam, until he 
 or they by themselves, executors, or administrators, relations, or friends, 
 pay up and settle the fine that may be inflicted. And any person or 
 persons placing themselves into such predicament, shall incur the penalty, 
 inasmuch as the same, either in joy or in sorrow, shall extend to the whole 
 family under his or their control and jurisdiction." — Rule VIII. 
 
 " All Israelites now in Charleston, who are not Yachidim, and such as 
 
REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 153 
 
 may arrive hereafter, after one year's residence shall be bound to sub- 
 scribe to the subscription list, and provide themselves and wives (if any) 
 with seats as aforesaid. * * * This law embraces all persons indiscrimi- 
 nately above twenty-one years of age, under an obligation, as before stated, 
 to give their support towards this CongTegation." — Rule XII. 
 
 " No person being called to the Sephar, having Portos-Hechal, or going 
 up there to offer, shall leave the same, without offering at least one shilling 
 for the Parnass Presidenta, and prosperity of the Congregation, nor shall 
 any ridiculous or unusual offering be permitted. 
 
 " Any person offending in either of these cases, shall be called before 
 the Private Adjunta, and at their discretion fined, or dealt with according: 
 to the nature and aggravation of the offence, and shall continue under all 
 disabilities in and out of Synagogue, until such decision is complied with." 
 —Rule XIII. 
 
 " This Congregation will not encourage or interfere with making prose- 
 lytes under any pretence whatever, nor shall any such be admitted under 
 the jurisdiction of this Congregation, until he, she, or they produce legal 
 and satisfactory credentials, from some other Congi-egation, where a 
 regular Chief, or Rabbi and Hebrew Consistory is established; and, pro- 
 vided, he, she, or they are not people of color." — Rule XXIII. 
 
 " Any person or persons being manned contrary to the Mosaical Law, 
 or renouncing his or their religion, shall themselves and their issue, never 
 be recognized members of this Congi-egation ; and should such person or 
 persons die, they shall not be buried within the walls of the Beth-Hiam, 
 unless he, she, or they shall have reformed, at least one year previous to 
 his or their death, and undergone such penance as is prescribed by the 
 laws of our Holy religion. 
 
 " Nor shall any person, desirous of consummating a marriage with any 
 female who has lived as a prostitute, or kept a disorderly house, be per- 
 mitted such marriage under the sanction of this Congregation, but should 
 such person or persons so marry without its jurisdiction, and after having 
 lived some years a moral and decent life, he or they shall be entitled to 
 the same right of becoming Yachidim as all strangers arriving in this 
 city."— Rule XXIV. 
 
 " Any person or persons publicly violating the Sabbath, or other sacred 
 days, shall be deprived of every privilege of Synagogue and the services 
 of its officers. He or they shall also be subject to such fine and penalties 
 as the Parnassim and Adjunta may deem fit, nor shall he or they be re- 
 admitted to the privileges aforesaid, until he or they shall have paid the 
 fine and suffered the punishment to be inflicted under this law." — Rule 
 XXV. 
 
154 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 This Constitution of 1820, then, reveals the Sjmagogue 
 as a severely autocratic institution. It controlled its mem- 
 bers, both within the Synagogue and without. Of this we 
 have likewise additional documentary evidence.^ The Con- 
 
 * The author is indebted to Mr. H. Harby, Jr., of Sumter, for the fol- 
 lowing original papers relating to the case of The State vs. Solomon 
 Moses — Assault. : 
 
 " Simon M. Hart : Was engaged as a member of the Benevolent Society 
 in burying the dead during the last fall, when defendant came to the 
 place & insisted upon assisting. Witness told him he should not do so 
 unless he had permission from the Society. Deft, immediately raised 
 his fist & struck witn. in the face. Deft, had before threatened that he 
 wd. have revenge on him. Guilty. Fined one dollar, in consideration of 
 the defendant having made amends by order of the Heb. Congregation." 
 (May, 1802.) 
 
 Here is the part of the Synagogue in the transaction: 
 
 "Sir 
 
 " The following is taken from the Minute Book of the Adjunta 25 
 Chisvan 5562 — 
 
 " Resolved unanimously that said Solomon Moses, for the said very 
 unwarentable Conduct at Mr. Abm. Torres house be fined in the sum of 
 Three pounds, and that he make such Concessions as this adjunta shall 
 dictate on the Teba, Just before taken out the Sepher, and that he be 
 depriv'd of all his rights and privilidges untill he fully complies with this 
 resolve. I furnish you with the Copy of the Resolve. 
 " By Order of P. Pr.— 
 
 "ISAAC D'AZEVEDO, Secty. 
 
 " Charleston, 2d Novr. 1801. 
 
 " Received the amount of above fine in full. 
 
 "D. CARDOZO, Gabay. 
 "Mr. Solomon Moses." 
 
 The following affidavit was exhibited at the trial: 
 
 " State op South Carolina 
 
 " Personally appeared Solomon Moses who being duly Sworn made Oath 
 and Saith that he paid the Sum of Three pound and begged Pardon in 
 
REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 155 
 
 gregation was orthodox in its ritual and observance. Its 
 members kept the Sabbath and the other sacred days, and 
 attended the services regularly. The discipline of the Syna- 
 gogue compelled allegiance in these respects. The Syna- 
 gogue did not encourage the making of proselytes and vis- 
 ited with severe penalties those who might marry out of 
 the faith. The ritual was that of the Spanish and Portu- 
 guese Jews. A portion of the service was conducted in 
 mongrel Spanish, which no one understood. Even Hebrew 
 was not sufficiently understood by the congregation gen- 
 erally to make the service intelligible. The service was 
 long and unattractive, and had to be hurried if the hours of 
 worship were not to be unduly protracted, which they often 
 were. Decorum was bad. There was no discourse or reli- 
 gious instruction of any kind except on special occasions. 
 Such was the state of affairs in the Synagogue in Charles- 
 ton in 1824, when forty-seven members of Beth Elohim pre- 
 sented a petition to the vestry asking for a revision of the 
 ritual. It was the first step that had been made in the direc- 
 tion of reform among the Jews of America. What the 
 memorialists sought is seen from the following extracts 
 from the petition itself : 
 
 " Your memorialists seek no other end than the f uti;re welfare and 
 respectability of the nation. As members of the great family of Israel, 
 they cannot consent to place before their children examples which are 
 only calculated to darken the mind and withhold from the rising genera- 
 tion the more rational means of worshipping the true God. 
 
 " It is to this, therefore, your memorialists would, in the first place, 
 invite the serious attention of your honorable body. By causing the 
 Hazan, or reader, to repeat in English such part of the Hebrew prayers 
 
 the Sinogogue for the offence that he was then Charged with and that 
 be is now restored to his full right and privilege of the Hebrew Con- 
 gregation as per his Letters & Receipt. 
 " Sworn to and Subscribed before me this 12 of May 1802 
 
 "JOHN JOHNSON J. P." 
 
156 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 as may be deemed necessary, it is confidently believed that the congre- 
 gation generally would be more forcibly impressed with the necessity of 
 Divine worship, and the moral obligations which they owe to themselves 
 and their Creator; while such a course would lead to more decency and 
 decorum during the time they are engaged in the performance of religious 
 duties. It is not every one who has the means, and many have not the 
 time, to acquire a knowledge of the Hebrew language, and consequently 
 to become enlightened in the principles of Judaism. What then is the 
 coui-se pursued in all religious societies for the purpose of disseminating 
 the peculiar tenets of their faith among the poor and uninformed? 
 
 " The principles of their religion are expounded to them from the pul- 
 pit in language that they understand; for instance, in the Catholic, the 
 German, and the French Protestant churches; by this means the ignorant 
 part of mankind attend their places of worship with some profit to their 
 morals and even improvement to their minds; they return from them 
 with hearts turned to piety, and with feelings elevated by their sacred 
 character. In this consists the beauty of religion — when men are invoked 
 by its divine spirit to the practice of virtue and morality. * * * 
 
 " With regard to such parts of the service as it is desired should undergo 
 this change, your memorialists would strenuously recommend that the 
 most solemn portions be retained, and everything superfluous excluded; 
 and that the principal parts, and if possible all that is read in Hebrew, 
 should also be read in English (that being the language of the country), 
 so as to enable every member of the congregation fully to understand 
 each part of this service. 
 
 " In submitting this article of our memorial to the consideration of 
 your honorable body, your memorialists are well aware of the difficulties 
 with which they must contend, before they will be enabled to accomplish 
 this desirable end; but while they would respectfully invite the attention 
 of your honorable body to this part of their memorial, they desire to rest 
 the propriety and expediency of such a measure solely upon the reason 
 by which it may be maintained. * * * 
 
 " Your memorialists would next call the particular attention of your 
 honorable body to the absolute necessity of abridging the ser^nce gener- 
 ally. They have reflected seriously upon its present length, and are con- 
 fident that this is one of the principal causes why so much of it is hastily 
 and improperly hurried over. * * * 
 
 "According to the present mode of reading the Parasa [Pentateuch] 
 it affords to the hearer neither instruction nor entertainment, unless he 
 be competent to read as well as comprehend the Hebrew language. But 
 if, like all other ministers, our reader would make a chapter or verse 
 
REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 157 
 
 the subject of an English discourse once a week, at the expiration of the 
 year the people would, at all events, know something of that religion which 
 at present they so little regard." ' 
 
 The petition was sensible, moderate, and dignified, but 
 the vestry laid it on the table without discussion and thus 
 deprived the petitioners of the right of appeal, a right that 
 was expressly provided for in the Constitution. [Rule VII.] 
 By so doing it violated in spirit, if not in letter, that Con- 
 stitution which it had sworn to defend. It is absurd to claim 
 that the vestry believed that the proposed changes struck 
 at the fundamental principles of Judaism. No one who 
 reads the petition can imagine any such thing. The vestry 
 was satisfied with things as they were and that was enough. 
 It was the regime of Bevis Marks still. But that petition 
 was signed by men who represented the intellect of the 
 community and they were not willing that their proposals 
 should be thus kept even from discussion by any such mean 
 subterfuge. 
 
 On November 21, 1824,^ a meeting was called and the 
 
 " Harby's " Anniversary Address," in Miscellaneous Writings, pp. 61-2. 
 
 ' The actual date of the organization of the Reformed Society of Israel- 
 ites is a matter only of surmise. Goldsmith's Directory for 1831 gives 
 the date Jan. 16, 1825; so does the Constitution of the Society. Writing 
 to Mr. Jefferson on Jan. 14, 1826, Isaac Harby says : " Our Society 
 commenced with about a dozen membezrs; it already (within a year) can 
 enumerate about fifty." {Select Writings, p. 36.) Harby's Discourse, 
 delivered Nov. 21, 1825, was delivered before the Society " on their first 
 Anniversary." {North Am. Rev. for July, 1826, p. 67.) The title-page 
 of the prayer-book of the Society reads : " Founded in Charleston, South 
 Carolina, November 21, 1825." A careful search of all the files of news- 
 papers for 1824-5 has failed to discover any reference to the Society 
 earlier than Nov. 22, 1825 — the first anniversary meeting. Inasmuch as 
 these anniversary' meetings were held on Nov. 21st of each year or 
 thereabouts, we may take it with reasonable certainty that the prelimi- 
 nary organization of the Society took place in November, 1824, while 
 pennanent organization was not effected till Jan. 16, 1825. 
 
158 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 '^Reformed Society of Israelites" organized. The Society- 
 started with about a dozen members. In two months its 
 numbers had increased to thirty-eight, and in July, 1826, 
 exceeded fifty. In 1826 Beth Elohim had seventy subscrib- 
 ing members, representing about three hundred souls ; and 
 the Society fifty members, making with their families over 
 two hundred souls. "The Jews born in Carolina," writes 
 Isaac Harby in 1826, "are mostly of our way of thinking on 
 the subject of worship, and act from a tender regard for the 
 opinions and feelings of their parents in not joining the 
 Society." 7 
 
 Apart from what we know of the almost patriarchal gov- 
 ernment in the family that obtained among the Jews of 
 South Carolina in the early days, the above figures show 
 how utterly at variance with the facts is the statement that 
 this first reform movement was either small or insignificant 
 — consisting of a mere handful, as one writer over-confi- 
 dently puts it. Even the late Nathaniel Levin could only see 
 in the Society a movement in which ' ' a spirit of innovation 
 raised its miscreant front among our people," * * * "a 
 Society that did not increase in numbers and which, after 
 a few years of sickly existence, became extinct. ' ' ^ 
 
 As a matter of fact, the best and most influential people 
 in the community were in the Society and a large number 
 of those who were not actually affiliated with it were in 
 sympathy with its aims. No writer till now seems to have 
 deemed it worth his while to ascertain the names of the 
 people who constituted the Society and who directed it. 
 Beyond the names of Isaac Harby and David N. Carvalho 
 we do not find, in the scant literature which we possess on 
 the subject, a single name associated with it. Thus has the 
 history of the past come down to us. But such historical 
 
 The North American Review, July, 1826, p. 74. 
 The Occident, Vol. 1, pp. 436 and 439. 
 
REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 159 
 
 writing will no longer pass muster. We must be in posses- 
 sion of facts if we would pass judgment. 
 
 We have thus endeavored to trace, in its proper setting, 
 the origin of the reform movement in America. It was an 
 indigenous movement, a ** spontaneous impulse towards 
 better things," "not produced either by foreign or internal 
 violence or solicitation," as the s>Tnpathetic reviewer of 
 Harby's *' Discourse" in The North American Review, 
 above quoted, well puts it (page 67). The reviewer estimates 
 the movement far more accurately than do subsequent 
 writers, most of whom are imbued with orthodox bias.° 
 Leeser ludicrously thinks from his commendation of the 
 ''Discourse" that he ''no doubt intended by his remarks to 
 foment yet farther the spirit of discord which had exhibited 
 itself among the Israelites of that place" ( Charleston). ^'^ 
 
 We now come to the Society itself and reproduce here for 
 its historical value a published statement of its principles. 
 It is to be found in Goldsmith's Directory for 1831, page 
 146. The publisher was the secretary of the Society in 1825 : 
 
 "THE REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES. 
 
 " This Society was formed with a view of making such alterations in 
 the customs and ceremonies of the Jewish religion as would comport with 
 the present enlightened state of the world. It adopted, in its outset, this 
 fundamental principle, that a correct understanding of divine worship 
 
 * The following observation of the reviewer is worthy of note : 
 " How far innovation will eventually go, when once positively begun, 
 we are unable to conjecture. We have heard it vaguely suggested, beside 
 other things, that the new reformers among the Jews, both in this country 
 and in Europe, have it in contemplation to remove their Sabbath for- 
 ward one day, so as to make it coincide with the day of rest of the Chris- 
 tian. But nothing of the kind is hinted at in the documents before us, 
 nor does it come from any authentic source of information with which 
 we are acquainted." — North American Review for July, 1826, p. 72. Cer- 
 tain it is, that no such move was contemplated. 
 " The Occident, Vol. 9, p. 211. 
 
160 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 is not only essential to our own happiness and a duty we owe to the 
 Almighty Disposer of events, but is well calculated at the same time to 
 enlarge the mind and improve the heart. In their creed, which accompa- 
 nies their ritual, they subscribe to nothing of rabbinical interpretation, or 
 rabbinical doctrines. They are their own teachers, drawing their knowl- 
 edge from the Bible, and following only the laws of Moses, and those 
 only as far as they can be adapted to the institutions of the Society in 
 which they live and enjoy the blessings of liberty. They do nothing 
 against the laws of Moses, but omit eveiything belonging to the former 
 independent condition of their ancestors. They have simplified the wor- 
 ship of God and brought the great objects of public meeting — piety, 
 morals, and sense — so as to be perfectly comprehensible to the under- 
 standing of the humblest capacity." In the appendix to their constitu- 
 tion, they say, they wish not to overthrow, but rebuild — not to destroy, 
 but to reform and revise the evils of which they complain — not to abandon 
 the institutions of Moses, but to understand and to observe them; in 
 fine, they wish to worship Grod, not as slaves of bigotry and priestcraft, 
 but as the enlightened descendants of that chosen race, whose blessings 
 have been scattered throughout the land of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob." 
 
 We will not go into details here about the "Creed" of the 
 Society, or their method of worship,^ ^ as the prayer-book 
 of the Society — a very remarkable volume — will be pub- 
 lished in the near future.^^ Suffice it to say, that the revised 
 "Creed" consisted of ten articles, which differed materially 
 from the thirteen articles of Maimonides that were then 
 universally accepted in orthodox communities. The service 
 was short and simple, and the prayer-book was a compila- 
 tion of the most beautiful passages in the old ritual. There 
 were also some original prayers. Parts of the service were 
 recited both in Hebrew and English. An English discourse 
 
 " These have been described, though somewhat inaccurately, in a series 
 of articles by Dr. Mayer, in Einhorn's Sinai (Baltimore, 1856) ; in Leeser's 
 Occident, Vol. 1, pp. 438-9; in The American Hebrew, Jan. 29, 1886; 
 and by Dr. Philipson in The Jewish Quarterly Review for October, 1897. 
 Dr. Mayer was Rabbi of Beth Elohim from 1851 to 1856. 
 
 ^''' As far as can be ascertained, only two copies of this book are in 
 existence, one of which is in the possession of the author. 
 
REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 161 
 
 formed part of the morning service. There was instrmnen- 
 tal music and the congregation worshipped with uncovered 
 heads. David Nunez Carvalho was the volunteer ''Reader," 
 and the Society met in Seyle's Masonic Hall, on Meeting 
 Street. The Society had as part of its programme the edu- 
 cation of a youth or youths "so as to render him or them 
 fully competent to perform divine service, not only with 
 ability, bearing and dignity, but also according to the true 
 spirit of Judaism, for which this institution was formed." ^^ 
 This part of the programme seems not to have been real- 
 ized. 
 
 At the first anniversary meeting of the Society, held on 
 November 21, 1825, the following officers were elected: 
 
 Aaron Phillips, president. 
 
 Michael Lazarus, vice-president. 
 
 Morris Goldsmith, secretary. 
 
 Isaac Mordecai, treasurer. 
 
 Abraham Moise, orator. 
 
 Corresponding Committee — Isaac Harby, Abraham 
 Moise, Isaac N. Cardozo, D. N. Carvalho, and E. P. Cohen.^"* 
 
 In 1826 the Society issued an appeal for subscriptions 
 "for erecting in the city of Charleston a new place of 
 worship in honor of Almighty God. ' ' The following is the 
 circular : 
 
 " Nearly two years have now elapsed since a large and respectable 
 meeting of Israelites was held in this city, for the purpose of endeavor- 
 ing to effect some changes, and eradicating many acknowledged errors 
 in the mode of worship at present observed in the Synagogue. For the 
 attainment of these objects a Society was soon after organized called 
 * The Reformed Society of Israelites,^ which has since been incorporated 
 by the Legislature. The ends proposed to be attained were chiefly these : 
 
 "First. To introduce such a change in the mode of worship, that a 
 
 " The North American Review, July, 1826, p. 71. 
 
 "See The Charleston Mercury, Nov. 22, 1825. See also The Southern 
 Patriot of the same date. 
 
162 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 considerable portion of the prayers be said in the English language, so 
 that by being understood, they would be attended with that religious 
 instruction in our particular faith, essential to the rising generation, and 
 so generally neglected; and which, by promoting pious and elevated 
 feelings, would also render the service solemn, impressive and dignified — 
 such as should belong to all our addresses to the Divine power. 
 
 " Secondly. To discontinue the observance of such ceremonies as par- 
 take strongly of bigotry; as owe their origin only to Rabbinical Institu- 
 tions; as are not embraced in the moral laws of Moses; and in many 
 instances are contrary to their spirit, to their beauty and sublimity and 
 to that elevated piety and virtue which so highly distinguish them, 
 
 " Thirdly. To abolish the use of such portions of the Hebrew prayers 
 as are superfluous and consist of mere repetitions, and to select such of 
 them as are sufficient and appropriate to the occasion. 
 
 " Fourthly. To follow the portions of the Pentateuch which are to be 
 said in the original Hebrew, with an English Discourse, in which the 
 principles of the Jewish faith, and the force and beauty of the moral 
 law, may be expounded to the rising generation, so that they, and all 
 others may know how to cherish and venerate those sublime truths which 
 emanated from the Almighty Fathei-, and which are acknowledged as 
 the first, and most hallowed principles of all religion. 
 
 " Such were, with a few other minor alterations, the principal objects that 
 led to the institution of ' The Reformed Society of Israelites' in the 
 city of Charleston. This explanation we deem due to those whose assist- 
 ance may be extended towards erecting this new Temple to the Service 
 of the Almighty. It is an appeal to all who are influenced by tolerant 
 and unprejudiced feelings, and who can properly appreciate the conduct 
 of those who are actuated in their wish for the above changes, by a 
 desire to disencumber their religion of what disfigures instead of orna- 
 menting it, and by the religious instruction which distinguishes the present 
 age. It appeals to no sectarian spirit, as it directs itself solely to the 
 bosoms of those that respond to the pure and uncontaminated feelings 
 of an enlightened piety. Exclusive principles belong, more or less, to all 
 sects, but the virtue of Benevolence may belong to all of every sect. 
 Impressed with these sentiments, we therefore make our application 
 general, and to such as are influenced by the spirit of true Religion, 
 and by a manly and discriminating feeling of what is really good and 
 ennobling in human charity. 
 
 " Donations will be thankfully received, and all communications noticed 
 by either of the subscribers. 
 
 " Aaron Phillips, President ; Michael Lazarus, Vice-President ; Isaac 
 
REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 163 
 
 Mordecai, Treasurer; D. N. Carvalho, Isaac N. Cardozo, E. P. Cohen, 
 Abraham Moise and Isaac Harby — Committee." 
 " Charleston, Sept. 1, 1826." 
 
 The files of the Charleston newspapers from 1825 to 1832 
 furnish the lists of officers of the Society year by year.^" 
 They were as follows : 
 
 Presidents: Aaron Phillips (1825), Isaac Harby (1827), 
 Abraham Moise (1828-1832). 
 
 Vice-Presidents: Michael Lazarus (1825), Abraham 
 Mq^se (1827), Isaac N. Cardozo (1828-1832). 
 
 'Secretaries: Morris Goldsmith (1825), Henry M. Hyams 
 (1827), Philip Phillips (1828), Thomas W. Mordecai (1829- 
 1832). 
 
 Treasurers: Isaac Mordecai (1825-1827), Joseph Phil- 
 lips (1828), Thomas W. Mordecai (1829-32). 
 
 Orators: Abraham Moise (1825), D. N. Carvalho (1827). 
 
 Most of these officers served likewise on the Correspond- 
 ing Committee, as did also E. P. Cohen (1825), Philip Ben- 
 jamin (1827), Colonel Myer Jacobs (1829), David C. Levy 
 (1832), and Isaac C. Moses (1832). The meetings were held 
 on November 21 of each year, and the last meetiAg on 
 record at which officers were elected was that of November 
 21, 1832. On May 2, 1833, a special meeting was held for 
 the purpose, apparently, of winding up the affairs of the 
 Society. Witness the following: 
 
 '° This circular was printed in The Mercury every day, from Sept. 
 2, 1S2G, till the end of the year. It is worthy of note that in the paper 
 of Oct. 26th, and all subsequent issues the names of Aaron Phillips and 
 E. P. Cohen are omitted. Suggested reasons for the change would be 
 mere guesses. 
 
 "See The Courier, Nov. 22, 1825, Nov. 22, 1827, Nov. 26, 1828, Nov. 
 23, 1829, Nov. 24, 1830, Nov. 23, 1831, Nov. 23, 1832. The file July-Dec, 
 1826, is missing both in the Charleston Library and in the library of 
 the Chamber of Commei'ce. The numbers of The Mercury and The 
 Southern Patriot are likewise missing. 
 
164 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 " The following circular was addressed through the P, 0., to the many- 
 citizens who subscribed about 5 years ago, to raise a fund for building 
 a second synagogue in this city. It is a document which speaks for 
 itself. There is a moral beauty in the act, which makes it a subject 
 for grateful contemplation. How rare, very rare are such instances! 
 
 ,, , „ " ' Charleston, 7th. May, 1833, 
 
 " ' The Reformed Society of Israelites at a meeting held on the 2nd. 
 inst. having abandoned their intention of building a new Synagogue in 
 the city of Charleston, Resolved unanimously, " that such sums of money 
 as were subscribed by their fellow-citizens for that purpose, be forth- 
 with returned, with the interest which Las accrued thereon." Your name 
 appearing on the lists appended to the sum of five dollars, we herewith 
 inclose the same with interest, and the thanks of the Society for the 
 liberal feeling which prompted the donation. 
 
 " ' Your obedient servants, 
 
 " ' Abraham Moise 
 " ' I. N. Cardozo 
 
 " ' Isaac Mordecai !- Committee. 
 
 " ' Michael Lazarus 
 " ' Thomas W. Mordecai 
 "'Donation $5.00 
 Interest 1.68 
 
 6.68 
 
 " ' Sept. 6, 1833.' " " 
 
 Thus ended the first great struggle for reform among the 
 Jews of America. There were several causes that con- 
 tributed to the dissolution of the Society. There was, of 
 course, opposition from without, but this had little or noth- 
 ing to do with it. There was the pressure from those con- 
 nected with the members by family ties. The removal from 
 the city of Isaac Harby in 1828 must have been severely 
 felt, and several others likewise left Charleston at that 
 time. The lack of theological equipment of its leaders had 
 
 The Courier, Sept. 11, 1833. 
 
REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 165 
 
 nothing to do with it. The Society sought edification in its 
 worship, and among its members were several distinguished 
 orators, who were fully equal to the demands of their day. 
 The main reason was the fact that the movement was ahead 
 of its time, and the masses were afraid to risk the experi- 
 ment. That the movement lasted as long as it did — at 
 least eight years — shows what a firm hold it had taken upon 
 the people. Success is a relative term after all. Let the 
 critic who would judge it fairly compare it, e.g., with two 
 small movements on similar lines that have taken place in 
 London within the last few years, — we refer to the Hamp- 
 stead Sabbath afternoon services and the present Religious 
 Union services, — movements by no means as revolutionary 
 as the one in Charleston in 1824, and he will come to a far 
 truer estimate of the first Reformed Society of Israelites. 
 The Society failed, but its very failure was success, for it 
 had sowed the seeds of progress, which germinated very 
 soon thereafter, this time successfully. 
 
CHAPTER Z— 1824-1860 
 
 E have thus far traced the rise and 
 development of the Jews of South 
 Carolina to the zenith of their his- 
 tory. During the present period 
 the Jewish community continued to 
 increase by steady immigration. 
 Charleston was a very important 
 business centre in those days, much 
 more so than it is to-day, and its commercial opportunities 
 attracted settlers from everywhere. As before, Jews were 
 to be found in every sphere of commercial and political life, 
 and in public life generally they attained great prominence. 
 Several members of the Charleston community won national 
 recognition. As a whole, it was a magnificent community, 
 noted for its culture as well as for its commercial integrity. 
 The Jewish community, however, was growing too rapidly 
 for the city, and many of its prominent members left for 
 other places during this period. New York, Baltimore, 
 Philadelphia, New Orleans, Mobile, San Francisco, Au- 
 gusta, Wilmington, and Savannah received additions to 
 their Jewish population from Charleston — indeed, there 
 were few of the older Jewish communities of this country 
 that had not Charleston Jews among their founders. The 
 Jews of Charleston were scattering through the State, too, 
 and significant settlements of Jews were to be found in 
 Sumter, Columbia, Camden, Georgetown, Marion, Beau- 
 fort, and Cheraw. 
 166 
 
MAJOR RAPHAEL J. MOSES, 181 2-1 893 
 
1 
 
 
 II 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 E have thus far traced ... ,.« and 
 development of the Jews of South 
 Carolina to tiie zenith of their his- 
 tory. During the present period 
 the Jewish community continued to 
 increase by steady immigration. 
 Charleston was a very important 
 business centre in those days, much 
 
 more so than it is to-day, and its commercial opportunities 
 
 attracted settlers from everywhere. As before, Jews were 
 
 to be found in ev " ' ' '", 
 
 and in public lifi .^. ...... ... 
 
 Several members .Charleston il 
 
 recognition. As a whole, it was a 
 
 li ' ^ " ' '' - " 
 
 for the city, of its prominent members left for 
 
 ot ices du ;s period. Nfew York, Baltimore, 
 
 P •'• ""'^ Nv w, ,eans, Mobile, San Francisco, Au- 
 
 g; on, and Savannah received additions to 
 
 their Jewish population from Charleston — indeed, there 
 were few of ' ' - - •• ^ q£ Ij^^g country 
 
 that had not ...... -y^^-^y. . ,feXWiders. The 
 
 Jews of Charleston wfere s< U the State, too, 
 
 and significant settlements oi Jews were to be found in 
 Sumter, Columbia, Camden, Georgetown, Marion, Beau- 
 fort, and Cher aw. 
 
1824-1860 
 
 167 
 
 Following the plan adopted in a former chapter, we will 
 give here a directory of the Jews of Charleston from 1824 
 to 1860, which, while far from complete, includes the lead- 
 ing Jews of the period. The Jews of the rest of the State 
 will be noted elsewhere: 
 
 DIRECTORY— 1824-1860. 
 
 Aarons, Moses. 
 
 Blank, Josiah. 
 
 Abrahams, A. H. 
 
 Breslau, M. 
 
 " , Alexander. 
 
 Canter, Emanuel. 
 
 , E. 
 
 Cardozo, D. N. 
 
 " , Elias. 
 
 " , I. N. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 
 " , J. N. 
 
 , T. H. 
 
 Carvalho, D. N. 
 
 Alexander, Aaron. 
 
 " , E. N. 
 
 , Abm. 
 
 " , S. N. 
 
 Ancker, G. V. 
 
 Cohen, A. N. 
 
 Ashim, L. N. 
 
 " , Asher D. 
 
 " , Simon. 
 
 " , Aug. E. 
 
 Audler, I. 
 
 " , C. H. 
 
 Barnet, Woolf. 
 
 " , David D. 
 
 Barrett, Isaac. 
 
 " , David L. 
 
 " , Jacob, 
 
 " , E. 
 
 " , S. I. 
 
 " , E. H. 
 
 Barue, B. S. 
 
 " , Esdaile P. 
 
 Baum, Elkin. 
 
 " , G. 
 
 " , Heman. 
 
 " , H., Rev. 
 
 Belitzer, Isaac. 
 
 " , H. C. 
 
 " , T. 
 
 " , Hyam. 
 
 Benjamin, David. 
 
 " , Hy. S. 
 
 , S. A. 
 
 " , I. S. 
 
 Bensadon, J., Dr. 
 
 " , Jacob. 
 
 " , Judah. 
 
 " , " , Jr. 
 
 Bentschner, Isaac. 
 
 " , J. Barrett 
 
 , I. W. 
 
 " , Jacob H. 
 
 " , Jacob. 
 
 - " , John J. 
 
 Bergen, Morris. 
 
 " , J. S. 
 
 Berlin, Ralph. 
 
 " , Joseph. 
 
 Bernard, Levy. 
 
 " , L. L., Dr. 
 
 Bernstine, Nathan. 
 
 " , Leopold. 
 
168 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Cohen, Lewis. 
 
 " , Marx E. 
 
 " , McDuff. 
 
 " , Melvin M. 
 
 " , Mordeeai. 
 
 " , Myer M. 
 
 " , N. A. 
 
 " , Philip. 
 
 " , P. M., Dr. 
 
 " , P. S. 
 
 " , Samuel. 
 
 " , Sol., Jr. 
 
 " , Sol. I. 
 Cohn, L. 
 Davega, C, Dr. 
 
 " , Isaac. 
 David, R. L. 
 Davis, D. 
 
 " , Henry. 
 
 " , Isaac B. 
 
 " , Joseph. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 Dehaan, L. S. 
 
 " , Samuel. 
 De La Motta, J., Dr. 
 
 , J. 
 De Lange, J. L. 
 , S. J. 
 De Leon, H. H. 
 '' , M. H. 
 Delong, Leo. 
 Droutman, T. 
 Dublin, Henry. 
 Eekman, J., Rev. 
 Elias, Levy. 
 Emanuel, Joel. 
 
 " , Nathan. 
 Engelberg, M. 
 Esdra, Eugene. 
 
 " , J. E. 
 Fabian, H. 
 
 Falk, Abraham. 
 " , George. 
 " , Isaac L. 
 " , Zachariah. 
 Frank, Joseph. 
 Frankford, S. 
 Friedlander, M. 
 Furst, Dl. 
 Fui'th, Joseph. 
 Garretson, I. 
 Goldsmidt, Jonas. 
 Goldsmith, A. A. 
 " , Heniy. 
 
 , I. H. 
 " , Morris. 
 " , Moses. 
 Goldstein, A. 
 
 " ,1. 
 " , J. 
 Harby, Abm. 
 
 " , H. J. 
 
 " , Isaac. 
 
 '' , Sol. H. 
 Harris, A., Rev. 
 
 " , A. J., Sr. 
 
 " , A. J., Jr. 
 
 " , George. 
 
 " , Isaac. 
 
 " , N. 
 
 Hart, Daniel. 
 " , Hyam N. 
 " , J. J. 
 
 " , Levi. 
 " , Naphtali. 
 " , Nathan. 
 " , Philip. 
 " , S., Sr. 
 " , S. N., Sr. 
 " , S. N., Jr. ^ 
 Hendricks, J. 
 
1824-1860 
 
 169 
 
 Henry, Barnard. 
 
 " , P. J. 
 Hertz, H. M. 
 
 " , I. E. 
 
 " , Jacob. 
 
 " ,L. 
 
 " , Thad. E. 
 Heydeufeldt, S. 
 Hirscb, I. W. 
 
 " , J. M. 
 Hoffman, G. 
 Hyams, Hamilton. 
 
 " , Henry M. 
 
 " , Isaac. 
 
 " , Mordeeai. 
 
 " , Moses D. 
 
 " , M. K. 
 
 " , Pinckney. 
 
 " , Sol. 
 Hyneman, L. 
 Isaacs, Alexander. 
 
 " , S. F. 
 Isenburg, B. 
 " T 
 
 Israel, M. 
 
 " , N. H. 
 Jacobi, M. 
 
 " , W. J. 
 Jacobs, C. 
 
 " ,D. 
 
 " , F. C. 
 
 " , H. E. 
 
 " , H. S., Rev. 
 
 " , J. S. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 
 " , Myer. 
 
 " , P. S. 
 
 " , Sol., Rev. 
 Joseph, E. C. 
 
 " , J. 
 " , J. J. 
 
 Joseph, L. H. 
 Koopman, M. 
 Labatt, Isaac C. 
 Lange, John H. 
 Lazarus, B. D. 
 " ,G. 
 " , J. E. P. 
 " , Joshua. 
 " , Marks. 
 " , Michael. 
 Levin, L. J. 
 " , Lewis C. 
 " , Moritz. 
 " , Nathaniel. 
 Levy, A. 
 " , Bai'net. 
 " , C. F. 
 " , Clarence. 
 " , Cossman. 
 " , D. C. 
 " , D. J. 
 " , Elias. 
 " , Eml. 
 " , Ezra L. 
 " , G. J. 
 " , Isaac. 
 " , J. C. 
 " , L. C. 
 " , L. L. 
 " , Lyon. 
 " , Marks. 
 " , Moses A. 
 " , " C. 
 " , " E. 
 " , Orlando. 
 " , Reuben. 
 Lewith, R. J. 
 Lichtenstein, L. 
 Lipman, A. 
 
 " , Raphael. 
 Livingston, J. 
 
170 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Loovis, M. 
 
 Mordecai, J. R. 
 
 Lopez, Aaron. 
 
 li 
 
 , M. C. 
 
 " , David. 
 
 u 
 
 , T. W. 
 
 " , John. 
 
 Moses 
 
 , A. J. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 
 u 
 
 , C. B. 
 
 Loryea, A. 
 
 t( 
 
 , D. L. 
 
 " , E. 
 
 (( 
 
 , E. L. 
 
 " , Isaac. 
 
 t( 
 
 , E. J. 
 
 Lyon, L. S. D. 
 
 u 
 
 , Isaiah. 
 
 " , Philip. 
 
 u 
 
 Jacob. 
 
 Lyons, Ellis, Rev. 
 
 ii 
 
 J. L. 
 
 " , George. 
 
 il 
 
 Joseph. 
 
 Mairs, Levy. 
 
 a 
 
 Levy. 
 
 " , Simon. 
 
 u 
 
 L. J. 
 
 Marks, J. M. 
 
 a 
 
 Myer. 
 
 " , M. 
 
 a 
 
 M. J. 
 
 Massias, Maj. A. A. 
 
 u 
 
 M. S. 
 
 Mayer, I. 
 
 u 
 
 Perry. 
 
 " , M., Rev. 
 
 il 
 
 Raphael J. 
 
 Meyer, E. J. 
 
 a 
 
 Reuben. 
 
 " , Morris. 
 
 (( 
 
 Samuel. 
 
 Meyers, Eleazer. 
 
 u 
 
 Simon. 
 
 Moise, Aaron. 
 
 a 
 
 Solomon. 
 
 " , Abraham. 
 
 Moss, 
 
 Joseph. 
 
 " , Ab., Jr. 
 
 Myers, 
 
 Eleazer. 
 
 " , B. F. 
 
 « 
 
 L. J. 
 
 " , C. H. 
 
 « 
 
 Philip. 
 
 " , C. T. 
 
 « 
 
 Samuel. 
 
 " , Columbus. 
 
 i( 
 
 Sol. 
 
 " , E. W. 
 
 Nathan 
 
 , Hyman. 
 
 " , FrankHn. 
 
 « 
 
 , L. 
 
 " , Howard S. 
 
 « 
 
 , M. H. 
 
 " , Isaac. 
 
 ti 
 
 , Sol. 
 
 " , Jacob. 
 
 Nathans, Henry. 
 
 " , T. J. 
 
 u 
 
 , J. N. 
 
 " , T. S. 
 
 it 
 
 , Levy. 
 
 " , Philip A. 
 
 a 
 
 , Meyer. 
 
 " , Warren. 
 
 li 
 
 , Nathan. 
 
 Mordecai, Ben. 
 
 Nauman, Wm. 
 
 " , I. D. 
 
 Oppenheim, Henry 
 
 " , J. 
 
 (( 
 
 , H. W. 
 
1824-1860 
 
 171 
 
 Oppenheim, J. H. 
 , S. H. 
 Ottolengui, A. 
 " ^ , Dan. 
 
 " , I. 
 " , J. 
 Pecare, J. 
 " , M. 
 
 Peixotto, J. C. 
 Phillips, Aaron. 
 " , B. 
 " , N., Jr. 
 " , Philip. 
 Pinkussohn, P. 
 Poznanski, G., Rev. 
 " , Gershon. 
 " , Hyam. 
 Prince, George. 
 Riesenberg, M. 
 Rodriguez, B. A., Dr. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 Roos, David. 
 Rosenfeld, J., Rev. 
 Rothschild, M. 
 Sampson, A. J. 
 " , E. 
 " , Jos. 
 " , J. H. 
 
 , Sam., Sr. 
 
 " , " , Jr. 
 
 " , Thomas. 
 Samuel, Moses. 
 Sarzedas, D, 
 Schur, B. 
 " , D. 
 
 " , I. 
 Schwabe, L. B. 
 Schwerin, J. 
 Seckendorf, Isaac. 
 Segar, Isaac. 
 
 Seixas, D. C. 
 " , J. M. 
 Silverston, M. 
 Simmonds, M. B. 
 Simons, Jacob. 
 
 " , Mordecai. 
 Simpson, A. 
 
 " , M. M. 
 Solomon, Ab. 
 
 " , A. L. 
 
 " , Augustus. 
 
 " , Henry. 
 
 " , M. 
 
 " , Phineas. 
 
 " , R. 
 
 " , Solomon. 
 Solomons, D. 
 
 " , E. 
 
 " , J. R., Dr. 
 
 " , Lizer. 
 
 " , L. J. 
 
 " , Mordecai. 
 
 " , S. S. 
 Sommers, E. 
 Suares, A. 
 " ,B. 
 " , Ben. C. 
 " , Jacob. 
 " , J. E. 
 Tobias, A. 
 " , Henry. 
 
 " , I. 
 
 " , J. L. 
 
 " , T. J. 
 Triest, J. 
 
 « , M. 
 
 " , S. 
 Uhlman, J. H. 
 Valentine, I. D. 
 
 " , J. 
 
 " , S. 
 
172 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Walters, J, Winestock, M. 
 
 Wesel, D. V. Woolf, H. L. P. 
 Wetherhorn, M. " , Isaac. 
 
 Wineberg, M. " , Ralph. 
 
 Wineman, P. Zachariah, J. 
 
 Of this large connnunity, as before, most of its members 
 engaged in commercial pursuits, some attaining great 
 wealth. The limits of this volume will only allow the brief- 
 est mention of the many men who achieved ordinary prom- 
 inence. Four names, however, stand out in special relief: 
 Isaac Harby, Jacob N. Cardozo, Jacob De La Motta, and 
 Penina Moise. To these we shall now refer at length. 
 
 Isaac Harby was the eldest son of Solomon Harby, whose 
 father came originally from Barbary, where he occupied 
 the post of Lapidary to the Emperor of Morocco. Falling 
 into disfavor, he fled to England, where he married an 
 Italian lady. His son, Solomon Harby, left England for 
 Jamaica before he was twenty-one years of age, and after- 
 wards settled in Charleston, where Isaac Harby was born on 
 November 9, 1788. He was educated at the academy of 
 the famous Dr. Best, and early manifested signs of capacity 
 as a teacher. Quite early in life, we are told, he became 
 an assistant teacher in Charleston College and published 
 short articles in the local newspapers.^ In 1805, assisted by 
 his friend, Langdon Cheves, he began the study of law, 
 which, however, he soon abandoned. The death of his father 
 leaving him the sole support of a large family, he opened a 
 school at Edisto Island in 1808. This proving a success, 
 he ventured the following year to remove to Charleston, 
 where his academy became known as one of the best teach- 
 ing institutions in the city. The following is the announce- 
 ment he made to the Charleston public in 1809 : ^ 
 
 ^ Moise: Memoir prefacing Harby's Miscellaneous Writings, p. 7. 
 ' The Courier, Jan. 1, 1810. 
 
1824-1860 173 
 
 "ISAAC HARBY 
 
 The subscriber has opened an Academy in BEDON ALLEY No. , 
 
 where will be taught the usual branches of an English Education, viz. 
 Elocution, Arithmetick, Penmanship, Grammar, Geography — also the 
 Latin £ Greek Classieks, Composition, <& the first Books of Euclid's 
 Elements. 
 
 " He pledges himself, not only to pay every attention to the routine of 
 his Pupils' improvement, but also to instruct them in the principles of 
 virtue & patriotism. To instil into their minds honour & morality; & 
 so far to effect the wish of the noble Spartan, as to teach Boys those 
 things when they are young, which will prove most useful to them, when 
 they become men. 
 
 "ISAAC HARBY. 
 
 " December 19." 
 
 Many amusing stories are related of him as a teacher. 
 It is said that ''while a schoolmaster, he would join in the 
 sports of the boys during the hours of recess, but woe to 
 the urchins with whom he played who were not perfect in 
 their recitations. He generally thrashed them soundly, 
 though he might engage in the ball play with them the very 
 next hour. ' ' ^ His Academy continued to exist for some 
 years, when he retired from teaching and took up news- 
 paper work. He returned to teaching, however, in 1822. 
 In 1825 he was elected one of the teachers of the Free 
 Schools,-* but resigned his position prior to his removal to 
 New York in 1828.« 
 
 In the first quarter of the nineteenth century there were 
 many distinguished local litterateurs in Charleston: Crafts, 
 Percival, Gilman, Ed. Jones, the elder Timrod, White, Hol- 
 land, James, and Simmons — to mention only the best known. 
 It was a period of great literary activity. Among the most 
 distinguished of this coterie of writers was Isaac Harby. 
 
 'The XIX Century (Charleston, S. C, 1869), Vol. 1, p. 280. 
 * The Courier, Feb. 15, 1825. 
 'Ibid., May 27, 1828. 
 
174 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 His first work as an editor was done while he conducted The 
 Quiver, a literary weekly that was short-lived. Becoming 
 interested in politics, associated with a friend, he purchased 
 The Investigator in 1814, which forthwith became the elo- 
 quent champion of the Republican cause. It was a bold 
 venture to change the character of an established paper. 
 He even changed its name to The Southern Patriot and 
 Commercial Advertiser,^ and diversifying its columns with 
 his own writings, he made a success of his venture. In his 
 paper he supported the administration of Mr. Madison with 
 much ability. He retired from The Patriot on October 6, 
 
 1822, and shortly afterwards associated himself with John 
 Geddes, Jr., who had become the proprietor and editor 
 of The City Gazette and Daily Advertiser. Harby was 
 Geddes 's assistant.'^ He retired from The City Gazette in 
 
 1823, and at the end of the year issued a prospectus of an 
 afternoon paper — The Examiner — which was designed to 
 support Mr. Calhoun, in the first instance, for the Presi- 
 dency; failing in this, his second choice was Andrew Jack- 
 son. This paper never materialized. He was also an occa- 
 sional contributor to The Charleston Mercury. 
 
 Isaac Harby was best known as an essayist. His essays 
 were distinguished for their choice diction and good taste. 
 Among these essays are the following: ''Essay on Criti- 
 cism," ''The Quarterly Review and Melmoth," "Le Sage 
 and De Solis," " The Field of Waterloo — a Poem by Sir 
 Walter Scott," " Byron's Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte," 
 ' ' Letters on the Presidency. ' ' ^ His dramatic criticisms, 
 too, were much admired and brought him into note on both 
 sides of the Atlantic. 
 
 "King: The Newspaper Press of Charleston, S. C, p. 74. 
 
 ' Ibid., p. 62. 
 
 ° These essays, together with numerous theatrical criticisms selected 
 from his newspaper writings and his play, Alberti, are included in the 
 memorial volume, Miscellaneous Writings. 
 
1824-1860 175 
 
 Harby was not only a dramatic critic, but a successful 
 dramatist. Charleston at that time enjoyed the reputation 
 of being one of the first cities in America to encourage the 
 transportation of the drama from Europe and to foster its 
 growth. Several of his dramas were played with com- 
 parative success on the Charleston boards. His earliest 
 effort, written in 1805, when he was just seventeen years 
 old, was Alexander Severus, a tragedy in five acts. This 
 was followed in 1807 by The Gordian Knot, or Causes and 
 Effects, and was not a great success. In his preface the 
 author gives a most amusing description of the diflficulties 
 he had to surmount before he saw his play performed.^ 
 
 His next attempt was not made till 1819, when he pub- 
 lished his Alberti, a play in five acts, the original object 
 of which was the vindication of the character and conduct 
 of Lorenzo De Medici from the calumnies of Alfieri in his 
 tragedy called The Conspiracy of the Pazzi. President 
 Monroe, who was then on a tour through the States, was 
 present at the second representation of the play — a benefit 
 performance for the author. This was a great success. 
 Though Harby 's dramatic work lacks originality, it will 
 bear comparison with the best productions of his day. 
 
 Not as a litterateur and publicist alone, however, will 
 the name of Isaac Harby be handed down to posterity. 
 He will be chiefly remembered as one of the founders of 
 the Reformed Society of Israelites, whose soul he was 
 till a few months before his death. Though he was only 
 a dilletante in the history and literature of Judaism, yet 
 was every fibre of his being attuned to the spirit of the 
 faith of his fathers. He had the gift to advocate his peo- 
 ple's cause before the world, and nobly did he use it. In 
 October, 1813, he delivered a discourse before the Hebrew 
 Orphan Society, of which he was a member and whose chil- 
 
 " Preface to The Gordian Knot, pp. 6-9. 
 
176 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 dren he had at one time taught. At this gathering was pres- 
 ent a large assembly of citizens, including most of the first 
 literary characters of whom Charleston could then boast. 
 His address made the prof oundest impression upon his audi- 
 tors.^ *^ His Anniversary Address, delivered before the Ee- 
 formed Society of Israelites on November 21, 1825, is to-day 
 the best known of his literary remains. This address was 
 everywhere well received, and among letters of commenda- 
 tion that reached the author were two from Thomas Jeffer- 
 son and Edward Livingston.^ ^ 
 
 In June, 1828, he determined to leave Charleston for New 
 York, where he hoped to find a wider field for his literary 
 activity. Nor was he disappointed. He established a school 
 and readily found an outlet for the products of his pen. He 
 contributed to The Evening Post and other papers, princi- 
 pally dramatic criticisms. But the bright prospect that had 
 opened before him was soon to be darkened. The death of 
 his wife, who was Miss Rachel Mordecai, of Savannah, had 
 been a sad blow to him. His health, impaired from exces- 
 sive work and perhaps from real privation, soon broke 
 down. He died on December 14, 1828, having just com- 
 pleted his fortieth year — barely six months after he had left 
 his native city.^^ 
 
 Jacob N. Cakdozo was born in Savannah on June 17, 1786. 
 His family removed to Charleston before he had passed his 
 eighth year. He received a plain English education, and 
 from his twelfth year was employed in mechanical and mer- 
 
 " See Memoir in Miscellaneous Writings, pp. 26-8. Mr. Moise gives 
 the date of this discourse as Oct., 1817. It should be 1813. (See The 
 Courier, Oct. 22, 1813.) 
 
 " Ibid., pp. 34-6. 
 
 " There is a fine obituary notice of him in The City Gazette and Com- 
 mercial Daily Advertiser, Dec. 27, 1828, copied from The Southern 
 Patriot. In The Mercury, Dec. 25, 1828, Penina Moise contributes a 
 poem " On the Death of Isaac Harby, Esq." 
 
1824-1860 177 
 
 cantile pursuits. Possessing a well-disciplined and prac- 
 tical mind, while still a young man he forged his way to the 
 front among the leading writers of his day. In 1816 he 
 assumed the editorship of The Southern Patriot, of which 
 he became the sole proprietor in 1823. He had long studied 
 the principles of trade, commerce, and finance, and his pur- 
 pose from the first was to render his journal the organ of 
 Free Trade doctrines. Having a constant view to those 
 commercial questions in which the interests of the Southern 
 States were involved, the commercial relations of the United 
 States with the British West India Islands, in their re- 
 stricted condition, engaged a large share of his attention. 
 The removal of these restrictions was an object of constant 
 solicitude with Monroe 's Administration. To force a relax- 
 ation by the British Government, Congress in 1818 and 1820 
 adopted counteracting regulations. These, whatever their 
 effect on the British, were found to be oppressive on South- 
 ern commerce. In 1822 various seaport towns of the South, 
 such as Norfolk and Baltimore, petitioned Congress for 
 their removal. The city of Charleston was so far inclined 
 to second the movement that a large public meeting was 
 held and a memorial was drafted for its adoption. Cardozo 
 regarded the case as an exceptional one, and opposed the 
 Memorial. He argued against unlimited intercourse when 
 reciprocity was denied, and at an adjourned meeting of the 
 citizens the Memorial was rejected, leaving the whole mat- 
 ter, as before, in the hands of Congress and the Executive. 
 The result which was arrived at in the countervailing reso- 
 lutions of Congress was soon seen in the partial removal 
 of the British restrictions. When this was done President 
 Monroe opened the ports of the United States to the vessels 
 of the British West Indies. 
 
 The tariff of 1824 met with but little opposition from 
 the South. The agitation for an increase of protection in 
 1827 was followed by the Act of 1828. Cardozo brought the 
 
178 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 subject before the Charleston Chamber of Commerce and 
 was one of a committee to draft a Memorial to Congress, 
 which was unanimously adopted by the citizens of Charles- 
 ton in a public meeting. The arguments on the subject, new 
 though they were, rapidly made their way into the public 
 mind and constituted the chief political capital of the press 
 and party. The agitation ripened into Nullification, the 
 controversies upon which began in 1828. Cardozo continued 
 his opposition to the protective tariff, still maintained his 
 Free Trade argument, but declined to adopt the extreme 
 practical results to which Nullification was expected to lead. 
 The advocates of Nullification succeeded in South Carolina, 
 but Cardozo forfeited none of the public esteem in conse- 
 quence of his course. He continued to conduct The South- 
 ern Patriot, still keeping it the exponent of the commercial 
 principles of which he had so long been the advocate, until 
 1845, when he sold the paper. In the same year he estab- 
 lished The Evening News, with which he was associated 
 during its existence as commercial editor. 
 
 As a journalist, Cardozo was a recognized authority on 
 banking, commercial statistics, and political economy. His 
 writings on these subjects were characterized by the great- 
 est ability. He exhibited a fine taste, too, in criticism, and 
 his editorial papers on the drama and other departments 
 of the fine arts gained him repute far outside of his imme- 
 diate neighborhood. He was a most prolific writer. He 
 contributed many able articles on his favorite themes to 
 The Southern Quarterly Review and other periodicals, and 
 in 1826 published his Notes on Political Economy, which at- 
 tracted much attention.^ ^ 
 
 During the war he filled editorial positions in Mobile, 
 Atlanta, and Charleston, and after the war was a contribu- 
 
 " This work is noticed by Adams : Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, 
 Vol. 1, p. 271. 
 
1824.-1860 179 
 
 tor to the Savannah Morning Neivs, for which he continued 
 to write until a year before his death, when failing eyesight 
 compelled him to abandon his pen. In 1866 he published 
 his Reminiscences of Charleston, and in 1870 was the suc- 
 cessful competitor for the prize essay of the Charleston 
 Board of Trade, receiving the commendation of that body 
 at its anniversary meeting on April 6, 1870 — a remarkable 
 record, indeed, for a man eighty-four years of age. After 
 an absence of eleven years he returned to Charleston, nearly 
 blind. He remained here but a little while. In April, 1873, 
 he returned to Savannah, and died in that city on August 
 30th of that year. At the time of his death he was the 
 oldest editor in the South. It is worthy of note that the 
 ''Cotton Statements" which now form an important feat- 
 ure in all commercial papers were first introduced by him 
 between 1845 and 1862.^^ 
 
 Jacob De La Motta was born in Savannah on February 
 24, 1789, but during the greater part of his life was a resi- 
 dent of Charleston. He graduated as a physician in Phila- 
 delphia, and after graduation was elected a junior member 
 of the Philadelphia Medical Society.^ ^ He began the prac- 
 tice of medicine in Charleston, starting as an attending phy- 
 sician at the Charleston Dispensary.^^ He served as a sur- 
 geon in the regular army in the War of 1812 and after the 
 
 " For a highly appreciative editorial notice see The News and Courier, 
 Sept, 2, 1873. See also an article reproduced on p. 1 of this issue from 
 the Savannah Morning News. This article has been generously utilized 
 by the author in the preparation of this sketch. See also The News and 
 Courier, Sept. 3, 1873, for some interesting reminiscences by King, and 
 that author's Newspaper Press of Charleston, S. C, p. 80. Appleton's 
 EncyclopcEdia of American Biography confuses Isaac N. Cardozo with 
 Jacob N. Cardozo. The former did not die, as stated in this work, on 
 Aug. 26, 1850, but on Aug. 18, 1855. (See the author's The Old Jewish 
 Cemeteries at Charleston, S. C, p. 12.) 
 
 " The Courier, March 16, 1810. 
 
 " Ibid., August 9, 1810. 
 
180 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 war returned to Charleston. In 1824 he was elected secre- 
 tary of the Medical Society, a position that he occupied for 
 many years. Though a resident of Charleston, he took a 
 deep interest in the religious affairs of his native city and 
 was one of the leading spirits in the reorganization of the 
 small Congregation of the Jews of Savannah, in the erection 
 of whose Synagogue he took a prominent part. For several 
 years he officiated there as Minister, acting later in a sim- 
 ilar capacity in Charleston. He took an active interest in 
 politics, too, and was chosen to read the Declaration of 
 Independence at the anniversary celebration in 1830.^^ In 
 1832 he was chairman of a meeting of the Union and States ' 
 Eights Party.^^ On the occasion of the Whig dinner in 1840 
 he sang a song composed by himself.^^ He was a member 
 of the Clay Club in 1843.2^ 
 
 In 1831 he was elected a Commissioner of the Poor- 
 house.^^ From 1832 to 1840 he was secretary of the Liter- 
 ary and Philosophical Society, before which distinguished 
 body he made several addresses. In 1836 he was elected a 
 corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Medicine 
 at Paris.-^ He was a frequent contributor to The Cou- 
 rier,^^ in which paper several of his lectures on scientific 
 subjects were printed. Among these were the following: 
 ''On the Natural History and Product of the Silk Worm" ^^ 
 and ''On the Philosophy of Botany. "^s jj^ ^^s an occa- 
 sional contributor, too, to The Occident. He was Assistant 
 Commissioner of Health in 1837.^^ He was at one time 
 President of the Congregation Beth Elohim, and after the 
 division of that Congregation through the introduction of 
 
 The Courier, July 7, 1830. '" Ibid., Dee. 12, 1843. 
 
 ' Ibid., June 26, 1832. "" Ibid., April 20, 1831. 
 
 ' Ibid., Dee. 9, 1840. '' Ibid., May 30, 1836. 
 
 See, e.g., ibid., Sept. 6, 1834, Sept. 17 and Nov. 19. 
 
 Ibid., July 16, 1836. '° Ibid., Sept. 15, 1837. 
 
 ' Ibid., May 20, 1840. 
 
1824-1860 181 
 
 the organ he was President of the seceders for two years. 
 He was the author of two pamphlets: An Oration, on the 
 Causes of the Mortality Among Strangers, During the Late 
 Summer and Fall (1820), also of a Discourse — delivered 
 at the consecration of the Synagogue at Savannah (1820).^^ 
 Penina MoisE was born in Charleston on April 23, 1797. 
 Her father, Abraham Moise, was an Alsatian Jew who had 
 settled in St. Domingo and who fled with his family to 
 Charleston during the negro insurrection of 1791. She had 
 barely passed her twelfth year when her father died and she 
 was compelled to leave school and to take her part in sup- 
 porting the large and almost helpless family he left behind. 
 Being studiously inclined, she devoted every spare moment 
 to reading and soon possessed a well-developed mind. She 
 manifested literary tendencies at an early age, but it was 
 not till 1830 that her poems were printed in number. From 
 that time on, however, she wrote incessantly, mainly poetry, 
 though numerous examples of her prose are preserved in 
 the files of The Charleston Courier. "^^ Her pen was remark- 
 ably prolific, and while much of her writing does not rise 
 above the level of the average feminine verse, she certainly 
 must have possessed an extraordinary gift to be able week 
 after week — frequentlj^ as often as three times a week — to 
 contribute long poems on almost every conceivable subject 
 to the columns of a single paper. Several of her best poems 
 were devoted to topics relating to the emancipation of her 
 
 "' For an obituary notice see The Occident, Vol. 3, pp. 59-60. Dr. 
 De La Motta's Discourse, two copies of which are preserved in the Leeser 
 Library in Philadelphia, is often referred to by writers who have mani- 
 festly not seen it. The author expects some day to reprint this pamphlet 
 together with other documents relating to the early history of the Jews in 
 America. 
 
 ■" The author has collected references to several hundred of her poems, 
 stories, and essays, a selection from which he hopes some day to preserve 
 in permanent form. 
 
182 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 people: ''The Rejection of the Jew Bill in the House of 
 Lords" (1833), ''The Jews of Damascus" (1840), "To Sir 
 Moses Montefiore." In 1833 she published a sraall volume 
 of poems, which she called Fancy ^s Sketch Book, and also 
 contributed to The Charleston Book in 1845. Her best known 
 work, however, and which will keep her name alive, is the 
 volume of hymns which she wrote for the use of the Congre- 
 gation Beth Elohim, of which she was a member. This vol- 
 ume went through four editions. Her hymns have been 
 incorporated in many collections, as a rule without acknowl- 
 edgment. Charlotte Adams characterizes these hymns well 
 when she says of them: "They are beautiful and stately 
 songs, reminding one in their rhythmic march of the re- 
 ligious verses that Cowper, Pope, Addison, and other eigh- 
 teenth-century poets bequeathed to the world." 
 
 Penina Moi'se was not merely a gifted writer, but also a 
 splendid type of exalted womanhood. Her devotion to her 
 mother, who had become paralyzed, and to her brother 
 Isaac,^^ who was likewise an invalid, is to this day spoken 
 of by those who knew her. For many years she was super- 
 intendent of the Sunday-school, succeeding its founder. Miss 
 Sally Lopez,^^ She wrote hymns and exercises for the 
 younger pupils, and recitations and poems for the older 
 ones. 
 
 ^ The smart sayings and brilliant humor of Isaac Moi'se are among the 
 cherished traditions of the Jews of South Carolina. 
 
 '^ This school was established by Miss Sally Lopez in 1838. There was 
 then only one other Sabbath-school in America — that of Rebecca Gratz 
 in Philadelphia. There were no text-books for Jewish children in those 
 days. Rebecca Gratz used to write out the lessons in a copy-book, which 
 was forwarded to Charleston every week. Several copies of these lessons 
 were made by Miss Sally and distributed to the teachers. Thus was the 
 teaching done! (See Elzas in The American Israelite for Jan., 1902. 
 See also article by Julia Richman in The Jewish Quarterly Beview for 
 July, 1900.) 
 
1824-1860 183 
 
 Shortly before the war her sight began to fail and she 
 soon became totally blind. With her sister, Rachel, then a 
 widow, she opened a school after the war, she giving oral 
 instruction to the pupils. She still continued to write, how- 
 ever, her niece acting as her amanuensis. In 1872 her sister 
 died. This was a sad blow to her. In one of her hymns ^^ 
 she gives exquisite expression to her sorrow and faith. She 
 continued to live with her niece. Miss Jacqueline Levy, who 
 kept up the school till her death, which occurred on Septem- 
 ber 13, 1880. Almost to the last she wrote her verses — now 
 chiefly to her friends, whose attentions were unceasing. A 
 great sufferer herself, she had learnt in suffering what she 
 taught in song, and when she died the grief of her friends 
 was unbounded. 
 
 The following paragraph, taken from a sympathetic trib- 
 ute by Charlotte Adams in The Critic, gives an admirable 
 picture of her personality : 
 
 " There died in Charleston in 1880, at the age of eighty-three, a Jewish 
 poetess, whose life most admirably illustrates the literary idea of the old 
 South, in the person of intellectual, talented, and, alas, sadly limited 
 womanhood. This was Penina Moise, who for many years was the literary 
 pivot of Hebrew Charleston, and whose influence extended far beyond the 
 circle of her co-religionists. Blind, poor, getting her living in her old age 
 by keeping a little school, she yet created a literary salon, to which the 
 best minds of Charleston flocked. Her Friday afternoons were a centre 
 of intellectual intercourse. To the romantic imagination of the young 
 girls whom she taught, sitting in her large rocking-chair, in her plain 
 calico gown, with her sightless eyes looking out from under the black 
 coif which completely hid her hair, she presented herself as an incarnation 
 of intellectual and social splendor — a queen of literary society. Madame 
 de Stael squabbling with Napoleon Buonaparte, Madame Recamier re- 
 clining in limp garments on her tub-like couch with Chateaubriand reading 
 his manuscripts to her, Madame du DefCand exchanging epigrams with 
 Horace Walpole — these were but the prototypes of Penina. Miss Moise 
 was connected, by blood and marriage, with the best Hebrew families of 
 
 " No. 78. 
 
184 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Charleston, and many of her scholars were of her own kindred. Her 
 methods of instruction were of the Magnall's Questions order, and might 
 have befitted the reign of George IV. She delighted in composing alpha- 
 bets for literary novices, geographical rhymes, and historical conundrums. 
 Her pupils read aloud to her, and by her system of education girls of 
 twelve were made familiar with George Eliot, Charlotte Bronte, Walter 
 Scott, and other English classics. Numerous volumes of French female 
 memoirs were perused by Miss Moi'se's scholars, for ' Penina,' as her 
 pupils fondly called her, although born at Charleston, was the child of 
 San Domingo French parents, who had found a refuge in South Caro- 
 lina when the Revolution of 1791 drove them from the West Indies and 
 stripped them of their wealth. Miss Moi'se had all the gayety, the content- 
 ment, and the joyous philosophy of the French temperament. Twenty- 
 five years of blindness did not diminish her fondness for life's pleasures. 
 She lived in books, and especially in the lives of noted French women 
 found the enjoyment of the keenest sympathy. The melodious Hebrew 
 name borne by this remarkable woman seemed to define her position in 
 the Jewish colony at Charleston, which was very largely of San Domingo 
 origin. Was not the 'Peninah' of Scripture the sister of the pious Han- 
 nah and the aunt of the prophet Samuel? And was it not fit that her 
 namesake should be regarded as a ' Mother in Israel' ? Living her chas- 
 tened life apart from the gay world, in a rarefied, impersonal atmosphere, 
 Penina was, in the finest sense, the mother of her people. To her the 
 girl babies were brought before their names were called aloud in the 
 Synagogue. Secrets of betrothal, marriage, business, and illness were 
 confided to her tender care, and her advice was asked upon all important 
 occasions."''' 
 
 Besides the distinguislied names we have discussed at 
 length, there were a number of others among the Jews of 
 South Carolina who attained more or less prominence. The 
 following brief and necessarily incomplete notes on the 
 principal Jews of South Carolina during this period will 
 
 ^' The Critic, Vol. 15. An interesting sketch of Penina Moi'se was pub- 
 lished by Mrs. S. A. Dinkins in American Jews' Annual for 1885-6. It 
 may be noted that Penina Moise contributed to many papers and maga- 
 zines: The Occident, Godey's Lady's Book, The Home Journal, the Bos- 
 ton Daily Times, the Washingion Union, Heriot's Magazine, and New 
 Orleans Commercial Tim,es. 
 
1824-1860 185 
 
 give a good idea of the multifarious activities of the commu- 
 nity. For the sake of convenience, they are arranged alpha- 
 betically : ^^ 
 
 Jacob Barrett was a prominent merchant. He was a 
 director of the State Bank in 1842-43, a generous contribu- 
 tor and benefactor of Beth Elohim. 
 
 JuDAH P. Benjamin, born at St. Croix in 1811, died at 
 Paris in 1884. He was Attorney-General of the Confed- 
 eracy in 1861, for a time acting Secretary of War, and Sec- 
 retary of State from 1862 to the end of the war. He has 
 often been referred to as ' ' the brains of the Confederacy, ' ' 
 while James G. Blaine in his Tiventy Years of Congress 
 characterizes him as ''the Mephistopheles of the Rebellion, 
 the brilliant, learned, sinister Secretary of State." Re- 
 moving to England, he became the leader of the English 
 Bar. It is remarkable that so little is known of the ances- 
 try of one who became so famous. His father's name was 
 Philip Benjamin. His mother's maiden name was Levy.^^ 
 It is well established from the testimony of people who 
 lived in Charleston during the first quarter of the nine- 
 teenth century that his parents were very poor people and 
 that they kept a small shop on King Street, between Clif- 
 ford and Queen. Just when the Benjamin family came to 
 
 ^^ These notes are compiled mainly from City of Charleston Year Books, 
 directories, almanacs, and newspaper files. The author is fully cogni- 
 zant of the incompleteness of these notes, but he has done the best he 
 could with the record evidence at present available and with which alone 
 he is concerned. There are few among his readers who will appreciate 
 the infinite labor that the compilation of these notes has cost. Many of 
 the dates here given may be inaccurate by reason of the fact that the 
 directories and almanacs are incomplete. As far as possible, the author 
 has spared no pains to insure completeness as well as accuracy. 
 
 " Mr. Joseph Lebowich in The Jewish Exponent of Feb. 10, 1905, refers 
 to his mother's maiden name as Rebecca De Mendes, of London. The 
 author's statement is made on the authority of relatives of Judah P. 
 Benjamin. 
 
186 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Charleston is uncertain. Most of Benjamin's biographers 
 place him in Wilmington in 1815, and they are probably 
 correct. The family was certainly in Charleston in 1823, 
 as is proved from the following entry in the Cash Book of 
 Beth Elohim for that year : 
 
 " 5683. Philip Benjamin 
 
 Aug. 20, To subscription & Assessment of Seat $16 
 
 Pre-emption for Ladies Seat No. 77 $1 
 
 Do for Do No. 142 $1 
 
 $18 
 Sept. 6. By cash in full $18 " ==' 
 
 It is unfortunate that we only possess a few of the 
 Charleston Directories of this interesting period. In the 
 Directory for 1831 there is the entry: ''Philip Benjamin 
 —15 St. Philip St.," and in that of 1837: ''Philip Benja- 
 min, fruiterer, 16 St. Philip st." In the Directory for 
 1840-41 we find: "Philip Benjamin, fruits, 29 Beaufain;" 
 and in 1849: "Philip Benjamin, 9 Princess." Later 
 directories do not mention the name. 
 
 In The Charlotte Observer of July 22, 1903,^6 a Mr. J. S. 
 Leary communicates some interesting data about Judah P. 
 Benjamin, which have the appearance of genuineness. 
 Among other things he relates is the fact of his attending 
 a Mr. Stewart's school in Fayetteville, N. C. He does not 
 give any dates, however, and it looks as if he went to school 
 there prior to the removal of the family to Charleston. 
 Charleston tradition tells that he was placed in the school 
 
 ^° The name of Philip Benjamin does not occur in the Cash Book of 
 1818. From 1819 to 1822 the books are missing, as they are for some 
 years after 1823. 
 
 ^° Reprinted in The News and Courier of July 29, 1903. Mr. Leary 
 states that the mother of Judah P. Benjamin was a Miss Levy, and that 
 her brother, Mr. Jacob Levy, conducted a wholesale store and auction busi- 
 ness at Fayetteville. 
 
1824-1860 187 
 
 of the Hebrew Orphan Society and that he received a thor- 
 ough English and classical education through the gener- 
 osity of Mr. Moses Lopez. The records of the College of 
 Charleston and of South Carolina College, at Columbia, do 
 not show that he ever attended either of these institutions, 
 and we can take it as certain that he never did. With his 
 life after he left Charleston we are not concerned.^^ 
 
 David Nunez Carvalho (1784-1860), a brother of Rev. 
 E. N. Carvalho, was a merchant in Charleston; removed 
 to Baltimore in 1828 and afterwards to Philadelphia, where 
 he was appointed one of the City Judges of the Court of 
 Arbitration; returned later to Baltimore, where he died. 
 He was the author of a tragedy. Queen Esther, also of A 
 Metrical Translation of the Psalms, neither of which has 
 been published.^^ 
 
 Solomon N. Carvalho, born in Charleston, April 27, 1815. 
 He attained distinction as a scholar, artist, inventor, and 
 writer. One of his paintings, a picture of the interior of 
 the Charleston Synagogue as it existed prior to the fire of 
 1838, has recently come to light.^*^ In 1852 he received a 
 diploma and silver medal for his painting, "The Interces- 
 sion of Moses for Israel," from the South Carolina Insti- 
 tute. The best known of his portraits are those of Thomas 
 Hunter and Isaac Leeser. In 1853 he accompanied John C. 
 Fremont, as artist and daguerrotypist, on his famous expe- 
 dition to the West. He kept a journal of this expedition, 
 which he published in 1857: Last Expedition Across the 
 Rocky Mountains: Including Three Months^ Residence in 
 
 " For an exhaustive biography of Judah P. Benjamin see The Jewish 
 Encyclopedia, art. " Benjamin." For an extended bibliogi-aphy see Lebo- 
 wich in The Menorah for Nov., 1902. 
 
 ^^ Markens : The Hebrews in America, pp. 96-7. See also The Occident 
 for Feb. 23, 1860. 
 
 ^ Recovered by the author. This picture was painted in 1838, just after 
 the fire. 
 
188 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Utah and a Perilous Trip Across the Great American Des- 
 ert to the Pacific. This volume contains a graphic descrip- 
 tion of the journey from Salt Lake City to San Bernardino, 
 also interesting observations concerning the Mormons and 
 Mormonism. He was also the author of a volume entitled 
 The Tivo Creations, a treatise on the Mosaic Cosmogony. 
 He lived also in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York.^^ 
 
 Isaac S. Cohen was a director of the Commercial Bank 
 of Columbia from 1838 to 1844 and of the Southwestern 
 Railroad Bank from 1851 to 1859. 
 
 Maex E, Cohen, a son of Mordecai Cohen, was a planter 
 who lived near Charleston. He was a Magistrate for St. An- 
 drew 's from 1843 to 1845 and a member of the Board of 
 Health from 1846 to 1849. He removed to Sumter after the 
 war, where he died in 1881. 
 
 Mordecai Cohen (1763-1848), a native of Poland and for 
 upwards of sixty years a resident of Charleston. He was 
 one of the most extensive owners of real estate in the city, 
 a good citizen and of unblemished reputation. He was noted 
 for his philanthropy. He was a Commissioner of Markets 
 from 1826 to 1832 ; a prominent member of the Union and 
 States' Eights Party; a director of the Wilmington and 
 Raleigh Railroad in 1836; a Commissioner of the Orphan 
 House from 1838 to 1844, of which institution he was a gen- 
 erous benefactor. One of the tablets on the walls of the 
 Orphan House is inscribed with his name.'*^ 
 
 '"See The Occident, Vol. 10, p. 174, also pp. 503-4; Markens: The 
 Hebrews in America, pp. 203-4; Morals: The Jews of Philadelphia, 
 p. 361. 
 
 " " In Memory of Mordecai Cohen, who died the 20th July, 1848. For 
 ten years he faithfully fulfilled the duties of a Commissioner of this 
 Institution and for forty-five years contributed by annual donations to 
 the comfort of its inmates." — Inscription on tablet. See also The Even- 
 ing News, July 10, 1848. The date of death on the tablet is incorrect. 
 Mordecai Cohen died on July 8th. 
 
1824-1860 189 
 
 Myer M. Cohen conducted an ''English and Classical 
 Seminary" in Charleston very successfully from 1824 to 
 1828." He was admitted to the Bar in 1829 ; was one of 
 the "Washington's Birthday Committee" in 1832 ;^3 rep- 
 resented St. Philip's and St. Michael's in the Legislature 
 in 1835-6, being elected on the Independent Republican 
 ticket; was a Justice Q. U., 1835-7; removed to New Or- 
 leans in 1837.4^ 
 
 Philip Cohen was a Commissioner of the Marine Hos- 
 pital from 1826 to 1833. He was a prominent member of 
 the States' Rights Party in 1832 and one of the delegates 
 to the "Nullification" Convention of that year. 
 
 Dk. p. Melvin Cohen was secretary and treasurer of the 
 Friendship Literary Society in 1825; City Apothecary in 
 1838; a member of the Board of Health from 1843 to 1849 
 and chairman of that body from 1850 to 1854. He was a 
 director of the Bank of the State of South Carolina from 
 1849 to 1855. 
 
 Solomon Cohen was born at Georgetown on August 15, 
 1802. He began the study of law at an early age and prac- 
 tised in his native town till 1838, when he removed to Sa- 
 vannah. He was a director of the Bank of South Carolina 
 (Georgetown) from 1819 to 1826, and represented Prince 
 George's, Winyah, in the Legislature from 1831 to 1836, 
 being elected on the Nullification ticket in 1832. He was a 
 Commissioner in Equity for Georgetown from 1835 to 1837. 
 After his removal to Savannah he continued to practise his 
 profession and took a deep interest in all affairs affecting 
 the prosperity of his adopted city. He was frequently 
 elected to positions of honor and trust by his fellow-citi- 
 zens. He represented Chatham County in the Legislature 
 with great satisfaction to his constituents. He also repre- 
 
 "The Courier, Nov. 19, 1824. 
 Ibid., Feb. 20, 1832. " Ibid., May 3, 1837. 
 
190 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 sented the city in the Board of Aldermen, and was one of 
 the most zealous members of that body. He was Postmas- 
 ter of Savannah during the latter part of President Pierce's 
 Administration. He was in the office at the commencement 
 of the war and was continued in the position under the 
 Confederate Government. He was one of the inaugurators 
 of the Public School system in Savannah and was an active 
 member of the Board of Education. In 1860 he was elected 
 a member of the Georgia delegation to the Democratic Con- 
 vention in Charleston and took a prominent part in the 
 deliberations of that important body. In 1866 he was 
 elected a member of Congress from the First Congressional 
 District of Georgia, but was not allowed to take his seat. 
 He was for several years cashier of the Central Railroad 
 Bank, president of the Union Society, President of the 
 Mickva Israel Congregation, and was one of the original 
 directors of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad. He had also 
 occupied many other prominent positions in the commu- 
 nity. He died on August 14, 1875.^^ 
 
 Jacob De La Motta, a native of Charleston, but for many 
 years a resident of Savannah. He was a cousin of Dr. Jacob 
 De La Motta and practised law both in Charleston and Sa- 
 vannah. A memorial tablet was erected to his memory in 
 the Savannah Synagogue by the Jews of that city."**^ 
 
 Dk. Mokdecai H. De Leon was a prominent physician in 
 Columbia in 1834. He was a contributor to the Baltimore 
 Medical and Surgical Journal and Review,'^'^ and was regent 
 of the Columbia Lunatic Asylum from 1841 to 1849. 
 
 George Washington Harby, a brother of Isaac Harby. 
 
 *^ See the Savannah Morning News, August 16, 1875, from which the 
 above sketch is mainly taken. For Memoir see The Occident, Vol. 11, 
 pp. 267-270. 
 
 ^^ The inscription reads as follows : " Erected by the Congregation, in 
 grateful memory of Jacob De La Motta, who died 23 Oct. 1856." 
 
 " The Courier, June 11, 1834. 
 
1824-1860 191 
 
 He removed early to New Orleans, where he wrote several 
 plays. His farce, The Loafers, became quite popular/^ as 
 did his Nick of the Woods. 
 
 Henky J. Haeby, another brother of Isaac Harby, took 
 an active part in politics at the time of the ''Nullification" 
 movement. He was a lieutenant of the Marion Artillery in 
 1834 ; City Blacksmith in 1835, and a member of the Board 
 of Health from 1838 to 1842. 
 
 Samuel Hakt, Sr. (1805-1896), was a well-known figure 
 in Charleston up to the time of his death. He was a book- 
 seller and publisher, and had engaged in this business since 
 1840. He was secretary of the American Art Union in 1847 
 and a Commissioner of the Market from 1852 to 1859. 
 
 Solomon Heydenfeldt, a native of Charleston, was born 
 in 1816. He removed to Alabama in 1837,''^ and was chosen 
 Judge of the County Court of Tallapoosa in 1840. In 1850 
 he went to California, where he became a distinguished 
 Justice of the Supreme Court. He died in San Francisco 
 in 1890.'^'' 
 
 Henry M. Hyams was born in Charleston in 1809. He 
 removed to New Orleans in 1828, where he studied law. He 
 was for several years a banker. He practised law for six- 
 teen years in Rapides Parish, was prominent as an Old-Line 
 Whig politician, and from 1854 as a Democratic leader. He 
 was for four years in the State Senate, and for four years 
 (1859-1864) Lieutenant-Governor with Moore. "He was 
 an excellent financier, a sagacious legislator, a careful law- 
 yer, an able party leader, a thorough lover of his adopted 
 State, a fine scholar, philanthropist, and patriot." He 
 died at New Orleans in 1875.'5i 
 
 " The Courier, Sept. 29, 1838. 
 
 *• In the Courier of August 12, 1837, he advertised as " Attorney-at-Law, 
 Wetumpka, Ala." 
 
 °° American Jews' Annual for 1888, p. 103. 
 
 " Taken from a clipping from a New Orleans paper, n. d. 
 
192 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Colonel Myer Jacobs was an Englishman. He was War- 
 den of Beaufort in 1831; represented St. Helena's in the 
 Legislature in 1833; elected on the Union ticket in 1836; 
 represented St. Philip's and St. Michael's in 1838-9, elected 
 on the Democratic Independent Treasury ticket ; was colo- 
 nel of the 12th Eegiment from 1828 to 1833 ; a surveyor in 
 the Custom-House, 1847-9 ; clerk in the Bank of the State 
 
 of South Carolina, 1852-4 ; and again in the Custom-House, 
 
 1854-58.52 
 
 Major Joshua Lazarus was president of the Cheraw 
 Bank in 1825 ; major in the 7th Brigade in 1830 ; a member 
 of the Union Party of Chesterfield District in 1832 ; presi- 
 dent of the Gas Light Company, of Charleston, from 1848 
 to 1856.53 
 
 Michael Lazarus was vice-president of the Palmetto 
 Society in 1827. He served as a trustee of the Shirras Dis- 
 pensary from 1835 to 1859. "He was the first that opened 
 the navigation by steam of the Savannah River, between 
 Charleston and Augusta." ^^ 
 
 Lewis C. Levin was born in Charleston in 1808. Early 
 in life he removed to Woodville, Miss., where he became a 
 school-teacher. After fighting a duel, he left that city and 
 began the study of law, which he practised in Maryland, 
 Kentucky, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania. In 1838 he settled 
 in Philadelphia. Here he espoused the cause of temperance, 
 editing The Temperance Advocate. In the interest of the 
 ''Native American" Party, which he was instrumental in 
 forming, he published The Sun, of which he became the edi- 
 tor. He served in Congress from 1845 to 1851, acting for a 
 
 " " He was appointed by President Polk Surveyor of the Customs and 
 subsequently by President Buchanan to the same office, in which position 
 he was continued at the dissolution of the old Union by President Davis." 
 —The Courier, Nov. 29, 1861. 
 
 " Coal gas was introduced in Charleston in 1848. 
 
 " See Obituary Notice in The Courier, Sept. 20, 1862. 
 
1824-1860 193 
 
 time as chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. He 
 died in Philadelphia on March 14, 1860.^^ 
 
 Nathaniel Levin (1816-1899) was an import inspector 
 in the Custom-House, 1850-1 ; record clerk, 1852-6, and Col- 
 lector 's clerk, 1857-8. He was a very intellectual man, 
 noted for his fine reading. In 1859 he was invited by Edwin 
 Booth to appear as Othello to Booth's lago. He was a 
 prominent Freemason and at the time of his death was act- 
 ing Inspector-General of the Supreme Council of Scottish 
 Rite Masonry for South Carolina. 
 
 Colonel Chapman Levy, a native of Camden, born July 4, 
 1787. He studied law and was admitted to the Bar in Co- 
 lumbia in 1806. He practised with eminent success in his 
 native town and district, as well as in Lancaster. He repre- 
 sented Kershaw in the Legislature from 1829 to 1833 and 
 from 1836 to 1838. He was chairman of the Committee on 
 Retrenchment. He was a member of the ''Nullification" 
 Convention in 1832 and was an ardent Union man. He re- 
 moved to Camden, Miss., where he died in December, 1850.^*^ 
 
 David C. Levy (1805-1877), a son of Lyon Levy and 
 grandson of David N. Cardozo, was a prominent merchant 
 of Charleston. He was a director of the Charleston Insur- 
 ance Company from 1837 to 1847, a member of the Board 
 of Health in 1842, and a director of the Southwestern Rail- 
 road Bank from 1843 to 1846. He left Charleston in 1847 
 and in 1860 settled in Philadelphia, where he engaged in 
 business as a banker and broker. For twenty years he was 
 a highly respected member of the Philadelphia Board of 
 Brokers. He was likewise active in charitable and educa- 
 tional work. He retired from business in 1880, being suc- 
 ceeded by his son Solomon, who is to-day a conspicuous 
 member of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. 
 
 Morals: The Jews of Philadelphia, pp. 395-6. 
 O'NeaU : Bench and Bar, Vol. 2, pp. 281-2. 
 
194 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Hayman Levy, a prominent merchant and cotton factor 
 of Camden. He was Warden of Camden in 1835, Intendant 
 in 1843, and a director of the Bank of Camden from 1842 
 to 1854. 
 
 Jacob C. Levy, a native of Charleston, was a prominent 
 merchant and a gentleman of many accomplishments. He 
 was a director of the Union Insurance Company from 1830 
 to 1840, a delegate to the Knoxville Eailroad Convention in 
 1836, and a member of the Charleston Chamber of Com- 
 merce from 1841 to 1847. He was politically affiliated with 
 the Union Party. A very scholarly article from his pen on 
 ''The Reformed Israelites" was printed in The Southern 
 Quarterly Review for April, 1844 (pages 312-360). He 
 removed to Savannah in 1848 and died in that city in 1875.^'^ 
 
 MoRDECAi M. Levy was a merchant of Camden. He con- 
 ducted a drug business in partnership with Dr. Abraham 
 De Leon. He represented Kershaw in the Legislature from 
 1834 to 1838 and was a candidate for Congress in 1836.^^ 
 
 Aaron Lopez was Warden of Georgetown from 1828 to 
 1830 and Intendant of that town in 1836. 
 
 DAvro Lopez, the builder of the present Synagogue of 
 Beth Elohim in 1840. He was a member of the committee 
 of the Democratic Party in 1843,°^ a trustee of the Appren- 
 tices ' Library in 1847,^*^ and a Commissioner of the Work- 
 House from 1850 to 1855. 
 
 Captain Henry Lyons, a prominent citizen of Columbia. 
 
 " See the Savannah Morning News, June 11, 1875. For a detailed 
 history of the Levy family see The Hebrew Journal for Dec, 1887 : " An 
 Account of the Lazarus and Levy Families," by Chas. H. Moise. This 
 hyperbolical sketch is incorporated into Wolf's History and Genealogy 
 of the Jewish Families of Yates and Samuel of Liverpool (London, 1901)". 
 " For private circulation." 
 
 ■" The Courier, July 20, 1836. 
 
 '' Ibid., April 17, 1843. 
 
 " Ibid., Feb. 17, 1847. 
 
1824-1860 195 
 
 He was Warden of that town from 1843 to 1851 and after- 
 wards Intendant. He was a director of the Commercial 
 Bank of Columbia from 1854 to 1858.«i 
 
 Elias Marks, M. D. (1790-1886), a prominent educator, 
 writer, and poet, was the son of Humphrey Marks, who 
 settled in Charleston in 1785. He founded the Columbia 
 Female Academy about 1820 and afterwards conducted the 
 famous Barhamville School — a well-known institution for 
 the higher education of women, and from which many 
 famous women were graduated, including Miss Pamela 
 Cuningham and Miss Martha Bulloch, the mother of Presi- 
 dent Roosevelt. He is supposed to have been converted to 
 Christianity in childhood by an old negro nurse, although 
 his children and members of his family are buried in an 
 old Jewish cemetery in Columbia.^^ 
 
 Major Abraham A. Massias was born in New York. He 
 was appointed from New York 1st lieutenant of Rifles in 
 1808, captain m 1809, and paymaster with the rank of major 
 in 1820.«3 
 
 " For Obituary Notice see The Occident, Vol. 16, p. 507. 
 
 "For a detailed history of Dr. Marks and the Barhamville School see 
 the Columbia State, March 15, 1903. This article, four columns in 
 length, contains many interesting reminiscences, though there are several 
 inaccuracies. For a notice of his volume : Preliminary Discourse to Lec- 
 tures on Belles Lettres connected with Female Education, see The 
 Courier, March 2, 1850. His volume of poems is noticed in The Courier 
 of March 14, 1850. For a critical notice of his poetry see The News 
 and Courier, August 23, 1903. 
 
 " " Major Abraham A. Massias, Obt. Charleston, So. Ca., the 28th June, 
 1848, aged 76 years. Receiving his brevet for twenty years' services in 
 the field, he was subsequently appointed paymaster to the army U. S., 
 discharging the responsible duties of his office with distinguished integrity 
 and uprightness. To the Synagogue of Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, or 
 House of God, he was, by his last will, a generous benefactor, and after 
 a provision for several relatives, the bulk of his estate was bequeathed to 
 friends in Charleston, So. Ca., the home of his choice." — Inscription on 
 tombstone. Da Costa Cemetery, Charleston, S. C. 
 
196 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Abraham Moise was a prominent lawyer and politician. 
 He was admitted to the Bar in 1822 ; was a Justice of the 
 Peace from 1827 to 1840, and a Magistrate of the City of 
 Charleston, 1842 to 1859. He was a conspicuous member 
 of the Union and States' Rights Party. 
 
 Abraham Moise, Jr., was a clerk and assistant cashier in 
 the Bank of Charleston, 1839 to 1852. He was a patriotic 
 citizen and an eloquent speaker. He was secretary of the 
 Democratic meeting in 1843. 
 
 Edwin Warren" Moise (1811-1868) was educated as a 
 physician in Charleston and removed early to Woodville, 
 Miss., where he practised his profession. Later in life he 
 studied law, and, removing to New Orleans, became quite 
 eminent. He was a member of the Legislature for many 
 years and for several years was Speaker of the House. In 
 1861 he was made a Judge of the Confederate States Court 
 in Louisiana and afterwards became Attorney-General of 
 the State. 
 
 GrEisrERAL E. W. MoiSE. Scc Jcws of Sumter. 
 
 Jacob Moise, one of the first Jewish settlers in Augusta, 
 Ga., was a director of the Georgia Insurance Company 
 in 1836. 
 
 Theodore S. Moise was a self-taught artist and portrait 
 painter who attained considerable prominence. Many fine 
 examples of his art are still to be seen in South Carolina 
 and in New Orleans, to which city he removed in 1843 and 
 where he obtained good recognition.^"* 
 
 M. C. MoRDECAi was one of the most prominent merchants 
 in Charleston. He was vice-president of the Charleston 
 Antient Artillery Society, 1830-1847; a member of the 
 Board of Health, 1833-1836 ; captain of the Marion Artil- 
 
 "' See The Courier July 1, 1835, August 24, 1835, Nov. 20, 1835, Sept. 
 30, 1836, and May 8, 1843. (Copied from the New Orleans Picayune.) 
 For further data concerning the Moise family see The Jewish Encyclo- 
 pcedia, art. " Moise." All statements must be received with caution. 
 
1824-1860 197 
 
 lery in 1834; Alderman of Charleston in 1836; a member 
 of the Committee on Civic Improvements in 1837 ; Warden 
 of Police in 1837 ; a Commissioner of Markets in 1837 ; a 
 delegate to the Augusta Convention in 1838 ; a director of 
 the Southwestern Railroad Bank, 1840-1852; a Commis- 
 sioner of Pilotage, 1842-1850 ; a director of the Gas Light 
 Company, 1848-1856 ; a director of the South Carolina In- 
 surance Company, 1849-1857; a director of the Farmers' 
 and Exchange Bank, 1854-1859 ; Representative in the Leg- 
 islature for St. Philip's and St. Michael's, 1845-1846, and 
 State Senator, 1855-1858. He was one of the founders of 
 The Southern Standard in 1851 — an organ opposed to the 
 agitation of the question of secession in South Carolina. 
 He removed to Baltimore after the war.^^ 
 
 Franklin J. Moses was born in Charleston on August 13, 
 1804. He was a son of Major Myer Moses. At an early age 
 he was sent to South Carolina College, where he graduated 
 when only seventeen years old. After leaving college he 
 commenced the study of law and was admitted to the Bar 
 in 1825. Having fixed upon no place to practise, he took a 
 trip through the State and was fortunate in meeting Judge 
 Richardson in Clarendon. There were no hotels in those 
 days, but the door of every house was open. Following the 
 custom of the time and country. Judge Richardson invited 
 Mr. Moses to spend the night at his house. The invitation 
 was accepted, and Judge Richardson was so struck by the 
 manners and force of character of the young visitor that he 
 persuaded him to stay several days and finally advised him 
 to settle at Sumter, which he did. He formed a law part- 
 nership with John L. Wilson, which was dissolved in 1827,^^ 
 and afterwards with his brother, Montgomery Moses.^^ 
 
 " King: The Newspaper Press of Charleston, S. C, p. 160. 
 " The Courier, Dec. 15, 1827. 
 ■" Ibid., Dec. 16, 1831. 
 
198 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Judge Eichardson introduced him into society and gave him 
 a helping hand. He soon made his mark and acquired a 
 lucrative practice, extending to the neighboring districts 
 of Kershaw, Darlington, and Williamsburg. Soon after 
 attaining a prominent position at the Sumter Bar he was 
 elected to the Legislature and in 1842 was elected State 
 Senator from Claremont and served till 1862. During the 
 greater part of his service as Senator he was chairman of 
 the Judiciary Committee. This was a great honor and a 
 signal proof of capacity, for among his colleagues were gen- 
 tlemen of distinguished ability. 
 
 As a public man, Senator Moses was remarkable for his 
 carefulness, watchfulness, thorough preparation and atten- 
 tion, and for his fidelity to the interests of his constituents. 
 No man of his day was better acquainted with the working 
 of public affairs and the course of the State's political his- 
 tory. In December, 1865, he was elected a Law Judge, 
 under the old Constitution, by the State Legislature assem- 
 bled under the proclamation of President Johnson. As a 
 Circuit Judge he displayed the rarely combined qualities 
 of fairness and quickness, and gave constant evidence of 
 his thorough knowledge of the precedents and practice in 
 common law. Under the Eeconstruction Acts a new Con- 
 stitution was framed and adopted, the whole judicial system 
 of the State being rooted up. The new Supreme Court of 
 the State was to consist of a Chief Justice and two Asso- 
 ciate Justices. On July 28, 1868, Judge Moses was elected 
 Chief Justice for six years and upon the expiration of his 
 first term was reelected without opposition. From 1851 to 
 the time of his death he was a trustee of the South Carolina 
 College and was Professor of Law in that institution, suc- 
 ceeding the late C. D. Melton. 
 
 By accepting the office of Chief Justice at the hands of 
 the first Legislature which met under the new Constitution, 
 Judge Moses separated himself from his life-long com- 
 
1824-1860 199 
 
 panions and associates. It was a heavy blow to his friends, 
 though many of them believed that his motives were pure 
 and that his object was to serve the best interests of his 
 people. The last act of his public life, however, reconciled 
 him somewhat to them. In the contested election of Wade 
 Hampton as Governor of the State, Judge Moses intimated 
 that when the Supreme Court should reassemble, he would 
 deliver an opinion in favor of Wade Hampton. He died, 
 however, before he could carry out his determination, on 
 March 6, 1877. He married Miss McClenahan, of Chester- 
 field District. His son, Franklin J. Moses, Jr., the notori- 
 ous Governor of South Carolina from 1872 to 1874, was not 
 brought up as a Jew, nor were his affiliations Jewish in 
 any way.^^ 
 
 Myer Moses, a son of the elder Myer Moses, who died 
 in 1787, has already been noticed. He removed to New 
 York about 1825 and died in that city on March 20, 1833.^^ 
 He was the father of Chief-Justice Moses. He was the 
 author of two books : Oration Delivered at Tammany Hall 
 on the 12th May, 1831, and Full Annals of the Revolution in 
 France. 
 
 Eaphael J. MosES, lawyer and statesman, was born in 
 Charleston on January 20, 1812. He was the son of Israel 
 Moses, who was himself a native of Charleston. He started 
 life as a merchant, but after a few years abandoned trade 
 and studied law. He removed to Apalachicola, Fla., about 
 1837, and soon attained distinction in his profession. Re- 
 moving to Columbus, Ga., in the forties, he at once assumed 
 front rank among the lawyers of that city. He was a 
 prominent figure, likewise, in politics. As an orator he was 
 excelled by few, sharing honors easily with Robert Toombs, 
 
 " The above sketch is practically copied from an editorial in The News 
 and Courier of March 7, 1877. 
 
 ~ The Courier, March 30 and April 1, 1833. 
 
200 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Alexander H. Stephens, and Benjamin H. Hill. A descend- 
 ant of the families of Nunez and Luria, he changed the 
 names of two of his sons in 1856 to Israel M. Nunez and 
 Albert M. Luria — the third son, Raphael J. Moses, Jr., now 
 a distinguished lawyer of New York, retaining his own 
 name. At the outbreak of the war he enlisted with his 
 three sons. He himself served on the staff of General 
 Longstreet as Chief Commissary of Subsistence, ranking 
 as major. His efficiency is frequently referred to in the 
 highest terms."^*^ His eldest son, Israel M. Nunez, served 
 throughout the war. The second son, Albert M. Luria, was 
 a lieutenant in the 23d Regiment (N. C). In 1861, while 
 Sewell's Point was being shelled, it was necessary, in order 
 that the guns might be trained on the Monocacy, to dig 
 away the sand in front of the breastworks. Volunteers were 
 called for, and young Luria and another young man jumped 
 out and dug the sand away, returning unhurt. Their gal- 
 lantry is mentioned in the official reports of both the 
 captain and colonel.^^ In recognition of young Luria's 
 bravery, the company sent an eight-inch iron shell to his 
 mother, together with a brass plate on which is inscribed : 
 
 " Sergt. A. M. Luria, C. L. G. SewelFs Point, Norfolk, Va., May 19th, 
 1861. 
 
 " ' The pride of all his comrades, 
 The bravest of the brave.' " 
 
 He was killed at the battle of Seven Pines, on May 31, 
 1862. Resting on a pillar of marble that stands on his 
 grave is the shell, with the brass plate adorning its shaft. 
 
 "References to his services can be found in many of the volumes of 
 the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, published by 
 the United States Government. As these volumes are fully indexed, detailed 
 references are unnecessary. 
 
 "A highly-colored version of this incident is given in Wolf: The 
 American Jew, etc., p. 303. 
 
1824-1860 201 
 
 The third son, Raphael J. Moses, Jr., was at Annapolis 
 when the war broke out. He resigned and was appointed 
 in the Georgia navy and afterwards in the Confederate 
 navy, serving on the Virginia (Merrimac) and other ships. 
 
 After the war Major Moses resumed the practice of law. 
 He was elected to the Legislature in 1866, where his oratory 
 and statesmanship won him lasting fame. His open letter 
 to the Hon. W. 0. Tuggle, of LaGrange, who in his Congres- 
 sional campaign had taunted him with being a Jew, has 
 become a classic.'^^ He died in Brussels on October 13, 
 1893, widely esteemed for his culture, character, and ser- 
 vices. Among the great men whom the Jews of South 
 Carolina have furnished to this country — great by reason 
 of service — Raphael J. Moses will always occupy an hon- 
 ored place. 
 
 The following pen-picture of him, from The Occident 
 of April, 1866, is worthy of reproduction : 
 
 " Hon. R. J. Moses, member for Muscogee, the generally acknowledged 
 leader of the House, is a short, heavy-built Israelite — proud of his tribe — 
 with raven hair, which the snows of fifty winters have had no power 
 to bleach, and dark eyes, languid in repose, but which when aroused 
 kindle with promethean fire. His face is truly leonine in type, and in so 
 far not unfitly mirrors his heart, which is the residence of will, and 
 courage, and generosity, and all the manly virtues. Being chairman of 
 the Committee on the Judiciary, he is often called to address the House, 
 and never fails to command attention. He is the best speaker I have 
 heard in either branch of the Assembly. Some of the qualities which 
 make him more of the orator than the debater — a Pitt rather than a 
 Fox — are an emotional nature, full of eloquent feeling, a copious and 
 nervous diction, an ear for the music of words, an impassioned declama- 
 tion, appealing more strongly to the heart than to the head, and a power 
 of amplification wherein few men excel him. The cogency of his logic 
 is in some measure eclipsed by the splendor of his rhetoric, and he seems 
 
 " This letter was originally published in the Columbus Daily Times of 
 August 30, 1S78, and was reprinted in The American Israelite of Sept. 6, 
 1878, since which time it has been reprinted hundreds of times. 
 
202 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 to love the flower as much as the fruit. Said Mr. Jefferson : * Patrick 
 Henry on his feet persuaded us all, but when he had taken his seat, I 
 could recall none of his arguments.' I take Mr. Moses to be an accom- 
 plished belles-lettres scholar, and I was surprised to learn that he devotes 
 his professional life mainly to the practice of commercial law. Such a 
 master of the passions, it would seem, ought to give his attention almost 
 exclusively to criminal advocacy. There he would be in his element 
 and in his glory. * * * As I have said, he is proud of his race. He 
 perfectly understands the insensate prejudice existing against it, and 
 which, to his honor be it said, he manfully confronts, by so conforming 
 his conduct as to challenge criticism upon his public or private life. His 
 love for that people is intense and very beautiful — allowing nothing to 
 divide his affection with, but his country — Georgia and those that love 
 Georgia; for a truer, more patriotic heart than his never quickened its 
 pulsations at the mention of liberty. * * * In social life his genial 
 qualities shine in most attractive perfection. After making the best 
 speech of the day at the Capitol, in the abandon of social hilarity at 
 night, in his room, he can tell the best stoiy of the session. * * * in 
 short, he is the man of all circles, and emphatically the pride of his own." 
 
 Abkaham Ottolengui, a prominent merchant. He was 
 a director of the Union Bank from 1843 to 1850 and a Com- 
 missioner of the Poor-House in 1833-4. He was a bene- 
 factor of Beth Elohim. The interest of the ''Ottolengui 
 Fund" is still distributed annually to the poor.'^^ 
 
 Philip Phillips, perhaps the greatest native-born Amer- 
 ican Jew, was born in Charleston in 1807. He was admitted 
 to the Bar in 1829; was a member of the ''Nullification" 
 Convention in 1832, and represented Chesterfield in the 
 Legislature in 1834-5. In 1835 he removed to Mobile, 
 where he soon rose to high distinction. In 1844 he was 
 elected to the Legislature and was chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on Federal Relations. In 1845 he published a digest 
 of the decisions of the Supreme Court of Alabama. In 
 1846 he was commissioned a Judge of the Criminal Court 
 that had been established in the city of Mobile, but declined 
 
 '' For Obituary Notice see The Occident, Vol. 8, pp. 578-580. 
 
1824-1860 203 
 
 the honor. In 1849 he was elected chairman of the State 
 convention called for the purpose of promoting internal 
 improvements. In 1850 he was admitted to the Bar of 
 the Supreme Court. In 1853 he was elected to Congress 
 and declined reelection. He now removed to Washington, 
 but when the war broke out returned South, living for a 
 while in New Orleans. In 1867 he returned to Washington, 
 and in spite of the prejudice against the Southerner, be- 
 came one of the leaders of the Bar. His practice was 
 almost entirely before the Supreme Court, where he ap- 
 peared in over four hundred cases. So recognized was his 
 ability, that he was frequently called upon to argue cases 
 in which he was not personally interested, merely as amicus 
 curice. The tribute paid to his memory by the Bar of the 
 Supreme Court on February 16, 1884, was indeed a remark- 
 able tribute. His career was referred to as ^'a model for 
 citizens, for statesmen, for lawyers, and for judges." "He 
 was a jurist and statesman, whose labors and discussions 
 were a large contribution to jurisprudence and at the same 
 time of invaluable assistance to that tribunal in whose 
 judgments they are imperishably preserved." ''He was 
 the personification of the ideal of a great lawyer" — ''by 
 common consent among the greatest. " It is interesting to 
 note that he wrote a sketch of his life for his children. It 
 is to be regretted that this has not been published.'^* 
 
 Dr. Theodore Rodrigues was for several years Officer of 
 Health and Physician to the Queen's Troops stationed at 
 Fajardo, Porto Rico.'^^ 
 
 Dr. B. a. Rodriguez was a well-known dentist and in- 
 
 '*For further data see Garrett: Reminiscences of Public Men in Ala- 
 hama for Thirty Years, pp. 405-7. (Atlanta, 1872.) See also Proceed- 
 ings of the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States on the Death 
 of Philip Phillips and the Action of the Court Thereon. (Washington, 
 D. C, 1884.) 
 
 " The Courier, July 3, 1843. 
 
204 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 ventor. He was one of the first, if not the first, in America 
 to make an artificial palate ; '^^ was a contributor to The 
 American Journal of Dental Science,'^'' and a member of 
 the Board of Health in 1849. 
 
 Solomon Sampson Solomons was engineer and superin- 
 tendent of the Northeastern Eailroad Company in 1858-9. 
 He supervised the building of this road and was for many 
 years its president. 
 
 Abraham Tobias, a prominent merchant. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Health from 1833 to 1837 ; a Commis- 
 sioner of Pilotage from 1838 to 1843; a director of the 
 Union Bank from 1836 to 1856. He was a member of the 
 States' Rights Party in 1840 and was one of the citizens 
 appointed as honorary guard over the remains of Mr. 
 Calhoun on the occasion of that distinguished statesman's 
 funeral in April, 1850.'^^ 
 
 Other names that may be noted are Isaac N. Cardozo, 
 for twenty-four years a weigher in the Custom House 
 (1831-1855);'^® Gershon Lazarus, steamboat inspector in 
 the Custom House (1847-1858) ; Hyam Cohen, City Asses- 
 sor of Charleston from 1838 to 1850; Thomas Sampson, 
 Assistant Assessor in 1852 ; Solomon Moses, City Marshal 
 from 1833 to 1846; H. H. De Leon, Assistant Treasurer 
 of the City of Charleston from 1850 to 1852, and Levy J. 
 Myers, clerk to the Treasurer from 1854 to 1857. 
 
 E. Abrahams was a member of the Board of Health from 
 1840 to 1842 ; Jacob Cohen was a member of the same body 
 in 1852; S. N. Hart was a Commissioner of the Marine 
 
 " The Courier, July 18, 1836. 
 
 " Ibid., Oct. 22, 1840. 
 
 '* Year Book for 1883, p. 526. Other Jews who served on this occasion 
 during the various " watches" were Joshua Lazarus, P. M. Cohen, and 
 Jacob Cohen. 
 
 " For Obituary Notice see The Evening News, August 21, 1855. 
 
1824-1860 205 
 
 Hospital in 1850-1 and a Commissioner of the Work-House 
 in 1852; E. Levy was a member of the Board of Health 
 in 1838-9 and a Commissioner of Streets and Lamps from 
 1843 to 1848; Aaron Lopez was a member of the Board 
 of Health in 1838-9 ; M. H. Nathans was a Commissioner of 
 Markets in 1854, and E. Solomons a Commissioner of 
 Eoads in 1858-9. 
 
 Aaron Moi'se was a clerk in the Bank of South Carolina 
 from 1839 to 1851; Abraham Moise, Jr., was assistant 
 cashier at the Bank of Charleston from 1839 to 1852 ; L. J. 
 Moses was a clerk in the Southwestern Railroad Bank from 
 1840 to 1848. 
 
 F. Goldsmith was a director of the Bank of Hamburg 
 in 1837; Lewis Levy, a director of the Exchange Bank of 
 Columbia from 1855 to 1859 ; J. C. Lyons, a director of the 
 Indemnity Insurance Company of Columbia in 1854-5, 
 and of the Exchange Bank of Columbia from 1854 to 1859 ; 
 Isaac D, Mordecai, a director of the Bank of the State of 
 South Carolina, at Columbia, from 1842 to 1852. 
 
 Lizar Joseph was Warden of Georgetown in 1826, and 
 Coroner in the same year ; Abraham Myers was Intendant 
 of Georgetown in 1826-7 ; N. Emanuel was Warden of that 
 city from 1851 to 1854 ; R. D. Levin was Warden of Colum- 
 bia in 1852 ; Montgomery Moses was Intendant of Sumter- 
 ville in 1852 ; S. S. Sampson was Intendant of Walterboro 
 in 1854 ; A. H. Davega was Warden of Camden in 1854 and 
 of Chester in 1858; Samuel Sampson was Warden of 
 Georgetown in 1858-9. 
 
 The following are the Jewish lawyers of the period with 
 the dates of their admission to the Bar in Charleston or 
 Columbia: Chapman Levy (18U6), Abraham Moise (1822), 
 Solomon Cohen (1823), Levi S. D. Lyon (1825), F. J. 
 Moses (1825), M. M. Cohen (1829), Philip Phillips (1829), 
 Montgomery Moses (1831), Edwin De Leon (1840), S. Ben- 
 jamin (1841), Isaac Da Vega (1846), M. B. Moses (1855), 
 
206 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 M. M. Cohen (1855), J. Barrett Cohen (1857), Joseph W. 
 Moses (1858), J. N. Nathans (1858).8« 
 
 Among the physicians were: Dr. P. Melvin Cohen, Dr. 
 Lawrence L. Cohen,^^ Dr. J. Bensadon,^^ Dr. Abraham De 
 Leon, Dr. M. H. De Leon, and Dr. Columbus Davega. 
 
 Among the minor writers mention may be made of Cor- 
 delia Moise, Caroline Harby, Rebecca Levy, Sarah Ann 
 Dinkins, and Columbus Moise. These are principally 
 known through their short poems and hymns. 
 
 As has already been incidentally noted, the Jews took 
 an active part in the turbulent politics of the period. 
 Nathan Hart, Colonel Chapman Levy, F. J. Moses, Abra- 
 ham Moise, Jacob De La Motta, and M. C. Myers, of 
 Georgetown, were prominent members of the Union and 
 States' Rights Party. Other names frequently met with 
 are J. N. Cardozo, M. C. Mordecai, Major Lazarus, Michael 
 Lazarus, H. J. Harby, and Abraham Tobias. In The 
 Courier of October 1, 1832, there is a splendid letter, signed 
 by eighty-four Israelites, affirming that the Jews do not 
 want to be represented as a sect in the State Legislature. 
 It is a fine statement of the proper attitude of the Jew 
 in politics. In the ''Nullification" Convention of 1832 
 were Philip Cohen, Myer Jacobs (St. Helena's), Chapman 
 Levy, and Philip Phillips (Chesterfield)— Cohen and 
 Jacobs voting for, and Levy and Phillips against the Or- 
 dinance of Nullification. 
 
 During the Florida War, as in every other war, the Jews 
 of South Carolina furnished their full quota to the troops 
 of the State. ~S. Hyams was a member of the Hamburg 
 Volunteers.^2 Solomon Heydenfeldt also served in this 
 war.^2 In the Washington Volunteers from Charleston 
 
 "• Compiled from O'Neall's BencU and Bar, Vol. 2. 
 
 " Graduated in 1838. 
 
 '' The Courier, Jan. 26, 1836. 
 
 '' Ibid. 
 
1824^1860 207 
 
 were J. Cohen, Jr., Myer M. Cohen, and Columbus Mo'ise.^'' 
 In Columbia, a volunteer company of sixty men was or- 
 ganized under the conunand of Captain Isaac Cohen.^^ 
 J. C. Peixotto was one of the draft from the 16th Regi- 
 ment.*^*^ So was T. W. Mordecai." Dr. P. Melvin Cohen 
 was surgeon to the detachment of troops in Charleston 
 Harbor.^^ Hyam Cohen was assistant paymaster.*^ After 
 the expiration of his term of service Myer M. Cohen re- 
 ceived an appointment as an officer of the left wing and 
 served out the campaign in Florida. He published an 
 account of that country and the military operations 
 therein.^^ 
 
 In the Mexican War Dr. David C. De Leon served as 
 assistant surgeon. In the Palmetto Regiment were Jacob 
 Valentine, the youngest soldier of the regiment, who was 
 severely wounded at Churubusco ; ^^ Orlando Levy, J. 
 Friedeberg, D. Polock, and J. L. Polock.^^ 
 
 So much, then, for the Jews of South Carolina, socially 
 and politically. In the matter of religious development, 
 too, there was much of the greatest interest that took place 
 during this period. This we shall discuss in the next 
 chapter. 
 
 " The Courier, Jan. 26, 1S36. "" Ibid., Feb. 19, 1836. 
 
 " Ibid., Jan. 29, 1836. '' Ibid., May 10, 1836. 
 
 " Ibid., Feb. 2, 1836. '" Ibid., June 2, 1836. 
 
 " Ibid., Feb. 6, 1836. " Ibid., Dec. 13, 1847. 
 
 " The writer of the article " Moi'se" in The Jewish Encyclopcedia makes 
 Camillus Moise die while serving in the Mexican War. He died in 1844! 
 (See The Old Jewish Cemeteries at Charleston, S. C, p. 60.) 
 
CHAPTER X/— RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 
 
 1824-1860 
 
 E have discussed the Jews of South 
 Carolina from 1824 to 1860 at 
 length and we have seen what a 
 remarkable number of men of 
 more than average prominence the 
 community included. We have 
 seen, likewise, how many of its 
 able men left South Carolina dur- 
 ing this period and made their mark elsewhere. 
 
 Not less interesting is the story of the religious devel- 
 opment of the community, for it was during this period 
 that a second movement took place in the direction of re- 
 form — a movement that was not without effect in the evo- 
 lution of American Judaism. We will go back a little, 
 therefore, and take up the story of the Reformed Society 
 of Israelites where we left it. 
 
 After the dissolution of the Society most of its members 
 who remained in Charleston reaflfiliated with Beth Elohim. 
 They were fined various amounts at the discretion of the 
 trustees, and were then restored to all their former rights 
 and privileges. For a few years the history of the Syna- 
 gogue was uneventful. But there was now a progressive 
 party in Beth Elohim and the next chapter in the story is 
 a sad tale of dissension and bitterness. 
 
 On October 9, 1836, the Rev. Gustavus Poznanski was 
 
 208 
 
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 209 
 
 elected to the pulpit of Beth Elohhn. Born of respectable 
 parentage in Storclmest, Poland, he had been educated in 
 Hamburg, where he became imbued with the spirit of the 
 Hamburg Temple, then the foremost exponent of the re- 
 form movement in Europe. He was occupying a small 
 position in New York, where he had been living for some 
 years, when he was called to Charleston. Among those 
 who recommended him was Isaac Leeser, who afterwards 
 regretted it. Poznanski was a scholar, a good speaker and 
 writer, an able controversialist, and a gentleman. At first 
 his ministrations met with signal success. He was accept- 
 able to both parties and his advent was followed by a 
 marked religious revival. Even one of his bitterest op- 
 ponents testifies that when he came to Charleston ''laxity 
 in attending to religious observances gave place to a strict 
 attention to time-honored observances. ' ' ^ But there was 
 soon to be a *'rift within the lute." 
 
 In the great fire of April 27, 1838, the Synagogue was 
 burned to the ground and steps were soon after taken to 
 rebuild it. The corner-stone of the new building was laid 
 on January 2, 1840. Poznanski had meanwhile been elected 
 for life in 1838. 
 
 On July 14, 1840, before the new building w completed, 
 the trustees were called on to act upon a petition signed 
 by thirty-eight members, which had been presented to them, 
 praying ''that an organ be erected in the Synagogue to 
 assist in the vocal parts of the service." 
 
 This petition was deemed by the trustees to be an in- 
 fringement of the first article of the Constitution. At a 
 general meeting of the Congregation, held on July 26th, 
 the trustees were overruled by a vote of forty-seven to 
 forty, and the prayer of the petitioners granted. This led 
 to a division in the Congregation, and nearly forty mem- 
 
 ' The Occident, Vol. 2, p. 151. 
 
210 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 bers withdrew. We will not recite at length the events of 
 that troublous period, the plotting and the counter-plot- 
 ting that took place. The minute-books of Beth Elohim 
 are now available and they contain the story in the fullest 
 detail.^ Suffice it to say, that in 1843 the case was carried 
 to the courts by the seceders, the most brilliant legal talent 
 of the day being arrayed on either side.^ The dominant 
 party gained the verdict, which was affirmed when the case 
 reached the Court of Errors and Appeals in 1846. The 
 opinion was delivered by Judge Butler and is a magnificent 
 document. O'Neall, in his Bench and Bar, calls special 
 attention to it as a fine specimen of Judge Butler's style of 
 judicial reasoning. The following extract will well repay 
 careful perusal even at this late day : 
 
 " It is almost impossible to reduce matters growing out of a difference 
 of opinion to such a definite form as to subject them to judicial cog- 
 nizance. Rights and franchises are such matters as have legal existence 
 and may be protected by law. Speculative disputes must be left, in 
 some measure, to the arbitrament of opinion. To suppose that an uninter- 
 rupted harmony of sentiment can be preserved under the guarantee of 
 written laws and constitutions, or by the application of judicial authority, 
 would be to make a calculation that has been refuted by the history of 
 all institutions like that before us. Neither is it practical to frame laws 
 in such a way as to make them, by their arbitrary and controlling influ- 
 ence, preserve, in perpetuity, the primitive identity of social and religious 
 institutions. 
 
 " The gi-anite promontory in the deep may stand firm and unchanged 
 amidst the waves and storms that beat upon it, but human institutions 
 cannot withstand the agitations of free, active, and progressive opinion. 
 Whilst laws are stationary, things are progressive. Any system of laws 
 that should be made without the principle of expansibility, that would, 
 in some measure, accommodate them to the progression of events, would 
 
 ' These minute-books will be published by the author in the near future. 
 
 ^ The case was argued below before Judge Wardlaw in 1844, Messrs. 
 King and Memminger appearing for the appellants, and Messrs. Petigru 
 and Bailey contra. That the case was carried to the courts at all was 
 mainly due to Isaac Leeser. (See The Occident, Vol. 10, p. 226.) 
 
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 211 
 
 have within it the seeds of mischief and violence. When the great 
 Spartan law-giver gave his counti-ymen laws, with an injunction never to 
 change them, he was a great violator of law himself. For all laws, how- 
 ever wise, cannot be subjected to Procrustean limitations. Cesante ratione 
 cessat lex is a profound and philosophical principle of the law. These 
 remarks are more particularly true in reference to matters of taste and 
 form. Let the oldest member of any civil or religious corporation look 
 back and see if he can, in any instance, trace the original identity of his 
 institution throughout its entire history. Those who now, in the case 
 before us, insist with most earnestness on a severe obsei'vance of ancient 
 rites and forms would hardly recognize or understand the same, as they 
 were practised by their remote ancestors, who founded the Synagogue. 
 The Minhag Sephardim was a ritual of Spanish origin; and, although it 
 may yet obtain in different countries, yet how differently is it observed. 
 If two Jewish congregations, one from Poland and the other from Spain, 
 were to be brought together, whilst professing to be governed by the 
 same rituals, they would probably find themselves unable to understand 
 each other in their observances of them. 
 
 " The Jews in every part of the world, by whatever forms they may be 
 governed, could, no doubt, recognize the general spirit and prevailing 
 principles of their religion to be essentially the same. But in mere form 
 a resemblance could not be traced with anything like tolerable uniformity. 
 
 " As practised and observed in Charleston in 1784, and for many years 
 afterwards, exercises in Spanish were connected with it. They have been 
 long since discontinued; long before the commencement of this contro- 
 versy. Religious rituals merely, not involving always essential principles 
 of faith, will be modified to some extent by the influence of the political 
 institutions of the countries in which they are practised. In a despotism, 
 where toleration is a sin to the prevailing religion, religious exercises will 
 be conducted in secret or in occult forms. Faith and doctrine may take 
 refuge in these for safety. On the contrary, in a country where toleration 
 is not only allowed, but where perfect freedom of conscience is guaranteed 
 by constitutional provision, such devices will not be resorted to. Language 
 itself is continually undergoing changes; clumsy expressions of rude 
 language will give way to modern refinement. There are those in every 
 church who would be shocked at the change of expression in respect to 
 the tablets or books that contain the prayers and more solemn forms of 
 religious rituals. At this time there are many who oppose any change 
 of style in the editions of the Bible. It is not surprising that those who 
 have been accustomed to one form of expression should have associations 
 with it that they could not have with another. And it is so of all religious 
 
212 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 forms and ceremonies. The feelings of such persons should never be 
 treated with indifference or rudeness. They deserve respect and are to 
 be regarded as useful checks on reckless innovation. Matters of this 
 kind must necessarily belong, and should be committed, to the jurisdiction 
 of the body that has the right of conducting the religious concerns of 
 ecclesiastical corporations. Charters are granted to such corporations 
 upon the ground that they can carry out their ends with greater eflficieney 
 than if they were left to individual exertions and the operation of the 
 general laws of the land. The parties before us who are opposed to 
 reform contend that dangerous changes have been made in the form of 
 their worship, particularly as it respects the introduction of instrumental 
 music. It is not pretended but that the organ, the instrument complained 
 of, was introduced by the constituted authorities; but the ground taken is, 
 that this authority has been exercised to do that which is against the 
 provisions of the charter, which guarantees that the Minhag Sephardim 
 should be a ritual of the Congregation, and that it did not allow of 
 instrumental music as a part of it. The objection is to the mere form 
 in which the music is used and practised in this Congregation. I suppose 
 it might be admitted that in its origin such a ritual was practised without 
 the aid of instrumental accompaniment, but to suppose that the exact 
 kind of music that was to be used in all former time had been fixed and 
 agreed upon by the Jewish worshippers who obtained this charter would 
 be to attribute to them an impracticable undertaking. That such music 
 was not used is certain; but that it might not in the progress of human 
 events be adopted, would be an attempt to anticipate the decision of 
 posterity on matters that must be affected by the progress of art and the 
 general tone of society, and which could not be controlled by arbitrary 
 limitation. As this was a subject that could not be well reached, much 
 less continually controlled, by the judgment of this Court, we think the 
 Judge below very properly excluded all evidence in relation to it. 
 
 " Evidence was offered on a graver subject, touching the faith and relig-. 
 ious professions of the majority that introduced and established the organ. 
 It might be sufficient to say that the party which has been charged with 
 heterodoxy in this respect profess to adhere to the ancient faith of the 
 Jews. They do not occupy the position of those who openly disavow the 
 faith of the founders of the Synagogue. If they were to do so, it would 
 be time for the Court to say how far it would take cognizance of the 
 rights of the minority under the terms of their charter. How can a 
 Court ascertain the faith of others except by their professions? Can it 
 be done by the opinions of others, and if so, by whose opinions? It is 
 said that no two eyes can see exactly at the same distance, and, perhaps, 
 
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 213 
 
 no two minds have exactly the same conceptions 'of the same subjects, 
 particularly of matters of faith and orthodoxy. The unexpressed senti- 
 ments of the human mind are hard to be found out, and it is a delicate 
 office to assume a jurisdiction over its operations when they are to be 
 reached by the opinions of others or conjectural inference. Expressions 
 and acts may give tolerable information, upon which the judgment may 
 act and determine. 
 
 " In this ease suppose the Judge below had opened the inquiry as to the 
 faith and doctrines of the dominant party, where would he have looked 
 for information? Surely not to the minority or any others who might 
 occupy an adversary position. Could he have trusted to the testimony 
 that might have been procured and given from other sects and denomi- 
 nations of Jews in other countries? And, if so, should he have con- 
 sulted those who live in Palestine, in Germany, in England, or in the 
 United States? He might have assumed the power to do this, but it 
 would have been a wilderness of power with scarcely a compass to guide 
 him. It would have been to go into the labyrinth of curious and recon- 
 dite learning, without a clue by which he could escape from its bewildering 
 perplexities. He would have had another difficulty, that is, to determine 
 whose testimony he would have taken, for both parties, no doubt, had 
 ready and able advocates for their respective doctrines. It seems to me 
 it would have been hard for a civil magistrate to give a definite, much 
 less a satisfactory, judgment on such subjects. We, therefore, concur 
 in the propriety of the course pursued by the Judge below in respect to 
 these matters. If the Court can be called upon to settle by its decision 
 such disputes, it would be bound to require parties to conform to its 
 standard of faith — a judicial standard for theological orthodoxy."* 
 
 The seceders had meanwhile, in 1843, formed a new Con- 
 gregation, Shearith Israel (The Remnant of Israel), under 
 the leadership of the Rev. J. Rosenfeld. They had their 
 own place of worship on Wentworth Street, though for 
 some time previously, while the case was pending, they had 
 occupied the old Synagogue on alternate Sabbaths. So 
 bitter was the feeling between the parties, that all inter- 
 course between them was practically at an end. The se- 
 ceders even went so far as to acquire their own cemetery, 
 
 * Richardson : South Carolina Law Reports, Vol. 2, pp. 270-274. See 
 also Elzas : Pamphlet Reprint, The Organ in the Synagogue. 
 
214 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 which adjoined that of Beth Elohim, but which was 
 separated from the latter by a high wall. It was a lament- 
 able condition of affairs. But further trouble had been 
 brewing in Beth Elohim. 
 
 On the first day of Passover, 1843, Poznanski, who had 
 approved the proposition to erect the organ, preached a 
 sermon in which he declared the observance of the second 
 days of the festivals to be unnecessary and recommended 
 their abandonment. The Congregation was not prepared 
 for such a radical step and a special meeting of the trus- 
 tees was called on April 19, 1843, when resolutions were 
 adopted that the proposition was ''a violation of the Con- 
 stitution and calculated to create discord and anarchy." 
 Poznanski was further requested to inform the trustees 
 ''whether he intended in his future lectures to propose or 
 advise innovations of the established form of service as 
 observed by us, and all other congregations of Jews 
 throughout the world." In a letter to the trustees Poz- 
 nanski declared that he had been authorized by a former 
 resolution of the trustees "to make such remarks and ob- 
 servations as I might deem proper," and that the majority 
 of those who had voted in favor of the resolution of dis- 
 approval had previously well known his opinion on the 
 subject in question. As lecturing was no part of his duty, 
 he declined to lecture any more. This letter was voted 
 unsatisfactory. In a subsequent letter he wrote that ' ' with 
 the sole view of restoring and preserving peace and har- 
 mony in our Congregation," he would advise no further 
 innovations ''until the general desire of the Congregation 
 to hear the truth on any religious subject, and to have our 
 holy religion divested of all its errors and abuses, shall 
 be expressed to me through their representatives, your 
 honorable board." The matter was referred to the Con- 
 gregation, and the course of the trustees approved "with- 
 out any reflection upon the Rev. Hasan." At this same 
 
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 215 
 
 meeting a resolution was offered: ''That the established 
 service of this Congregation embraces all the Mosaic and 
 Rabbinical laws." It was rejected by a vote of twenty-four 
 to twenty-seven. This caused a further secession, the 
 seceders joining the ''Remnants." 
 
 Thus was Judaism in Charleston in 1840 and for many 
 years thereafter a house divided against itself. There 
 were now two Congregations. Both were weak, though 
 Shearith Israel, marked by a greater unity of purpose, 
 showed greater strength. The dissensions of the Syna- 
 gogue were carried into the family — son being arrayed 
 against father and brother against brother. Though in- 
 cessantly persecuted, Poznanski wisely ignored his public 
 critics. Their criticism was mainly of a personal nature, 
 certainly not such as would carry conviction to any intelli- 
 gent mind.^ Everything that malice could invent was 
 charged against him. Even the character of his father 
 was aspersed, only to be triumphantly vindicated.^ In 
 1843, with a view of restoring peace, he resigned and for 
 
 'See, e. g., The Occident, Vol. 2, pp. 150-3, 210-12, 297-9; Vol. 9, 
 pp. 203-21. 
 
 'The following certificate in German and English appears upon the 
 minutes of the meeting of Sept. 26, 1841 : 
 
 "We, the undersigned. President of the Hebrew Congregation of this 
 city [Storchnest] do hereby certify that Mr. Joseph Poznanski, a resident 
 of this city, married his wife Sarah (who died 3 June, 1836), as a virtuous 
 Jewish virgin, that his marriage took place according to the Jewish laws 
 and with the usual ceremonies, and that he had by her the following 
 legitimate children, namely, Gustavus, Leah, Rebecca, Frederika, Heiman, 
 Hinde, and Gershon. 
 
 " We further certify that the said Joseph Poznanski has been a member 
 of our Congregation not only since, but long before he married the said 
 Sarah, his wife, and that up to this day he has been esteemed by all as 
 a highly respectable gentleman & a pious Israelite. 
 
 " Storchnest, 29th June, 1841. 
 
 "Leiser Leresbaum, G. H. Levin, R. Hoffman. 
 
 " Pres. of Corporation ; Shochet and Rabbi ; Pres. of Representation." 
 
216 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 four montlis ceased to officiate as Minister. When, how- 
 ever, the privilege of occupying the Synagogue on alternate 
 Sabbaths was accorded the- seceders, he officiated gratui- 
 tously for his old Congregation. Needless to say, his mo- 
 tive was misinterpreted.'^ 
 
 At a meeting held on January 3, 1847, Poznanski appeared 
 before the trustees and strongly urged the propriety of his 
 retiring from office, setting forth at the same time the rea- 
 sons why such a course was inexpedient before. The mat- 
 ter was fully discussed and referred to a general meeting 
 held on January 10, 1847. At this meeting it was resolved 
 ''that the suggested resignation of the Minister would be 
 equally disastrous to the Congregation and the cause of 
 Jewish Reform." Poznanski yielded to the wishes of his 
 friends and continued to officiate for several months. Still 
 feeling that he ought to resign, a meeting of the Congrega- 
 tion was called on November 14, 1847. A committee of five 
 was appointed, of which Poznanski was chairman, for the 
 purpose of taking steps "to procure a Hazan in every way 
 competent to be at the head of this Congregation." Adver- 
 tisements were inserted in The Occident and the London 
 Jewish papers, in the Archives Israelites, and in the Allge- 
 meine Zeitung des Judenthums. Four applications were 
 received, from the Rev. B. C. Carrillon, of Kingston, Ja- 
 maica, from Mr. Mayer Stern, of Liverpool, from Dr. W. 
 Sopher, Minister at Colthen, Germany, and from Dr. Julius 
 Landsberger, of Breslau, who was strongly endorsed by 
 Dr. Geiger. [August 17, 1848.] The application of Dr. 
 Landsberger was favored and considerable correspondence 
 took place between himself and the committee, ending in 
 his election. When he was expected, it was discovered 
 from the German papers that he had accepted another po- 
 sition at Brieg, Germany. [October 28, 1849.] No reason 
 
 The Occident, Vol. 2, pp. 297-9. 
 
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 217 
 
 was assigned for his change of purpose. Possibly the com- 
 mittee had failed to answer his many questions satisfac- 
 torily. In one of his letters he inquires about * * the sanitary 
 state of those climates, in order to give some comfortable 
 affirmation to my old parents, who love me dearly and ten- 
 derly and who are in an intense fear of the yellow fever and 
 other horrors." 
 
 The circular was published again on January 7, 1850. At 
 a meeting held on February 5, 1850, the President stated 
 ''that a letter had been received from Dr. Isaac M. Wise, 
 of Albany, N. Y., dated January 24, 1850, applying for the 
 situation of Minister of K. Beth Elohim, expressive of his 
 ability to meet the requisitions of the circular, dated the 13tli 
 November, 5610, and proffering to visit the Congregation, 
 to put himself on trial, should they deem it advisable." 
 This letter was accompanied by a report from Poznanski 
 strongly endorsing the application, though the applicant 
 was not personally known to any of the committee. Dr. 
 Wise's letter contained various conditions, one of which 
 was the extension of the probationary term to five years, 
 and another, ''the furnishing of a house in a manner as 
 would comport with the dignity of his position." He was 
 invited to come on a visit "in order to afford the Congre- 
 gation the pleasure of forming his acquaintance and of hear- 
 ing him preach the Word of God, ardently hoping that his 
 visit might result in his election." Dr. Wise arrived in 
 Charleston on February 22, 1850. Dr. Raphall, who was to 
 deliver a series of lectures by subscription, had arrived on 
 the 18th and met with a most enthusiastic reception. The 
 Courier spoke of him as a "scholar, critic, orator, and 
 artist." All the papers gave extended notices of his 
 lectures and he was even praised editorially.^ Beyond the 
 
 ' See The Courier, Feb. 18, 23, 25, 1850. The Mercury, Feb. 22, March 
 9. The Evening News, Feb. 20, 25, 27; March 1, 4, 5, 8, 19. 
 
218 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 announcement of the arrival of ''J. Wise," Dr. Wise's visit 
 to Charleston is unnoticed in the local press. He preached 
 in the Synagogue on Sabbath and made a good impression.^ 
 While in Charleston he was an auditor of the Raphall- 
 Poznanski debate, a very distorted account of which he has 
 given us in his Reminiscences.^^ 
 
 Dr. Wise returned to Albany. At a meeting held on 
 March 12, 1850, he was elected Minister of Beth Elohim. 
 At the meeting of April 24th it was reported that Dr. Wise 
 would remain at Albany. Poznanski tendered his services 
 to the Congregation, in a private capacity, until a Minister 
 could be procured, refusing to accept any remuneration, 
 Eev. Julius Eckman, of Richmond, was invited to Charles- 
 ton and elected on May 29, 1850. At the meeting held on 
 May 5, 1850, strong resolutions of condemnation were 
 passed against Dr. Wise and transmitted to Albany. The 
 Congregation soon forgave him, however, and when, some 
 years later. Dr. Wise preached in Charleston again he re- 
 ceived a most cordial welcome. 
 
 Poznanski now retired from the pulpit permanently, after 
 thirteen consecutive years of valiant and faithful service. 
 He became a member of the Congregation and continued 
 to serve it with his counsel and encouragement until he 
 removed to New York some years later. At a public meet- 
 ing held on June 6, 1850, complimentary resolutions were 
 passed on his retirement, referring in fitting terms to his 
 past services. 
 
 Dr. Eckman 's pulpit ministrations proved disastrous. 
 His views were disappointing. He was constantly ''ar- 
 raigning individual opinions on doctrinal grounds" and 
 frequently indulged in violent denunciation. What was left 
 of the Congregation was once more divided. Petitions for 
 
 ° The Occident, Vol. 8, pp. 217 et seq., pp. 249-257. 
 " For further notices of this debate see Sinai, Vol. 1, p. 178, also The 
 Occident, Vol. 8, p. 257. 
 
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 219 
 
 his resignation were presented and counter petitions. He 
 resigned in 1851 and Mr. Moses Rubenstein, of New York, 
 was appointed temporary Hasan. 
 
 In March, 1852, Dr. M. Mayer was called to the pulpit 
 of Beth Elohim and elected permanently in 1857. He was 
 a scholarly man, but, like his predecessor, frequently in- 
 dulged in personal allusions, impugning the conduct of his 
 members. This kept the Congregation in a constant state 
 of ferment. All interest was gone and the financial con- 
 dition of the Congregation was desperate. On August 21, 
 1858, Dr. Mayer left for New York on account of ill-health 
 and in 1859 he resigned. For nearly two years the services 
 were conducted by laymen, until Rev. Abraham Harris was 
 elected on February 12, 1860. None of his successors had 
 the tact of Poznanski and the Congregation was now in its 
 poorest estate. Shearith Israel, however, was prosperous. 
 Its members were united and it was fortunate in its Minis- 
 ters, among whom were Rev. Ellis Lyons (1852-3), Rev. 
 Solomon Jacobs (1853-8), and Rev. Henry S. Jacobs (1858- 
 1861). The breaking out of the war and the removal from 
 the city of many of its members, however, put an end to its 
 prosperity and caused the Synagogue to close its doors. 
 Neither Congregation was now able to stand alone and the 
 way was thus paved for reconciliation and amalgamation. 
 Of this we shall tell in a later chapter.^ ^ 
 
 " There is an interesting reference in the literature that probably 
 belongs to this period. Naphtali Zebi Judah Berlin (1817-1893), the 
 chief of the rabbinical school at Volozhin, was consulted by a Charleston 
 Rabbi as to whether minors or Sabbath breakers might be included in 
 the making of a Minyan (religious quorum of ten men). His answer, 
 rather unfavorable to both, is to be found in his volume of Responsa 
 Meshibh Dabar (Warsaw, 1894), Part 1, No. 9, p. 15. It bears no date. 
 
 There is an interesting account of the organ controversy in Life and 
 Times of C. G. Memminger, pp. 175-8. It is likewise worthy to note that 
 the first American edition of Salomon's Twelve Sermons, etc., was pub- 
 lished in Charleston in 1840. 
 
CHAPTER Z//— THE WAR BETWEEN THE 
 
 STATES 
 
 HE list of South Carolina Jews who remained 
 true to their country and to their country's 
 cause in the darkest hours and who proved their 
 fidelity and patriotism by laying down their 
 lives upon the field of battle could be greatly 
 extended. Their names are graven upon many 
 a monument throughout the land and their 
 prowess in arms is a part of the military glory 
 of the country. As Montaigne says, the virtue and valor of a man 
 consist in the heart and in the will, and 'by this rule the Hebrew 
 soldiers of South Carolina may be fairly judged. What they had they 
 gave freely to the State, and on many a bloody field did they prove the 
 high quality of their courage. They possessed what Napoleon called ' the 
 two o'clock in the morning courage,' and they followed the flag with 
 superb loyalty to victory and defeat. When the history of South Caro- 
 lina's part in the great struggle is written and the books are finally 
 posted, we are sure that the Hebrew soldiers of this State who wore the 
 grey will have their full meed of praise." — The Sunday News, Charleston, 
 S. C, Jan. 3, 1892. 
 
 The story of the Jews of South Carolina in the war be- 
 tween the States is a most glorious chapter in the annals of 
 Jewish patriotism. To say that practically every man was 
 at the post of duty is but to express the literal truth. Young 
 boys and old men left their homes to do duty in the field, 
 and many were the families whose every male member went 
 to the war. A conspicuous example that deserves to be men- 
 
 220 
 
#• 
 
 GENERAL EDWIN WARREN VIOISE, l8^2— igO^ 
 
'Wjmi^ 
 
 
 CHAPTER XII— THE WAR BF/I 
 
 STATES 
 
 IE 
 
 HE list of South Carolina Jews who remained 
 true to their country and to their country's 
 cause in the darkest hours and who proved their 
 fidelity and patriotism by laying down their 
 lives upon the field of battle could be greatly 
 extended. Their names are graven upon many 
 a monument throughout the land and their 
 prowess in arms is a part of the military glory 
 of the country. As Montaigne says, the virtue and valor of a man 
 consist in the " ' " ' v-w 
 
 soldiers of Soi ey 
 
 gave freely to the State, and on many a bloody field did they prove the 
 
 high quality of then- courage. Tb -sed what '^ ':n called 'the 
 
 twfi o'clock in the rnnrnins' can ihcy fi .^ flag with 
 
 ^ h Caro- 
 
 i _-. ^ ^ . . -.-.:.^„-- — - - finally 
 
 J' are sure that the Hebrew soldiers of this State who wore the 
 
 gr<J3 full meed of praise." — The Sunday News, Charleston, 
 
 S. C, 
 
 The story of the Jews of {South Carolina in the war be- 
 tween the States^i^^fL|i^§^t^^il^/i^^i^§^<^i^j^^rjijfej^ annals of 
 Jewish patriotism. To say that practically every man was 
 at the post of duty is but to express the literal truth. Young 
 boys and old men left their homes to do duty in the field, 
 and many were the families whose every male member went 
 to the war. A conspicuous example that deserves to be men- 
 
 220 
 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 221 
 
 tioned is that of the late Mrs. Octavia Moses, of Sumter, 
 who sent five sons. Another remarkable instance is that 
 of Mrs. Solomon Cohen, of Savannah, a native Carolinian, 
 who saw thirty-two of her descendants leave for the ser- 
 vice — children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren — 
 occupying positions ranging from private to Quartermas- 
 ter-General of the Confederacy. It might be noted, too, 
 that Judah P. Benjamin, the towering figure of the Con- 
 federacy, received part of his early education in South 
 Carolina. The first Surgeon-General of the Confederacy, 
 Dr. David C. De Leon, was a South Carolina Jew, and A. C. 
 Myers, the first Quartermaster-General of the Confederacy, 
 was the son of a South Carolina Jew.^ 
 
 In the Secession Convention on April 8, 1861, a special 
 resolution of thanks was passed to Mr. Ben. Mordecai, of 
 Charleston, who made the first, as well as the largest, con- 
 tribution to the cause of the Confederacy .^ Mr. Mordecai 
 was a wealthy merchant, who literally gave all he had to 
 the Confederacy. It was through his heroic efforts that the 
 ''Free Market of Charleston," for the benefit of the fami- 
 lies of absent volunteers, was established.^ The extent of 
 the beneficent operations of this charity can be judged 
 
 ' The Minute-Books of the Congregation Beth Elohim furnish a remark- 
 able testimony to the patriotism of the Jews of Charleston. From June 
 1, 1862, there was no regular trustee meeting " owing to the existing 
 war and the impossibility of obtaining the presence of a sufficient number 
 of trustees to form a quorum." The first meeting of any kind held after 
 this date was the general meeting of Jan. 21, 1866. 
 
 " " Resolved, That this Convention highly appreciates the generosity and 
 public spirit of those citizens and friends of the State who have con- 
 tributed money and labor for the benefit of the State; and take pleasure 
 in noticing particularly the liberality and patriotism of Benjamin Mor- 
 decai, Esquire, in making the first and very generous donation." — Journal 
 of the Convention, p. 282. 
 
 • The Courier, Feb. 26, 1862, and March 10, 1862. There is a magnifi- 
 cent tribute to him in The Courier of March 12, 1862. 
 
222 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 from the fact that as early as May, 1862, four hundred and 
 twenty-five families were supported entirely on its bounty.^ 
 In December, 1862, it supported upwards of six hundred 
 families at a monthly expense of $8,000.^ To the funds of 
 this Free Market Ben. Mordecai was by far the most gen- 
 erous contributor. He was likewise a most generous con- 
 tributor to the '' Wayside Home" and to the "Home for the 
 Widows and Orphans of Soldiers." He invested all of his 
 money in Confederate bonds and died, a poor man, in New 
 York, never regretting that he had lost his money in the 
 cause that was dear to him, and only lamenting that he was 
 no longer able to respond to the numerous applications for 
 assistance that were made to him. 
 
 But the example of Mr. Mordecai is by no means unique. 
 The lists of contributors published in the contemporary 
 papers during the period that tried men's souls furnish 
 numerous examples of patriotic devotion.'' The honor of 
 having made the first contribution in response to the appeal 
 of the Surgeon-General belongs to the "ladies of Colonel 
 Jacobs 's family. ' ' '' 
 
 The complete record of the part played by the Jews of 
 South Carolina in the war between the States will never 
 be known. Hundreds of rolls of companies are no longer 
 in existence, and the records that are in existence have been 
 
 * The Courier, May 20, 1862. 
 
 " Ibid., Dee. 23, 1862. 
 
 ' " If other citizens of all races and creeds were as fully and as earnestly 
 awake to the discharge of their duties in this regard, and the relief of 
 their kindred, as some of the Hebrews have been, and are, the difficult 
 problems of relief and assistance which often perplex our legislators and 
 rulers in State and city would soon be easily solved." — The Courier, Feb. 
 16, 1864. 
 
 ' The Charleston Mercury, Jan. 3, 1861. For an interesting account of 
 what the Jewish women did in Sumter see South Carolina Women in the 
 Confederacy, pp. 54-5. 
 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 223 
 
 so compiled that accurate investigation is impossible. The 
 lists of 70,000 names in Columbia have been examined sev- 
 eral times, but the difficulty of identifying names without 
 unlimited time at one's disposal is overwhelming. Only 
 such names, therefore, have been included in the following 
 list as have been positively identified. With this intro- 
 duction we will let these records speak for themselves. 
 For the sake of easy reference the names are arranged 
 alphabetically : 
 
 Abrahams, Theodore H., Company D, 27th Infantry. 
 
 Alexander, IsaaC;, Company A, 10th Regiment. Detached 
 to Ordnance Department. 
 
 AsHER, Abraham, 1st Cavalry. 
 
 AsHER, Harris, Washington Mounted Artillery, Hampton 
 Legion (1861),^ later Hart's Battery. 
 
 AsHER, Henry, Washington Mounted Artillery, Hampton 
 Legion (1861), later Hart's Battery. 
 
 Barnett, B. J., Company B, 1st Regiment, Engineer Corps. 
 Surrendered at Appomattox April 10, 1865. 
 
 Barrett, Isaac, Company Gr, 5th Regiment, S. C. Cavalry. 
 Transferred, 1862, to Captain Charles's Battery. 
 
 Baruc, B. S., 4th sergeant Willington Rangers. 
 
 Baruch, Herman, courier on the staff of General Beaure- 
 gard, Company K, 7th Cavalry. 
 
 Baruch, Simon, assistant surgeon in charge of 7th S. C. 
 Battalion (Colonel James). Promoted to surgeon 13th 
 Mississippi (Barksdale's regiment). Captured at 
 Boonsboro, 1862, and again at Gettysburg. Estab- 
 lished hospitals at Thomasville, N. C, at end of war. 
 
 Baum, M., Company C, 6th S. C. V. Severely wounded at 
 Seven Pines. 
 
 For roll of this company see The Courier, July 12, 1861. 
 
224 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Baum, Makcus, Company E, 2d S. C. V. Killed at tlie bat- 
 tle of the Wilderness. On the staff of General 
 Kershaw. 
 
 Baum, M. H., Company A, 15th Eegiment, S. C. V. 
 
 Belitzer, Jacob, Washington Artillery, Hampton Legion, 
 and Hart's Battery. Wounded at Brandy Station, 
 1863. 
 
 Belitzer, Theodore, German Hussars. Taken prisoner 
 at Wilmington, he died by the steamer burning at 
 sea which was conveying the prisoners to Fortress 
 Monroe. 
 
 Benjamin, S., Company L, 10th Eegiment. Mustered out 
 under age. 
 
 Berg, J., Butler's Brigade, 2d S. C. V. 
 
 Blankensee, H., Company A, W. L. I. Volunteers. Killed 
 at first Manassas. 
 
 Blankenstine, Jacob, Company A, 15th Infantry. Killed 
 at Chancellorsville. 
 
 Bowman, L., Company K, 1st Infantry. 
 
 Brown, Joseph, Company F, 10th S. C. V. Enlisted 1861. 
 Captured at Missionary Ridge, November, 1863. Con- 
 fined in Rock Island prison and released just before the 
 close of the war. 
 
 Brown, Louis, 3d corporal, Walter's Light Battery, Wash- 
 ington Artillery. Entered Confederate service Feb- 
 ruary 28, 1862. 
 
 Brown, Mendel, sergeant Company F, 10th S. C. V. 
 Killed at Atlanta. 
 
 Caspberry, Aaron, Company E, 4th Battalion of Re- 
 serves. 
 
 Clarke, Henry, Company L, 10th S. C. V. (1861-3). 
 
 Cohen, corporal Company C, 7th S. C. V. Seriously 
 
 wounded at Gettysburg. 
 
 Cohen, A. Marion, hospital steward, Culpepper's Bat- 
 tery. 
 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 225 
 
 Cohen, Ansley D., Company I, 3d S. C. M. Enlisted in 
 1864 at the age of sixteen. 
 
 Cohen, Aethur M., Company C, Culpepper's Battery, Pal- 
 metto Battalion of Light Artillery. 
 
 Cohen, Asher D., Company D, 5th S. C. Cavalry. 
 
 Cohen, D., Company E, 7th S. C. Cavalry. 
 
 Cohen, David, Company L, 8th S. C. V. Transferred to 
 21st Infantry. 
 
 Cohen, David D., Company D, 5th S. C. Cavalry. 
 
 Cohen, D. M., Company C, 13th S. C. V. Wounded at 
 Manassas. 
 
 Cohen, E. B., 4th corporal, Willington Rangers. 
 
 Cohen, E. Louis, Company G, 5th Regiment S. C. Cavalry. 
 Transferred, 1862. 
 
 Cohen, Edward P., Company G, 5th Regiment S. C. Cav- 
 alry. Transferred to Palmetto Guards, 1862. 
 
 Cohen, Gustavus A., Washington Artillery, Hampton 
 Legion and Hart's Battery. 
 
 Cohen, Henry, Washington Artillery, Hampton Legion, 
 and Hart's Battery. Killed at Savage Station. 
 
 Cohen, H. F., Washington Mounted Artillery, Hampton 
 Legion. 
 
 Cohen, Isaac, Company B, 21st S. C. V. Wounded at Mor- 
 ris 's Island. 
 
 Cohen, Isaac Barrett, Palmetto Guards. Killed at Fort 
 Fisher, 1865. 
 
 Cohen, J. Barrett, was practising law in New York when 
 the war broke out. He closed up his office and re- 
 turned South. He was captured while crossing the 
 Potomac River and imprisoned at Washington. Being 
 very shortsighted and therefore unexchangeable, he 
 was paroled. He returned to Charleston and was put 
 in charge of the records of Charleston County, which 
 were sent to Columbia for safe-keeping and which he 
 returned intact after the war. 
 
226 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Cohen, Jacob B., Company A, 21st Regiment Infantry, 
 S. C. v., 5th sergeant. Killed at Fort Fisher. Pro- 
 moted from the ranks. 
 
 Cohen, Joseph, Company D., Manigault's Battalion of Ar- 
 tillery. 
 
 Cohen, Julius, Walter's Light Battery, Washington Ar- 
 tillery. Entered Confederate service February 28, 
 1862. 
 
 Cohen, L. L., Company A, 2d Regiment Cavalry. Pro- 
 moted and transferred in 1864. 
 
 Cohen, Lawrence L., Company C, Culpepper's Battery, 
 Palmetto Battalion of Light Artillery. 
 
 Cohen, M., Company D, 6th Regiment Infantry. 
 
 Cohen, Maex E., Washington Artillery, Hampton Legion, 
 and Hart's Battery. Killed at Bentonville, 1865. 
 Earlier in the war was in Company D, 5th Cavalry. 
 
 Cohen, McDuff, Company D, 5th Regunent Cavalry. 
 Wounded at Drury 's Bluff, 1864, also at Gravelly Run, 
 1864. 
 
 Cohen, Morris, Company B, 7th Battalion Infantry. Cap- 
 tured May 16, 1864. 
 
 Cohen, Philip L, Walter's Light Battery, Washington Ar- 
 tillery. Entered Confederate service February 28, 
 1862. Surrendered at Greensboro, N. C, April 26, 
 1865. 
 
 Cohen, Philip L., Rutledge Mounted Riflemen. 
 
 Cohen, Robert, Company A, 22d Regiment S. C. V. Killed 
 at Secessionville. 
 
 Cohen, Samuel, Company G, Holcombe Legion, S. C. V. 
 Wounded at Suponey Church. Discharged at Point 
 Lookout. 
 
 CoHN, Alexander, Company E, 5th Infantry. Wounded at 
 Seven Pines. 
 
 Davega, Columbus, surgeon 23d Regiment. 
 
 De Leon, David C. The first Surgeon-General of the Con- 
 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 227 
 
 federacy. Afterwards Chief Medical Director of Gen- 
 eral Lee.'' He resigned from the United States army 
 in 1861, where he was surgeon, with the rank of major. 
 
 De Leon, Edwin, Special Commissioner to England and 
 France from the Confederacy.^" 
 
 De Leon, Perry M., an officer of the ram Albemarle and 
 other ships, C. S. N. 
 
 Emanuel, Edwin, corporal Company A, 10th S. C. V. Pro- 
 moted to sergeant. Died at Oxford, Miss., in 1862. 
 
 Emanuel, Sol., Company A, 10th S. C. V. 
 
 Emanuel, Washington, Company A, 10th Eegiment. Died 
 of wounds at Atlanta. 
 
 Esdra, Arthur, Company C, Culpepper's Battery. 
 
 Flaum, M., Marion Light Artillery, State service only. 
 
 Foot, Michael, Company E, 3d Regiment, S. C. V. 
 Wounded at Savage Station. 
 
 Fox, William, 1st sergeant Irish Volunteers. Wounded at 
 Gettysburg. 
 
 Friedman, B., Company F, James's Battalion. 
 
 Geisenheimer, William, Washington Artillery. Enlisted 
 in Augusta, Ga. Wounded at the battle of Shiloh. 
 
 Goldsmith, A. A. Entered State service April 15, 1861, 
 in Rifle Regiment, Confederate service with Brooks 
 Guards, Kershaw's Regiment (2d). Promoted to 2d 
 sergeant in 1862. Fought at first Manassas, Savage 
 Station, Malvern Hill, first Williamsburg, Sharpsburg, 
 and many other battles. Wounded at Sharpsburg.^ ^ 
 
 * It is said that every male descendant of the first Jacob De Leon over 
 fifteen years of age was in the sei-vice of the Confederacy, nine in the field 
 and two in the bureaus. Three of them were killed and several wounded. 
 The author has not attempted to verify this statement, which is doubtless 
 correct. 
 
 "For notice of Edwin De Leon see The Courier, Feb. 26 and Feb. 28, 
 1862. 
 
 " Records Camp Sumter. 
 
228 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Goldsmith, Isaac P., Willington Rangers. ^^ 
 
 Goldsmith, J. L., 2d corporal, Willington Rangers. 
 
 Goldsmith, Moses, commissary Palmetto Riflemen, 1861.^^ 
 
 Goldsmith, M. M., 1st lieutenant Georgia Reserves. Vol- 
 unteered in the Charleston Zouaves in 1860 and then 
 in the Willington Rangers. He was killed accidentally 
 near Macon, Ga., August, 1864. At the time of his 
 death, he was engaged in organizing a company for 
 the 27th Battalion, Georgia Volunteers.^^ 
 
 Haeby, J. D. Entered Confederate service February, 1863, 
 private Heavy Artillery under the command of L. C. 
 Harby. Subsequently made 2d officer C. S. gunboat 
 Sachua, from which he resigned and joined 8th Texas 
 Light Artillery, Twetaine's Battalion. Fought at Col- 
 caisen Pass and in some few coast skirmishes.^ ^ 
 
 Harby, L. M., Captain. When South Carolina seceded he 
 resigned his commission in the United States Navy and 
 entered the Confederate service with the rank of com- 
 modore in the navy and afterwards distinguished him- 
 self in the defence of Galveston, when he commanded 
 the Neptune at the capture of the Harriet Lane, and 
 later on when in command of a fleet of gunboats on the 
 Sabine River.^^ 
 
 Haeris, Morris. Entered State service in 1861, Confed- 
 erate service in 1861. Corporal Company A, Marion 
 Rifles, 16th Regiment, S. C. M., Company A, Marion 
 Rifles, 24th Regiment, S. C. V. Sergeant. Promoted 
 in 1863. Fought at Secessionville, on the coast of 
 North Carolina to May, 1863, Jackson, Miss., Chicka- 
 
 "For resolutions on his death by the Willington Rangers see The 
 Courier, August 19, 1862. See also obituary notice, August 25, 1862. 
 " The Courier, June 6, 1861. 
 " The Courier, August 25, 1864. 
 " Records Camp Sumter. 
 "Wolf: The American Jew, etc., p. 116. 
 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 229 
 
 mauga, Missionary Ridge, and during Colonel John- 
 son's and General Hood's campaign. Was taken pris- 
 oner near Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1863, and afterwards 
 paroled.^^ 
 
 Hart, Daniel S., Palmetto Guards, afterwards detailed to 
 Columbia. 
 
 Hartz, H., Company L., 10th S. C. V. 
 
 HiLZEiM, Alexander M. Died from wounds received at 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. 
 
 HiRscH, I. W. Entered State service in December, 1860, 
 Butler Guards, Greenville, S. C. ; Confederate service 
 in April, 1861, Company B, 2d S. C. V. Fought at Bull 
 Run, first Manassas, Peninsula, Rapidan, Spottsyl- 
 vania. Seven Pines, Falls Church, Berryville, Charles- 
 town, Turkey Bend, Cedar Run, Petersburg, New 
 Market, Bentonville. Wounded at Seven Pines. 
 Surrendered at Greensboro, N. C. Detailed in 1862 
 as assistant provost marshal at Columbia on account 
 of wound.^^ 
 
 HiRSCH, Melvin J., assistant commissary sergeant Com- 
 pany E, 25th Regiment Infantry. Promoted to com- 
 missary sergeant, Eutaw Regiment. 
 
 Hoffman, Julius. Enlisted April 10, 1861, Company A, 
 1st S. C. V. Fought at Secessionville, Manassas, 
 Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Leesburg, Boonsboro, 
 Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom, 
 Petersburg, Appomattox. Surrendered at Appo- 
 mattox.^^ 
 
 Hoffman, Michael, Bachman's Battery. Killed at Black 
 River. 
 
 Jacobs, Abram L., Company C, Hampton Legion. Wounded 
 at Seven Pines. Died of wounds at Bean's Station. 
 
 " Records Camp Sumter. " Ibid. " Ibid. 
 
230 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Jacobs, F. C, Palmetto Guards, 17th Eegiment, S. C. M., 
 Stevens's Iron-clad Battery, 2d junior lieutenant Yea- 
 don Light Infantry 1862. 
 
 Jacobs, H. R., Palmetto Guards, Company I, 2d S. C. V. 
 Transferred to cavalry. 
 
 Jacobs, Isaiah, 1st lieutenant Company D, 2d Regiment. 
 Promoted from ranks. Killed at Chickamauga. 
 
 Jacobs, Louis. Enlisted for the war in 1861, German Vol- 
 unteers, Company H, Hampton Legion, afterwards 
 Company B, Artillery, Hampton Legion. Fought at 
 Cockpit Point, West Point, Gaines's Mill, Frazier's 
 Farm, Malvern Hill, second Manassas, Boonesboro, 
 Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Suffolk, Gettysburg, 
 Coosawhatchie, and Tullifinny.^*^ 
 
 Jacobs, Mitchell, Company I, 25th Infantry. Trans- 
 ferred to 21st S. C. V. 
 
 Jacobson, H., Company B, German Artillery. 
 
 Joseph, A. H., Company K, 2d S. C. V. 
 
 Kaminski, H., commissary-sergeant 10th Regiment S. C. V. 
 Promoted to brigade commissary-sergeant. 
 
 Klein, J., Company I, 11th S. C. V. 
 
 KoHN, Theodore, Company G (Edisto Rifles), 25th Regi- 
 ment, S. C. V. Was one of the first to enlist in this 
 company, remaining in service until the close of the 
 war. Served on James's Island and around Charles- 
 ton, and fought at Secessionville, Pocotaligo, and on 
 Morris's Island. Served for a while in Fort Sumter. 
 In May, 1864, he left with his company for Virginia 
 and took part in the fight at Walthall Junction. He 
 was severely wounded at the battle of Drury's Bluff. 
 Regaining the use of his arm, he rejoined his com- 
 mand in Virginia, and remained with it until the sur- 
 render. ^^ 
 
 Records Camp Sumter. " The News and Courier^ June 19, 1902. 
 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 231 
 
 Lazarus, B. D., Company A, 2d Regiment Cavalry. 
 Wounded at York River in 1864. 
 
 Lazarus, Edgar M., Palmetto Guards jirtillery. Detached 
 to Quartermaster Department. 
 
 Lazarus, Marks H., Walter's Light Battery, Washington 
 Artillery. Surrendered at Greensboro, N. C, April 
 26, 1865. 
 
 Lazarus, Solomon, Walter's Light Battery, Washington 
 Artillery. Entered Confederate service February 28, 
 1862. Surrendered at Greensboro, N. C, 1865. 
 
 Levi, Moses, Company I, 23d S. C. V. Captured and con- 
 fined at Point Lookout. 
 
 Levin, Geo. W., Company A, 15th Regiment Infantry. 
 
 Levin, L. C, Company C, 2d Regiment Cavalry. 
 
 Levin, Lu., Company H, 17th Regiment Infantry, S. C. V. 
 Died at John's Island. 
 
 Levin, Samuel S., Company A, l5th Regiment Infantry. 
 Died October 4, 1862, from wounds received at Sharps- 
 burg. 
 
 Levin, S. W., Company A, 15th S. C. V. Wounded at 
 Boonsboro. 
 
 Levy, Cl-\rence, Gist Guards Artillery. 
 
 Levy, Julian C. Died of wounds received near Rich- 
 mond.^ ^ 
 
 Levy, J. M., corporal Company K, Orr's Rifles. Wounded 
 at Wilderness. Promoted from ranks. 
 
 Levy, Lewis J., 2d corporal 1st Regiment (Gregg's). Pro- 
 moted. 
 
 Levy, S., Captain Miller's Company. Wounded in 1862. 
 
 LiEBESCHUTz, M., Compauy I, 2d Regiment, S. C. V. 
 
 Loeb, Jacob H., assistant provost-marshal in Charleston. 
 
 Lopez, John H., Palmetto Guards Artillery. Transferred 
 ia 1864 to Company F, 2d Engineer Regiment. 
 
 For obituary notice see The Courier, July 12, 1862. 
 
232 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Lopez, Moses E., private in Palmetto Guards, 1860. As- 
 signed to the Iron-clad Battery on Morris's Island. Par- 
 ticipated in the bombardment of Fort Sumter, April, 
 1861. Served subsequently on James's Island and 
 John's Island, and on the coast between Charleston and 
 Savannah, taking part in various engagements, includ- 
 ing the battle at Secessionville. Detached for service 
 in the engineer department, with which he was associ- 
 ated during the remainder of the war.^^ 
 
 LowENBEKG, DAvm, corporal Company A, 16th S. C. V. 
 
 Lyons, J. C, Company B, Battalion of State Cadets. 
 
 Maeco, J. J., Company K, 3d S. C. V. 
 
 Makco, M., Company C, 6th S. C. V. 
 
 MoisE, Camd^lus, Walter's Battery, Washington Artillery. 
 
 MoisE, Edwin H., Palmetto Guards. Enlisted in 1862. 
 Wounded near Averysboro, N. C, in 1865. 
 
 MoisE, HowAKD C, Company H, 25th Regiment. Detailed 
 on account of deafness. 
 
 MoisE, Isaac, Palmetto Guards, 17th Regiment, S. C. M., 
 Stevens's Iron-clad Battery, Palmetto Guards, S. C. 
 V. Enlisted in 1862. Transferred to Engineer Corps 
 in 1864. 
 
 MoRDECAi, A. L., Walter's Light Battery, Washington Ar- 
 tillery. Entered Confederate service February 28, 
 1862. 
 
 MoRDECAi, G. L., Walter's Light Battery, Washington Artil- 
 lery. Entered Confederate service February 28, 1862. 
 
 MoEDECAi, Isaac W., Palmetto Guards. Enlisted in 1863. 
 Detached to Quartermaster Department in 1864. 
 
 MoRDECAi, J. Randolph, junior second lieutenant Company 
 G, Palmetto Battalion of Light Artillery. Acting com- 
 missary Palmetto Artillery, 1862, and later lieutenant 
 and adjutant. 
 
 Confederate Military History, Vol. 5, p. 710. 
 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 233 
 
 MoRDECAi, Thomas W., ordnance officer Charleston Light 
 Dragoons. Died May, 1861, of diphtheria contracted 
 at Fort Moultrie. 
 
 MosES, A. DeLeon, Company C, Hampton Legion. Wounded 
 at Chickahominy, 1862. 
 
 MosES, Altamont, telegraph branch Confederate service. 
 
 MosEs, David L., Company C, Culpepper's Battery, Pal- 
 metto Battalion of Light Artillery. 
 
 MosEs, Edwin L., Company D, 27th S. C. V. Died a pris- 
 oner at Camp Chase, Ohio, a few days before the sur- 
 render of the Confederacy. 
 
 MosES, Frank J., assistant surgeon. Served in Virginia 
 through the war. 
 
 Moses, H. C, Company D, 2d S. C. V. Wounded at first 
 battle of Manassas and appointed lieutenant Company 
 B, Lucas's Battalion, South Carolina Regulars. 
 
 Moses, Horace H., Company C, Culpepper's Battery, Pal- 
 metto Battalion of Light Artillery. 
 
 Moses, Is.^c C, Company C, Hampton Legion. Wounded 
 at Seven Pines and discharged. 
 
 Moses, J. H., 4th corporal Cadet Company, S. C. A., Aiken's 
 Regiment S. C. Cavalry. 
 
 Moses, Joshua L., Palmetto Guards, Company I, 2d S. C. V. 
 Killed at Blakely, Ala., 1865. Promoted to lieutenant 
 of artillery. 
 
 MosES, M. B., Company D, 2d S. C. V. Wounded at Fred- 
 ericksburg in 1862. 
 
 Moses, Perry, Company C, Culpepper's Battery, Palmetto 
 Battalion of Light Artillery. Senior 2d lieutenant. 
 Wounded at Blakely, Ala. 
 
 Moses, Perry, Jr., Company D, 2d S. C. V. Died at Rich- 
 mond on September 12, 1862, from a wound received on 
 July 1 at the battle of Malvern Hill. 
 
 Moses, Z. P., Navy Department. Saw service round Rich- 
 mond. 
 
234 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Nathans, J. N., Company D, 27th Infantry. Transferred 
 to Company F in 1862. 
 
 Oppenheim, E. H., Company K, 2d S. C. V. 
 
 Oppenheim, Henry H., Brooks Guards, 2d S. C. V. 
 Wounded at Fredericksburg in 1862. 
 
 Oppenheim, H. W., Company K, 2d Regiment Infantry. 
 
 Oppenheim, Julius H., 1st sergeant Willington Rangers, 
 Company G, Brooks Guards, 1862. 
 
 Oppenheim, Samuel, Company G, 5th Cavalry. Wounded 
 in 1862. 
 
 Ottolengui, Israel, Company F, 1st Regiment Artillery. 
 
 Peixotto, Sol. C, Company A, 15th Regiment Infantry. 
 
 Phillips, Isidore, Bachman's Battery, Company H, German 
 Volunteers. Wounded at Suffolk. 
 
 Phillips, Mitchell, Bachman's Battery, Company H, Ger- 
 man Volunteers. 
 
 Pollock, Barney C, Company A, 15th Regiment Infantry. 
 Wounded at Deep Bottom. 
 
 Pollock, Clarence, Company A, 1st Infantry. Killed at 
 Spottsylvania on May 12, 1864. 
 
 Pollock, J. L., Company F, 3d Battalion (James's). 
 
 Pollock, Theodore M., 1st corporal Company A, 15th Regi- 
 ment Infantry. Wounded at Chickamauga. Pro- 
 moted to 1st sergeant. 
 
 PozNANSKi, G., Jr., Sumter Guards. Killed at Secession- 
 ville in 1862.2^ 
 
 Rothschild, Benjamin, musician Company B, McDuflfie 
 Rifles. 
 
 Samson, A. J., Company L, 1st S. C. V. Fought at Cold 
 Harbor, Frazier's Farm, Malvern Hill, Cedar Mountain, 
 
 " For obituary notice see The Courier, June 25, 1862. " A remarkable 
 circumstance connected with Mr. Poznanski deserves mention. He had 
 expressed to several friends his solemn presentment that he was to fall 
 in battle, and yet went forward to repel the stoiTaers and received his 
 death-wound on the rampart." — The Courier, June 18, 1862. 
 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 235 
 
 Manassas, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettys- 
 burg, Falling Water, Petersburg, Deep Bottom. Taken 
 prisoner at Falling Water and exchanged. Wounded. 
 Surrendered with the Army of Northern Virginia. ^^ 
 
 Sampson, Edwin J., a member of a Texan regiment. 
 Killed near Richmond, 27th July, 1862.2« 
 
 Sampson, Henry. 
 
 Sampson, Joseph, Company I, 21st Infantry. Detailed to 
 Quartermaster Department. 
 
 Sampson, Samuel, Company I, 21st Infantry. 
 
 Schiller, Lewis, Company C, 1st Cavalry, Hampton Legion. 
 
 Seixas, B. M., Company G, 20th Regiment S. C. V. 
 
 Shapira, Louis D., entered Confederate service in June, 
 1862, Company C, Cavalry, Hampton Legion. Fought 
 at Seven Pines, seven days' battles around Richmond, 
 and Sharpsburg, Va.^^ 
 
 Solomons, A. L., Governor's Guards, Columbia.^* 
 
 Solomons, J. T., commissary sergeant 20th S. C. V. 
 
 Strauss, B., Company A, German Artillery. 
 
 SuARES, J. E., Company I, 27th Regiment. 
 
 Tobias, J. L., Ordnance Department, Columbia. 
 
 Triest, M., enlisted in 1860 ; captain Company 2, 16th Regi- 
 ment. Entered Confederate service, 1861, sergeant- 
 major 24th S. C. V. Was promoted twice to A. A. A. 
 General, once by General Stevens, who died before com- 
 mission was returned, and again by General Capers just 
 before the close of the war. Fought at Secessionville, 
 Pocotaligo, Jackson, Miss., second Jackson, Miss., At- 
 lanta, Missionary Ridge, Franklin, and Nashville. 
 Wounded at Atlanta.^^ 
 
 Records Camp Sumter. 
 
 For obituary notice see The Courier, August 25, 1862. 
 
 Records Camp Sumter. 
 ' The Courier, April 11, 1861. 
 ' Records Camp Sumter. 
 
236 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 VAI.ENTINE, Hertz, Sumter Guards. "Wounded at Seces- 
 sionville, 
 
 Valentine, Isaac D., corporal, Sumter Guards. Killed at 
 Secessionville in 1862.^^ 
 
 Valentine, Captain Jacob. A veteran of the Mexican War. 
 Appointed lieutenant at the beginning of the war. 
 Took part in the bombardment of Fort Sumter in April, 
 1861. He was in charge of a battery at the battle of 
 Manassas.^i Was in command of Company G, 1st 
 Eegiment S. C. R., at Fort Moultrie in 1863 and com- 
 mander of the post in November of that year. He was 
 seriously wounded at Fort Moultrie in 1862. 
 
 Visanska, George A., 20th Regiment, S. C. V. 
 
 Weiss, Jules, Beauregard Light Infantry. 
 
 Wertheim, Berthold, Company G, 16th Cavalry. 
 
 Wertheim, Hyman, lieutenant Company E, 8th S. C. V. 
 Killed at Gettysburg. 
 
 Wertheim, Julius, German Volunteers, 1861. Hampton 
 Legion, Bachman's Battery. 
 
 Wetherhorn, Levy, a member of the German Riflemen in 
 1861. Stationed at Morris's Island at the time when 
 the Star of the West was thwarted in her attempt to 
 supply the garrison at Fort Sumter. After ninety 
 days ' service with the riflemen, he volunteered in Com- 
 pany A, German Artillery, taking part in all its cam- 
 paigns and engagements. He was finally taken pris- 
 oner by a Federal scouting party near Summerville, 
 paroled, and soon afterwards the war came to an end.^^ 
 
 ^ For obituaiy notice see The Courier, June 21, 1862. " Mr. Isaac Val- 
 entine, after receiving his death-wound, stated that he felt no apprehen- 
 sion of death; that he had done his duty, and that he had but one wish, 
 that he might see his family before he died for his country." — The 
 Courier, June 18, 1862. 
 
 '' The Courier, August 22, 1861. 
 
 ^^ Confederate Military History, Vol. 5, p. 90S. 
 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 237 
 
 Wethekhorn, Martin, Company A, German Artillery. 
 Wetherhorn, Sol., Company E, 25th S. C. V. Wounded 
 
 at Petersburg. 
 Wilson, J. Cohen, Manning Guards, Hampton Legion. 
 WiTKOFSKY, J., Company G, 27tli Infantry. 
 WiTTKowsKY, Adolph, Company C, 6tli Regiment S. C. V., 
 
 Anderson's Brigade, Long-street's Division. Enlisted 
 
 1861. Wounded at Williamsburg. Four months in 
 
 prison at Washington, D. C. Permanently disabled. 
 
 Promoted to sergeant. 
 Wolfe, Jacob^ Company F, 23d Infantry. 
 Wolff, W. M., 1st lieutenant Company G, 4th Regiment 
 
 Infantry. Killed at Stony Creek. Was in command 
 
 of company. Very brave. 
 Zacharias, David, Company C, 5th Cavalry. Killed at 
 
 Mechanicsville.^^ 
 Markens in his book. The Hebrews in America, mentions 
 the following Jewish soldiers belonging to South Carolina 
 who are buried in the Confederate soldiers' plot at Rich- 
 mond, Va. : E. B. Miller, H. Jacobs, Lieutenant W. M. 
 Wolf (Hagood's Brigade), A. Lehman, Henry Cohen, I. 
 Cohen (Hampton Legion). ^^ 
 
 In addition to the above names of enlisted men there were 
 many others, physically disqualified or above military age, 
 who did duty in the Home Guard : 
 
 Captain Myer Jacobs, Charleston Guards ; ^^ S. Hart, Sr., 
 orderly sergeant ; M. Ehrlich, 3d sergeant. Privates : J. 
 Cohen, S. Cohen, C. Hyman, L. Rich, M. Rich, J. Triest, 
 J. Volaski, J. Wetherhalin, M. Wetherhahn, E. Zachariah, 
 J. Zachariah.^^ 
 
 ^^ Note. — This list could, of course, be largely extended, had account 
 been taken of the sons of South Carolina Jews who fought in the war. 
 " Markens : The Hebrews in America, pp. 340-1. 
 " The Courier, Jan. 11, 1861. 
 " Ibid., May 2, 1861. 
 
238 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 In the Regiment of Reserves, Company B, were: J. 
 Blank, J. Furth, M. Hoffman, S. D. Jacobowsky, J. Rich, 
 J. Seckendorff , A. Volaski. 
 
 Company C : N. Levin, 5th sergeant ; M. L. Jacobson, 4th 
 corporal. Privates: G. V. Ancker, S. P. Ancker, D, Ben- 
 jamin, A. E. Cohen, L. Cohen, R. L. David, M. Goldsmith, 
 J. Goudkopp, A. J. Harris, J. H. Hertz, A. Loryea, B. Mor- 
 decai, P. A. Moise, P. Pinkussohn, George Prince, P. Wine- 
 man.^'^ 
 
 Company D: A. J. Moses, 1st corporal. Privates: M. 
 Cordova, Eugene Esdra, Isaac Harris, Isaac E. Hertz, Rev. 
 H. S. Jacobs, Morris Meyer, Sam Samson, Dr. J. R. Solo- 
 mons, Leopold Weiskopf.^^ 
 
 Company E: I. S. Cohen, Abram Harris, L. J. Myers, 
 B. A. Rodrigues, John Sloman.^® 
 
 Company G : Nathaniel Jacobi, 1st corporal. Privates : 
 G. Schwabe, M. Seckendorff.'^o 
 
 Company H : J. Samson, 1st corporal.^^ 
 
 Other members of the Home Guard who are of record 
 are : M. D. Cohen, M. Marks, J. Levy, J. Haas, and Edmund 
 H. Abrahams. 
 
 In the large list of Jews here given, with three or four 
 exceptions, every name has been positively identified, and 
 with very few exceptions these records have been taken 
 from original documents. In addition to these, there are 
 hundreds of names of men who may or may not be Jews. 
 These have been excluded from our list, as we believe that 
 for historical purposes only such records should be given 
 as are beyond question. Mr. Wolf in his book. The Ameri- 
 can Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, — perhaps the great- 
 est monument, even if least appreciated, of his services to 
 
 The Courier, Dec. 11, 1861. " Ibid. 
 
 ' Ibid. *" Ibid. 
 
 'Ibid. 
 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 239 
 
 the cause of the Jew, — ^has given many more names, many 
 of which we have not been able to identify, though many 
 months have been given to the task, and it is with regret 
 that we must leave them for future investigation. We 
 must be satisfied, for the present, with the mere enumera- 
 tion of the names of these men, the records of whom may 
 be hereafter established. 
 
 James P. Altman, *Edwin H. Abrahams,^ ^ Barney Ball, 
 D. Blankensee, A. Cashby, *Aaron Cohen, *C. S. Cohen, 
 *Fishel Cohen, * Jacob H. Cohen, L. Daniels, Herman Drey- 
 fus, G. Ellbaum, H. Emanuel, J. Emanuel, M. Fox, *I. L. 
 Gunhaus, *S. Gunhaus, A. Hammerslough, H. Hammer- 
 slough, *L Heyman, J. D. Hornet, Emanuel Jacobs, J. J. 
 Jacobus, Julius Joel, Joseph Josephus, *David Kahn, *Isaac 
 Kahn, * Theodore Kaphan, Jack Leopold, Leopold Levi, 
 L. J. Levin, Lionel C. Levy, Jr., Lionel L. Levy, Isaac L. 
 Lyons, Jacob Manning, Nathan Menken, Daniel Moses, M. P. 
 Moses, T. J. Moses, Jr., Julius Nathan, *Meyer Richard, 
 Abraham Robertson, Charles C. Robinson, *Jacob Rosen- 
 dorff, A. Simon, H. Solomon, J. F. Solomon, Isaac Sommers, 
 Ad. Summers, William Sulzbacher, *Myer Wachtel, Henry 
 Warner, Samuel Weiss, J. C. AVilson, D. Wolf.^^ 
 
 Besides these names there are on the rolls hundreds of 
 names that have the appearance of being the names of 
 Jews. For reasons already given these have been excluded 
 from the list. They include such names as the following: 
 Isaac Abrahams, R. Canter, Marcus Harris, A. Jack Jacobs, 
 David Jacobs, J. J. Jacobs, Jacob Marx, A. W. Messer, 
 
 " Those marked * have been ascertained as having been in the war. 
 
 "Mr. Wolf, from whose lists the above names are taken, had other 
 sources of information that are inaccessible to the author, and while many 
 of his names may be erroneous, the majority of them are doubtless cor- 
 rect. This volume, the reader is again reminded, is concerned with the 
 records alone. 
 
240 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 David H. Messer, E. H. Mintz, W. D. Mintz, W. A. Moses, 
 H. Abraham Phillips, Gabe Phillips, Moses Samuels, Wade 
 H. Samuels, Samuel Segar, Samuel Simons, S. J. Sloman, 
 Simon Wolff. 
 
 Such, then, is the story as revealed in the records. It is, 
 in truth, a remarkable story. If men are to be known and 
 to be judged by their deeds, then can South Carolina boast 
 of no more loyal and devoted sons and daughters than were 
 her Jewish citizens in the hour of her need. 
 
THEODORE KOHX, 184O-I902 
 
OF SOT 
 
 .TNA 
 
 I . ,.vi ;;.u/j, » ■ 
 
 -s, GabePhillii. 
 lels, Samuel Segar, Samuel h 
 .u Wolff. 
 . .uch, then, is the story as revealed ^. 
 in truth, a remarkable story. If men an 
 to be judged by their deeds, then can Soutu 
 of no more ■ ' ' ' ' ons an'^ 
 
 her .Tf^wifili rf Iifr 
 
 , Wade 
 i. Sloman, 
 
 ..is, 
 
 wn and 
 
 boast 
 
 er;b LJian were 
 
 1 t. 
 
 mt^^i^m 
 
 SOQI-0^81 ,VIHO^ 3«Oa03HT 
 
ill 
 
CHAPTER Z///— SMALLER COMMUNITIES 
 
 GEORGETOWN, CAMDEN, COLUMBIA, SUMTER, 
 AND OTHER PLACES 
 
 HE history of the Jews of South Caro- 
 lina is, naturally enough, mainly the 
 history of the Jews of Charleston. 
 There are, however, several other com- 
 munities of historical importance and 
 of which the records have much to tell. 
 What these records reveal we shall 
 now proceed to narrate. 
 
 GEORGETOWN. 
 
 Georgetown is the second oldest Jewish community in 
 South Carolina. Jews have certainly lived here since 1762.^ 
 They probably lived here before this date. The records of 
 Georgetown prior to the war are, unfortunately, destroyed. 
 The earliest settlers, as far as our present information goes, 
 were the families of Cohen ^ and Myers. We have no 
 recorded data as to when the latter family settled there. A 
 file of The Georgetown Gazette from May 15, 1798, to De- 
 cember 28, 1800,3 contains the following Jewish references : 
 
 Levi Myers — apothecary's shop;^ Solomon Cohen — Tax 
 
 ' See obituary notice in The Georgetown Gazette, Dee. 13, 1800. 
 
 " Sons of Moses Cohen, the first Rabbi of Charleston. 
 
 ' Collections of the Charleston Library Society. 
 
 * The Georgetown Gazette, May 15, 1798, also July 24. 
 
 241 
 
242 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Collector ; ^ Moses Myers — Clerk of Court of General Ses- 
 sions and Common Pleas ; ^ Nathan Hart ; '^ Abraham Cohen 
 — vendue master and auctioneer ; ^ Levy Solomon ; ® L. 
 Joseph; ^'^ Abraham Cohen — secretary Winyah Indigo So- 
 ciety; ^^ Jacob Myers; ^2 Abraham Myers.^^ 
 
 In 1799 we notice Abraham Cohen as one of the Commis- 
 sioners of Streets and Markets;^* Lizar Joseph — Clerk of 
 the Market; ^^ Solomon Cohen, 1st sergeant of 1st Troop, 
 6th Brigade ;^^ Isaac C. Moses ;^'^ Mr. Sasportas — "agent 
 for the French Republic at the time their cruisers were per- 
 mitted to sell their prizes in this port." ^^ 
 
 In 1800 Woolf Aronson;!^ Levy Salomon ;2o Moses 
 Myers — Clerk of the Court of General Sessions ; ^^ Lizar 
 Joseph — Clerk of the Market ; ^^ Abraham Cohen — Post- 
 master ; 2^ Jacob Myers — captain of Winyah Artillery Com- 
 pany; 2"* Jacob Woolf; 2^ "The Black-smith's Business, 
 formerly conducted by Mr. Abraham Cohen, will in future 
 be carried on by the Subscribers — Moses Myers, Jacob 
 Myers." 26 
 
 In 1801 The Georgetown Gazette notes Levi Solomon and 
 Lizar Joseph in partnership in the vendue and conunission 
 business ; W. Aronson ; ^"^ Solomon Cohen, Tax Collector, 
 sergeant of Winyah Light Dragoons ; ^^ Jacob Myers, Post- 
 master; Levy Myers, druggist; Lizar Joseph, Inspector of 
 Customs for the Port of Georgetown; Moses Myers, Clerk 
 of the Court of Common Pleas. 
 
 " The Georgetown Gazette, May 22. 
 
 
 
 •Ibid. 
 
 " Ibid. 
 
 '" Ibid. 
 
 
 ' Ibid. 
 
 " Ibid., Feb. 20, 1799. 
 
 '' Ibid., 
 
 April 5. 
 
 ' Ibid., June 5. 
 
 " Ibid., April 10. 
 
 " Ibid., 
 
 April 9. 
 
 " Ibid., August 7. 
 
 " Ibid., Nov. 13. 
 
 " Ibid. 
 
 
 " Ibid., Nov. 27. 
 
 " Ibid., Nov. 13. 
 
 " Ibid. 
 
 April 26 
 
 " Ibid. 
 
 " Ibid., Dec. 18. 
 
 '' Ibid., 
 
 July 5. 
 
 " Ibid., Dec. 4. 
 
 " Ibid., Mar. 26, 1800. 
 
 "Ibid., 
 
 Dec. 24. 
 
 ^ His death notice occurs in the Gazette of Sept. 
 
 16. 
 
 
 '' Ibid., May 2, 1801. 
 
 
 
 
SMALLER COMMUNITIES 243 
 
 In 1799 a Library Society was instituted "for the gradual 
 establishment of a library in Georgetown." Solomon 
 Cohen was treasurer of this society. Among its members 
 were: Levi Myers, Moses Myers, Abraham Myers, Jacob 
 Myers, Abraham Cohen, Jacob Cohen, and Solomon Cohen. 
 Aaron Lopez was a member in 1828 and Solomon Cohen, 
 Jr., in 1829.29 
 
 One of the oldest existing societies in South Carolina is 
 the Winyah Indigo Society, of Georgetown. Among its 
 members in the early days were the following: Abraham 
 Cohen (1786), Solomon Cohen (1791), Nathan Hart (1791), 
 Wolf Aronson (1795), Moses Myers (1799), Levi Myers 
 (1800), Lizar Joseph (1801), S. Joseph (1814), Israel Solo- 
 mon (1822), Sampson Solomon (1824), Aaron Lopez 
 (1830), Joseph Sampson (1859), and Samuel Sampson 
 (1859). 
 
 Among the Intendants of Georgetown have been Solomon 
 Cohen (1818-9), Abram Myers (1826-8), Aaron Lopez 
 (1836), Sol. Emanuel (1876-8), L. S. Ehrich (1886-9).^' 
 
 In the early twenties the Solomons family settled in 
 Georgetown — Abraham, Joseph, and Molsey J. Solomons; 
 and in the forties the Sampson family — Jack, Joseph^ and 
 Sam Sampson — settled there. 
 
 The present Jewish community consists of exactly a hun- 
 dred souls. Among Georgetown's merchants to-day are: 
 S. Brilles, A. J. Dundas, L. S. Ehrich, S. J. Flaum, S. M. 
 Gladstone, S. Gold, J. Isear, E. W., H., and J. Kaminski, 
 C. J. Levy, P. Lewenthal, Abe Moses, L. Riff, M. Ringel, 
 Herman and Joseph Schenk, and J. M. Visanska. The 
 Winyah Inn is owned and conducted by Isaac Butler. The 
 community has recently suffered greatly by the removal to 
 
 " The original books and minutes of this Society are now in possession 
 of the Winyah Indigo Society, of Georgetown. 
 " See The Times, August 12, 1896. 
 
244 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 New York of Marks Moses, who was an Alderman in 1892. 
 The farewell banquet tendered to him by the people of 
 Georgetown was a remarkable testimony to the esteem in 
 which he was held. A congregation has recently been 
 formed and is at present regularly ministered to by Dr. 
 Barnett A. Elzas, of Charleston. 
 
 CAMDEN. 
 
 The city of Camden is the only city in South Carolina be- 
 sides Georgetown where Jews settled in numbers prior to 
 1800. The earliest notice of a Jew in Camden District 
 which we have found occurs in the Columbia records, in a 
 document dated 1790, and refers to Mordicai Lyon. Cam- 
 den still possesses some of its early records, but very few 
 of the early newspapers are available. There are only a 
 few references to Jews in the records prior to 1800 : David 
 Bush,^^ Samuel Levy ,2- Moses Sarzedas,^^ and Isaiah 
 Bush.34 
 
 That there were Jews in Camden from an early date 
 would seem evident from the will of Joseph Kershaw, made 
 in 1788 and proved in 1792. ''To God's Anticent people 
 the Jews I give and devise the lot No. 315 for a Burying 
 ground and place of worship whenever they may incline to 
 to build upon the same. ' ' ^^ The Jews do not seem to have 
 increased in numbers, however, and it was not till 1880 that 
 an attempt was made to form a congregation — ''Gemilath 
 Chasodim of Camden." Lot No. 315, however, was never 
 claimed, owing to the undesirability of its location. 
 
 ^^ Camden Mesne Conveyance Records, Book A, p. 5 (1791). 
 
 "Ibid., pp. 98 and 176 (1793). 
 
 "'Ibid., p. 275 (1794). 
 
 '*Ibid., p. 152 (1794). It may be reasonably doubted whether David 
 and Isaiah Bush were Jews. We have no information about them. The 
 records show many of this name who were not Jews. 
 
 " Will Book C, p. 62. 
 
SMALLER COMMUNITIES 245 
 
 There were several prominent Jewish families in Cam- 
 den in the first half of the nineteenth century. Chapman 
 Levy is mentioned in the records in 1807. Dr. Abraham 
 De Leon advertises in The Camden Gazette of April 3, 1816 : 
 
 "Dr. De Leon (late of the Hospital Dept. of the U. S. Army) tenders 
 his sei-vices in the Hne of his profession to his friends and the Public." " 
 
 Hayman Levy's name occurs in the records in 1819, Jacob 
 S. De Pass in 1831, Judah Barrett in 1832, and Mordecai M. 
 Levy in 1836, The families of Levy were not related, but 
 they were all of considerable prominence. Hayman Levy 
 was Intendant of Camden in 1843 and 1844. Both Chap- 
 man Levj^ and Hayman Levy fought duels with Camden 
 men. Further notes concerning them will be found else- 
 where in this volume. 
 
 The present Jewish community of Camden consists of 
 about fifty souls. Among the leading merchants are: 
 Mannes Baum, Gabriel H. Baum, Louis L. Bloch, Wm. Gei- 
 senheimer, M. H. Heyman, Gus Hirsch, Jacob Hirsch, L. 
 Schenk, and David Wolfe. Harry Baum is one of the 
 largest planters in the county. Legriel A. Wittkowski has 
 been Master in Equity for Kershaw County for the past ten 
 years and is held in general esteem by the community. 
 
 COLUIVIBIA. 
 
 We do not possess any definite data as to the time when 
 Jews first settled in this city. They certainly lived here in 
 numbers early in the nineteenth century. Mills informs 
 us that in 1823 the ''Female Auxiliary Jew Society" was 
 formed in that city "with the express view to assist in 
 colonising the Jews. ' ' ^" Writing in 1826, he remarks that 
 
 ' Courtesy of Thomas J. Kirkland, Esq., of Camden. 
 Mills: Statistics of South Carolina, p. 434. 
 
246 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 *Hhe Jews are forming themselves into a religious so- 
 ciety. ' ' ^^ 
 
 The author has been fortunate enough to find a unique 
 copy of the Constitution of the Hebrew Benevolent Society 
 of Columbia, dated 1844, which contains a list of the early 
 members of the community. This society was originally 
 a burial society, established in 1822 for the purpose of main- 
 taining a cemetery. It became the ''Hebrew Benevolent 
 Society" in 1826 and was incorporated in 1834. We repro- 
 duce here for its historical value the lists of members : 
 
 RESroENT MEMBERS. 
 
 Levy Polock,* 
 Phineas Solomon,* 
 Jacob Levin,* 
 Lewis Levy,* 
 Alexander Marks,* 
 A. Alexander,* 
 Elias Polock, 
 Emanuel Sampson, 
 Henry Lyons, 
 Jacob C. Lyons, 
 I. D. Mordecai, 
 
 Philip Myers, 
 Joseph H. Marks, 
 John Barnet, 
 Z. Harris, 
 Samuel Lopez, 
 Myer Nathan, 
 D. C. Peixotto, 
 L. Elias, 
 Moses Rosenthal, 
 Maier Gattman, 
 Marcus Goldburg. 
 
 MEMBERS WHO HAVE CHANGED THEIR RESIDENCE OR ARE DEAD. 
 
 Isaac Lyons,* Dead, 
 Samuel M. Levy,* D., 
 Isaac S. Cohen,* Removed, 
 Abraham Lipman,* R., 
 Judah Barrett,* R., 
 J. C. Peixotto, R., 
 Moses Hyams, M.D., R., 
 Isaac D. Marks, R., 
 John M. Hirsch, R., 
 
 Lipman Levin, R., 
 Jacob Ezekiel, R., 
 Chapman Solomon, R., 
 Levy J. Solomon, R., 
 Benjamin Mordecai, R., 
 Solomon J. Barrett, D., 
 Moses Davega, D., 
 Humphry Marks, D., 
 Samuel Valentine, R. 
 
 ^' Mills : Statistics of South Carolina, p. 722. 
 * One of the founders. 
 
SMALLER COMMUNITIES 247 
 
 LIST OF MEMBERS. 
 
 John Barnett, I. C. Lyons, 
 
 H. S. Cohen, L. Lilienthal, 
 
 S. A. Cohen, M. Lilienthal, 
 
 A. N. Cohen, E. C. Polock, 
 
 M. Celler, D. C. Peixotto, 
 
 L. Elias, S. I. Rozenburg, 
 
 H. Hess, I. L. Polock, 
 
 S. Keeling, I B. Polock, 
 
 I. Levin, L. Simmons, 
 
 L. Levy, H. Kauffman. 
 H. Lyons, 
 
 Columbia had thus quite early in the nineteenth century 
 a large and flourishing Jewish community. Its Jewish citi- 
 zens were more than ordinarily prominent, many of them 
 occupying positions of civic distinction. Eeligiously, too, 
 the Jewish community was an important one, being second 
 only to Charleston. Leeser's Occident contains numerous 
 references to its communal activity in the forties.^^ During 
 the war many of the Charleston Jewish families refugeed 
 there. The Jewish community to-day is small but pros- 
 perous. It numbers about one hundred souls. It has re- 
 cently built a synagogue, which will soon be ready for occu- 
 pation. 
 
 SUMTER. 
 
 Jews have resided here since about 1820. The earliest 
 settler, as shown by the records, was Mark Solomons. He 
 was followed soon after by Franklin J. Moses and his 
 brother, Montgomery Moses. After the war the families 
 of Moise and Moses removed to that city, which families 
 constitute to-day the greater portion of the Jewish popula- 
 tion. Several Sumter Jews have attained great prom- 
 inence. We have already written of Franklin J. Moses. Of 
 the others we shall now tell. 
 
 " See, e.g., Vol. 7. 
 
248 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Edwin Warren Moise was the son of Abraham Moise. 
 He was born in Charleston on May 21, 1832, and died in 
 Sumter on December 8, 1903. As a boy he attended the 
 school taught by John S. Cripps, who was afterwards Con- 
 sul to Mexico. At the age of fifteen he was obliged to leave 
 school, owing to his father's lack of means. He worked 
 for a while in a wholesale grocery in Charleston, and then 
 went into the registry office, where he remained about two 
 years, studying law. In 1856 he removed to Columbus, G-a., 
 opening a law office in that place. 
 
 In July, 1861, he organized a company of one hundred 
 and twenty men, fifty of whom he mounted at his own ex- 
 pense, costing him $10,000, all of his little fortune. The 
 company was named after him, and afterwards became 
 Company A of the 7th Confederate Cavalry, Colonel W. C. 
 Claiborne commanding, of which company Mr. Moise was 
 made captain. In 1863 he was made major of the 7th Regi- 
 ment, and near the close of the war was appointed com- 
 mander of the regiment, though he never received his com- 
 mission as colonel. He was in the Army of Northern Vir- 
 ginia, under General Robert E. Lee, and participated in the 
 battles of Yellow Tavern, Brandy Station, Gettysburg, Five 
 Forks, Averysboro, in the trenches at Petersburg, in the 
 Battle of the Miue, and at Bentonville. With two hundred 
 men he built the dams in Hetch's Run, in Virginia, near 
 Petersburg, to protect Lee's left flank against Grant. He 
 was also in the fight at the Davis House. At Gettysburg 
 he received a slight wound. He was on the Hampton cattle 
 raid, capturing 2,700 head of beeves from Grant in Vir- 
 ginia, and in the attack on Kilpatri ' 's camp, which was 
 captured. 
 
 One of the most dangerous performances in which Major 
 Moise was engaged was the burning of the bridge at Smith- 
 field, N. C, in 1865, in the retreat of Generals Hampton and 
 Butler from Bentonville to Raleigh, at which latter place 
 
SMALLER COMMUNITIES 249 
 
 the last fight of those troops during the war occurred. 
 Major Moise was detailed with his regiment, the 10th Geor- 
 gia, of General Butler's division and General Hampton's 
 corps, to burn the bridge and cover the retreat of the 
 troops. He fired it, and escaped amid a thick rain of bullets 
 aimed at him and his command by the Federal troops, who 
 were following him in hot pursuit. At the battle of Ben- 
 tonville, on the third day, the extreme left of the Confed- 
 erate line was attacked by a solid column of Federal infan- 
 try, which was met only by a thin line of dismounted Con- 
 federate cavalry. This line was instantly swept away, 
 which would have resulted in the capture of Bentonville and 
 the inevitable loss of General Joseph E. Johnston's army, 
 but at the critical moment General Hampton rode up with 
 his couriers, twenty-five to thirty in number, and immedi- 
 ately dispatched one to General Hardee, informing him of 
 the situation. Hampton then dismounted with his staff and 
 manned a battery of artillery, which was used with such 
 effect upon the advancing Federal line as to check it till 
 Hardee's troops came up and drove back the advancing 
 force. In this intricate and dangerous manoeuvre Major 
 Moise bore a conspicuous part. 
 
 After the war was over he settled in Sumter, where he 
 commenced the practice of law in the Provost Court, in 
 which he was very successful. When he emerged from the 
 war he had only one wounded horse, which he sold to pay 
 the first month's board of his family in 1865. Up to 1876 
 he practised law, and in that year he was elected Adjutant 
 and Inspector-General upon the ticket headed by Hampton. 
 He was reelected in 1878 and served until 1880, when he 
 declined any longer to be a candidate. He was Presidential 
 Elector in 1880 and served many times as delegate to State 
 Conventions. He was never a Secessionist, but was a 
 Douglas Democrat. He was a delegate to the Reconstruc- 
 tion Convention which met in Columbia in 1865. Previous 
 
250 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 to the breaking out of the war he took the stump in Georgia 
 in opposition to the secession movement. In 1888 he was a 
 candidate for the Democratic nomination for Congress and 
 was defeated by only three votes, Colonel William Elliott, 
 of Beaufort, being his opponent. In 1892 he was the Demo- 
 cratic nominee for Congress from the 7th District, but was 
 defeated by a Republican negro. 
 
 General Moise, as he was familiarly called, was the type 
 of what a good man and citizen should be. Brilliant as was 
 his record in war, his record in peace was no less glorious. 
 He will be ever remembered as the right arm of General 
 "Wade Hampton in Reconstruction days, who by his unselfish 
 devotion to the cause, his many sacrifices, and his soul-stir- 
 ring oratory, helped to redeem the State of South Carolina 
 from the horrors of carpet-bag rule. True patriot that he 
 was, he sought no political advancement for his services, 
 and though he gave his fortune to the cause, he was content 
 to live as a private citizen. His funeral was a remarkable 
 demonstration of a people's love and affection and called 
 forth the most eulogistic tributes from every newspaper in 
 the State. We select only one — from one of the papers of 
 his adopted city : 
 
 " It is given to few men of the prominence attained by General Moise 
 to be so generally beloved, to have so many sincere friends and so few 
 enemies. And the enemies he had were made in the service of his State 
 and country, and it was the principles that he represented and not his 
 personality that made enemies, for he was one of those rare men who 
 made friends easily by his spontaneous geniality and bound them to 
 himself by hooks of steel by his sterling worth. To the poor and needy 
 he was a friend in deed, an ever present help in time of trouble, and he 
 has no more sincere mourners to-day than are to be found among the 
 poor and improvident — whites and negroes alike — who, when all others 
 refused them, never appealed in vain to him who now sleeps his last 
 sleep. His was a charity that was so broad that it covered a multitude 
 of sins and he extended it to the unworthy as generously and freely as 
 to the worthy, for he recognized the world-old truth that it is the un- 
 
SMALLER COMMUNITIES 251 
 
 worthy who are most often in the direst need. Yet he extended a help- 
 ing hand to many worthy ones who were sinking beneath the billows of 
 adversity and assisted them to gain a foothold on the rock of self-support 
 and prosperity. His good deeds live after him and many are here to 
 rise up and bless him. Generous to a fault, his benefactions were made 
 while he lived and he died a poor man, as far as this world's goods go, 
 but rich beyond compare in good deeds bestowed and kindnesses done in the 
 name of humanity. 
 
 " His fame as an advocate and orator will live after him and his 
 success at the bar was commensurate with his abilities. For years he 
 was the admitted leader of the Sumter bar as an orator, and his reputa- 
 tion extended beyond the borders of the State. 
 
 " When the true sons of South Carolina rose in their might to redeem 
 the State from the hands of aliens, renegades, and negroes he was called 
 to the front, and he did his part like a man and a patriot. The red-shirt 
 Democrats of '76 still remember how he rode with Hampton from the 
 moimtains to the sea, and how his eloquence, his zeal, and courage in- 
 spired them to stand steadfast for white supremacy and an honest 
 government. To do this he abandoned a most lucrative law practice, and 
 being elected Adjutant and Inspector-General in 1876, he served for four 
 years, and declined reelection in 1880. Not satisfied with the pecuniary 
 sacrifices he had already made, the deplorable condition of the schools 
 of the State appealing to his sympathies, he gave all of his salary to 
 the public schools the second year he held office. 
 
 " It was but natural that such a man should be missed in a community 
 and that his death causes universal sorrow, and to-day there are many 
 sad hearts in Sumter. But death came to him in the fulness of time, 
 after a long, well-spent, and useful life; and the sorrow that is felt is 
 tempered with gladness that he was spared so long to do good and to set 
 a worthy example." — The Watchman and Southron."' 
 
 Major Marion Moise, a son of General E. W. Moise, is 
 to-day one of Sumter's most prominent citizens. He was 
 born on Sullivan's Island on June 14, 1855. He spent one 
 year at the Virginia Military Institute and a few months at 
 South Carolina College, leaving that institution when 
 negroes were admitted in 1873. Like his father, Mr. Moise 
 
 " Many newspaper tributes, together with other material, have been 
 collected by the author in the small memorial volume: Edwin Warren 
 Moise — In Memoriam (Charleston, S. C, 1903). 
 
252 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 has taken an active part in public affairs. He served as 
 Intendant of Sumter for four years and also for one term 
 in the State Senate (1886-90). He has taken a prominent 
 part, likewise, in educational affairs, having served as a 
 member of the School Board of the Sumter Graded School 
 for ten years, of which body he was for three years chair- 
 man. He has earned an enviable reputation in the State 
 as a lawyer, and is to-day identified with the principal busi- 
 ness enterprises of his adopted city. 
 
 Altamont Moses, son of Montgomery Moses, is a native 
 of Sumter. He served for three terms in the City Council, 
 was for many years a member of the Democratic County 
 Executive Committee, and is now chairman of the City 
 Executive Committee. He has frequently been a delegate 
 to the State Conventions, his first service in that capacity 
 being in 1868. He was a member of the National Demo- 
 cratic Convention in 1888 and also in 1904. He was elected 
 to the House of Representatives in 1886 and has been unin- 
 terruptedly a member of the General Assembly since that 
 date. He is chairman of the Ways and Means Conunittee 
 and a member of the ' ' Sinking Fund Commission, " ' ' Hamp- 
 ton Monument Commission," and of the ''Commission for 
 Repairs to the State-House." He is Commissary-General 
 on Governor Hey ward's staff with the rank of colonel. He 
 has been president of the Sumter Hebrew Benevolent So- 
 ciety, and also of the Sumter Society of Israelites; has 
 served as president of the Board of Trade and of the Busi- 
 ness Men's League, and as chairman of the Board of Com- 
 missioners of the city schools. Mr. Moses is considered to 
 be one of the best informed men in the State on the finances 
 of South Carolina, and one of the hard-working members 
 of the House. He comes from a family of legislators. His 
 grandfather, Myer Moses, was a member of the House from 
 Charleston in 1810. His uncle, Chief-Justice Moses, was 
 Senator from Sumter for twenty-five years, and another 
 
SMALLER COMMUNITIES 253 
 
 uncle, Henry M. Phillips, was a prominent member of Con- 
 gress from Philadelphia. 
 
 Isaac C. Strauss is one of the more prominent of Sum- 
 ter's younger Jews. He has been Referee in Bankruptcy 
 since 1898; he is vice-president of '^The Sumter Savings 
 Bank," counsel and director of ''The Sumter Telephone 
 Company," and secretary and treasurer of "The Society 
 of Israelites" of Sumter. 
 
 The following names include the principal Jews of Sum- 
 ter to-day: H. D. Barnett, A. DAncona, M. Fromberg, 
 Moses Green, Henry J. Harby, Horace Harby, Horace 
 Harby, Jr., Jackson M. Harby, Joshua J. Harby, Ferdi- 
 nand Levi, Mitchell Levi, J. H. Levy, Davis D. Moi'se, Har- 
 mon D. Moise, Marion Moise, Altamont Moses, H. Clare- 
 mont Moses, Eugene H. Moses, A. J. Moses, I. Harby Moses, 
 Perry Moses, Perry Moses, Jr., Abe Ryttenberg, C. D. 
 Schwartz, Isaac Schwartz, Isaac Strauss, Isaac C. Strauss. 
 
 The present Jewish population numbers about one hun- 
 dred and twenty-five souls. The community is more than 
 ordinarily prosperous, supports a Synagogue, of which Rev. 
 J. Klein is minister, and a Benevolent Society. 
 
 OTHER COMMUNITIES. 
 
 We have taken note only of the older and historical com- 
 munities of the State. Besides these, there are numerous 
 small communities whose Jewish poj^ulations vary from 
 twenty to one hundred souls: Abbeville, Barnwell, Beau- 
 fort, Branchville, Chester, Darlington, Florence, Green- 
 ville, Kingstree, Manning, Marion, Newberry, Orangeburg, 
 Rock Hill, Spartanburg, St. Matthew's, St. Stephen's, and 
 Union. There are many settlements of Jews, too, still 
 smaller than these. To these places we cannot refer at length. 
 It may be noted, however, that Beaufort had quite a large 
 settlement of Jews in the early days, as is clearly shown 
 by the tombstones in the Jewish cemetery at Savannah and 
 
254 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 from scattered notices of individuals in the Charleston 
 newspapers of the first quarter of the nineteenth century. 
 Beaufort has no records, however, and careful inquiry 
 among the older present inhabitants has failed to elicit any 
 authentic data of historical value or interest. Darlington 
 has a Jewish community of about sixty souls. It is visited 
 periodically by Rev. J, Klein, of Sumter. 
 
 The country Jew is by no means a negligible quantity 
 in estimating the importance of its Jewish citizens to the 
 State. In the early days the majority of the Jews lived in 
 Charleston. This is no longer the case, and many country 
 Jews have been important factors in the moral and material 
 development of their respective towns or cities. Of these 
 several call for special mention. 
 
 MosES Levi, of Manning, was one of the oldest settlers 
 of that town, whither he removed from Sumter in 1856. He 
 engaged in business and amassed quite a fortune, which, 
 however, he lost in the war, in which he had a very good 
 record. After the war he resumed his business, and by dint 
 of thrift and hard work regained his fortune to a large 
 extent. He died in Manning, at the age of seventy-two, 
 on January 26, 1899.^^ 
 
 Abraham Levi, son of Moses Levi, was born in Manning 
 on July 31, 1863. He attended the primary schools of Man- 
 ning and, later, private schools in New York City. He 
 graduated in 1882 from Carolina Military Institute at Char- 
 lotte, N. C, studied law at the University of Virginia, and 
 graduated at the Albany Law School in 1884. He was ad- 
 mitted to the Bar in 1885 and has practised law since that 
 time in Manning. Mr. Levi is president of the Bank of 
 Manning, which he organized in 1889, and is one of the 
 leading financiers of Clarendon County. He was for a time 
 editor of The Manning Times. No man has done more than 
 
 The News and Courier, Jan. 27, 1899. 
 
SMALLER COMMUNITIES 255 
 
 he has for the industrial growth of the community in which 
 he lives. 
 
 When Moses Levi, the father, died, he left a widow, six 
 sons, and three daughters. The sons are all esteemed mer- 
 chants in their respective communities, and the daughters 
 splendid examples of exalted womanhood. After their 
 father's death the children bought the fine property that 
 was occupied as a school building and presented it to the 
 town. It is now known as the ''Moses Levi Memorial In- 
 stitute." The mother, Hannah Levi, died recently,^ 2 ^nd 
 her children have again manifested their generosity by the 
 donation of $1,000 for the purpose of founding a library, 
 to be known as ''The Hannah Levi Memorial Library." 
 The town of Manning has appropriated $1,000 towards the 
 building, and at the time of writing public subscriptions are 
 being collected for the same purpose. Such is the work 
 that is being done to-day by country Jews in South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 Louis Appelt is another distinguished Jew of Manning. 
 He was born in the city of Troy, N. Y., on March 22, 1857. 
 He was educated at the public schools of New York City 
 and later at the High School at Greenport, L. I. He came 
 to South Carolina while still a youth and engaged in mer- 
 cantile pursuits. Mr. Appelt was Judge of the Probate 
 Court for Clarendon County for twelve years (1886-1898), 
 City Treasurer for four years, and was appointed Post- 
 master by President Cleveland, which position he continues 
 to hold. He served four years in the State Senate (1898- 
 1902), was on the staff of General Stoppelbein with the rank 
 of major, was a member of several State Conventions, and 
 also a member of the Democratic State Executive Committee. 
 He has always taken the liveliest interest in matters relating 
 to education. He is at the present time the editor and pro- 
 
 The News and Courier, Jan. 20, 1905. 
 
256 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 prietor of The Manning Times, a paper conducted with 
 
 much ability. He married Miss Eliza Steinmeyer Clark in 
 1880.^3 
 
 While writing of Manning, mention should be made of 
 Reuben B. Loryea, a gifted pharmacist, who was held in 
 the highest esteem by the community, and who died at the 
 early age of thirty-four on August 22, 1899. He was vice- 
 president of the Pharmaceutical Association of South Caro- 
 lina and for many years secretary of the Board of Pharma- 
 ceutical Examiners. 
 
 It might be noted here that the town of Marion had for- 
 merly quite a large settlement of Jews and an established 
 congregation. Among the first residents were the Iseman, 
 Cronheim, and Witcover families. This last family has 
 been conspicuously identified with the development of the 
 town since about 1860, and one of its members, Hyman 
 Witcover, is to-day one of Marion's most prominent citi- 
 zens. 
 
 In The Neivs and Courier of June 15, 1905, there is a 
 very interesting article on "The Jews of Darlington," 
 which states that Jews have resided there since 1815. The 
 earliest Jewish settler was a John Lazarus, a tanner by 
 trade, who came from England. 
 
 Theodore Kohn (1840-1902), one of Orangeburg's most 
 prominent citizens, was a native of Furth, Bavaria. His 
 father was a distinguished artist who took part in the strug- 
 gle for political liberty in Bavaria, and, together with his 
 wife and two sons, came to America in 1850. In the same 
 year Theodore Kohn came to Orangeburg and went into 
 business with his uncle, D. Louis. We have already noted 
 his record in the war between the States. After the war 
 he engaged in business in his adopted city and was likewise 
 active in the public service. He was an Alderman of the 
 
 The News and Courier, Jan. 30, 1899. 
 
SMALLER COMMUNITIES 257 
 
 city and was foremost in all public enterprises. He was 
 instrumental in the organization of the Edisto Bank, being 
 on its first Board of Directors. His most distinguished pub- 
 lic service, however, was in connection with education. To 
 him more than to anyone else is due the credit for the estab- 
 lishment of the excellent graded school system in Orange- 
 burg. He is still referred to as the ' * father of the Orange- 
 burg graded schools," and served on the Board of Trustees 
 from the beginning till just prior to his death, when he 
 resigned on account of ill-health. He was president of the 
 Hebrew Benevolent Association from its organization in 
 1885. He was much esteemed by the community in which 
 he lived, every place of business in the city being closed 
 during his funeral services. Of his sons, August Kohn is 
 one of the best known newspaper men in the State; Sol. 
 Kohn continues his father's business in Orangeburg, and 
 David Kohn is a textile engineer in Columbia.'^* 
 
 August Kohn, a son of Theodore Kohn, was born in 
 Orangeburg on February 25, 1868. He received his early 
 education at the school of Captain H. G. Sheridan in his 
 native city, and studied for one year in New York. In 1885 
 he entered South Carolina College, taking the literary 
 course and graduating with distinction in 1889. In 1888 
 he won the debater's medal in the Clarisophic Society. His 
 first newspaper work was done on The Carolinian, the Col- 
 lege magazine, of which he was first managing editor, be- 
 coming editor-in-chief in 1889. It was his original intention 
 to become a lawyer, but circumstances, combined with his 
 love for newspaper work, fortunately changed his plans. 
 In 1889 Mr. N. G. Gonzales, the manager of the Columbia 
 Bureau of The Neivs and Courier, was stricken with typhoid 
 fever. Recognizing Mr. Kohn's ability, he secured him to 
 
 " For an appreciative biography of Theodore Kohn see The News and 
 Courier, June 19, 1902. 
 
258 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 take charge of the Bureau, which he did most acceptably. 
 Instead of studying law, he accepted a position as one of 
 the local reporters of The News and Courier. His career 
 was one of steady promotion, and he became manager of 
 the Bureau in February, 1892, in which office he has re- 
 mained continuously since that time. 
 
 Mr. Kohn is to-day recognized as one of the ablest jour- 
 nalists of the State, and bids fair, if he continues as he has 
 begun, to rival the great Cardozo himself. We can only 
 make brief reference here to his work as a journalist, for 
 Mr. Kohn has been remarkably productive in every variety 
 of work that the newspaper man is called upon to perform. 
 His reports of the legislative proceedings, that he has fur- 
 nished for years to his paper, are models of completeness 
 and accuracy. In April, 1894, the ''Darlington Rebellion," 
 the tragic result of the Dispensary Law, excited the entire 
 State. Darlington was under martial law. Mr. Kohn's 
 vigorous reports from the scene of action were such that 
 the militia officer in command was instructed by Governor 
 Tillman to ''muzzle Kohn or put him outside of the lines," 
 but, notwithstanding all efforts made to thwart him, he 
 managed day by day to publish the fullest news. The story 
 of how he got the news is as thrilling as any of the adven- 
 tures of the representatives of the Associated Press. Single- 
 handed, he reported the proceedings of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1895, his daily reports often covering two 
 whole newspaper pages, an achievement that few could have 
 performed successfully, and for which Mr. Kohn received the 
 public thanks of the Convention. Mr. Kohn has reported 
 many of the important criminal trials in the State, and has 
 likewise reported more political campaigns than any news- 
 paper man in the State. His wide knowledge of the politics 
 of the State and his possession of the confidence of the poli- 
 ticians have made his daily letters both interesting and of 
 permanent value to the future historian. His articles on 
 
SMALLER COMMUNITIES 259 
 
 industrial subjects, notably his ''Review of the Cotton 
 Mill Industry," in 1903, attracted the widest attention 
 and are accepted as authoritative. During the Spanish- 
 American War Mr. Kohn accompanied the 1st Regiment 
 to Chickamauga as war correspondent. His graphic de- 
 scriptions of the doings of the soldiers in camp were 
 eagerly read day by day and will be long remembered. 
 
 Mr. Kohn is not only a good newspaper man, but is an 
 equally good business man and is connected with many 
 important enterprises. He is a director of the National 
 Loan and Exchange Bank, of Columbia, and of the Columbia 
 Trust Company; he is treasurer of the South Carolina 
 Press Association, a trustee of South Carolina College and 
 of the South Carolina College Alumni Fund; a director 
 of the Richland Cotton Mill, and of many other enter- 
 prises. He is a director of the Hebrew Orphan Home at 
 Atlanta. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel on the staff 
 of Governor McSweeney and occupies a similar position 
 on the staff of Governor Heyward. He is generally ac- 
 knowledged as a most potent factor in the commercial 
 upbuilding of the prosperous city of Columbia.*'* 
 
 Of the country Jews of South Carolina we have selected 
 only a few names that stand out more prominently. There 
 are doubtless many others who have rendered and are ren- 
 dering good service to the State. Such a man, for example, 
 was the late Philip Cohen, of Union, the founder of the 
 public school system of that city. Authentic data, however, 
 are not at hand, and our present task is restricted to the 
 things that are matters of record. Enough has been said 
 to establish the value of the country Jew as a factor in the 
 uplifting and the upbuilding of the State. 
 
 ** For numerous notices of Mr. Kohn's multifarious activities see the 
 Centennial edition of The News and Courier, especially pp. 26 and 27. 
 
CHAPTER Z/F— MODERN PERIOD 
 
 1865-1905 
 
 HE main object of this volume, as ex- 
 plained before, being the preservation 
 of the early memorials of the Jews of 
 South Carolina, we have treated the 
 early story in full detail. In writing 
 of the modern period such detail is no 
 longer necessary. We are too near the 
 scene to make a critical estimate of the present and we can 
 leave that for the future historian. We will therefore deal 
 with this period only in broad outline. 
 
 In a previous chapter the Jews of South Carolina, or 
 rather the Jews of Charleston, — for historically, prior to 
 1865, the Jews of South Carolina ivere the Jews of Charles- 
 ton,— presented a picture of a house divided against itself. 
 The lamentable religious dissension that existed was not 
 confined to the Synagogue, but manifested itself likewise 
 in the general life, son being often estranged from father 
 and father from son. It was a pitiable state of affairs that 
 could not last. Among the older men were many who * ' re- 
 membered the glory of the former house, ' ' and the hope of 
 an ultimate reunion had never quite faded from their 
 breasts. In 1866 they saw this long-hoped-for consumma- 
 tion realized, and, amid great rejoicing, the two Congrega- 
 tions again met, a united body, in ''the holy and beautiful 
 house where their fathers had praised God." 
 
 260 
 
MODERN PERIOD 261 
 
 But the very thing that brought the community together 
 again was now to scatter it. The fearful commercial de- 
 pression that followed the war caused many of its formerly 
 prosperous Jewish merchants to leave Charleston. Men 
 like Ben. Mordecai, wealthy before the war, were reduced 
 to poverty and had to go elsewhere to try to retrieve their 
 fallen fortunes. Others, like M. C. Mordecai, likewise left 
 to find larger scope for their activities. Still others left to 
 seek fame and fortune in the professions. To trace them 
 in detail in their migrations, identified as they have been 
 with the history of so many communities in the land, would 
 carry us too far afield and would require far more space 
 than the limits of this volume would warrant. Suffice it to 
 say, that in art, science, literature, law, and in the army and 
 navy they have played a significant part, many of them 
 attaining eminence. 
 
 Thus did the war cause a dispersion of many of the old 
 settlers. For many years there was a slight diminution of 
 the Jewish population. The Eussian persecutions of 1880 
 and 1890 and subsequent j^ears, however, caused a notable 
 influx of Russian and Polish emigrants into South Caro- 
 lina. These same emigrants form to-day a prosperous 
 element in the community.^ 
 
 It is a common mistake of writers that the Jews of South 
 Carolina are less numerous and influential than formerly. 
 As a matter of fact, they are far more numerous than ever 
 before. Their aggregate wealth, too, is greater than it 
 has ever been, only the Jews are more scattered. There is 
 scarcely a settlement in the State where they are not found, 
 and their enterprise and industry are everywhere mani- 
 
 ^A Polish congregation was organized in Charleston as early as 1857. 
 Though this element of the community now far outnumbers the older 
 element, it has had no history, communal or otherwise, worth recording. 
 It has never had a leader and bids fair to continue in its present con- 
 dition. 
 
262 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 fested. In commerce, especially, they are playing a promi- 
 nent part. In the professions, they are most distinguished 
 as members of the Bar. In medicine, at the present time, 
 the author is the only Jewish practising physician in the 
 State ; several, however, have left the State in recent years. 
 In literature, Mrs. J. D. Harby (Lee C. Harby), of Con- 
 way, has won fame as a writer of short stories and poetry. 
 Mrs. J. Visanska, of Charleston, is a prominent worker in 
 the Federation of Women's Clubs, and Miss Isabel Cohen 
 is an artist of promise. In politics, the Jews are not as 
 prominent as formerly. 
 
 Charleston has lost several of its representative Jews 
 and Jewesses in recent years: Asher D. Cohen,^ L. L. 
 Cohen, H. H. De Leon,^ Sam. Hart, Sr., B. F. Moise,* Dr. 
 J. E. Solomons,^ S. S. Solomons,^ M. Triest, and Dr. P. 
 Wineman. Among the representative Jewesses who have 
 died are Miss Sally Lopez, the founder of the second Jewish 
 Sabbath-school in America,"^ and Miss Annie Simpson, one 
 of the founders of the Ladies' Memorial Association and 
 for many years a directress of the Confederate Home.® 
 
 The following notes of those who have held public office 
 since 1879 are necessarily incomplete and imperfect, com- 
 plete data not being available. It will be sufficient to indi- 
 cate, however, that the Jews of South Carolina are now, as 
 ever, doing their full duty as citizens of the Common- 
 wealth : 
 
 A. Baruch was Sheriff of Darlington, 1876-8. 
 
 ' See The News and Courier, Oct. 11, 1904 ; also June 14, 1905. 
 
 * Ibid., Jan. 4, 1901 ; also The Sunday News, Jan. 6, 1901. 
 
 * Year Book for 1887, pp. 249-250. 
 ° Ibid., pp. 289-290. 
 
 " The News and Courier, Feb. 16, 1904. 
 ' The American Israelite for Jan., 1902. 
 
 * The News and Courier, Jan. 27, 1905. 
 
MODERN PERIOD 263 
 
 Ansley D. Cohen was Harbor Commissioner of Charles- 
 ton, 1883-7. 
 
 H. H. De Leon was a Commissioner of the Orphan House, 
 1880-1900. 
 
 Ralph Elias, Assistant Postmaster, has occupied that 
 position since 1890. 
 
 A. A. Goldsmith was a Commissioner of Markets, 1880-3, 
 and Police Commissioner, 1883-7. 
 
 Morris Harris has -been a Commissioner of the Alms- 
 house since 1880. 
 
 S. Hart, Sr., was a Commissioner of Markets, 1880-2. 
 
 I. W. Hirsch has been a Commissioner of the Orphan 
 House since 1901. 
 
 M. J. Hirsch represented Williamsburg in the Legisla- 
 ture in 1876. He was Circuit Solicitor, 1877-9. 
 
 M. Israel was a Commissioner of the City Hospital, 
 1887-9. He is at present a member of the State Board of 
 Equalization. 
 
 Louis Jacobs was Judge of Probate for Williamsburg in 
 1876; Sheriff of Williamsburg, 1877-1880; Chief Deputy 
 Collector of Customs of Charleston in 1891, and is at pres- 
 ent Postmaster at Kingstree, 
 
 Maximilian Jacobs was Clerk of the Court of Williams- 
 burg, 1876-8. 
 
 J. H. Loeb was Alderman of Charleston, 1879-1883; a 
 member of the Board of Firemasters, 1880-1, and a trustee 
 of the College of Charleston, 1880-1. 
 
 Captain B. Mantoue was a Commissioner of Marion 
 Square, 1882-7. 
 
 B. F. Moise was chairman of the Board of Health, 1880-2. 
 
 C. N. Moise was Auditor of Sumter County, 1878-1881. 
 E. W. Moise was Adjutant and Inspector General of the 
 
 State, 1877-1880. 
 
 T. M. Mordecai has been a Commissioner of the City 
 Orphan Asylum since 1901. 
 
264 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 J. L. Moses was a member of the Board of Equalization, 
 1880-1. 
 
 Montgomery Moses was a Circuit Judge, 1876-7. 
 
 J. N. Nathans was a member of the Constitutional Con- 
 vention of 1895. 
 
 I. M. Pearlstine was an Alderman of Charleston, 1895-9. 
 
 S. Phillips was a Commissioner of the Almshouse, 1895- 
 1900. 
 
 Warley Platzek, now a prominent member of the New 
 York Bar, was Assessor and Treasurer of Marion in 
 1874-5. 
 
 G. M. Pollitzer was a Commissioner of the City Hospital, 
 1895-1903. 
 
 J. R. Sampson was Coroner of Marlboro in 1892. 
 
 A. L. Solomon was Auditor of Richland County, 1876-7. 
 
 Dr. J. R. Solomons was a Commissioner of the Alms- 
 house, 1879-1880, and a Commissioner of the City Hospital, 
 1880-1887. 
 
 J. L. Tobias was a Commissioner of the Orphan House, 
 1876-1880, and a member of the Board of Health, 1882- 
 1893. 
 
 Dr. P. Wineman was a Commissioner of Markets, 1883-7. 
 
 In the late Spanish- American War the Jews of South Car- 
 olina furnished their full quota of soldiers. The following 
 names are compiled from Floyd: South Carolina in the 
 Spanish- American War (Columbia, 1901) : 
 
 Henry Appelt, Company A, 2d Regiment. 
 
 Clarence M. Berman, Company K, 1st Regiment. 
 
 Ansley D. Harby, Company M, 1st Regiment. 
 
 August Kohn, special detailed war correspondent of The 
 News and Courier, Charleston, S. C. 
 
 M. E. Lopez, Jr., seaman, naval batteries. Port Royal. 
 Herbert A. Moses, corporal. Company M, 1st Regiment. 
 Isaac H. Moses, Jr., 1st lieutenant. Company M, 1st Reg- 
 iment. 
 
MODERN PERIOD 265 
 
 W. Graham Moses, sergeant, Company A, 1st Regiment. 
 
 A. Pearlstine, corporal, Company G, 2d Regiment. 
 
 Mordecai A. Strauss, corporal. Company M, 1st Regi- 
 ment. 
 
 To the country Jew we have devoted considerable atten- 
 tion. We will only add that the Jews of Charleston to-day 
 include many prominent citizens. Mr. Morris Israel, the 
 President of Beth Elohim, is a financier of acknowledged 
 ability; Mr. M. E. Lopez has been for many years promi- 
 nently identified with phosphate and other interests; Mr. 
 J. N. Nathans and Mr. T. M. Mordecai are distinguished 
 members of the Charleston Bar. 
 
 The following list includes the leading Jewish merchants 
 and citizens of Charleston to-day: 
 
 S. Behrmann, H. Blank, I. Blank, S. Blank, E. Brown, 
 H. Brown, Z. Brown, A. D. Cohen, I. S. Cohen, L. Cohen, 
 McDuff Cohen, W. B. Cohen, J. L. David— one of Charles- 
 ton's prominent merchants and most public-spirited citi- 
 zens, M. M. David, L. Elias, Ralph Elias, R. Elias, D. B. 
 Falk, J. Flaum, M. Frank, M. Furchgott, J. Goldman, A. 
 A. Goldsmith, M. Goldsmith, D. L. Hart, M. E. Hertz, 
 A. A. Hirsch, G. A. Hirsch, I. W. Hirsch, H. Hirsch- 
 mann, S. Hirschmann, M. Hornik — one of Charleston's 
 most successful merchants, M. J. Hornik, A. Israel, L. 
 Israel, M. Israel, M. M. Israel, N. Israel, S. Israel, N. 
 P. Jacobi, I. Jacobs, J. Jacobs, L. Jacobs, W. M. Jacobs, 
 M. H. Lazarus, L. Levine, 0. Le\^, E. J. Lewith, S. Link, 
 J. Livingston, J. S. Loeb, L. Loeb, M. E. Lopez, B. Man- 
 toue, I. Marks, J. Marks, L. Marks, M. Marks, M. M. 
 Marks, I. M. Mendelsohn, I. M. Monash, A. J. Myers, H. H. 
 Nathan, M. H. Nathan, J. N. Nathans, Sr., J. N. Nathans, 
 Jr., H. Oppenheim, H. Pearlstine, I. M. Pearlstine, I. Pin- 
 kussohn, J. S. Pinkussohn, G. M. Pollitzer, S. Rittenberg, A. 
 Rubin, I. D. Rubin, E. M. Solomons, Dr. R. Solomons, T. 
 Solomons, J. J. Strauss, A. Tobias, J. R. Tobias, T. Jef- 
 
266 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 ferson Tobias, M. Triest, J. Visanska, J. A. Volaski, L. 
 Wetherhorn, Sr., L. Wetherhorn, Jr., A. Williams, H. J. 
 "Williams, S. Williams. 
 
 Our task is ended. We have endeavored to present the 
 story in as faithful a light as possible. Many errors have 
 doubtless crept in, as they will into the most careful work, 
 but every precaution has been taken to avoid them.^ We 
 can find no more fitting words with which to conclude than 
 those of another historian of the ancient congregation that 
 gave birth to our own Congregation Beth Elohim : 
 
 ''I have tried to resuscitate the past and to bring it out 
 in as faithful a light as documents and personal interpreta- 
 tion of them could warrant. It is a remarkable history. 
 Old names have again come to light * * * Old passions 
 have been exhibited which had long been extinguished. Old 
 books have been opened, which had been closed for genera- 
 tions, and though the voices are sometimes strange and the 
 sound distant, and though tendencies and aspirations seem 
 to run in different directions, and individual efforts are 
 checked by insurmountable obstacles, yet there is a constant 
 evolution upwards and downwards. At times, noble ideas 
 prevail and lift the Congregation on to a pinnacle of lofti- 
 ness, of progress, of light and learning; at others, retro- 
 gression and narrow views prevail, and the consequences 
 make themselves felt in a narrowing of interest, in the 
 thinning of the ranks, in the decline of men of character 
 and of men of courage. At times a perfervid enthusiasm 
 prevailed, at others cool indifference ; but above all the con- 
 flicting currents, the great lesson stands out boldly, that 
 good work yields a rich harvest, that great thoughts will 
 succeed, however long and painful the process may be ere 
 they do succeed, that the attachment to the synagogue 
 
 ' Every reference in this volume has been verified from the paged 
 proof. 
 
MODERN PERIOD 
 
 267 
 
 grants to its followers and adherents some of its own eter- 
 nity." ^^ 
 
 May the record of the past continue to live and to in- 
 spire our children to emulate the virtues of their sires ! 
 
 " Gaster : History of the Antient Synagogue. A few verbal changes 
 have been made in the text of the quotation. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 R. SIMON BARUCH, formerly of Cam- 
 den, S. C, now one of the leaders of the 
 medical profession in America, was born 
 
 (5 fTwl I ^^ '^^^^ ^^' 1^^^' ^^ Schwersenz, Prus- 
 sia. He graduated at the Medical Col- 
 lege of Virginia in 1862, and served as 
 a surgeon in the Army of Northern 
 Virginia under General Robert E. Lee for three years. He 
 practised medicine in Camden, S. C, for fifteen years, was 
 president of the South Carolina Medical Society in 1873, 
 and chairman of the State Board of Health of South Caro- 
 lina in 1880. Later he removed to New York, where he was 
 physician to the Northeastern Dispensary in 1883-84, and 
 gynaecologist to the same dispensary for three years follow- 
 ing. He was physician and surgeon to the New York Ju- 
 venile Asylum for thirteen years, having the care of one 
 thousand children, and was chief of the medical staff of the 
 Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids for eight years, 
 during which time he organized its medical department, 
 and since that time has been its consulting physician. He 
 is now professor of hydrotherapy in the New York Post- 
 Graduate Medical School and Hospital. 
 
 Doctor Baruch diagnosticated the first recorded case of 
 perforating appendicitis successfully operated upon,^ and 
 
 * New York Medical Journal, 1889. 
 
 268 
 
MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES 269 
 
 Dr. J. A. Wyeth stated in a discussion in the New York 
 Academy of Medicine that "the profession and humanity 
 owe more to Dr. Baruch than to any other one man for the 
 development of the surgery of appendicitis." 
 
 It would be impossible within the limits of a short biog- 
 raphy to refer in detail to the many achievements of this 
 great physician. One thing, however, might be mentioned, 
 namely, that the successful introduction of free public 
 cleansing baths in the largest cities of the United States is 
 largely the result of his agitation of this subject before 
 medical societies and boards of health. 
 
 Dr. Kellogg, in an appreciative biography which he 
 printed in Modern Medicine for May, 1903, has well summed 
 up Dr. Baruch 's work in these words : 
 
 "The pioneer work which he has done for physiological 
 therapeutics and rational medicine and in the philanthropic 
 application of hydropathic principles entitles him to a 
 splendid monument which the next generation will doubtless 
 see, and has earned for him a large place in the hearts of all 
 who are interested in the progress of rational medicine and 
 in the development of physical methods in therapeutics. 
 * * * Certainly there is not a man in the medical profes- 
 sion to-day whose services have been of greater worth than 
 have those of Dr. Simon Baruch. He is a man of whom any 
 country might be proud, and, although he was born in a 
 foreign land, he had adopted America as his home, and 
 America has adopted him as one of her chosen sons and a 
 man whom the medical profession delights to honor for the 
 noble and practical way in which he has devoted his distin- 
 guished abilities to the betterment of his fellow-men. "^ 
 
 C. Henry Cohen, one of the leading members of the 
 Augusta Bar, was born in Charleston on April 7, 1854. 
 While quite a child his parents removed to Augusta, Ga. 
 
 *See Modern Medicine for May, 1903. 
 
270 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 He was educated at the Richmond County Academy, then 
 conducted by General Frank Capers, and also at George- 
 town College, D. C, from which he graduated with distinc- 
 tion in 1877. On his return from college he studied law in 
 the office of Messrs. Barnes & Cumming, and was admitted 
 to practice in 1877. He was for fourteen years Solicitor of 
 the City and County Court of Richmond County, where he 
 made an enviable reputation, and left the office with one of 
 the largest practices in the State. Mr. Cohen is now City 
 Attorney of the City of Augusta, and is one of the most 
 influential political leaders in the Tenth Congressional Dis- 
 trict of Georgia. He is a prominent member of several 
 secret organizations, has been Grand Chancellor of the 
 Knights of Pythias, of Georgia, and has also held the 
 highest offices in the Order of B'nai B'rith. He is highly 
 esteemed by all classes in the city of his adoption. Mr. 
 Cohen's father was Mr. John Jay Cohen, of Charleston, 
 and his mother Miss Cornelia Ann Jacobs, daughter of 
 Colonel Myer Jacobs, for many years Surveyor of Customs 
 in Charleston. 
 
 JuDAH Baekett Cohen was a prominent member of the 
 Charleston Bar. He was born on August 5, 1835, received 
 his education in Charleston, and was graduated at the Col- 
 lege of Charleston, where he won the gold medal for oratory 
 in his class. After graduation he continued his classical 
 studies and also made himself master of several modern 
 languages. He was a scholar both in his tastes and acquire- 
 ments, and his reading and culture were wide and varied. 
 Soon after his graduation he was selected to deliver the 
 anniversary address before the South Carolina Historical 
 Society. His oration exhibited marked ability and was 
 worthy of the occasion.^ He was admitted to the Bar in 
 1857 and soon after became a resident of New York, where 
 
 * This address is printed in Collections of the South Carolina Historical 
 Society, Vol. 2, pp. 104-117. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES 271 
 
 he was entering upon the successful practice of his profes- 
 sion when the war broke out. After an adventurous experi- 
 ence he came home to share the fortunes of his native State. 
 After the war he resumed the practice of his profession in 
 Charleston with eminent and acknowledged ability. At the 
 same time he took part in editing the original Charleston 
 News, and later he was associated with the editorship of the 
 old Courier. This was at a critical period in the history of 
 the State, and in all his work at that time he displayed an 
 admirable comprehension of the duties and necessities of 
 the political situation, and did manful battle for truth and 
 for justice for his people. On the occasion of the celebration 
 of the hundredth anniversary of the birthday of Sir Moses 
 Montefiore he was chosen by the Jews of Charleston to 
 represent them in an appropriate oration, which was an 
 eloquent and impressive effort.^ 
 
 As a lawyer Mr. Cohen was both subtle and philosoph- 
 ical. In private life he was singularly genial, and no one 
 was more generous in his appreciation of the successful 
 efforts of other men. He died on July 16, 1885.' 
 
 Dr. David Camden De Leon was the son of Dr. Mordecai 
 H. De Leon, of Columbia. His career was a very active and 
 eventful one. Born and reared in South Carolina, shortly 
 after obtaining his medical diploma at Philadelphia he 
 entered the United States army as assistant surgeon, and 
 went through the Seminole War, after which he was sta- 
 tioned for several years at outposts on the Western frontier. 
 At the breaking out of the Mexican War he went with 
 General Taylor to the Eio Grande, was present at most of 
 
 * Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Birthday of Sir 
 Moses Montefiore at the Hasel Street Synagogue, Charleston, S. C. 
 Charleston, S. C, 1884. 
 
 ' The above sketch is taken from an appreciative editorial obituary in 
 The News and Courier of July 17, 1885. For resolutions on his death by 
 the United States District Court see the issue of July 18, 1885. 
 
272 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 the battles which led the victors to the gates of Mexico, and 
 entered that city when it surrendered, riding at General 
 Scott's left hand. For these services, as well as for gal- 
 lantry in action (when commanding officers were killed or 
 wounded and he took their place), Dr. De Leon twice re- 
 ceived the thanks of Congress, but was again assigned to 
 frontier duty in Mexico on the ground of his great energy 
 and hardihood. When secession took place he ranked very 
 high on the list in his department and was in sight of its 
 highest place by seniority, yet he was one of the first of the 
 Southern officers of the army to tender his resignation. 
 When he did so he was sent for by his old commander and 
 friend, General Scott, who refused to accept it, at the same 
 time offering to send him to the Northwestern frontier, with 
 the pledge that he should be kept there while the strife 
 continued. In the alternative of his refusal General Scott 
 threatened to put him under arrest, giving him a few hours 
 for his decision. He returned home, packed his trunk, and 
 immediately started for the South and reported to Mr. 
 Davis, the Provisional President of the Confederacy, who 
 assigned him the difficult but important task of arranging 
 the Medical Department, at the head of which he acted for 
 several months, until the resignation of Dr. Moore (who 
 ranked him in the old army), under Mr. Davis's rule, gave 
 that gentleman the highest post. Transferred to another 
 department and to various places during the war, he shared 
 the struggles and sufferings of his brethren until it closed 
 in disaster and defeat. After the war, with several other 
 officers, he passed from Texas into Mexico, vowing that he 
 would never return to the conquered South until she was 
 free. After a few years' trial of Mexico he left it in disgust 
 and returned to New Mexico, where he had been stationed 
 for many years and owned property. Here he planted and 
 practised his profession until his death, which occurred at 
 Santa Fe, N. M., on September 3, 1872. Dr. De Leon was 
 
MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES 273 
 
 unmarried. Both as a surgeon and as a man of science he 
 stood high. He was a man, too, of considerable literary cul- 
 ture and a terse and vigorous writer.^ 
 
 Edwin De Leon, brother of David C. De Leon, was born 
 in Columbia, S. C, in 1828. He was well known on both 
 sides of the Atlantic as an author, lecturer, and diplomatist. 
 He started his career as a lawyer, but soon abandoned law 
 to take charge of the National Democrat, a paper published 
 at Washington, D. C. In 1854 he was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Pierce Consul General and Diplomatic Agent at Cairo, 
 Egypt, which post he filled for eight years, under Pierce and 
 Buchanan. At the commencement of the war between the 
 States he resigned and was appointed by Jefferson Davis a 
 special agent of the Confederacy to negotiate with France 
 and England. He made frequent ocean trips during this 
 period and ran the blockade seven times. He contributed 
 his whole personal fortune to the Confederate cause. After 
 the war he remained abroad, writing for various English 
 periodicals. In 1881 he established the Bell telephone in 
 Egypt. He published several books, the best known being 
 The Khedive's Egypt and Thirty Years of My Life on 
 Three Continents. He also wrote two Eastern romances 
 and numerous magazine articles. He was a friend of Chi- 
 nese Gordon, De Lesseps, King Otho of Greece, from whom 
 he refused a decoration, Louis Napoleon, and Lord Palmer- 
 ston. He came to New York a few weeks before his death 
 for the purpose of going on a lecture tour, when he was 
 stricken with the disease that soon proved fatal. He died 
 on December 1, 1891. His wife was a Miss Nolan, of Dublin, 
 who survived him only a few days."^ 
 
 ' The above sketch is taken from a biography printed in the Savannah 
 Republican of Sept. 22, 1872, which was reprinted in The Courier of Sept. 
 24, 1872. 
 
 ' The New York Times, Dec. 2, 1891. See also issue of Dec. 8. 
 
274 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Ex-Judge A. J. Dittenhoefer was born in Charleston on 
 March 17, 1836. His parents came from Germany, arriving 
 in Baltimore in 1834. They removed from that city to 
 Charleston and then to New York. The father, Isaac Ditten- 
 hoefer, became a prominent merchant in New York, was one 
 of the founders of the Order of B'nai B'rith and of the 
 Hebrew Benevolent Society, one of the original founders 
 and the first President of Temple Emanu El, of which Judge 
 Dittenhoefer is at present a trustee. The Judge attended 
 the public schools in the city of New York and finished his 
 education at Columbia College, from which he graduated 
 in 1856 with high honors. On reaching his majority he was 
 admitted to the Bar, and shortly thereafter was selected as 
 the Eepublican candidate for Justice of the City Court, and 
 was appointed by the Governor of New York to fill a vacancy 
 in that Court. While on the Bench he gave his entire salary 
 to the widow of his predecessor, who had been left in desti- 
 tute circumstances. At the expiration of his term he de- 
 clined a renomination and resumed his practice. He was 
 one of the Presidential Electors for Lincoln and Johnson in 
 1864, and was on intimate terms with Abraham Lincoln, 
 who, before the end of the Confederate war, offered him a 
 judgeship of one of the Federal Courts in South Carolina, 
 which he declined. He was a delegate to the National Re- 
 publican Convention that nominated Hayes and Wheeler, 
 and for many years was president of the Republican Com- 
 mittee of New York. Judge Dittenhoefer is one of the 
 counsel for the Lincoln National Bank in New York and 
 other corporations. He married Miss Sophie Englehart, 
 of Cleveland, who died in May, 1901. He has built up a 
 large practice in all branches of the law, being senior mem- 
 ber of the firm of Dittenhoefer, Gerber & James, one of his 
 partners being his son, Irving M. Dittenhoefer. He is 
 acknowledged as an authority in litigations relating to the 
 law of the stage, and has been connected as counsel with 
 
MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES 275 
 
 some of the most important lawsuits. In fact, there have 
 been few important litigations within the last twenty years 
 in which he has not been counsel on one side or the other. 
 
 Judge David Leventeitt was born in Winnsboro, S. C, in 
 1845. He was educated at the public schools of New York 
 and at the College of the City of New York, from which he 
 graduated — the salutatorian of his class — in 1864. He at- 
 tended the law school of the University of the City of New 
 York and was admitted to the Bar in 1871. Among the 
 notable cases in which Mr. Leventritt has been engaged was 
 the one for the City of New York in reference to the con- 
 demnation of lands for park purposes between Harlem and 
 Washington Bridge, in which the property owners claimed 
 damages of $1,500,000, but through his efforts they were 
 awarded less than half that amount. He was president of 
 the Commission appointed to investigate the new Third 
 Avenue bridge over the Harlem River, and is counsel for 
 the Theatrical Syndicate, He has been chairman of the 
 Tammany Hall Committee, and for many years has been 
 vice-president of the Aguilar Free Library. He is asso- 
 ciated with many charitable institutions of the City of New 
 York, and since 1899 has been a Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the State of New York.^ 
 
 ' The New Era for October, 1902. 
 
APPENDICES 
 
 APPENDIX A 
 
 ''An Act for the Making Aliens Free of this Part of this 
 
 Province, and for Granting Liberty of Conscience to all 
 
 Protestants. 
 
 ''Whereas Prosecution for Religion hath forced some 
 Aliens, and trade and the fertility of this Colony has en- 
 couraged others to resort to this Colony, all which have 
 given good testimony of their humble duty and loyalty to his 
 Majesty and the Crown of England, and of their fidelity to 
 the true and absolute Lords and Proprietors of this Prov- 
 ince, and of their obedience to their Laws, and their good 
 affections to the inhabitants thereof, and by their industry, 
 diligence and trade have very much enriched and advanced 
 this Colony and Settlement thereof; 
 
 "L Be it Enacted * * * That all Aliens, male and 
 female, of what nation soever, which now are inhabitants 
 of South Carolina, their wives and children, shall have, use 
 and enjoy all the rights, privileges, powers and immunities 
 whatsoever, which any person may, can, might, could or of 
 right ought to have, use and enjoy; and they shall be from 
 henceforth adjudged, reputed and taken to be in every con- 
 dition, respect and degree, as free to all intents, purposes 
 and constructions, as if they had bee"n and were born of 
 English parents within this Province. * * * 
 
 ' ' VI. And Whereas several of the present inhabitants of 
 this country, did transport themselves into this Province, 
 276 
 
APPENDICES 
 
 277 
 
 in hopes of enjoying the liberty of their consciences accord- 
 ing- to their own perswasion, which the Royal King Charles 
 the Second, of blessed memory, in his gracious charter was 
 pleased to impower the Lords Proprietors of this Province 
 to grant to the inhabitants of this Province for to encourage 
 the settlement of the same. Be it Therefoee Enacted by the 
 authority aforesaid, That all Christians which now are, or 
 hereafter may be in this Province (Papists only excepted) 
 shall enjoy the full, free and undisturbed liberty of their 
 consciences, so as to be in the exercise of their worship 
 according to the professed rules of their religion, without 
 any lett, molestation or hindrance by any power either 
 ecclesiastical or civil whatsoever. Always Provided, That 
 they do not disturb the publick peace of this Province, nor 
 disturb any other in the time of their worship. 
 
 ''Read three times and ratified in open Assembly, March 
 10,1696-7." 
 
 APPENDIX B 
 
 DIRECTORY 1695-1800. 
 
 1695-1750. 
 
 Avila, Abraham (1697). 
 
 Carvallo, (1734). 
 
 Depaz, Isaac (1738). 
 Franks, David (1743). 
 Gutteres, Aaron (1734). 
 
 Hart, (1744). 
 
 Isaacs, Solomon (1748). 
 Isack, Abraham (1710). 
 
 Aaron, Solomon. 
 Abraham, Philip. 
 Abrahams, Emanuel. 
 
 " , Isaac Brisco. 
 
 " , Joseph. 
 
 " , Judah. 
 
 Levy, Samuel ((1741). 
 Mattos, Moses De (1739). 
 Mendis, Jacob (1697). 
 Nathan, Mordicai (1715). 
 Solomons, Moses (1741). 
 Tobias, Joseph (1737). 
 Valentine, Simon (1697). 
 
 1750-1783. 
 
 Abrahams, Levy. 
 Alexander, Abraham. 
 Cardozo, Abraham N. 
 
 " , David N. 
 
 " , Samuel N. 
 Cohen, Abraham. 
 
278 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 1750-1783 (Continued), 
 
 Cohen, Gershon. 
 
 " , Is. 
 
 " , Jacob. 
 
 " , Jacob I. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 
 " , Philip. 
 
 " , Philip Jacob. 
 
 " , Solomon. 
 Cortissoz, Imanuel. 
 Da Costa, Abraham. 
 " , Isaac. 
 " , Isaac, Jr. 
 " , Joseph. 
 " , Samuel. 
 David, Joseph, 
 De La Motta, Emanuel. 
 De Leon, Jacob (?). 
 De Lieben, Israel (?). 
 De Lyon, Abraham. 
 
 " , Isaac. 
 De Palacios, Joseph. 
 
 " , Joseph, Jr. 
 De Young, Bernard. 
 Don-es, Benjamin (Tores?). 
 Eliazer, Moses. 
 Franks, Myer. 
 Harris, Henry. 
 
 " , Mordecai. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 Hart, Joshua. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 
 " , Philip. 
 
 " , Simon. 
 Isaacs, Henry. 
 
 " , Solomon. 
 Jacobs, Frederick. 
 
 " , Israel. 
 
 " , Jacob. 
 
 " , Philip. 
 
 Jones, Samuel. 
 Joseph, Israel. 
 Lazarus, Marks. 
 
 " , Michael. 
 Levi, Solomon. 
 Levy, Ezekiel. 
 
 " , Hart. 
 
 " , Israel. 
 
 " , Joseph. 
 
 " , Michael. 
 
 " , Moses Sim. 
 
 " , Nathan. 
 
 " , Samuel. 
 Lindo, Moses. 
 Lyon, Mordicai. 
 Marques, Joseph. 
 Minis, Philip. 
 Mordecai, Samuel. 
 Moses, Abraham. 
 
 " , Barnard. 
 
 '* , Barnard, Jr. 
 
 " ,D. 
 
 " , Henry. 
 
 " , Jacob. 
 
 " , Meyer. 
 
 " , Philip. 
 Myers, Joseph. 
 
 " , Mordecai. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 Noah, Mordecai M. (?). 
 Olivera, David De. 
 " , Jacob De. 
 Phillips, Jonas. 
 Pimenta, Moses. 
 Pinto, Isaac. 
 
 Polak, Samuel (Pollock ?). 
 Pollock, Solomon. 
 Ramos, Jacob. 
 Salomons, Myer. 
 Salvador, Francis. 
 
APPENDICES 
 
 279 
 
 Sarzedas, David. 
 Sasportas, Abraham. 
 Seixas, A. M. 
 Sheftall, Le^'i. 
 
 " , Mordecai. 
 Simons, Montague. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 
 " , Sampson. 
 
 " , Saul. 
 Solomon, Joseph. 
 
 " , Myers. 
 
 " , Zadok. 
 
 1750-1783 (Continued). 
 
 Solomons, Hyam. 
 " , Joseph. 
 
 , Levi. 
 " , Levy. 
 Spitzer, Bernard M. 
 Tobias, Jacob. 
 " , Jacob, Jr. 
 " , Joseph. 
 " , Joseph, Jr. 
 " , Meshod. 
 Wolf, . 
 
 1783-1800. 
 
 [Names occurring in previous lists omitted.] 
 
 De Lieben, Israel. 
 De Pass, Ralph. 
 Derkheim, Myer. 
 EUzer, Eleazer. 
 
 Aaron, Solomon, Jr. 
 Aarons, Jacob. 
 Abendanone, Joseph. 
 Abrahams, Abraham. 
 " , Isaac. 
 " , Jacob. 
 Abrams, Moise. 
 Alexander, Abraham, Jr, 
 Azuby, Rev. Ab. 
 BaiTett, Solomon. 
 Benedix, Isaac. 
 Benzakin, Joseph. 
 Bush, David. 
 Canter, David. 
 
 " , Emanuel. 
 
 " , Joshua. 
 Cantor, Jacob. 
 
 " , Jacob, Jr. 
 Cohen, Jacob A. 
 
 " , Levi. 
 
 " , Mordicai. 
 
 " , Solomon I. 
 Da Costa, Aaron, 
 De La Motta, Isaac. 
 De Leon, Jacob. 
 
 Gomez, Elias. 
 Harby, Isaac. 
 
 '' , Solomon. 
 Harris, Andrew. 
 
 " , Hyam. 
 Hart, Abraham Levy. 
 
 " , Alexander M. 
 
 " , Bernard. 
 
 " , Daniel. 
 
 " , Ephraim. 
 
 " , Hart Moses. 
 
 " , Hymon. 
 
 " , Naphtali. 
 
 " , Nathan. 
 
 " , Simon M. 
 Hyams, Samuel. 
 
 " , Solomon. 
 Isaacks, Moses. 
 Isaacs, Abraham. 
 Jacobs, Abraham. 
 
 " , Samuel. 
 
280 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 1783-1800 (Continued), 
 
 Jonas, Joshua. 
 Joseph, Solomon M. 
 Labatt, David. 
 Lazarus, Aaron. 
 Levi, Abraham. 
 Levy, Hyam. 
 
 " , Hyam E. 
 
 " , Lyon. 
 
 " , Mordecai. 
 
 " , Moses. 
 
 " , Moses C. 
 
 " , Reuben. 
 
 " , Solomon, Jr. 
 Lopez, Aaron (from Newport). 
 
 " , David. 
 Marks, Humphrey. 
 Milhado, Benjamin (from Jamaica). 
 Moise, Abraham (from Cape Fran 
 Qois). 
 
 " , Cherry. 
 
 " , Hyam. 
 Molina, Moses. 
 Moses, Hart. 
 
 " , Isaac. 
 
 Moses, Joseph, Jr. 
 
 " , Lyon. 
 Moses, Philip (from St. Eustatius). 
 Myers, Abraham. 
 
 " , Israel. 
 
 " , Levi. 
 
 " , Samuel. 
 Nathan, Abraham. 
 
 " , Solomon. 
 Nathans, David. 
 Noah, Manuel. 
 Phillips, Benjamin. 
 
 " , David (from Jamaica). 
 Pimentel, Aaron. 
 
 Poloek, Solomon (from Newport). 
 Salvador, Joseph. 
 Sarzedas, Moses. 
 ■Solomons, Francis. 
 Snares, David (from Cuaragoa). 
 Tobias, Isaac. 
 Tongues, Mark. 
 Wolfe, Henry. 
 Woolf, Solomon. 
 
 APPENDIX C 
 THE SALVADOR GRANT OF ARMS. 
 
 ''To All and Singular to whom these Presents shall 
 come John Austis Esq^- Garter Principal King of Arms, 
 and Stephen Martin Leake Esq^. Clarenceux King of 
 Arms, send Greeting. Whereas Francis Salvador of Lon- 
 don Merchant, hath represented unto the Right Honourable 
 Thomas Earl of EflSngham, Deputy (with the Royal appro- 
 bation) to the most Noble Edward Duke of Norfolk, Earl 
 Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England that he is the 
 
APPENDICES 281 
 
 Son of Joseph Salvador, late of Amsterdam, Merchant de- 
 ceased, after whose death coming over into England, and 
 setling here, he was Enfranchised, and made a ffree Deni- 
 son, by Letters Patent dated at Westminster, the Twenty 
 fourth Day of April, in the Fifth Year of his late Majesty: 
 And that his said Father during his Life, did constantly 
 bear and use for his Arms, Vert a Lyon Rampant, between 
 three Flowers de Lys Or, and for his Crest a Demi Lyon 
 Gules, langued and Armed Azure holding between his Paws 
 a like flower de Lys, which said Arms he hath likewise con- 
 tinued to bear, as his Father did. But as he cannot produce 
 such Authentick proofs of his Right thereto as the Laws of 
 Arms require, hath therefore prayed his Lordship War- 
 rant for our Granting, and Exemplifying, to him and his 
 Descendants, and likewise to all the Descendants of his said 
 Father Joseph Salvador deceased, the said Arms, or with 
 such Variation as may be necessary; And that the same 
 so Exemplified may be entred upon Record among the 
 Gentry of this Realm, in the College of Arms. And fok- 
 ASMUCH as his Lordship being satisfied of the truth of the 
 Premises, did by Warrant under his hand and Seal bearing 
 date the Nineteenth Day of March One Thousand and Seven 
 Hundred and Forty four, Order and direct us, to Grant 
 such Arms and Crest accordingly Now Know Ye that 
 We the said Garter and Clarenceux Kings of Arms, in 
 Pursuance of the said Warrant, and by Virtue and Au- 
 thority of the Letters Patent of our several Officers, to each 
 of us respectively granted, under the Great Seal of Great 
 Britain, do by these Presents, Grant, Exemplify and Con- 
 firm, unto the said Francis Salvador, the aforesaid Arms 
 and Crest that is to say. Vert a Lyon Rampant, between 
 three Flowers de Ly^ Or, and for his Crest a Demi Lyon 
 Gules langued and Armed Azure, holding between his Paws 
 a like Flower de Lys as in the Margin hereof are more 
 Lively Depicted, To be borne by him the said Francis Salva- 
 dor and his Descendants, and likewise by the Descendants 
 
282 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 of his Father Joseph Salvador, lawfully begotten, with their 
 due Differences, according to the practice and Law of Arms, 
 without the Let or Interruption of any person or persons 
 Whatsoever, In Witness whereof, we the said Garter and 
 Clarenceux, have hereunto set our Hands, and Affixed the 
 Seals of our Offices, the First day of June in the Eighteenth 
 Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Sec- 
 ond, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France 
 and Ireland, Defender of the Faith &<=• And in the Year of 
 our Lord God One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty 
 Five. 
 
 ' ' John Austis Garter * * S Mabtin Leake Clarenceux 
 * ' Principal King of Arms ' ' King of Arms ' ' 
 
 APPENDIX D 
 THE HEBREW BENEVOLENT SOCIETY. 
 
 Organized, June 25, 1784. 
 Reorganized, October 20, 1824. 
 Incorporated, December 18, 1830. 
 Reorganized, October 7, 1866. 
 
 The Hebrew Benevolent Society, of Charleston, S. C, is 
 the oldest institution of its kind in America. Till quite 
 recently, when the author recovered and identified the orig- 
 inal seal of the Society, its early history was absolutely 
 
APPENDICES 283 
 
 unknown. The late Nathaniel Levin, in his sketch of the 
 Congregation Beth Elohim, was unaware of the date when 
 the Society was established. Nor were his predecessors 
 better informed. In The Courier of December 5, 1825, 
 there is a notice of the " Anniversary Celebration of the 
 Hebra Gemilut Hassadim or Hebrew Benevolent Society." 
 In The Courier of December 21, 1827, the third anniversary 
 meeting is noticed. In The Courier of December 18, 1840, 
 the meeting is described as the eleventh anniversary. In 
 The Courier of December 22, 1843, the forty-seventh anni- 
 versary is noted, and in The Courier of November 29, 1847, 
 the meeting of November 24, 1847, is referred to as the 
 fifty-sixth anniversary! The discovery of the seal in the 
 possession of the family of one who was for many years 
 the secretary of the Society puts the matter beyond doubt. 
 How it came to pass that the origin of the Society was so 
 obscure, with the seal in existence, is somewhat difficult to 
 surmise. 
 
 In 1899 a committee was appointed for the purpose, 
 among other things, of obtaining such data as would give 
 the history of the Society from its organization. This Com- 
 mittee reported " that it was unable through lack of ma- 
 terial — part of the earlier records of the Society being lost 
 and others destroyed by fire — to present the sketch of its 
 life, which would have been of genuine interest to its mem- 
 bers to-daj^, and an incentive to them to continue its honor- 
 able record of over a century." 
 
 The following paragraph from the Preamble of the Re- 
 port of the Committee on Revision (1870) tells the story of 
 the origin of the Society : 
 
 " The object of this Society is Benevolence. In that one emphatic, 
 grateful word, are comprehended all the tender offices of Charity. For 
 though the original motive of the establishment of this Institution, on June 
 25th, 1795, was the relief of the invalid emigrant who landed on our 
 
284 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 shores, and "who might fall a victim to a climate less hospitable than our- 
 selves, yet that primary view was enlarged at the revival of this Society, 
 on the 20th October, 1824, and a more expansive idea of gentle kindness 
 was determined upon when the Society obtained an Act of Incorporation 
 by the Legislature, on the 18th of December, 1830; and now upon the 
 reorganization of the Society, October 7th, 1866, our energies gathering 
 strength with time, our fond aspiration for diffusing good, increasing as 
 season follows season, in the noiseless flight of time, we have gradually 
 enlarged our wishes for serving our fellow beings, as year has succeeded 
 to year, until at this day our bosoms swell so high with the ennobling 
 desire, that we acknowledge no limit to our benevolence, save in the means 
 of executing our charitable intents. Thus, while in our restricted ability 
 to do good, we recognize our utter dependence on the Divine Author of our 
 being, we testify, by our boundless ardor to serve His creatures, our grati- 
 tude to that Merciful Father who sends down His dew alike on all flowers, 
 and sheds His sunbeams on every people: And, to effect these ends, as 
 far as in our power, we adopt the following — " * * 
 
 There is one very important mistake, however, in the 
 story, and that is in the date of the foundation of the 
 Society. It should be 1784 and not 1795. This is clearly 
 shown by the seal. This seal is a beautiful specimen of the 
 engraver's art, very quaint and unlike the seals we see to- 
 day, having been made by hand. It is cut in silver and the 
 edges are considerably worn. The picture on its face is 
 very suggestive of the original object of the Society — the 
 Angel of Death, with a scythe in one hand and an hour- 
 glass in the other. The inscription reads as follows: 
 
 "BENEVOLENT SOCIETY. 
 
 Founded 8th Tammuz 
 
 Charity delivereth from death. 
 
 [5] 544 [1784] 
 
APPENDICES 285 
 
 APPENDIX E 
 THE HEBREW ORPHAN SOCIETY. 
 
 This Society was founded in 1801. Its object is explained 
 in the following preamble to its constitution ; 
 
 " Whereas, at a meeting of Israelites held in Charleston on the 15th 
 day of July, 1801, it was resolved that a Hebrew Society should be formed, 
 for the purpose of relieving widows, educating, clothing and maintaining 
 orphans and children of indigent parents; making it a particular care to 
 inculcate strict principles of piety, morality and industry; and designing 
 at the same time to cultivate any indications of genius they may evince 
 for any of the arts or sciences, that they may thereby become qualified for 
 the enjoyment of those blessings and advantages to which they are entitled 
 — kind Heaven having cast their lot in the United States of America, 
 where freedom and equal rights, religious, civil and political, are liberally 
 extended to them, in common with every other class of citizens ; and where, 
 no longer oppressed by the contracted policy and intolerant spirit which, 
 before the happy dawn of liberty and philanthropy had circumscribed 
 those natural rights granted by Almighty God to the great family of man- 
 kind, they can and may freely assume an equal station in this favored 
 land with the cheering conviction that their virtues and acquirements may 
 lead them to every honor and advantage their fellow citizens can attain." 
 
 In pursuance of such design an act of incorporation was 
 asked for and passed by the General Assembly of this State 
 in 1802 in the following words: ''An Act to incorporate the 
 Abi Yetomin Ubne Ebyonim, or Society for the Eelief of 
 Orphans and Children of Indigent Parents." On June 4, 
 1833, Rene Godard conveyed to the corporation "All that 
 lot, piece or parcel of land situate, lying and being at the 
 corner of Broad street and State House square, in Charles- 
 ton, forming, as is believed, a parallelogram, of forty-five 
 feet fronting on Broad street, by one hundred and seven 
 feet deep, fronting on the State House square aforesaid." 
 Upon this square the Court-House now stands. It would 
 appear that this property was devised by John Laurens to 
 
286 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 his son, Henry Laurens. In the deed from Henry Laurens 
 and Eliza, his wife, to Edward Trescot, an intermediate 
 owner, of date February 28, 1804, the following words are 
 part of the description : ' ' And now occupied by the direct- 
 ors of the Bank of the United States of America. ' ' It was 
 well adapted for such use; it was built in the olden days 
 when safety and solidity were deemed important. Its in- 
 terior with its wainscoting and colonial mantlepieces de- 
 clare its age. It is unknown what inner safeguards the 
 bank provided for the security of its treasury, the massive 
 doors and ancient locks, with keys of proportionate size, 
 proclaim what was its outer defence. It was in all prob- 
 ability a residence before the bank occupied it. It ceased 
 to be used by the bank before 1838. This is clearly seen 
 from the fact that, after the burning of the Hasell Street 
 Synagogue in the fire of that year, which destroyed many 
 valuable public and private buildings, the Hebrew Orphan 
 Society tendered to the Congregation its building as a tem- 
 porary place of worship. This offer was accepted, and 
 until the Synagogue was rebuilt the hall was used for that 
 purpose. 
 
 From the date of its purchase to January 8, 1860, its 
 bounty was administered by specific annual appropriations 
 for the children under its care ; they were not housed within 
 its walls, but were domiciled with worthy persons, known 
 to the committee charged with the disbursement to whom 
 the donation was paid. In this way, in addition to the 
 pecuniary assistance given, the misfortune of orphanage 
 was softened and the little ones were permitted to live in 
 a healthful family atmosphere. At the date above men- 
 tioned it was determined to try the experiment of an orphan 
 house by a residence within its walls. With appropriate 
 ceremony it was so dedicated. 
 
 A hymn was written for the occasion, the closing stanza 
 being: 
 
APPENDICES 287 
 
 " Assist us, Great Spirit of Truth, to enlighten 
 The beings, whose lot our bounty shall brighten; 
 In godly endeavor their lives to engage, 
 'Till from childhood they pass to maturity's stage. 
 Prepared in all stations temptation to brave, 
 And their names on the breastplate of virtue engi'ave." 
 
 After the war the original and more parental execution 
 of its trust was resumed and is still continued.^ 
 
 APPENDIX F 
 THE CONGREGATION BETH ELOHIM. 1800-1824. 
 
 The broad sketch of the Congregation Beth Elohim which 
 we have given in Chapter VIII should be supplemented by- 
 further details gathered from the recently discovered 
 archives, that throw an interesting side-light upon the early 
 history of Judaism in America. The discovery of the rec- 
 ords of Beth Elohim was an important one in many ways. 
 These records not only tell us what Jews lived in South 
 Carolina during the period they cover, but they enable us 
 to identify names that could often otherwise not be identi- 
 fied. In studying the records, the reader is often bewildered. 
 He meets on every hand such names as Abrahams, Barnett, 
 Hart, Henry, Isaacs, Jacobs, Myers, Phillips, Wise — which 
 names are not specifically Jewish, and in many instances 
 cannot be traced to Jewish origin. Those who leave wills 
 are comparatively few and other sources of information are 
 often wanting. Without the assistance of the Synagogue 
 records identification would be absolutely impossible. The 
 early directories are very imperfect nor are they available. 
 There are a few in Charleston and a few scattered in 
 
 ^ The above account is taken from The Interlude, Charleston, S. C, 
 1901, p. 6. 
 
288 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 private libraries tlirougli the State. Everybody does not 
 advertise in tlie newspapers, nor has he a tombstone in the 
 cemetery. The Health Office returns are very incomplete 
 and only begin in 1821. The Synagogue archives, there- 
 fore, fill in an important gap. 
 
 The reader who studies attentively the directory on pages 
 132-140, which has been compiled, after infinite labor, from 
 every available source, will at once be struck by the fact 
 that practically every Jew who lived in South Carolina is 
 to be found on the Synagogue books. This is accounted 
 for by the fact that under the autocratic regime of the early 
 Synagogue every Jew was compelled to subscribe to its 
 maintenance.^ Many names are met with in the records 
 of the Congregation and nowhere else. These, at least, the 
 records will save from oblivion. 
 
 Let us now look at a few facts gathered from the archives, 
 some of which now tell their tale after slumbering undis- 
 turbed for well nigh a century. 
 
 In 1800 there were one hundred and seven names of mem- 
 bers and contributors on the books. The income of the 
 Congregation was £802.12.1. Eev. Abraham Azuby was 
 Minister, and his salary £100. Israel Davis was Shochet 
 (killer of cattle for the use of Jews), who received £60. 
 Hart Levy was sexton, at a salary of £45. He was also 
 "Shomar to the children," — whatever that may be, — for 
 which he received £12. Lyon Levy was secretary, at a 
 salary of £20. Hyam Jacob was Shomar (inspector of 
 meat) of the market, for which he received £20. 
 
 Among the items of Congregational expense were: Pen- 
 sions, £23; expenses of Kabano (tabernacle), £30.10.5; wax 
 and making candles, £57.9.10; charity to the poor coming 
 and going, £10; sick persons and doctor's bills, £33.17.10; 
 allowances and donations to sundry poor, £82.7.7. 
 
 ' See pp. 152-3. 
 
APPENDICES 289 
 
 A large portion of the income of the Congregation was 
 derived from voluntary offerings. The members contrib- 
 uted generously. Daniel Hart's contributions for the year 
 1800 amounted to £50.5.6. The members were assessed ac- 
 cording to their means. Then there were legacies to the 
 Congregation. There were few, indeed, who did not re- 
 member the Synagogue in their wills. 
 
 A study of the treasurer's books bears out the picture 
 of the Synagogue as a severely autocratic institution. The 
 Vestry was absolute and promptly disciplined the rebel- 
 lious. The number of fines is indeed remarkable, but they 
 seem to have been paid without protest. There is not a 
 single instance on record of withdrawal from the Congre- 
 gation in consequence of imposed penalties. The fines seem 
 to have been proportioned to the means of the individual 
 fined, and varied in amount from a few shillings to many 
 pounds. Abraham Isaacks was fined £20 in 1802 and Solo- 
 mon Harby a similar amount in 1803. In 1805, out of one 
 hundred and fifty-six accounts on the books, which include 
 the contributions of women and strangers, there are sixty- 
 seven fines. These fines were inflicted for various offences : 
 ''For not attending general meeting," "fine in private 
 adjunta," ''for not accepting adjunta," "for not serving 
 in adjunta," "for not serving in the selection," "for re- 
 signing seat as a member of the private adjunta," "for 
 not attending meeting, " "for not accepting Hatan Beres- 
 hit," "for non-acceptance Taxator of Seats." It is remark- 
 able that people were willing to submit to such a regime, 
 but they did. They had been brought up under the same 
 discipline in England and it was quite natural to them. 
 
 A study of the items of expense irresistibly puts us back 
 to the time when Judaism was a religion that was lived 
 rather than talked about. It had not yet been evaporated in 
 the crucible of rationalism. Here are items in 1805 : "Fund 
 in the Charity Box, 14/-;" "Collected on the day of Mr. 
 
290 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Harby's funeral, £1.6.0." In 1808 we have : ''Mikva ^ and 
 Dwelling painted, £5.16.8," and in 1809, ''Entire Comple- 
 tion of Mikva, £34.3.2." In 1810 "For erecting an oven,^ 
 £4.8.8." In 1818 we read among the items of expense, ''For 
 Liqour, $10," ^ and " For Tikmn, $6.50." " Cash to Goy 
 [non-Jew], $11.75." Such items mean nothing to the pres- 
 ent generation, but are vividly real to those of a generation 
 ago. We find, too, contributions of wine and oil for the 
 use of the Synagogue. In the old Jewish ritual, a blessing 
 is asked every Sabbath upon "those who give the lamps for 
 lighting and wine for Kiddush and Habdalah,^ bread to the 
 wayfarers and charity to the poor." The author of that 
 prayer literally pictured the Jews of Charleston at the be- 
 ginning of the nineteenth century. Scientific charity was 
 not yet in vogue, but the cry of distress was never heard 
 unanswered. The travelling beggar found no difficulty in 
 touring the country. In 1818 we read: "A Marks for De- 
 parture, $15;" "Little Englishman, $5;" "Little Dutch- 
 woman, $5;" "Departure for Polander " 
 
 The Congregation was often without a regular Minister. 
 Ministers were not as abundant in those days as they are 
 to-day, and the Congregation could not always find the man 
 it wanted, and if the truth be told, it did not always know 
 exactly what it did want. Abraham Azuby was Minister 
 till 1805, having served the Congregation for twenty years. 
 
 "" Ritual bath — an appurtenance now found only in the most orthodox 
 congregations. 
 
 ^ For baking the Passover bread. This congregational oven was kept 
 up for many years after 1810. 
 
 ■* Pious orthodox Jews still observe the custom of sitting vip twice a 
 year and participating in an all-night devotional service. It was customary 
 to serve refreshments at these meetings. The service was called " Tikkun." 
 It was later abandoned in Charleston. The incongruity of such " aids to 
 devotion" had doubtless much to do with its abandonment. 
 
 " The services greeting and speeding Sabbath and festivals. 
 
APPENDICES 291 
 
 He was much esteemed and his widow received his salary, 
 together with the free rent of the house he occupied, until 
 another Minister could be procured — then a pension of $300 
 a year for life. She gratefully refers to the generosity of 
 the Congregation in her will.^ 
 
 After the death of Abraham Azuby the Vestry, with a 
 view of obtaining a desirable Minister, addressed a letter 
 to the Board of Elders of the Spanish and Portuguese 
 community in London. It reads in part as follows : 
 
 " In a free and independent country like America, where civil and 
 religious freedom go hand in hand, where no distinctions exist between the 
 clergy of different denominations, where we are incorporated and known 
 in law; freely tolerated; where, in short, we enjoy all the blessings of 
 freedom in common with our fellow-citizens, you may readily conceive we 
 pride ourselves under the happy situation which makes us feel that we 
 are men, susceptible of that dignity which belongs to human nature, by 
 participating in all the rights and blessings of this happy country; to 
 which nothing could add more than having a Hazan of tnerit and classical 
 education, who would reflect honour on himself and stamp an additional 
 degree of dignity and respectability upon our congregation." ' 
 
 The authorities at Bevis Marks were empowered to select 
 a suitable person for the vacant position. They elected and 
 in 1807 sent out Mr. Benjamin Cohen D'Azevedo, a son of 
 the Portuguese Haham, of London, who, after arriving in 
 Charleston, did not please the Congregation. He was re- 
 munerated for his trouble and expense and returned to 
 Europe. This lack of courtesy to the nominee of the parent 
 Synagogue in London gave great offence. " The conduct 
 of the Charleston community stung to the quick the Portu- 
 guese pride of the rulers of Bevis Marks, who resented it 
 in no measured words, and took the returned Minister into 
 their service as teacher." ^ The Congregation had no regu- 
 
 ' Probate Court Records, Will Book D, pp. 5S6-7. 
 
 ' The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 390. 
 
 ' Picciotto : Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, pp. 271-2. 
 
292 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 lar Minister till 1811. Jacob Suares officiated as Hazan 
 from 1806 till that time and was assisted by Moses C. Levy 
 and Emanuel De La Motta. From 1811 to 1814 Rev. E. N. 
 Carvalho was Hazan, when he resigned, and for four years 
 the Congregation had to rely on volunteer lay readers. In 
 1818 Rev. Hartwig Cohen was elected and officiated till 
 1823, when he was succeeded by Rev. S. C. Peixotto. 
 
 APPENDIX G 
 MINISTERS OF BETH ELOHIM. 1750-1905. 
 
 Moses Cohen, 1750-1762. 
 Isaac Da Costa, 1750-1764.* 
 Abraham Alexander, 1764-1784.* 
 Abraham Azuby, 1785-1805. 
 Jacob Suares, 1807-1811. 
 E. N. Carvalho, 1811-1814. 
 Hartwig Cohen, 1818-1823. 
 S. C. Peixotto, 1823-1835. 
 Gustavus Poznanski, 1836-1850. 
 Julius Eckman, 1850-1851. 
 Maurice Mayer, 1852-1859. 
 Abraham Harris, 1860-186- 
 M. H. Myers, 1866-1868. 
 J. H. M. Chumaceiro, 1868-1874. 
 Falk Vidaver, 1875 (four months). 
 David Levy, 1875-1893. 
 
 Lewis, 1893- 
 
 Barnett A. Elzas, 1894-1905. 
 
 * The dates of Isaac Da Costa and Abraham Alexander are somewhat 
 uncertain. The list of Ministers and Presidents in the Year Book for 
 1883, pp. 315-316, is absurdly incorrect. There is hardly an item in this 
 list that is accurate. 
 
APPENDICES 293 
 
 APPENDIX H 
 OLD JEWISH CEMETERIES IN SOUTH CAROLHSTA. 
 
 The inscriptions on the tombstones in the th'ree old Jew- 
 ish cemeteries in Charleston, antedating in their origin the 
 nineteenth century, have been collected and published by 
 the author. This volume contains complete historical in- 
 troductions, giving the full histories of these burial grounds. 
 Georgetown has the next oldest Jewish cemetery in South 
 Carolina, which likewise antedates the nineteenth cen- 
 tury in origin. Several of its inscriptions are histori- 
 cally interesting. The cemeteries in Columbia are more 
 modern. One of these, now abandoned, contains many in- 
 teresting tombstones. The cemeteries in Camden and Sum- 
 ter are of recent date. In the early days the Jews of the 
 rest of the State were buried in Columbia, Charleston, or 
 Savannah. The inscriptions on the tombstones outside of 
 Charleston, that are of historical interest, will be published 
 by the author in the near future. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY^ 
 
 MANUSCRIPT SOURCES. 
 
 Archives of the Congi-egation Beth Elohim, of Charleston, S. C. Re- 
 covered by the author. 
 
 [Treasurers' Cash Books for the years 1800-1815, 1818, 1819, 1832. Minute 
 Books, 1838-1843, 1846-1852, 1857-1866. Births, Marriages, and Deaths Book, 
 1830-1845. One volume covering twelve years of the Minutes of the Hebrew 
 Orphan Society.] 
 
 [These books throw an interesting side-light on the development of Judaism 
 In America. The publication of the Minute Books will correct many historical 
 errors and perversions of history which have come down to us.] 
 
 Colonial Records of South Carolina. Copied from the State Paper Office, 
 
 London. Secretary of State's Office, Columbia, S. C. Thirty-six 
 
 volumes. 
 Confederate Records of Camps Burnet Rhett, Palmetto Guard, Sumter, 
 
 and Washington Artillery. Charleston, S. C. 
 Derkhiem, Myer. Record of Circumcisions at Charleston. A MS. of 
 
 the end of the eighteenth century. In the library of the Jewish 
 
 Theological Seminai'y of America. 
 Orderly Book, Charlestown Regiment of Militia, in the New York Public 
 
 Library. [Uncalendared MSS.] 
 Private letters and documents in the possession of the author. 
 Records in the offices of the Register of Mesne C< nveyances and Judge of 
 
 Probate, Charleston, Camden, Columbia, Savannah, and Sumter. 
 Revolutionary Records in the Collections of the South Carolina Historical 
 
 Society, the Secretary of State's Office, Columbia, S. C, the Library 
 
 of Congress, the Record and Pension Office, Washington, D. C, the 
 
 New York Public Library, and the Wisconsin State Historical 
 
 Society. 
 
 • Completeness is not claimed for this attempt at a bibliography. Exact refer- 
 ences to volumes and pages can be found by means of the index. Of articles in 
 periodicals only a few are siven. 
 
 296 
 
296 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Smith, Josiah, Jr. Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., one of the exiles from 
 Charles Town to St. Augustine, during the British Occupation, 1780- 
 1781. Unpublished MSS. (Copy.) Collections of the South Caro- 
 lina Historical Society. 
 
 Tombstone Inscriptions in the Jewish Cemeteries in Charleston, Columbia, 
 Georgetown, and Savannah. 
 
 Winyah Indigo Society. MSS. Collections. 
 [See also under Masonic Works in Section II.] 
 
 II 
 
 GENERAL WORKS CONTAINING INFORMATION RELATING TO THE 
 JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Adams, Hannah. History of the Jews. Boston, 1818. 
 
 Adams, H. B. Life and Writings of Jared Sparks. Boston, 1893. 
 
 American Jewish Historical Society Publications. Nos. 3, 4, 6, 9, 12. 
 
 American Jewish Year Book, 5661. 
 
 American Jews' Annual. Cincinnati, 1885~1889. 
 
 Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography. New York, 1895-6. 
 
 Archdale. A New Description of that Fertile and Pleasant Province of 
 
 ^Carolina. London, 1707. Charleston reprint, 1822. 
 Berlin, N. Z. J. Meshib Dabar. [Responsa.] Warsaw, 1894. 
 Blogg. -ZEdificium Salomonis. Hanover, 1831. 
 
 Boogher. Gleanings of Virginia History. Washington, D. C, 1903. 
 Capers. Life and Times of C. G. Memminger. Richmond, Va., 1893. 
 Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services. Washing- 
 ton, 1841. 
 Charieston, S. C, 
 
 Almanacs: 1756-1797, 1821-1860, 1876-1892. 
 
 City Directories: 1802, 1803, 1806, 1807, 1809, 1813, 1831, 1837, 
 
 1838, 1840-1, 1849, 1855, 1859. 
 Newspapers : 
 
 The South-Carolina Gazette and its successors, 1732-1801. 
 
 The South-Carolina Gazette; And Country Journal, 1765-1775. 
 
 The South-Carolina and American General Gazette, 1766-1781. 
 
 The Royal South-Carolina Gazette, 1780-1781. 
 
 The Royal Gazette, 1781-82. 
 
 The South-Carolina State Gazette and General Advertiser, 1783- 
 
 1785. 
 The Evening Gazette, 1785-1786. 
 The Columbian Herald, 1784-6, 1794-6. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 297 
 
 Charleston Newspapers (Continued). 
 
 The Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, 1786-1787. 
 
 The Investigator, 1812. 
 
 The Southern Patriot, 1819-1848. 
 
 The Mercury, 1823-1868. 
 
 The Courier, 1803-1873. 
 
 The News and Courier, 1873-1905. 
 Year-Books, 1880-1904. 
 Charleston Book, The. A Miscellany in Prose and Verse. Charleston, 
 1845. Published by Samuel Hart, Sr. 
 [Contains poems by Penina Molse and Lewis C Levin.] 
 
 Confederate Militaiy History, Vol. 5, 1899. Atlanta, 1899. 
 
 Congressional Globe, The. First Session^ Twenty-sixth Congress. [Decem- 
 ber, 1839- July, 1840.] 
 
 Cyclopaedia of Eminent and Representative Men of the Carolinas of the 
 Nineteenth Century. Vol. 1. Madison, Wis., 1892. 
 
 Dalcho. Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church in South 
 Carolina. Charleston, 1820. 
 
 Daly. Settlement of the Jews in North America. New York, 1893. 
 
 Davidson, J. W. Living Writers of the South. New York, 1809. 
 
 Dawson and De Saussure. Census of the City of Charleston «or the Year 
 
 1848. Charleston, S. C, 1849. 
 
 [Contains an interesting note about the Hebrew Orphan Sopiety (p. 41). The 
 annual expenditure is given as $1300.] V 
 
 Drayton. Memoirs of the American Revolution. Charleston, 1821. Two 
 volumes. 
 
 Dunlap. History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the 
 United States. New York, 1834. Two volumes. 
 
 Floyd. South Carolina in the Spanish- American War. Columbia, 1901. 
 
 Friinkel, David. Mittheilungen neuester Reisenden iiber die Israeliten in 
 Charleston. ... In Sulamith, Vol. 7, part 12, page 360. 
 
 Friedenberg, A. M. Calendar of American Jewish Cases. In Publications 
 of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 12. 
 
 Garden. Anecdotes of the American Revolution. Charleston, 1828. 
 
 Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War. Charleston, 1822. 
 
 Garrett. Reminiscences of Public Men in Alabama for Thirty Years. At- 
 lanta, 1872. 
 
 Gaster. History of the Antient Synagogue of the Spanish and Portuguese 
 Jews. London, 1901. 
 
 Gentleman's Magazine, The. Vols. 6, 8, 10, 11, 19, 24, 30, 33. 
 
 Georgetown Gazette, The. 1798-1803. 
 
298 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Georgia Gazette, The. 1774, 
 
 Georgia Historical Society Collections. Five volumes. 
 
 Gibbes. Documentai-y History of the American Revolution. Three vol- 
 umes. New York and Columbia, 1853-1857. 
 
 Goldsmid. The arguments advanced against the enfranchisement of the 
 Jews, considered in a series of letters. London, 1831. 
 
 Heitman. Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army, 1775-' 
 1783. Washington, D. C, 1893. 
 
 Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the 
 
 War of the Revolution. Washington, 1903. 
 
 Hotten. List of Emigrants to America, 1600-1700. New York, 1874. 
 
 [The Jewish names are reprinted by Cyrus Adler in Puilications of the Ameri- 
 can Jewish Historical Society, No. 1, pp. 105-108.] 
 
 Hough. Siege of Charleston. Albany, 1867. 
 
 Interlude, The. Charleston, 1901. 
 
 Jewish Chronicle, The. [London.] December 28, 1900, and January 4, 
 
 1901. 
 
 Jewish Encyclopaedia, The. TAvelve volumes. New York, 1901-1905. 
 
 [Useful in some of its biographical material though remarkable in its omis- 
 sions. Scant In historical data and thoroughly unreliable in all matters relating 
 to the Jews of South Carolina.] 
 
 Jewish Quarterly Review, The. October, 1897, and July, 1900. 
 
 Johnson. Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene. 
 
 Two volumes. Charleston, 1822. 
 Johnson, Joseph. Traditions and Reminiscences Chiefly of the American 
 
 Revolution in the South. Charleston, 1851. 
 Jones. History of Georgia. Two volumes. Boston, 1883. 
 Kapp, Friedrich. The Life of John Kalb. New York, 1870. 
 Kayserling. Zur Geschichte der jiidisehen Aerzte. In Monatsschrift, 
 
 Vol. 8, 
 King. The Newspaper Press of Charleston, S. C. Charleston, 1882. 
 Kohut, G. A. Ezra Stiles and the Jews. New York, 1902. 
 London Remembrancer, The. London, 1776. 
 Lossing. The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution. Two volumes. New 
 
 York, 1850-1860. 
 Markens. The Hebrews in America. New York, 1888. 
 Masonic Works : 
 
 Allocution of the Acting Grand Commander of the Supreme Council, 
 
 33°. Washing-ton, D. C, 1901. 
 
 [Refers to the part played by Jews in the establishment of Scottish Rite 
 Masonry in South Carolina.] 
 
 Mackey. Cryptic Masoni-y. New York, 1872. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 299 
 
 Masonic Works (Continued) 
 
 Record Book of Solomon's Lodge, No. 1, Charleston, S. C, for 1753. 
 [Contains the signature of Isaac Da Costa.] 
 
 Records in the Home of the Temple, Washington, D, C. 
 
 [Several Masonic Minute Books prior to 1800, containing signatures of 
 Jewish visitors.] 
 
 Richardson. Centennial Address. Washington, D. C, 1901. 
 
 The Voice of Masonry and Tidings from the Craft. Vol. 1, No. 23. 
 
 Louisville, Ky., 1S59. 
 
 [Contains the address made by Dr. Abraham De Leon, of Camden, on the 
 occasion of the visit of Lafayette and the reinterment of the remains of Karon 
 De Kalb.] 
 
 McCrady. History of South Carolina. Four volumes (1670-17S3). New 
 
 York, 1897-1902. 
 Mills. Statistics of South Carolina. Charleston, 1826. 
 Morals. Jews of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, 1894. 
 Moultrie. Memoirs of the American Revolution. Two volumes. New 
 
 York, 1802. 
 XIX Century, The. Vols. 1 and 2. Charleston, 1869-1870. 
 Occident, The. Philadelphia, 1843-1869. 
 O'Neall. Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Carolina. 
 
 Two volumes. Charleston, S. C, 1859. 
 Orion, The. Vol. 3. Athens and Penfield, Ga., 1843. 
 Peters. Law Reports. Vol. 6. " Lessee of Levy et al. vs. M'Cartee," 
 
 pp. 102-123. 
 Philosophical Transactions. Vol. 53. London, 1763. 
 Picciotto. Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History. London, 1875. 
 Ramsay. The History of South Carolina, from its first settlement in 1670 
 
 to the year 1808. Charleston, 1809. Two volumes. 
 
 The History of the Revolution of South Carolina, from a British 
 
 Province to an Independent State. Trenton, 1785. Two volumes. 
 
 Richardson. South Carolina Law Reports, Vol. 2. 
 
 Rivers. A Sketch of the History of South Carolina. Charleston, 1856. 
 
 Sabine. The American Loyalists in the War of the Revolution. Boston, 
 
 1847. 
 St. Andrew's Society of Charleston, S. C. Rules. Charleston, 1870. 
 Scott, E. J. Random Recollections of a Long Life. Columbia, 1884. 
 Shecut. Medical and Philosophical Essays. Charleston, 1819. 
 Simms. History of South Carolina. Second Edition. Charleston, 1842. 
 
 Articles in the Southern Quarterly Review for July and October, 
 
 1848. 
 
 Sinai. Edited by Einhorn. Baltimore, 1856. 
 
300 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 South Carolina: 
 
 Extracts from the Joi;rnals of the Provincial Congress of South- 
 Carolina, Second Session, held at Charles Town, February 1st- 
 March 26, 1776. Charles Town, 1776. 
 Journal of the Convention of the People. Held in 1860, 1861, and 
 
 1862. Columbia, S. C. 
 Statutes of. Vols. 2, 6, 8. 
 
 South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, The. Five volumes. 
 1900-1904. 
 
 South Carolina Historical Society Collections. Five volumes. 1857-89, 
 1887, 1897. 
 
 South Carolina Women in the Confederacy. Columbia, 1903. 
 
 Traiteur, The. Charleston, 1795. 
 
 Trott. Laws of the Province of South Carolina. Charleston, 1735. 
 
 United States Supreme Court. In Memoriam. Proceedings of the Bar of 
 the Supreme Court of the United States on the death of Philip Phillips 
 and the Action of the Court Thereon. Washington, D. C, 1884. 
 
 War of the Rebellion. Official Records of the Union and Confederate 
 Armies. Four series, seventy volumes, and three indexes. Washing- 
 ton, D. C, 1881-1900. 
 
 Watson. Physicians and Surgeons of America. Concord, N. H., 1896. 
 
 Webster, Pelatiah. Journal of a Voyage to Charles Town in So. Carolina 
 in 1765. Charleston, 1898. 
 
 Weston. Documents connected with the History of South Carolina. Lon- 
 don, 1856. 
 
 Winterbotham. A Historical, Geographical, Commercial, and Philosophi- 
 cal View of the United States of America. New York, 1796. 
 
 Winyah Indigo Society. Rules * * * with a short History of the Society 
 and lists of Living and Deceased Members. Charleston, 1874. 
 
 Wise, I. M. Reminiscences. Ti'ans. by David Philipson. Cincinnati, 1901. 
 
 [Chapters 6 and 7, pp. 119-154. deal with Dr. Wise's experiences in Charles- 
 ton. They are good reading from the viewpoint of the raconteur, but must not be 
 regarded as history.] 
 
 Wolf, Lucien. Crypto Jews under the Commonwealth. (In Jewish His- 
 torical Society of England Transactions, Vol. 1.) 
 
 Wolf, Simon. The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen. Phila- 
 delphia, 1895. 
 
 Mordecai Manuel Noah, A Biographical Sketch. Philadelphia, 1897. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 301 
 
 III 
 
 BOOKS AND AETICLES DEALING SPECIFICALLY WITH THE JEWS OF 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Elzas, Barnett A. The Jews of South Carolina (1695-1800). Four pam- 
 phlets. Charleston, 1902-3. 
 
 The First Naturalization in the Province. Charleston, 1903. 
 
 Documents Relative to a Proposed Settlement of Jews in South 
 
 Carolina in 1748. Charleston, 1903. 
 
 Moses Lindo — A Sketch of the Most Prominent Jew in Charles Town 
 
 in Provincial Days. Charleston, 1903. 
 
 Old Jewish Cemeteries. Charleston, 1903. 
 
 A Review of the Article " Charleston" in Vol. 3 of The Jewish En- 
 
 cyclopcedia. Charleston, 1902. 
 
 The Elzas-Hiihner Controversy (two pamphlets). Charleston, 1903. 
 
 Joseph Salvador — A Sketch of a Jewish Merchant Prince who came 
 
 to South Carolina, where he died in 1786. Charleston, 1903. 
 
 The Organ in the Synagogue — An interesting chapter in the His- 
 tory of Reform Judaism in America. Charleston, 1902. 
 
 A History of the Congregation Beth Elohim, of Charleston, S. C, 
 
 1800-1810. Compiled from Recently Discovered Records. Charles- 
 ton, 1902. 
 
 Minutes of Testimony taken before a Court of Enquiry after the 
 
 Revolution in the Cases of Certain Jews whose Loyalty was Sus- 
 pected. Charleston, 1903. 
 
 The Story of a Long Lost Seal. [The Hebrew Benevolent Society 
 
 of Charleston, S. C] Charleston, 1903. 
 
 A Century of Judaism in South Carolina (1800-1900). Charleston, 
 
 1904. 
 
 Edwin Warren Moise — In Memoriam. Charleston, 1903. 
 
 Constitution of the Hebrew Congregation of Kaal Kadosh Beth 
 
 Elohim or House of God (MDCCCXX). Reprinted from a unique 
 copy. Charleston, 1904. 
 
 The Old Jewish Cemeteries at Charleston, S. C. A Transcript of 
 
 the Inscriptions on Their Tombstones, 1762-1903. Charleston, 1903. 
 
 [With three exceptions, these are all pamphlet reprints of articles which 
 appeared originally in the columns of The Sunday Neics and The News and 
 Courier, of Charleston, S. C, during the years 1902-4.] 
 
 Harby, Isaac. Discourse before the Reformed Society of Israelites. 
 
 Charleston, 1825. 
 Hebrew Benevolent Society of Charleston. Constitution and By-Laws, 
 
 1795-1900. Charleston, 1900. 
 
302 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Hebrew Benevolent Society of Columbia, S. C, Constitution of, January, 
 1S44. Columbia, 1844. 
 
 Hebrew Orphan Society of Charleston, S. C, Constitution of. Charleston, 
 1887. 
 
 Hiihner, Leon. Francis Salvador, a Prominent Patriot of the Revolu- 
 tionary War. In Publications of the American Jewish Historical 
 Society, No. 9. 
 
 [An attempt at fine writing, but contains nothing new. Mr. Hvihner's numer- 
 ous mistalves were corrected by Mr. A. S. Sal ley, Jr., in The South Carolina His- 
 torical and Oenealogical Magazine for January, 1902. Every one of these mistakes, 
 nevertheless, reappears in the article " Charleston" in The Jewish Encyclopaedia. 
 Mr. Hiihner has, besides, written a short article on this subject in Vol. 10 of The 
 Jewish Encyclopaedia, and another in The New Era for July, 1905.] 
 
 Charleston. In Vol. 3 of The Jewish Encyclopcedia. 
 
 [A veritable historical curiosity. Erroneous in almost every statement.] 
 
 The Jews of South Carolina from the Earliest Settlement to the End 
 
 of the American Revolution. In Publications of the American Jewish 
 
 Historical Society, No. 12. 
 
 [Somewhat better than Mr. Hiihner's other work in this fleid. He might have 
 done still better had he incorporated more than he has done of already published 
 material and used better historical discrimination. This article contains much 
 irrelevant matter and many mistakes.] 
 
 Jacobs, Joseph. South Carolina. In Vol. 11 of The Jewish Encyclopcedia. 
 K. K. Beth Elohim. Constitution of the Hebrew Congregation of Kaal 
 
 Kadosh Beth Elohim or House of God. Charleston, 1820. 
 Charleston, 1871. 
 
 Charleston, 1904. 
 
 Kohut, G. A. Some Notes on the Jews of Georgia and South Carolina. 
 In Hebrew Union College Journal for April, 1898. 
 
 A Literary BiogTaphy of M. M. Noah. In Publications of the Amer- 
 ican Jewish Historical Society, No. 6, pp. 112-121. 
 
 Levin, Nathaniel. The Jewish Congregation of Charleston. In The Occi- 
 dent. Vol. 1, pp. 336-342, 384-390, 434-440, 491-496. 
 
 [These four articles have been practically the only sources of Information of 
 all previous writers. These sketches make good reading, but are poor history.] 
 
 Lewis. Correspondence between Washington and Jewish Citizens. In 
 Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 3, pp. 
 87, 92-94. 
 
 Moi'se, Charles H. An Account of the Lazarus and Levy Families. In The 
 Hebrew Journal, of New York, December, 1887. Incorporated into 
 Lucien Wolf's " The History and Genealogy of the Jewish Families 
 of Yates and Samuel of Liverpool." London, 1901. For private 
 circulation. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 303 
 
 Moi'se, Penina. Biographical sketches of, by Mrs. S. A. Dinkins in Ameri- 
 can Jews' Annual for 5648, by Charlotte Adams in The Critic, Vol. 15 
 (1889), and by Mrs. Lee C. Harby in American Jewish Year Book 
 for 5666. 
 
 Myei's, R. P. Biographical Sketch of Dr. Levi Myers. By his Grandson 
 Robert Pooler Myers, M.D. Honolulu, 1903. 
 
 North American Review, The. July, 1826. 
 
 [Many interesting data concerning the Jews of Cliarleston and the Reformed 
 Society of Israelites.] 
 
 Petrikowsky, I. M. Jews in Charleston. In the monthly Voskhod, Novem- 
 
 bei— December, 1888, pp. 166-169 (Russian), 
 Raisin, Max. The Jews in Charleston (Hebrew). In his Toledoth ha- 
 
 Yehudim be-Ameriea. Warsaw, 1902, pp. 181-182. 
 
 [From Judge Daly"s work.] 
 
 Reformed Society of Israelites, for promoting true Principles of Judaism 
 according to its Purity and Spirit, Constitution of. Charleston, 1825. 
 8vo, pp. 16. 
 
 IV 
 
 WORKS OF JEWISH INTEREST PRINTED IN SOUTH CAROLINA OR BY 
 SOUTH CAROLINA JEWS. 
 
 Elzas, Barnett A. Judaism — an Exposition. Charleston, 1896. Pp. 
 30. 24°. 
 
 The Sabbath School Companion. Charleston, 1895-1896. 
 
 Kugel, Charlotte. Pseud, of M. Jaffe. Hanukkah Not Christmas. N. d. 
 
 Levy, David. Service of the Sanctuary. For the Sabbath and Festivals. 
 Arranged for the use of Congregation Beth Elohim, Charleston, S. C. 
 New York, 1879. 
 
 Moise, Penina. Hymns Written for the Use of Hebrew Congregations. 
 Charleston, 1856. Fourth Edition, 1867. 
 
 Raphall, M. J. The Constancy of Israel — a Discourse Delivered before 
 the Congregation Shearit Israel, Charleston, S. C. Charleston, 1850. 
 
 The Sabbath Service and Miscellaneous Prayers, Adopted by the Reformed 
 Society of Israelites, Founded in Charleston, South Carolina, Novem- 
 ber 21, 1825. Charleston, 1830. 
 
 Salomon, Dr. G. Twelve Sermons Delivered in the New Temple of the 
 Israelites at Hamburgh, Translated by Anna Maria Goldsmid. 12mo. 
 Charleston, 1840. First American Edition, Levin & Tavel, pub- 
 lishers. 
 
 The Southern Hebrew. A Jewish weekly published in Charleston in 1877. 
 Only a few numbers appeared. 
 
304 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 OTHER BOOKS BY SOUTH CAROLINA JEWS. 
 
 Cardozo, J. N. Notes on Political Economy. Charleston, 1826. 
 
 A Plan of Financial Relief addressed to the Legislature of Georgia 
 
 and Confederate States Congress. Atlanta, 1863. 
 
 Reminiscences of Charleston. Charleston, 1866. 
 
 Carvalho, S. N. Last Expedition Across the Rocky Mountains: In- 
 cluding Three Months' Residence in Utah and a Perilous Trip Across 
 the Great American Desert to the Pacific. By S. N. Carvalho, Artist 
 and Daguerreo-typist. New York, 1857. 
 
 Cohen, J. Barrett. Oration Delivered on the First Anniversary of the 
 South Carolina Historical Society, June 28, 1855. In South Carolina 
 Historical Society Collections, 1858, Vol. 2, pp. 104-117. 
 
 Cohen, M. M. Notices of Florida and the Campaigns. Charleston, 1836. 
 
 De La Motta, Jacob. Discourses. Savannah, 1820. 
 
 An Oration on the Causes of the Mortality among Strangers During 
 
 the Late Summer and Fall. Savannah, 1820. 
 
 De Leon, Edwin. The Position and Duties of Young America. An 
 Address Delivered before the two Literaiy Societies of the South 
 Carolina College, December, 1845. Columbia, 1845. 
 
 The Khedive's Egypt; or, The Old House of Bondage Under New 
 
 Masters. London, 1877. New York, 1878. 
 
 Three Letters from a South Carolinian, relating to Secession, 
 
 Slavery and the Trent Case. London, 1861. For Private Circula- 
 tion. 
 
 De Leon, T. C. Four Years in Rebel Capitals, Mobile, 1890. 
 
 [Mr. De Leon is the author of numerous novels, plays, and translations. 
 For a list of his publications see Who's Who in America, Chicago, 1903-1905.] 
 
 Harby, Isaac. A Selection from the Miscellaneous Writings of the Late 
 Isaac Harby, Esq., by Moi'se and Pinckney. Charleston, 1829. 
 
 Harby, Mrs. Lee C. Earliest Texas. (In American Historical Associa- 
 tion's Annual Report, 1891, pp. 197-205.) 
 
 The Tejas: Their Habits, Government, and Superstitions. (In 
 
 American Historical Association's Annual Report. 1894, pp. 63-82.) 
 
 [Mrs. Harby has published numerous poems, stories, and historical articles. 
 For list see Who's Who in America, Chicago, 1903-1905.] 
 
 Lewisohn, Ludwig. Books we Have Made : A History of Literature in 
 South Carolina. The Sunday News, Charleston, S. C, July 5-Septem- 
 ber 20, 1903. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 305 
 
 Lewisohn, Ludwig, An Appreciation of Viereck. In Georg Sylvester 
 Viereck's Gedichte. New York, 1904. 
 
 Marks, Elias. Preliminary Discourse to Lectures on Belles Lettres con- 
 nected with Female Education. New York, 1S50. 
 
 Poems. New York, 1850. 
 
 Moise, Penina. Fancy's Sketch Book. Charleston, S. C, 1833. 
 
 Moses, Myer. Full Annals of the Revolution in France, 1830. With 
 
 a Full Account of the Celebration of Said Revolution in the City of 
 
 New York. New York, 1830. 
 
 Oration Delivered at Tammany Hall on the 12th May, 1831; being 
 
 the Forty-second Anniversary of the Tammany Society, or Columbian 
 Order. New York, 1831. 
 
INDEX 
 
 " A Hundred Years Ago," 148. 
 Aaron, Solomon, 91, 106, 132, 277. 
 
 Solomon (younger), 279. 
 Aarons, Jacob, 279. 
 
 Moses, 132, 167. 
 Abbeville, 253. 
 
 County, 118. 
 
 District, 118. 
 Abendanone, David, 132. 
 
 Hyam, 132. 
 
 Jacob, 132. 
 
 Joseph, 132, 279. 
 Abraham, Philip, 45, 277. 
 Abrahams, A. H., 167. 
 
 Abraham, 132, 279. 
 
 Abraham S., 132. 
 
 Alexander, 167. 
 
 E., 167, 204. 
 
 Edmund H., 238. 
 
 Edwin H., 239. 
 
 Elias, 133, 167. 
 
 Emanuel, 44, 45, 91, 103, 117, 
 122, 133, 277. 
 
 Mrs. Emanuel, 92. 
 
 Hyam, 133. 
 
 Hyman, 133. 
 
 Isaac, 133, 279. 
 
 Isaac (another), 239. 
 
 Isaac Brisco, 277. 
 
 Israel, 133. 
 
 Jacob, 133, 279. 
 
 Abrahams, Joseph, 103, 277. 
 Judah, 91, 277. 
 Mrs. Judith, 92. 
 Levy, 277. 
 Levy J., 133. 
 Moses, 133, 167. 
 Samuel, 133. 
 T. H., 167, 223. 
 Abrams, Moise, 133, 279. 
 Act for Making Aliens Free, 20, 
 
 276-277. 
 Adams, Life and Writings of Jared 
 Sparks by, 178. 
 Charlotte, 182, 183. 
 Hannah, History of the Jews 
 by, 145. 
 Adjutant and Inspector-General of 
 
 South Carolina, 249, 251. 
 yEdificium Salomonis (Blogg), 146. 
 Aguilar, Joseph, 133. 
 
 Free Library, 275. 
 Aiken's Regiment, 233. 
 Ainslie, John, 54. 
 
 Alabama, 191, 233 ; a digest of the 
 decisions of the Supreme Court 
 of, 202. 
 Albany, N. Y., 21, 217, 218. 
 
 Law School, 254. 
 Albemarle (ram), the, 227. 
 Albergo, Judah, 133. 
 Moses, 133. 
 
 307 
 
308 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Alberti, 175. 
 Albuoy, Captain, 93. 
 Alexander, A., of Columbia, 246. 
 Aaron, 167. 
 Rev. Abraham, 43, 44, 102, 133, 
 
 143, 145, 277, 292. 
 Abraham (younger), 133, 167, 
 
 279. 
 Alexander, 133, 
 Mrs. Ann Sarah, 44. 
 Isaac, 223. 
 Joseph Raphael, 44. 
 Judah, 133. 
 Moses, 133. 
 Alexander Severus, 175. 
 Alfieri, 175. 
 Aliens, Act for making free, 20, 
 
 276-277. 
 Allgevieine Zeitung des Juden- 
 
 thums, 216. 
 Allocution of the Acting Grand 
 
 Commander, 145. 
 Altman, James P., 239. 
 America, 35, 59, 77, 85, 98, 110, 
 120, 125, 130, 145, 146, 147, 150, 
 155, 159, 164, 175, 181, 182, 204, 
 256, 268, 269, 282, 285, 286, 287, 
 
 291. 
 "America, List of persons quali- 
 fied according to the Act for Nat- 
 uralizing Protestants in his Maj- 
 esty's Colonies of," 24; the first 
 Jew to represent the masses in a 
 popular assembly in, 77. 
 American Art Union, 191. 
 
 Hebrew, The, 22, 85, 160. 
 Israelite, The, 85, 182, 201, 262. 
 Jew as Patriot, Soldier and 
 Citizen, The, 94, 95, 126, 144, 
 200, 228, 238. 
 
 American Jewish Historical So- 
 ciety, 7, 42, 61, 76, 82, 94; 
 Publications of the, 21, 37, 
 42, 65, 95, 142 
 Jews'' Annual, 184, 191. 
 Journal of Dental Science, 204. 
 Loyalists (Sabine), 104. 
 Amesquita, R. D., 133. 
 Amsterdam, 33, 68, 110, 111, 147, 
 
 280. 
 Ancker, State vs., 34. 
 G. v., 167, 238. 
 S. P., 238. 
 Ancrum, George, 54. 
 
 William, 54. 
 Anderson, David, 104, 105. 
 Anderson's Brigade, 237, 
 " An Early Ownership of Real Es- 
 tate in Albany, New York, by a 
 Jewish Trader," 21, 
 Annapolis, Naval Academy at, 201, 
 Antient Artillery Society, 196. 
 Apalachicola, Fla., 199. 
 Apothecary General, 128. 
 Appelt, Henry, 264. 
 Louis, 255, 256. 
 Appleby, George, 54. 
 Appletons' Eneyclopcedia of Amer- 
 ican Biography, 179, 
 Appomattox, 223, 229. 
 Apprentices' Library, 194. 
 Arbuthnot, Admiral Marriott, 101, 
 Archdale, Governor John, 19, 
 Archives Israelites, 216. 
 Army of Northern Virginia, 235, 
 
 248, 268. 
 Aronson, Woolf, 133, 242, 243. 
 Art and Artists, 140, 178, 187, 196, 
 
 217, 256, 262. 
 Asher, Abraham, 223. 
 Harris, 223. 
 
INDEX 
 
 309 
 
 Asher, Henry, 223. 
 Ashim, L. N., 167. 
 
 Simon, 167, 
 Asmonean, The, 141. 
 Atlanta, Ga., 178, 203, 224, 227, 
 
 229, 235. 
 Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 190. 
 Attorney-General, C. S. A., 185. 
 Audler, E., 133. 
 
 I., 167. 
 
 Myer, 133. 
 
 Solomon, 133. 
 Augusta, Ga., 166, 192, 196, 227, 
 269, 210. 
 
 Convention, 197. 
 Austis, John, 280, 282. 
 Averysboro, N. C, 232, 248. 
 Avila, , 20. 
 
 Abraham, 21, 277. 
 Azevedo, B. C. D', 133, 291. 
 
 Isaac D', 133. 
 
 M. Cohen D', 133. 
 Azuby, Rev. Abraham, 133, 279, 
 
 288, 290, 291, 292. 
 Bachman's Battery, 229, 234, 236. 
 Bacot, Peter, 54. 
 Bailey, Henry, 210. 
 Ball, Barney, 239. 
 Baltimore, Md., 160, 166, 177, 187, 
 188, 190, 197, 274. 
 
 Medical and Surgical Journal 
 and Revieiv, 190. 
 
 Sun, The, 96. 
 Bank of Camden, 194. 
 
 of Charleston, 196, 205. 
 
 of Hamburg, 205. 
 
 of Manning, 254. 
 
 of South Carolina (Charles- 
 ton), 205. 
 
 of South Carolina (George- 
 town), 189. 
 
 Bank of the State of South Caro- 
 lina, 143, 189, 192, 205. 
 
 of the United States, 286. 
 Barbadoes, 19, 29. 
 
 rum, 27. 
 Barbary, 172. 
 Barhamville School, 195. 
 Barker's Creek, 74. 
 Barkesdale's Regiment, 223. 
 Barnard, Alexander, 133. 
 Barnes & Gumming, 270. 
 Barnet, Barnet, 133. 
 
 John, 246. 
 
 Moses, 133. 
 
 Woolf, 167. 
 Barnett, B. J., 223. 
 
 H. D., 253. 
 
 John, 247. 
 Barnwell, 253. 
 Barrett, Abraham, 133. 
 
 Isaac, 137, 167, 223. ' 
 
 Jacob, 133, 167, 185. 
 
 Judah, 133, 245, 246. 
 
 S. I., 167. 
 
 Solomon, 279. 
 
 Solomon J., 246. 
 Barry, Captain John, 104. 
 Barue, B. S., 167, 223. 
 Baruch, A., 262. 
 
 Herman, 223. 
 
 Dr. Simon, 223, 268-269. 
 Battery Wagner, 230. 
 Baum, Elkin, 167. 
 
 Gabriel H., 245. 
 
 Harry, 245. 
 
 Heman, 167. 
 
 M., 223. 
 
 M. H., 224. 
 
 Mannes, 245. 
 
 Marcus, 224. 
 Bavaria, 256, 
 
310 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Bay, the (Charles Town), 29, 43, 
 
 66. 
 Beale, Hon, Othniel, 54. 
 Bean's Station, 229. 
 Beaufam Street (Charleston), 186. 
 Beaufort, 132, 138, 166, 192, 250, 
 
 253, 254 ; the battle of, 84, 87. 
 Beauregard, General P. G. T., 223. 
 
 Light Infantry, 236. 
 Bedon Alley (Charleston), 173. 
 Bee, Thomas, 54. 
 Behrmann, S., 265. 
 Belitzer, Isaac, 167. 
 Jacob, 167, 224. 
 Theodore, 224. 
 Bell Telephone, 273. 
 Bellinger, Edmund, 58. 
 Bench and Bar (O'Neall), 128, 144, 
 
 193, 206, 210. 
 Benedix, Isaac, 279. 
 Benfield, John, 54. 
 Benjamin, David, 167, 238. 
 
 Judah P. (1811-1884), 185- 
 
 187, 221. 
 Philip, 133, 163, 185, 186. 
 S., 205, 224. 
 S. A., 167. 
 family, 185. 
 Bensadon, Dr. J., 167, 206. 
 
 Judah, 167. 
 Bentonville, N. C, 226, 229, 248, 
 
 249. 
 Bentschner, Isaac, 167. 
 I. W., 167. 
 Jacob, 167. 
 Benzakin, Joseph, 279. 
 Beresford Street, 120. 
 Beresford's Wharf, 56. 
 Berg, J., 224. 
 Bergen, Morris, 167. 
 Berkeley County, 21, 25. 
 
 Berlin, Naphtali Zebi Judah, 219. 
 
 Ralph, 167. 
 Berman, Clarence M., 264. 
 Bernard, Levy, 167. 
 
 M., 133. 
 Bernstine, Nathan, 167. 
 Berryville, Va., 229. 
 Best, Dr., 172. 
 
 Beth Elohim. (See Congregation 
 Beth Elohim.) 
 Unveh Shallom, 33, 116. 
 Shalome, Congregation, 131. 
 Bevis Marks Synagogue, 47, 69, 
 108, 111, 147, 148, 151, 157, 291. 
 (See also Portuguese Jews' Syna- 
 gogue of London.) 
 Bibliography, 295-305. 
 Bishopsgate Street (London), 109. 
 Black Mingo, 132. 
 
 River, 229. 
 Blaine, James G., 185. 
 Blake, Hon. Daniel, 54. 
 
 Governor Joseph, 20, 21. 
 William, 54. 
 Blakely, Ala., 233. 
 Blank, H., 265. 
 L, 265. 
 J., 238. 
 Josiah, 167. 
 S., 265. 
 Blankensee, D., 239. 
 
 H., 224. 
 Blankenstine, Jacob, 224. 
 Bloch, Louis L., 245. 
 Blogg, Leo de, 146. 
 
 Sol. Ephr., yEdificium Solo- 
 monis by, 146. 
 "Bloody Scout," 104. 
 B'nai B'rith, 270, 274. 
 Board of Pharmaceutical Examin- 
 ers (S. C), 256. 
 
 I 
 
INDEX 
 
 811 
 
 Board of Trade (Charleston), 179. 
 Boogher, Wm. F., Gleanings of 
 
 Virginia History by, 93. 
 Booksellers, 191. 
 Boone, Joseph, 25. 
 
 Governor Thomas, commission 
 of, to Moses Lindo, 55. 
 Boonesboro, 223, 229, 230, 231. 
 Booth, Edwin, 193. 
 Boquet, Captain Peter, company 
 
 of, 88. 
 Boscawen, the, 58. 
 Boston, 145, 184. 
 Bounty on indigo, 57, 63. 
 Bowie, Captain John, 75. 
 Bowman, L., 224. 
 Bramson, Jacob, 133. 
 Branchville, 253. 
 Brandon, David, 133, 145. 
 Brandy Station, 224, 248. 
 Branford, William, 50, 54. 
 Breslau, M., 167. 
 Brewton, Miles (1731-1775), 54. 
 Brilles, S., 243. 
 Bristol, 51. 
 
 water, 60. 
 British Colonies, 53. 
 
 Government, 93, 177. 
 
 Parliament, 48, 53, 57, 63. 
 Broad Street, 27, 36, 38, 43, 87, 285. 
 Brooks Guards, 227, 234. 
 Brown, Charles, 117. 
 
 E., 265. 
 
 H., 265. 
 
 Joseph, 224. 
 
 Louis, 224. 
 
 Mendel, 224. 
 
 Z., 265. 
 Brussels, 201. 
 
 Buchanan, President, 192, 273. 
 Buley, Jacob, 133. 
 
 Bull, Hon. William (1710-1791), 
 
 54, 57. 
 Bull Run, 229. 
 
 Bullett, Captain William F., 144. 
 Bulloch, Martha, 195. 
 Bureau of Pensions, 85-6, 92. 
 Bury Court, London, 47. 
 Bush, Colonel, 95. 
 
 David, 244, 279. 
 
 Isaiah, 244. 
 Butler, Judge A. P., 210. 
 
 Isaac, 243. 
 
 John, 50. 
 
 General M. C, 248, 249. 
 
 Guards, 229. 
 Butterfield, Jonas, 50. 
 Cairo, Egypt, 273. 
 Calhoun, John C, 174, 204. 
 
 Street, Charleston, 87. 
 California, 191. 
 Camden, Mississippi, 193. 
 
 S. C, 96, 132, 136, 141, 144, 
 166, 193, 194, 205, 244-245, 
 268, 293; battle of, 95, 96; 
 Kirkland and Kennedy's his- 
 tory of, 97. 
 
 District, 244. 
 
 Gazette, The, 245. 
 Cameron, David, 99. 
 Camp Chase, 233. 
 
 Sumter, U. C. V., 227, 228, 
 229, 230, 235. 
 Campbell, Martin, 54. 
 
 Martin, & Son, 66. 
 
 William, 58. 
 Canter, Abraham, 133. 
 
 Benjamin, 133. 
 
 David, 133, 279. 
 
 Emanuel, 133, 167, 279. 
 
 Isaac, 133, 145. 
 
 Jacob, 133. 
 
312 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Canter, John, 133, 140. 
 Jonathan, 133. 
 Joshua, 133, 140, 279. 
 R., 239. 
 Cantor, David, 133. 
 
 Jacob, 133, 143, 279. 
 Jacob, Jr., 279. 
 Manning, 143. 
 Cape Frangois, 280. 
 Capers, General Ellison, 235. 
 General Francis W., 269. 
 Cardozo, Abraham Nunez, 32, 39, 
 277. 
 Daniel N., 84. 
 Daniel W., 95. 
 
 David, 95, 133, 142, 143, 154. 
 David Nunez, 84, 87, 92, 95, 
 
 167, 193, 277. 
 Mrs. David Nunez, 92. 
 Mrs. Hannah, 39. 
 Isaac, 143. 
 Isaac N., 95, 133, 161, 163, 
 
 164, 167, 179, 204. 
 Jacob N., 133, 141, 167, 172, 
 
 176-179, 206, 258. 
 Samuel Nunez, 45, 277. 
 Mrs. Sarah, 92. 
 Carolina, 20, 21, 22, 26, 31, 115, 
 158. 
 A New Description of that 
 Fertile and Pleasant Prov- 
 ince of (Archdale), 19. 
 indigo, 48, 51, 52, 61, 62, 63, 65. 
 Military Institute, 254. 
 Carolinian, The, 257. 
 Carrillon, Rev. B. C, 216. 
 Carvalho, David Nunez (1784- 
 1860), 133, 158, 161, 163, 
 167, 187. 
 Rev. E. N., 145, 146, 167, 187, 
 292. 
 
 Carvalho, E. N. D., 133. 
 Solomon N., 167, 187. 
 Mr., 27, 277. 
 & Gutteres, 26. 
 Casberry, Aaron, 224. 
 Cashby, .A., 239. 
 Cedar Mountain, Va., 234. 
 
 Run, Va., 229. 
 Celler, M., 247. 
 Cemeteries, Jewish, 35, 88, 120, 134, 
 
 195, 246, 253, 293. 
 Centennial Address (Richardson), 
 
 44, 145. 
 Central Railroad Bank, 190. 
 Chamber of Commerce, Charleston, 
 
 163, 178, 194. 
 Chancellorsville, battle of, 224, 235. 
 Chapman, John, 54. 
 Charles II., 276. 
 
 Captain, battery of, 223. 
 
 Town (changed to Charleston 
 
 in 1783) ; Pelatiah 
 
 Webster's Journal of a 
 
 voyage to, 61. 
 
 (and Charleston) Neck, 
 
 87. 
 Regiment (militia), 41, 83, 
 86, 87, 91. 
 Charleston; article on in The Jew- 
 ish Encyclopcedia, 82, 84, 
 143 ; Portuguese Jewish 
 Congregation in, 33, 116, 
 117. 
 Book, The (Simms), 182. 
 County, mesne conveyance and 
 Probate Court records of, 21, 
 22, 23, 24, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 
 42, 44, 45, 67, 70, 110, 111, 
 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 225. 
 Courier, The, 88, 163, 164, 172, 
 173, 176, 179, 180, 181, 189, 
 
INDEX 
 
 313 
 
 Charleston Courier (Continued) — 
 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 
 197, 199, 203, 204, 206, 207, 
 217, 221, 222, 223, 227, 228, 
 231, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 
 271, 273, 283. 
 Directory, 141, 186. 
 Dispensary, 179. 
 Evening Gazette, The, 33. 
 Guards, 237. 
 Harbor, 95, 207. 
 Insurance Co., 193. 
 Library, 19, 26, 47, 144, 163; 
 gazettes in the, 26, 47. 
 Society, 8, 241. 
 Light Dragoons, 233. 
 Mercury, The, 161, 163, 174, 
 
 176, 217, 222. 
 Morning Post and Daily Ad- 
 vertiser, The, 114. 
 Neck Rangers, 144. 
 Orphan House, 41, 188, 263. 
 Riflemen, 144. 
 Zouaves, 228. 
 Charlestown, W. Va., 229. 
 Charlotte, N. C, 254. 
 
 Observer, The, 186. 
 Charming Nancy, the, 65. 
 Chatham County, Ga., 189. 
 Cheraw, 134, 166. 
 
 Bank, 192. 
 Cherokee Indians, 74, 75, 76. 
 
 War, 42. 
 Chester, 205, 253. 
 Chesterfield District, 192, 199, 202, 
 
 206. 
 Cheves, Langdon, 172. 
 
 Langdon, grandson of above, 17. 
 Chickahominy, battle of, 233. 
 Chickamanga, 259; battle of, 228- 
 9, 230, 234. 
 
 Chief Justice of South Carolina 
 mentioned, 121. 
 Rabbi, the first, in Charles 
 Town, 30, 33, 34, 94, 241. 
 Christaos Novos, 111. 
 Chumaceiro, Rev. J. H. M., 292. 
 Churubusco, 207. 
 
 City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, 
 142, 174, 176. 
 Orphan Asylum (Charleston), 
 263. 
 Civic Improvement, 197. 
 Claiborne, Colonel W. C, 248. 
 Claremont (election district), 198. 
 Clarenceux King of Arms, 69, 280, 
 
 281, 282. 
 Clarendon County, 254, 255. 
 (election district), 197. 
 Clariosophic Society, 257. 
 Clark, Eliza Steinmeyer, 256. 
 Clarke, Henry, 224. 
 Clay Club, 180. 
 Cleveland, Ohio, 274. 
 
 President, 255. 
 Clifford Street (Charleston), 185. 
 Clinton, Sir Henry, petitioners to, 
 who desired to take the oath of 
 allegiance to Great Britain, 92, 
 101, 102-3. 
 Coats-of-arms, 69. . 
 Cochineal, 48, 51. 
 Cockpit Point, 230. 
 Coffee, 49. 
 
 Cohen, Corporal, 224. 
 A. Marion, 224. 
 A. N., 167, 247. 
 Aaron, 239. 
 Abraham, 34, 91, 103, 106, 127, 
 
 133, 242, 243, 277. 
 Abraham, Jr., 133. 
 Abraham A., 133. 
 
314 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Cohen, Ansley D., 225, 263, 265. 
 Arthur M., 225. 
 Asher D., 167, 225, 262. 
 Aug. E., 167, 238. 
 Barnard, 133. 
 Barnard, Jr., 133. 
 Barnet, 133. 
 Barnet A., 143. 
 Benjamin, 133. 
 C. H., 167. 
 C. Henry, 269-270. 
 
 C. S., 239. 
 D., 225. 
 
 D. M., 225. 
 David, 225. 
 David D., 167, 225. 
 David L., 167. 
 Mrs. Dinah, 45. 
 
 E., 167. 
 
 E. B., 225. 
 E. H., 167. 
 
 E. Louis, 225. 
 
 Edward P., 225. 
 
 Esdaile P., 133, 161, 163, 167. 
 
 Fishel, 239. 
 
 Francis, 45. 
 
 G., 167. 
 
 Gershon, 91, 98, 99, 103, 116, 
 
 117, 121, 122, 133, 277. 
 Mrs. Gershon, 92. 
 Gershon (younger), 133. 
 Gustavus A., 225 
 Rev. H., 167. 
 H. C, 167. 
 H. F., 225. 
 H. S., 247. 
 
 Rev. Hartwig, 133, 292. 
 Henry, 133, 225, 237. 
 Hy. S., 167. 
 
 Hyam, 133, 144, 167, 204, 207. 
 I., 237. 
 
 Cohen, I. S., 167, 238. 
 I. S. (another), 265. 
 Is., 277. 
 
 Captain Isaac, 207. 
 Isaac, 133, 225. 
 Isaac Barrett, 225. 
 Isaac S., 133, 188, 246. 
 Miss Isabel, 262 
 Isdel, 133. 
 J., 91, 237. 
 J., Jr., 207. 
 J. Quintus, 9, 151. 
 J. S., 167. 
 Jacob (1780), 91, 93, 94, 104, 
 
 106, 121, 122, 124, 127, 133, 
 
 167, 277. 
 Jacob (younger), 134, 144, 167, 
 
 204. 
 Jacob (1818), of Georgetown, 
 
 134. 
 Jacob A., 279. 
 Jacob B., 226. 
 Jacob D., 134. 
 Jacob H., 167, 239. 
 Jacob I. (1783), 84, 95. 
 John, 134. 
 John Jay, 167, 270. 
 Jonas, 134. 
 Joseph, 134, 167, 226. 
 Judah, 134. 
 Judah Barrett, 167, 206, 225, 
 
 270-271. 
 JuUus, 226. 
 L., 238, 265. 
 L. L., 226, 262. 
 Lawrence L., 226. 
 Dr. Lawrence L., 167, 206. 
 Leopold, 167. 
 Levi, 279. 
 Lewin, 134. 
 Lewis, 134, 168. 
 
 Ji 
 
INDEX 
 
 815 
 
 Cohen, M., 226. 
 M. D., 238. 
 M. M. (admitted to the Bar in 
 
 1829), 205. 
 M. M. (admitted to the Bar 
 
 in 1855), 206. 
 Marx E., 168, 188, 226. 
 McDuff, 168, 226, 265. 
 Melvin M., 168. 
 Mordecai S., 134. 
 Mordicai (1763-1848), 134, 
 
 143, 168, 188, 279. 
 Morris, 226. 
 Moses, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 
 
 45, 94, 241, 277, 292. 
 Moses (younger), 91, 134. 
 Myer M., 134, 142, 168, 189, 
 
 207. 
 N. A., 168. 
 Nathaniel, 134. 
 Dr. P. Melvin, 168, 189, 204, 
 
 206, 207. 
 P. S., 168. 
 Philip, of Charleston, 102, 133, 
 
 134, 143, 144, 145, 168, 189, 
 
 206, 277. 
 Philip, of Union, 259. 
 Philip L, 226. 
 Philip Jacob, 91, 92, 277. 
 Philip L., 226. 
 Mrs. Rebecca, 92. 
 Robert, 226. 
 S., 237. 
 S. A., 247. 
 
 Samuel, 134, 168, 226. 
 Solomon, 127, 134, 143, 241, 
 
 242, 243, 277. 
 Mrs. Solomon, 221. 
 Solomon (younger), 134, 141, 
 
 168, 189, 205, 243. 
 Solomon I., 134, 144, 168, 279. 
 
 Cohen, W. B., 265. 
 Wolf, 134. 
 
 family, of Georgetown, 241. 
 Cohn, Alexander, 226. 
 
 L., 168. 
 Colcaisen Pass, 228. 
 Colcock, Captain, 29. 
 Cold Harbor, 229, 234. 
 Coleman, Benjamin, 134. 
 
 Sylvester, 134. 
 Collections of the Georgia Ilistori- 
 cal Society, 104. 
 of the Home of the Temple, 
 
 144. 
 of the South Carolina Histori- 
 cal Society, 17, 270. 
 College of Charleston, 172, 187, 263, 
 
 270; library of, 69. 
 Colleton, Sir John, 54, 57. 
 "Colonial Assembly" (incorrect), 
 83. 
 Records of South Carolina," 
 31. 
 Columbia, 8, 20, 24, 31, 34, 44, 96, 
 97, 100, 126, 134, 136, 141, 
 166, 187, 188, 190, 193, 194, 
 205, 207, 223, 225, 229, 235, 
 245-247, 249, 257, 259, 264, 
 271, 273, 293. 
 College (N. Y. City), 274. 
 Female Academy, 142, 195. 
 Records" (State records), 24, 
 
 41, 61, 105, 129, 244. 
 Trust Company, 259. 
 Columbus, Ga., 199, 201, 248. 
 Comedian, 143. 
 Coming Street, 120. 
 
 Cemetery, 35, 88, 120, 134. 
 Commander, James, 58. 
 Commercial Bank, of Columbia, 
 188, 195. 
 
316 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Commercial Times, The (New Or- 
 leans), 184, 
 Commissary-General of South Car- 
 olina, 41, 84. 
 for South Carolina and Geor- 
 gia, 84. 
 Commission for Repairs of State 
 
 House, 252. 
 " Commissioner of Education," 143. 
 Committee for Effectually Carrying 
 into Execution the Continen- 
 tal Association and for Re- 
 ceiving and Determining 
 upon Applications Relative 
 to Law Processes, 71. 
 of Intelligence, 72. 
 Commons House of Assembly of 
 
 South Carolina, 25, 54, 83. 
 Cone, G. Herbert, 142. 
 Confederate Home College, 262. 
 Military History, 232, 236. 
 States, 185, 190, 221, 227. 
 Court, 196. 
 Navy, 201, 227, 228. 
 Confiscation Act, 97. 
 Congregation Beth Elohim, 7, 8, 
 24, 33, 34, 35, 41, 43, 94, 102, 
 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 
 126, 127, 128, 131, 134, 137, 138, 
 139, 147, 150, 151, 155, 160, 180, 
 182, 185, 186, 194, 195, 202, 208, 
 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 
 218, 219, 221, 265, 266, 283, 287- 
 292 ; A History of, 132 ; Consti- 
 tution of, 44, 151 ; ministers of, 
 292. 
 Congressional Globe, 94. 
 Consalo, Jacob, 113. 
 Conspiracy of the Pazzi, The, 175. 
 Constitution of Beth Elohim, 44, 
 151, 209, 214. 
 
 Constitution of South Carolina, 
 Locke's, 17, 18 ; 1776, 73, 83 ; 
 1790, 126; 1865, 198; 1868, 198. 
 Constitutional Convention of 1790, 
 126. 
 of 1865, 198. 
 of 1895, 258, 264. 
 Conway, 262. 
 Coosawhatchie, 230. 
 Copenhagen, Denmark, 140. 
 Cordova, M., 238. 
 Corker, Thomas, 54. 
 Cornwallis, Lord, addressers of, 
 
 101. 
 Coronaca (" Cornacre"), 71, 77, 
 113, 115. 
 Creek, 74. 
 Corre, Jacob, 134. 
 Cortissos, Emanuel, 134. 
 Cortissoz, Imanuel, 43, 277. 
 Cotton, 51. 
 
 gin factory, 120. 
 
 Mill Industry, Review of the 
 
 (Kohn), 259. 
 Statements," 179. 
 Council, His Majesty's for South 
 
 Carolina, 54. 
 Courier, The Charleston. (See 
 
 Charleston Courier.) 
 Court of Arbitration (Philadel- 
 phia), 187. 
 of Inquiry, 1783, 97. 
 Courtenay, Hon, William Ashmead, 
 
 9, 89, 
 Cowen, Captain Jacob, 93, 94. 
 Cox, William, 99, 
 Crafts, William, Jr,, 173. 
 Crater, battle of the ("Mine"), 
 
 248. 
 Craven County, 25. 
 Creiswell, Edmund, 23. 
 
INDEX 
 
 317 
 
 Cripps, John S., 248. 
 Critic, The, 183, 184. 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 35. 
 Cronheim family, of Marion, 256. 
 Crouch, Mrs. Ann, gazette of, 88. 
 Cryptic Masonry (Mackey), 37. 
 Crypto-Jews under the Common- 
 wealth (Wolf), 35. 
 Culpepper's Battery, 224, 225, 226, 
 
 227, 233. 
 Cumberland County, Va., 93. 
 Cuningham, Pamela, 195. 
 Curagoa, 120, 280. 
 Custom House, Charleston, 44, 143, 
 
 192, 193, 204. 
 Da Costa, Aaron, 134, 279. 
 
 Abraham (1750), 32, 37, 38, 
 
 103, 278. 
 Benjamin Mendes, 32. 
 Emanuel Mendez, 59, 60. 
 Isaac (1750), 32, 33, 34, 35, 
 36, 37, 38, 43, 104, 106, 115, 
 120, 144, 278, 292. 
 Isaac, Jr., 91, 106, 134, 141, 
 
 278. 
 Isaac (younger), 278. 
 Joseph, 37, 116, 134, 278. 
 Joshua Mendes, 116. 
 Mrs. Joshua Mendes, 110, 116. 
 Mrs. Judith Mendes (Salva- 
 dor), 110, 116. 
 Mrs. Rebecca Mendes, 112, 
 
 113. 
 Samuel, 37, 106, 278. 
 Mrs. Sarah, 37, 39, 117. 
 Solomon, 32. 
 
 burial ground, 83, 115, 195. 
 family, 35, 114. 
 & Farr, 36. 
 Daily Times, The (Boston), 184. 
 (Columbus, Ga.), 201. 
 
 Dalcho, Rev. Frederick, M.D., 20. 
 Daly, Settlement of the Jews in 
 
 North America by, 142. 
 Damascus, 182. 
 D'Ancona, A., 253. 
 Daniell, Mrs. Mary M,, 58. 
 Daniels, Henry, 134, 
 
 L., 239. 
 D'Anynilar, Benjamin, 113. 
 
 Solomon, 113. 
 Darlington, 253, 254, 256. 
 
 County, 262. 
 
 District, 198. 
 
 Rebellion," 258. 
 Dart, Benjamin, 54. 
 Davega, A. H., 205. 
 
 Dr. Columbus, 168, 206, 226. 
 
 David, 134. 
 
 Isaac, 134, 168, 205. 
 
 Moses, 134, 246. 
 David, J. L., 265. 
 
 Jacob, 134. 
 
 Joseph, 45, 278. 
 
 M. M., 265. 
 
 R. L., 168, 238. 
 Davis, D., 168. 
 
 Davis, 134. 
 
 George, 134. 
 
 H., 134. 
 
 Henry, 168. 
 
 Isaac B., 168. 
 
 Israel, 134, 288. 
 
 Mrs. Jane, 117. 
 
 President Jefferson, 192, 272, 
 273. 
 
 Joseph, 168. 
 
 Moses, 134, 168. 
 
 House, fight at the, 248. 
 D'Azevedo, Benjamin Cohen, 291. 
 
 Isaac, 154. 
 de Blogg, Leo, 146. 
 
318 
 
 INDEX 
 
 De Jongh, J., 134. 
 De Kalb, Baron, 95, 96. 
 
 Life of, 96. 
 De La Motta, Emanuel, 94, 134, 
 145, 278, 292. 
 Isaac, 279. 
 
 Dr. Jacob (1789-1845), 
 141, 144, 168, 172, 179- 
 181, 190, 206. 
 Jacob, 84, 94, 95, 96, 134, 
 168, 190. 
 De Lange, J. L., 168. 
 
 S. J., 168. 
 De Leon, Abraham, 134, 141. 
 
 Dr. Abraham, 96, 144, 194, 
 
 206, 245. 
 Dr. David C, 207, 221, 
 
 226, 271-273. 
 Edwin, 205, 227, 273. 
 H. H., 168, 204, 262, 263. 
 Jacob, 84, 86, 95, 95-6, 96, 
 
 134, 227, 278, 279. 
 Dr. Mordecai H., 134, 168, 
 
 190, 206, 271. 
 Perry M., 227. 
 De Lesseps, Ferdinand, 273. 
 De Lieben, Israel, 95, 134, 145, 278, 
 
 279. 
 De Lion, Commissary, 86. 
 De Lyon, Abraham, 278. 
 
 Isaac, 44, 86, 103, 104, 134, 
 
 278. 
 & Moses, 103. 
 de Mattos, Moses, 27, 277. 
 
 Mrs. Texeira, 110, 117. 
 De Medici, Lorenzo, 175. 
 De Mendes, Rebecca, 185. 
 de Olivera. (See Olivera.) 
 De Palacios, Joseph, 91, 278. 
 Joseph, Jr., 91, 278. 
 De Pass, Abraham, 134. 
 
 De Pass, Isaac, 27, 277. 
 
 the original name of, 
 27. 
 Jacob, 134. 
 Jacob S., 245. 
 Joseph, 134. 
 Ralph, 134, 279. 
 de Saussure, Henry A., 9. 
 De Witt's Corner, 74. 
 De Young, Bernard, 44, 278. 
 
 M. H., 134. 
 Deas, David, 58. 
 Deep Bottom, 229, 234, 235. 
 Dehaan, L. S., 168. 
 
 Samuel, 168. 
 Delong, Leo, 168. 
 Democratic Independent Ti-easury 
 
 ticket, 192. 
 Denmark, 120, 140. 
 Deputies of British Jews, 48. 
 Deputy Commissary-General of Is- 
 sues for the Southern Depart- 
 ment, 84. 
 Derkheim, Myer, 279. 
 d'Estaing, Count, 88. 
 Diana, The, 36. 
 
 Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., 37, 93. 
 Digby, Admiral, 93. 
 Dinkins, Mrs. Sarah Ann, 184, 206. 
 Directories, 132-140, 167-172, 265- 
 
 266, 277-280. 
 Disqualifying Act, of Georgia, 92. 
 D'Israeli, Isaac, 148. 
 Dissenters, 25, 26. 
 Dittenhoefer, A. J., 274. 
 Gerber & James, 274. 
 Irving M., 274. 
 Isaac, 274. 
 Doctors, 43, 128, 129, 141, 142, 144, 
 179, 189, 196, 203, 206, 207, 221, 
 223, 226, 233, 241, 262, 264, 268. 
 
INDEX 
 
 319 
 
 Documentary History of the Amer- 
 ican Revolution (Gibbes), 77, 
 100. 
 Documents Relative to a Proposed 
 Settlement of Jews in South Car- 
 olina in 1748 (Elzas), 31. 
 Dodgson (Snow), 49. 
 Domestic Arts and Manufactures, 
 South Carolina Society for the 
 Promotion of, 143. 
 Dorres (Tores?), Benjamin, 278. 
 Douglas Democrat, a, 249. 
 Douxsaint, Paul, 54. 
 Downes, Richard, 54. 
 Drama, 141, 174, 175, 176, 178. 
 Drayton, Captain Charles, militia 
 company of, 1775, 40. 
 Hon. John, 54. 
 John, Memoirs of the American 
 Revolution by, 70, 71, 76, 
 77, 93. 
 William Henry, 77. 
 Di'eyfus, Herman, 239. 
 Droutman, T., 168. 
 Drui-y's Bluff, 226, 230. 
 Dublin, 273. 
 
 Henry, 168. 
 Dundas, A. J., 243. 
 Dunlap (writer on art), 140. 
 Dunn, "William, 49. 
 Dutch East India Company, 70, 
 
 109. 
 Dyers' Company, 51. 
 Dyes, 50, 51, 52, 60. 
 Eagle, the, 64. 
 Eames, Wilberforce, 9. 
 Eckman, Rev. Julius, 168, 218, 292. 
 Edict of Nantes, 20. 
 Edisto Bank, 257. 
 Island, 172. 
 Rifles, 230. 
 
 Edisto River, 132, 133. 
 Education (schools, teachers, etc.), 
 35, 40, 142, 143, 145, 146, 172, 
 173, 176, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 
 189, 190, 192, 195, 255, 257, 259, 
 263. 
 Edwards, Matthew, 112. 
 Effingham, Thomas, Earl of, 69, 
 
 280. 
 Egypt, 273. 
 Ehrich, L. S., 243. 
 Ehrlich, M., 237. 
 Einhorn's Sinai, 160, 218. 
 Election for Commons House of 
 Assembly in 1703, Jews vote at, 
 25. 
 Elias, L., 246, 247, 265. 
 
 Levy, 168. 
 
 R., 265. 
 
 Ralph, 263, 265, 
 Eliazer, Moses, 102, 278. 
 Elizer, Eleazer, 128, 134, 141, 279. 
 
 Elisha, 134, 142. 
 
 Isaac, 134. 
 Ellbaum, G., 239. 
 Elliott, Charles, 58. 
 
 Colonel William, 250. 
 
 Street (Charleston), 27. 
 Ellis, Myer, 134. 
 
 Thomas, 54. 
 Elzas, Rev. Barnett A., 31, 35, 182, 
 
 213, 244, 292. 
 Emanuel, Edwin, 227. 
 
 Emanuel, 134. 
 
 H., 239. 
 
 Isaac, 134. 
 
 J., 239. 
 
 Joel, 168. 
 
 Michael, 134. 
 
 Nathan, 134, 168, 205. 
 
 Sol., 227, 243. 
 
320 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Emanuel, Washington, 227. 
 
 Eminent Israelites of the Nine- 
 teenth Century, 142. 
 
 Emmet Collection, New York Pub- 
 lic Library, 86, 89. 
 
 Emsden, August, 134. 
 
 Engelberg, M., 168. 
 
 England, 21, 25, 27, 42, 47, 51, 53, 
 58, 59, 68, 69, 70, 79, 98, 109, 
 111, 112, 120, 149, 150, 172, 185, 
 213, 227, 256, 273, 276, 280, 289; 
 Grand Convention of Ubiquar- 
 ians of, 27. 
 
 Englehart, Sophie, 274. 
 
 English Government, 19. 
 
 Esdra, Arthur, 227. 
 Eugene, 168, 238. 
 J. E., 168. 
 
 Essenecca Indians, 75. 
 
 Established Church (of England) 
 Party in S. C, 25. 
 
 Ethical will, an, 38. 
 
 Etting, Elkan, 134. 
 
 Europe, 40, 57, 59, 110, 159, 175, 
 209, 291. 
 
 European and Indian goods, 36. 
 
 Eutaw Regiment, 229. 
 
 Eveleigh, Nicholas, 113. 
 
 Evening News, The (Charleston), 
 178, 188, 204, 217. 
 Post, Lloyd's (London), 52. 
 Post, The (New York), 176. 
 
 Examiner, The, 174. 
 
 Exchange Bank, of Columbia, 205. 
 
 Ezekiel, Emanuel, 134. 
 Jacob, 246. 
 
 Ezra Stiles and the Jews (Kohut), 
 35. 
 
 Fabian, H., 168. 
 
 Factory for cotton gins, 120. 
 
 Fajardo, Porto Rico, 203. 
 
 Talk, Abraham, 168. 
 
 D. B., 265. 
 
 George, 168. 
 
 Isaac L., 168. 
 
 Zachariah, 168. 
 Falling Water, battle of, 235. 
 Falls Church, battle of, 229. 
 Fancy's Sketch Book, 182. 
 Farmer, George, 51. 
 Farmers' and Exchange Bank, 197. 
 Farr, Thomas, 36. 
 
 Thomas, Jr., 54, 84. 
 Fayetteville, N. C, 186. 
 Fearon, Peter, 52. 
 Federal Government, 122, 123, 124, 
 
 125. 
 Federation of Women's Clubs, 262. 
 Female Auxiliary Jew Society, 245. 
 Ferguson, Thomas, 54. 
 First Battalion, S. C. V., 234. 
 Five Forks, battle of, 248. 
 Flaum, J., 265. 
 
 M., 227. 
 
 S. J., 243. 
 Florance, Jacob, 134. 
 
 Le\^, 134. 
 
 Lewis, 134. 
 
 Zachariah, 134, 141. 
 Florence, 253. 
 Florida, 98, 207. 
 
 indigo, 63. 
 
 War, 206. 
 Floyd, General John W., 264. 
 Foot, Michael, 227. 
 Forlorn Hope, Savannah, Oct. 9, 
 
 1779, 88. 
 Fort Fisher, 225, 226. 
 
 Moultrie, 86, 233, 236. 
 
 Sumter, 230, 232, 236. 
 Fortress Monroe, 224. 
 Fox, Charles, 201. 
 
INDEX 
 
 321 
 
 Fox, M., 239. 
 
 William, 227. 
 France, 21, 70, 120, 227, 273, 282. 
 Franco, David, 113. 
 
 Francis, 113. 
 
 Jacob, 113. 
 
 Joseph, 113. 
 Frank, Joseph, 168. 
 
 M., 265. 
 Frankel-Graetz's Monatsschrift fur 
 Geschichte und Wissenschaft des 
 Judenthums, 60. 
 Frankford, S., 168. 
 FrankUn, battle of, 235. 
 Franks, Mr., 45. 
 
 David, 25, 277. 
 
 Jacob, 24, 25. 
 
 Myer, 104, 105, 278. 
 Fraser, Alexander, 54, 58. 
 Frazier's Fai-m, 230, 234. 
 Fredericksburg, battle of, 229, 230, 
 
 233, 234, 235. 
 Free Market, of Charleston, 221, 
 222. 
 
 Trade, 177, 178. 
 Freemasonry, 36, 37, 44, 96, 122, 
 
 144, 193. 
 Freidus, A. S., 9. 
 Fremont, John C, 187. 
 French Huguenots, 18, 20, 25. 
 
 indigo, 48, 52, 53, 59, 62, 63, 
 66. 
 
 prizes, 49, 242. 
 
 Republic, agent of, 242. 
 
 Frideburg, , 135. 
 
 Friedeburg, J., 207. 
 Friedenwald, Dr. Herbert, 42. 
 Friedlander, M., 168. 
 Friedman, B., 227. 
 Friendship Literary Society, 189. 
 Lodge, 145. 
 
 Fromberg, M., 253. 
 
 Full Annals of the Revolution in 
 
 France (Moses), 199. 
 Furchgott, M., 265. 
 Furst, Dl., 168. 
 Furth, Bavaria, 256. 
 Joseph, 168, 238. 
 Gaillard, Captain, 42. 
 Gaines's Mill, battle of, 230. 
 Galveston, Texas, 228. 
 Garden, Major Alexander, Anec- 
 dotes of the American Revolution 
 by, 93. 
 Garretson, I., 168. 
 Garrett, Reminiscences of Public 
 
 Men in Alabama by, 203. 
 Garter King of Arms, 69, 280, 281, 
 
 282. 
 Gas Light Co., of Charleston, 192, 
 
 197. 
 Caster's History of the Antient 
 Synagogue Bevis Marks, 69, 111, 
 267. 
 Gattman, Maier, 246. 
 Gazette, The City, 174. 
 
 The Charleston Evening, 33. 
 The Georgetown, 34, 127, 128, 
 
 241, 242. 
 The Royal, 37, 38, 103, 104. 
 The Royal South-Carolina, 102, 
 
 103. 
 The South Carolina, 24, 26, 28, 
 29, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 
 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 
 58, 59, 66, 68, 71, 72, 81. 
 The South-Carolina and Amer- 
 ican General, 38, 71, 88. 
 The South-Carolina; And 
 
 Country Journal, 66. 
 The South-Carolina State, 122, 
 130. 
 
322 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Gazette of the State of South-Caro- 
 lina, The, 37, 81, 83, 87, 101, 119. 
 Gazettes in the libraiy of the 
 Charleston Libraiy Society, 
 296. 
 published in Charles Town, 
 earliest notice of the death 
 of a Jew in the, 28. 
 Geddes, John, Jr., 174. 
 Geiger, Dr., 216. 
 Geisenheimer, William, 227, 245. 
 Genealogical Magazine. (See South 
 Carolina Historical and Gene- 
 alogical Magazine, The.) 
 General Assemblj'- (of South Car- 
 olina), 65, 73, 74, 83, 285; the 
 first Jew to sit in — the first Jew 
 in America to represent the 
 masses in a popular assembly, 
 77. 
 Gentlemen's Magazine, The, 35, 47, 
 
 76, 114. 
 George II., 282. 
 
 IV., 184. 
 Georgetown, 34, 38, 41, 45, 100, 106, 
 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 
 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 
 166, 189, 194, 205, 206, 241- 
 244, 293. 
 College (D. C), 269-70. 
 Gazette, The, 34, 127, 128, 241, 
 242. 
 Georgia, 30, 31, 40, 42, 43, 51, 82, 
 88, 89, 92, 92-3, 93, 98, 144, 
 190, 196, 202, 229, 248, 249, 
 250, 270. 
 Insurance Co., 196. 
 Line, Continental Establish- 
 ment, 82. 
 militia, 89. 
 navy, 201. 
 
 Georgia Reserves, 228. 
 
 Volunteers, 228. 
 German Artillery, 230, 235, 236, 
 237. 
 Hussars, 224. 
 Jewish Congregation in 
 
 Charleston, 116. 
 Jews, 43, 117. 
 Palatines, 18. 
 Riflemen, 236. 
 Volunteers, 230, 234, 236. 
 Germany, 120, 213, 216, 274. 
 Gettysburg, battle of, 223, 224, 227, 
 
 230, 235, 236, 248. 
 Gibbes, Dr. R. W., Documentary 
 History of the American Revolu- 
 tion by, 77, 93, 100. 
 Gibbes, William, 50, 54. 
 Gideon, Sampson, 109. 
 Gilman, Rev, Samuel, D.D., 173. 
 Gin factory, 120. 
 Gist Guards, 231. 
 Gladstone, S. M., 243. 
 Gleanings of Virginia History 
 
 (Boogher), 93. 
 Godard, Rene, 285. 
 Godey^s Lady^s Book, 184. 
 Gold, S., 243. 
 Goldburg, Marcus, 246, 
 Goldman, J., 265. 
 Goldsmidt, Jonas, 168, 
 Goldsmith, A. A., 168, 227, 263, 
 265. 
 Abraham, 135. 
 F., 205. 
 
 Henry, 142, 168, 
 L H., 168. 
 I. M., 135. 
 Isaac, 135. 
 Isaac P., 228. 
 J. L., 228. 
 
INDEX 
 
 323 
 
 Goldsmith, M., 238, 265. 
 
 M. M., 228. 
 
 Morris, 135, 142, 161, 163, 168. 
 
 Moses, 135, 168, 228. 
 
 Kichard, 135. 
 
 Samuel, 135. 
 
 Solomon, 135. 
 Goldsmith's Directory (of Charles- 
 ton), 1831, 157, 159. 
 Goldstein, A., 168. 
 
 I., 168. 
 
 J., 168. 
 Gomez, Elias, 135, 279. 
 
 Isaac D. C, 135. 
 
 Jacob, 135. 
 
 Lewis, 135, 142. 
 
 P. H., 135. 
 Gonzales, N. G., 257. 
 Goodman, Dr. M., 135. 
 Gordian Knot, The, 175. 
 Gordon, General "Chinese," 273. 
 Goudkopp, J., 238. 
 Govan, Andrew, 50. 
 Governors of South Carolina, 19, 
 
 20, 54, 55, 199. 
 Governor's Guards, 235. 
 Grant, General U. S., 248. 
 Gratz, Rebecca, 182. 
 Gravelly Run, battle of, 226. 
 Great Britain, 48, 53, 55, 112, 115, 
 
 281, 282. 
 Greece, 273. 
 Green, David, 135. 
 
 Moses, 253. 
 Greene, Life of Nathanael (John- 
 son), 96. 
 Greensboro, N. C, 226, 229, 231. 
 Greensport, L. I. (N. Y.), 255. 
 Greenville, 128, 229, 253. 
 Gregg, John, 54. 
 Gregg's Regiment, 231. 
 
 Grenadier corps, 88. 
 Guatemala indigo, 63. 
 Guerard, Hon, John, 54. 
 Guerin, William, 54. 
 Gunhaus, I. L., 239. 
 
 S., 239. 
 Gutteres, Carvallo &, 26. 
 
 Aaron, 27, 277. 
 Haas, J., 238. 
 Hagood's Brigade, 237. 
 Hague, The, 40, 70. 
 Haine, Samuel, 113, 
 Hall, Captain William, 93. 
 Hamburg, Germany, 41, 209. 
 
 South Carolina, Bank of, 205. 
 
 Volunteers, 206, 
 Hamilton, John, 32, 70, 111, 
 Hammerslough, A., 239, 
 
 H,, 239, 
 Hammond, Lieutenant-Colonel Le 
 
 Roy, 77. 
 Hampstead, Charleston, 33. 
 
 London, 165. 
 Hampton, Edward, 104. 
 
 Colonel Wade, 86, 
 
 General Wade (1818-1902), 
 199, 248, 249, 250, 251; cat- 
 tle raid of, 248. 
 
 Legion, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229> 
 230, 233, 235, 236, 237. 
 
 Monument Commission, 252. 
 Hannah Le^d Memorial Library, 
 
 255. 
 Hanover, 146. 
 
 Square, 112. 
 
 Street, 37, 83, 115. 
 Harbor Commissioner, 263. 
 Harby, Abraham, 168. 
 
 Ansley D., 264. 
 
 Caroline, 206, 
 
 George Washington, 135, 190, 
 
324 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Harby, Henry J., 168, 191, 206, 253. 
 
 Horace, 253. 
 
 Horace, Jr., 154, 253. 
 
 Isaac, 99, 100, 135, 141, 142, 
 151, 157, 158, 159, 161, 163, 
 164, 168, 172-176, 190, 191, 
 279; A Selection from the 
 Miscellaneous Writings of 
 the late, 151, 157, 172, 174, 
 176. 
 
 Mrs. Isaac, 176, 
 
 J. D., 228. 
 
 Mrs. J. D., 262. 
 
 Jackson M., 253. 
 
 Joshua J., 253. 
 
 Captain L. M., 228. 
 
 Mrs. Lee C, 262. 
 
 Levi Charles, 144, 228. 
 
 Solomon, 135, 172, 279, 289, 
 290. 
 
 Solomon H., 168. 
 Hardee, General W. J., 249. 
 Harlem, N. Y., 275. 
 Harriet Lane, the, 228. 
 Harris, A. J., Sr., 168, 238. 
 
 A. J., Jr., 168. 
 
 Rev. Abraham, 168, 219, 292. 
 
 Abram, 238. 
 
 Andrew, 135, 279. 
 
 George, 168. 
 
 Henry, 99, 278. 
 
 Hyam, 135, 279. 
 
 Isaac, 168, 238. 
 
 Jacob, 135. 
 
 Jacob, Jr., 135. 
 
 Marcus, 239. 
 
 Mordecai, 278. 
 
 Morris, 228, 263, 
 
 Moses, 91, 92, 106, 135, 278. 
 
 N., 168. 
 
 Z., 168, 246. 
 
 Hart, Mr., 28, 277. 
 
 Abraham Levy, 279. 
 
 Alexander M., 279. 
 
 Bernard, 279. 
 
 D. L., 265. 
 
 Daniel, 117, 135, 168, 279, 289. 
 
 Daniel S., 229. 
 
 Ephraim, 279. 
 
 Frances, 40. 
 
 Hart Moses, 279. 
 
 Henry, 135, 
 
 Hyam N., 168. 
 
 Hymon, 279. 
 
 J. J,, 168. 
 
 J. N., 106. 
 
 Joseph, 135. 
 
 Joshua, 43, 65, 278. 
 
 Leo, 135. 
 
 Levi, 135, 168. 
 
 Mathias, 135. 
 
 Michael, 117. 
 
 Moses (1761), 40, 278. 
 
 Moses, 135. 
 
 Naphtali, 168, 279. 
 
 Naphthaly, 135. 
 
 Nathan, 135, 168, 206, 242, 243, 
 279. 
 
 Philip, 32, 41, 91, 92, 106, 117, 
 121, 122, 168, 178, 278. 
 
 Ritcey, 43. 
 
 S. N., Sr., 168, 204. 
 
 S. N., Jr., 168. 
 
 Samuel, Sr. (1805-1896), 168, 
 191, 237, 262, 263. 
 
 Simon, 278. 
 
 Simon M., 135, 154, 279. 
 
 Solomon, 135. 
 Hart's Battery, 223, 224, 225, 226. 
 Hartz, H., 229. 
 Hasell Street, 120. 
 Hayes, President, 274. 
 
INDEX 
 
 325 
 
 Health Office, Charleston, 288. 
 Hebrew Benevolent Association 
 ( Orangeburg) , 257, 
 Society (Charleston), 120, 
 154, 282-284. 
 (Columbia), 246. 
 (New York), 274. 
 (Sumter), 252, 253. 
 Journal, The, 194. 
 Orphan Home, Atlanta, 259. 
 Orphan Society, Charleston, 
 175, 187, 285-287. 
 Hebrews in America, The, 7, 187, 
 
 188, 237. 
 Heitman, F. B., Historical Register 
 of the United States Army by, 
 144. 
 Hencoop Creek, 75. 
 Hendricks, J., 168. 
 Heni-y, Barnard, 135, 169. 
 Jacob, 135. 
 Joel, 135. 
 
 Maurice L., 135, 145. 
 P. J., 169. 
 Patrick, 202. 
 Heraldrj', 69, 280-282. 
 Heralds' College, 111, 281. 
 Heriofs Magazine, 184. 
 Hertz, Alexander, 135. 
 H. M., 135, 169. 
 I. E., 169. 
 Isaac E., 238. 
 J. H., 238. 
 Jacob, 135, 169. 
 L., 169. 
 M. E., 265. 
 Thad. E., 169. 
 Hess, H., 247. 
 Hessians, 98, 99. 
 Hetch's Run, 248. 
 Heydenfeld, Jacob, 135. 
 
 Heydenfeldt, Solomon, 169, 191, 
 
 206. 
 Heyman, I., 239. 
 M. H., 245. 
 Heyward, Governor D. Clinch, 252, 
 
 259. 
 Hill, Benjamin H., 200. 
 Hilzeim, Alexander M., 229. 
 Hirsch, A. A., 265. 
 G. A., 265. 
 Gus, 245. 
 
 I. W., 169, 229, 263, 265. 
 Jacob, 245. 
 John M., 169, 246. 
 Melvin J., 229, 263. 
 Hirschmann, H., 265. 
 
 S., 265. 
 Historical Account of the Protes- 
 tant Episcopal Church in South 
 Carolina (Dalcho), 20. - 
 History of Georgia (Jones), 92. 
 of the Antient Synagogue 
 Bevis Marks (London), 69, 
 111, 267. 
 of the Congregation Beth Elo- 
 
 him, A (Elzas), 132. 
 of the Jews (Adams), 145. 
 of South Carolina (Simms), 
 
 86, 87. 
 of South Carolina under the 
 Proprietary Government 
 
 (McCrady), 25, 26. 
 of the Rise and Progress of the 
 Arts of Design in the United 
 States (Dunlap), 140. 
 Hoffman, G., 169. 
 Julius, 229. 
 M., 238. 
 Michael, 229. 
 R., 215. 
 Hogskin Creek, 74. 
 
326 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Holcombe Legion, 226. 
 Holland, 43, 108, 109-10, 120. 
 
 Rev. Mr., 173. 
 Holmes's field, 74. 
 Home for the Widows and Orphans 
 of Soldiers, 222. 
 
 Guard" (militia), 237, 238. 
 
 Journal, The, 184. 
 
 Rule, 80. 
 Honour, George, 51. 
 Hood's campaign, General, 229. 
 Horne-Forest, Edward, 24. 
 Hornet, J. D., 239. 
 Hornik, M., 265. 
 
 M. J., 265. 
 Horry, Colonel Peter, 100. 
 Hotton, John Camden, 29. 
 House of Commons (Great Brit- 
 ain), 48. 
 
 of Lords (Great Britain), 25, 
 182. 
 Howarth, Lieutenant-Colonel Pro- 
 
 bart, 42. 
 Hudson, Mark, 52. 
 Huguenots, 18, 20. 
 Huhner, Leon, LL.B., 61, 76, 82, 85. 
 Hunt, Solomon, 135. 
 Hunter, Thomas, 187. 
 Hutchinson, John, 50. 
 Hyam, Daniel, 135. 
 Hyams, David, 135. 
 
 Hamilton, 169. 
 
 Henry, 135. 
 
 Henry M., 163, 169, 191. 
 
 Isaac, 135, 169. 
 
 Mordeeai, 135, 169. 
 
 Dr. Moses, 246. 
 
 Moses D., 169. 
 
 Moses K., 135, 141, 169. 
 
 Pinckney, 169. 
 
 S. (of Hamburg), 206. 
 
 Hyams, Samuel, 135, 142, 145, 279. 
 
 Solomon, 135, 169, 179, 279. 
 HjTnan, B., 135. 
 
 C, 237. 
 Hj'^neman, L., 169. 
 Incorporation of the Congregation 
 
 Beth Elohim, 121. 
 Indemnity Insurance Co., 205. 
 Independent Republican ticket, 
 
 1834, 189. 
 India, 25. 
 
 Indians, 19, 74, 75, 76, 110. 
 Indigo, 47-67, 71. 
 Inglis, George, 54. 
 
 Lloyd & Hall, 56. 
 Inquisition, the. 111. 
 Inspector-General of Indigo, 55, 
 
 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66. 
 Interlude, The, 287. 
 Interpreter, Jew, 19. 
 Investigator, The, 174:. 
 Ireland, 21, 282. 
 Irish Coffee House, 38. 
 
 Volunteers, 227. 
 Iron-clad Batteiy, 230, 232. 
 Isaacks, A. M., 135. 
 
 Abraham, 135, 289. 
 
 Abraham, Jr., 135. 
 
 Alexander, 169. 
 
 Michael, 135. 
 
 Moses, 279. 
 
 Sampson, 135. 
 
 Solomon, 135. 
 Isaacs, Abraham, 279. 
 
 Alexander, 169. 
 
 Henry, 278. 
 
 Isaiah, 84, 95. 
 
 S. ¥., 169. 
 
 Samuel, 41. 
 
 Solomon, 28, 38, 40, 41, 277, 
 278. 
 
INDEX 
 
 327 
 
 Isaacs & Co., Solomon, 28. 
 Isack, Abraham, will of, 23, 277. 
 
 Henry, 23. 
 
 Sarah, 23. 
 Isear, J., 243. 
 
 Iseman family, of Marion, 256. 
 Isenburg, B., 169. 
 
 J., 169. 
 Israel, A., 265. 
 
 L., 265. 
 
 MoiTis, 169, 263, 265. 
 
 M. M., 265. 
 
 Nat., 265. 
 
 N. H., 169. 
 
 S., 265. 
 Jackson, Andrew, 174. 
 
 Montagu, 135. 
 
 Mississippi, 228, 235. 
 Jacksonborough, 132. 
 Jacob, Hyam, 288. 
 Jacobi, M., 169. 
 
 N. P., 265. 
 
 Nathaniel, 238. 
 
 W. J., 169. 
 Jacobowsky, S. D., 238. 
 Jacobs, Mr., 98, 99. 
 
 A. Jack, 239. 
 
 Abraham, 135, 142, 279, 
 
 Abraham L., 229. 
 
 Barnard, 135. 
 
 C, 169. 
 
 Cornelia Ann, 270. 
 
 David, 169, 239. 
 
 Emanuel, 239. 
 
 F. C, 169, 230. 
 
 Fisher, 135. 
 
 Frederick, 92, 278. 
 
 H., 237. 
 
 H. R., 169, 230. 
 
 Rev. Henry S., 169, 219, 238. 
 
 Hyam, 135. 
 
 Jacobs, Hyman, 135. 
 
 I., 265. 
 
 Isaiah, 230. 
 
 Israel, 106, 278. 
 
 J., 265. 
 
 J. J., 239. 
 
 J. S., 169. 
 
 Jacob, 43, 91, 103, 135, 278. 
 
 Joseph, 45. 
 
 Joshua, 106. 
 
 L., 265. 
 
 Levi, 135. 
 
 Louis, 230, 263. 
 
 Maximilian, 263. 
 
 Mitchell, 230. 
 
 Moses, 135, 169. 
 
 Colonel Myer, 135, 163, 169, 
 192, 206, 222, 237, 270. 
 
 P. S., 169. 
 
 Philip, 278. 
 
 Samuel, 135, 279. 
 
 Rev. Solomon, 169, 219. 
 
 W. M., 265. 
 Jacobson, H., 230. 
 
 M. L., 238. 
 Jacobus, J. J., 239. 
 Jamaica, 19, 22, 29, 120, 172, 216, 
 
 280. 
 James, writer, 173. 
 James's Battalion, 223, 227, 234. 
 
 Island, 230, 232. 
 Jansen, Sir Stephen Theodore, 48. 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 157, 176, 202. 
 Jenkins, Captain David, 58. 
 Jessurun Rodrigues, Francis (Sal- 
 vador), 68. 
 Jacob, 111. 
 Joseph, 68, 108-118. 
 family, 68, 69, 108, 111. 
 Jew Certificate, 24. 
 
 Company," 107. 
 
328 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Jewish Cemetery, Coming Street, 
 Charleston, S. C, 88. 
 Chronicle, The (London), 147- 
 
 149. 
 Comment, 85. 
 Encyclopcedia, 7, 35, 61, 82, 84, 
 
 85, 143, 187, 196, 207. 
 Exponent, The, 185. 
 Messenger, The, 141. 
 Quarterly Beview, The, 160, 
 182. 
 Jews of Philadelphia, 106, 188, 193. 
 Jews' lands, the, 118. 
 Joel, Julius, 239. 
 John's blood (dye), 51. 
 
 Island, 231, 232. 
 Johnson, President, 198, 274. 
 John, 155. 
 Dr. Joseph, 86, 105. 
 William, 58. 
 
 Hon. William, Life of Nath- 
 anael Greene by, 96. 
 Johnson's campaign, Colonel, 229. 
 . Johnston, Andrew, 54. 
 George, 55. 
 
 General Joseph E., army of, 
 249. 
 Jonas, Joshua, 279. 
 Jones, Abraham, 135. 
 
 Charles Colcock, History of 
 
 Georgia by, 92. 
 Edward, 173. 
 Evan, 54. 
 Joshua, 106. 
 Samuel, 91, 135, 278. 
 Joseph, A., 135. 
 A. H., 230. 
 Barnet, 135. 
 Daniel M., 135. 
 E. C, 169. 
 Henry, 136. 
 
 Joseph, Isaac, 136. 
 
 Israel, 117, 121, 122, 136, 278. 
 
 J., 169. 
 
 J. J., 169. 
 
 Joseph, 136. 
 
 L., 242. 
 
 L. H., 169. 
 
 Lazarus, 136. 
 
 Levy, 136. 
 
 Lizar, 136, 142, 205, 242, 243. 
 
 Moses, 136. 
 
 S., 243. 
 
 Samuel, 136. 
 
 Solomon M., 136, 279. 
 Josephson, Manuel, 126. 
 Josephus, Joseph, 239. 
 Journal of a Voyage to Charles- 
 town in So. Carolina by Pelatiah 
 Webster in 1765, 61. 
 Judah, Dr. Andrew, 43. 
 
 Jacob, 136. 
 Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim. (See 
 
 Congregation Beth Elohim.) 
 Kahn, David, 239. 
 
 Isaac, 239. 
 Kaminski, E. W., 243. 
 
 H., 230, 243. 
 
 J., 243. 
 Kaphan, Theodore, 239. 
 Kapp, Life of Be Kalb by, 96. 
 KaufEman, H., 247. 
 Kayserling, Dr., 60. 
 Keeling, S., 247. 
 Kellogg, Dr., 269. 
 Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, 229. 
 Kennedy, R. M., 97. 
 Kentucky, 96, 192. 
 Keowee River, 75. 
 Kershaw, General J. B., 224. 
 Joseph, 244. 
 County, 245. 
 
INDEX 
 
 329 
 
 Kershaw District, 140, 193, 194, 
 198. 
 
 Lodge, 96. 
 Kershaw's Regiment, 227. 
 Khedive's Egypt, etc.. The, 273. 
 Kilpatrick, attack on the camp of, 
 
 248. 
 Kjng, MitcheU, 210. 
 
 W. L., The Newspaper Press of 
 Charleston by, 174, 179, 197. 
 
 Street, 36, 38, 40, 87, 107, 120, 
 185. 
 Kingston, Jamaica, 216. 
 Kingstree, 253, 263. 
 Kirkland, Moses, 72. 
 
 T. J., 97, 245. 
 Klein, Rev. J., 253, 254. 
 
 J., 230. 
 Knight, Christopher, 127. 
 Knights of Pythias, 270. 
 Knox\dlle Railroad Convention, 194- 
 Kohler, Max J., 95. 
 Kohn, August, 257-259, 264. 
 
 David, 257. 
 
 Sol., 257. 
 
 Theodore, 230, 256. 
 Kohut, G. A., 35, 141. 
 Koopman, M., 169. 
 Labat, A. C, 136. 
 
 David, 136, 145, 279. 
 
 Isaac C, 136, 169. 
 La Caudeur Lodge, 144. 
 La Grange, Ga., 201. 
 La Reunion Fran^aise, 145. 
 La Roche, Daniel, 24. 
 
 James, 58. 
 
 Thomas, 24. 
 Ladies' Memorial Association, 262. 
 Lafayette, Marquis de, 96. 
 Lancaster, Pa., 131. 
 
 District, 193. 
 
 Lance, Lambert, 54. 
 
 Landsberger, Dr. Julius, 216. 
 
 Lange, John H., 169. 
 
 Lara, Aaron, 52. 
 
 Last Expedition Across the Rocky 
 
 Mountains (Carvalho), 187. 
 Laurens, Mrs. Eliza, 286. 
 Henry, 54, 64, 286. 
 Henry, son of above, 286. 
 James, 54. 
 John, 285. 
 District, 104. 
 Laws of the Province of South 
 
 Carolina (Trott), 20. 
 Lawyers, 128, 141, 185, 189, 190, 
 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 199, 200, 
 202, 205, 242, 249, 251, 253, 254, 
 255, 263, 264, 265, 270, 273, 274, 
 275; the first Jew admitted 
 to the bar in South Carolina, 
 128. 
 Lazarus, Aaron, 136, 279. 
 B. D., 136, 231. 
 Benjamin D., 169. 
 Edgar M., 231. 
 Gershon, 169, 204. 
 Henry, 136. 
 Isaac, 136. 
 J. E. P., 169. 
 Jacob, 136. 
 Jacob, Jr., 136. 
 Jacob B., 136. 
 John, 256. 
 Joseph, 136. 
 Major Joshua, 136, 169, 192, 
 
 204, 206. 
 Marks, 40, 84, 91, 92, 102, 136, 
 
 169, 278. 
 Mrs. Marks, 92. 
 Marks IL, 231, 265. 
 ]VIichael, 32, 40, 136, 278. 
 
330 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Lazarus, Michael (younger), 161, 
 162, 163, 164, 169, 1^2, 206. 
 
 Moses L., 136. 
 
 Mrs. Rachel, 92. 
 
 Simon, 136. 
 
 Solomon, 231. 
 
 family, a history of, 194. 
 Leake, Stephen Martin, 280, 282. 
 Leary, J, S., 186. 
 Lebowich, Joseph, 185, 187. 
 Le Sage and De Solis, 174. 
 Ledyard, John, 65. 
 Lee, Joseph, 136. 
 
 General Robert E., 227, 248, 
 268. 
 Leesburg, Va., 229. 
 Leeser, Isaac, 159, 187, 209, 210. 
 
 Library, 181. 
 Leeser's Occident. (See Occident, 
 
 The.) 
 Legislature of South Carolina, 161, 
 189, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 202, 
 206, 263, 284. 
 Lehman, A., 237. 
 
 Lemmon, , 136. 
 
 Leopold, Jack, 239. 
 Leresbaum, Leiser, 215. 
 Lesley, John, 113. 
 " Letters on the Presidency," 174. 
 Leventritt, Judge David, 275. 
 Levey, Moses Isaac, 113. 
 Levi, Abraham, 254-255, 279. 
 
 Ferdinand, 253. 
 
 Mrs. Hannah, 255. 
 
 Leopold, 239. 
 
 Mitchell, 253. 
 
 Moses, 231, 254, 255. 
 
 Solomon, 44, 278. 
 Levin, Emanuel, 136. 
 
 G. H., 215. 
 
 George W., 231. 
 
 Levin, I., 247. 
 
 Jacob, 246. 
 
 L. C, 231. 
 
 L. J., 169, 239. 
 
 Lewis, 136. 
 
 Lewis, Jr., 136. 
 
 Lewis C, 169, 192. 
 
 Lipman, 246. 
 
 Lu., 231. 
 
 Moritz, 169. 
 
 N., 238. 
 
 Nathaniel (1816-1899), 7, 33, 
 43, 44, 158, 169, 193, 283. 
 
 R. D., 205. 
 
 S. W., 231. 
 
 Samuel S., 231. 
 Levine, L., 265. 
 Levy, Miss, 185, 186. 
 
 A., 169. 
 
 Abraham, 136. 
 
 Abraham L., 136. 
 
 Barnard, 136. 
 
 Barnet, 169. 
 
 C. F., 169. 
 
 C. J., 243. 
 
 Chapman, 136, 140, 141, 144, 
 
 193, 205, 206, 245. 
 Clarence, 169, 231. 
 Cossman, 169. 
 
 D. J., 169. 
 David, 136, 292. 
 
 David C. (1805-1877), 163, 
 
 169, 193. 
 E., 205. 
 Eleazer, 136. 
 Elias, 136, 144, 169. 
 Emanuel, 136, 169. 
 Ezekiel, 106, 278. 
 Ezra L., 169. 
 G. J., 169. 
 George, 136. 
 
INDEX 
 
 331 
 
 Levy, Hart, 136, 278, 288. 
 Hayman, 136, 194, 245. 
 Hyam, 280. 
 Hyam E., 280. 
 Isaac, 42, 169. 
 Israel, 42, 278. 
 J., 238. 
 J. C, 169. 
 J. H., 253. 
 J. M., 231. 
 Jacob, 136. 
 Jacob, of Fayetteville, N. C, 
 
 186. 
 Jacob C, 136, 194. 
 Jacob L., 136. 
 Jacqueline, 183. 
 Jonas J,, 136. 
 Joseph, 42, 278. 
 Judah B., 136. 
 Julian C, 144, 231. 
 L., 247. 
 L. C, 169. 
 L. L., 169. 
 Lewis, 205, 246. 
 Lewis J., 231. 
 Lionel C, Jr., 239. 
 Lionel L., 239. 
 Lyon, 136, 141, 142, 169, 193, 
 
 280, 288. 
 Marks, 169. 
 :Michael, 278. 
 Mordecai, 136, 280. 
 Mordecai M., 194, 245. 
 Moses, 136, 280. 
 Moses A., 169. 
 Moses C, 117, 136, 145, 169, 
 
 280, 292. 
 Moses E., 169. 
 Moses Sim., 278. 
 Nathan, 129, 136, 278. 
 Orlando, 169, 207, 265. 
 
 Levy, Rebecca, 206. 
 
 Reuben, 136, 169, 280. 
 
 S., 231. 
 
 Sam. L., 136. 
 
 Samuel (1741), 24, 277. 
 
 Samuel (1783), 98, 136, 278. 
 
 Samuel, of Camden, 244. 
 
 Samuel M., 246. 
 
 Simon, 136. 
 
 Solomon, 136. 
 
 Solomon, of Philadelphia, 193. 
 
 Solomon, Jr., 136, 280. 
 
 Uriah, 136. 
 
 Zachariah, 136. 
 
 family, history of the, 194. 
 Lewenthal, P., 243. 
 Lewis, Rev. Mr., 292. 
 
 David, 136. 
 Lewith, E. J., 265. 
 
 R. J., 169. 
 Library (see Charleston Library). 
 
 at Georgetown, 243. 
 
 of Congress, 8, 106. 
 Liehtenstein, L., 169. 
 Liebeschutz, M., 231. 
 Lieutenant-Governors, 54, 57. 
 Lilienthal, L., 247. 
 
 M., 247. 
 Lime Street, 112, 113. 
 
 water, 48, 60. 
 Lincoln, Abraham, 274. 
 
 General Benjamin, 88, 89, 90, 
 91, 95. 
 
 National Bank (New York), 
 274. 
 Lindo, Charles, 136. 
 
 Moses, 41, 278; biographical 
 sketch of, 47-67. 
 
 Moses, Jr., 47. 
 
 Moses D., 47. 
 
 family, 47. 
 
332 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Link, S., 265. 
 Lipman, A., 136, 169. 
 Abraham, 246. 
 Raphael, 169. 
 Lisbon, 25, 70, 109. 
 Lisle, Colonel John, 75. 
 Liston, Thomas, 54, 61. 
 Literary and Philosophical Society, 
 180. 
 Diary of Ezra Stiles, 35. 
 Little River, 74. 
 Liverpool, 216. 
 Livingston, Edward, 176. 
 
 J., 169, 265. 
 Lloyd, John, 54. 
 Lloyd's, 110. 
 
 Evening Post (London), 52. 
 Loafers, The, 191. 
 Lobell, Moses, 136. 
 Locke, John, 17. 
 Loeb, J. S., 265. 
 
 Jacob H., 231, 263. 
 L., 265. 
 
 Loevenstein, , 136. 
 
 Logan, John, 54. 
 
 London, 19, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 
 34, 35, 39, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 
 58, 59, 65, 69, 77, 98, 102, 108, 
 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 147, 149, 
 150, 165, 185, 194, 216, 280, 291; 
 a shipping house of, 25; mer- 
 chants of, trading to Carolina, 26. 
 Longstreet, General James, 200 ; di- 
 vision of, 237. 
 Loovis, M., 170. 
 Lopez, Mr., 45. 
 
 Aaron, 136, 170, 194, 205, 243, 
 
 280. 
 Abraham, 136. 
 
 David, 122, 136, 170, 194, 280. 
 John, 136, 170. 
 
 Lopez, John H., 231. 
 
 Joseph, 137. 
 
 Moses, 137, 170, 187. 
 
 Moses E., 231, 265. 
 
 Moses E., Jr., 264. 
 
 Sally, 182, 262. 
 
 Samuel, 137, 246. 
 
 family, 45. 
 Lords of the Committee of Coun- 
 cil for Plantation Affairs, 32. 
 
 Proprietors, 17, 20. 
 Loryea, A., 170, 238. 
 
 E., 170. 
 
 Isaac, 170. 
 
 Reuben B., 256. 
 Lossing, Benson J., Pictorial Field- 
 
 Book of the Revolution by, 96. 
 Louis, D., 256. 
 Louisiana, 192, 196. 
 Louisville, Ky., 96. 
 Louvado, Emanuel Baruk, 113. 
 Lowenberg, David, 232. 
 Lowndes, Rawlins, 54. 
 Loyalists, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105. 
 Lucas's Battalion, 233. 
 Lunatic Asylum (Columbia), 190. 
 Luria, Albert M., 200. 
 
 family, 200. 
 Lushing-ton, Captain Richard, 87; 
 militia company of, 41, 44, 83, 84, 
 87, 89, 107. 
 Lynch, Thomas, 54. 
 Lyon, Isaac, 137. 
 
 Joseph, 137. 
 
 L. S. D., 170, 205. 
 
 Levy, 137. 
 
 Mordecai, 98, 99, 137, 244. 
 
 Mordicai, 278. 
 
 Moses, 137. 
 
 Philip, 170. 
 
 Solomon D., 137. 
 
INDEX 
 
 333 
 
 Lyon, William, 137. 
 Lyons, Rev. Ellis, 170, 219. 
 
 George, 170. 
 
 H., 247. 
 
 Henry, 194, 246. 
 
 I. C, 247. 
 
 Isaac, 137, 143, 246. 
 
 Isaac L., 239. 
 ■ J. C, 205, 232. 
 
 Jacob, 137. 
 
 Jacob C, 246. 
 
 Joseph, 137. 
 Maekey, A. G., Cryptic Masonry 
 
 of, 37. 
 Macon, Ga., 228. 
 Madison, President, 174. 
 
 Papers, 95. 
 Mairs, Levy, 137, 170. 
 
 Simon, 137, 170. 
 Malvern Hill, battle of, 227, 230, 
 
 233, 234. 
 Manassas, first battle of, 224, 225, 
 227, 229, 233, 236 ; second battle 
 of, 229, 230, 235. 
 Manheim, Israel, 137. 
 
 Sol., 137. 
 Manigault, Peter, 54. 
 Manigault's Battalion, 226. 
 Manning, 253, 254, 255, 256. 
 
 Jacob, 239. 
 
 Guards, 237. 
 
 Times, The, 254, 256. 
 Mantoue, Captain B., 263, 265. 
 Marano name, 111. 
 Marchand, Levy, 137. 
 Marco, J. J., 232. 
 
 M., 232. 
 Marine Hospital, 189, 204-5. 
 Marion, 166, 253, 256. 
 
 General Francis, 94, 100. 
 
 ArtiUery, 191, 196-7, 227. 
 
 Marion County, 264. 
 
 Rifles, 228. 
 
 Square (Charleston), 263. 
 Markeus, The Hebrew in America 
 
 by, 7, 187, 188, 237. 
 Markess, Joseph, 106. 
 Market Square, Charles Town, 43. 
 Marks, Alexander, 137, 246. 
 
 Elias, M. D. (1790-1886), 137, 
 142, 195. 
 
 Humphrey, 137, 195, 246, 280. 
 
 Hyam, 137. 
 
 I., 265. 
 
 Isaac D., 246. 
 
 J., 265. 
 
 J. M., 170. 
 
 Joseph, 137. 
 
 Joseph H., 246. 
 
 L., 265. 
 
 M., 170, 238, 265. 
 
 M. M., 265. 
 
 Mark, 137, 142. 
 
 S. M., 137. 
 
 Solomon, 137. 
 Marlboro County, 264. 
 Marques, Joseph, 94, 278. 
 Marshall, George, 58. 
 Marx, Jacob, 239. 
 Maryland, 107, 192. 
 
 Line, Continental Establish- 
 ment, 96. 
 Masonic lodge, the oldest in S. C, 
 
 36. 
 Masonry, Masons, 36, 37, 44, 96, 
 122, 144, 145, 161, 193. 
 
 and Tidings from the Craft, 
 Voice of, 96. 
 Massachusetts, 79. 
 Massias, Abraham, 137. 
 
 Abraham A., 137, 144, 170, 
 195. 
 
334 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Massias, S. H,, 143. 
 
 Sol. H., 137. 
 Mattos, Moses De, 27, 277. 
 Maxwell, William, 54. 
 Mayer, I., 170. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Maurice, 160, 170, 
 219, 292. 
 Mayrant, John, 54. 
 Mazyek, Peter, 54. 
 McClenaban, Miss, 199. 
 McCord, John, 113. 
 MeCrady, General Edward, LL.D., 
 8; History of South Carolina by, 
 25, 26, 93. 
 McDuffie Rifles, 234. 
 McGillivray & Struthers, 98. 
 McGowan, Judge Samuel, 118. 
 McQueen, John, 54. 
 McSweeney, Governor M. B., 259. 
 Mears, Jacob, 22. 
 Mechanicsville, 237. 
 Medical and Philosophical Essays 
 (Shecut), 120, 141. 
 
 and Surgical Journal and Re- 
 view (Baltimore), 190. 
 
 College of Virginia, 268. 
 
 Society of South Carolina, 180. 
 Medicine. (See Doctors.) 
 Meeting Street, Charleston, 161. 
 Melhado, Benjamin, 137. 
 
 David, 137. 
 
 Emanuel, 137. 
 Melksham, Eng., 65. 
 Melton, C. D., 198. 
 Memminger, C. G., 210. 
 
 Life and Times of, 219. 
 Memoirs of the American Revolu- 
 tion, Drayton's, 70, 71, 76, 77; 
 Moultrie's, 71, 82, 101. 
 Mendelsohn, I. M., 265. 
 Mendes, Aaron, 137. 
 
 Mendes family, 35, 114. 
 Mendis, Jacob, 20, 277. 
 Menken, Nathan, 239. 
 Menorah, The, 187. 
 " Mephistopheles of the Rebellion," 
 
 185. 
 Mercury, The Charleston, 161, 163, 
 
 174, 176, 217, 222. 
 Merrimac (man-of-war), 201. 
 Meshih Dabar (Berlin), 219. 
 Mesne Conveyance Records, 
 Charleston County, 24, 34, 40, 70, 
 111, 112, 113, 114, 120. 
 Mesqueta, Ralph (1801), omitted in 
 
 text, 137. 
 Messer, A. W., 239. 
 David H., 240. 
 Metrical Translation of the 
 
 Psalms, 187. 
 Mexican War, 207, 236, 271. 
 Mexico, 248, 272. 
 Meyer, E. J., 170. 
 
 Morris, 170, 238. 
 Meyers, Lieutenant Abraham, 106. 
 
 Eleazer, 170. 
 Middlesex, County of, 70, 112. 
 Middleton, Hon. Henry (1717- 
 1784), 54. 
 Colonel Thomas (1719-1766), 
 42, 54. 
 Mikveh Israel Congregation (Phila- 
 delphia), 37, 106, 131. 
 (Savannah, Ga.), 131, 
 190. 
 Milhado, Benjamin, 280. 
 Militia system of South Carolina 
 during the Revolution, 81, 82, 84. 
 Miller, Captain, company of, 231. 
 
 E. B., 237. 
 Mills, Robert, Statistics of South 
 Carolina by, 140, 245, 246. 
 
INDEX 
 
 335 
 
 Milner, Job, 54. 
 Minis, Philip, 91, 92, 278. 
 Ministers, 33, 35, 43, 161, 208, 217, 
 218, 219, 244, 253, 254, 291, 
 292. 
 
 of Beth Elohim, 292. 
 Mintz, E. H., 240. 
 
 W. D., 240. 
 Missionary Ridge, battle of, 224, 
 
 229, 235. 
 Mississippi, 192, 196, 223, 227, 228, 
 
 235. 
 Mitchell, Benjamin, 113. 
 Mobile, Ala., 166, 178, 202. 
 Modern Medicine, 268. 
 Modigliani, Nathan, 113. 
 Moise, Aaron, 137, 170, 205. 
 
 Aaron, Jr., 137. 
 
 Abraham, 137, 161, 163, 164, 
 170, 181, 196, 205, 248, 280. 
 
 Abraham, Jr., 137, 141, 170, 
 196, 205, 206. 
 
 B. F., 170, 262, 263. 
 
 Benjamin, 137. 
 
 Camillus, 207, 232. 
 
 Camillus T., 170. 
 
 Charles H., 170, 194, 263. 
 
 Cheriy, 137, 145, 280. 
 
 Columbus, 170, 206, 207. 
 
 Cordelia, 206. 
 
 Davis D., 253. 
 
 Edwin H., 232. 
 
 Dr. Edwin Warren (1811- 
 1868), 170, 196. 
 
 General Edwin Warren (1832- 
 1903),196, 248-251, 263. 
 
 Franklin, 170. 
 
 Harmon D., 253. 
 
 Howard C, 232. 
 
 Howard S., 170. 
 
 Hyam, 137, 280. 
 
 Moise, Isaac, 137, 170, 182, 232. 
 
 Jacob, 137, 170, 196. 
 
 Marion, 251-252, 253. 
 
 P. A., 238. 
 
 Miss Penina, 172, 176, 181-184. 
 
 Philip A., 170. 
 
 Rachel, 183. 
 
 T. J., 170. 
 
 Theodore S., 170, 196. 
 
 Warren, 170. 
 
 family, 196, 207, 247. 
 IMolina, Moses, 33, 280. 
 Monash, I. M., 265. 
 Monatsschrift fiir Geschichte und 
 Wissenschaft des Judenthums 
 (Frankel-Graetz), 60. 
 Monocacy (man-of-war), 200. 
 Monroe, President, 175, 177. 
 
 administration of, 177. 
 Monsanta, M. R., 137. 
 
 Rodrigues, 137. 
 Montagu, Lord Charles Greville, 64. 
 Montaigne, 220. 
 Montefiore, Sir Moses, 182, 271. 
 
 Home for Chronic Invalids, 
 268. 
 Moore, Governor, of Louisiana, 
 191. 
 
 Dr., C. S. A., 272. 
 Morais, Jews of Philadelphia by, 
 37, 106, 188, 193; Eminent Is- 
 raelites of the Nineteenth Cen- 
 tury by, 142. 
 Morales, Jacob, 137. 
 Mordecai, A. L., 232. 
 
 Ben., 170, 221, 222, 238, 261. 
 
 Benjamin (Columbia), 246. 
 
 David, 137. 
 
 G. L., 232. 
 
 Goodman, 137. 
 
 L D., 240. 
 
386 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Mordecai, Isaac, 137, 161, 162-3, 
 163, 164. 
 
 Isaac D., 170, 205. 
 
 Isaac W., 232. 
 
 J., 170. 
 
 J. R., 170. 
 
 J. Randolph, 232. 
 
 Jacob, 137. 
 
 Joseph, 137. 
 
 M. C, 170, 196, 206, 261. 
 
 Noah, 137. 
 
 Rachel, 176. 
 
 Samuel, 91, 100, 278. 
 
 T. Moultrie, 263, 265. 
 
 T. W., 170, 207. 
 
 Thomas W., 163, 164, 233. 
 Morley, N., 137. 
 Mormons, 188. 
 Morning News, The (Savannah, 
 
 Ga.), 179, 190, 194. 
 Morocco, the Emperor of, 172. 
 Morris, Aaron, 137. 
 
 Henry, 137. 
 
 Simpson, 137. 
 Morris's Island, 225, 230, 232, 236. 
 Morse, Solomon, 137. 
 Mosaic Cosmogony, 188. 
 Moses, the State vs., 154. 
 
 A. De Leon, 233. 
 
 A. J., 170, 238, 253. 
 
 Abe, 243. 
 
 Abraham, 91, 117, 122, 137, 
 278. 
 
 Abraham, Jr., 137. 
 
 Altamont, 100, 233, 252, 253. 
 
 Andrew, 137. 
 
 Barnard, 278. 
 
 Barnard, Jr., 91, 278. 
 
 C. B., 170. 
 
 Chapman, 137. 
 
 D., 278. 
 
 Moses, D. L., 170. 
 Daniel, 239. 
 Daniel L., 137. 
 David, 137. 
 David L., 233. 
 E. J., 170. 
 E. L., 170. 
 Edwin L., 233. 
 Eugene H., 253. 
 Fishel, 137. 
 Dr. Frank J,, 233. 
 FrankUn J. (1804-1877), 100, 
 
 137, 197-199, 205, 206, 247, 
 
 252. 
 Franklin J., Jr., son of above, 
 
 199. 
 H. Claremont, 233, 253. 
 Hart, 117, 122, 137, 280. 
 Heniy, 98, 137, 278. 
 Herbert A., 264. 
 Horace H., 233. 
 I. Harby, 253. 
 Isaac, 117, 122, 137, 280. 
 Isaac, Jr., 137. 
 Isaac C, 137, 141, 163, 233, 
 
 242. 
 Isaac H., 264. 
 Isaiah, 137, 143, 170. 
 Isaiah, Jr., 138. 
 Israel, 138, 199. 
 J. C, 138. 
 J. H., 233. 
 J. L., 170, 264. 
 Jacob, 91, 170, 278. 
 Joseph, 138, 170. 
 Joseph, Jr., 280. 
 Joseph W., 206. 
 Joshua L., 233. 
 L. J., 170, 205. 
 Levy, 138, 170. 
 Lyon, 117, 121, 122, 138, 280. 
 
INDEX 
 
 337 
 
 Moses, M. B., 205, 233. 
 M. J., 170. 
 M. P., 239. 
 M. S., 170. 
 Marks, 244. 
 Meyer (17. .-1787), 45, 91, 
 
 100, 129, 199, 278. 
 Montgomery, 197, 205, 247, 
 
 264. 
 Moses L., 138. 
 Myer, son of above, 138, 140, 
 
 143, 144, 170, 197, 199, 252. 
 Mrs. Octavia, 221. 
 Perry, 170, 233, 253. 
 Perry, Jr., 233, 253. 
 PhiUp, 91, 102, 106, 138, 278, 
 
 280. 
 Raphael J. (1812-1893), 170, 
 
 199-202. 
 Raphael J., son of above, 200, 
 
 201. 
 Reuben, 138, 170. 
 Samuel, 170. 
 Simon, 138, 170. 
 Solomon, 138, 170, 204. 
 Solomon, the State vs., 154. 
 Solomon, Jr., 138, 142. 
 T. J., Jr., 239. 
 W. A., 240. 
 W. Graham, 265. 
 Z. P., 233. 
 
 family of Sumter, 247. 
 Levi Memorial Institute, 255. 
 with the big nose," 99. 
 Moss, Joseph, 138, 170. 
 Motta, Isaac, 138. 
 
 Judah A., 138. 
 Moultrie, Dr. John, Jr., 54, 57. 
 Thomas, 54. 
 
 William (1730-1805), 54, 84, 
 95, 101, 122. 
 
 Moultrie, William (Continued) -7- 
 Memoirs of the American 
 Revolution by, 71, 82, 
 101. 
 
 Fort, 86, 87. 
 Murray, John, Deputy Secretary, 
 55. 
 
 Dr. John, 54. 
 Muscogee (County), Ga., 201. 
 Myers, Colonel A. C, 221. 
 
 A. J., 265. 
 
 Abraham, 128, 138, 205, 242, 
 243, 280. 
 
 Eleazer, 170. 
 
 Israel, 138, 143, 280. 
 
 Jacob, 138, 242, 243. 
 
 Joseph, 90, 91, 102, 278. 
 
 L. J., 170, 238. 
 
 Dr. Levi, 128, 141, 142, 241, 
 243. 
 
 Levi, 138, 280. 
 
 Levy J., 204. 
 
 Lewis, 138. 
 
 M. C, 206. 
 
 Rev. M. H., 292. 
 
 Michael, 138. 
 
 Mordecai, 45, 100, 138, 278. 
 
 Moses, 128, 138, 141, 242, 243, 
 278. 
 
 Philip, 170, 246. 
 
 Samuel, 138, 170, 280. 
 
 Sol., 170. 
 
 Solomon, 138, 243. 
 
 family of Georgetown, 241. 
 Naar, Moi'se, 138. 
 
 Mordecai, 138. 
 Nantes, the Edict of, 20. 
 Napoleon, 220. 
 
 Louis, 273. 
 Narrative of the Campaign of 1780, 
 A (Williams), 96. 
 
338 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Nashville, Tenn., 235. 
 Nathan, A. M., 138. 
 
 Abraham, 280. 
 
 David, 138. 
 
 H. H., 265. 
 
 Henry, 138. 
 
 Hyman, 170. 
 
 Isaiah, 138. 
 
 Julius, 239. 
 
 L., 170. 
 
 M. H., 170, 205, 265. 
 
 Mordicai, 22, 277. 
 
 Moses, 138. 
 
 Myer, 246. 
 
 Nathan, 138. 
 
 Solomon, 138, 170, 280. 
 Nathans, David, 280. 
 
 Henry, 170. 
 
 J. N., 170, 206, 234, 264, 265. 
 
 J. N., Jr., 265. 
 
 Levy, 170 
 
 Meyer, 170. 
 
 Nathan, 170. 
 National Democrat, 273. 
 
 Democratic Convention, 190, 
 252. 
 
 Loan and Exchange Bank 
 (Columbia), 259. 
 Native American party, 192. 
 Naturalization, Act of, for S. C, 
 
 276-7. 
 Naturalization Bill (Great Britain, 
 
 1753), 109. 
 Nauman, William, 170. 
 Negroes, 25, 50, 60, 61, 181, 250, 
 251. 
 
 cloth for, 28. 
 
 cure for a disease among, 62. 
 Neo-Christians, 111. 
 Neptune, the, 228. 
 Nettling, Solomon, 138. 
 
 Neufiville, Edward, 54. 
 
 John, 54. 
 New England, 80. 
 New Era, The, 275. 
 New Market, Va., 229. 
 New Mexico, 272. 
 New Orleans, 166, 184, 189, 191, 
 
 196, 203. 
 New York, 21, 22, 120, 255. 
 
 Academy of Medicine, 268. 
 City, 9, 23, 24, 30, 41, 42, 
 64, 82, 93, 98, 125, 128, 
 130, 131, 140, 151, 166, 
 173, 176, 188, 195, 199, 
 200, 209, 218, 219, 222, 
 225, 244, 254, 255, 257, 
 264, 268, 270, 273, 274, 
 275. 
 Juvenile Asylum, 268. 
 Medical Journal, 268. 
 Post-Graduate Medical 
 School and Hospital, 
 268. 
 Public Library, 8, 9, 41, 
 86, 89, 91. 
 NewbeiTy, 253. 
 Newport, R. I., 120, 131, 280. 
 Newry, 9. 
 News, The Daily, 271. 
 
 and Courier, The, 9, 118, 179, 
 
 186, 199, 230, 254, 255, 
 
 256, 257, 258, 262, 264, 
 
 271. 
 
 " Centennial Edition" of, 
 
 259. 
 Columbia Bureau of, 257, 
 258. 
 Newspaper Press of Charleston, 
 
 The (King), 174, 179, 197. 
 Nick of the Woods, 191. 
 Ninety Six, 112, 115. 
 
INDEX 
 
 339 
 
 Ninety Six District, 70, 71, 72, 74, 
 
 77, 83, 104, 105, 114, 118. 
 Noah, Manuel, 280. 
 Mordecai, 138. 
 Mordecai Manuel, 94, 141, 142, 
 
 278. 
 Uriah, 138. 
 Nolan, Miss, 273. 
 Nones, Major Benjamin, 84, 95, 
 
 96, 97. 
 Norfolk, Va., 177, 200. 
 
 Edward, Duke of, 69, 280. 
 North American Review, The, 99, 
 151, 157, 158, 159, 161. 
 Carolina, 42, 94, 186, 200, 223, 
 228, 229, 231, 232, 248, 254. 
 Northeastern Railroad Co., 204. 
 
 Dispensaiy, 268. 
 Notes on Political Economy (Car- 
 
 dozo), 178. 
 Nowell, John, 54. 
 Nullification, 178, 189, 191, 193, 
 
 202, 206. 
 Nunez, Israel M., 200. 
 
 family, 200. 
 Occident, The, 7, 32, 33, 34, 40, 41, 
 '43, 78, 95, 120, 121, 126, 127, 
 158, 160, 180, 181, 184, 187, 188, 
 190, 195, 201, 202, 209, 210, 215, 
 216, 218, 247, 291. 
 Oconee Creek, 75. 
 Offen, Jacobus V., 138. 
 Official Records of the Union and 
 
 Confederate Armies, 200. 
 Ohio, 233. 
 
 Old Jewish Cemeteries at Charles- 
 ton, S. C. (Elzas), 35, 179, 207. 
 Olivera, David de, 30, 32, 39, 278. 
 David Lopez de, 39. 
 Jacob de, 30, 38, 278. 
 Leah de, 38. 
 
 O'Neall, John Belton, Bench and 
 Bar of South Carolina by, 128, 
 144, 193, 206, 210. 
 Oppenheim, E. H., 234. 
 
 H. W., 138, 170, 234. 
 
 Henry, 170, 265. 
 
 Heni-y H., 234. 
 
 J. H., 171. 
 
 Julius H., 234. 
 
 S. H., 171. 
 
 Samuel, 234. 
 Orangeburg, 253, 256, 257. 
 Oration delivered at Tammany 
 Hall on the 12th May, 1831 
 (Moses), 199. 
 Organ in the Synagogue, 213. 
 Orion, The, 105. 
 Ori-'s Rifles, 231. 
 Ossaba Island, 42. 
 Otho, King, of Greece, 273. 
 Ottoleugui, A., 171. 
 
 Abraham, 138, 142, 202. 
 
 Dan., 171. 
 
 I., 171. 
 
 Israel, 234. 
 
 J., 171. 
 
 Fund," 202. 
 Oxford, Mississippi, 227. 
 Pack-Horse (prison schooner), 93. 
 Paintei-s, 140, 187, 196, 262. 
 Palatines, 18. 
 Palmer, John, 58. 
 Palmerston, Lord, 273. ^ 
 
 Palmetto Battalion, 225, 226, 23^. 
 
 Guards, 225, 229, 230, 231, 232, 
 233. 
 
 Regiment, 207. 
 
 Riflemen, 228. 
 
 Society, 37, 192. 
 Paris, 180, 185. 
 Parker, John, 54. 
 
340 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Parliament (Great Britain), 48, 53, 
 
 57, 63. 
 Parnham, John, 54. 
 Parsons, James, 54. 
 Pearlstine, A,, 265. 
 H., 265. 
 I. M., 264, 265. 
 Pearson, William, 58. 
 Pecare, J., 171. 
 M., 171. 
 S., 171. 
 Peixotto, D. C, 246, 247. 
 J. C, 171, 207, 246. 
 Rev. S. C, 292. 
 Sol. C, 138, 234. 
 Pennsylvania, 30, 95, 131, 192. 
 Pensioners for Revolutionary or 
 Military Services, A Census of, 
 92. 
 Percival, J. G., 173. 
 Peronneau, Arthur, 54. 
 Henry (1715), 22. 
 Henry (1762), 54. 
 Samuel, 54. 
 Perrera, Jacob, 138. 
 Petersburg, Va., 229, 235, 237, 248. 
 Petigru, James L., 210. 
 Petition of militia at the siege of 
 
 Charles Town, 90, 91. 
 Pharmaceutical Association of S. 
 
 C, 256. 
 Philadelphia, 37, 45, 93, 96, 106, 
 120, 125, 126, 131, 141, 166, 
 179, 181, 182, 187, 188, 192, 
 193, 253, 271. 
 Medical Society, 179. 
 Stock Exchange, 193. 
 Philipson, Dr., 160. 
 Phillips, Aaron, 138, 161, 162, 163, 
 171. 
 Abraham, 138. 
 
 Phillips, B., 171. 
 
 Benjamin, 138, 280. 
 
 Benjamin I., 138. 
 
 David, 138, 280. 
 
 Gabe, 240. 
 
 H. Abraham, 240. 
 
 Henry M., 253. 
 
 Isidore, 234. 
 
 Jacob, 138. 
 
 Jonas, 64, 65, 278. 
 
 Joseph, 163. 
 
 Mitchell, 234. 
 
 N., Jr., 171. 
 
 Philip, 138, 163, 171, 202-3, 
 205, 206. 
 
 S., 264. 
 
 Solomon, 138. 
 Philosophical Transactions for 
 
 1763, 60. 
 Picayune, The (New Orleans), 196. 
 Picciotto, Sketches of Anglo-Jeivish 
 History by, 31, 32, 47, 69, 108, 
 110, 115, 117, 291. 
 Pickens's fort, Captain, 74. 
 Pictorial Field-Book of the Revo- 
 lution (Lossing), 96. 
 Pierce, President, 190, 273. 
 Pimenta, Moses, 32, 40, 278. 
 Pimentel, Aaron, 280. 
 Pimento, Mrs. Leah, 38. 
 
 Rebecca, 38. 
 Pinekney, Colonel Charles Cotes- 
 worth, 73. 
 Pineville, 137. 
 Pinkussohn, I., 265. 
 
 J. S., 265. 
 
 P., 171, 238. 
 Pinto, David, 138. 
 
 Isaac, 42, 278. 
 Pitt, William, 201. 
 Planters and Mechanics' Bank, 143. 
 
INDEX 
 
 841 
 
 Platzek, Warley, 264. 
 Poaug, John, 54. 
 Pocotaligo, 230, 235. 
 Point Lookout, 226, 231. 
 Poke-weed, 60, 62. 
 Polak (Pollock?), Samuel, 91, 278. 
 Poland, 120, 188, 209, 211. 
 Polish Jews' Congregation, 261. 
 Political economy, 178. 
 Polk, President, 192. 
 Pollitzer, G. M., 264, 265. 
 Pollock, Barney C, 234. 
 
 Clarence, 234. 
 
 J. L., 234. 
 
 Joseph, 138. 
 
 Le\-y, 138. 
 
 Solomon, 106, 138, 278. 
 
 Theodore M., 234. 
 Polock, D., 207. 
 
 E. C, 247. 
 
 Elias, 246. 
 
 I. B., 247. 
 
 I. L., 247. 
 
 J. L., 207. 
 
 Levy, 246. 
 
 Solomon, 92, 280. 
 Pon Pon, 132. 
 Pool, Isaac, 138. 
 Porcher, Philip, 58. 
 Port Royal, Jamaica, parish of, 22. 
 
 S. C, 50, 264. 
 Porto Rico, 203. 
 Portugal, 68, 111. 
 Portuguese Congregation in 
 Charleston, 33, 116, 117. 
 
 Deputies, 109. 
 
 Intermarriages in the early 
 days, 43, 117. 
 
 Jews' Synagogue of London, 
 34, 39, 108, 115, 116, 147- 
 151, 157, 291. 
 
 Potomac River, 225. 
 Foyas, James, 54 ^ 
 
 Poznanski, Frederika, 215. 
 Gershon, 171, 215. 
 Rev. Gustavus, 171, 209, 214, 
 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 292. 
 G., Jr., 234. 
 Heiman, 215. 
 Hinde, 215. 
 Hyam, 171. 
 Joseph, 215. 
 Leah, 215. 
 Rebecca, 215. 
 Mrs. Sarah, 215. 
 Prado, Abraham, 70, 112. 
 Preliminary Discourse (Marks), 
 
 195. 
 Prince, George, 171, 238. 
 Prince George's Parish, Winyah, 
 
 189. 
 Princess Street (Charleston), 186. 
 Pringle, Robert, 54. 
 Prioleau, Samuel, Jr., 66. 
 Probate Court Records, Charleston 
 County, 21, 22, 23, 24, 37, 38, 39, 
 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 67, 115. 
 Proceedings of the Bar of the Su- 
 preme Court of the United States 
 on the Death of Philip Philips, 
 203. 
 Protection, 63. 
 Protestants, 20, 24. 
 Provincial Congress (of S. C), the 
 first, 71, 81, 83. 
 the second, 72, 73, 83. 
 Extracts from the Jour- 
 nals of, 72. 
 Provost Court (Sumter), 249. 
 Prussia, 268. 
 
 Psalms, A Metrical Translation of 
 the, 187. 
 
342 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Public Advertiser (London), 48. 
 
 Publications of the American Jew- 
 ish Historical Society, 7, 21, 37, 
 42, 65, 76, 95, 142. 
 
 Pulaski, Count Cassimer, 94. 
 
 Pulaski's " regiment," 84. 
 
 Quartermaster-General, C. S. A., 
 221. 
 
 Queen Charlotte (ship), 43. 
 Esther (tragedy), 187. 
 of England, 64. 
 Street (Charleston), 120, 185. 
 
 Quince, Susannah, 120. 
 
 Quit rents, 24. 
 
 Quiver, The, 174. 
 
 Ramos, Jacob, 45, 278. 
 
 Ramsay, Dr. David, History of the 
 Revolution in South Carolina, by, 
 93, 101. 
 
 Raphall, Dr., 217. 
 
 Raphall-Poznanski debate, 218i 
 
 Rapidan River, 229. 
 
 Rapides Parish, La., 191. 
 
 Rapley, Richard Andrews, 70, 71, 
 112, 113, 114. 
 
 Rattray, John, 49. 
 
 Reader, the first of the Jewish Con- 
 gregation in Charles Town, 33, 
 35, 36, 43, 44. 
 
 Rebellion Road, 39. 
 
 Reconstruction Acts, 198. 
 Convention, 249. 
 
 Record and Pension Office, War De- 
 partment, Washington, D. C, 85. 
 
 Rees, , 138. 
 
 Reeves, Captain, 43. 
 
 " Reformed Israelites, The," 194. 
 Society of Israelites, 147-165, 
 175, 176, 208. 
 
 Regiments of South Carolina Line, 
 Continental Establishment, 94. 
 
 Religious freedom in South Caro- 
 lina, 17, 18, 20, 25, 149. 
 Union services, London, 165. 
 Remembrancer, The, 76, 77. 
 Reminiscences of Charleston (Car- 
 dozo), 179. 
 of Public Men in Alabama, 
 203. 
 Republican, The (Savannah, Ga.), 
 
 273. 
 Review of the Cotton Mill Industry, 
 
 259. 
 Revolution, the Jews of South Car- 
 olina in, 78-107. 
 Rhode Island, 45, 131. 
 
 Pacing Horse, 27. 
 Ricardo, Benjamin, 138. 
 Joseph, 138. 
 Mrs. R. J., 142. 
 Ralph, 138. 
 Rice, 27, 53. 
 Rich, J., 238. 
 L., 237. 
 M., 237. 
 Richard, Meyer, 239. 
 Richardson, Judge J. S., 197, 198. 
 J. S. G., South Carolina Law 
 
 Reports by, 34, 213. 
 Hon. James D., centennial ad- 
 dress of, 44, 145. 
 Colonel Richard, regiment of, 
 
 75. 
 William, 52, 58. 
 Richland Cotton Mills, 259. 
 Richman, Julia, 182. 
 Richmond, Va., 125, 131, 218, 231, 
 233, 235, 237. 
 County (Georgia) Academy, 
 269. 
 Riesenberg, M., 171. 
 Riff, L., 243. 
 
INDEX 
 
 343 
 
 Rifle Regiment, 227. 
 Ringel, M., 243. 
 Rittenberg, S., 265. 
 Riverra, Abraham B., 138. 
 Rivers, Prof. Wm. Jas., 25. 
 Robertson, Abraham, 239. 
 Robinson, Charles C, 239. 
 Rochfort, Captain, 101. 
 Rock Hill, 253. 
 
 Island prison, 224. 
 Rodrigues, Abraham, 138. 
 
 Dr. B. A., 171, 203, 238. 
 
 Moise, 139. 
 
 Moses, 171. 
 
 Dr. Theodore, 139, 203. 
 Roos, David, 171. 
 Roosevelt, President, 195. 
 Roper, William, 54. 
 Rosenburg, S. I., 247. 
 Rosendale, Hon. Simon, 21. 
 Rosendorff, Jacob, 239. 
 Rosenfeld, Rev. J., 171, 213. 
 Rosenthal, Moses, 246. 
 Rothschild, Benjamin, 234. 
 
 M., 171. 
 Roupell, George, 54. 
 Rowand, Robert, 54. 
 Royal Academy of Medicine, Paris, 
 180. 
 
 Exchange, London, 48. 
 
 Gazette, The (Charles Town), 
 37, 38, 103, 104. 
 
 Society, of London, 59, 60. 
 
 South Carolina Gazette, The, 
 102, 103. 
 Rubenstein, Moses, 219. 
 Rubin, A., 265. 
 Russel, Moses, 139. 
 
 Samuel, 139. 
 
 Solomon, 139. 
 Russia, 120, 261. 
 
 Rutledge, President (of South Car- 
 olina) John, Williamson's 
 report to, 77. 
 Mounted Riflemen, 226. 
 Ryttenberg, Abe, 253. 
 Sabine, Lorenzo, American Loyal- 
 ists by, 104. 
 River, 228. 
 Sacedote, Joseph C, 139. 
 Sachua (gun-boat), 228. 
 Salamon, Levy, 139, 242. 
 Lewis, 139. 
 Salamon, 139. 
 Salley, A. S., Jr., 9, 302. 
 Salomons, Myer, 91, 278. 
 Salomons's Twelve Sermons, first 
 
 American edition of, 219. 
 Salt Lake City, 188. 
 Saluda River, 74. 
 Salvador, Abigail, 115. 
 Elisebah, 115. 
 Francis, the elder, 32, 68, 69, 
 
 109, 111, 280, 281. 
 Francis (1747-1776), grandson 
 of above, 45, 68-77, 83, 107, 
 108, 110, 112, 116, 278. 
 Jacob, son of first Francis, 69, 
 
 76. 
 Jacob, son of Francis (1747- 
 
 1776), 116. 
 Joseph, of Amsterdam, 68, 69, 
 
 111, 280, 281. 
 Joseph, son of first Francis, 33, 
 
 69, 70, 83, 108-118, 280. 
 Judith, 109, 116. 
 Moses, 69, 70. 
 Mrs. Sarah (Salvador), 70, 
 
 116. 
 Susannah, 115. 
 coat-of-arms, 69, 111, 280-282. 
 family, 68, 108, 111. 
 
344 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Sampson, A, J., 171. 
 
 E., 171. 
 
 Edwin J., 235. 
 
 Elias, 139. 
 
 Emanuel, 246. 
 
 Henry, 139, 235. 
 
 J. H., 171. 
 
 J. R., 264. 
 
 Jack, 243. 
 
 Joseph, 139, 171, 235, 243. 
 
 Michael, 139. 
 
 S. S., 205. 
 
 Sam., Sr., 171, 243. 
 
 Sam., Jr., 171. 
 
 Samuel, 139, 205, 235, 243. 
 
 Thomas, 171, 204. 
 
 family of Georgetown (S. C), 
 243. 
 Samson, A. J., 234. 
 
 J., 238. 
 
 Sam., 238. 
 Samuel, Hyman, 139. 
 
 Joshua, 139. 
 
 Moses, 171. 
 
 family, of Liverpool, 194. 
 Samuels, Moses, 240. 
 
 Wade H., 240. 
 San Bernardino, 188. 
 San Francisco, Cal., 166, 191. 
 Sancta Maria, 19. 
 Sanders, Thomas, 113. 
 Santa Fe, N. M., 272. 
 Sappelo Island, 42. 
 Sarzedas, Dr., 92, 128. 
 
 David, 91, 92, 139, 141, 278. 
 
 David, Jr., 139, 171. 
 
 Moses, 244, 280. 
 Sasportas, Mr., 242. 
 
 Abraham, 106, 139, 278. 
 Savage, Mr., 93. 
 
 Station, Va., 225, 227. 
 
 Savannah, Ga., 30, 39, 40, 43, 84, 
 87, 88, 92, 93, 95, 104, 131, 
 144, 166, J76, 179, 180, 181, 
 189, 190, 194, 221, 232, 253, 
 273, 293. 
 River, 192. 
 Saxby, George, 57. 
 Schenck, Herman, 243. 
 Schenk, Joseph, 243. 
 
 L., 245. 
 Schiller, Lewis, 235. 
 Schools (in S. C), 142, 143, 182, 
 
 183, 184, 186, 187, 189, 195. 
 Sehur, B., 171. 
 D., 171. 
 L, 171. 
 Schwabe, G., 238. 
 
 L. B., 171. 
 Schwartz, C. D., 253. 
 
 Isaac, 253. 
 Sehwerin, J., 171. 
 Schwersenz, Prussia, 268. 
 Scotland, 21. 
 Scott, John, 54. 
 William, 54. 
 General Winfield, 272. 
 Scottish Rite Masonry, 44, 144-5. 
 Seaman, George, 58. 
 Secession, 197, 249, 250, 272. 
 " Secession" Convention, 221. 
 Secessionville, 226, 228, 229, 230, 
 
 232, 234, 235, 236. 
 Seekendorf, Isaac, 171. 
 Seckendorff, J., 238. 
 
 M., 238. 
 Secretary of the Province of South 
 Carolina, 55. 
 of the State of South Carolina, 
 
 20, 97. 
 records in office of (since trans- 
 ferred to the custody of the 
 
INDEX 
 
 345 
 
 Secretary of State (Continued) — 
 Historical Commission of 
 South Carolina), 24, 31. 
 Segar, Isaac, 171. 
 
 Samuel, 240. 
 Seixas, Abraham Mendez, 43, 82, 
 92, 93, 106, 128, 278. 
 poetical advertisement of, 
 129-130. 
 B. M., 235. 
 D. C, 171. 
 Isaac M., 139. 
 J. M., 142, 171. 
 Jacob, 139. 
 
 Seminole War (see Florida), 271. 
 Seneca, 75. 
 Serra, Phineas, 113. 
 Settlement of the Jews in North 
 
 America, 142. 
 Seven Pines, the battle of, 200, 223, 
 
 226, 229, 233, 235. 
 Sewell's Point, Va., 200. 
 Seyle's Masonic Hall, 161. 
 " Shaftesbury Papers," 17, 18. 
 Shapira, Louis D., 235. 
 Sharpsburg, battle of, 227, 229, 230, 
 
 231, 235. 
 Shearith Israel, Congregation, 131, 
 
 213, 215, 219. 
 Shecut, Dr. J. L. E., W., Medical 
 and Philosophical Essays by, 
 120, 141. 
 Sheftall, Benjamin, 40. 
 
 Levi, 30, 32, 40, 104, 278. 
 Mordecai, 30, 32, 40, 43, 84, 93, 
 
 278. 
 Sheftall, 95. 
 Shepard, Mrs., 50. 
 Sheridan, H. G., 257. 
 Shiloh, battle of, 227. 
 Shirley, Thomas, 54. 
 
 Shirras Dispensary, 192. 
 Siege of Charles Town, petition of 
 citizens at, petition of militia at, 
 90, 91. 
 Silk, 63, 180. 
 Silverston, M., 171. 
 Simmonds, M. B., 171. 
 Simmons, James Wright, 173. 
 
 L., 247. 
 Simms, W. Gilmore, 80 ; History of 
 
 South Carolina by, 86, 87. 
 Simon, A., 239. 
 
 Michael, 139. 
 Simons, Israel, 139. 
 
 Jacob, 171. 
 
 Montague, 98, 139, 278. 
 
 Mordecai, 171. 
 
 Moses, 99, 139, 278. 
 
 Sampson, 92, 139, 278. 
 
 Samuel, 139. 
 
 Samuel, 240. 
 
 Saul, 102, 279. 
 Simpson, A., 171. 
 
 Annie, 262. 
 
 Jacob, 139. 
 
 M. M., 171. 
 
 Michael, 139. 
 Simson, Sampson, 41. 
 Sinai, Einhorn's, 160, 218. 
 Sinking Fund Commission, 252. 
 Sirqui, Joseph, 139. 
 Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History 
 (Picciotto), 31, 32, 47, 69, 108, 
 110, 115, 117, 291. 
 Sketch of the History of South Car- 
 olina (Rivers), 25. 
 Slaves, or slavery, 19, 50, 60, 61, 
 
 71. 
 Sloman, John, 238. 
 
 S. J., 240. 
 Slowman, Abraham, 139. 
 
346 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Smith, Captain Aaron, 74, 76. 
 
 Captain, son of above, 76. 
 
 Hon. Benjamin, 54. 
 
 Henry A. M., 9. 
 
 John, 54. 
 
 Josiah, Jr., diary of, 37, 93. 
 
 William, 22. 
 Smithfield, N. C, 248. 
 Smyth, Hon. J. Adger, 89. 
 
 Robert, 54. 
 Snowden, Prof. Yates, 9. 
 Society for Encouraging Arts, 51. 
 
 of Israelites (Sumter), 252, 
 253. 
 Solomo, Zadok, 91. 
 Solomon, A. L., 171, 264. 
 
 Aaron, 139. 
 
 Ab., 171. 
 
 Abraham, 139. 
 
 Augustus, 171. 
 
 Chapman, 246. 
 
 H., 239. 
 
 Henry, 171. 
 
 Israel, 139, 243. 
 
 J. F., 239. 
 
 Joseph, 87, 93, 279. 
 
 Levy, 242. 
 
 Levy J., 246. 
 
 Lewis, 139. 
 
 M., 142, 171. 
 
 Moses, 28. 
 
 Myers, 92, 279. 
 
 Phineas, 171, 246. 
 
 R., 171. 
 
 Sampson, 243. 
 
 Solomon, 171. 
 
 Zadok, 279. 
 
 Zodiack, 92. ~ 
 
 Lodge, 36. 
 Solomons, A. L., 235. 
 
 Abraham, 243. 
 
 Solomons, Alexander, 139. 
 
 Benjamin, 139. 
 
 Chapman, 139. 
 
 •D., 171. 
 
 E., 171, 205. 
 
 E. M., 265. 
 
 Francis, 280. 
 
 Hart, 139. 
 
 Hyam, 98, 279. 
 
 Israel, 139. 
 
 Dr. J. R., 171, 238, 262, 264. 
 
 J. T., 235. 
 
 Joseph, 91, 139, 243, 279. 
 
 Judah, 139. 
 
 L. J., 171. 
 
 Levi, 279. 
 
 Levy, 98, 139, 279. 
 
 Lizer, 171. 
 
 Mark, 139, 247. 
 
 Molsey J., 243. 
 
 Mordecai, 171. 
 
 Moses, 24, 25, 277. 
 
 Nathan, 139. 
 
 Dr. R., 265. 
 
 Sampson, 139. 
 
 Solomon, 139. 
 
 Solomon Sampson, 171, 204, 
 262. 
 
 T., 265. 
 
 family, of Georgetown, 243. 
 Sommers, E., 171. 
 
 Isaac, 239. 
 Sopher, Dr. W., 216. 
 South, 83, 177, 183, 203, 225, 272; 
 
 the oldest editor in the, 179. 
 South Carolina, the history of, 
 8, 17, 47, 143; the 
 first settlement of, 17; 
 pace in many things 
 set by, 17; "Funda- 
 mental Constitutions" 
 
INDEX 
 
 347 
 
 South Carolina (Continued) — 
 
 of, 17; Jews welcomed 
 by, 18, 149-150; Hugue- 
 not refugees to, 18, 20; 
 German Palatine refu- 
 gees to, 18; General 
 Assembly of, 20, 65; 
 Governors of, men- 
 tioned, 19 ; earliest 
 record of a Jew land- 
 holder in, 22; oldest 
 Jewish will on record 
 in, 23; Jews of early, 
 25; Gazettes of (see Ga- 
 zettes) ; Trott's Laws of 
 the Province of, 20; 
 early reference to social 
 life in, 27; earliest no- 
 tice of death of a Jew 
 in, 28; proposed settle- 
 ment of Jews in, 1748, 
 31-32 ; most conspicu- 
 ous Jew of the provin- 
 cial days of, 41; militia 
 system of, during the 
 Revolution, 81, 82; re- 
 ligious development of 
 Jews of, 146, 147, 165. 
 
 College, 187, 197, 198, 251, 
 257, 259. 
 
 College Alumni Fund, 259. 
 
 Gazette of the State of, 
 37, 81, 83, 87, 101, 119. 
 
 and American General 
 Gazette, The, 38, 71, 88. 
 
 and Georgia Almanac, 
 The, 127. 
 
 Gazette; And Country 
 Journal, The, 66. 
 
 Gazette, The Royal, 102, 
 103. 
 
 South Carolina Gazette, The, 24, 
 26, 28, 29, 34, 36, 39, 40, 
 41, 42, 43, 48, 49, 50, 51, 
 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 
 68, 71, 72, 73, 81. 
 Historical and Genealogi- 
 cal Magazine, The, 40, 
 83, 94. 
 Historical Society, 8, 9, 
 
 17, 37, 270. 
 in the Spanish- American 
 
 War, 264. 
 Institute, 187. 
 Insurance Company, 197. 
 Inter-State and West In- 
 dian Exposition, 69. 
 Jewish Patriots," 95. 
 Law Reports, 34, 213. 
 Line, Continental Estab- 
 lishment, 94. 
 Medical Society, 180, 268. 
 Press Association, 259. 
 Regiment ( Provincial ) , 
 
 1757, 42, 1760-61, 42. 
 Society for the Promotion 
 of Domestic Arts and 
 Manufactures, 143. 
 State Gazette, The, 122, 
 
 130. 
 Women in the Confeder- 
 acy, 222. 
 South Mount, 100. 
 Southern Patriot, The, 92, 141, 161, 
 163, 174, 176, 177, 178. 
 Quarterly Review, The, 80, 
 
 178, 194. 
 Standard, The, 197. 
 Southwestern Railroad Bank, 188, 
 
 193, 197, 205. 
 Spain, 111, 211. 
 Spanish-American War, 259, 264. 
 
348 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Spanish Government, 19. 
 Indians, 19. 
 
 shape, indigo packed, 63. 
 and Portuguese Jewish commu- 
 nity, London, 31, 32, 33, 34, 
 47, 69, 108, 147, 149, 150, 
 155, 291. 
 
 Sparger, , 22. 
 
 Sparks, Jared, Life and Writings 
 
 of, 178. 
 Spartanburg, 253. 
 Spitalfields, 63. 
 Spitz, I. A., 139. 
 Spitzer, Bernard M., 279. 
 Spottsylvania, Va., 229, 234. 
 St. Andrew's Parish, 188. 
 
 Society, 25, 28. 
 St. Augustine, Fla., 19, 37. 
 
 exiles to, in 1780-81, 37. 
 St. Croix, 185. 
 St. Domingo, 120, 181, 184. 
 St. Eustatius, 120, 280. 
 St. George, Hanover Square, Par- 
 ish of, 112. 
 St. Helena's Parish, 192, 206. 
 St. Mary Axe, 47. 
 St. Matthew's, 253. 
 St. Michael's Parish, 189, 192, 197. 
 St. Philip's Parish, 189, 192, 197. 
 St. Philip's Street (Charleston), 
 
 186. 
 St. Stephen's, 253. 
 Star of the West, the, 236. 
 State, The (Columbia), 195. 
 Bank, the, 185. 
 Cadets, 232. 
 
 House Square, Charleston, 285. 
 Paper Office, London, 24, 30, 
 
 31, 32, 102. 
 Treasurer, 142. 
 State's Rights Party, 189, 204. 
 
 Statistics of South Carolina 
 
 (Mills), 140, 245, 246. 
 Statutes of South Carolina, 20, 82, 
 
 121. 
 Steedman & Horlbeck, 121. 
 Stephens, Alexander H., 200. 
 
 William, 113, 114, 116. 
 Stern, Mayer, 216. 
 Stevens, General Clement H., 235. 
 Stevens's Iron-clad Battery, 230, 
 
 232. 
 Stewart's school, Mr., 186. 
 Stiles, Ezra, Literary Diary of, 
 
 35. 
 Stoney Creek, 237. 
 Stoppelbein, General J. L., 255. 
 Storchnest, Poland, 209, 215. 
 Story, John, 50, 51. 
 Strauss, B., 235. 
 
 Isaac, 253. 
 
 Isaac C, 253. 
 
 J. J., 265. 
 
 Mordecai A., 265. 
 Struthers, William, 98. 
 Suares, A., 171. 
 
 B., 171. 
 
 Ben. C, 171. 
 
 David, 280. 
 
 David I., 139. 
 
 Isaac, 139. 
 
 J. E., 171, 235. 
 
 Jacob, 139, 171, 292. 
 
 Jacob, Jr., 139. 
 
 Jacob I., 139. 
 Sublime Grand Lodge of Perfec- 
 tion, 37, 144. 
 Suffolk, Va., 230, 234. 
 Sullivan's Island, 86, 251. 
 Sulzbacher, William, 239. 
 Summers, Ad., 239. 
 Summerville, 236. 
 
INDEX 
 
 349 
 
 Sumter, 100, 154, 166, 188, 196, 197, 
 198, 205, 221, 247-253, 254, 
 293. 
 Fort, 230, 232, 236. 
 General Thomas, 100. 
 Graded School, 252. 
 Guards, 234, 236. 
 Savings Bank, 253. 
 Telephone Company, 253. 
 Su7i, The (Baltimore), 96. 
 
 The (Philadelphia), 192. 
 Sunday School, Jewish, 182, 262. 
 
 News, The, 84, 85, 97, 220, 262. 
 Suponey Church, battle of, 226. 
 Supreme Council of Scottish Rite 
 Masons, 193. 
 Court of South Carolina, 198. 
 Surgeon-General, C. S. A., 221, 222, 
 
 226. 
 Surveyor and Inspector-General of 
 
 Indigo for South Carolina, 55. 
 Synagogues in Charleston, 116-117, 
 120-122, 161-162, 209, 213 ; econ- 
 omy of the, 33-34, 147-149, 152- 
 155, 287-292; laying of the 
 corner-stone in 1792, 117, 121. 
 Tallapoosa, Ala., 191. 
 Tammany Hall, 275. 
 Tariff, 177, 178. 
 Taylor, General Zachary, 271. 
 Temperance Advocate, The, 192. 
 Temple Emanu El, 274. 
 Texas, 272. 
 
 Light Artilleiy, 228. 
 " The Field of Waterloo," 174. 
 " The Intercession of Moses for 
 
 Israel," 187. 
 " The Quarterly Review and Mel- 
 moth," 174. 
 The XlXth Century, 173. 
 Thomasville, N. C, 223. 
 
 Thomson, Colonel William, 77. 
 Tillman, Governor B. R., 258. 
 Times, The (Georgetown), 243. • 
 
 (New York), 273. 
 Timothy, Peter, 48, 50, 51, 62. 
 Timrod, W. H., 173. 
 Tobias, Mr., 27. 
 
 A., 171, 265. 
 
 Abraham, 139, 143, 204, 206. 
 
 Heniy, 171. 
 
 I., 171. 
 
 Isaac, 139, 280. 
 
 J. L., 171, 235, 264. 
 
 J. R., 265. 
 
 Jacob, 40, 279. 
 
 Jacob (younger), 40, 139, 
 279. 
 
 Joseph (1737), 24, 32, 33, 38, 
 40, 277, 279. 
 
 Joseph, son of above, 40, 120, 
 139, 279. 
 
 Meshod, 32, 40, 279. 
 
 T. J., 171. 
 
 T. Jefferson, 265-6. 
 Tongue, Abraham, 139, 142. 
 Tongues, Mark, 117, 122, 280. 
 Toombs, Robert, 199. 
 Tooting, Eng., 109, 115. 
 Topaz, or water sapphire, 64. 
 Torhay (prison ship), 93, 94. 
 Tories. (See Loyalists.) 
 Torin, Samuel, 48. 
 Torrans, John, 54. 
 Torres, Abraham, 139, 154. 
 Tores (?), Benjamin, 278. 
 Tradd Street, 50. 
 
 Traditions and Reminiscences (of 
 the Revolution), Johnson's, 86, 
 105. 
 Traiteur, The, 129. 
 Trescot, Edward, 286. 
 
350 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Triest, J., 171, 237. 
 
 M., 171, 235, 262, 266. 
 S., 171. 
 Trinity Church, New York City, 22. 
 Trott, Nicholas, 20, 121. 
 Troy, N. Y., 255. 
 Tuggle, Hon. W. 0., 201. 
 TuUifinny, 230. 
 Tunis, 142. 
 Turkey Bend, 229. 
 Twenty Years of Congress 
 
 (Blaine), 185. 
 Twenty-three Mile Creek, 75. 
 Twetaine's Battalion, 228. 
 Twickenham, Eng., 70. 
 Two Creations, The, 188. 
 Ubiquarians, the "Right Worthy 
 and Amicable Order of," 27, 28. 
 Uhlman, J. H., 171. 
 Union, 253; the public school sys- 
 tem of, 259. 
 and State's Rights Party, 180, 
 
 188, 196, 206. 
 Bank, 202, 204. 
 Insurance Co., 194. 
 Society (Savannah), 190. 
 Street, 27, 120. 
 The (Washington), 184. 
 United States, 96, 110, 123, 124, 
 131, 141, 145, 177, 213, 
 269, 285. 
 Army, 195, 227, 245, 271. 
 Government, 200. 
 Navy, 144, 228. 
 Supreme Court, 203. 
 University of Virginia, 254. 
 Valance, Moses, 140. 
 Valentijn, Simon, 20, 21, 22, 277; 
 naturalization papers of, 20-21. 
 Valentine, Abraham 0., 140. 
 Daniel, 48. 
 
 Valentine, Hertz, 236. 
 
 I. D., 171. 
 
 Isaac D., 236. 
 
 J., 171. 
 
 Jacob, 207, 236. 
 
 Samuel, 140, 171, 246. 
 Vidaver, Talk, 292. 
 Virginia, 93, 131, 200, 230, 233, 237, 
 248. 
 
 the (iron-clad), 201. 
 
 History, Gleanings of (Boo- 
 gher), 93. 
 
 Line, Continental Establish- 
 ment, 93, 94. 
 
 Military Institute, 251. 
 Visanska, George A., 236. 
 
 J., 266. 
 
 Mrs. J., 262. 
 
 J. M., 243. 
 Volaski, A., 238. 
 
 J., 237. 
 
 J. A., 266. 
 Volozhin, 219. 
 Waage, Mordecai G., 140. 
 Wachtel, Myer, 239. 
 Walterboro, 205. 
 
 Walter's Battery, 224, 226, 231, 232. 
 Walters, J., 172. 
 
 Walthall Junction, battle of, 230. 
 War between the States, Jews of 
 
 South Carolina in, 220-240. 
 Wardlaw, Judge, 210. 
 Warley, Captain Felix, 75. 
 Warner, Henry, 239. 
 
 William, 140. 
 Washington, D. C, 86, 92, 93, 
 144, 145, 184, 203, 225, 237, 
 273. 
 
 President George, 94; corre- 
 spondence of the Jews of 
 Charleston with, 94, 122-126. 
 
INDEX 
 
 351 
 
 Washington Artilleiy, 224, 225, 
 226, 227, 231, 232. 
 
 Bridge, N. Y., 275. 
 
 Mounted Artillery, 223, 225. 
 
 Volunteers, 206. 
 Watchman and Southron, The, 251. 
 Water sapphire, or topaz, 64. 
 Waterman, S. A., 140. 
 Wayside Home, 222. 
 Webster, Pelatiah, Journal of a 
 voyage to Charles Town in So. 
 Carolina by, 61. 
 Weiskopf, Leopold, 238. 
 Weiss, Jules, 236. 
 
 Samuel, 239. 
 
 Weissenberger, , 140. 
 
 Wentworth Street (Charleston), 
 
 213. 
 Wertheim, Berthold, 236. 
 
 Hymau, 236. 
 
 Julius, 236. 
 Wesel, D. V., 172. 
 West Florida, 98. 
 
 India Islands, 29, 177, 184. 
 
 Point, battle of, 230. 
 Westminster, Eng., 69, 281. 
 Wetherhahn, J., 237. 
 
 M., 237. 
 Wetherhom, Levy, 236, 266. 
 
 Levy, Jr., 266. 
 
 M., 172. 
 
 Martin, 237. 
 
 Sol., 237. 
 Wetumpka, Ala., 191. 
 Wheeler, Vice-President, 274. 
 White, John Blake, 173. 
 
 Captain William, 65. 
 
 Hall (plantation), 74. 
 
 Hart Court, 109. 
 Wilderness, the battle of the, 224, 
 229, 231. 
 
 Will, an ethical, 38. 
 William III. of England, 21. 
 Williams, A., 266. 
 
 H. J., 266. 
 
 Colonel James, 75. 
 
 Colonel 0. H., 96. 
 
 S., 266. 
 Williamsburg, Va., 227, 237. 
 
 County, 263. 
 
 District, 198. 
 Williamson, Major (subsequently 
 Colonel and General) Andrew, 
 74, 75, 76, 77, 112. 
 Willington Rangers, 223, 225, 228, 
 
 234. 
 Wilmington, N. C, 166, 186, 224. 
 
 and Raleigh Railroad, 188. 
 Wilson, J. Cohen, 237, 239. 
 
 John L., 197. 
 Wiltshire, 65. 
 Wineberg, M., 172. 
 Wineman, Dr. P., 172, 238, 262, 
 
 264. 
 Winestock, M., 172. 
 Winnsboro, 275. 
 Winterbotham's history of the 
 
 United States, 130. 
 Winyah (Bay), 24. 
 
 the planters of, 50. 
 
 Artilleiy Company, 242. 
 
 Indigo Society, 8, 127, 242, 
 243. 
 
 Inn, 243. 
 
 Light Dragoons, 242. 
 Wisconsin State Historical Society, 
 
 8. 
 Wise, Dr. Isaac M., 217, 218. 
 Witeover, Hyman, 256. 
 
 family, of Marion, 256. 
 Witkofsky, J., 237. 
 Wittkowski, Legriel A., 245. 
 
352 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Wittkowsky, Adolph, 237. 
 Wolf, , 99, 279. 
 
 D., 239. 
 
 Lucien, 35, 194. 
 
 Hon. Simon, 94, 95, 126, 141, 
 144, 200, 228, 238, 239. 
 
 Lieutenant W. M., 237. 
 Wolfe, David, 245. 
 
 Henry, 280. 
 
 Jacob, 237. 
 Wolff, Simon, 240. 
 
 W. M., 237. 
 Woodville, Mississippi, 192, 196. 
 Woolf, H. L. P., 172. 
 
 Isaac, 140, 172. 
 
 Jacob, 242. 
 
 Ralph, 172. 
 
 Solomon, 280. 
 
 Work House, Charleston, 128, 142. 
 
 Wormwood Street, London, 47, 49. 
 
 Yates family ( Jewish ),^ of Liver- 
 pool, 194. 
 
 Yaws (disease), a cure for, 62. 
 
 Yeadon Light Infantry, 230. 
 
 Year Book, City of Charleston, 7, 
 32, 33, 44, 53, 89, 120, 121, 126, 
 185, 204, 262. 
 
 Yellow fever, 217. 
 Tavern, Va., 248. 
 
 Yemassee Indians, 19. 
 
 Yeshuat Israel, Congregation, 131. 
 
 York River, Va., 231. . 
 
 Zachariah, E., 237. 
 J., 172, 237. 
 
 Zacharias, David, 237. 
 
 Zemach, Abraham, 140. 
 
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