Z 733 MB U6 Copy 2 STATl'; lu. I JRICAL -LIBRARY ■RUTLDING MEMORIAL VOT ttmE 1901 ic- WW l^^ ^f^ I " ■•■J'. ;^5'>"> ^x- -n" (Inss 2 733 C^^y ^ SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT „*:j( *6« W$^^ '■'l4>l&^. ^^« \)^1SC0NS1N STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY BUILDING MEMOKIAL VOLUME THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN Exercises at the Dedication of its New Building, October 19, 1900; together MC'ith a Description of the Building, Accounts of the Several Libraries contained therein, and a Brief History of the Society KDITIiD BY REUBEiN GOLD THWAITES .S(V;.7,?/ r and Snt>,i ii,l,nd,ii[ ul llic iiocitly flDcniorial Uoluinc MADISON DKiMDCKAT I'KINTINT, COMPANY, CONTENTS Board of Building Commissioners .... c0ntr.\ct0rs and svucontrac'tors ..... the dedication ceremonies 1 1 y mil — Mar;/ M. Adams ...... Hi'poit of Kxfieises — The Editor ..... Thi.'linoi-dtion — James Darie lliillcr .... President's Address — Julin Johnston .... A Word from the Builders — ./ames //. Stout. President of tlie Coininission The State and the Soeiety — iiWo-nct/ Scofielcl, Governor of \Vis<'onsin The University and the Society— C/iar/c.f Kendall Adams, President of llie State The Soeiety — 2?Ci(&c)! Gold Thuaitcs .... Greetings from Sister Historical Societies— C/iar/rx Frat. Historical Society .... Adams. President of :\I:i i:i Id ity 18 21 -achnselts Greetings from Sister Libraries— ./(Omcs Kendall Uosmcr. Lilir.irian of MinncaiM On the Teaching of History — ^l"A-f"- Ciinnhuiham MrLaaahliii. ..f .Mi,-hi}.';iii fi Dedication Address, "The Sifted (iraiii .-ind the (n.-iiii Sifli-rs •• — (7i«W/n Fnin, MISCELLANEOUS A llescriplion of the P.uildini.--77»' /',V/,7r,/- . A P.ricf lii>toi-y of tlie \Visi-on.-.in Historical Society — 7V,<' Kilitar The Work of the Society— //(r /sV/,7r^c The Lihiary of the University of Wis.'onsin— Widt,,- .V,.Vi„ii' S„nll,. I The Lil.iary of tlie Wisconsin Academy of Sei.Miccs. Arts, .-iiid l.clt.'rs What Distinji-nisluMl Lil.rarians TliiiiU of the Huildinir Indkx — ./((Hicx Ahd-andcr Eobcrtson .... ,11, am Ihihdt ll„hh> (vii) ILLUSTRATIONS PORTRAITS C'harles Fraucis Ailauis, LL. D., pi'fsideut of Massachusetts Historical Society Charles Kendall Adams, LL. D., president of University of Wisconsin American Library Association, upon steps of east terrace of the building Prof. James Davie Butler. LL. D Alfred C. Clas, of Ferry c^ Cl.-is, .•in-hitects Lymau Copeland Draper, LL. D., first secretary of the Society, 18."i4-].SS(; Daniel Steele Durrie, first librarian of the Society, 183G-1892 [asmp.uiy. Chicas Painting and glazing — Pollard & Taber. Madison Plumbing -W. H. Halsey. Milwa.ikee Plund>ing fixtures - Kundle-Speiice Maiiufaclm ing Company. Mi Hoih^r-Charles H. Kruse Heating Company. Milwaukee Heating apparatus — The Mueller Company. Milwaukee Heat regul.-ition -.lolnisoM Kl.Tlrir Servi.T C,.:np:iny. Miluauk.T Klectric uoi-U-.luliu^ Andi;ir \ Son> Coii.p.-iny. .Mihv.-inliee KK'fAINlNii \Vai,I.-T. C. McC.nthy. M.adisnn STONK CAKVINli-.T.lsellh Dux. Chicago Stkki, BooK-SllELVlNi; — Art -Met.al Construction Conip:iny. .I.amestown. N. V. GknkKAL FfRSITrRK (cases, tables, siiei-ial e(iuipment i — M.itlln ws I'.ros. Mam Siihrdiilriirtor: Catalogue c.-ises ,-in.l truclComp.any. Chi<-ago .1. S. Ford. .lohnson cV Comi.any. Chicago Cork Caki'KTs. Kriis, and Siiai)i:s — Gimlxd Brothers. .Milwaukee P^I.KVATORS AXI) Ej.l-;VAT()R Griij.ks — < )tis Elevator Company. Chii-ago El.KCTRic FiXTlRKS — George H. Wheelock iV: Company. South li.nd. Ind. The O.xley Enos Company. New York City (xi) WISCONSIN SI ATE HISTOFICAL LIBIiABY BUILDING Electric Lamps — Shelby Eleotric Company, Shelby, Ohio Electric Meters — General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. Radiator Shields — Monash-Younker Company, Chicago Steam-pipe Covering — Manville Covering Company, Milwaukee House Telephones — Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange, Chicago Clocks -William J. Ganmi, Ma.lison Siibeontractiir: Automatic Electric Clock Company, Chicago Skins— Breitwisch & Wunderlich, Milwaukee Window- and Door-Screens- Wilier .Alaimfartuviiig Conipany, Milwaukee Awnings — Gallagher Tent and Awning < 'diiriiauy, :M;Hlis sr £ 'HMtKEsr .TV,-nils Iht,- h.-.v.. wi The laiiv>I Imiiainir man .•an lais.. Is hill Iht- syinhul ,,f Thv th..iiyhl. To I'li-sfiu-c hiii-r iinsi-i-n. mikuowii: This place hatli t'ouiiii The;- day by day. We reap this liour what Thou hast sown. Thy light is here! Lord (i.xl. we ask. The toiler's right its g-ift to sh.-irc: Se.-iire to our appointed task. ^ionie witness of tlu' Builders' eare. So shall this sac-red teiuph' stand The treasure of a noble State : And all the good Thy wisdom planned, Man's labor into Life translate. EXERCISES AT THE DEDICATION S^ r TWO ..'clock in the :itlcrn.i(.n (if Fii.hiy. ( )ct(>hcr iniictcciitli. l!l(»(), an ainliciicc of mill- liuiidrcil i.ci'si.ns, c(.iiii>risiii.i,r iiiciiil>crs of tlu- Society, stale ufticers, and iiu'iii- Ix IS of tlie legislature, meml)ei\s of tlie instnietioiial foice of the State University and other eikicational institutions in \\'isconsin, totrethei- with invited guests from outside the state, gatiiere.1 in the general rea I'.utl.T, l.L. D., (.f Maaisnn, uue nf the (.Most iiiciiiImts of tlic Snricty. the president deliveretl an address. yueeeediny this, were l)rief addresses as lull,,ws: A Wonl IVoiu tlie I'.uiiacvs - The Hen. James H. Stent, I'resi.leiit of the Boavil of Huihlin,y Cuiii- The Slate .-m.! lh;' Soriety - The Hen. Eilwar.! Seehehl. ( ioveviier ef Wiscciusiil. The I'liiversity -.uuX the S.ieiety - Chavk's Kea.biU Adams, LI.. 1)., President of the University of Wi.seon>in. The S,.eiety- K'euI.en C.ld Tl[uai(es. S.^eivtary and Superintendent. (iiv,.nims from Sister I lislerie.al Societies- The linn. Chark's Fr.aneis Adams, LL. D., President of the Massa,'hu-...n> 1 1 i^lnrir.-i I S,„-i,.ty. (ir,etin-,~ Iron, Sistei- Lihrarie,.- Prof. -lames Kendall Hosmer. LL. D.. Li))rarian of the Minneapolis Piihlic Lil.r.ary. On Ihe Teailnii-- of History - Prof. Andrew ( 'unnin.yham MeLang'hlin. of the University of Miehigan, Chairiii.-iii of 111,. Auaaieau Historical Association's Committee of Seven on the Teacdnng of History in l^etweeii the a.hhcsses hy Senator Stout and (iovernor Scofiel(K-a iloulde quartette of State Tniversity stii.lents (>h'ssrs. A. ('. Khlinan, .1. W. Metiilhs, Phihi) Spooner, H. S. IVter- soii, P. A. Kolh. !•:. i;. Williams, ('. ('. Ireland, and L. P. Kosenheimer) , under tin' eharov of Prof. F. A. I'arkei', ilire,-tor of tlie University Srliooj of Music, sang the Deiheation Hymn, written l,y Mrs. Cliarles Kendall Adams whi.h ha.l heen set to musie l,y Proh'ssor Parker. Tliey also sane- a seKTti,m hetweeil Ihe ad.hesses liy tlie I Ion. ( diaries FraiKas Adams and Pn,tess,,r Ih.smer. At eie-ht ,,'c|,,ek in the evenin.o', a similar audienee, with President .Johnston in the chair, was asscmhled in the same room, and listened to an address entitled "The Sifted Graiit and the (irain Sifters." l.y the Hon. Charles Francis Adams, of Massachusetts. This was hillowed hy an inkirmal reception hy the Society, in the course of whicli the vis- All of the address-s delivered at the dedicatory exercises, together witli the dedication hymn, are herewith eriven in full. (0) DF.IilCMlDS ti:iti:.uii.\ii:- THE INVOCATION 1!Y .lAMK.S DAVl T IS I„.li,-v.Ml il;,it r nni in yiirs the nMcsl niai ..l>in, Wllirl, lluw iH'lvrch.hnit.-stllc llinst <•! ■rlaiii ll]:it Irw siirvivr wlmsc iiiciih .rics. lik lltcivil t :lkr Up a shciw,'" yd lillillt^- lln 111 Slill fewer perliaps liave lieell ill liHire eunlilHKills em iiieiiilMT, ,,lli,-.T, .11- at least reader, tnr uver lurty-tw.i yi It has tlhTetnre lieell re< | lleste.l tliat I In-ill tile l)reseiit I'lmetinii with some iiitr(MliietMry w^nls. One siii>;le feelill.y. huwever. is j.ara lint in iiie wher- ever I turn my eyes frdin this et'iitial platlnrm, i.r waii.ler amuni,^ the hnukstaeks Inim haseiiieiit tu sky- htihts. That .Inniinant leeliii.t; aiiHUi- the mysteries ..il'rovidenee is, a l.leii.liiio- ,,|- ,.,,„. ,/.emei,t an.Ura tude which imiiels me tu exelailii. "What hath (I wnaiohi !■■ In thi-clir ,Tnwnino meivy nl' theee tiiry, I I.elKild the arm nf the I.,.r.l ivveale.l. and 1 Nile over the entranee iif the most aneit'iit lihrary known ill the world, the inserii)tion, llr(illli-li<,iisv oi Ihf smil. i/'i'XV? iiT/xloy. My l,M.line-. "What hath ( lod wn.ii-ht!" hids me speak to CmI lirst and loremost. Let us. therelore, how helore him who only is yreat. Dolirnfon/ rrai/rr. Almighty (io.l ! Our liearts overflow with joy, as Wf now eoine hefore thy Jireseliee. Till' memories of us meinhers of tlie Historical Society, inv of its cradle State Historical Society .if Wis- ikinc- event in its career. It is . run hack to its hooks "(hiiily Ives than my own sianty stock. Pkok. J.\MI-;.S DAVIE lUTI.nR, I.I,. I) , . , , , , , , One (>< the oldest members of the Society, now coeval With tllO early years ol our coinmoilWeiUtll, of m his eiKhty-sjxtli year.. From photograph ' taken on hus eightieth birthday. Its lirst hihlintiieeal sjatlierings vouchsafed a corner in the old c,-ipitol, an.l when that pla<-e hecanie to., narn.w, welcome.I in a h..si,ital.le church. It oiad.lens us that our historic jewels were at once honored with hefittin.ir caskets in the new capit..l: and wh.^n they had orowii too large for that setting, that eapitol-e.vten.siuu was largely hi-oiight ahout in .irder to enshrine them. Our most |)reei()us memory i.s, that the .Soeicfy lIV,srr)A',S7.V STATh' JIISTOinCAL LIlillABY liVILDTXa was winniiiff su.-li n Inniic in tlic hearts nf the people at large, as furesluuluwed the eonsum- iiiatinn and eiihiiiiialidn we now witness. That man has here ihine his ufninst to safeguard our treasures from fire and other fury of elements, as well as to tnrnish etlei'tual heli)s for their iloing the greatest good to the greatest numher who lahor to heroine heii-s of all ages, how can we he fitly thankful ? That our aceu- mnlations and those of the rniversiiy here eonihine under one roof, and, clasping loving hands together, lend and horr.iw light, each exaHing each, is the crown of oui' joy. That ours is such a felicity of position, that our feast of reason is spread as daily fooil "without money and with- out price" hefore the sons ami daughters of our iieojile wlio chielly congregate here for the hettering of their minds,— that such a price to get wisdom is hci-e jiut into receptive hands, — O (Jod ! how can we litly thank thee? To thee, <) <;od, we dedicate this lihrary, as a Christian and a christianizing estahlish- ment, a hall of harmom.uis research where the hrotlierl 1 of man shall he i)romoled — all mingling on .>ne level, no maltci' how divide.l hy creed or party or class; all walls of pai'tition l)roken down. Thankful for the past, our i.rayer is for tlie future. Grant still to. the Society that home in the liearts of the people which is mother of its prosperity. Let it he felt that no city is too great and no hamlet too small to be uphfted hy its influence. Out of the ahundance of their heai-ts, the peoi)le of Wisconsin have made the Society tru.stees of a vast educalive hounty. Let the state sustain this jialace of light which it has Imilt, so that the muniticeiice of tlu" ]ieo- l>le shall do its iicrfecf work. Let this magnet attract from far an.l m/ar, those who can most jirotit hy its li'casures of science and delights of learning. \\\' delight to honor the Society's founders who have walked the way of nature. Our own (lays are a shad is none ahiding. Officers, mendiei's, readei's, all die. All the more hecause "we all do fade as a leaf," let us t'.xult in the So(aely which, through thy blessing, shall not die — shall know no age, hut from generation to generation shall hand down legacies more anuilding as well as in its generous support of all the educati(Uial and chai-itahlc institutions within our borders, proclaims in no uncertain language the belief of the people of our state that we have a great future before us; and we mean to show that we are worthy of that future by preparing for it. If we cast our eyes lutck for three thousand years, we see the highest civilization in the valley of the Nile, and again on the Tigris and the Kn].hi-atcs; by and l>y the mistress of tiie world estabhshed her seat on the banks of the Tiber, and then on the baid A Tinx ri:i;i:M().\ii':s ■allcil "llic Icltrr ,,|- inslrucli.ms wliirh |1„. ,,1,1 '< n , ,<,r,,M,.n kry I,, iv.ich tln/.n. Tli ■ r,,unl:iiii'- ,>f kii,.u-|. • as ihry aiv iii- cxliausliM,'. I think I ,-an li,-ai' our .•ntlmsiasti,- s,-,-ivtary. like llic ll.'l.ivw prnphct ,,|- ,.1,1, .•allin.u-, " II, s every one tlu.t thirsletli, eoine ye tc the waters, and lie that hath ii,, iik.iu'V I have sometiiir.'S tlioii'rht it sli-aii.u-e that Wiscmsiii has taken siuli an inl,-ivst in histi.ry, seeing it lias so brief a history of its own. Nu lairicl ,iti,-s, n<, i uiniMl anlii-, nn ,iuniMinjr ])alaees, no grim castles famed in song ami story, n,. gl,Mniiy i-atliiilrals, n,. hist,)ri,' haltlelieMs are to he foun; that such is the ease. It is a grand th, night that \\r hegiii ,,iir history untranimeled hy t ra,lit i,ais, an.l unfettercl i.y privilegv an,l ])rer,.gativ,>. Iiislea.l of the grim sjuvtres ,,f tli,' ,l,'i.arl,,l i>ast, we see lair cities rising ,m th,' sh,.res ,,f h.^aiit ifiil lakes, with s,di,.,,ls, ,-,,ll,gvs, lil.raries. chmvhes, and all tla.se henev,.lenl an,l .diaritahl,' insi il iiti,ms which are tlu' gl.uy of ,)ur ni,,,!- ern civilization. If men come n,it from alar to visit oiir rt'li.'s ,if the past, ihi'y aiv ,-oiiiing in great, m- an,l greater niimliers to c,,iisiill the records of the past whi,-h we have garn,'re,l. I ,1,. ii,.l ihiiik it a thing impossihle that l,cl,,re many generations come ami g,>. ih,' slii,lciils ,if Kun.pe will not consiil,'!- that their e,hiealion is c.mplele until tli,-y have si ii,lie,l at the I'niversily of Wis- consin! Our state is larger than all Miiglaii,l, hut ha- ,,nly ■_',( II II 1,(101) ,if ]KM,ple; can any ,me lireilict the stamling of ,iur I'niversily when it has the supi),.rt ,,f ten, perhaps even twenty, niilli,.nsof i,eoi,le-.' We are on the thre.shol,! ,.f a new .-entury, a fact which shoul,! give an imiu'tus t,, the study of history. Not one of us will reacli another of tliese mile-stones , if Time, ami il hc- lio,.ves us to look hoth hack up,.n tli,' jiast and forward to the future. He must hehliml, in,leed, wh.i .-anuot see that at i.rt'seiif the mightiest agcn,-ies are uni- fying the nati,)ns of ,lie earth. Every ocean is covere,! with ships, the mountains i\w heing tunn,'l,',l, the i-ivers bridged, great canals are being iiia,le between tiie oi'cans, electric wires are being lai,l in the dark depths of the sea, while w.nulerhil cxp,.siti,.ns ,,f the in.lustrics of every nation are being held umler one roof, ami the jucjudices ,)f ra,e an,l t,mgue are rapi,lly melting away. The horrid thumlers of war have nof ceased to roll, but tiny are nuivly prepar- ing the way to usher in the grand diapason of universal iieace. Ladie.s -and gentlemen, I feel that I must not ,iecupy any more of your lime, for we have with us many distinguished men from li,ith our own ami ,ither stales, who have kin,lly i-,>me to assist us in making the e.xenascs of this li,iur w,irlhy of tli,> great occasion we have met lo celebrate, ami to rej,,ice with us that one m,irc mighty power has been establisheil in Wisc.m- sin t,, ,lissipate the .larkness of ignorance ami '•weaken thes.cptre ofOl.l Night. ■" a iH.wer whi,-h will make for righteousness, intelligence, an,l truth, through many generations to come. DEI II (A IK IS < i:iti:Mi)Mi-: A WORD FROM THE BUILDERS U'l-s Inr crcrliim- 111,' St:il,. 1 1 istcriral tcl, o-ivinu- tlic r,,sl .,!' Iliis l.uiMiiiK iKnirv an.l ..llirr iMiihliim- iwullv 'I'IM'ST. a-^ |.ivsi,|,.nl ..niic l!,,anl ..IConn l.il>rar.v I'.niKlin- that a Irw llunrcs. l.rif an.l cniiiiiariiii^- it witli tlic cnst nf sdiiii- . iniislriiricd. may lie nf inlcrcst at tliis tin Fnrrunstrnctiun al.ui,', this LuiMiuy- l,as ,-,,st I'l nishin-an.l cinipni.'nt, as yu.i s.v it tn-,lay, it . In thr snnthwcst stack wini^-, thcTc is stor- iige capacity tor •_'.")(I,0(H) vnhinics; there is si>a(r lor rMXIll v..hinn>s uj-on the walls of the mi,()( lO vdhimes. The eost of the Milwaukee I'uMic l.ihrary huilding was alx.ut L'l ceiUs per cul.ic lout, for eonstruc-lion alone. 1 undevslan.l that its <-a- IKicity is IMO.OOO volumes, an.l that it now has ahoul 1 lO.IKlIt volumes in its stack rooms. The cost ,,f Ih,. Chicago I'uhli,- jjhrary, which is highly decorated, was 43 cents per cuhi,- todt. The Boston I'uhlie Lihrary eost 70 cents; l.nt. as most of you know, this luiilding is very han.ls ly tinished and decorated. The cost of the n.w Columhia Tniversity Lihrary, ni New ^'ork city, was 40 cents per cuhic foot; ol the State Lihrary at IJichmond, Va., a lu-ick structure, 23 cents; of the Auditorium Hotel, in Chicago, 38 cents; .,f the New York Life Insurance C.)uipany huilding at Kansas City, 38 cents; and of the same company's huilding at Omaha, 39 cents. These figures are instructive as well as interesting; they exhihit the fact that tliis heautiful hluary huilding tor the State Historical Society of Wisconsin has heen constructed, furnished, JAMK.S H. STorr idem of llie Board of BuildiiiK Co ■isci)\si.\ .sr.iii': iiisTonicM. i.iiiitAnv I'.rn.nixi Ihc sal selves: ..f tlir Tlir liuililillL;- ('nliiliiissi(,licl-s 1 i:i vc nt tcllll .led l<. iTcct fills 1 .uildill- with sii-: THE STATE AND THE SOCIETY 1)1-.1:M ii an lioi-.ir U> t,-ikr lurl in ll:c (•(■rcin..nics <.r .Icdi.-aliii- this uiaoiiil 1. ml, liny: a 1. nil. liny whirl, srcnis tur stale pivseiits the example of a gener- ous giver, proliled hy giving. The principle is as true in governmeiil as it is in the development of iirivate charactci-, that the one who gives will he th • who gels. The foolish, iiiilhinkiiig person might contend that the generosity shown hy the people to- ward education and philanthropic wml. had not made (he slate more wealthy and im-osimm-ous; hut the contrary is regardcl as so ohviously true hy all who do think, that it is not worth while discussing. I venture the assertion that every dollai' expended in the I'niversity has heen repaid tenfold to the slate, in the development of its resources. If it could he delermin.'d, it would he exceedingly interesting to know how much the College of .\gricu It 11 le, for iuslailce, has increase.1 the agriiai It u ral iiilerests of the state; and I have no douht it would he lound that the knowledge imparted l.y the college, had paid the stale ten limes what the college has Wisconsin is steadily growing more wealthy, not merely in malerial things, hut in (he (hiiigs (hat cannot he measuivd hy commercial ruli^s. The general level of i.rosperily, which includes all, from the man who lahors wilh the shovel or (he hoe lo (he capitalisi, has heen raised and is s(eadily rising. When we shall reach the height of material |irospei-ity, no one can predict; hut I feel conlideut, knowing something of (he lemperameiU of the people and the development of j ,h i laiit h ro] He impulses, that even after the slate has reached (he climax of malerial iirosjirnty, she will go on increasing her lihcrality along higher lines. It is in the very nature of advancing civilization, such as we are proud to helieve our state exemplifies, that this should he so. It is ],leasiug (o (hink (hat with all these large sums which the slate aiipropriales each year, no tax-]iayer has heen really hurdened. Wc know, of course, without discussing that point, (hat there are a great many inequalities in our system of taxation; hut no man sullers hunger or is deprived of any of the necessities or even luxuries of life (hrough (he ainount ol taxes he has to pay; so that our giving — and this must he a pleasure to us — for these nofilu l)urposes, such as the creetiou of this huilding, is done without any feeling of pressure. (HI) DEDICA TIOX CKIiKMOSIKS Tn closing, let mo say again lliat I IVl'I wl- dwc a ilclit of gratilmlc to tlio coniniission in whose charge this hiiildiiig has lieeii, for its conscieiitioiis ami intelligent work. The stately appearance of the exterior of this structure, as well as the artistic heauty of its interior, not to speak nf Ihc mass ..f kiKiwlclgc rciircscnlcd l>y its ccnlents, will he an inspiraticn ami guide t point out the way. Learniiio- sonii- tinies seems to slirink uji the souL If at any one spot there are t\vel\-e ai)ostles, at least one of them has to look after the lairse, an.l so loses' his way. It is only the insi)ircd soul that can throw wide o]>en the doors that lead into tlie Elysian helds, and say to the student, "This is the way; walk ye in it." If the teachers are the inspiration, the lahoratoi-ies and the hhrariesare the opportunities of knowdedge. But all learning tends to take on the historic form. Even the mathematics can- not thrive witliout Pogendorf s J////r'/<7(. And so, when the univer.sity is reduced to lowest terms, we find that it consists siniiily of two elements — teacliers and l)ooks. All things else, however ne<-essaiy and desirahle, aiv as meiv clothes to the real mun. Hence it is easy to see why a great lil)rary has always heeu lu'ld to he a necessary part of a great university. The great library at Alexandria pi-eceded ilie other ])art of the university; and the Germans, after the war of 1870, would hardly think of founding the new University of Strassburg till the other universities of the world had given them 300,000 volumes. It would he hard to name any place wdiere these two necessary elements of learning have been more foi'lunately bi-ouyht together tlian tliey have here. Other universities, it is true, in theciiurseof iongyeai'sandcenturiesliavebrought togethei- larger taculties and more nunu^rous bodies of students. Other libraries count greater numbers of volumes. But who can name a spot where in less than fifty years from the time wdien the frontiersmen were beginning to gather up the unwoven fringe of civilization, the jieoplo have brought such a gift as this and placed it, we may almost say, in the laji of the State rniversily ? This w^as as it .should have been ; tor where else could the streams of knowleilge have been S3 potent for good as when llowing back into the state, through the minds and hearts of the children of the peoi)le? Are not the cliildren the dearest possession of the fathers and the mothers, and so the dearest pos.session of the state? Do not the fatln-rs and mothers willingly and cheerfully do for their cliildren more than they would do for themselves? Is there any thing more striking in society than the univer.sal desire of parents tliat their offspring should have a better chance than was given to the fatliers and mothers? If it be true that all that a man hath will he give for his life, it is none the less true that all that a man hath will be give for his children. This, for obvious reasons, is even more strikingly true on the frontiers than it is in the mature i)arts of our country. The school houses that dot the valleys and hillsides area striking and a glorious proof of the determination that whatever else comes, the children are to be provided for. (IS) iiiihK A iKts \li^^ n( tiie ruiversity, where sc iiial tn drink ,,f the swe;'l waters ot learnine-. Here, it islriK ii!i|.iMlaiu-e tiial, wherever its h..iu;', it wuiiM draw seiiul; Inr tlieiuselws; an.l it may well he |persiiaileil t(i eret-t sueh a sti-iic-lure ly nf their sons ami (laut help thinkin.^- that the building as a whole would not fiave been out of place on that sacred hill of Minerva at Athens, which was thronged with temples and statues and colonnades, any one of which, it has been said, would have been the artistic glory of any city in the world. Ami 1 fancied that in the years to come many a student may here have something of that artistic thrill, at once subduing and all-porineating and up- lifting, which so many have felt on first entering King's College chapel at Caml)ridge, but oidy Wordsworth's genius could fully exin-ess. " Tax uot the royal Saint with vain expense. With ill-matehecl aims the Architect who planned. Albeit labouring for a scanty band Of white robed Scholars only, this immense And glorious woi'k of fine intelligence ! (!ivc nil thou (MHst : lii,t;li Heaven rejects the lore omic-ly-ral.-ulatcl le^. .„■ innre ; Se (l,M-i,i,.,l the :\laH who ta>lnc.iied for the sense These Iwl'ly pillar^. s|.re;el llial l>raiicl,in- r..,,f Self-i...isr,l, an.l s.M,o|H-,l ml,, t,ai ll„,u-ai„l ,-..lls. Where H-ht an,l sha,le rep,.se, wleac iiiiiM,- dwells Lingering, and wandering on as loth to die : Like thoughts whose very sweetness yieldeth proof That they were })orn for immortality. " As I turned to lake an-.thcr survey of the whole, even the lions which guanl the front portals seeuK'd to say to every goer and comer- "Leave behind you every turbulent i)a,ssion, for growl and I'oar as you may, you will be kept in place by this weight of wisdom and this sense of beauty, and will finally be enchained and led with garlands of flowers." In the name ,,f the rnivcrsily, I give thanks lor this n(,ble offering on the aUar of learning. In behalf of the rcgvnts and all the fa.-ulties, I give thanks. In behalf of the thousands n ill.' ineinl.crsliip n.ll of tlic Wisconsin Ilisturii-al So.-icly, 1 l.clicve lliat n..( over three III' luiir are now living; ami prolialily none of these are herr present. The first yen- eralion of the or-ani/.ers of our liuihl have i)raetieally l-assed away. We who to-.lay are (le.licatini,^ to piihli,- use this tenii.le ..f history in Wisconsin, are .>f the seeoml feneration; tliat which w.'are -arnerin- is the fruita-e of the inspiration which has come down to us from the pioneers of hSli). The lirst lour years were i)raetically harren. The Soci,.|y. reornani/.ed in IS.-,;;, then placed its work in the hands of one who 1 Iicium lorth gave his life to this enterprise. We are Imt hMildin.u ..n th.' lonndalion^ plaiiled d.'cp and wide hy tln> our hourof rejoicin--. w<' have some tliou-ht of Ih.. man l<. whose memory is due so lar-e a share of our ihanks-i viny. Th.ise were days of small heuinnin.us. .Vfter the enthusiasm of or-ani/ati,m had passed away, Imt a small hand rem.ained of th,,se who understood the nnssion of a Slute Historical Society, or ai>i>r to ivniove uh- struftions uiiou which the aycd oi- Ihc hliiid iniglit ,stunil)!e. In those i-aily days of sform ami sircss, wlien state assistance was paltry, when often tlie fortunes of the Society treudiled in the halance, when some " practieal " men saw Uttle in the work I hat was wm-lhy of iccoynil ion, and othei's, who thought that there was "something in it," A\'oulil yladly ha\'e hrouyht flic Scjcii'ty's woik within tlie demorahzing influences of practical ).olitics, su.'h a man as Drap.'r was literally .'ssential lo its heing. Ilis hermit tastes enahled him, nuich .if the time, to survive uiion a salary which most of our lil.i-ary assistants of to-day would find inadeiiuatc to their needs. lie could not he starved ,,ut : he staid hy his .'(ilors, no matter how Ihehallle went, an new opportunities for heliifulness to the cause of histrnv and of general culture in the Middle West, whi.'h are p,,ssible in this enlarged envir.)nment in the neighb,u'h 1 of our lusty neighbor, the University of \\'isi'onsin. Enlarged opixul unities bring fresh resi.onsibilities, and necessitate greatly increased funds. The cost of maintaining a building of this character is far greater than is eommoidy su|i]iosed. Desiiite the increased annual appropriation which followed our i-enioval tbitliei', and the sharing with the Stale University of some of the expenses of maintenance, this is wholly swalloweil up in su<'h exixnises. Literally, we have nothing left with which b) buy books — and a lilu-ary without a book-purchasing fund is, to say the least, in an awkward position. An additional aimual appropriation of $12,000 is a necessity for which we shall I hliged \n appeal to the next legislature. Other great .Vmerican libraries have obtained some of their most imi>ortant collections through private generosity. Unfortunately, we have thus far reeeiveil few notabk' accessions from this source. Most sincert'ly do we hope that this camiot long be said of our library; that witli so beautiful a setting as this, large s|ieeial collections will soon find their way b. the shelves which eagerly await them. In our financial estimates, we liave onntted a5) 1040 into siR'l 1 an I'S'i inizii it ion as istitut ion tri'ad s liard on the lieel sof V.I CCl it u vies ; y ■u I'm -111 ISt'.l. How rai lid ,1 ind 1 mw iliiess 1 it indie; ites ! M; issac •lius ctts WISCONSIN STATE IIISTOIUCAL LIBEAMY BUILDING Saltonslall, Endicott, and Dudley f(H-nicliio. They are historical. My father, at the time a member of congress, accompanied Governor Sewai-d in this prog- ress, and I was of their train. It was my father's custom then, as tbi-ougbouf liis life, to keej) a somewhat elaborate record of occurrences, which, with an ol)servan<'i' almost r(4igious, he daily noted down. In now looking over this diary, I find that he referred to tlie reeejition at Madison as " peculiarly flattering, as it was without regard to party. The Catholic Irish element insisted upon appearing out of respect to Governor Seward." Here, as in Southern Michigan, from which the party had just come, the diarist noted with interest the number of emigrants from Massachusetts ; but found them " not so many in proportion as tliere ; the New York element prevailing." This was on the eleventh of September ; and, the following day, he visited the University and the rooms of the Historical Society. Of the former he spoke as a state institu- (26) DF.DICA riDX (EUEMOM ]■::=! tiuii " lately csfalilislii-d." " It is," lie wmlc, " situated adiniraljly, liaving a lieautiful pros])eet 111 tlic I.ake on eaeh side, and eoniinandiiiija wiile eirciiint'erence, i)erlia])s not less tlian twenty- live miles. As yet everything is in the raw ; the interior of the main cdifiee is not quite com- pleted. The Professors, with several nl wlinin 1 was made acquainted, were engaged in liearing the classes ; and one of them, Mr. liutKr,' I iciiiemlur to have seen at Quincy a year or two since, and he showed us the little tlnrc was In sec nf Imoks and curiosities; hut the lihrary is insignificant, and very carelessly kc|it. l'crlia|is, after the mom assii,Mud for it is completed, the arrangements may l)e i)erfected. There are about eighty students now in attendance. The institution is based uiKin a grant of lands, made at the time of the organization of the state by the general government. This fund has been iireserved.and the interest is faithfully applied, — a thing highly creditable to the young state, which has much overstrained itself in its efforts to accelerate progress. In this case, as in all others in a young community, time must be the only remedy. I'rofessor Butler accomiianied us back In visit the nmuis nf the Ilistnrieal Society, which, as a collection of literature, are really luurli bi'tter worth examining." So much for a diary entry made here in Sei)tember, IStiO, by him to whose name I have succeeded. But it .so chanced that I also then made a record of wliat occurred — the record of a young man, but still not absolutely without interest now. It was here in Madison that I first heard Governor Seward address an audicnre. Afterwards, I heard him frequently; but never to such good effect as here. 1 remember the srene and circumstances well. It was a fine, fresh aiituunial day ; ami, leaving Milwaukee in the early ninrning, we reached Madison at mid-day. Here (liiverniir Seward was mel in slate, ami escurleil to the (|uarters assigned him, where tlie assend)led crowd loudly calle whole jiarty was taken out to the estate of a gentleman from the Last, named Kobbins, situated some miles from .Madison and in a region of infinite beauty ; and there I for the first time saw a form of Western life which caused in me a feeling of envy, accustomed as I was to our less kindly and expansive Eastern conditions. "There was," as I then wrote, " something noble about the magnificent farm, with its liroad fields and the beautiful, rolling jirospeet vanishing in faint, blue, distant prairies, upon whieh cattle were grazing." Dovilitless there are tlmse lierennw listening tu tne wlin were here also on the occasion I have referred to, and remember its incidents. They, too, iirnbably regard the intervening Prof. James Davie fiutler. win, ii.-irtiiipateil in the exereisos of wliicli this aildress was a part.— El) WJSCOX.SIX .STATE HISTORICAL LIBRAliY HUILDIXG period and its events witl] sdniewliat tlie same awe, not unmixed with sadness, witli wliieli I feel myself impressed. Fcnly years liave since rolled away; and, even in the early Biblical sense, forty years is no inconsidci-aMi' time, coverinii- as it did tlie pei'iod during which the children of Israel were doomed to tarry in the wilderness. \\'lien 1 last was in Madison, I looked upon Governor Seward and my father as men advanced in years; in eminence, they unquestionably stood in the fmnt r:ink. I have comei)ack here now, very materially older than the oldest of the two then was. They both long since died, aged men; and of those then prominent in our political life, not one is prominent now, while the morning's despatches tell us that the last survivor of that race is passing away.' Of those who then reigned in other lands, earth's potentates, two alone still occupy their thrones — Victoria of England, and Francis Joseph of Austria. In this country, a presidential canvass was then in progress; we have since passed tlu'oiigh nine m(.)re such canvasses, and a tenth is drawing to its close. Of the two candidates now for the position to which we were then striving to elevate Abraham Lincoln, one was, when I was last in Madison, a youth of seventeen, the other an infant of six months. In those forty years great events have occurred ; great names have been inscribed on the roll of fame ; much history has been made : but, while Wiscoaisin has developed into a community which in numbers vies with Massachusetts, Madison still rests here, a queen enthroned amid her encompassing lakes. Of the growth of your University and of this institution, I will not speak. When I stood here last, listening to Governor Seward, as he addressed your people of a previous generation in the neigliboring square, your State Historical Society consisted practically of one earnest man, and a small miscellaneous collection of books and material for which he was sedulously seeking a home. He long since rested from his labors, and we have just listened to what his successor, your present secretary, has not less gracefully than fittingly said of him. I have alluded to that Biblical wilderness period of forty years, but the homeless wanderings of your Society covered a yet longer term. Organized on the thirtieth of January, 1849, it was not until January, 1854, that you developed a Moses. For over thirty years, Lyman Copeland Draper was then witli you, laboring, soliciting, hoping; but not until he had been four years in the grave, did these walls w'e are here to dedicate begin to rise. For your Moses, there were no Pisgah heights upon which the morning light was to break on his face as he viewed the promised land. Not the less for that are these walls his monument, his handiwork ; and now, as the sister societies, a numerous band, few of wdiich fifty years ago were in existence, gather here from all over the land fittingly to commemorate this occasion, — the day upon which you take formal possession of the stately edifice in which you and your treasures are hereafter to be gathered together, — it devolves on me, a stranger, to remind you of memoral)le scenes which once occurred here in this town of Madison, of changes which have taken jilace, and also of the laborer who is gone. And herein is that saying true: "One soweth and another reapeth. Other men labored, and ye are entered into their labors." 'John Sherman, of Ohio, died at Washington, D. C, three days later, October 22d.— Ed. (28) JiKincA ri(>.\ < F.IiKMOXlES GREETINGS FROM SISTER LIBRARIES A.. E Hist 11. WK l.c.Mi invitcl ,,n liii.l llic task uiu'iKita lie some oxprossion of il Society is assuining. I l.ai eha^. wl.ilc 111 ove they i (1 wliei I in ill tioiis. Tlieii where am I to liesiii end in counting the sister! lood? Ai Carnegie's new Hbrarics? iUit tin y, i' other haml inehide the hhrary at Nijiiiur, in M(so|iotani tiiat flourished five tliousand years l)elore C'h •asioii to si)cak for the sister lihraries, ; illill. The feminine world is well known r lihraries spoke their hill minds, tlurr \ splendors wliicli tlie lilirary of the Wis,' l.liged to l)e routcut with siu-h niodesl . I 1 • M d I lud .ist part, , am I to ia-.' r. rist; anv the \vinut if the ancient lihraries are to have a place in the sisterhood, room must he found, of course, for those of mediaeval times — and what were they ? Not long since I held in my hands a manuscript lielieved to he at lea.st a thousand years old, inscribed upon purple vellum in characters of gold. As I turnt'd over the leaves, tlie letters flashed up to the eye from the im- perial page like stars out of a darkening night. It was the veritable manuscript presented by Leo X to Henry \'rir, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, for his services as "Defensor Fidei" (defender of the faith), and is as clear and bright to-day as it was when the great pope bestowed it upon the king. Such are the memorials of the medieval libraries, and in com- parison with them how frail and perishable appear the receptacles to which we have committed the treasure of our literature ! Their strongest clasps yield to the tlmmb-nail: the wind may blow them away, the flames devour them: they crumble beneath the fingers: their frailness invites destruction. lUit I am no i>essimist in these matters. While I am very sure that as regards sump- tuousncss and permanence, modern libraries will stand a poor comparison with those of the past, I am certain that as regards wliat they contain, the thought, our libraries are infinitely supe- rior. The modern book — it is the essential of the higher life — the very bread of the soul! There are books that simply amuse, and in a much-tried, hard-working world their place is an important one. There are books which are like the parallel bars and vaulting-horses of a gym- nasium, designed to make strong and supple the intellectual muscles and sinews. Again there are books that increase wisdom; for though no adage is triter or truer than that wisdom comes oidy throLigli t'X]iericncc, there are books through which each man may add to his individual experience that of multitudes of other men, and so infinitely enrich and deepen his wisdom. Then what sliall lie said as to books of philosophy ? and of high poetry, so stimulative to all such as live in the spirit? And if it be declared that the great poets are all dead, and that no one now cares for poetry, have we not in its place the novel? and what is a noble novel but an epic without rhythm and rhyme indeeih but thrilled with the joy and grief, with the pain, pas- sion, and aspiration of the human heart ! — Such ai'c our books, the very substance of the higher life; and the function of the sisteriiood of libraries is to gather intci their ample alcoves these precious stores and distribute them for the satisfaction of the nnnd's luniger and thirst, that never dies. Among human institutions is there one whose function is higher? Senator (leorge F. Hoar, by many regarded as the first citizen of Massachusetts at the present time, speaking not long since at the dedication of a library, declared himself substantially as follows: "There is no city so great or renowned that does not wear its public library as the bright- est jewel of its crown; nor is there any town so humble that, if it but have a i)ublic library, is not thereby dignified and distinguished. Among the titles to a high place which Massachu- setts boasts at the present moment, not one is more valid than this — that of her three hundred and sixty-five towns, more than three hundred and sixty have i>ublic lihraries. Some thirty years since, when I first entered pul)lic life, I hadafriend, a bright and distinguished man from (30) DF.IiKA 770.V < EiaiMOXIKS I'cnusyK-inia, wh.i was f.nul of r.-illyiim' inc u\», said I, are the six great liistorians? Wliy, I'.ancnift, Sparks, i'reseott, Mulley, I'arknian, and Irving. And who are the six great .irat.irs? And h.' nu'nti..ned Wehsler, Kverell, Chuate, and Wendell Phillips among the six. Now, said I, do you notice that all y.air ]»oets, all ymir hisi.>rians hut one, and lour out of yoni- six ora- tors, are Massaelmsetls men •/ ! helievr," ronlinned Senator Hoar, "'that thejudgmenl of my friend was entirely just. The men he mentioned have heen our leaay that I aserii.e it to the early genius eould drink in the refreshm.Mit that enaMed it to hlossom and hear fruit." Among the states of the West, Wisconsin has won an honorahle pn-eminenee in th.- mat- ter of the [Hihlie lihrary. I helieve you are sowing mpany, extending on the one haml as we have seen into the very morning of time, and on the oiher hand froiitiiig open-eyeil the full light of the tw.'ntieth cen- tury . (Jrcetingand congratulation 1 l''oi' wliate\cr distindions your nohle connuon wealth may attain, sweetness and light for her will <-ulminati' nowher.' i-lse than within these statelv halls. IN THI-: .Mi M.l M Leadins; eastw.ird, thmiiKli tin- south eaUcry. (31) >0{ in-:i)i(.{ riDX r /•;/,■ /•;.i/o.\7/-;, ON THE TEACHING OF HISTORY I'.Y ANIIKKW crNXINCHAM MiLArOHLIX. m^ Sl'KA K ..II thr sulijc-t ..f tcai-hiiiK liisti.ry, aim. .si tiii.lcr tlii> slia.l.iw <.t tlif I'nivov- sity ..|- Wis.-..nsin. is lik.^ .-aiTyinu- a l.u.-kcl ..l' r.ials U, Newcastle. Inasimi.-h as tlu" li.,ur is late. I shall m.l.'av.n' t.. make my l..a.l (■x.HMMlin.uly small, au-l otTer only a trivial .Mlh.uioli I .-amLit. ill any |n'..|HT sense, he .-..nsi.lere.l a representative ol' tlu' stale of Mi.hi-an ..r .,f the Tniversity ..I' .Mi.-hiiran, 1 am .■..in|.elle,i t., assume th,. r..le aii.l ..tier a w..r«l of praise and .■on,uialnlati..n t.. a sister slate an.l 1.. a sister instilntion. We . "11111..! help rememh.M-in.;-, whi-n we h^oe what Wis.-onsin is .l..in^-, that in a .-erlaiii way you arcMliiinyi.iir task f..r ns. In presi'iAiiie- the wmks of your own early hist(.ry, you arc saviiiij the material of our iiistory also, rntil a litfJo over si.xty years a«jo, Wi.seonsiii heloiifred to Mielii.uan ; or, i)erhai)s I 011 to say, in this i.reseiiee. that Miehiuaii hel.nitre.l Wiseonsiii. Tlie early l-n^neh Iravlers. the s..l.liriesls, ami traders, who travei-s.'.l this Western ri-ei,,ii l.eloni;- t.. us in e..inmon. Ni.'..let, .hili.'t, Maniuelt.' La Salle,— that man of a.lamant.— an.l Ca.lilla.-, th. founder of Detroit, are our her(.es as well as y.mrs While wee(.niira(ulate you. therefore. ..11 th,' .■.,ll.Mli.,i of this vast store of interest in.-: mat. -rial, w.- leli.-il.-iU ourselves upon thi' lhoUi,dit that s.im,-.,n,' is.L.ii work (.f e..lleeti. Ill an.l preservati.. 11 with s.. nm,-|i th.ir ouglmess an.l wis.L.m. suhjeet — has elitere.l Upon a 11. 'W phase with eourse of the last few years. 1 think 1 am ri,t;ht in ANDKiiw c. mci.ai ghi.in. saying that in a very large measure this eliange has •'"•''^'^^"^ "' '"«">^>- "' i-"ivcrsity of jiici.iKan. eome within the last five years, eertaiiily within the last ten. Throughout the land, in the Let- ter seho.ils, an.l espe.-ially in all this N..rthwesterii e.aintry, we liii.l that history ik.w has a pla.-e .,11 the s<'h....l eurri.ulum hi'si.le the .,1,1 tenants, wh.. have h.'l.l fn.ni time immemorial the m..st h,.n,.iv,l p,,siti..ns .,11 th,' i.n.gramme. It is tieate,! ,.n terms ,.f e,|uality with Latin an.l (ire.k an.l mathemati.-s an.l the j.hysieal seienees. That hist.iry has won that i.laee, is V * (33J WISrOXSIN STATE HISTORICAL Linh'ATiY BflLDTXG (hie t(i the I'arl Hint it is looked upon by teachers, no longer as merely an information stiuly, liut as a ilisi-ipliiiary study. It is not simply an entertaining nai'rativc of a sci-ics of events about wliicli it is pleasant to liave some trifling knowledge. The sel 1 authorities have eoine to realize that hy the sysleiiiatie and thorough study of history the min.l is eultivated, the intelligence is awakened, the meiuory ami the imagination are stimulated, the judgment is deepened and broadened. They realize that it has <-ultui-e value ; foi' it brings the pu])il into eontaet with the highest thought and movement of the past. No study can hold or should hold a conspicuous place in tlie school programme unless it gives \ahial)le information and at the same time has a distinctly elevating and educative inlluence. In the courses of connnercial or higher industrial education, which have recently been established in a numljer of the leading universities, history has been given a prominent place. Tliese courses are intended to be practical and semi-professional in character ; and those who have not watcheil the progress of modern educational thought may, at first, be somewhat sur- ]iriseil to tind that the subject of history has been given this recognition. What has history to resent without so much as thinking of the effects which their acts might have on posterity. These men surely could not have lieen students of history; for by studying the i)ast, one comes to feel its immense i^rojiulsivt' i)ower; and he realizes too, in some measure, that the ever-fleeting present is fidl of forces and energies that will dominate the future. Like all other subjects worthy of serious consideration from an educational standpoint, the great aim of history is to teach students to reverence truth. It seeks to give them some skill and adroitness in detecting falsehood, in sejiarating the fictitious from the real. Its methods are, in the widest and best sense, scienlilic, aii-l it is thoroughly cntitlcil to take its jilace in the school programme as a scientific study. I know of notliing that has more jirofoundly inllueiiced human thinking in the course of the last fifty years, than the development and thoughtful use of the historical method. There is no sacrilege in putting Niebuhr and von Ranke by the side of Darwin. We are told by Waldstein, the director of the classical school at Athens, that he was one (lay sjieculating concerning what he might find as a i-eward for certain excavations. He believeil that in a particular i)lace he would discover the tomb of Aristotle. As he thought and speculated, somewhat uncertain as to what he should do, lu' aski'd the oimiion of one of his workmen who had helped him in similar undertakings. The old (ireek gavt> with promptness this laconic answer: " Dig down to virgin soil. >'our only archaeologist is the spade." .Such is the motto of modern scholarship in whatever lieM of iuxcstigation it may be employed. These thoughts bring us back again to this lieautifid building and its even more precious treasures. Here is an opportunity to reach the virgin soil, to examine the original material out of which truthful history can he built. Your jtresident has said that the time might come when even European students, or the professors of ( Jeiuian universities, might wish to come to .\merica for historical work. 1 venture to assert that the time has already arrived when some fields of historical study can ludfitably be pursued only in America. One phase of American history, and (hat jierhaps the miist important,— the exi)ansion of the American people, the extiiision of .Vmeiican civilization from the Atlantic seaboard across the Mississippi Valley and on toward the farthest West, the building up of this great repul)lic as the tides of emigration poure.l .iver the Alleghenies and onward to the Pacific,— can be thoroughly and satisfactorily iuirsiuMl only here at Madison. In rourlusion, I congratulate the Society and the state on the jiossession of this spacious anertinent in me, to use any words of fulsome Wl.'^rOXS'rX .^TATK ITISTdl/rCAL JJl'.nAliY JH'ILDIXO praise of tlu" iiislitiiti(■ t(i vciitiin- ■■111 (■\i-ciili,f M„,i led. ^^Tsr(lXSI^' state nrsroiiirAL ltbua nr r.rrLDiNG exploivr. Under siidi circunistanccs, I i\u\ nol IVcl tliat I liiid a riolit not to answer tlio call. It was as if in our oLIcr Massarlmsctls time the pastor of tlic I'iyniontli or of the Salem or Boston Cinnvl. had l.eeii invited lo (lie i^atlierin.u of some new lirotlierliood in the ( 'omKvtieut A'alley, oi' the li-htin- .,f another .-andle of the Lord on the Concord or the Xashna, there to l)reaeh the sermon of oi'dination and extend the right hand of fellowsliip. And in this (-(joneelion let me here mention one somewhat recondite historical circum- stance relafirii;- to this locality. \nu here may he more lairiously infoi'ine.l, hut few indeed in Massachnsetts are to-ihiy knowing (if the fa.'t that this jiortion of Wis.'onsin — Madison itself, and all the adjoinin- .■ount ies — was once, territ..rially, a part ,,f the i-oyaljy assioncd limits of Massachusetts.' Yel such was undisputahly the fact; and that tact lends a cei'tain i)i'oi)riety, not the less jioetic liecause remote and Icgendai'y, to my acceiitance of the i)art here to-day assigned me. Ai'ce|iling that part, I none the less, as I have said, i)ropose to break away from what is the usaiiv in such cases. That usage, if I may have recourse to an old theological formula, is to iniiM'ove the occasion historically. .\n address, erudite and hristling with statistics, would now he in oi'.ler. .\n address in whi<-h the gradual growth .>f the community or the institu- tion should he develo|.ed, and its luvsent c..ndilion set forth; with suilahle reference to the ly greater portion of history has, it is needless to say, little value — not much more than thcl>i()gra|)hy of the avei'age individual; it is a record of small accomplishment, in many instances a I'ecord of no aecomplishmint at all, iierha|>s of retrogression;— for we cannot all he sui<-essful, noi- even everlastingly and effe<-tively strenuous, .\mong nations in history, as among men, we know the cmmoniilace is the rule; hut whether ordinai'y or exceptional, conspicuous or oiiscure, each has its proper phu'c, and to it llmt phu'c should l.c assigncl. Having laid down this i>rinciple. I, eighteen months ago, i)roceeded to a|>|)ly it to the .so- ciety I was then ai)roacheose to ai)proaeh it in the way usual with modern historical writers. I shall attempt to assign to Wisconsin its place in the sef|Uence of recent develo])nient; for it is only during the last fifty years that Wisconsin has exercised any, even the most imperccptihle. in- (hu'nce on what is conventionally agreed ui)on as history. That this region hcfore the year ISt.S hail an existence, w.> know; as we also kn,.w that, since the last glacial p.^riod when the earth's surface hereahouts assumeil its i)rcsent gi'ogra|ihical form,— some live thousand, or, perha]>s, ten, or even twenty thousand years ago,— it has heen occupied hy human heings,— Hre-making, imi>lenient-using, garment-wearing, hahilation-dwelling. ^\"ith these we liave now nothing to do. We, the historians, are concornegist and the geologist, not to us. I'.ut the last lifty years, again, so far as the evohition of man from a lowci- to a higher stage of developuieiil is concerned, though a vi'ry .(uickening period, has. afti'r all, heen hut one stage, and not ihe final stage, of a di.s- tinct jihase of develo[)mont. That i)ha.se has now reipiired four centuries in which to work it- self out to (he point as yet reached; for it harks hack ti> the discovt^ry of .\mcrica. anositioii did not admit of doubt. In Great Britain, bondage had only recently disappeared; in Russia il was still the rule; and, while among the less advanced nations its rightfulness was nowlieic assin}>: anomaly. While the Southern, or .Jamestown, colunni of Darwin's yreat Anjjlo-Saxon mi>jration was thus following l(. their lei,ntimate conelusions the teaehings of .Jefferson and Calhoun, — the \'iruinia and Suulh Carolina schools of state sovereignty, .slavery, and .secession,— the disiin. -lively Nnrlhcrn cnlunni,— that entering Ihrou.c;!! the I'lymouth and P.oston i.ortals,— inslinclivcly adhcivil lo those principles of church and state in the contention over which it orifjinated. So doiii";, it found its way alon.y; the southern sh.ircs of the Great Lakes, through northern Ohio, southern Michigan, and northern Illinois, and then, turning north and west, spread itself over the vast region I)eyond the great lakes, and towards the upper waters of the Mississippi. 15ut it is very noteworthy how the lead and inspiration in this movement still came from the original source. While in the South they passed from Virginia to Carolina, in the North they remained in Massachusetts. Three men then came forward there, voicing more clearly than any or all others wliat was in the mind of the conununity in the way of aspiration, whether moral or political. Those three wt're : William Lloyd Garrison, Daniel Webster, and .John C^uincy Adams; tliey were the prophetic voices of i hat phase of American political evolution then in process. Their messages, too, were curiously divergent; and yet, apparently eontradii-t- ory, they were, in reality, supplementary to each other. Garrison developed the purely moral side of the coming issue. Webster preacheil nationality, under the guise of love of the Union. Adams, combining the two, jiointcd out a way to tlie establishment of the rights of man under the constitution an3) ll'/sro.V.v/.V STAIK IIISTDIIICAL I.IIIIIMIY liriLDIXd recognition even <>f ii:ili(iii:ility. On tlic cniitniry, in llir lofty :il iiHisplicrc of liiinianit:iri:inisni in which he liaW liis Ikmh-, 1 ,loul,t ifdm-rison cv.t inlml.'.l a .lislinclivcly i,ntrioti<- hicalli; while he certainly .Icnoun.v.l tlir cuislitution an.l assailed llie l-nion. lie saw ..nly the nnM-al M-rong of slav.Ty, ils al.solntr ilcinal of flic fundamental i.nii.iples of tlie (.,,uality of men l.efore the law and l.eioiv ( lo.l, and the woild l.e.'ame his— where fivedom was, there was his eounlry. To arouse the doiniaiit <-onseienee of the community hy the lleree and unceasing denunciation of a great wron^ was his mission; and he fullilled it: hut, curiously enough, the end he labored for eaiue m Ww way he least foicsaw, an.l through the vly a iii-o])het, voicing the gosiiel as revealed to liim, fearlessly and without iiaus... As such hv c(,nliil.uted potently to the iinal result. Next W'elister. It was the mission of Daniel \\'elister to jireaeh nationality. In doing so he spoke in words of massive i^loqucnce in diivct harmony with the most ]ironounced aspiration of his time,— that aspiialiou which has asserteil itself and worked the most manifest results of the nineteenth century in hoth heuns].heres,— in Spain and I'i'ussia iluring the Napoleonic war, m Russia during the long Sdavomc upheaval, again more re.'cntly in (iermany and in Italy, and finally in the I'mted States. The names of Stein, . Adams dui-ing his latest and best years, while a combination of that of the two others, ditTciv.l fi'om both. His message, carefully thought out, long retained, and at last distinctly cmniciated, was his answer to the. leffersonian theory of state sovereignty, and Calhomi's doctrine (jf nullilicatioii ami its logical outcome, secession. With both theory and doctrine, and their results, he had during his long political career been confronted; on both he had reflected nnadi. During the adnnnistratiou of .leffcrson, and on the questi.m of Union, he had, in 1S()7, broken with his i,;n-ty and resign. mI Ir.nn the s.'nat.- an.l with Calhoun he ha.l b.'cn .-l.^s.^ly ass.i.aat.'l in th.> .•abin.^t .>f M.mh'.k'. ('alh.)un also ha.l .iccupie.l the vice-presidential .-hair .luring his .,wn administrati..n. lie n..w ncct ('alh.)uii fa.'c t.) fai-.> on the slavery issu.., |ii-oiih.'ti."dly pi-of that iiati..nalily which W.hster i.roclaime.l. This solution of the issue, .1. (,). A. lams never wearied of enun.'iating, .'ai'ly an.l late, by act, speech, and letter; and his vi.'w pivvail.'d in the en.I. Linc.,ln's i,r.M.lamat:..n of January, 1863, was but the formal .l.Mlaiation .,f the policy enunciated by -1. Q. A.lams .,ii the floor of congress in 1836, and again in IS II, an.l y.'t again in greater detail in isbi.' It was he who thus Ijrought tlie abstract ni.iral .lo.'ti-in.^s ..f Garrison into uni.son of m. jv.au. 'iit with the nationality of Webster. The time now drew near when Wis.'onsin, taking her jilace in the I'nion, was to exert her share of inHuenc.' on th.' nati.aial p.>lity, an.l through that polity .ni a phase ..f ])nliti.-al evo- luti..n. S.iufh ('ai-..lina, by fh.' v..i.-.' .,f Calh.uni, was j-iva-'hing r.M.-ti.m, b.^.-ausc .>f slavery and in defiance .if nati.mality; .Massachusetts, through ({arris.m an.l Webster, was i.roclaiming ' See Appenili. (44J in-.liKW I KiX CIJn.MdSIKS til,, inunil i(l..;i .-m,! iKiti.miilily iis jiKslnu-tions; while .1. Q. A.hi.ns .•nnfnMitcd Ciillimm with winii- rniiM 1 .(• inudc S"'" 1 ' 'Y tlio swor.l wielded under tiie eunslituliou in d,.|eneen|' ll,e rni. Adams die,! in the early iiioiitiis .iltliat niei,i,,niMe year; hut his .leath in no way at^Vetcl tli,' e,,urse ,,f ,Avnts. The leadership in the anti-slavery struo-.iile ,.n th,' I! • ,.f e(,ni,nvss an,l within the limits ,.f the ,-,)nstituti,,n ha.i airea,ly pass,-,l fnnn him Inur years sin,-e. T,i,> ,ild Lnevr t,, hi.ir the wtM-ht <.f arm,,r, he ,M,uld n,.l wieM the ,m,.|. familiar w,.a|"'ns; hut the ,.|iV,-ts ,,t his tea,-hiiiv,-r it was lought the i.r,-si,l,.ntial ,.|,.Mi,.n ,,f ISIS. A little nun-v than lifty years ago, that was the lirst su,-h ,.|,.,-ti,,n in whi,-h \Vis,-,,nsin parti, -ipali'd. The numi.er of th,.se wh,i n,.w nMain a ,listin,-t i-,v,,ll,H-ti,.n ,.f tlu^ ,-anvass ,.f ISIS an.l th,- ,iuestions then s,, earni'stiy .K^hat,.! are n,.t many; i .■han,-,. to he one of tli..se few. I recall one trifling in,-i,lent. ,.,,nn,.,-t,>,l n,,t with tli,' canvass hut with ih,' events ,if that year, which, fur some ivas,,n, ma,le an impivssion u|ion me, ami now illustrates ,-uri,>usly the ivm,,tenessof thetim... i hav,' sai.l that .1. <.,). A.lams ,li,,l in K.^hruary. ISjS. ( 'arricl hack withmu,-hfun,Mval |„nn|, from ih,' ('apit,,l at \Vashingl,,n I,, Massa,.husetts. h,- was in Man-h huri..,l at (^nn,-y. An ,.l,K|U,'nt ,lis,-,,urs,- was th.Mv ,leliv,MV,l ,,vr his grav,' hy the minister of the clnnvh ,,f whi,.h ih,' .•x-invsi,lent lia,l heen a m.Mnh,.r. II, • wh,. ,l,.|iv,Mv,l it was a scholar, as well as a natural ,irator of high ,,r,ler; and. in th,. ,-ours,. of what he sai,l h,' had occasion to refer to this remote region, then not yet admitte,! t,, slat,.h,„„l. an,l h,' ,li,l s,, umler tlie name of "the Ouiscmsin." That discourse was deliveiv,! ,,n th,. 11th ,if Man-h. 1S|S; an,l. .,n ih,' '2mh of the following May Wisconsin he<-anie a state. Returning n,,w t,,th,' pr,'si,lenlial ,'lcvti,m ,>f ISIS, it will h,. loun,l that \Vis,-,msm. th,' youngest ,-,imnuinity in the rni,.n, , -am,' at on,-,, to tli,.fr,int aslh,' hanm-r stat,' of th,- Wi'St in supp,>i-t .,f th,' i.rin,-ipl,'S ,,n whi,-h th,' I'liiim was estahlish,',l. an,l th,' niaint,'nan,-,' an,l vin- dicati.ui ,,f lh,.s,. fun.lam.'utal principl,-s within Ih,' Cni.man.l Ihn.ugh the ,M,nstituti,m. In that canvass the great issues of the future were ,listin,tly hn.ught to the front. The old j.arty organizatifjns then still confronted each other,— th,- Ihnry Clay Whigs were over against the Jacksonian Democracy. Hut in ISIS Lewis Cass was the logical candidate of the Democrac-y. Then a N,irihern man with Siiutli,iii principles,— so far as .\fri,'an slavei-y was ,-,in,-ern,il a distinct r,'a,'ti,.nist fn,m th,' prin,-i],l,s ,,f the great D(>claration of ITTi;.— Lewis Cass, of Mi,-hi- gan, saw the i.;ith ,,f ,luly ,-l,'arly .■n,,ugh, toll,, wing it with a lirm tn-ad, when thirteen years afterwar,ls the or,lcal ,-am,'. I'.ut, in ISlS. he, as n,iminee ,,f tli, '.la, ■ks,inian Democracy, was op- I.,we,l I,, (u'u. Za,-hary Taylor, ,>f Louisiana, who had sui.erse,le,l Henry Clay as the candidate ,,f th,' pally whi,-h Clay ha,l , ailed into heing. Himself a slaveholder, with in.litical afHlia- lions unknown, if existent, (ieueral Taylor was n,iminated hy a i>arty which in presenting his name carefully al)stained from any enun,iation ,if prin,i]iles. .\n unknown polifieal (|uanfity, no less a puhlic character than Daniel Wehster ,hara,teri/.e,l his nomination as one not fit to h,' mail,'. It y,t r,niain,,l t,i he seen that. iira,ti,-ally. th,- jilain. hlunt, honest, well-meaning old s,,l,|ier maile an excellent i.resi,lent, whose premature , leath was ,leeply and with rea.son t4o) WJSCnXSlX STATE IIISTOIUCAL LIBIiARY UriLDIXG .l.'pl.,iv,l. llis noiuinatinii, liuwcvrr, iinnifdiatcly aftiT tliat <.f Cass, iimvcd tlic si-nal tor re- volt. F(.r the (lisriplcs of J. (.^ Adams in ImiIIi ]M,litical cauiiis, it was as if tlic cry liad again o-oiicfdi-tli, "To yoin- tents, O Israel ! "— and a first lieree blast of tlie coming storm then swept across the lan.l. In August the dissentients met in conference at Huffalo, and there first enun- ciated llic jirinciph'S of tlie American political pai'ty of the fut u r<',- that party wliich, jier- mi'aled hy the sentiment of nationality, was destined to do away with slavery througii tlie war ]io\\ci\ and to incorporate into the constitution the ininciplc of the equality of man before the law, iri'cspective of coloi' or of race. Now, more than half a century after the event, it may fairly be said of those concerned in the Buffalo movement of 1848 that they were to earn in the ful- ness of time the rare distinction of initiating a party movement destined to carry mankind for- ward one ilistinct stagv in the long process of evolution. In sn]i]iort of that movement Wis- consin was, as I have ali-eady saiowers undei' the constitution,— even then, in the fourth yeai' of severest stress, Wisconsin again threw 55 \,vy cent of its popular vole loi' the rei-.le.'ti,.n of Lincoln. A year later the struggle ended. Throughout, Wisconsin never faltered. ( )f tln' rei'ord ma.le by Wiscnsin in the ( 'ivil War, I am not here to speak. That held has been sufliciently covei-ed, and covered by those far better (lualilied for the task than I. I will only say, in often quoted w(jrds, that none then died mort' freely or in greater glory than those Wisconsin sent into the field, though then many died, and there was much glory. When figures so speak, comment weakens. Look at the record :— Fifty-seven regiments and thirteen batter- ies in the field; a death list exceeding 12,000; a Wisconsin regiment (2d) first in that roll of honor which tells off the regiments of the Union wliich suffered most, and two other Wisconsin regiments (7th and 'JC.tli), together, lifth; while a brigade, made u). three (luartcrs of Wisconsin (4(1) JIKDK'A TIOX (KHEMOMES hatfalioiip, shows the licaviest aggrogalo loss sustained (liiriiiy any similar eommand, and i.s hence known in the liistory of tlie struggle as the " Iron JJrigade." Thirteen Wisconsin regiments participated in (iraiit's hrilliant movement on Vicksl)urg: five were with Thomas at Cliukamauga; seven with Shmiian at Missim, Kidge; and. linally, eleven marched witli him to the sea, while tuur remained 1 .chiii,! In strike with Thomas at Nashville. Thus it may truly he said that wherever, hetw.vn the LSlh (.f April. ISCd. .-uidtlH' -.'Cth ni' April, 1865, death wa.s rea|iiiig its heaviest harvest ,— whether in Pennsylvania, in X'irginia, in Tennessee, in Missis- sippi, in Ceorgia,— at Shil,,h, at {'nrinth, at Antietam, at (ietlyshurg, in the salient at S))ott- sylvaiiia. in the de:ith-t lap at relersluirg. ni- in ihe I'eniiisida slaughter-])en, — wherever during those awful years the .lead lay thiekest. llier.' the men fn.m Wisconsin were freely laying down their lives. I'.ut.as I said, to set forih here y,,nr saeritiees in the e,,ntesl of 1 S( ; 1 -! i.', is not my pur- pose now. What 1 have nnd.Ttaken to do is to assign to Wisconsin its pn.i.er anaerilir,.s ofWise.aisin life and treasure hetwen ISCI and ISC,.", w.mv liut the fullilmeiil of the promise given hy Wis.-ousin in IMS. The state, it is true, at no time oi- the enuneil el i.a ml lei'. .Vuiougits representatives it eriment. In every emergency whi,-h arises there is always the ,-ry rai-cd for a str.aig han.l at the helm.- the ship of state is invai'i.-.My declared to he hopelessly .Irifting. Hut it is in just those limes of crisi- that a widi'ly dilfuse.l indi viiluality proves the greatest possihle safeguarly.— toi.ics closely eonneeted with this edilicc and with the occasion,— topics relatinjj to lihraries. the accumidatiou of histori.'al material, and methods of work in connectio)) with it; hut space an.l time alike f.n-hid. .\ sele.'li.ai umst he made; and, in makin- my selection, I oo ha.-k to tln' fact that, iv], resent iiiii' one hist..rical soci.'ty. I am h.'iv at the hehest of another hist.u'ical soci,-ly; and matters rclatinii' to what we call "history" are. therefore, those most -ermauc to the day. Comiiry, then, here from the Kast to a point which, in the great future of our .\mericaii developmeni .— a ciiitury, or, pi-ivhance, two or three centuries hence. — may not unreasonahly look loi'ward to iieiuii' tln' seat of other methods anose to |iass over the moiv ohvious ami. possihiy. the more useful, even if UK u'c uiodest, suhjeets of discussion, and to i ry my hand at one which, even if it challeuiics controversy, is in(lisi>utal>ly suggestive. 1 refer to certain of the more marked of those tend.'ucic.s which chara<'1eri/.e the historical work ..f Ih.' day. Having dealt with the sifted grain, I naturally c(,me to sjieak of those who have told the tale of the sifting. Looking hack, from the standpoint of I'.ilili. ,,vcr the harveste.l sheaves which stu.l th,' tiekis we have traversed, the retrospect is not tome altogether satisfactory, lulai't. taken as a whole, our liistorics— I speak of thoeeeh of sixty-five thousand words; theothei- in a speech of fifty-hve thousand. Webster reiilied to Hayne in thirty-five thousand; nor did Webster then err on the side of brevity. So in the presidential canvass now in progress. Mr. I'.ryan accepted liis nomination in a comparatively brief speecli of nine thousaml wmds; and this speech was followed by a letter of five thousand, covering ounssions because of previous brevity. President M(d\iidey, in his lui'ii, then aeeeiited a reiiomination in a letter of twelve thousand words,— a letti'r actually tei'se when compared with his last annual message; but which Mr. Carl Schuiv, subse.iuently i.roccede.l to comment on in a vigorous address of fourteen tliousand words. Leviathans in language, we Americans, if instructed, need to l)e Methu.selahs in years. It was not always so. The contrast is, indeed, noticealde. Washington's first in- augural numbered twenty-three hundred words. Licluding that now in progress, my memory covers fourteen presidential canvasses; and by fai' the most generally applauded and effective letter of acceptance put forth by any candidate dui'ing all those canvasses was that of (ieiiei-al (b'ant in LStiS. Tncluding address and signature, it was eomiirised in exactly two hundred and thirty words. With a brevity ti'uly commendable, even if nnlitary, he used one word where his civilian successor fou ml occasion for tifly-two. As to the opi.onent of that civilian suc- cessor, he sets computation at deliam-e. Indeed, sjx'aking of Mr. I'.ryan puivly from the his- torical standpoint, I seriously doubt whether, in all human experience, any man ever before gave utterance to an equal number of words in the same time. Leaving illustration, however, and returning to my theme, I will now say that in the whole longand memorable list of distinctively American literaiy men,— authors, orators, poets, and story-tellers,— I recall but three who seem to me to have been endowed with a sense of form, at once innate and Greek; tliose thi'ce were Daniel Webster, Edgar Allan Poc, and Nathaniel Haw- thorne. Yet, unless mouMed by that instinctive sense of form, notliing can be permanent in literature any more than in .sculpture, in painting, or in arehihvture. Not size, nor solidity, nor fidelity of work, nor knowledge of detail, will preserve the pi-inle.l voluiue any iiKire than they will preserve the canvas or the edifice; and this I hold to be just as true of history as of the oration, the poem, or the drama. (50) })KIH<'A 770.V CKUKMOMKS Surely, llicii, (inr liistorics need nuf all, of ncccssily, l.c (U'si<,'iUMl for .students and si'liolars cxrlusivly: and yr( it i< a nolcw.Mtliy fart that even (o-day, after sc-holars and .story-tclkTs have l.ivii St, 'a. Illy at work u|.oii it jor nearly a century and a half,— ever sinee David Hume an.l Oliver (H.ldsiiiith hronojit foith t heir rlassi.^ r.Miderin-s,- the el.ief pojailiir knowledfro of ovr three e,.nturies of F.nulish history helwcen .lohn l'lanta-y no means follows that art does not lind its highest expression in Titian and Tintoretto, Rembrandt, Claude, and Turner. It is the same with history. T'rofouml scholars, ])atient investigators, men of a judicial turn of mind, snhlile philo.-opliei's, and ai'cnrate annalists empty forth upon a patient, because somewhat in- lume aflei' volume; but the great masters of literary form, in history as in poet IT, alone retain their hold. Thiicydides, Tacitus, and Cibb.uiare always there, on a level with the eye; wliile those of their would-be successors wIh. lind themselves unable to tell us what they know, in a way in which we care to hear it, or within limits consistent with human life, are quietly relegated to the oblivion of the topmost shelf. I fear that I am myself in danger of sinning somewhat flagrantly against the canons I have laid down. Exceeding my allotted space, I am conscious of disregarding any correct rule of form by my attemiit at dealing with more subjects than it is i)ossil>le on one occasion adequately to discuss. None the less I cannot resist the temptation,— I am proving myself an American; anil having gone thus far, I will now go on to the end, even though alone. There are, I hold, thre.. ,-l,mieiits whi.-b .mter into the make-up of the ideal liist..riaii, whether him of the past or him . if the future; -thi'sc tliivaiv learning, jii.lgmeiit, an.l the literary sense. A pc'rlec-l his- tory, like a i>ertect iioem, must have a beginning, a middle, and an eml; and the well jiro- j)ortioned i)arts should be kept in strict subservience to the whole. Thcdic-^s, also, should be in kcejiing with the sul)stance; and both subordinated b> the conception. .\ttempting no dis- lilay of eruilition, jiass the great historical literatures and names in rapiil review, and see in bow few instanies all these canons were ob.served. .\iid lirst, the Hebrew. While the .Jew cer- tainly was not endowed with the (b'eek's sense of form in sculpture, in painting, or in architec- ture, in poetry and music he was, and has since been, prei'ininent . His philosophy and his history toiiiid their natural expression through his aptitudes. The result illustrates the suiuc'iiie iiitelleiiual powcr cxcrciscd hy art. Of learning and jiiilgmeiil there is only pretence; iiut imagination and power are there: and, even to this day, the Hebrew historical writings are a distinct literature, — we call them "The Sacred Books." We have passed from under that superstition; and yet it still holds a traditional sway. The books of Moses are merely a first tentative effort on the road sul)se(iuenfly trodden by Herodotus, Livy, and Voltaire; I)ut their author was so instinct with imagination antenee combined in one mass. No scholar or man of rdlcclion now believes that .Moses, WlsroXSiy STATIC IIISTOEICAL LIllUAliY HIILDIKG or whoever enrirlicl llic liunian race with wliat are known as tlie hooks of iNIoses, was any more mspircd llian llonicv or the Houieii.he, -lulius Ca'sar, or Thomas Carlyh'; hut tlie im- agination an.l iutc'llc-tual force of the autlior. he ]■<■ i.oet or proj-hrt, comhined with liis instinct Tlie (ircek foll,,ws lianl upon the Jew; ami of the Crc,'!. I have already sai.l ..nouuh. lie had a natural sense of art in all its shapes; and, when it came to writing- history, Ilei'cxlolus, Thucydides, and Xeuophon seemed mere evolutions. ( )r Ihe three, Thucydides alone cmuhined in perfection the (pialities of erudition, judgment, and foi'ui; Imt to the last-named element, tlieir literary form, it is that all three owe their immortality. It is the same with the Romans,— Livy, Sallust, Tacitus. The Roman had not that artistic instinct so noticeahle in the ( Ireek. He was, on the contrary, essentially a soldier, a ruler, and organizer; and a liti'rary imitator. Yet now and again even in art he attained a proficiency wliich challenged his moilels. Cicero has held his own with Demosthenes; and Virgil, Horace, and Juvenal survive, eacli tlii'ough a mastery of form. Tacitus, it is needless to say, is the Latin Thucydides. In liim again, five centuries after Thucydides, the three essentials are com- hined in the higiiest degree. The orhs of tlie great historical constellation are wide apart,— the interval that divided Tacitus from Thucydides is the same as that whicli divided jMatthew Paris from Edward (hhhon; — twice that wliicli divides Shakespeare from Tennyson. Coming rapidly down to modern times, of the three great languages fruitful in historical ^vork,— the French, Knglish, and German,— those writing in the first have alone approached the aptitude fur form natural to the Greeks; Imt in (iifil)on only of those who have, in the three tongues, devoted themselves to historical work, were all tire cardinal elements of historical greatness found united in such a degree as to command general assent to his preeminence. The Germans are remarkahle for erudition, and have won respect for their judgment; hut their disregard of form lias been innate,— indicative either of a lack of perception or of con- tempt.- Their work accordingly will liardly prove enduring. The i^'rench, from Voltaire down, have evinced a keener ],erce]ition of form, nor liave tln^y l.ivn lacking in erudition. Critical and quick to perceive, they have still failed in anyone instance to comhinc the three great attrihutes each in its highest degree. Accidingly in the historical fiii. lament they count no star of the first magnitude. Their liehts have heen meteoric rathi'i- than |iermaiu>nt. In the case of (hvat T-rihiiii it i< interi'sting to follow IIh' tamiliai- names, noting the short- coming of each. The roll scarcely ,.xlen.lslK.ynnd the <-eiilury,- Hum,', Kol „.rted, though in no way remarkable, sense of form; but he lackecl erudition, and, as compared with (Jihhou, for example, was con- ' See Appendix ( " . 2 "Not only does a (icrniau writer possess, as a, rule, a full measure of the iiatient iiulustry quired for thinking everything that may be thought about his llicinc, .-inil kiiewins what thought; he alone, it seems, when he comes to write a boolt alxnil. it. is iiiiliiied willi the lid book ought necessarily to be a, complete r-ompendium of everytliiiig that has been so thdiight himself or others."- Tin A //„i„r,ii,i , September 8, lilOt), p. :S03. (52) DEDKW riDX (EiniMaSIES tent t(i accept liis kuowlnlo;,: at sccnii,! haml. Tcllinj; liis sti>ry well, lie was never master of llis sul.jcct. I'oinin.ir (luwii t(i our nwii century, and siicakiui: mily nf tlicilcail, a scries (if familiar names at onee suggest tliemselves. — Mitfnnl, Crulc, an.! Tiiirhvall; ArnnM ami Nfcrivale; .Miiman, Lingar.I, Ilallam, Maeaulay, Carlylc, I'.uckl.', Fruu.lc, l^'iveman, an.l < Irccn— naming only lli.' morec.iusi.icuous. Millnnl was no liist.,rian al all. Mcr.'ly an historical iiamplileteer. liis judgnicnl was inlci-inr even Id liis enidition. aii.l lie had no sense nf lui-in. (Irnte was erudite, l.ul he wr..le in accnhinee with his politi.-al atlinities, an.l what is called the spirit of the time and place: and that lime and pla<'c wcn> nut (Ireec'c, nur the third anicuous in his son, there is no trace. Merivale is scholarly and academic. .Miiman was hamiiered hy his church training, which fettered his judgment; learned, as learning went in those days, there is in his writings nothing that would attract readers or students of a period later than his own. Lingard was another church his- torian. A correct wiitcr, he tells England's story from the point of view of Rome. Hallam is dei'lily read and judicial; hut the literary sense is conspicuously ahsenf. His volumes, already superseded, arc well-nigh unreadahle. Frecnnin is the typical modern historian of the original- niatcrial-and-iiiono-ra|.h school, lie writes in-espective of readers. Learned iK^yoml comjiarc, he cuiiil.ers the shelves f .lolm Uichard (ireen I will speak tog.'ther, and with re- si-ectful admiration. IJoth were iireniatuivly cut off, almost in what with historical writers is the i)eriod of promise; for, while (ireeiiat the lime of his death was forty-seven, Buckle was not yet forty-one. What they did. thercfoic,— an(>ii.ilily nuuutained that zeal for men or r:insc's is .-in liistovian's undoing, and that • icsci\ .• >\ iii|,.ii li\ ' ih, |.iiii- ciple of Thucydides-is the first lessen he has to learn."— J. B. Bury, Introdncticii to Ins dinn,, i Isild, ,,f tfil)boii, vol. i, pp. Ixvii, Ixviii. (54) iiHiiKA THIS (i:i;i:Mi>.\ii:s ('(iiiiiii;: iiu\v 111 utir (iwn Aiiirrican cxiicriciicc nml still spcnkiiif^ exclusively of llie wril- w^< of 111.' .lea.l. it is nut unsafe U> say that there is as yet no Auieriean liistoricai work whirh .•an call <'Veu for uieution aruon.ir tlios.. of the first class. The list can si)e(Mlily he j.asserl in review —Marshall, irvinu', I'rescoil, llihhvth, IJaiicruft, .\h.tley, Palfrey, and Farkuian. Ex- cept those yet livini;-, I .lo not recall any otlnrs who would challen<:e consideration. That Maishall was endowed with a calm, clear jud-nicnt , no reader of his ju.licial o|,inious would deny; hul he had no other attrihule of an historian. He (■•■rtaiuly was no( hist.u-ically learned, a horn man of letters. With a charudu- style and a ken sens,^ of humor, he was as an his- torical writer defective in jiidyiuent. Not a profound or ac<-urale investii:ator, as hecame ai>parent in his ( 'olundnis and his Washington, his excellent natural literary sense was hut l.artially .levelop,.l. Terhaps he was horn hefore his time; iierhaps his education pu- tahly. in form. I'rescott was a s|.ccies of historical i>ionccr,— an adventurer in a \m-w licld of resean-h and of letters. Not oidy was he, like Macaiday and the rest, horn hefore Darwin and the other o-reat scieiitilic h.^hts of the century had assiuucd t,, Imnum hist.uy its um'ty, limits, and siii-nili.-aiice, hut I'rescott was not a profoun.l scholar, iku- yet a thoroujrji investii,rator; his judo-menl was hy no means either iucisivi' cu' rohust. ami his style was elegant, as the jihrase goes, rather than tersely vi,c-.,rous. He wrote, moreover, of that which he never saw, or nuide himself thoroughly i)art of even in imacinaliou. I.ahoring inider great disadvantages, his course was infinitely o-cditahle: hut his portrait in lh<- gallery of historians is not on the eye line. ( )f lliMreth. it is hardly necessary to s|,..ak. I.alM,rious and perscv.'ring, his inv.-sligalion was not thonaigh; indeed he had not taken in the fundamental c,,uditi..ns of modern historical research. With a fatally dcfcctiv,' .iudgm.'ut, he did not kn<,w what f..rm was. Ceoi-ge I'.aucroft was in cei'lain ways uni(|Ue, and, among writers ami students, his name caimot he mcnti.nic.l withoiH respi'.'l. lie was hy nature an investigator. His learning and philo-,,phy camiot he called >ound. and his earlier maimer was something to he forever avoi.led; hut Ih' was m.l.'faligahle as a c..llcct,u-, and his patience knew no hounds. He devoted his life to hi- suhject: and his life ,-ame to a dose while he was still dwelling on the pn'liminaries to necessarily hiased; while, as respects lit,.rai-y form, though he always tended to what was hetter, he never even appr. .ximately ivachcd what is hcM. He. to,,, like >hicaulay, tailed to grasi) the wide ami fundamcTital distinction helween a iiroi.ortioned aner tlie reverse of serene. His defects as an historian are consecjut-ntly as apjiarent as are ins merits as a writer. (55) A CORRIDOR BENCH DEDicA riox (i-:hi-:m()mks Of Palfrey, tlio liistorian, T wniiM speak will, the clcc). luTsonal respect I entertained for tlie man. A typical New Enfrlander, a victim almost of that " terril.le New England con- science," he wrote the history of New JMitjland. A scholai- in his way, and the most i>atient of investigators, lie had, as an historian, liccu hronght up in a railically wrong school, that of New England theology. There was in iiini not a trace of the skejilic; not a suggestion of the humorist ,>r easy-going philos.>phcr. lie wrote of New Kngland from tli.' inside, and in cl,,se symiiathy with it. Thus, as resjicct^^ learning, can', and accuracy, he was in no way dclicicnt, while he was ]iainstaking and conscientious in extreme. His training and mental characteristics, liowever, impaired liis jmlgment, and he was (|uite devoid of any sense of IVn-ni. The investi- gator will always have recourse to his work; hut, as a guide, its value will i.ass away with thetraditi,.nsof the New Kngland tlieol,,gie,-d |,erind. Fi-..m ih,. literary p..int of vi.^w the ahsence of all idea of proportion renders the l.ulk of what he wrote im|M,ssihle for the reader. Of those I hav.' nu'ntioned, l-arkman alou.^ remains; i.erhaps the most individual of all our American historians, the one tasting most racily of the soil. I'arkman did what Prescott failed to do, what it was not in Prescott ever to do. He wrote fr the hasis of a personal knowledge of tlie localities in which what hi' had to narrate occurred, and the eharaeteri.stics of those with whom he undeil.iok to deal. To his theme he devoted his entire life, working unii doit le plus adinirer. ou de la science colossale de Tauteur ou de I'art avei- la<|uell<' cllc est niise en (cuvrc. "C'etait une entrcprise colossale que celle de n'suiner tons les travaux sur la niatiere dcpuis Xiehuhr. Mommsen lui-menie avait eontribue a ce travail par la quantite fahulense de mcinoires qu'il avait ccrits s\n- les points les plus .speeiaux du droit voniain, de rarclieolofrie ou de riiistoirc. Or tout ccla est assiniile d'mn' mani^re merveilleuse daus une narration historique qui est un des eliefs-d'univre de I'liistorio^raphic. L'Listoire romaine est une oeu\Te extraordinaire dans sa condensation, connne il n'en existe uulle autre an moude, enfermant dans des dimensions si restreintes {'i volumes in 8") tant de ehoses et de si bonnes choses. Mommsen vaconte d'une manifere si attrayante que des les premieres lignes vous etes entralne. Ses srands tableaux sur les premieres migi-ations des i.cupl.'s cu Italic, sur les debuts de Home, .sur les Etrusques, sur la doniiuatinn des Hellenes en Italic; ses chapilrcs sur les iuslitulions, roiuaiucs, Ic droit, viii (57) ^vlsc()^sl^■ .state iiistoiucal jaubaky building Tliere is still soinclhiii.u t.. lie taken into eonsidevatidn. I liave as yet dealt only with the writers; the readers remain. During the centnry now ciidiii.i;-, wliat chano'es have here come ahout? For one 1 frankly confess myself a strong advncatr of what is sometimes rather con- temptuously refcnvil to as the jiopularization of history. I have hut a limited sympathy with those wild, from the etherciili/.cd atmosphere of the cloister, whether monkish or colle- giate, seek truth's essence and jiure learning only, reganlless of utility, of sympathy, or of applause. The great historical writer, fully to accomplisli his mission, must, I hold, he in very close touch with the generation he a! la inrnic marl,., lai-v. Ir iihancsens des prepovtieiis, Ic iiicaic ai't de faiiv vnir ct de faii-c c prendre, de ivndre vivaiiles les <-liescs par les details typiques qui se graveut pour toujours dans la nwmoh-e.''^—G\u'ih\.m\, L'Allcinaijnc KoKCclle ct ncs Histoi-iens (1900), pp. 121, 122. (58) iisl l,c set lurtli ill wliii t is rirs of suy-Mrccl caiisul e, a The iiveraije reader, it is > liu(, while it islii^lily i lesi DKliK M 7/0,V ( ■i:ili:.M(i\lhS 11 as a iiupular style, that is iiilrdiltieeil iiitu llie i-cader Ihuiil leavinjr any annoyiiiK (aste on the iiitellert ual l>alate. The averajje reader, it is said, wants to kimw sdiiietiiiiitj enneernins all the topics of the day; hut, while it ishishly .lesirahle he sh(,uld he-ratilied in this laudahle, though languid, ( raviiiK, he must not he fatigued in the effort of aeijuisition, and he will not suhniit to he hored. It is then finther argued that this was not the ease Fonnerly; that in what are commonly al- luded to as ■•the good old times,"- always the times of the grandiiarents.— people had fewer 1 ks. ami fewer prupl,. ivad; hut tliose who did read, .leterred neither hy numl.er of j.ages nor This is an extremely interesting suhjeet of iiKjuiry, weri' the real facts only attainahle. rnfnrtiiiiatel.\- they are not. \\'e arc forced to deal with imiiressions; and impressions, always \auue, are usually dece|itive. At the same time, wlu'ii glimjises of a more oi- less remote jiast do iiiiw and again nach us, ihey seem to indicate mental conditions calculated to excite our sp..cial w..u.l.'r. \\c do know, for iiistau.c. that in the olden days,— hefore iml.lic lihraries and periodicals, and ihe iiioilcrn chea|) pre-s. and the Sunday newsi)a])er were devised,— when hodks were rarefies, and reading a somewhat rare accomplishment, — the liihle, Shakespeare, I'aiadise Lost, the Tilgriiii's I'ldgress, and IJohinson Crusoe, the Spectator and Tatler, Bar- rows' SeriiKjns, and Hume's History of iMigland were the standard liousehoM and family litera- ture; and the Bihic was read and re-reail until its slightest allusions passed into familiar speech. TikIcciI, the Bihle, in King James' version, may he said to have been for the great mass of the coiiiiiiuiiily. — those w liM now have recourse to the Sunday ])a])er, — the sum and suhstance of Miiglish literature. In this ix'spcct it is fairly o|ien to(|ueslion whether the course of evolution has tended altogether toward im|irovenieiii. Now and again, however, we get one of these retrospective glimpses which is simply hewildering; and, while indulging in it, one cannot help pondering o\-er the nn'iital conditions which cine<' ajipareiitly ]irevailcd. A (|Uestion suggests itself, wi' re there giants in those days".' — or did the reader .-isk for 1. read, and did they give him a stone'.' \\'e know, for instance, what the puhlic lihrary and circulating lihrary of to-day know to a certain extent, what the reading demand is, an; ami, during the intervening hundre.l years, the class of those who have received " a sound educa- tion" has undeigouea prodigious increase. Take Harvard College, lor instance; in IT'.M'.it graduated thirty-three students, an.l in ISiMi it graduated tour hundred and eight.— an increase of moi-e than twelvcr,.ld. In ITllC, ^dso, there wcen consecutively read through by a single individual." I have since made further and more <'aivful iuipniw on this point from other, and largci-, though similar institutions, and the iulcnau'c 1 then di-ew lias been .-onlirmcl and generali/,c,l. I have also sought information as to the demand tor his- torical literature, and the tendeiK-y and chai-a<'ter of the reading, so far as it could lie ascertained (aring them in their field to Turner anil Millet in the fielil of art. Like Turner and Millet, they influenced to a marked exleiU a whole generation of workeis that ensued. To such an extent did they influence it llial a scholastic reaction against lliem set iu,— a reaction as distinct as if was strong. Xever- Ihelcss, in spite of that rcacti,.n, t.i what extent diily rei)lied,— ' So long as the ideas of its founders continue dominant.' In the first jilace, I hold it not unsafe to say that, looking into a future not now remote, the mission of the reiiuhlie and the ideas of the founders will more especially rest in the hands of those agricultural communities of the Northwest, where great aggregations of a civic ]io]iulace are few. and the iirincii)les of natural selection have had the ' At least twenty CJOi .Viiuvir.in imlilisliiiii,' liimsrs li.ivc livdiiirlit out iMinipletc editions of jracaniay. lioth Ills MisceUanicx iuid the llisl„ti! of Kiii/liiiiil. Many of these editions have heen e.xpensive. and tliey seem uniformly to have met with a ready demand. Almost every Ameriean publishing house of any note has brought out editions of some of tiie Easai/s. Tile same is. to a less e.\tent, true of t'arlyle. Seven (7) hou.ses have brought out eomplete editions of his works; while three (."!) others have p\it on the market imported editions, bearin( llic moii' popular of his writinffs — some cheap, others tie /«.'( — liave been l)ron}rlit out by nearly every iVim iii:inc.\ TIOX CEltKMOMF.S fullest iiiiil tlu- tVrrst |il;.y in the tuniiati..ii ofllic race. Siicli is Wiscunsin; siicli Inwa; sucli Miniicsofa. In their liaii.ls, and in tlie lian.ls ..f eunitmimties like them, will rest the ark ..f In the next place, Imi- the ust' an.l tntuiv helH,,,!' ..f 1li,,se ecnninmities I hold that the eaivlnl and iiilelli.i;-ent reaUin- uf tiie hislnri.'al lessuns ,,r the past is all iini".rtant. Without that rea.ni:o-, aiul a ennstant eni|>hasis laid u|.nn its lessuns, \hv nature of that mission and thuse ideas t.. whieh i.ineuin and l,,,well alluded eannnt he kept I'lvsh in niin.l. This institu- tiun I aec,irdin,i,dy rej^ard as the nmst piveiuus ,,r all Wisemisin's endowments uf edueation. It should he the slieet-anelioi- hy which, annd the st.uiii-; and turhulenee of a temi)estuous future, the shi|) of state will he aneh..ivd to the lirm hoidinK-sroun.l of tradition. It i.s to fuither this result that 1 to-day make appeal to tlie historian of the future. His, in this eom- niunity, is a i,n-eat and important mission; a mission whieh he will not fulfill unless he to a larjre extent frees hims.'lf from the trammels of the |iast, and rises to an equality with tlie occasion, lie must he a |.rophet ant and example. To accomplish similar results should, I hold, he the andiition of the American historian. I'ojiularity he should court as a necessary means to an v\v\: and that he should attain jHijiularity, he must study the art of ]iresentation as much and as thoughtfully as he delves amid the oi'iginal material of history. Becoming more of an artist, rhetorician, and philo.sopher than he now is, he must he less of a pedant and colorless investigator. In a word, going hack to Moses, Thueydides, and Herodotus; Tacitus, Gihbon, and Voltaire; Niehuhr, Macaulay, Carlylc, Buckle, tireen, Mommsen, and Froude, lie nuist study their systems, and, avoiding the mistakes into which they fell, thoughtfully accom- modating himself to the conditions of the present, he must prepare to fulfill the mission before (03) wisroNsrx state iiistorwal lihhmiy huildixg liini. Ik' will tlicii in time devise wliat is so greatly nee.leil lor our politieal life, tlie distinct- ively American liist(iri<'al nu'tlmd ..f tlie future. Of this we have as yet had hai'dly the promise, and that oidy recently thnai.oh the i)ages nf Fiske and Malian; and 1 cannot hcl]) surmising that it is In sdine l^astcrn seed iilanteil licrc in the freer environment of the more fruitful West that we must look for its ultimate reali/.al i.m, A WINTER SCENE )kiiig north, along east terrace. The columns are surmounted by electric lanterns. (04) in: I lie. \ii|;,l,- u\ \Vi>,-,,ii>iii \va> lonncily. in m rcrt.-iiii sens.. ;il lc;isl. ji lM,rti..n .,f Ma.s.-h-hn.rlls. is. rvrn lii>toi-i,-Mlly . riin.c .■ii.i..u< than iiitr,v>li,i.r ,,r valual.l,'. In n-f,',-inl 1., it llir f,.ll,,«inL; .Mi-.u-ts arc IVum a \i,\»n\ i.f its Coun.-il uia.lc In Ihr Anicriran Anliiinavian S,M-i,-ty al \V(,r- .■rsi,..-. (l,.|nlMT L'l. ISIKI.' l,y SanuU'l A. (iivi.n. than uli.nn. on a matter ..llliis sett ,-niin,M-l,d uitli Massa- rliusc'H- hiMory. tlirrc is no liiii-lier liviiii;- aiitliciily : •■Th,- Colnnial lliai-tn- ol' MassarlniM'tts liay. .-lant.^l l,y Cliarlvs I. nn.lrr ,ltitr nf Maivl, 4. ICl'S I'll, iX-.wv to tin- (iovrrnoi- an.l nllu-r ivincscnlal i\ rs ,,11 lir Massarhnsrils ( 'oMii'any. ,,n ,',Ttain ,-,,n,lit i,,ns. all tlH' t,OTit,.ry lyin- l,ctu,',-n an .'astiTly an, I «,■>!, -rly lin,' nnnnn.,;- thr,-,. niil,-> n,,vtli .,f any |,ail of tin- Mcr- rirna,-k K'iwr. an, I .-xliMnlinLr from tli,' Alianti,- ( >,-,-an I,, th,' l'a,-ili,-. an,l a Mnnlar |.arall,-l lin,- running s,,utli of any part ,,f tin- Cliarl.-s liivrr.-- Til,- ,xa,-t w,,r,U ,.f the original iirstnumiit. 1,,-arinir on tli,' n.att.'r uml.T (liscnssion. wciv: - •■ Ail tlial pari,' ,,f Xcwc EnjrlMiiil in AnHTi,-a \vlii,-li ly,'s ami .•xl.'mlcs l.ctwi'flie a fri'i'at fiver there coiTi- ,,nli,- ,-all,,l M,,n,,ma,'l< river, alias :\l,'rrima,-k riv.-r, an, I a ,-.rt:iin ,,tlier river there calle,! Charles river, he- in- 111 th,. iM.donic ,,f a .-..rt,-)! liay tli,'r,' ,',,ni,,nli,- ,-all,Ml .Massa,-liiis,.||>, alias Ma1)a,-lnis,.tts. alias >[assiitu- MlN l.a\: . . . An, I als,, all tli,.>,- lamls an, I lH'iv,lilaiii,'nl> « lial-.,„\ ,r »ln,-h ly,' ami li,' witliiii the spa,-,',.f thiv,' Knulish inyl,.s t,, tin- n,Mtlnvar,l ,,f I he sai.h- rn ,-r ,-all,-,l M iia,-l<. alias .MerrymaeU. or totlic m.rwanl ,,f any ami ev,'ry parte ther.'of. ;m,l all lamh-s ;iml In'reilitaim-nls whatsoever, lyiiif; within tho th,- l,iv,llli af,,r,-sai,l. tl.r,,uj;-h,>ut the mayii,' laiales tli,-r.' fn.ni the Atlanti,-k ami wi'sterne sea ami ocean oil th,' ,■a^t part,'. 1,. tlii- >,>ulh sea ,>n the we~t parte:"" ■■ With, .111 alti-mptinjc to trace in ih-tail. fr,>ni the tim,' ,,f the Caliots I,, tlie days of the Charter, the coii- tinnily ,,f th,' Kn-lish title to this transcontinental sliip ,,f ti-rritory. il is .■nonjrh to know that the precedents ami usa-,'> ,,fthat period -rave to (ireat Britain in thc.ryat 1,-a-t, uiMlisjiuted sway over the refrioii. and Al thai tini,- It uas Mip]„,se,l that .\ni,-rica w.is a n irn.w strip ..f laml. perhaps an arm ,.f th,' , ,.f AMa.-.-iml that ill,' ,li>lam',' a,'r,.ss fn.in .M'.'an 1 can w.'is .'..mparatively short . It was 1 thai th,' l>tliniii^,,f |)ari,'n uas narn.w.aml it w.'.s tli.'retVn'.' in,',,rrectlv presuine.l that llie wh,,l,' •• l!y lal,r ,'.\pl,.rali,,ns this strip of l,'rrit,.ry has l„','n l,'ii-th,'m',l ,,iit into a h.'lt lliiv,' lli,,ns,'in,l miles Ion.;-. It ,'r,,ss,'s ; ntineiit, ami in,'hi,l,'s within its limits vari,ms lary,' towns of the I'liil,',! Sl.-ites. The .'itii's ,,f Alhany. Syra,'nse. Itochester, Bnffah), Detroit, an.l Milwankee all lie within the zone. There have li,','ii many Mnial aii,l i-oniniercial ties l)etween the capital of New Knfrland and these several niunici])Mlities, lint in c,miparis,,n with another liond they are of recent date, as the frround on wliich they stand was granted to the Massai-hnsetts Cmipany hy th,' charter of Charles I. more than two humlred and sixty year.s ajro." ■• Afiir the laps,' ,)f .some years the settlers took steps to lind out the territ(n'ial boundaries of the Colony on the mnth in ,ir,l,r to estaldish the limits of their jurisdictional authority. To this end at an early day a C,.inmissi,,ii w.'is app,,in(,',l liv the (ieiieral Cmrt, ,',mip<.sed of Captain Simon Willard and Captain K.lw.-ird It will he seen that the Commissioners were empowered, uniler the order, to enjjrafre " svu-li Artists ..V; 1 Piocefdings (New Series), vol. vii. pp. 11-3J. ((;:.) WI.SCOX.SIK STATE IIISTOIUCAL LIJUiJliY JIIIIJ)JXG otlu-rAssist;nits- as WrlV lie< Mlr.l for the 1 airpose. Ill .■arl; records the av„i-,1 is 1 >rtcii loll II. 1 with that 1 iiieaiiiiii;-. Under ployed Sergeant -loh II SlllTIII an. of Water town, anil.lonati the seientitio woi ■k (. nllr..Xli le.hlioii."" lUed an artist, a to join the part hlbors, ami iii.-lii.lin- the afli.laN its ,,F the two surveyors. A,-eonhn- to this re]iort tliey lixe.l iijioii a, jihiee theu tailed liy the In.lians .\(|ii,.dalilaii as tli,' head of the Meiriinaek river. I'.y due observation they found tlielatitu.h' of this spot to )„■ 4:r40 11' ': ,a,iid the nortlieni liiuil of tli,' patent was tine,' iiiil..s iiovili ,,f this point." An e.xtelision of the northern limit thus indi.-ate.l would, i-rossin- Lake Mirlii^mi. run west, from a point aliimt three miles south of Sliel,oyi;.au. tlirou-li Fond dii Lae. (ireeii Lake and Mar.iuette eounties. some si.\ miles north of their southern lioundaries, thus hiseetins Wiseonsin. In l.S:!(;.Mr. Adams represented in eonon-ss what was then the Massachusetts " I'lymouth " district. In April of that year the issue, wliirli. just tweiity-ii\e years later, was to result in overt civil war, was fast assuming shape; for on the -1st of the month, the battle of San Jacinto was baisht, resulting immediately in the independence of Te.xas, and, more remotely, in its anne.xati.m to the I'niti'd States and the consequent war of spoliation (18i6-48) with Mexico. At the same time petitions in yrcat niimlier were pouring into con- gress from the Northern states asking for the abolition of slavery, and the iirohibition of the domestic slave trade in the Distiict of ( 'oliimbia. The admission into the Union of Arkansas, with a constitution recoy- niziug slavery, was also under ciuisideration. In the course of a long personal letter dateii April 4. IsJti. written to the Hon. Solomon iiincolu. of Hingham, a prominent constituent of his, Mr. Adams iii;ide the following incideut.al rcfcicm-i- to the whole subject, inilicative of the degree to which the ipiestion of mar- tial law as a possible I'actor in the solution of the problem then occupied his mind: — "The new i.retcnsi.nis of the slave rc)iri-seiitation in congress, of a right to icfiisi- to receive jietitions, and that congress lia\c no cinislitntional |iower to abolish sla\'eiy or the slaxc trade in the District of ( '(1111111- bia forced upon me so iniich of tlii' discussion as I did take ujioii me. hut in which ymi are well aware 1 did not and could not speak a tenth part of my mind. 1 did not, for exaiii|ile. start the question whether by the law of God and of nature man can hold property, hereditary properl \ in man — I did not start the ques- tion whether in the event of a servile insurrection and war, congress wmild not have complete, unlimited control over the whole subject of slavery even to the emanciiiation of .all tlic sl.-i\i's in tin' state where such insurrection shovdd break out, and for the suppression of which the frceimm of l'l.\ inoutli and Xorfolk coun- ties, Massachusetts, .should be called by acts of congress to iiour out their treasiiivs and to slicil their blood. Had I spoken my mind riiiiii.lc of I'Diaiicipalion lliiouirli iiiaitial law. in force uiuler the eoiistitution in time of war. lie u <,{ III.' r nit. Ml Sta DKDICA rrox CKIiKMOXIKS vc thrill l<> tlu'iiisclvos. I'>ut when a inciiihiT Irnni a tree state liriiifrs tovwavil ci-vtain rcs- ich. iii>tca(l of ivasouiiii; to ilisjirovc his positions, you voti- a cfiisiirc upon him, and that . it is (luitf aiiotiiur alTaiv. At the tiiiio this was (1( 1 said that, as far as I could undcr- tions proposed hy the },'cntlcinan from Ohio (Mr. (iiddin^rsl. there were some of them for dy to vote, and some wliich I must vote ajrainst: and 1 will now tell this house, my con- ic worhl of niankinil. that the resolution airainst which 1 simuld have voted was that in es that what are called the slave states have the exclusive rijrht of consultation on the suh- For that resolution 1 never would vote, liccause I lic'lieve that it is not jusi, anil does not tioiial iloclriue. 1 lielieve thai so Iniiy as the slave slates are able to sustain their institu- liny aliroad or c-illini;- upon oilier parls of llie I'niou to .-lid them or act on the suhject, so d tlii^. .mil I repi'.it il; liul il' lliey come to the free states and say to them you must help 1 our >l.i\(s. you Tiiii^t .lid us in an insurrection and a civil wjir, then I say that with that I and pleiiaiy ] house and lo the senate over the whole subject. It is a war .lien y.iiir country is actually in war, whether it be a war of invasion d must carry it on aecordiufr to the vs and municipal institutions swept I coiifrress has, perhaps, never been Hut when the Laws of war are in lon-c. uh.-it. I n^k. is our of iIiom' I;iws.' Il is I his; llial when a country is iiiv;ided. and two hostile armies arc scl ill iii,-iili.-il .■irray. the r-oiiiniandrrs of holli armies have power lo i-iii;iucipate all the slaves in Ihc iiiv.-iilrd tl riiloiy. Nor is I liis a iiicii- t lieorel ic st.-iteiiieul . The hisloiy of South America shows that Ihr dorliiiir has l.crii ca iiicd into ] .lad ical exc.-uliou wilhiii the Last Ihirty yeai>. Slavery was abolishc.l ill (■..l..iiibia. liist. I,y 111.' Spanish ( oiieral Mi.rillo, and, secondly, by the American General Bolivar. Il was al>..lisli..l by \irlii.'ot' a inilil.ii y .■oiiimand .uriveii :it the head of I he .-irmy. and its abolition coiil inn. s lo b.' law 1. 1 Ihis .lay. Il was ab..lislie.l by llie l.aws of war .and not by luuiiicipal enactments; the power \v;is .'x. r.isi-.l by niililaiy .■.iiiiin.-in.l.is. nn.l.'i' instruclious, of course, from their respective governments. And here 1 recur ai;-,-iin I., ill.' .xainpl.' of (ii'iu'ial .lack.sim. What are you now aliout in congress '? You are passing a grant to r.lnii.l to (i.ner.il -l.i.'Usoii the amount of a certain line imposed upon him by ;i judge under the laus .if llu' sl.ile of L.misian.i. N'ou are going to refund him the money, with interest; and this you are going to do because the imposilion of the fine was unjust. And why was it unjust? He- caus.' I i.n.ral .lackson was acting under the laws of war, and because the moiueiit yon place a niilit.iry .■.niiiii.in.l.r in a di.strict which is the theatre of war, the laws of war ap|ily to that district. . . . •• I might furnish a thousand jiroofs lo show that the pretensions of gentlemen to the sanctity of their niuni.ipal institutions under a state of a.-tual invasion and of actual war, whether servile, civil, or foreign, is wholly niifouiiiled, and that the laws of w.-ir do, in all such cises. take the precedence. I lay this down as the law of nations. 1 s;iy that Ihi' niililaiy .'inlhoiily Ink.s lor ihi' lime the place of all municipal institu- tions, .-iiiil slavery .'1111.1111:' I he rest; ,'nid lli.'il. uii.lcr that st.'ili' of lliings, .so far from its being true that the st;iles wild'.' slavery exists liave llie exclusive iiiaii.'ig.uicnl of the subject, not only the President of the I'lnted Stales but tlu' .'.iiuniauil.r of 111.' army has power lo order the universal emancipation of the slaves. ■• 1 h.ive given h.'i'i' 111. ire ill .Ulail ,1 priuiiph' whi.h 1 have asserted on this floor before now, and of which 1 have no more d.mbt, tli:iii thai you. Sir, oc.-U|iy that chair. 1 give it in its development, in order that any gentleman from any part of the I'liion may, if he thinks projier, deny the truth of the position, and may maintain his denial; not by indignation, not by jiassion and fury, but by sound and .sober reason- ing from the laws of nations and the laws of war. And if my position can be answered and refuted, I shall receive the refutation with pleasure: I shall be glad to listen to reason, aside, as I say, from in- dignation and passion. And if, by the force of reasoning, my understanding can be convinced, I here pledge myself to recant what I have asserted. "Let my position be answered; let me be told, let my couslitueuls be told, the people of my state be told,— a state whose soil tolerates not the foot of a slave,— that they are bound by the constitution to a long and toilsome march under burning summer suns and a deadly Southern clime for the .suppression of a servile war: that they are bound to leave their bodies to rot upon the sands of the Carolina, to leave their wives and their chil.hcu oi'iihans: thai those who cannot m.ircli are bound to pour out their treasures while their sous or brothers ar.' p.iuiing .ml I heir blood to suppress a servile, .'..mbiue.l with a civil or a (U'J) WISrOXSfX STATE IITSTOh'fr'AL LIBBAJiY IIVILDING till' sbivc state wli: foi'cifjii war, and yet tli; It tlieiv exists no i.ower l.eyoml th<' lin ins ti) emanoipatc tli.' si laves. I say. let this he proved -1 am comes T put it fi>illi iiol as a (li<-t.-,te e if reeling'. Iml .-IS a settl.M a case the military supi- rsed.-s tlie eiv il power." The only comment ( .11 lliis utterai ire made 1 .y Mr. A, lams i of this day stung- the sb iveo.-r.a.-y t<. i n.-idiiess." Mr. Adams do(.s n,: It seem tn !i.a V,. relVrre, 1 to this siihjec si'ntati\"cs. iLoi- is aii\ a lllls,,,,, tn it 1 'olllhl 111 II lis piililished ut however, was not for-ei It.'li. The Ci \il War h rok'e out ex.actl that Mr. Ad.aiiis ,1,'live, ■e,l ill Ihe h( iiise of re ■lireseiitatives tl goiu};: e.xira.'ts \v,is |ak( ■11. Dnriii^' t lie hrsi ye ar of the war. John <'. KreiiK.nl.llieii i i-ii,e:\iirit ary 1 teparl iiieiit Ih.at eol IS, that •y was the fonowiii,!.:--\My si teen yars from the time (April, LS4L') ech from wliiidi tin- last of the fore- ■ :i(lth of Au.aust, ISIll, Major General West, issued a iiroelamatiou in which, .amoiiu- other thimjs. was the f.,llowiiie' — the slaves ■•of ;ill persons in the state of Missouri, who shall take up anus ;m.rinst the I'nited Slates . . . are hereliy derlaicd free men." This proclamation, after- \N.iids ivvoked liy I'resideiit Liiirolii. inn li.ately .attivieted niueli iiotiee. and was widely discussed. The Xew York /'/■(/-/(//(. in Its issue of Seiiteiiilier 1 . ISIiI.eoiitaiiied ;in editori.al eiitilleil ••.lohii Quincy Adams on Skavery Kiii.aneipal kmi as .\fferled hy W.ar," in wliiidi tile |iriiiriples Laid down in the speech of 1842 were ipiot'd anil ajiplied to thf action of (reiieral Fremont. The article wa-i \ery j^-enerally reprinted, and the reii.rd further examined. Finally Charles Sumner made full use of the material thus collected in a speech delixered liefore the Republican state convention, at Worcester, Massachusetts, October 1, 1801. (Works, vol. vi. pp. l!l-2:i: also vol. vii. p. 142.1 Mr. Sumner then said—" Xo .attemiit to answer [Mr. Adams] was ever made. . . . Meanwhil.' his words li.avi- si 1 as a loweriiie^ kaiidiuark .aii.l lie.aeon." Owing to the liold which the Hebrew Iheoloey h.as obt.aiiie(l on all modern thoug-ht, the standards of judgment usually ,a|. plied to historieal eiiaiarters lia\ e not lieeii api.hed to Moses. He has been treated as exceptional. Meaiiu liile, jmlneil by those standards, it may not unfairly he questioned whether Moses, after every ;illo«-,iiiee has liiaai lu.ade on in>tliie.il and legendary grounds, was not the most many-sided human being of whom we h.axc liuowledge. I'he 1 'eiitateuidi was unquestionably transmitted for centuries in an unwritten form throueh a consecrated order, or priesthood, much as the New Testament Gospels seem to have been at a later period. Seven or eight centuries of oral ti-an.smission may have elapsed in the one case, as, in the other, close iqioii two centuries certainly elapsed, before any of the Gospels assumed the shape they h.ave siii.e li.lil. .iiiil now have. Tt w.is luurh tin- same with the ] ins of Homer: the fraviding rhap- sodisls Iheiv doom .aiuoue till- Creeks lor three .-.■iitiiries what those of the sa.-red order iIkI anion- the He- brews for t«iee thai period. Xevert h.less, the l'eiitateu,-h, like Homer and the body of (iosi,.! doctrine, bears the distinct impress of one gie.at creative mind, original and individual. The iirohaliilitii-s are that the eiueiidafions. iuseitions, and amiililications of later times have emasculated rather than iiuiiio\ ed the original <-oiiception. In the casi- of Moses, therefore, the conclusion is well-nigh irresistilde that, in some remote .and now largely fabulous p.asl. .a man did exist, who put his stamp with unparalleled distinctness oil one ancient and semi-barbarons r.aee. .and, tliroiigh it. on .all modern and civilized races. I'liis mythical character, moreover, looms irp thi'ough the pages of the Old Testament with a vivid individuality possessed by almost no historical personage. He seems to have been equally great as a philosopher, a law-giver, a theologist, a poet, a soldier, an executive magistrate, and an historian. Compare him, for instance, with Julius (.!*sar, also a iii.any-sided man, whose influence on human events is perceptible even to the pres- ent time. A coiisuiuiii.ate militai y commander and political organizer, Caesar wrote his Commentaries. As a strategist he m.i> ha\c 1 ii superior to Moses: and yet it is very questi(mable whether he ever executed a more brilliant or sncca'ssful movement than the lu.aivli out of Egypt or the pass.aee of the l.'ed Se.a, as those operations h.a\c come down to us. Indeed, .all the early campaigns of the Israelites scnu to have been uniformly bi>lh planned and carried out in a masterly way. On the other hand, as a literai> |iiodnct, the De Bello (iallic. is in no way comparable to Exodus. As a philosopher, the autlioril> ol him who con- ceived, or at least reilinaal to form, the Book of Genesis was undisputed until well into the luescut . i utiiry. and is even now implicitly aca-pted by the great mass of those calling themselves ( 'hristi.ans. The binding character of the d.'calogue is re.a,giii/,ed, and it lies at, the basis of modern legislation. As a po.-t. Homer (7(1) a.iiv -,lrl •a ;, t lllC.i '!"■ nil i.\h:s llnir is 11(1 <|iii- wliich ill suljliiiiitv ot iimx (iiiinl a> will .is liuiiiaii iiitficsl (•onipari'.s with the Ixmks uf Mosi-s. As a chii^f iiiafristratf. tin- llchnw iiioiililrd. pe,M-l,. What nllirr man in all iv,-,,r,|ed history- inyMii,-al. lefieiidary. or historically aulheiilie - presents sn.-h invay iiuildiiiir of the Massaehnsetls Historical Soci- • younjr pers.Mis now read (Jihhoii tliroH.iil.iaMe .Massachusetts city I have I somewhat careful im|uiry. that (he copy of the ' De- s. not oiici- hei'ii consecutively read thronjrli l>y a siii- iks no yeiitleniairslil.raiy should he witlumt.' I know, . lull because new editions from time to time appear, and 111.- lMM,k>,llri> alway> haxe il ' in >l..,k : ' I l.al it is dii.|.ed into here and llieiv. and more or less, I do not doiil.l; Imi that il is now lai-vly or syslemalically read Uy .vonii«- i.eople ,,nhe cmiiifr K''nerati(m. 1 This passage was at llie lime remark. 'd upon, ami siilis..i|U..iilly I.mI to a .•oii>i, herald.' correspon.l.Mi.'e. In 111.- c.mrsc ..f that corivspondem-.'. as .,.',-asi.m ..ff.uv.l. 1 eml.'av.ir.'.l furlli.'r t.. inform myself, tlirou.sjh puWli>li.'i>. l.n,.kM-llr,s. librarians, inslrm-tms an.l slud,-„1s. T,, r.-.-Kdi any r.-ally \aluaM.- ivsulls such an imiuiry woiiM. ,,r,-nuisc. liav,' t..,-o\,Ta hr..a,l li.-l.land he >ysl..mali.-ally .-.ui.lu.l.-.l. This was .nit of my iM.u.'r. X..n.- 111.- l.-^s ihe (|urMi..iis luv.dve.l an- .if momeiil . an.! a thorouirh inv.>sti}r;,tion liy a c.mipetent ami mipr.-.iudi.-.-.l p.-i-.m. uilh almiidan,-.- ..f liim- a1 his .lisposal, could hardly fail to be sUfrfTi'stive, and. n..l impr..b.-d.ly. mi-lil ivm-.iI mmu.- .|uin- um-.vp.-.-h-.l .-..mlilions. e.lm-ational as well as popular. While the ,-..i-i-.->p.,n.l,iH-,- ,-ai-ii,-.l .Ml by im- wav .l,->nll. .i-\ . .-i- w.-ll as limit. -,l. s.mi.- ..fill.- points .level.iped by it are m..i-.- .11- l.-s> m.|. -worthy .-iii.l m.iy in.-ili- olli.-rs I., a moi.- sysl.-mati.- iii.|iiiry. I Ih.-n-lor.- jrive si.ace to Ih.-iu. Fn.m publisliinj;- linn, and b,M.ks,-ll,-rs n.,1 niu.-li .d' v.-ilm- i-onld b,- ..b|.-iine,l. Tlu- form.-r are. not uii- nalurally. mor.- ..r l.-ss |-,-li.-.-n) .m m;ill,-rs .-.mii.-.-l.-.l with lli.-ir busin.-ss: wliih- the b,Mdn in Ainerica there have been numerous editions of the works of both of those writers, while single editions of Ameri<-an works of a similar ehiiraeter Lave sufficed to meet the demand. For Gibbon alone of the older writers does there seem to be any active demand. One feature in the demand is noticeable. The readers of histoi-y seem largely to buy and own the copies they use. The public libraries will alone absorb full editions of :iny new work: but, of the standard writers, they as a rule buy the better and more e.xpensive iminessions, while the great mass of cheai* reprints and seeond-haud copies is ab.sorbed by a vast reading public, which tVn-merly did not exist at all and of wlii.-h little is uow kuowu. Its demand is, however, on the lines indicated. (71) DF.DK ■. I 770.V ( EUKMOXIKS Thr 1.1. -1 .ju>t icf.i rc-.l I... ih;.t what may W t.-iin.d I he -.iiMaiiU'd ifa.lcis ..f liistoiy. or tliost- i-qual to i-<.n!iiiuiiiis lii>toiical icailiiifr. iiiefcr to own the copies of tin- l>ooks tlii-y read, and to a lartrc extent <-oiiliivr I.. do eitlier lliroii'.'li tile liaifiaiii-staiid or tlie elieap leiiiint. lias a vefv close lieni-iiifc on the in- i\iciM-.> In l,c drawn from the .-tatislics and exicri.iice (,f the (.uldic lilnaries. These aKencies are all iiindrrii. and their iliHneiice has not yet had time in which fully to ass. rt itself. A develoi.nielit of the hist half century, ihcy an' still in the formative, nr plastic, state. As rcfrards them, and their influence on the reading;' of historical works, fuither iiuiuiry and i-orrcs)ioiidcuce have led to a revisal of first inipres.sions. As respects histiiiicnl icadinjr and study now c,,in};- on. 1 i;r:i\(ly douht whether any safe inferences can be drawn from llii> souive. As ;i rule ahoul live i .'i i per cent of the liocdtnrical: liul. en the other lianil. fuither investigation leads ine to infer that those who r.'Mirt to the ]aililic lilnaries for 1 l;s of this soil do s<. .-is a rule either edneationally. that is, in couiK'ction with school studies, or they arc cihcnieral readers. This apjiears clearly on examination in a jjulilic lilirary of almost any historical work in several volumes. The Mrst will almost invariably bear marks of h.avy handling, and will probably have be. n s.-nt to tlf liind.T: th.' siic-.-.^diiifr volumes will show fewer ,nid fewer si^ns of use: while the elosiiifr volumes, excei.t tli.' index volume, will be >|iiit.- fresh. People who le.id such w.n-ks through with inidit or ple.-i-ure pinl.-dily own them. (His.m \atiou from the public library point of view is, th.-rcfor.'. on this subj..ct. apt to b,- deceptiv.'. Vox- in.stanee, an oflRcial of .me of (he laieot and nn.st exteiisiv.-ly used imbli,- libraries in the country writes me, speaking of fiibl , n. •• It i- my opMiion that .-i fair pel .•.■uta.i;c of those who undeitake (iibb.m jiut the job thiduyh. "^'.lll can dr:iw .■ibout .-luy iiifereiicc you pl.'ase on the nd.-itive place (iilibon now hold-." Another. .■ilnio>l .■(|u;illy well pl;ici .1 from the >aiii.' point of observation, has written to nie, •• Th.'re is no doubt th;it tli.' fact fyou observ.l as to the condition of th.- several volumes of Gibbon on the shelves of the jmblic library of Quincy could be verified by ob.servation in this library, and, in all proba- bility, in most otlu^r public libraries in this country." I\Iy own inlVrcu.'c n.iw is tli.it the p.>ople who read "Th.' Decline and Fall,"— and they are many, -own it. Th.' copi.'s iutli.' pulilic libraries are used for ex))erimental piirpo.ses, or for tojiical reference. On the general snbj.'ct. 1 lind many sugir.'stive p.-irayniidis in my juiblic librari;in correspondence. The following for instance: — "The fact of the matter is that very f.w i i.le uowjidays li.'iv.- tli.- time .-lud pati.-nce to r.'a.l a i.r.>lix hist.iry thr.mgh by .-ours.', .ir I'vcn to w.-ide throimh tli.' novels which wcr.' .■oiislruct.-d with so great elab- .u-ation of exciting incid.'iit for th.' .'ditication of our gr;iudfatli. It i- our .'Xiu'ricnce that (iiblx.n and Hallam and Lingard and lluiue and B:mcroft ar.' ncv.'r read .utin-. It may be said that the attempt is s.'hlom if ever made to do ..,.. There is som.'times an eff.irt to ni,'i>t,'r M,-ic;iiilay, or Carlyle, or Motley, or l're>c,,tt: but it is evident that this is too often with flagging int.'rest. The hi.storical writings .if Francis l',irlk >cl b.'forc the t.'a.lcr does not app.'ar formi.hibh'. and wlu'U he has r.-ad ii). on one toi.ic he is tory was iicv.r UH.re p.ipniar. The t.-mlcncy of the tim.'s is lowar.l .•.m.lensation. W.' want our facts in a nutshell: w.' cannot spend time over nniniportant iletails: the hist.iri.-in is expe.-ted to .separate the chaff from the grain. So w.' have numerous conns.>d histories and biographi.'s, soineof which are .'X.'elletit. though some show- to,, cl.arly the .•hara.-t.M'istic of having b.'eii mad.'-t.i-order at the expense of the publish.-r. But the fact that 111.' publish.'rs find them pr.ditabh' is good evidenc.' that such books aiv the kin.l which many persons ar.' buying. " Much of the hist.u-i.-al r.-ading with which we come into conta.-t in this library is by topi.-, under the gui.kin.'c of clubs and instructors, and therefore systematic." " 1 .lon"t see how you can hope to induce the average person of mo.lcr;it.' iiiltlligeiicc to do more than read ( he newspapers and a few monthly magazines in tlie.se .lays. History does not come to him any hniger through the volume: it comes to him through the morning paper, as it never did before. Historians are still a little to.) much inclined to write histories in the old style: even John Fiske do.-s, it would .seem. Whereas entir.'ly n.'W conditions ,if lif.' ami kn..wl.']..■.-, all v tlh.se of the more advinnaal gra.le,- and the student class, it would. I think, he toiind tli.at a giv.af .-iLaimv has taken place in leiaait years. Not only h.ave new methods he.ai iutrodue,.,!. lint ,a liraiieh ..f edue.ati.m li.as heen ,-,-ille,l into heing. Foriiiei-|y,- .auth.irs .and leading f.acts of wliicli a so-called edu.-.ated man should li.ave .some ku;nvledge: it is now taught as, at onca-. a s(aema' .and ,a ]iliilosopliy. Ajijiroaidied in this w;iy liy a newly created race of instru<-tors. it naturally and almost neci'ss.arily runs into vagaries.— what m.ay best be described as educatioiLal-'fads." Tlie original reseaiadi. to)iieal. period and realistic methoils seem to he those now most in vogiu'. As inti- mated in the text, the aitistic side is in disreimti-. while little or no atteuticm is ji.iid to hislorv ,is liter.ature. Altogether it is suggesti\-e of ,a re\i\iil on a more seieiitilic b.asis of Carlyle's l»r. Dry.asdiisl dispens.ation. and can hardly be considered insi.iring. The following e.xtr.aets from letters 1 have received thi-ow light on this subject: — "I have nowadays under m.v instruction only such seniors and gr.aduates of and as i-lect my courses, perh.aiis sixty or sev.-nty individuals each year. Among these 1 should suspect that perh.aiis one in ten might have real Cailyh's • lievolution.' I should be astonislu'd to liiid th.atonein twenty li.ad read even half of M.acanlay or (iil.hon. or one in fifty Bancroft. As for ' Frediaick the Great.' th.it would be ;is rarely perused as Augustine's ' ( 'ity of (bid.' One in five might know something of Parknuin. Fiske, and (74) ])i:iii(A Tios (■i-:iiF.M(i\i}:s M,'ili;in. mi !K-c'()illlt, of tlicir fr<>iUT;il popnlarily. liowcvcr. r.-illicr tliiiii .-my sliiinilus due fo .•-.llcjr,. work. Ck en's hook oujoys a jficatcr iioimlaiity, I slioulil iirusunu', than any of the otlicvs. •• 1 vvillvfiiture to add the following? lefli'otioiis in cxtcnnation of what you appear to deem an indii-aliou of a iihii-lancc on tlie i)ait of the present fri'iienition to apply themselves patiently to prolonfr.'il arul se- rious tasks. It is undoul)te >nu d(i. -and sustained tliouj;lit ." anions our students. TlK-re is indeed little eneourasement to read loui;- \vork> tlin.u.i;li. and .-evlainly there is little tendency lo extol any writer as a prophet. But it is not iiiipo>sil.le that the causes of th.' discredit into which the (dd.'r method has fallen may indicate after all iTicrc.isiuir insif^ht and discrinunation. These causes appear to me to be, first, a jjrowing tendency to a hroailcr and more synip2ithetic method of dealing with the past. We are no lonf^er chiefly interested in po- litical events, nor are the best writers of to-day {ruilfy of the Tctiihn: so apparent in the partisan treatments of (iiljlioii, Hiune, Prcseott, Macaulay, and Motley. ••The broader eonception of history leads, secondly, to a topical treatment of the subject: students turn to special rather than general works of reference. An advanced student is taught to turn often to a monograph, or the most recent edition of a technical encyclopa>dia, rather than to so-called 'standard" gen- eral treatments."' •■ r.ix.ii.illy. I feel that we shall be ahh' sometime to condiine the advantages both of form and re;id- .-dileness with till' requirements of seientilii- truth and relevancy."' •• I siKudd say that the *7h(7/oi(.s habit of the men runs rather to topical than to eour.se reading; and that, outside the range of their fixed studies, they take their pleasure from poetry and fiction rather than from the historians. I should say that siudi gemu-al historical reading as I remember to have been the delight of my ou M uii.lergradnate I Is7:v 77 i days is now k'ss eomnmn than it u.sed to be. •■'I'he len(hiM'> i~ decidedly to\vani> -other aiul more recent JiU'thods.' JIacaulay and Carlyle are too m\ii-li decried in the (•lassro