THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 OF THE AMERICAN CHURCH 
 
Book #^AJ5 
 
 Copyright^ 10 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
THE JAPAN MISSION OF 
 THE AMERICAN CHURCH 
 
SOLDIER AND SERVANT SERIES, DECEMBER, 1907 
 PUBLICATION No. 39 
 
THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN CHURCH 
 
 CHURCH WORK IN THE DIOCESES 
 OF TOKYO AND KYOTO::::: 
 
 ROBERT W. ANDREWS 
 
 MISSIONARY PRIEST 
 
 Land of the Breaking Day, we pray for thee 
 That in thy border God's sweet peace may rest, 
 That all thy children in J lis school may be 
 Swift learners of the wisdom that is bed. 
 So in the Eastern sphere the Lord may raise 
 A Christian Kingdom to His endless praise 
 
 CHURCH MISSIONS PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 AUXILIARY TO THE BOARD OF MISSIONS 
 
 211 STATE STREET, HARTFORD, CONN. 
 1% V\ 
 
.A* 
 
 r 
 
 
 LIBRARY ot CONGRESS 
 1 wo OODies Received 
 
 JUN 22 1908 
 
 v/oi*/^i«"i entry 
 CLASS A XXc. H 
 
 COPY B.' 
 
 Copyright 1908, by 
 Church Missions Publishing Co. 
 
{<*> 
 
 Illustrations 
 
 
 Author and People 
 
 Frontispiece 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Doll's Festival .... 
 
 17" 
 
 Bishop McKim 
 
 . . 41" 
 
 St. Luke's Hospital 
 
 . . 56" 
 
 St. Agnes' Girls at Archery 
 
 . . 64^ 
 
 S. J. Kitazawa .... 
 
 80"' 
 
 Miss Bristowe 
 
 97"" 
 
 Bishop Partridge 
 
 . . 114' 
 
 St. Agnes' Girls at Play 
 
 • • Ifc" 
 
 St. Mary's Mission 
 
 128 
 
 Widely Loving Orphanage 
 
 . . 136" 
 
 Mission Women in Training School 
 
 152" 
 
 Map of Japan 
 
 opp. Index 
 
Contents 
 
 CHAP. PAGE 
 
 I Introductory ..... 1 
 
 11 Glimpses of Japan .... 7 
 
 III Religion of Japan .... 22 
 
 IV Christianity in Japan ... 30 
 V Tokyo District— Tokyo City . . 41 
 
 VI Tokyo District— Tokyo City Parishes . 71 
 
 VII Tokyo District — Country Stations . 71 
 
 VIII Kyoto Diocese — Kyoto . . 114 
 
 IX Kyoto Diocese — Osaka . . . 127 
 
 X Kyoto Diocese — Country Stations . 139 
 
 XI The Outlook 153 
 
 Appendix . . . . .157 
 
 Index 161 
 
Commendation 
 
 For many years there has been a widely expressed 
 desire for some reliable history of the work of the 
 Japan Mission of the American Church. Leaflets, 
 monographs, and annual reports, written by the Bish- 
 ops and missionaries, and by friends who have shown 
 their kindly interest by visiting Japan, have given 
 information of more or less value, but they have been 
 fragmentary in character, and at their best give but 
 an imperfect outline of what has been done. 
 
 At the request of many friends the Rev. R. W. An- 
 drews has undertaken the task of supplying a felt 
 want. He has given his summer vacation and his 
 leisure hours to the collection of data and facts from 
 all reliable sources. He has visited nearly every sta- 
 tion in the Missionary Districts of Tokyo and Kyoto 
 and has sought information from all the missionaries 
 as well as from the Japanese Clergy and Catechists. 
 The Bishops have been pumped dry of all their know- 
 ledge of the history of both Districts. 
 
 The result of his labors is shown in this book. Noth- 
 ing heretofore published has given so full and accurate 
 a statement of the work the Japan Mission is doing 
 for the extension of the Kingdom of God among the 
 people of Dai Nippon. 
 
 A careful reading of this book must surely result in 
 a more intelligent and earnest desire to aid us in ac- 
 complishing the work to which the Church has called 
 and sent us. 
 
 John McKim, 
 
 Bishop of Tokyo. 
 
 T5kyo, Easter-Tide, 1907. 
 
Testimonial 
 
 I have read with great interest and pleasure this 
 book of the Rev. Mr. Andrews on our Church Mission 
 work in Japan, and congratulate the Author and the 
 publishers on the very hearty and satisfactory way in 
 which a somewhat difficult task has been accomplished. 
 
 I am glad to have it go forth with my love and 
 blessing, and pray that it may accomplish much good 
 for the great Cause which we all have at heart. 
 
 Sidney C. Partridge, 
 
 Bishop of Kyoto. 
 
 Feast of St. Luke, 1907. 
 
Preface 
 
 This little book is offered to the American Church 
 with no idea that it presents a complete statement of 
 what is being done by the Church in Japan, but with 
 the hope that something of the actual endeavor which 
 is going on for the conversion of this people may be 
 more fully understood. 
 
 There are some phases of the work not treated of in 
 these pages, not because unfamiliar to me, but because 
 discussion of them seemed unnecessary here. 
 
 Fully alive also to my own unfitness for such a task, 
 or to pass judgment upon any single individual feature 
 of missionary labor, I would not have undertaken it 
 had I not been encouraged and assisted by the Bishops 
 of the two missionary Districts. 
 
 Notwithstanding the amount of literature published 
 annually on Japan, I feel that my chapter on "Glimpses 
 of Japan" has a proper place, for I have treated my 
 subject differently from my predecessors. The chap- 
 ters on "Christianity" and "Buddhism and Shinto" 
 seemed to me also to be fitting in this work. In the 
 first place, because it ought to be known what the be- 
 ginnings of Christianity were; and in the second, be- 
 cause the religions indigenous, whether successes or 
 failures, have a bearing on the work of the Church 
 which is of importance. 
 
 If this book is not so full as many will expect, I can 
 only plead lack of time for proper investigation. I 
 have put my holiday into it, and whatever time a 
 missionary can have for play. I must ask therefore 
 for consideration at the hands of those who would 
 criticize. 
 
XU PREFACE 
 
 I am greatly indebted to the Bishops for encourage- 
 ment and much information; to Bishop Partridge for 
 his great courtesy while I was visiting his Diocese ; to 
 Bishop McKim for assistance in steering me away from 
 dangers unforeseen; and, much more than could be 
 acknowledged here, to nearly all the Clergy in both 
 Dioceses; to the Rev. K. Sataki of the Zen sect for in- 
 formation on my chapter on Buddhism, and others. 
 
 R. W. Andrews, 
 
 Priest. 
 
 Akita. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 Introductory 
 
 The American Church at Work — Services — The Immense Field 
 — Ritual — Need of Workers. 
 
 The time is fast approaching when a new order of 
 things may be looked for in Japan. It was feared a 
 few years ago that this nation, with its tendency to 
 Japonicize all things foreign and convert them into 
 national institutions of popular form, would make such 
 an attempt upon Christianity ; nor was the alarm with- 
 out some foundation in fact. The younger element of 
 the more liberal and advanced type, from a dearth of 
 moral and religious training, from an overwhelming 
 dose of German philosophy, and encouraged by their 
 teachers, dreamt of a composite religion combining 
 what they liked best in Christianity, Buddhism, Shinto, 
 and Confucianism. Happily the danger was averted 
 a work in which the Sei Ko Kwai (Holy Catholic 
 Church) played an important part, and the place She 
 has gained and now holds in the hearts and minds of 
 the people allows us to assume that She may at some 
 time occupy that unique position Herself. 
 
 Old in history, wise in government, liberal in ritual, 
 with a name calling up at once national loyalty and 
 pride, and holding Herself faithful to that "once for 
 all delivered to the saints," the Catholic Church in 
 Japan has a remarkable future before Her, and it be- 
 hooves all loyal Churchmen everywhere to lend a help- 
 ing hand. 
 
 In a few years at most this Church will elect a Bishop 
 
Services 
 
 2 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 from among Her own sons to carry on part of Her 
 ministry and the conversion of Her people. The So 
 Kwai (General Synod) of 1902 passed a canon pro- 
 viding for the election and consecration of a native 
 Bishop, and a committee was appointed to collect 
 funds for the erection and endowment of a bishopric. 
 This fund, now rapidly increasing, may, it is said, be 
 completed at any time the Church in council feels dis- 
 posed to elect a Bishop. The difficulty of deciding 
 the nature and bounds of this first Diocese troubles 
 many ; among the more radical some are for electing a 
 Missionary Bishop whose jurisdiction should include 
 the self-supporting parishes of the whole Church; but 
 this is unpopular. It ought also to be said that the 
 majority of the clergy, though feeling that a native 
 Bishop is the desired object, feel also that a great mis- 
 take would be made and damage result to the Church 
 should an impetuous judgment be allowed to prevail; 
 hence the desire to wait until the Church is properly 
 prepared. But circumstances now fast shaping them- 
 selves make it evident that the day is near. There is 
 no doubt in my mind but that the Faith only is the 
 serious question; the people are amply able to govern 
 themselves. 
 
 I mention in another place the criticisms to which 
 the Church, as represented by Her officers, is subjected 
 by thoughtless people. Thousands visit these shores 
 from America alone, and not a few of them are Church 
 people ; but one is surprised and astonished at the small 
 number who make it their business to study the mis- 
 sion at first hand. There are in Japan, as everywhere 
 else, people who are opposed to good in any form, and 
 who chafe under the moral and religious restraints 
 which the Church places upon their conduct and man- 
 ners. Hence they endeavour to belittle Her work. 
 
 It has ever been so in the world's history: time will 
 not change the law. But one is pained to find among 
 some of the most estimable people those who listen to 
 and repeat vilifying remarks about a work and staff of 
 
INTRODUCTORY 3 
 
 men, into which and whom they have not been suffi- 
 ciently interested to examine. In the Cathedral, 
 Tokyo, the Sunday services are as follows : 
 
 Japanese: Holy Communion, 6 :30 ; Matins, etc., 9:00; 
 Evensong, 7:30 p. m. 
 
 English : Holy Communion, 8 :00 Matins, etc., 1 1 :00 ; 
 Evensong, 5:00 p. m. 
 
 Visitors have attended English services as posted in The 
 hotels, and, finding no Japanese present, without the immense 
 least inquiry have reported that no Japanese services Field 
 were being held. It is difficult even to think kindly of 
 such slanderers. Nor do people seem to consider how 
 hard it is in a city of two millions of people, where 
 churches are few and distances great, to see and know 
 very much of what is being done. The country Clergy 
 would be delighted to welcome such people and show 
 them around their districts, where more could be seen 
 in a week than by living a month in Tokyo. Why not 
 compare Tokyo with New York or Chicago, and Kyoto 
 with Milwaukee or Detroit? 
 
 The District of Tokyo alone has a population equal 
 to that of the states of New York, New Jersey, Penn- 
 sylvania, and Delaware ; the money to administer it is 
 about half that spent by one of their large city churches, 
 and the Clergy number one-third those used by their 
 smallest diocese; yet the returns from either Tokyo or 
 Kyoto, although the work is amid conditions unknown 
 in America, show a percentage of increase which may 
 well put to shame the foremost Diocese at home. 
 
 In Tokyo District thirteen churches have been built 
 and consecrated, free of debt, during the episcopate of 
 the present Diocesan. Communion vessels have been 
 provided, altars given, and very often linen for the 
 altars. Kyoto district has had the same conditions to 
 face and others much more grievous ; but, in the supply 
 of all this, not one cent has been donated by the Board of 
 Missions in New York. How little after all is known by 
 people at home of the weighty demands and responsibility 
 resting on the hands of a foreign Missionary Bishop. 
 
THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Ritual 
 
 Need of 
 Workers 
 
 With the advance in doctrine and worship has come 
 also an advance in ritual. Time was when some, led 
 by certain of the foreign clergy, deprecated the slight- 
 est act or form in the Church's service; a colored stole, 
 a cross on the altar, was a "rag of popery" and taboo. 
 To-day one finds brass crosses, eucharistic vestments, 
 candles on the altar, and people aided by outward 
 signs to appreciate the inward significance and beauty 
 of true worship. People wondered, and rightly so, 
 why, if Christianity were what it claims to be, its 
 outward form should be so poor and barren. To an 
 esthetic people like the Japanese some ritual was es- 
 sential, almost a necessity. Buddhism was resplen- 
 dent with ornate ritual, the bonze were attired in 
 gorgeous apparel to appear before the Kami; was the 
 Great God of all regardless of such, and was the Great 
 Sacrifice of the death and passion of His Son to be 
 offered between barren walls, and on crosslegged 
 tables? The struggle is not yet over, the desire for 
 better things is still growing. One of the great Eng- 
 lish societies feels there ought to be "open communions, 
 free exchange of pulpits, union prayer meetings ;" and 
 much that is being done at home tends towards en- 
 couraging and fostering this idea; but the American 
 Church Mission in Japan at least stands for better 
 things ; the natives are asking for better teaching, and 
 the laity are demanding it. 
 
 The institutions of the Church are in excellent and 
 flourishing condition and doing this work amid diffi- 
 culties ; they do credit to themselves and the men who 
 are at the head. Long ago they for the most part 
 passed out of the hands of the foreigner, and it is no dis- 
 grace to the Japanese to say they have not yet acquired 
 the ability of the foreigner in the matter of successful 
 Christian education; there is a tendency at times to 
 let down under strong pressure, when Christianity and 
 a full school roll are in opposition. 
 
 There is no question about the great need of more 
 men and women in the field; new blood is sadly needed. 
 
INTRODUCTORY 5 
 
 Each year the growth calls for more help to keep pace 
 with the spiritual necessities. So many Christians are 
 scattered over the more distant and remote parts, that 
 a small staff of men occupying somewhat the position 
 of archdeacons is needed, whose duty it would be to 
 keep in touch with such souls and assist in ministering 
 to them. 
 
 What is true of one District is true of both, though 
 Kyoto is more compact and easier to work than Tokyo, 
 and the leadership of such a man as Bishop Partridge 
 cannot but tell in due time. The district is inade- 
 quately manned, however, and recruits are sadly 
 needed. 
 
 In Tokyo District fourteen men and twenty-nine 
 women are needed at once (1907). In Kyoto (on my 
 own authority and observation) ten men and as many 
 women in view of recent events are needed to save the 
 mission. And in each case they ought to be young, 
 fresh from college, and the best the country has to give, 
 with a superabundance of enthusiasm not easily dis- 
 couraged or dampened. 
 
 The Bishop of Tokyo prefers unmarried men for the 
 first three years. He feels they are less expensive 
 during linguistic study and acclimation periods, and 
 can be more easily "moved about from place to place." 
 The Bishop of Kyoto will accept either single or married 
 men, within the age limit, other qualifications being 
 equal. 
 
 With the numbers of men and women named, a new 
 era of progress may be looked for, but at present it is 
 impossible to do more than hold our present field; 
 each man to-day has almost double work. It is a case 
 now of "bricks without straw." 
 
 The change made in the Divinity School in 1906 
 converts it from an ordinary private Christian school 
 into one of high standard with government recogni- 
 tion. The men who are graduated from there in the 
 future will be much better trained and equipped to 
 cope with the advanced questions and problems of the 
 
6 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 times than ever before. But I am of the opinion that 
 it also lessens foreign control. There is no doubt that 
 one school is sufficient for the whole Church in Japan ; 
 but that can never be until the day arrives when party 
 lines are abolished. The American Bishops have 
 advocated such a movement and would heartily wel- 
 come it, but the event is far in the future. The C. M. 
 S. refuses to become partner in any institution not 
 completely controlled by officers of that society. 
 
 The increase of the Church is quite equal to that of 
 any other Christian body in the country. Years ago 
 when the present Bishop of Tokyo was still a Priest in 
 Osaka it was said to him by a denominational minister: 
 "You might have stayed home with your Church and 
 Prayer Book; the Japanese have no use for either, nor 
 for the doctrine they inculcate." More than ten years 
 later the same man thought the Church "in line to 
 capture the country. " 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 Glimpses of Japan 
 
 Differences from the Western World — Treatment of Travellers 
 — National Education — Social Life and Family Morals — 
 Marriage — Punishment of Malefactors — Amusements and 
 Holidays. 
 
 There are few countries in the world around which so 
 much romance is woven or so many pleasant stories 
 rehearsed as this little island empire, the land of the 
 Mikado, the chrysanthemum, the land of cherry blos- 
 soms and plum blossoms, the "Land of the Rising 
 Sun." The traveller, stained and weary from visiting 
 many lands, English homes and Italian Cathedrals, 
 Indian Mosques and Chinese joss houses, finds here a 
 simplicity of artistic effect in man's handiwork, but a 
 grandeur of design in nature altogether unique and un- 
 surpassed wherever the foot of man has trod. 
 
 The pent-up energy of centuries kept dormant or 
 waiting for the fulness of time to reveal and exert itself 
 seems to sweep down the busy streets in regular twen- 
 tieth century fashion and one is apt to look in wonder 
 on scenes recalling history long past or look in amaze- 
 ment on medieval implements worked by twentieth 
 century brains. Venerable Age, bounding Youth, and 
 hopeful Promise meet and vie with each other in their 
 desire to add their quota to the advancement of their 
 country's good. 
 
 Why are the Japanese so different from all other 
 Oriental races? is a question asked time and time again, 
 only to receive a negative reply. So much has hap- 
 
8 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Differences 
 from the 
 Western 
 World 
 
 pened in a lifetime, a decade, a few years, as to be a 
 source of the greatest wonder and amazement. 
 
 "You are going to step back over a thousand years/' 
 said a Bishop to me on my leaving home for Japan; 
 and that first year in a southern city seemed to prove 
 the truth of the statement; but I confess that after 
 nine years of residence I find myself strangely dis- 
 senting from the remark of that great man, who in a 
 look gauged "people from their shoe-strings up," but 
 could naturally have little conception or understand- 
 ing of a people among whom he had never been, and 
 with whose history he was unfamiliar. 
 
 One lives a life of surprises and quandary amid 
 doubts as to what will happen next. The guest of a 
 month or two sees a few phases of character and draws 
 hasty conclusions; hence except on rare occasions the 
 accounts are misleading and untrue. The whole na- 
 ture of the people seems to work in a different groove 
 from that of the Occidental, and this is probably part 
 of the reason why they are so incomprehensible. 
 
 To pull a saw or plane where we should push it, to 
 begin a letter at the right when we should expect the 
 left, to turn a key in the wrong direction, are signs to 
 the uninitiated of even an anatomy which, to coincide 
 with the workings of the mind, must also have a pe- 
 culiar make-up of its own. Years of residence among 
 this wonderful people, however, soon dispel such absurd 
 notions. 
 
 "You can never understand us until you understand 
 our language." a native Priest who was educated in one 
 of our American schools said to me. This formula 
 applied to perhaps any other country would solve the 
 difficulty, but here the formula itself is one of the 
 mysteries past finding out. I have never yet found a 
 single Japanese who even pretended to understand his 
 own language, or one who knew half the characters 
 composing it. To study the average Conversation Guide 
 as a means of acquiring a working knowledge of Jap- 
 anese, as one would of English, French, or German, 
 
GLIMPSES OF JAPAN 9 
 
 would be absurd; for no one would comprehend the 
 meaning of the speaker. Even a whole dictionary of 
 words, unless one could think in Japanese, i. e., to 
 think up and down and in and out, obliquely and 
 transversely and every other way, would be useless, 
 and its study but a waste of time. Yet there is no 
 doubt about the ability of the native to use his own 
 language, though at times his vocabulary is terribly 
 small. To witness an old fashioned fight so often seen 
 in the country villages, the horrible grimaces in the 
 "making faces" stage, to understand how much is 
 conveyed in a word, a glance, a look, — and remember 
 this language possesses no "cuss words" — the effect 
 upon one is remarkable. 
 
 One hears and reads much of the kindness of the 
 Japanese towards each other, especially among rel- 
 atives. The outlay in time and money, the years of 
 toil on the part of a son for a father not yet old, but 
 who has become inkyo* the gracious smile always 
 ready, the helping hand ever extended, — all of this is 
 true (though the Japanese like other people have 
 their likes and dislikes, why should they not?). But 
 to say or suppose that life in this country, in house or 
 home, is one of perpetual sunshine and charm is not 
 only misleading, but tends to ascribe to the Japanese 
 a weakness of character which they do not possess. 
 
 The statement is often made that Japan and Para- 
 dise are synonymous terms when applied to children; 
 that they are never punished, hence never cry; that 
 cruelty is unknown and ii KoKo ,,, \ abnormal. This 
 last is true, but how to account for it in the average 
 person is a question for the psychologist. But it is 
 also true that, at least from the Western viewpoint, 
 cruelty is deeper in the hearts of this people than is 
 usual; children are allowed to wound and hurt birds 
 and insects with impunity ; children not more than six 
 and seven years of age are hired out by their parents 
 
 ♦Inkyo. To retire from business. To retire and make the son respon- 
 sible for family, etc. This is a very common thing. 
 fK6K5. Filial piety. 
 
10 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Treatment 
 
 of 
 
 Travellers 
 
 as nurses for as little as fifty sen per month, and in 
 most of such cases both nurse and infant are proper 
 subjects for pity. When evening comes and the 
 nurses turn towards home for rest and refreshment, 
 one who thinks Japanese children do not cry should be 
 in the neighborhood and listen. 
 
 Time, that great mover of all, is making marvelous 
 changes in this land, changes directly affecting the 
 social and moral uplifting of the people. Almost 
 every little town and village has its own school, post- 
 office, and police station, and a more polite, efficient, 
 obliging body of people can nowhere be found. 
 
 Few countries are more careful for the safety and 
 comfort of their guests than this. Foreigners are 
 often a curiosity, and in country towns where they are 
 seldom seen, may be followed by a crowd which sug- 
 gests their various ages, according to their appearance. 
 Or it may be remarked how much they resemble the 
 ancestor who still enjoys the luxury of a caudal append- 
 age ; but those only are molested who feel they own the 
 whole earth and that every thing in it must swing at 
 the end of their pendulum. 
 
 In almost any town of 10,000 people one can send 
 telegrams anywhere in either Japanese or English. 
 This is more than one can do in either America or 
 England. 
 
 The most noticeable feature in the whole Empire to- 
 day is the advance of education. Among the older 
 people, except the upper-middle and best classes, 
 there seems to have been little or no attention paid to 
 education; almost no one does more than read the 
 "Kana"* without understanding more than the sounds 
 produced. This is specially true of women. The 
 present generation is witnessing a marvelous growth; 
 they are growing up with what might be called good 
 common school education, and a large percentage 
 might be classed as college men. 
 
 In all education, English plays an important part. 
 
 ♦Kana. Phonetic characters. 
 
GLIMPSES OF JAPAN 11 
 
 An old Shogun remarked that it was sufficient to make Nat i ona i 
 other people study Japanese. People realize to-day Educat j on 
 the inadequacy of such a course. No student is 
 graduated from any Chii-Gakko* without a fair trans- 
 latable knowledge of our tongue; and the examina- 
 tion required by the Mombu-Sho-f from those qualify- 
 ing for English teachers would perplex many of our 
 University men. The desire for English during the 
 last few years by almost all classes amounts to little 
 less than a mania. Every one wants to study. One 
 is stopped at the stations, in the hotels, the police- 
 boxes, and dry goods stores to render a little help over 
 some difficult spot, or long enough for some forward 
 student to air his studied sentence for the benefit of 
 his friends. At times the effect is ludicrous and amus- 
 ing in the extreme ; but it goes to show the aggressive 
 spirit of the Japanese, the desire to raise himself above 
 ms surroundings, to make something of himself — sure- 
 ly commendable enough, — and it is this quality which 
 lifted his country from the position of a hermit King- 
 dom into the comity of nations ; which whipped China 
 and Russia into ribbons and placed her among the fore- 
 most in human civilization and advancement towards 
 the very best the world has to give. 
 
 The Portsmouth Conference demonstrated to the 
 world that in peace no less than in war Japan can meet 
 the best the Western world has to send and beat them. 
 She is a power to be reckoned with, and those who for- 
 get or disregard that will do so at national sacrifice. 
 
 Every thing is being done for the advancement of 
 her sons. There are fine gymnasiums, well equipped 
 laboratories, modern libraries, teachers educated in the 
 finest schools of America and Europe, progressive men 
 in the best sense of the word, who are devoting their 
 lives to the work. In many cases these men are putting 
 not only their salaries, but much of their own private 
 means into their country's service. They are real 
 philanthropists, building up institutions of learning for 
 
 *Chu-Gakko. Middle School. tMoMBU-SHo. Educational Department. 
 
12 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Social 
 Life and 
 Family 
 Morals 
 
 the future ; teaching the farmer, the merchant, and the 
 mechanic how to improve himself and his methods; 
 and fitting him to meet the demands which necessity- 
 has made only too apparent. 
 
 Progress however has its own limitations. It has 
 increased the economic values, and made living more 
 precarious. During the last five or six years a marked 
 change is noted. Clothing, food-stuffs, and other 
 commodities have advanced one-third. The late war 
 increased the taxes greatly, the present tillable land in 
 the whole Empire is less than Illinois and Iowa com- 
 bined, and this, in a country already over-burdened 
 with population, becomes a serious problem. What 
 Japan will do with her surplus population is a question 
 to tax the brains of the greatest. It was a question 
 involved in the late war with Russia, whether she 
 should allow herself to be shut out from the advantages 
 Corea offered in this respect, and the more definite 
 advantages accruing through union with a people of 
 the same race and affinity, or whether she should fight 
 for national life and national existence, a right in- 
 alienable, old as the everlasting hills. And right won, 
 as it ever will win, and the victory settled for some 
 years at least the question of a home for the people who 
 could no longer find sustenance on their native heath. 
 
 The social and moral advance is also to be noted in 
 the life of the people, and can only be fully appreciated 
 by those who have spent the greater part of their lives 
 in the country. One may travel in the wake of the 
 average globe-trotter forever, and see and know very 
 little of Japanese life; but off the beaten tracks is the 
 real national life. Many things occur to shock one at 
 first; customs prevail old as the hills and performed 
 with the naivity and simplicity of children. In a 
 certain town, a public bath-house where promiscuous 
 bathing was allowed was old as history could make it. 
 The city authorities, however, had decided against its 
 continuance, and an ordinance to that effect was issued 
 which created consternation in bath-house circles. 
 
GLIMPSES OF JAPAN 13 
 
 The difficulty was thought to be overcome, however, 
 when a bamboo pole was put across the top of the tub, 
 thus separating the sexes. The police, however, re- 
 quired a stricter interpretation of the law, and the 
 sexes were restricted to separate rooms. This is but 
 an example of what is experienced yearly, the advance 
 over customs harmless enough in primitive times but 
 no longer to be tolerated by a Government seeking for 
 the very best the world has to offer; and it is because 
 of this that Japan is becoming a pattern and a model 
 for her Eastern neighbors. 
 
 As hosts the Japanese are unsurpassed, leaving 
 nothing undone for the welfare of the guest, but they 
 seldom make or seem to care to create a real friendship 
 with the foreigner. Yet no country owes more for its 
 present position to the foreigner than Japan, and no 
 country anywhere offers less in return. 
 
 Another great sign of advance is the number of 
 facilities offered for the education of women, which as 
 time goes on promises to rival America. This is all 
 the more noticeable when one considers the position 
 women so lately filled in the social scale. Women have 
 been always abundantly able to hold their own at all 
 times and in all ages, and it would be folly to suppose 
 or assert in the light of Japanese history that they have 
 not made their influence felt politically as well as other- 
 wise in this as in all other countries. But I speak of 
 the lower and middle classes. 
 
 Laws for the protection of women have been few 
 and not the best. A childless wife might be divorced, 
 or should the husband desire less stringent measures 
 he was allowed a concubine or two or as many as were 
 necessary till an heir was born to him. A daughter 
 could not inherit though she could adopt a husband to 
 take the name and hence save the family from extinc- 
 tion. But barrenness was not the only reason other 
 than unfaithfulness for divorce, and reasons are still 
 found; but the old reasons for divorce are fast dis- 
 appearing. 
 
14 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 It is certain also that concubinage is not so popular 
 among the people ; a woman is more chary of trusting 
 her future welfare to the keeping of a man who for al- 
 most any reason may at will thrust her and her children 
 into the street without any visible signs of support, or 
 redress of any kind. The system is tolerated though 
 not condoned, and perhaps the greatest blow is that 
 the Crown Prince is not in sympathy with it. 
 
 Besides all this in the education of women is the 
 training for some definite and specific purpose in life 
 other than to adorn the home and bear children. In 
 Tokyo during the last few years colleges for the higher 
 education of women have been opened. 
 
 This excellent example is being followed by indus- 
 trial schools all over the country, a work in which the 
 Church has played Her part. When the day arrives, 
 and it is coming rapidly, that the Japanese girl can 
 earn her living other than as a "boy", a "cook," or 
 a "farm-hand," a riper age will have begun, fewer 
 divorces will be experienced and hence fewer suicides 
 to tell the pitiful tale of broken lives where happiness 
 and love should have reigned supreme. 
 
 Besides all this, the home life will be elevated and 
 enhanced by a more intellectual growth among women. 
 At present the majority of men, perhaps because the 
 stimulus to remain at home is small, go for amusement 
 to Geisha* houses. The world knows no more fascinat- 
 ing butterfly thing than this little woman who from 
 earliest years has been trained to dance and amuse. 
 Every art known to woman to beguile, to bewitch, 
 cajole, and ensnare is at her fingers' ends. The very 
 personification of grace and ease, every movement, every 
 pose, every turn has its own peculiar charm. Men go 
 there to be amused because their wives at home have 
 never been taught that any such thing belonged to her 
 wifely duty ; and they are amused. It is theatre, saloon, 
 club, and dance hall combined, without the vicious- 
 
 ♦Geisha. Dancing girl. 
 
GLIMPSES OF JAPAN 15 
 
 ness attendant upon such places in the Occident. 
 Though it ought not to be supposed that all Geisha 
 houses are just the places where fathers and mothers 
 would be willing their sons should resort. Some are 
 extremely vicious, but those are found oftener in the 
 smaller towns. 
 
 Here then is a reason of first-rate importance for 
 the education of women to fit them intellectually so 
 that they may be on an equality with their husbands, 
 to make them companions in more than name, to fit 
 them to bring up children under sober, healthy, clean, 
 home influence, a credit to themselves and the pride of 
 their country. 
 
 One other thing which will have great bearing upon 
 future homes is the part the girls are to play in the Marriage 
 selection of their own mates. The present system 
 makes no provision for the wishes of the bride, and 
 indeed not so much for the wishes of the groom. 
 Marriage is a convenience arranged and provided for 
 by parents and friends who have other things in mind 
 than the marital relations of man and woman. Often 
 the couple have never met, and if ever consulted could 
 do little more than to note the progress made in the 
 contract. 
 
 Girls are no longer satisfied with this arrangement, 
 and girls have been known absolutely to refuse to 
 marry the men selected for them. In one case where 
 a sister had been divorced for no just cause, the younger 
 one refused to marry any but a Christian, on the 
 ground that they did not divorce their wives. Think- 
 ing of America and England and the number of di- 
 vorces annually for any and every cause, one may al- 
 most expect to turn to Japanese women to teach us 
 this great moral and religious lesson in our day. I 
 look for the women to accomplish this great blessing 
 here and confer lasting honor on themselves and their 
 country. The men will not do it; not that Japan has 
 not men great enough; she has, "but not many mighty 
 are called", it seems, to do this work; those with power 
 
16 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Punish- 
 ment of 
 Male- 
 factors 
 
 and ability prefer to keep their harem and sympathize 
 with the people in the United States over the obstinacy 
 of their countrymen. They are moral and religious 
 drones, and fortunately Japan is outgrowing them. 
 
 Obedience is one of the dominant traits of the Jap- 
 anese character ; loyalty is ingrained into his very vitals. 
 In the "hoken jidai,"* the retainer owed everything to 
 his lord directly, and so strong was the bond between 
 lord and retainer that on the death of the former some 
 one invariably committed suicide or "oi-hara wo kiru," 
 so that his master might not go unattended and alone 
 into the great world of spirits beyond. 
 
 The old form of death was strangulation but with the 
 growth of militarism a new mode was developed, known 
 as Seppuku or Hara-kiru,^ or literally, belly-cutting. 
 It was performed by entering a sharp short dagger in 
 the lower left side of the bowels, and drawing it quickly 
 across to the right with an upward twist, completely 
 severing the entrails. In the case of those who were 
 ordered to commit hara-kiru for some offence, as soon 
 as the death struggle began an official, but generally a 
 friend, cut off the head. This mode of death became 
 very popular, and not alone the Samurai, but among 
 the lords or tonosama themselves, this was regarded as 
 the most honorable way to die; and very often when 
 all else failed to bring some intractable daimyo% to his 
 senses he was ordered to commit hara-kiru. 
 
 Among the women, however, this was not the custom. 
 The favored method seems to have been the jigai or 
 throat-cutting. Women often died in this way to be 
 with their husbands, often to escape intrigue and 
 wrong, often as a protest against what they them- 
 selves could not fight, but in this they could perhaps 
 wound the conscience of the offender. 
 
 The merrymaking in Japan, as in most other coun- 
 
 * Hoken Jidai. Feudal days. 
 
 IHara, the belly; Kntu, to cut. Seppuku is Chinese and means the 
 same thing. 
 
 °Samurai. Retainers of Military class. 
 JDaimyo. Greater lords. 
 
h-J 
 
 > 
 
 I— I 
 
 H 
 ft 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
GLIMPSES OF JAPAN 17 
 
 tries, has its own special seasons. Shogatsu or New . 
 Year's day, Girls' festival on March 3d, Boys' festival "^use- 
 May 5th, and House cleaning about April, all have a jr ii ( j avs 
 special significance of their own. Shogatsu, literally 
 First Month, is a special season of jollification for all. 
 Every one plays "Hago-ita hana tsuki asobi," battle- 
 dore and shuttle-cock. The pretty dresses of the girls, 
 the interesting additions in the way of sundry daubs of 
 powder and paint, the streets decorated with many 
 colored lanterns, all join to lend a holiday appearance 
 to the scene. The gentlemen on New Year's Day 
 and two following days call or leave cards on their 
 friends, and sometimes in the later hours of the day 
 drop in to drink a little tea or smoke a friendly pipe. 
 
 Years ago, when foreign dress was understood less 
 and thought more of than at present, some amusing 
 spectacles in the way of costume were witnessed. On 
 one occasion a foreigner going to the door to receive 
 his caller found him in Prince Albert coat, high hat 
 which might have done justice to Pickwickian days, 
 balbriggan drawers and high geta* while around his 
 neck, taking the place of collar, shirt-front, etc., was 
 a large bath-towel. Those were halcyon days, though 
 it is well they have passed. In their place, however, 
 has come that which is regarded as the very quintes- 
 sence of propriety and reform ; and because regarded as 
 such, is much more objectionable. 
 
 "Ay ami no sekku" or Boy festival is observed dif- 
 ferently in various places, but no family in which are 
 male children will fail to recoginze it. A long bamboo 
 pole with a basket on the top is erected, while from 
 the pole are suspended as many paper "Koi ,,J \ as it can 
 hold. The bamboo is a sign of longevity, the basket 
 holds the luck, while the "Koi" floating against the 
 breeze is a sure sign that the youth will overcome all 
 obstacles to his progress in the future. The festival 
 is Chinese in its origin, as are most of those in Japan, 
 and is known in the "Makura no soshi" and the "Kagero 
 
 *Geta. Footwear; wooden clogs. fKoi, Carp. 
 
18 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 nikki," two books written about 1000 or 1100 A. D., 
 as "Tango" or "Chogo." "Go" equals five, and "Cho" 
 equals duplicated, referring to the five great festivals 
 of the year, the other four of which are "Jiujitsu" 
 1st of 1st month; "Jomi" 3d of 3d month; "Tan abota" 
 7th of 7th month; and "Choyo," 9th of 9th month. As 
 far as I know the story has not appeared in any trans- 
 lation. I give a short summary. 
 
 About 2000 years ago, during the reign of the Em- 
 peror "So" in China, his prime minister Kutsugu fell 
 into the river at Bekira on the 5th of the 5th month 
 and was drowned. The people were deeply grieved 
 over the accident, and especially in that the body could 
 not be recovered so that the spirit of the dead man 
 might have a place of rest. They attempted to sooth 
 it by throwing rice into the water through long bamboo 
 tubes on that day every year. The elder sister of 
 Kutsugu also made a special cake to commemorate the 
 death of her brother, which she named "Chimaki" a 
 kind of rice cake wrapped in a certain leaf, which is 
 still used. The "Matsuri" or festival, was modified 
 and changed many times prior to the Tokugawa Sho- 
 gunate, since which time it has remained practically the 
 same. 
 
 The "Hina Matsuri" or "Girls' festival" comes the 
 3d of March, and apart from its religious significance 
 no prettier sight, or one more likely to gladden the 
 heart of a child, could well be imagined. The festival 
 is an event of such importance to the Japanese girl 
 that it does much to compensate her for the fact that 
 she was not born to the sterner sex. For the three 
 days when the festival is at its height, the boys cast 
 longing eyes at their sisters' guests as they troop into 
 the house. In the guest room the dolls are all arranged 
 on shelves draped in red, extending from the "tatami"* 
 almost to the ceiling. They are not playthings, they 
 are regular heirlooms handed down to the girls from 
 generation to generation. The Emperor and Empress 
 
 ♦Tatami. Floor mats. 
 
GLIMPSES OF JAPAN 19 
 
 are supreme on the highest shelf, elaborately dressed 
 in old court costumes of gold and brocade. The Em- 
 press' crown is most ornate and in many cases is quite 
 a marvel of delicate gold filigree. Below them are seated 
 court nobles, musicians, holding quaint old instruments. 
 Always there are the 0' Taka Sama, an old white haired 
 couple, symbolic of long life and happiness, who in 
 Japanese art under a spreading pine tree, he with his 
 rake and she with her broom, are favorite subjects for 
 the painter's brush and embroiderer's needle. On the 
 other shelves are seated warriors and others, who have 
 also special lessons to teach of valor, loyalty, and love, 
 which keeps the past a vivid reality before the young 
 people. 
 
 The origin of this Matsuri* is uncertain. The fact 
 however that it is found in the book "Genji-mono- 
 gatari" is a guarantee of its being very old. During 
 the Tokugawa dynasty the time was fixed as March 3d, 
 which has ever since been observed, because of the 
 fortunate correspondence with that sign of the Zodiac, 
 the "Kami no Mi" or the snake, which was and is the 
 sign for the expulsion of the devil. This "harai" or 
 expulsion was more or less observed after the birth of 
 the girl, but a deeper religious meaning was also at- 
 tached to it. 
 
 The Kannushtf made a paper doll after the birth of 
 each girl in a family, which was sent to the parents who 
 rubbed themselves over most carefully with it, breathed 
 heavily on the toy and returned it to the Kannushi. 
 On its receipt by the priest he said a prayer over the 
 doll for the expulsion of the devil, supposed to have 
 left the house in which the child was born and entered 
 the doll, which he then threw into the river. The idea 
 was destruction to wickedness. The person in rubbing 
 himself with the doll, and breathing into it, had loaded 
 upon it his or their sins, which it was the object of the 
 priest to destroy, and in doing so the priest had as it 
 were absolved the penitent of sin. Men and women 
 
 ♦Matsuri. Festival. tKANNusHi. Shinto priest. 
 
20 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 both perform this rite, only later, instead of returning 
 the doll, it was kept and placed on shelves and great 
 repasts were offered to it. Later changes brought 
 about what is known to-day as the Girls' Matsuri. 
 Three reasons are given for the present custom : 
 
 1 . It was felt necessary that the common people be- 
 come familiar with the robes and ornaments worn by 
 the Imperial Court and Crown, but without some such 
 presentation they could have no knowledge of what 
 was being done by their own rulers. The "Dairi 
 Sama", Emperor and Empress, were held in deepest 
 veneration, and were also proper examples of virtue 
 and order for all to copy and emulate. Daijin gala 
 (the court official), and the Nyo Kwan (lady in wait- 
 ing), also gave some idea of the grandeur of those who 
 were honored to serve at court: hence their place in the 
 group. 
 
 2. To teach the tie between man and wife; for this 
 Matsuri requires male and female characters to be 
 complete. 
 
 3. To teach household duties to the future house- 
 wives; among the matsuri decorations are many cook- 
 ing utensils. Kusa mochi and Uma Saki are offered 
 before the dolls, so that the little girls may know how 
 to attend to the wants of their husbands. The An- 
 cients called the wives of the Daijin, Taisho, and 
 others, Mi Dai Dokoro* and these women were re- 
 garded as models for all future wives, and came to 
 regard the title as an honorable one. 
 
 Ayame no Sekku is kept on the 5th of May. In all 
 openings Shobu and Yomogif are stuck around. The 
 head of the Iwashi% is burnt over a charcoal fire with 
 human hair and bean pods. When the aroma has be- 
 come sufficiently stringent, the whole is stuck on the 
 windows and doors with a splinter of bamboo to drive 
 off all devils and other evil spirits. Certain members 
 of the family armed with grass brooms brush the 
 
 * Mi Dai Dokoro, Honorable Kitchen Woman, 
 t Shobu, iris; Yomogi, mug-wort (Artemesia). 
 % Iwashi. A small fish. 
 
GLIMPSES OF JAPAN 21 
 
 corners of the rooms at the same time repeating in 
 loud voice, "Oni wa soto," "The devil go out;" "Fuku 
 wa uchi," "Good luck come in." 
 
 In reference to this custom there is a native proverb : 
 "Gae Kagushi mo soroya, yo mo naga naga ni mashi 
 mashite, Aral Kusa saya fufura furi." 
 
 "Ready! the odor being strong, the Gods of ill-luck 
 will smell it and fly away." 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 Religions of Japan 
 
 Buddhism — Shinto. 
 
 Very little can be said here in explanation of the 
 native religions; the attempt is simply to give some 
 slight idea of what comes within the scope and range 
 of one's vision and understanding, with a hope that a 
 more intelligent view of conditions as they exist may 
 be formed. 
 
 The origin of Buddhism, like that of other religions, 
 was in the desire to escape the various difficulties and 
 hindrances which beset and ensnare the human race. 
 Buddhism That man was dissatisfied with the idea that this life 
 was the sum total of our inheritance, is knowledge old 
 as the hills ; but how to obtain bliss in the life to which 
 each one was hastening was a problem worthy of solu- 
 tion. It was supposed that by chastisement of the 
 flesh a religious and spiritual life might be forthcoming 
 as the outcome of their labor, and the riddance of this 
 spiritual form became one of the first duties of the 
 Buddhist. 
 
 Buddhism does not deny the existence of soul and 
 body, but does deny the separate and exact entity of 
 either; both are subject to change and decay, but re- 
 appear under some new form ; an incarnation, a life con- 
 tinuous in which the forms of ages have left their im- 
 print and disposition. 
 
 Buddhism teaches four steps of life: Shamon — 
 Hearer. Engaku — Believer. Bosatsu — One who has 
 grasped the law and has only one more death. Bud- 
 dha — The perfected. 
 
RELIGIONS OF JAPAN 23 
 
 The exact date of the introduction of Buddhism into 
 Japan is difficult to determine, nor is it necessary for 
 our purpose. It no doubt came from Corea about the 
 sixth century, but the effect of image worship upon 
 people who had hitherto worshipped spiritual deities 
 was not pleasant. It fell into disfavor, and, though it 
 came on two later visits, it was not much before the 
 ninth century that any noticeable progress was made. 
 Shintoism in various forms and cults seems to have 
 been the only religion known by the people, and in a 
 nation where everything took its beginning from the 
 Imperial authority and every success was attributed 
 to the illustrious virtue of the Imperial family, it is 
 difficult to understand how Shintoism could ever have 
 been overshadowed. Buddhism however had so much 
 more to offer. It appealed to the human desires in man, 
 his instincts and reason; it offered a philosophy, and 
 gave a wider field for education and research; it ap- 
 pealed to the esthetic taste abnormally inherent in the 
 Japanese; it taught him to appreciate the beautiful in 
 art, to carve, to cut, to paint, to build ; the beauties of 
 a heaven and the horrors of a hell. 
 
 That it effected great changes in the religious char- 
 acter of the people there can be no doubt; it taught a 
 new theology which, while embracing in the main 
 whatever precepts the older religion contained, ex- 
 panded and expounded them in a new way. Life was 
 not exactly what people made it; the future could not 
 be exactly determined by anything of the present; the 
 future condition would be governed not by one's own 
 actions alone but by parents and children conjointly 
 who had lived and wrought in ages past and gone. A 
 religion with less of loyalty for a basis than Shinto has, 
 would have been entirely absorbed; but that this was 
 not successfully accomplished, is evident to-day. It 
 is a fact that by far the greater portion of the people 
 are Buddhists; and yet the strange anomaly of the 
 two religions beneath the same roof, worshipped by 
 the same people, and presided over by the same priest, 
 
 Buddhism 
 
24 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 may be witnessed in many places. And it is no un- 
 Buddhism common sight to see the "Kamidana" and the "Butsu 
 dan" standing side by side as a family shrine in the 
 same house. 
 
 It is not surprising that Shinto should be ousted and 
 that Buddhism should come to fill a large place in the 
 hearts and lives of the people ; the law of kindness alone 
 would have been in itself sufficient to convert; ir- 
 respective of a doctrine that every bird and beast and 
 creeping thing had at some age belonged to the society 
 in which we ourselves lived and moved and had our 
 being and that through our prayers and good deeds 
 may again become the incarnation of a higher life. 
 Who could tell that the tired beast of burden may not 
 in some decadent age have been a soul of closest kin. 
 
 But if Buddhism brought in the thought and wor- 
 ship of many gods, it also taught the art of carving 
 and making them; and much of the best art of Japan 
 is the product of that early period. The Dai-butsu of 
 Kamakura and Nara, the Jizo of Hakone, Kwannon of 
 Asakusa or Benten of Ennoshima are works of art 
 almost unsurpassed in any age, and than which in out- 
 line of features, grace, and ease it would be almost im- 
 possible to conceive of anything more beautiful. Nor 
 these alone; the great lions which so often guard the 
 entrances, the Ni-o, the gods of wind and thunder, oc- 
 cupy their own places in the world of art. 
 
 The traveller who visits Hakone will find carved on 
 the face of the cliff looking out over the beautiful lake 
 situated in the hollow of a once famous crater the 
 beautiful pensive face of the Jizo, the god of children 
 and pregnant women. It is said the great Buddhist 
 saint Kobo Daishi carved it in a single night. The 
 traveller in passing throws into the lap of the god a 
 stone for luck, safe delivery for herself or friend, or 
 that the angel by the "Bodzu Kawa" (one of the 
 Stygian streams) may carefully fold the babes 'neath 
 his protecting arms and bear them across where cold 
 biting winds and angry demons are not. 
 
RELIGIONS OF JAPAN 25 
 
 Existence was among the very earliest of the doc- 
 trines established by Buddhism, but it was only a fore- 
 runner of the development which was subsequently to 
 follow; and the great mysteries it was to unravel and 
 unfold was but a part. 
 
 The dogma of succession of rebirths was much too 
 difficult and subtle for the average mind untrained in 
 philosophic speculation; hence only a modified doc- 
 trine of transmigration of the soul was taught. But 
 this also changed as the eras advanced among the newer 
 sects, that not only may one find absolute self in un- 
 consciousness, but one sect at least taught something 
 in the nature of a personal saviour in Nichiren* 
 
 It is safe to assert that the vast proportion of the 
 believers know very little of real Buddhism. The 
 Karma which only is real self, the something which 
 formed our being and governed our actions, that 
 Karma which only passed from birth to birth and life 
 to life, that this alone is actual and all else uncertain, 
 may well be a doctrine too difficult for any save those 
 versed in the lore of metaphysics. 
 
 But the customs and manners incident upon this 
 religion are interesting in themselves. At some of the 
 most famous and much resorted-to temples the throngs 
 of people on great feast days are astonishing ; the eager 
 crowd intent on pleasure, and incidentally on worship, 
 may well surprise the Western mind trained to think 
 and feel deeply on religious matters. That phase of 
 human life is missed. The gay booths, the pleasant 
 tea-houses, the weird music, the various attractions 
 for the visitor to the temple, testify to feelings decidedly 
 other than religious and spiritual ; yet it is safe to assert 
 that among the number they are few indeed who at an 
 early hour have not presented themselves before the 
 gods. 
 
 Most temples have three or more steps rising to the 
 door by which is placed the box for alms of the faith- 
 ful — though it is common to throw the money on the 
 
 * Nichiren. Founder of sect of same name. 
 
 Buddhism 
 
Buddhism 
 
 26 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 floor of the temple before the shrine — the worshipper 
 ascends the steps, rings the bell as a signal to the deity 
 and to claim his attention while he prays, claps his 
 hands three times, and bowing his head reverently, he 
 mutters at the same time in a low gutteral almost in- 
 audible voice, "Namu Amida Butsu," "Glory to Amida 
 the Buddha" or "Namu mio horen gekyo," "Hail the 
 true way of salvation, the blossom of doctrine." What 
 it all means few care or seem to care to understand; 
 even the priests themselves (and this is especially true 
 in the country towns) know practically nothing. If 
 you believe the doctrine you will be born thousands of 
 times into a higher and better life, until finally you are 
 absorbed in the everlasting arms of Buddha, is a state- 
 ment quoted time and time again; but just what that 
 means, few know or understand. 
 
 Is it any wonder then that Buddhism has lost its 
 hold on the masses of the people, that thousands are 
 drifting into Agnosticism and Atheism, that no new 
 temples are being built, and mendicant orders increas- 
 ing? 
 
 The Japanese are in need of a religion; they are 
 essentially religious ; but with a history of centuries of 
 religious ignorance and blind idolatry behind them, 
 they are necessarily slower to accept and assimilate a 
 new religion, foreign to their habitual thought and un- 
 derstanding, than they are to accept worldly progress 
 and advancement. But in religion as in other things 
 the truth has its own power and brings with it its own 
 sure reward; and the history of forty years of Chris- 
 tianity in Japan marks a page as brilliant for its suc- 
 cesses and advancement as the world has ever recorded. 
 
 The real religion of Japan, and the only one indigen- 
 ous to the soil and which has existed from time im- 
 memorial, is Shinto, "The way of the gods," or ancestor 
 worship. 
 
 The origin of Shintoism and the various stages of 
 development through which it passed can be little 
 more than conjectured. That it must have grown out 
 
RELIGIONS OF JAPAN 27 
 
 of some of the many customs incident upon death and 
 
 the place the dead were thought to occupy in the land Shinto 
 
 of spirits or ghosts, there seems much reason to believe. 
 
 One thing may be assured, that Shintoism, since the 
 days of compulsory and voluntary human sacrifices, 
 has undergone great changes. 
 
 Among modern Shintoists the most important are 
 the family, clan, and national cults. 
 
 In direct antithesis to Buddhism, which emphasizes 
 the fact that man in this life is spiritually dead, Shinto 
 dwells on the theory that death is only the spiritual 
 life; and because this new life upon which the spirits 
 have now entered lends to them a new dignity and 
 power, it is assumed that they have become to an ex- 
 tent divine, and as such merit the offering of one's 
 prayers; hence ancestral worship. They are also re- 
 garded as occupying their own spiritual place in the 
 world, and in constant communication with those still 
 in it; the idea of a heaven and hell, if conceived of at 
 all, is absolutely different from that of any other form 
 of religion. 
 
 That they are conscious, is plain from the fact that 
 they require food and drink and receive the homage of 
 men; yet because the spirits live and move and have 
 their being in a world higher than this, they have be- 
 come Kami or gods. At the great matsuri in memory 
 of leyasu Tokugawa* held in Nikko twice a year, a 
 special shrine is carried through the street, and en- 
 closed in a second shrine which though also small is 
 large enough to enclose the first. Before this specially 
 prepared food known as Shinsen is offered amid great 
 ceremony and ritual as becomes things offered to the 
 deity. Special clothing and purifying was formerly 
 required, but it does not appear that this was necessary 
 on all occasions, indeed the household gods are seldom 
 if ever so honored ; almost any food eaten by the family 
 
 ♦Ietasu Tokugawa. First Shogun of Japan. 
 
Shinto 
 
 28 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 may be offered, and the custom of setting apart a por- 
 tion of the daily meal is everywhere seen. 
 
 The Kamidana found in all true Shinto families have 
 no images or ornaments and no symbols, only a few 
 Gohei or strips of paper upon which are written the 
 names of deities. In some shrines there is a veiled 
 sanctuary — a sanctum sanctorum — in which only the 
 Kannushi* may look, but after all it contains perhaps 
 nothing more than a mirror into which the pure-hearted 
 may gaze and behold an ideal self, free from the con- 
 taminations of a naughty world. 
 
 The custom of O'harai (purification), performed at 
 stated times during the year, is a peculiar one, and 
 physical as much as spiritual purity seems to be an 
 essential ; anything on the body which may in any way 
 harbor or encourage impurities is scrupulously erased. 
 This is specially noticeable in temples of nature wor- 
 ship. No deity could be approached until the suppliant 
 had first cleansed himself, and this custom, though be- 
 coming less rigid, is observed in the home as well as in 
 the temples. 
 
 How many gods are worshipped in Shinto it would 
 be difficult to conjecture; yearly the number must 
 fluctuate with the veneration in which the person 
 deified is held, though thousands never change. Nei- 
 ther does it depend on the life of the individual so much 
 as the conditions or circumstances which caused his 
 death. This is notable in the case of the death of the 
 Viscount Mori Arinori, the late minister of Education, 
 who irreverently pushed aside the curtains of one of 
 the shrines of Ise with his cane. Shortly afterwards 
 he was assassinated by a fanatic; the murderer was 
 cut down by the guard, but so peculiar was the change 
 in public sentiment that almost at once people began 
 to regard the assassin as a saint, and daily pilgrimages 
 were made to his grave, odes composed in his honor, 
 and incense offered before his shrine as though he had 
 performed a service commendable to the nation. The 
 
 *Kannushi. Shinto Priest. 
 
RELIGIONS OF JAPAN 29 
 
 same is true of the forty-seven ronin who committed 
 suicide after avenging the death of their lord. 
 
 Laws long ago dead or forgotten regulating burial 
 were very rigid; to-day however Japan, as other na- 
 tions, conducts such services to suit the individual 
 taste. There is no fuss, no loud wailing or lamentation, 
 only a quiet friendly behavior as might become an 
 ordinary event. 
 
 On one occasion the writer was an honored guest at 
 the funeral services of a Shinto friend. A few paid 
 mourners indulged in some weird music — a funeral 
 dirge, — interspersed with short exhortations by the 
 Kannushi to the spirit of the dead; a little cake and 
 tea served by the wife of the dead man, and that was 
 all. The Gohei with the man's posthumous name was 
 written and hung in the Kamidana, and the last rites 
 of the man had been performed. 
 
 But Gohei are not confined to the Kamidana alone. 
 They are to be found on sacred trees, in paddy fields, by 
 wayside shrines; they are in reality a vehicle for the 
 deity. As one walks in the country, everywhere by 
 the roadside little stone images with votive offerings 
 of little baby bibs, etc., are found and invariably the 
 Gohei hangs there also. The devout stop long enough 
 in passing to offer a short prayer to the god there en- 
 shrined, for protection during the day or journey. To 
 the initiated these are signs of a people deeply religi- 
 ous, waiting for the time when the true light shall 
 be revealed in all its fullness — as it is being revealed 
 in their midst. 
 
 Time, that changer of all, will bring it here also; 
 Shinto can no longer satisfy the people growing up and 
 being educated in modern learning to-day. An en- 
 lightened people will look for a religion which will 
 further enlighten; that movement has already begun, 
 and as time goes on the old religion will die, as a noted 
 Shinto priest said "Not so much because Shinto was 
 no good, but because they had found a better one in 
 Christianity." 
 
 Shinto 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 Christianity in Japan 
 
 Opening ^ ne y ear 1853 was a memorable one in the history 
 
 of Japan °^ ^ ne "Sunrise Kingdom." Commodore Perry with 
 his squadron of American war vessels anchored in the 
 waters of Tokyo Bay, and neither threats nor prayers 
 had the slightest effect in inducing him to depart till 
 something of the purpose and mission for which he had 
 come had been accomplished. 
 
 Whatever honor attaches to the first discovery or 
 successful adventure, belongs to the United States, 
 Japan would, no doubt, in a few years have made some 
 effort on her own part to break away from her isola- 
 tion and solitude, but it was Perry's hand which oiled 
 the machinery to open the way for first negotiations 
 with the Shogunate with a view to creating a market 
 for American commerce. This was not accomplished 
 without some difficulty; the foreign powers could not 
 appreciate the position the young Emperor filled in 
 the hearts and lives of his people ; and this disregard on 
 their part tended to antagonize the great daimyo. 
 Moreover, scenes of intolerance on the part of foreigners 
 and exacting demands for indemnity for any and every 
 offence, were sufficient to keep the relations always 
 strained. The "Christian Times" bears witness to the 
 fact that much of the trouble was caused by actions 
 which would have exasperated much less sensitive 
 people than the Japanese. 
 
 Both Perry and others who sought for treaties sup- 
 posed that all such, made through the bakufu* and 
 
CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN 31 
 
 signed by the Shogun as Tykoon or Tai-Kun, would be 
 of national character, and binding upon all ; and it was 
 not until 1863 that the United States and the Powers 
 leagued with her, awoke to the fact that such treaties 
 were not strictly binding, and that the Emperor was 
 not, as was supposed, merely the "Spiritual Sovereign" 
 of the nation, but also the actual ruler. Fresh negoti- 
 ations were at once begun, which ended in Yokohoma, 
 Kobe, Nagasaki, and a few other places, being thrown 
 open to foreign trade. In those towns where extra 
 territorial privileges were granted, foreigners lived in 
 a little kingdom of their own. The foreigner was ex- 
 pected to live in what was known as the "Settlement." 
 
 The year 1869 witnessed the great struggle of a na- 
 tion for its rights, the right of a people to set their Em- Civil War 
 peror on the throne, which they believed to be his by 
 divine right. The bakufu* the Tokugawa house and 
 supporters, were overthrown, the Emperor brought out 
 before his people, the capital moved from Kyoto to 
 Yedo, as Tokyo was then called, and the government 
 established, He has lived in Tokyo ever since; a wise 
 ruler, a far-seeing statesman, revered by his people. 
 
 Japan had moved; it was but a step, fraught with 
 many misgivings, and red with the blood of her sons; 
 but it was a step in advance ; she has never since moved 
 backward. The last fifty years of her history have 
 been epoch making; the world has witnessed nothing 
 like it before ; the most optimistic would hardly predict 
 any such future scene. Not the United States, with 
 all the greatness of her wealth and intellect, her brilliant 
 successes and hopeful promise, has achieved in a cen- 
 tury what Japan has done in fifty years. 
 
 But we must turn back a page or so to discover what 
 Christianity was doing at this and subsequent periods. The 
 That Christianity was in Japan long before the day Jesuits 
 of the Rev. John Liggins and C. M. Williams, the first 
 missionaries of modern times, is known to every stud- 
 ent of history. 
 
 ♦Bakufu. Shogun's Government, 
 
32 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Francis Xavier, the apostle of the Jesuits, landed in 
 Kagoshima about 1549 A. D. and began that remark- 
 able missionary labor, which, strange to relate, num- 
 bered in one century more than a million converts, 
 among whom were many of the noblest blood in the 
 land. Nobunaga, the then reigning Shogun, a most 
 unscrupulous man, seems to have assisted the Jesuits 
 in their work. That he was strongly opposed to many 
 of their methods, and especially their apparent desire 
 for political control, is evident; though why he favored 
 them is not quite clear. His successor Hideyoshi was 
 a man of a very different type, who looked upon the 
 growing influence of Christianity as dangerous in the 
 extreme and set himself vigorously at work to uproot 
 it. Much persecution followed and thousands suffered ; 
 but at his death in 1598 much better things were hoped 
 for by the Christians. 
 
 Tokugawa, who succeeded him as Shogun, was a cool, 
 cautious statesman of the first order, one who bided 
 his time, worked silently and skilfully, and struck only 
 when he was ready, but his blow dealt destruction all 
 around. Not Nero in the height of his power was 
 more merciless and cruel than this great man of Japan. 
 In 1603 he issued his famous edict againt Christianity, 
 which stood till the present era, in which he gives the 
 Christians "not a foot of soil to rest on" and he calls 
 "heaven and earth and four seas to hear and obey." 
 Th In 1859 Rev. John Liggins and Rev. C. M. Williams, 
 
 . . American missionaries, landed in Nagasaki; but in- 
 
 Ch h ternal troubles were already occupying the minds of 
 
 the people at home, and the Civil War of '61- 65 
 sadly crippled and depleted the Church's finances, and 
 Mr. Liggins returned to America, it is said for lack of 
 support. The General Convention of that year passed 
 a resolution to give Bishop Boone of China jurisdiction 
 in Japan, but at the same Convention the proposal to 
 elect a separate Bishop was defeated. 
 
 The first Christian service held in Japan after the 
 landing of Perry, was held in the house of Townsend 
 
CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN 
 
 33 
 
 Harris, Consul General and later Minister, a Churchman, 
 and was conducted by the Chaplain of U. S. S. Powha- 
 tan. The house was formerly a Buddhist temple, and 
 the idols were still standing outside the house during 
 the occupancy of Mr. Harris. Christianity was still 
 under a ban, and books given by the missionaries and 
 others were returned with a sharp reproof for wrong 
 doing. Open preaching was forbidden, and anyone 
 suspected of being a Christian was arrested. Bishop 
 Williams was reinforced by the arrival of Dr. Schmid 
 in 1860, but little more than the study of the language 
 could as yet be accomplished. So little in fact that 
 not until 1871, when Rev. A. R. Morris arrived, did we 
 get beyond Nagasaki. Mr. Morris, however, began 
 his work in Osaka. 
 
 Meanwhile other nations were awaking to the fact 
 that here was new ground for missionary enterprise; 
 the various protestant societies of America, the C. M. 
 S. of England, the French Roman Church, followed in 
 quick succession. Bishop Williams calls '63-'64 a 
 "time for gathering out stones and briers, removing 
 prejudices and false impressions." But signs were 
 not wanting that the conditions were improving. 
 
 Some of the daimyo, at least, were preparing for 
 whatever good the coming of the foreigners had in 
 store for them. Dr. Verbeck writing in '65 says: 
 "The people are eager after foreign books, and it is my 
 firm conviction that, but for the edicts against Chris- 
 tianity, the Bible itself would be translated before this 
 day. The Japanese are an enquiring race with a good 
 deal of common sense, and are apt to learn." 
 
 In '66 Mr. Williams was consecrated Bishop of China 
 with jurisdiction in Japan, and almost immediately ap- 
 pealed for three men. In the following year the Jap- 
 anese government gave permission to its young men to 
 go abroad to study, which was encouraging in that it 
 showed that some of the prejudices were giving way. 
 In view of this a request was made to the United States 
 Government to use its good offices for the repeal of 
 
 Other 
 Christians 
 
 Bishop 
 Williams 
 
Persecu- 
 tion 
 
 34 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 the law making Christianity a capital offence. The 
 reply is not very encouraging, but "if the prospect is 
 favorable .... will endeavor to have disabilities 
 against Christianity removed. " 
 
 The year '68 was not very encouraging; the Bishop 
 wrote that he intended removing his place of residence 
 from China to Japan with the hope that some Priest 
 may be moved to offer himself if only to keep him com- 
 pany. In his report he says: "I have only the sad, 
 heart-sickening report to make that our Church has 
 not a single representative there and we are doing 
 nothing to establish the Redeemer's Kingdom in that 
 most interesting land." Meanwhile Christianity was 
 making much progress, though the Church was a lag- 
 gard, and perhaps this very fact aroused fresh hatred 
 and opposition. For two or three years the edict 
 seems to have been a dead letter, but in the beginning 
 of '70 persecution broke out afresh. In Nagasaki the 
 Governor summoned the Christians and told them that 
 unless they renounced their religion, they would all be 
 deported. Appeal was made on their behalf by the 
 most influential people, but the orders had come from 
 Tokyo and these efforts proved abortive. Eight 
 hundred families were called upon to renounce their 
 faith; they replied they were born Christians and 
 would die so. Much hardship was endured by many, 
 and the number of those deported during those few 
 weeks was nearly 5,000; their destination was not 
 accurately known, but it was said that they would be 
 scattered over parts where Christianity had never yet 
 reached. 
 
 In '71 and '72 the mission was strengthened by the 
 coming of Rev. Messrs. A. R. Morris and G. D. B. Mil- 
 ler, who settled in Osaka and began the study of the 
 language and did a little school work. Mr. Morris 
 speaks at that early date of the Emperor's visit to 
 Osaka, the opening of the railway between that city 
 and Tokyo, and of the progress already made in the 
 Empire. 
 
CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN 
 
 35 
 
 The place of Christianity was undergoing a change 
 in the minds of the people and much encouragement 
 and satisfaction was given by the circulated report 
 that the law against Christianity had been repealed 
 by special decree of the Emperor; this however on 
 investigation was found not to be so. Many were 
 still suspicious of the new comers and new order of 
 things, and though there were those among the higher 
 classes who privately became Christians, and who 
 had unbounded confidence and trust in the future 
 progress and growth of their country, there were also 
 many reactionists among the men of influence, and 
 much trouble was experienced. "There must be dis- 
 turbance/' wrote the Bishop; "progress only comes 
 through disturbance." How true that is; every 
 field is red with the blood of the men who have died 
 in the cause. "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of 
 the Church." 
 
 Dr. Laning was appointed in 1873 and began the 
 first Christian hospital in the Empire, now so well Advance 
 known as St. Barnabas' Hospital, Osaka. It was a 
 red-letter year, not only in the Church, but also in 
 the internal and national life of the Country. At 
 its close we find Bishop Williams holding services in 
 his private chapel, surrounded by Morris, Miller, 
 Quimby, Blanchet and Cooper. We also find Govern- 
 ment schools being opened and a system of co-educa- 
 tion introduced, with equal privileges for advancement 
 and promotion to all. It was well voiced in the open- 
 ing sentence of the decree, "The way by which every 
 one can establish himself and find means for support, 
 and prosper in his occupation and life ; this life requires 
 no other than to better his living, to widen his know- 
 ledge, and increase his power to work." 
 
 In 1874 Bishop Schereschewsky was appointed to 
 China, and Bishop Williams made Bishop of Yedo or Bishop 
 Tokyo, a position he held till 1889. From '74 on the Schere- 
 work was largely one of construction; schools were schewsky 
 opened or enlarged, churches built and hospitals 
 
36 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 begun, and as much as possible done to make up for 
 the laxity of former years. Sunday Schools in Yedo 
 are most encouragingly spoken of. The fine attend- 
 ance, the eagerness to learn, and the general atten- 
 tion given by the children as contrasted with the 
 foreign child, make it seem a season when the clouds 
 had entirely disappeared from the horizon. 
 
 On Trinity Sunday Blanchet and Cooper were 
 advanced to the sacred order of Priests. Almost 
 immediately after Blanchet began a boys' school 
 which has since grown into that fine institution of 
 learning now situated in Tsukiji and known as the 
 Rikkyo Chu Gakko, or St. Paul's College. Cooper, 
 thinking of the opportunities and responsibilities of 
 the Church, says: "When before has a nation casting 
 its idols to the bats and to the moles knocked so loudly 
 at our doors?" 
 Education Mrs. Q mm by had also opened a school for girls 
 f or which had developed and grown into a like success, 
 
 Women so mucn so that m '77 when Miss Pitman (now Mrs. 
 Gardiner) arrived, that school also was moved to 
 Tsukiji, its present location, and its name changed to 
 St. Margaret's, the Rikkyo Jo Gakko, which to-day has 
 its graduates all over the Empire. 
 
 Miss Eddy had also opened a girls' school in Osaka 
 which had proved no less successful than those in 
 Yedo; and St. Agnes' School, long since moved to 
 Kyoto, is to-day the result of that great effort, but 
 small beginning, in those days when faith shone 
 bright and "hearts were brave again." How few of 
 the many visitors who come and go now realize what 
 it cost to make those fine modern schools what they 
 are to-day; how few realize what it still costs. 
 
 Mr. Griffith, in speaking of the education of women, 
 only a little while later, in his "Mikado's Empire," 
 says: — "The importance of the new education of 
 Japanese girls cannot be over-estimated. The civil- 
 ization will never take root in Japan until cultivated 
 and planted in the homes; and to secure that end the 
 
CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN 37 
 
 thorough education of women is a necessity. In 
 this good work American ladies have led the way. 
 By them the Japanese maiden is taught the ideal 
 associations and ordering of Christian homes, a purer 
 code of morals, a regenerating spiritual power of 
 which Buddhism knows nothing, and to which the 
 highest aspirations of Shinto are strangers.' ' How 
 true that is, one has only to visit the schools to-day 
 to discover for oneself; and if still a doubt remains 
 the sceptic has but to visit a few of the Christian 
 homes to be convinced of its truth. Is anything 
 more important, or is anything likely to give greater 
 results, or be farther-reaching in its influence on the 
 moulding of an Empire than the education of its 
 women? and education without religion is at best a 
 negative quantity anywhere, but necessarily so in 
 Japan. 
 
 In 1882 the Board of Missions discussed the ques- 
 tion of Episcopal jurisdiction, which seems to have A 
 come before the Church in Japan, and much corre- Japanese 
 spondence resulted; the Church was however advanc- Church 
 ing, and growing, and steadily preparing for closer 
 unity. In '87 the foreign Committee of the Board 
 of Missions commended the efforts of Bishop Wil- 
 liams and others in drafting canons, etc., looking 
 towards the erection of a Japanese Church. Bishop 
 Poole, of China, the English Bishop, died in 1885. 
 His successor Dr. Bickersteth arrived in Japan the 
 following year, and very soon Bishop Williams and 
 he were in correspondence over the erection of a Jap- 
 anese Church. 
 
 In the early part of '87 a committee which had prev- 
 iously been appointed by the Bishops submitted to 
 a delegate conference, consisting of three from each 
 society, the canons, etc., for their consideration. 
 Foreigners and Japanese met separately to discuss 
 the draft presented and much heart burning was felt 
 by some of the foreigners as to the results; but the 
 Japanese showed a desire to be guided by proper 
 
38 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Its Name 
 
 Bishop 
 McKim 
 
 leaders, a cordial understanding was manifested, 
 and the most pessimistic was compelled to confess 
 that the Japanese were much better able to govern 
 themselves than they had been given credit for. 
 
 The question of a name for their new Church was a 
 difficult one, and many fears were entertained, all of 
 which proved groundless; it is sufficient to say that 
 "Nippon Set Ko Kwai" was finally decided on, 
 which, whatever other meaning may be pressed into 
 the words, has come to bear but one for the Church- 
 man of Japan, viz; — "The Holy Catholic Church of 
 Japan." Laus Deo! It was a crucial time in the 
 Church's history. Dr. Griffith says in the Independ- 
 ent, "The average man in Japan has no religion. Shall 
 it be Christianity? It will not be Buddhism. The 
 reform Buddhists are trying to furnish their country- 
 men with a new religion. Alert, keen, not over scrupu- 
 lous, they will doubtless have a neo-Buddhism ready. 
 . . . . They will Buddhize Christianity if they 
 have the power and opportunity. It is no cry of an 
 alarmist. The missionaries in the field say that now 
 is the vital moment, and they are right." 
 
 The danger is not past, but as the Church grows 
 stronger daily, the native religions grow weaker. 
 No one realizes this more than the wideawake Japa- 
 nese. As far back as '82 the Osaka "Nippo" says: — 
 "Shinto never had religious power over men's hearts, 
 but it is simply a system of honor and respect paid 
 to the Imperial family. Shinto is imperfect as a 
 religion and its influence is limited to the ignorant 
 of this and past ages. Year after year it is declining, 
 and it will altogether disappear. The reason is evi- 
 dent: it is imperfect as an education; it has had no 
 teacher like Buddha, no disciple like Sakya, no Christ 
 like Christianity, and no sacred writings; only tra- 
 dition." 
 
 In 1889 Bishop Williams, who had been in the 
 missionary field since 1866 and had borne the burden 
 and heat of the day, felt that with advancing years, 
 
CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN 39 
 
 increasing responsibilities, and poor health, together 
 with new demands, he could no longer administer 
 so large a field, and resigned. Rev. John McKim, 
 who had been in the field for thirteen years, was se- 
 lected by the General Convention of 1892 to succeed 
 him. Mr. McKim was eminently fitted by temper- 
 ament and disposition, knowledge of the people, 
 language, and executive ability, to follow in his steps. 
 He was consecrated in New York in 1893. For four- 
 teen years he has guided and counselled his clergy and 
 diocese with a firm master hand; the pleasant, courtly 
 gentleman, the far-seeing statesman, a father alike 
 to Priest and people. No truer or better compliment 
 could be paid than that said of him by one of his 
 native Priests: "There are in some Dioceses many 
 quarrels and various leaders, but here the Bishop is 
 the only leader and there are no quarrels." 
 
 The General Convention of 1898, taking account 
 of the growth of the Church and the size of the Diocese Bishop 
 divided and made a separate Diocese of Kyoto, but Partridge 
 no Bishop was then elected. The House of Bishops 
 in 1899 elected Rev. Sidney C. Partridge, who for 
 nineteen years had labored in the China field; a man 
 with a world of experience of people, and the gift 
 of tongues. Dr. Partridge was consecrated in Trinity 
 Cathedral, Tokyo, on February 2, 1900, the Feast of 
 the Purification of the Blessed Virgin. No greater 
 sight has been witnessed in Japan, with seven Bish- 
 ops and eighty Priests in line. Bishop Partridge 
 began his work at once. He has had to face opposi- 
 tion from within and without, and to solve problems 
 of the most difficult character ; but the work has grown 
 and prospered under him and will prosper. New 
 churches are being built, new work is being opened 
 and, what is most important for the spiritual life 
 and being of the Church in Japan, a new spirit of 
 reverence and love for holy things is beginning to 
 have some place in that Diocese. If the Japanese 
 lack reverence it is not because they are naturally 
 
40 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 irreverent, but because they were not taught rever- 
 ence in previous years. Bishop Partridge is doing a 
 quiet, but much needed work in his Diocese, and, be- 
 cause for the greater honor and glory of God, he will 
 succeed. 
 

 RT. REV. JOHN McKIM, D. D. 
 Bishop of Tokyo 
 
CHAPTER V 
 Tokyo District — Tokyo City 
 
 Trinity Cathedral — Trinity Divinity School — St. Matthias' 
 Catechetical School — St. Paul's College — School for Chinese 
 — St. Luke's Hospital. 
 
 There is probably no city in the habitable globe 
 which has experienced the same amount of change, 
 advance, or progress during the last half century as 
 Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Very few indeed, among 
 those who visit it oftenest and who learn somewhat 
 of its geography, its customs and manners, its lights 
 and shadows, seem to appreciate the fact that except 
 in religion, its government and political life is, after 
 all, very much the same as other cities. 
 
 To be sure it lacks the English omnibus as a means 
 of conveyance, but it possesses the American street 
 car; and in addition to this it has what is to be found 
 in none of the great western cities, a complete system 
 of water ways which lead to almost every corner of 
 the city. Boats of all sizes and shapes and for every 
 conceivable purpose ply up and down and in and out 
 through the various windings of the canals during 
 every hour of the twenty-four. 
 
 Streets teem with busy life and activity; here is 
 the ubiquitous peddler filled with all the politeness 
 and suavity of the Oriental ; here on the steps of some 
 temple, hidden behind his canvas sign, is the sober- 
 faced fortune teller anxious to throw a horoscope 
 for the guileless; here some lazy begging priest rings 
 his little bell and recites in guttural tones some unin- 
 
42 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 r«- telligible verses from the O'Sho* understood by none, 
 loKyo city j^ through w hich he hopes to receive a little money; 
 here the ever-obliging, efficient policeman, standing 
 by his little "Koban",1[ is ever ready with his little 
 stock of English to aid you in any difficulty. Coolies 
 jostle each other and return good-natured banter; 
 they seldom quarrel, though the salutations some- 
 times given and returned are not meant for drawing 
 rooms. Tokyo in this respect has certainly nothing 
 resembling the Occident, though interesting in the 
 extreme to one who would study nature first hand. 
 
 In the midst of all this busy life, this mad rush for 
 some place in the front rank of the world's army, the 
 Church is quietly advancing, unassuming, unostenta- 
 tious, yet piously doing the work She is meant to do. 
 Between the American and English Dioceses in 
 Tokyo no fines of demarcation have ever been drawn, 
 the Bishop of Tokyo (Dr. McKim) having refused to 
 recognize the English authority there. Bishop Bicker- 
 steth of the English Church agreed to build no Cathe- 
 dral. His successor, Bishop Awdry, has however a 
 church (Trinity), known as the " Pro-Cathedral." 
 
 TRINITY CATHEDRAL 
 
 This church was built by Bishop Williams and al- 
 most ever since has been used for both Japanese and 
 English services. If a cathedral is intended to make 
 the pace and set the example for diocesan work, this 
 one surely is one of the best to be found. With the 
 exception of the Russian Cathedral, this is the finest in 
 the city; and its work is entirely in keeping with its 
 size and beauty. One hears the cathedral chimes 
 morning, noon, and evening, and the sound of the 
 geta* on the pavement tells one of the many feet hasten- 
 ing to the House of God. Though it has a special 
 congregation of its own, it is largely a student church, 
 lending itself on the one hand to the work of St. Paul's 
 College, and on the other to St. Margaret's School. 
 
 ♦O'Sho. Buddhist Scripture. 1"Koban. Police box. 
 
Cathedral 
 
 TOKYO CITY 43 
 
 Matins and Evensong are said daily for the students, 
 
 and there is a noonday service in English. As one ^Jj^JJ, 
 
 enters this fine church one is impressed with the sight 
 
 of perhaps 200 students, men on the right and women 
 
 on the left. It is truly an inspiring sight and those 
 
 who care little for foreign missions ought to attend 
 
 some of those services and hear the hearty singing, the 
 
 responses, the earnest careful attention given to the 
 
 short ten minute addresses, and then return to wonder 
 
 why they gave so little for missions or whether the 
 
 Church was doing nothing for the youth of Japan. 
 
 The influence of this church upon the student life 
 of those two schools is like the current of some mighty 
 river pouring its waters into the broad sea. Why is 
 it so many who visit Tokyo find so little time amid 
 their manifold duties of visiting Buddhist temples and 
 Shinto shrines to visit this church at such times and 
 worship God in His own House? What an encourage- 
 ment it would be to those who are doing the work there 
 to find some Christians of a different race joining with 
 them in praising God. 
 
 The regular parish congregation, of which the Bishop 
 is rector and the Rev. I. Tagawa curate, numbers 
 about one hundred and forty. Here all the regular 
 societies to be found at work in any well organized 
 parish at home have their place ; Sunday School, Bible 
 classes, parish meetings, all working in the usual way. 
 Trinity is never likely to grow into a great parish, — 
 the student life is too strong and too nomadic for that, 
 — but its influence will be all the stronger on this ac- 
 count; and to-day there is probably no parish church 
 in the whole jurisdiction doing more for the general 
 uplifting, morally and spiritually, than this one. Ex- 
 cepting the long vacation, almost every night during 
 the week sermons and religious addresses are delivered 
 by the Clergy, either foreign or native, for the benefit 
 of the students ; and the increase of Christianity among 
 
 ♦Geta. Footwear; clogs. 
 
44 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 the pupils of both schools is no doubt due in a large 
 measure to them. 
 
 TRINITY DIVINITY SCHOOL 
 
 Trinity This school trains the clergy for the two American 
 
 Divinity missionary jurisdictions in the Nippon Set Ko Kwai. 
 School Few colleges can look back upon a career of such 
 
 usefulness and profit; few have turned out men who 
 have done more credit to themselves or the Church 
 to which they belong. It ought to be said right here 
 that much misunderstanding among those who should 
 know the conditions existing here has prejudiced 
 this institution. In the Introductory Chapter of 
 this book something of this has, we trust, been made 
 clear. 
 
 The old system of two years' study, one year's 
 experience and trial, followed again by a second two 
 years' study to complete the course, has all been 
 changed. It was good enough in its day and genera- 
 tion, and did excellent service, but no longer could 
 serve altered conditions and times. The change 
 gives the school the standard and rank of the best 
 government schools in Japan. 
 
 In 1905 Bishop McKim applied for and obtained a 
 license to conduct a Semmon Gakko, or technical 
 school. This license gives people confidence in its 
 standard of education, and indeed unless it had this 
 standard of learning and efficiency the Mombu Sho* 
 would not grant such a license. There is only one 
 disadvantage; the schedule may not be changed 
 without the consent of the Department of Education; 
 but the advantages are many. Its students are ex- 
 empt from conscription for military service — no mean 
 advantage to the Church where every man is needed 
 for Her own firing line. Every student must be at 
 the least a graduate of a Middle School, ranking with 
 St. Paul's College; and its faculty may confer degrees, 
 recognized by the Government, upon the students 
 
 ♦Mombu Sho. Department of Education. 
 
TOKYO CITY 
 
 45 
 
 who fulfill the requirements of the faculty of the 
 school. The old course of four years has now been 
 extended to five, divided into two periods of contin- 
 uous learning. The first covers two years of instruc- 
 tion in Hebrew, New Testament Greek, Advanced 
 English, Logic, Psychology, Sociology, Pentateuch, 
 Synoptic Gospels and Acts, Old and New Testament 
 History, Church History to the Council of Aries, and 
 Systematic Theology (Introduction to the Creeds). 
 The second or main portion of the course, a period 
 of three years, covers the present work, now done in 
 four years. Graduates of high standing are given post- 
 graduate courses, to whom degrees may be given 
 after writing a thesis on some subject assigned by the 
 faculty. There is also an advisory committee of three 
 Japanese Priests without whose consent no one may 
 enter the school. 
 
 This movement for the higher education of the 
 Clergy was found necessary because of the advance 
 made in government and other schools, and the need 
 of an educated ministry to cope with such conditions. 
 The advantage of having one school for both Dioceses 
 is evident to all ; the plant is quite equal to the require- 
 ments, and the cost of maintaining a separate faculty 
 is saved to the Church. 
 
 The question of the advisability of one school for 
 the whole Nippon Sei Ko Kwai has often been suggested, 
 and it is a fact that the advantages would be enormous. 
 The American Bishops favor and have advocated 
 such a measure. The Church at home has often 
 wondered why such a change and combination is im- 
 practicable and people have criticised where criticism 
 was unjust, misplaced, and uncalled for. Questions 
 have been unkindly asked, which bore or seemed to 
 bear reflections on those in charge of the work, and 
 who are entirely familiar with the conditions which 
 prevented the fulfilment of this most desirable object. 
 
 Twenty years ago this school was just starting out 
 with its two students in a little room in Tsukiji. To- 
 
 Trinity 
 
 Divinity 
 
 School 
 
46 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 St. 
 
 Matthias' 
 Catechet- 
 ical 
 School 
 
 day there stands a fine modern brick building, library, 
 class rooms, offices, rooms for teachers, and a class 
 of students as well equipped to begin their work as 
 that of most schools, and with as much ability and 
 zeal for the promotion and furtherance of Christ's 
 Kingdom among men, and as much knowledge of 
 the doctrine and worship of the Catholic Church, as 
 any seminary can boast of. 
 
 ST. MATTHIAS' CATECHETICAL SCHOOL 
 
 St. Matthias' Dendo Kwan, or Catechetical School, 
 is the result of an effort made about four or five years 
 ago to meet the demand for more workers than the 
 Trinity Divinity School could supply. The entrance 
 examination to this latter institution was stiff, very 
 stiff, and though not more strict than was necessary 
 for an educated ministry, it kept out many good 
 men, for whom the Church has ample use, but whose 
 education would not admit them to Holy Orders. 
 There seemed to be a place for such a school and results 
 have abundantly justified the venture. Men grad- 
 uating from this school may never aspire to Holy 
 Orders but remain as assistants and catechists in such 
 places as the Bishop may order. 
 
 Another great advantage of the younger school is 
 that the students receive their entire education in 
 the vernacular, an enormous advantage over the 
 translation system, especially to men who have had 
 no training in any foreign language. 
 
 The course covers two years, Old and New Testa- 
 ment Exegesis, General Church History, Theology, 
 and Evidences, with whatever extras the time al- 
 lotted will allow. The men from this school have 
 filled a great need and are an acquisition to the ranks 
 of workers in the Church. 
 
 st. Paul's college 
 
 To understand the history of St. Paul's College, or 
 the "Rikkyo Chu Gakko," we must go back to 1874 
 
TOKYO CITY 47 
 
 and the days of Bishop Williams. The school began 
 in a little house in Tsukiji with Messrs. Blanchet, J7« Paul s 
 Cooper, and Newman as teachers, and with five stu- ^ olle se 
 dents, and is the oldest Christian school in the Empire. 
 To-day (1907) it accommodates 550 students with 31 
 teachers, two of whom are foreigners. In 1876 Mr. 
 Blanchet reported 33 pupils, three of whom were board- 
 ers. In 1878, during one of the great fires in Tokyo, 
 St. Paul's among others was entirely destroyed, and 
 for a year the work lay in abeyance. At the end of 
 this time the Bishop built a new school across the 
 canal from the present dormitory, and opened it 
 again under the same name. 
 
 In 1880 Mr. J. McD. Gardiner arrived in the field, 
 and, besides taking charge of the school, immediately 
 began the erection of a new building on the site of 
 what is now St. Luke's Hospital. In 1887 St. Timo- 
 thy's mission school in Osaka was discontinued and 
 the pupils transferred to St. Paul's, together number- 
 ing 72. At the same time the standard of the school 
 was raised to make it correspond with that of an Amer- 
 ican College. "This was the period when Christian teach- 
 ing was welcomed by the Japanese people generally. 
 As a consequence the various mission schools were in 
 a flourishing condition and found no difficulty in se- 
 curing students or in propagating Christian teaching. 
 After awhile, however, a reaction set in and the en- 
 thusiasm for Christianity began to die out. A wave 
 of strong nationalistic sentiment swept over the whole 
 country. Mission schools soon began to feel the in- 
 fluence of this change in popular sentiment. The 
 fact that they were under foreign control, and that the 
 method of instruction was foreign, created a strong 
 prejudice against them." 
 
 The fever of sentiment was so strong that St. Paul's 
 was compelled to change its curriculum, the school 
 was made to correspond more with that of the national 
 schools, and Mr. Gardiner gave over part of the man- 
 agement of the school to a Japanese headmaster. The 
 
St. Paul's 
 
 48 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 change was no doubt a wise one; foreign education, 
 however good, could not meet the demands and neces- 
 s sities of the country and the times, and the spirit which 
 
 induced the authorities to give way to national re- 
 formers is the same spirit which has made the school 
 the success and given it the reputation it bears to-day. 
 
 In 1891 Mr. Gardiner resigned, but in order further 
 to promote the progress of the school, it was decided 
 that a new building with better equipment was nec- 
 essary. In 1894, however, the old building was destroyed 
 by an earthquake, and the school transferred to the 
 parish-house. Money was raised at home and new 
 buildings erected. Further changes were made a 
 year later; the school was divided, the lower part be- 
 coming a regular middle school, while the English 
 department was moved to another section of the city. 
 In 1897 Rev. Arthur Lloyd was made president, but 
 it still labored under the disadvantage of not having 
 Government recognition. 
 
 In 1898 this was brought about and a license to 
 establish a recognized middle school granted. This 
 granted exemption from conscription, as well as other 
 national educational privileges, and the number of 
 pupils at once advanced to 130, and in 1899 to 230. 
 Already the school had gained the reputation of being 
 one of the best schools in Tokyo. 
 
 The year 1900 marked a crisis in the history of pri- 
 vate mission schools. The Minister of Education 
 issued an order which seemed to be aimed at such 
 schools and threatened to be their ruin. It read, "It 
 is of utmost importance to carry on general education 
 independent and apart from religion. Therefore in 
 public schools or private schools under government 
 recognition, even outside of the regular curriculum, 
 no religious instruction may be given nor religious 
 service held." Many schools at once returned their 
 licenses. But, as St. Paul's had never done more than 
 to make religious instruction compulsory to dormitory 
 students, Bishop McKim and Mr. Lloyd communicated 
 
St. Paul's 
 
 TOKYO CITY 49 
 
 with the Educational Department to discover first if 
 religious instruction may not be given in class rooms 
 outside of school hours. Finding no objection to this, ^ olle Se 
 it was wisely decided to continue the present status of 
 the school, as being a much more efficient way of propa- 
 gating Christianity, than if again reduced to a mere 
 handful of pupils. No obstacle has ever been placed 
 in the way of religious instruction, and much more is 
 being done to-day to teach and inculcate Christian 
 truth than at any time in the history of the school. 
 
 In 1903, Rev. H. St. G. Tucker assumed the presi- 
 dency, with a school roll of 400. The present license 
 allows of 600, but to-day the school is overcrowded 
 with its 573 pupils, and the crying need is more room, 
 and the shame is all the greater because the need is 
 great. The Church needs the very best school it is 
 possible to make, in which to propagate Her doctrine, 
 and shed Her influence on the nation. The country 
 Clergy need such a school to which their students and 
 catechumens graduating yearly from the country 
 schools may be sent for higher education, and where 
 religious influence will be felt and religious teaching 
 given. For this reason there ought to he a "Koto- 
 gakko"* department which would be the means of hold- 
 ing the students for two more years. 
 
 Mr. Tucker has advocated this scheme again and 
 again. "It takes our first four years to make them 
 Christians," he said, "and just as soon as they become 
 Christians they graduate into higher schools, and we 
 lose our influence at the most critical time in their 
 lives." As an example of this, the percentage of those 
 who became Christians in the fifth year class last year, 
 was three-fifths, and the present year the percentage 
 promises much greater. This of course refers only to 
 the students living in the dormitory where they have 
 regular religious instruction, and must attend daily 
 morning and evening prayer in the Cathedral. 
 
 What is needed is a dormitory to hold 300 students, 
 
 * Koto-gakko. Higher School. 
 
St. Paul's 
 
 50 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 and Mr. Tucker hopes such a building may come in the 
 future. It is not disparaging other presidents to say the 
 College school was never so popular or efficient as at present. 
 
 Mr. Tucker is a young man eminently fitted both by 
 education and natural temperament for the position 
 he now fills. It is no sinecure to guide and rule a 
 school of such dimensions. Almost all the Clergy of 
 the Church to-day are men who got their first lessons 
 in Christianity at St. Paul's, and in the future the need 
 will be even greater than ever. Bible classes are con- 
 ducted by the President and Christian teachers of the 
 school, by many of the Clergy and students from the 
 Divinity School. 
 
 Much has been said in reference to this school. 
 It is hoped people from home visiting Tokyo will be 
 interested sufficiently to pay it a visit and learn for 
 themselves what it is doing. 
 
 Until now the school has been hampered by in- 
 sufficient equipment. Last year a fund of $9,000 
 was raised in the United States and with this a new 
 class-room building is being erected, which will add 
 greatly to the efficiency of the school. Dormitories 
 are still needed, and it is hoped these may also be 
 given at no distant date. 
 
 SCHOOL FOR CHINESE 
 
 During the past year the number of Chinese stu- 
 dents studying in Japan has increased so rapidly 
 that it is said there are no less than 10,000 of these 
 at present in the Tokyo schools. These Chinese 
 students present a difficult problem. Stubborn, not 
 amenable to discipline, and shockingly immoral, 
 their condition has caused much anxiety and heart 
 burnings on the part of those who were in any sense 
 responsible for a betterment of conditions. Those 
 responsible, however were unable to cope with the 
 needs; first because they did not understand the 
 nature of the Chinese, and secondly because they 
 could not speak their language. 
 
TOKYO CITY 51 
 
 During the spring of 1906 a letter from a committee 
 of the missionary community of Shanghai called the 
 attention of the Tokyo mission to the condition of 
 Chinese students in Tokyo. After consultations with 
 the secretaries of the Chinese Young Men's Christian 
 Associations in Tokyo, it was decided to appeal to 
 the Board of Missions in New York for an appropria- 
 tion to start a school for Chinese. This appeal was 
 granted. 
 
 This school began after the Chinese New Year in 
 February 1907. Mr. Waung, a graduate of St. John's 
 College Shanghai, and formerly principal of Mr. 
 Huntington's school in Ichang, has been engaged as 
 a teacher. There are also several Japanese teachers 
 and the scheme promises to be a success. The plan 
 is to give a three years' course in elementary subjects 
 such as will prepare the students coming from China 
 to enter the various Japanese schools. 
 
 In connection with the school there is a dormitory 
 where Christian students make a home, and thus 
 form a centre for Christian work among their own 
 people. 
 
 The purpose of the school is of course to do some- 
 thing to ameliorate the bad conditions now existing 
 among the Chinese students of Tokyo. A Chinese 
 Priest as teacher and pastor lives among the students 
 in the dormitory. The whole is under the Rev. H. 
 St. G. Tucker, president of St. Paul's College. 
 
 Much is hoped from this school, and by God's bles- 
 sing much will result from this work, for both the 
 Church in Japan and the Church in China, and through 
 them both, the whole Chinese Empire. 
 
 st. luke's hospital 
 
 It would seem incredible that in a city of nearly 
 three millions of people, among whom are several 
 thousand Christians of all denominations, there should 
 be but one Christian hospital. The missionary field 
 has scarcely another instance of neglect to minister 
 
 School for 
 Chinese 
 
52 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 <*t T k ' ^° ^ e Physical needs of a people, like this in Japan. 
 
 ' !?, ® s Institutions of almost every kind are in abundance, 
 
 osp a but to the Church only belongs this great honor of not 
 
 only supplying spiritual aid but also ministering 
 
 to bodily suffering. 
 
 St. Luke's hospital stands within the bounds of 
 the old foreign concession now a concession no longer, 
 and daily scores of people come and go from its doors 
 in peace and comfort. 
 
 Some fourteen years have now passed since the 
 first building was erected, and great changes have 
 been experienced; but the St. Luke's which adorns 
 the old corner to-day is so unlike the former both in 
 appearance and equipment as to be almost unrecog- 
 nizable. It is a fact that any hospital, to do efficient 
 work in Japan to-day, must keep abreast of the times, 
 both in the personnel of its staff and in its equipment. 
 No one studying the progress this hospital has made 
 during the past seven years will doubt the quality 
 of the staff, though the equipment still leaves much 
 to be desired. 
 
 For some years prior to 1900, (the year of Dr. Teu- 
 sler's appointment) the hospital had been closed, 
 and the task of reopening it and putting it on a working 
 basis was truly gigantic. It was necessary to establish 
 a hospital that would be permanent and maintain 
 the highest standards of excellency. "The work 
 must show itself progressive, and no legitimate op- 
 portunity be neglected to make its name known 
 throughout the Empire as a first-class institution." 
 Only in such a way could the hospital hope to be 
 self-supporting and attain its desired object. 
 
 It is a fact, as we have shown elsewhere, that many 
 people are reached by the Church through their phy- 
 sical ailments who could never be reached otherwise: 
 sympathy and love, care and attention, bring their 
 own reward everywhere, but how much more so when 
 coupled with teaching of the love of Christ, the real 
 Physician of souls. Many cases have come under 
 
TOKYO CITY 53 
 
 our notice, and the influence is being more widely , 
 
 distributed as the capacity of the hospital increases. " V, ? s 
 
 During 1901 the growth had been so rapid that Mos P ltal 
 the old building could no longer accommodate the 
 needs, and the work, of enlarging was at once begun. 
 A drug store was built for outside trade, operating 
 and sterilizing rooms added: the first step towards 
 the achievement of years of plans. St. Luke's had 
 had many difficulties, accompanied by failures at 
 times, but this first step seemed to show that it was 
 on the high road to progress and success. 
 
 In 1902 a training school for nurses was begun. 
 The course covers three years and the students re- 
 ceive such instructions in the various branches of 
 medicine as are thought necessary by the Doctor; 
 lectures are given daily and such practical demon- 
 strations as are necessary to ensure success. The 
 superintendent, Miss Araki, received her training in 
 the United States, and a more capable, efficient wo- 
 man it would be difficult to find. 
 
 Nearly six years have passed since the hospital 
 opened, and from a work unknown and with little or 
 no reputation to favor it, it has grown into a large 
 institution employing four native physicians, a dis- 
 pensary superintendent, two drug clerks, a school of 
 nurses, and several servants. The dispensary attend- 
 ance numbers from 40 to 50 patients a day, and a short 
 service is held in the waiting room every morning, con- 
 sisting of collects, New Testament reading, and short 
 religious instruction. 
 
 This work is under the Rev. K. Tagawa, who has the 
 assistance of Mr. Kawakami of the Divinity School. 
 Mr. Kawakami will make the hospital his special work ; 
 visting sick patients, answering questions from those 
 in the dispensary, and as far as possible keeping in 
 personal touch with any who may become interested 
 in Christianity, after they have returned to their homes, 
 or putting them in the hands of the resident mission- 
 ary to be given further instruction. 
 
St. Luke's 
 
 54 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Recently the two old wards were enlarged to double 
 their capacity, and special surgical dressing rooms and 
 ospi a ^-^ kitchens attached. Another operating room was 
 built and reserved for abdominal and such like opera- 
 tions; the old operating room is now used for septic 
 cases, but to meet modern methods it was necessary 
 to have two separate operating rooms for the hosiptal. 
 Later a charity ward with six beds was opened down 
 stairs, with separate bath and toilet rooms attached; 
 this brings the present capacity of the hospital to about 
 forty-four patients. A new sterilizing plant to supply 
 sterilized water and steam in the operating rooms, and 
 an electric plant for lighting the building, were added 
 last summer. The hospital expects to come into 
 possession of the adjoining strip of land, which is to 
 be used for the new wards; these will be built to take 
 care of twenty charity cases each, and will be equipped 
 with all the best up-to-date hospital appointments. 
 
 The hospital for several years has been self-support- 
 ing, so far as actual running expenses are concerned. 
 There is already on hand a part of the fund necessary to 
 build the new charity wards, but about ten thousand 
 dollars are still needed to complete the buildings. 
 The hospital is full of patients; in many cases appli- 
 cants are refused for lack of space and ward rooms. 
 
 There should be at least eighty rooms, and the earn- 
 ings of the work can be made to support that number; 
 therefore, all that is needed is funds to build the addi- 
 tional wards. The income is derived from the board 
 of private patients, surgical fees, the pharmacy, and 
 Dr. Teusler's private practice, with an allowance of 
 $1,000.00 from the Board in New York. 
 
 Dr. Teusler says, "I think we are justified in saying 
 that never before has the outlook been so bright and 
 encouraging; I trust that we may have the privilege 
 of enlarging the hospital properly to meet the growing 
 demands which are daily being made upon us." Truly 
 a modest demand! to minister daily to God's poor, to 
 heal the sick, and tell them, during the healing, of a 
 
St. Luke's 
 
 TOKYO CITY 55 
 
 Savior's love, His Incarnation, Death, and Resurrec- 
 tion; to shed some spiritual light and health into the , 
 soul blind to the soul's need, to make children of God 0S P lta 
 and heirs of eternal salvation; for this and more the 
 Church begs in vain for ten thousand dollars. 
 
 All sorts and conditions of people are treated; rich 
 and poor, sailors, soldiers, merchants, policemen, 
 traders, students, and coolies are represented. 
 
 The Doctor gives a story which should not be omitted 
 here. "A Japanese woman, well on in the meridian of 
 life, was brought to the dispensary for treatment. On 
 examination it was found necessary to put her in the 
 hospital for treatment, and she remained under our 
 care for six weeks. During that time it was found she 
 had worked as a sewing woman for years in an English 
 family of Christian people. The mistress had per- 
 sistently striven to bring her to Christianity, but with- 
 out success; in fact so strong was she in Buddhism 
 that she frequently left the room if the subject of Chris- 
 tianity was introduced. When in the ward she, like 
 the other patients, attended prayers and instructions, 
 and, day by day becoming more familiar with the 
 routine of the hospital, she realized more fully from 
 the practical example about her, the true significance 
 of the work. From being opposed to a word she 
 finally asked for instruction, and before leaving the 
 hospital was an eager listener and searcher after the 
 truth. A few months later she was baptized and to- 
 day is as strong a Christian as she had once been a 
 Buddhist." 
 
 How many such stories may be told ; indeed almost 
 every Priest in the field can bear witness from personal 
 experience to just such examples as this. 
 
 No doubt the needs and work of this institution are 
 only partially known by the Church at home. There 
 must be many, aye scores, who are just waiting for 
 such opportunity to place a memorial to some loved 
 one laid away in a little "God's acre." Here is the 
 opportunity, to build a ward, or endow a bed, which 
 
56 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 shall keep green for all times the memory of child, 
 *" "J " 11 s parent, or husband, and bestow lasting good on the 
 Asakusa church and Her work in Japan. 
 
2 
 
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 W 
 
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 D' 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 Tokyo District — Tokyo City Parishes 
 
 Shinko Kyokwai — St. John's, Asakusa — All Saints', Kudan — 
 Christ Church, Kanda — Grace Church, Kojimachiku — St. 
 Timothy's, Hongo — Holy Comforter, Kihonbashi Ku. 
 
 Shinko Kyokwai, or "True Light Church/' is an 
 off-shoot from Trinity Cathedral parish. The present 
 location was the home of the first work begun by 
 Bishop Williams, now fully thirty years ago. After 
 some time the Bishop felt that this was a poor location 
 and moved to the present site in Tsuki ji ; the building 
 then used, being small, was allowed to remain, and in 
 it mission work was carried on which at length de- 
 veloped into the present parish of the "True Light." 
 It is the oldest Christian building in Tokyo, though 
 the Church has little cause to be proud of it, except 
 for the noble work it accomplished in saving souls 
 and enrolling them among the saints of God. 
 
 Mr. Sugiura, the Priest, is one of the older Clergy. 
 His work is in an extremely difficult neighborhood, 
 and he holds the reputation of being the hardest 
 worker in the mission; were it not so, or were he a 
 less energetic man, no congregation could have been 
 kept together or drawn a new hearer. Yet in those 
 years no less than 375 persons have become members 
 of Christ and children of God in this little building, 
 which ought now to be supplanted by a new church, 
 and put on exhibition in America for the benefit 
 of those who give nothing to foreign missions. How 
 ashamed people would feel seeing it and thinking of 
 
58 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 the zeal and love for Christ a man must have who 
 worked fifteen years in such a place. 
 
 Located near the church are the barracks of the 
 Imperial Guards, and one of the features of its con- 
 gregation is to find a fair sprinkling of soldiers in at- 
 tendance, not a few of whom are Christians. 
 
 A fine effort is being made to gather money for a 
 new building to replace the present curiosity. A 
 small fund is already on hand, and with a new church, 
 a new future opens before this parish in which one 
 may well look for greater results than ever before. 
 The district is one in which the Church ought to be 
 strong and take advantage of the opportunities lying 
 before Her. May God send those faithful souls their 
 heart's desire speedily. 
 
 st. John's, asakusa 
 
 St. John's ^' J° nn ' s Church is situated in the very centre of 
 Asakusa " ^ ne S rea ^ Buddhist locality of Tokyo. If any con- 
 gregation can be said to carry the Light for Christian 
 faith and worship into the heart of the enemy's camp, 
 that honor must be given to this church. Asakusa 
 is the Tokyo home of the Great Kwannon, the goddess 
 of mercy. This was once a male deity, but at some 
 period in its existence changed its sex. 
 
 Few places are better known to travellers and sight- 
 seers than the Asakusa native bazaars, temples, 
 theatres, and show places; and how few turn their 
 steps to see the temple of peace and righteousness; 
 yet few churches have done more for the moral and 
 spiritual uplifting and upbuilding of its people than 
 this poor little structure and the men who have filled 
 its pulpit. 
 
 It was begun as a mission of the "Shinko Church" 
 more than twenty-five years ago by the Rev. B. 
 Cooper during his term of years in Japan. Asakusa 
 was by no means a restful place, as was speedily dis- 
 covered, and the Church led a very nomadic life for 
 many years. After Mr. Cooper's return to America, 
 
TOKYO CITY PARISHES 59 
 
 Bishop Williams himself ministered to its needs and 
 for a few years all went well. 
 
 In the big fire of '86, however, its building, with 
 many others, was consumed in the conflagration. 
 This greatly lessened the ardor of the Christians, 
 but in a year a new church was built and the Rev. K. 
 Seita given charge. From then until now the church 
 has occupied a necessary and important place in the 
 general life of the district. Mr. Seita died last year, 
 lamented and loved by his own people and by all 
 who knew him. A man from the humbler walks of 
 life, educated at the middle school and Trinity Di- 
 vinity School, he was one of nature's noblemen, one 
 who lived near his Master and loved his neighbors. 
 His was a loss the Church could ill afford, though 
 she may rejoice in that one more of Her sons is enrolled 
 among the Saints of God in the Church Triumphant. — 
 Requiescat in pace. 
 
 Mr. Seita was succeeded by the Rev. P. Daito, a 
 young man from the Divinity School in Tokyo, who 
 later went to the Philadelphia Divinity School. 
 He has taken up the work and is vigorously and man- 
 fully carrying it on in the footsteps of his predecessor. 
 The congregation is drawn from the business and 
 working classes, and is an evidence of the Church's 
 power to do work among people whose labor calls 
 for 365 days in the year. 
 
 Many will remember that this church was partially 
 destroyed during the riots resulting from the dis- 
 satisfaction over the Portsmouth Peace Conference. 
 This ought not to be taken as an attack on Christian- 
 ity. The Asakusa park is a play-ground for some of 
 the worst element in Tokyo, and on the day of the 
 rioting they were being preached to by a good brother 
 whose zeal was much greater than his discretion and 
 common sense. He took this occasion to abuse the riot 
 and praise the Conference for what it had done. The 
 passions of the mob had already been terribly excited, 
 they were bent on mischief without really knowing 
 
 St. John's 
 Asakusa 
 
60 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 why. St. John's church was near, it was the home of 
 the " Prince of Peace." But they did not know the 
 Prince, as somebody remarked, and how then could 
 they know His dwelling? It was finally saved by the 
 police, but not before considerable damage had been 
 done it. In a little while however, it was repaired 
 and again in use, and the result is that much sympathy 
 has been directed towards the church and its work. 
 
 A year ago clubs for men and girls were organized 
 with a view to bringing a class of young people here- 
 tofore untouched into contact with first the social 
 and later the religious and spiritual life of the Church. 
 
 Much is being done among the children. The Sun- 
 day school, always a great feature of the work in Japan, 
 has as many as can be properly taught, and from them 
 many are brought to Baptism. The influence of the 
 children reacts upon the home life, and in not a few 
 instances the children have taught the parents and 
 brought them to the Church. 
 
 Mr. Daito looks forward hopefully to the time when 
 his church will be self-supporting, the great aim and ob- 
 ject, — and the most laudable — of the Japanese people. 
 
 ALL SAINTS, KUDAN 
 
 All Saints' church, in the centre of the student dis- 
 trict of Kudan, was begun by the Rev. E. R. Wood- 
 Si j~~ man n early twenty six years ago. The Rev. T. Cole 
 and H. Page were also at different times in charge. 
 About ten years ago the Rev. A. Lloyd took charge, 
 organized it into a parish, and made it the center of 
 his Christian work among the students of our English 
 school in that neighborhood. It would seem to be the 
 special property of the president of St. Paul's College, 
 for when the Rev. H. St. Geo. Tucker succeeded Mr. 
 Lloyd as president of St. Paul's he also succeeded to 
 All Saints' Church. This is a great mistake ; the presi- 
 dent of St. Paul's is too busy a man, and the distance 
 is much too great, to allow him to do justice to himself 
 or his congregation. 
 
 All 
 Sal 
 Kudan 
 
TOKYO CITY PARISHES 61 
 
 The work has been for the most part carried on by- 
 people from Tsukiji who could only give a part of Sun- 
 day to the congregation. In consequence the congre- 
 gation has suffered from a lack of pastoral care, atten- 
 tion, and training. Now this is not the fault of a man, 
 or men, or system, or plan; it is the result of growth, 
 and of calling upon one man to do what ought to be 
 done by several. Still there are many among its con- 
 gregation strong and intelligent in the faith. 
 
 It can however never be more than a church with a 
 student congregation; there is little more than dormi- 
 tories to be found in that neighborhood; but it ought 
 to be a valuable work among the students of Kudan in 
 the future. There is here a great opportunity. Year 
 after year there come to Tokyo from all over the coun- 
 try Christian students to study in the larger city 
 schools. This church ought to be equipped to look 
 after these and build them up in the faith. Instead it 
 is handicapped by having no resident pastor and a 
 church building which threatens at any moment to 
 fall down on the heads of the worshippers. 
 
 This parish needs a new church and needs it now. 
 A plant of liberal dimensions should be built, so that 
 some accommodation could be made for the students: 
 just such a plant as Mr. Welbourn appealed for his 
 work among the University students in Hongo ; and a 
 man who can devote all his time to the work. If some 
 one would put $100,000 in the hands of Bishop McKim 
 for student work in Tokyo, somewhat of the need might 
 be accomplished. 
 
 During 1906 Miss L. Boyd has taken up work under 
 Mr. Tucker. Her work among the women promises to 
 be a success, and the assistance she will be in keeping 
 Mr. Tucker informed of what he can best handle in 
 shortest time, will be of no small moment. 
 
 The Church's influence among students is like sow- 
 ing seed broadcast; it springs up and bears fruit every- 
 where. 
 
62 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH, KANDA 
 
 Christ Church is situated on the edge of the Kanda 
 
 Christ student district, not far enough in to be able to do 
 
 Church direct work among young men, and not far enough out 
 
 Kanda *° ^ e m ^ ne rea ^ f amnv quarter. This is not due so 
 
 much to bad judgment in purchasing ground as to the 
 
 various changes which have come about in the district 
 
 during the past ten years. This, like most of the older 
 
 work, dates back to the days of Bishop Williams whose 
 
 work was chiefly in Tokyo. 
 
 The present Priest, Rev. A. Minagawa, is now in the 
 ninth year of his pastorate, which might be called nine 
 years of prosperity. The work has taken on new life 
 and the parish is greatly encouraged. A new church 
 has been built on a site purchased some years ago, and 
 now that its position has been finally located and fixed, 
 it is only a matter of steady work to build up a strong 
 parish. 
 
 The effects of the war were greatly felt in this quarter, 
 perhaps because of the great student population, and 
 the first year of war was well nigh ruinous to the work. 
 But proper steps were taken to counteract influences 
 hostile to the Church, and the result was most satis- 
 factory; in a short time the conditions became normal 
 again. It was found that the Church could do much 
 more among the people in the way of assistance after 
 the war, and all signs of bitterness rapidly faded before 
 the sympathy and comfort extended by the Priest, and 
 which in time was destined to bring great reward. 
 
 A class of people never before touched have been in- 
 fluenced to study the claims of Christianity. "Busshi- 
 tsu,"* says the Priest, "is rampart in my district; but 
 we are killing it, and in its place is growing a desire 
 for Christianity which this church is endeavoring to 
 supply." Here is also a fine Sunday school and men's 
 club, each doing excellent work in imparting Christian 
 knowledge and education. Mr. Minagawa is a force- 
 
 ♦Busshitsu. Materialism. 
 
TOKYO CITY PARISHES 63 
 
 ful, clear preacher, who has something to say and knows 
 how to say it. 
 
 GRACE CHURCH, KOJIMACHIKU 
 
 Some time about 1886 or 1888 a woman worker 
 opened a class in the Kojimachiku district of Tokyo, Grace 
 with the object of interesting students and others in Church 
 the study of the Bible. This class grew until it be- Kojima- 
 came known as the Bible Club. In 1888 Miss Aldrich, chiku 
 now in Kyoto came to the field, and began her work 
 as associate. Together much more could be accom- 
 plished, and new friends could be added to the grad- 
 ually widening circle, now giving such great promise 
 of future possibilities ; so that when the Rev. J. Thomp- 
 son Cole decided to open regular dendo (mission) 
 work, he found a goodly number acquainted with 
 Christian teaching, and a fair foundation already 
 laid for future building. He named the Church 
 "Hakuaisha Kyokwai", as Grace Church was then 
 translated, and which it retained for many years. 
 
 Among the people interested in the success of Grace 
 Church were Miss F. Watanabe, now Mrs. Ishii, and 
 Miss H. Tsuda, names well known in the Japanese 
 Church, who began Sunday school work among the 
 pupils of the district. Mr. Cole put his heart into 
 the work. It is on record that he was a hard worker, 
 and the mission increased rapidly. Miss Suthon 
 came out in 1890, and was a very valuable addition. 
 
 It was felt, however, that Nibancho, the old loca- 
 tion, was no longer suitable, and the Kogisho was 
 moved to Gobancho, Kojimachiku, and finally estab- 
 lished itself. 
 
 In 1892 Mr. Cole returned to America, and Rev. 
 J. Ambler succeeded him and carried on the work 
 for three or four years, or perhaps until his going to 
 Maebashi in 1896, when Rev. A. Lloyd took charge. 
 Towards the end of the year, Rev. J. S. Motoda 
 was given charge of the church; a union which has re- 
 
64 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Grace 
 Church 
 Kojima- 
 chiku 
 
 mained unbroken till now, and under which both 
 Church and parish have been greatly blessed. 
 
 In 1898 a new site was selected for a church in Ni- 
 bancho, Kojimachiku, containing 246 tsubo* of land, 
 on which stood three small buildings, which were 
 remodelled and made into a dwelling for the Priest 
 in charge. In the meanwhile the parish has grown 
 so rapidly that Dr. Motoda, who had also many other 
 Church duties to perform, found an assistant necessary, 
 and Mr. T. Matsushima was ordained to the diaconate 
 to help him. A year later he was made Priest, and 
 practically took over the parish work, Dr. Motoda 
 retaining only nominal charge. 
 
 In 1901 a beautiful brick church, designed by Mr. 
 J. McD. Gardiner, was built, and consecrated by 
 Bishop McKim. This church was given by Mr. S. 
 P. Smith who for some years had been advisor to the 
 Japanese government, as a memorial of his wife who 
 died in Japan. The money was given through Bishop 
 C. M. Williams, a friend of the donor. In all, the 
 church cost about Yen 15,000 ($7,500). In 1906 
 Mr. Matsushima resigned, and Dr. Motoda, who is 
 also head-master of St. Paul's College, again assumed 
 charge of Grace Church. 
 
 This parish is perhaps the finest in the country, 
 and though not entirely self-supporting, has always 
 contributed quite largely towards its own support. 
 
 It fills a large place in the life of Kojimachiku, and 
 might be called the fashionable church of Tokyo. 
 There is a great work, however, to be done among 
 the better class of people to whom Grace Church ap- 
 peals, and Dr. Motoda is eminently qualified, and 
 ought to be the proper man to do it. Much more 
 of his time will be devoted to this congregation in 
 the future than in the past, and in very few years we 
 may confidently look forward to this church becom- 
 ing an independent, self-supporting parish. 
 
 Clubs for men and guilds for women are features 
 
 *Tsubo is 6x6 feet. 
 
ST. AGNES' GIRLS AT ARCHERY 
 
chiku 
 
 TOKYO CITY PARISHES 65 
 
 of this parish. Dr. Motoda for years has been a re- 
 cognized leader in both Brotherhood of St. Andrew p5 ace . 
 and Y. M. C. A. circles, and no finer body of young it Yf 
 men can be found anywhere than in Grace Church. ^ 1 J ™ a " 
 The communicant list has passed the century mark, 
 and the Sunday School and Confirmation class are 
 gradually growing and increasing in numbers and in- 
 fluence. 
 
 Dr. Motoda was for two years head of the Gov- 
 ernment school for training of candidates for the 
 civil service; was selected as one of the Y. M. C. A. 
 representatives sent to India and China to present 
 the course of Christianity in Japan, and investigate 
 conditions there; has also represented the Y. M. C. A. 
 in the United States, and is a man of great power 
 and influence among all parties in this country. 
 
 The present translation of " Grace Church" is "Sei 
 Ai Kyokwai" '. 
 
 st. timothy's, hongo 
 
 The work of the Rev. J. A. Welbourn in Hongo is a 
 special one for the benefit of students of the Imperial 
 University and higher schools. No work is more 
 needed than this, nor is there any work in the whole 
 Empire which calls more for ability of a special kind. 
 It ought not to be supposed, however, that such work 
 calls for special self sacrifice or physical endurance; it 
 does not. It simply calls for men who know men, 
 who can go in and out among them, meet them on 
 their own ground, in learning, common-sense, gentle- 
 manly qualities, and desire to further and enhance 
 the moral and spiritual lives of the men with whom 
 they associate ; they are gentlemen among many. 
 
 In the neighborhood of Hongo, there must be more 
 than ten thousand students, eager to learn, eager to 
 be taught, scholars seeking more light and knowledge 
 from any one with ability to demand their respect. 
 For many years this work was wholly neglected, in 
 the first place for lack of necessary funds, and secondly 
 
66 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 for a man to put there who could devote his whole 
 ' , time to the students. It has been evident for years 
 
 Timot y s ^^ ^^ wag a g rea -^ opportunity. The fact that a 
 Kongo chapel practically built by the contributions of stu- 
 
 dents and ministered to by an Unitarian native pas- 
 tor was Sunday after Sunday, and week after week, 
 filled with young men seeking after the truth, that 
 truth which could not be gained from the lips of that 
 man, was sufficient to cause heart searchings on the 
 part of those responsible for the future of our Church 
 in that neighborhood. Much was being done by the 
 parishes in the vicinity, but their own parish work 
 was of primary importance, and hence only a fringe 
 of this great need could be touched. The Rev. B. T. 
 Sakai, through some friends in America and with the 
 consent of Bishop McKim, was able to raise some 
 money for university settlement work; and on his re- 
 turn opened a "Doshi-Kwai," a sort of "fraternity house," 
 for the benefit of the students. Classes have been 
 organized and such work as seemed wise to Mr. Sakai. 
 He being only a Deacon, it was felt that, if the work 
 was to be done properly, a Priest was a necessity, 
 and sometime in 1903 the Rev. J. A. Welbourn was 
 also sent to take up part of the student work. 
 
 The chapel was in Mr. Welbourn' s house and Mr. 
 Sakai assisted him at the services conducted there. 
 Their work, though on practically the same lines and 
 with the same purpose in view, has never been entirely 
 connected; each has his own classes, and exerts what- 
 ever influence he can in his own way on the class of 
 students he can best attract to him. The system has 
 some disadvantages, in that there is lacking the perfect 
 unity so necessary for complete success ; but it has the 
 advantage of each one being independent and able to 
 do his own work in his own way, and precludes any 
 opportunity of discord. 
 
 During the time of work there have been seventeen 
 Baptisms and nine Confirmations. The pastoral work 
 is done by Mr. Welbourn, besides which he estimates 
 
Hongo 
 
 TOKYO CITY PARISHES 67 
 
 that he has come in contact with about fifty students 
 
 a week through classes and in other ways.* ' . , 
 
 During his furlough of 1905 he made an attempt to 
 interest the college men of America, and was successful 
 in raising $2,000 towards a church for students. The 
 interest taken by many eminent and well known people 
 at home is a proof that when properly appealed to 
 they will respond. Men prominent in educational and 
 other important circles have put their names to the 
 project of a "College Church" for Hongo, such as: 
 Geo. W. Pepper (who proposed the scheme), Endicott 
 Peabody, James L. Houghteling, Wm. J. Schieffelin, 
 Robert H. Gardiner, Pres. Remsen of John's Hopkins 
 University, Rev. Angus Crawford, Dean of the Vir- 
 ginia Seminary. 
 
 The project is to be worked up by the Secretary of 
 the C. S. M. A., and with the endorsement given, it 
 ought to succeed. 
 
 Colleges giving $1,000 are entitled to a tablet in the 
 church, and lesser amounts will be recognized in other 
 ways. "Such a church" says Mr. Welbourn "will be a 
 visible witness to a faith still living in American col- 
 leges, and will have a moral value in Japan." So it 
 will, and let us thank God there are such souls who 
 think enough of students, and know enough of the 
 temptations of student life to lay aside their own work 
 to think of a scheme which will benefit one, or lead 
 one to a higher standard of living, or help one over the 
 ditches and myriad pitfalls in the path of the student 
 everywhere, but especially in Japan. But what an 
 arraignment it is upon the Church at large that she 
 should first send a man to propagate Her faith and 
 teaching, and then ask a few college students to supply 
 a building in which to do Her work. 
 
 It is the old story, "brick but no straw." The 
 schools in Tokyo are teaching the very best this country 
 can produce in the way of brain, and the influence of 
 
 ♦The present parish community numbers thirty-three members, of 
 whom twenty-two are communicants (1907). 
 
68 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 «. such is far reaching; is it not so in every country? 
 
 Ti th • Why should it not be in Japan? And unless the proper 
 z_ ° y s support be given at the time when help is most needed 
 on8 »° and counts for most, the work must necessarily lan- 
 
 guish. Mr. Welbourn's chapel altar is in the " cup- 
 board" for in this way only can he keep it from un- 
 necessary irreverence. Just think of it! This Church 
 of God with all its millions, cannot spare enough to 
 build a church where proper services can be held in 
 His Name. What is really needed is a plant and 
 staff of workers who can send out into the country 
 year after year, from the university settlement, at 
 least one hundred Christian students: men who can 
 and do occupy the finest official and social positions in 
 the towns and villages in which they reside, and men 
 who will not be ashamed to call themselves Christians. 
 Let us hope the Church at home will see to it that 
 this work has not to wait till the American colleges 
 can do what She Herself ought to do at once, and so 
 give the people in whose care under God this respon- 
 sibility is placed an opportunity of proving whether 
 they are equal to the demand or no. 
 
 In connection with this work is the " Doshi-Kwai" 
 under the Rev. B. T. Sakai. Mr. Sakai is well known in 
 America, where he raised much money for settlement 
 work among the university students, and in which he 
 has been interested for some years. It is unfortunate 
 that just when we hoped to get some information re- 
 garding his work, he should be suddenly taken ill and 
 have to leave Tokyo. 
 
 HOLY COMFORTER, NIHONBASHI KU 
 
 The Holy Comforter is probably the newest mission 
 in this jurisdiction and certainly the most recent in 
 Tokyo ; in a few years it ought to become an important 
 thriving work. 
 
 In all Nihonbashi Ku* the Church has had no work 
 for years, though there is not a more densely crowded 
 
 ♦Name of a district or ward of Tokyo. 
 
TOKYO CITY PARISHES 69 
 
 district in Tokyo. Perhaps it was because men were . 
 scarce or afraid to tackle the old shell-back fish mer- _ y 
 chants and rough coolie laborers so plentiful there, or 
 because of a desire for less odorous quarters; but for 
 whatever reason, it was left to the veteran Jeffreys, 
 amid his manifold labors of teaching English, to begin 
 this work of saving souls in that crowded district. 
 
 In the early days, when the tide was at its flood, 
 many who had received the truth from his lips and 
 kindness from his hands in Sendai, had gone to Tokyo 
 looking for brighter prospects. He found them there, 
 however, waiting for him, good men and true, and they 
 rallied about him, helped support the work, gave their 
 time, their confidence, their love and their prayers. 
 
 Whatever else might be said there is one bit of his- 
 tory which is well worth recording. The Church has 
 few brighter spots in Japan than this little mission 
 begun in the upstairs room near the Sui Tengu Temple. 
 At first only a few students of English came, but as 
 the work was not essentially English, these were 
 looked after and taught by Alfred Sweet the son of 
 Rev. Charles F. Sweet of the Divinity School, while 
 Mr. Jeffreys devoted himself to the others. As many 
 as sixty people often assembled there. Many of the 
 younger people of Tsukiji came and lent a helping 
 hand, and the first year's work was very successful, 
 though it was still largely a student work. 
 
 An effort was made to break away from the stu- 
 dent class, and work solely among the resident popu- 
 lation ; with this in view the Kogisho was moved north 
 of Sui Tengu into a more attractive neighborhood, 
 where better success is hoped for. The organist is a 
 girl from St. Margaret's school; one of the Sunday 
 school teachers is an old pupil of Maebashi days, when 
 Mr. Jeffreys was teacher in the Chu Gakko there. 
 The Server and church warden are from Sendai. 
 "Our object," said the Priest," is the diffusion of light 
 in a dark place ;" truly a noble one. This district sadly 
 needs the care and oversight of a foreign lady worker 
 
 Comforter 
 Nihonba- 
 shi Ku 
 
Comforter 
 Nihonba- 
 shi Ku 
 
 70 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 to take up missionary labors among the women and 
 7w?#^^^« girls. The need is appallingly apparent, and like all 
 other work in Tokyo, returns are sure to come through 
 patient teaching. It is still in its infancy, but well 
 prepared, properly taught candidates will tell any- 
 where, and especially in Japan. 
 
 Classes of various grades have been started for 
 students and the young people in the vicinity of the 
 mission room, and once a week a lady from Tsukiji 
 conducts classes among the women and girls and 
 the class for this year's Baptism promises to be large. 
 Much may be expected from the fine start made here. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 Tokyo District — Country Stations 
 
 Kawagoe, Sugamo, Urawa, Maebashi, Takasaki, Kumagaya, 
 Tamamura, Utsunomiya, Nikko, Mito and its out-stations, 
 Sendai, Fukushima, Aomori, Akita, Hirosaki, Odate 
 
 KAWAGOE 
 
 Kawagoe is perhaps the oldest out-station in this 
 District and certainly it has the honor of having the 
 oldest native priest in the two American Districts, if 
 not of the whole Japanese Church. 
 
 In 1878 the Rev. S. Tai, then a catechist in Tokyo, 
 was sent by Bishop Williams to investigate around 
 Tokyo, and made the discovery that Kawagoe was a 
 good place to plant the Church. Subsequently he, 
 among others, made frequent visits for preaching 
 services, and such other work as could be done in those 
 early days. 
 
 In 1886 a regular catechist, Totsuku Rokusaburo, 
 was installed, and began work under the care of one of 
 the priests in Tokyo. The work was greatly blessed; 
 that year seven persons became Christians, Mr. Tai 
 was advanced to the diaconate, and sent to take up 
 residence in Kawagoe. 
 
 In 1889 a church was built on Main St., a regular 
 parish formed, and vestry elected; unfortunately how- 
 ever, the big fire of March 1893, which swept the town, 
 took the church with it. Outside assistance at once 
 poured in, and the end of that same year saw a new 
 church ready for consecration. It was a red-letter day 
 for the Church: Bishop McKim, Rev. Messrs. Page, 
 
72 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Ambler, Cole, Chappell, and Dooman, among the 
 vawagoe foreigners, were present ; and most of them had, for short 
 periods, had the priestly oversight of the parish. 
 
 In 1902 Mr. Ono, then stationed at Kawagoe as 
 catechist but at present Deacon in Hirosaki, exchanged 
 places with Mr. Kuwano the present catechist; both 
 of whom had done, and are still doing, excellent work 
 in their respective fields of labor. 
 
 Among the foreign ladies who assisted Mr. Tai from 
 Tokyo must be mentioned the Misses Perry and 
 Gueppe. The first returned to America some years 
 ago, the latter married. 
 
 Two years later (1903) the Misses Ranson and Hey- 
 wood were sent to Kawagoe and with their woman 
 assistant began work with Mr. Tai. The work done 
 by these two ladies in the past four years, and also 
 that undertaken for the future, is remarkable, and 
 assures us that the effort being made to bring the 
 Church before the people of that town and the outlying 
 districts is sufficient evidence of their zeal. 
 
 A night school for sewing classes with a fair attend- 
 ance has been in progress for some time, and many 
 were brought to the Church through this medium. 
 The new Kotojogakko,* recently opened by the 
 Government will, no doubt make this work needless 
 in the future. A kindergarten with twenty pupils, al- 
 ways a door-opener, has also been begun, and this in 
 itself will afford all the scope necessary for work among 
 women and children. 
 
 It is no less true of Japan than other countries that 
 parents will warm up over the merits of the little ones, 
 when otherwise they remain icicles to the stranger. A 
 friend who was a conscientious physician once com- 
 plained of the lies he was compelled to tell to mothers 
 who desired his praises for their children. He dis- 
 liked having to sing the praises and beauty of some of 
 the most dirty-nosed little boys he had ever seen; but 
 finally struck upon an idea. When asked "Now Doctor, 
 
 * Higher girls' school. 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 73 
 
 isn't he a dear?" remarked with much gusto ; "Now that 
 
 is a child!" Human nature is very much the same Kawa £° e 
 
 every where. 
 
 Two Sunday schools are conducted, one in the 
 church on Sunday morning before service, and one in 
 the afternoon at the ladies' house.* 
 
 The Church is doing an excellent work in this con- 
 servative, slow, old-fashioned town, where prejudice 
 was strong and not easily overcome. It is fast dis- 
 appearing before the efficient work this fine staff is 
 doing there, and it is not difficult to see self-supporting 
 parishes at no very distant date. 
 
 Miss Hey wood says: "The present outlook is very 
 encouraging and there are great opportunities for 
 work, not only in the town itself, but in the surround- 
 ing country, dotted with innumerable hamlets of 
 farmers and peasants." 
 
 Work has also been begun in Minamiotsuka and 
 Irumagawa, with weekly services, in the afternoon for 
 children, and night preachings for adults. There is 
 also a monthly meeting for women, conducted by one 
 of the ladies. Lectures are given and the difficulties of 
 the Faith explained. A Woman's Auxiliary has also 
 been formed among the Christian portion of the con- 
 gregation, and the place woman fills in the Church, 
 and the part necessary for her to take, is made clear. 
 
 Altogether there are few more encouraging parishes, 
 or finer, better-equipped staffs in the field, and from 
 none may we expect better results. 
 
 KAWAGOE MATSUYAMA 
 
 St. Luke's, Matsuyama,isoneof the missions of Kawa- 
 goe under the care of Rev. S. Tai. A resident catechist 
 has been at work there for many years, and a great 
 many Christians have been sent out from this little 
 inland station. It can never become other than a feeder 
 for the larger city churches, but this may well warrant 
 the keeping of a catechist in a town where the Church 
 
 ♦The average attendance in 1907 was over 70. 
 
74 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Kawagoe 
 
 Matsu- 
 
 yama 
 
 has been established for twenty years. There is a little 
 church there built by the Christians, which serves as 
 church, parish house, and Sunday school room all 
 combined. People move from such small towns so 
 rapidly that the congregation of Christians never seems 
 to increase, but the yearly classes of Baptisms and 
 Confirmations are proof of the good work going on 
 there, and many of the city parishes reap the benefit 
 of the hard work done in Matsuyama. 
 
 The Church has a great influence in the town, and 
 the catechist has the respect of the whole community. 
 
 SUGAMO : HOLY TRINITY ORPHANAGE AND SCHOOL FOR 
 
 FEEBLE MINDED 
 
 In speaking of the founding of this institution, 
 Mr. Ishii says: "In the great earthquake of 1891 which 
 devastated the two provinces of Mino and Owari, one 
 of the great results of this tremendous natural con- 
 vulsion was the production of a number of orphans/' 
 
 Mr. Ishii was at that time a teacher in St. Margaret's 
 "Heiamjo Gakko", in Tsukiji, where he had been for 
 some time. The dreadful reports circulated by the 
 newspapers gave cause for much anxiety. These 
 little orphan girls were being bought and trained for 
 immoral purposes, and questionable professions. 
 
 The papers among others were adding their influ- 
 ence to the power of prevention, and trying to find 
 some way to avert such ruin to soul and body of these 
 young children suddenly left without parental pro- 
 tection. 
 
 Mr. Ishii was inspired with the thought of rescuing 
 these orphan girls from the hands of the slave dealer, 
 to protect and educate them into Christian woman- 
 hood. With this in mind he resigned his position at 
 the "Jogakko"* and proceeded immediately to the 
 scene of the disaster. All was confusion, and there 
 was all the difficulty to be met with incident to such 
 a dreadful irruption; besides, his work was solely a 
 
 *Jo means girls; gakko means school. 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 75 
 
 venture of faith ; as yet there was no preparation and „ 
 
 no beginning. Su S amo 
 
 A number of girls were gathered, and together they 
 returned to Tokyo, a house was rented in Take-no- 
 gawa, and the Holy Trinity Orphanage had begun. 
 From time to time girls were added to the original 
 number, until finally it had increased to fifty, as many 
 as could be accommodated, and at times a good many 
 more than it seemed could be fed and clothed. Six- 
 teen years have passed since then; often there has 
 been much worry and trouble; but the experiment 
 has been a success. 
 
 Among the first girls received was one feeble-minded 
 child, and to educate her was a grave problem. But 
 the effort to do so drew Mr. Ishii's attention to the 
 great number of such unfortunates and the need of 
 caring for them. No such school had ever existed 
 in Japan, there was no one to turn to for advice, but 
 a real study of this particular branch of education 
 was an absolute necessity, and with this intention 
 and purpose Mr. Ishii twice visited America. Mean- 
 while the school had gained a reputation, one after 
 another of these feeble-minded ones were sent to him 
 until the present number amounts to about thirty. 
 Indeed this great need has become so evident that 
 gradually this side has been emphasized and become 
 the more important part of the work. We know of 
 no other such institution in the whole empire, and 
 the number of such children is many; so that in the 
 future no larger number of normal minded ones will 
 be taken than is necessary to train for teachers in the 
 school. "This important branch of education is so 
 shamefully neglected by my country that I feel I am 
 called upon to devote my life to this particular work/' 
 says Mr. Ishii, "while of other orphanages to take care 
 of those of sound mind there are many." 
 
 Again, the enlargement of the school for the feeble- 
 minded gives the other orphan girls a means of self sup- 
 port; they may become teachers, or nurses, or both; so 
 
76 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 that the emphasis laid on the education of those feeble 
 feugamo oneg j lag p rovec [ i j^ a solution of the question: Has 
 
 such an institution any place among the needs of the 
 social life of the people? And the history of its ex- 
 istence is emphatic in the positive assertion, that it is of 
 great importance and must commend itself to the 
 people. Mr. Ishii's plan was to purchase a lot adjoin- 
 ing the orphanage and branch out by enlargement of 
 the buildings, when something unforeseen and most dis- 
 turbing happened which compelled him to change 
 his plans completely, and even to move from the place. 
 This was the building of the great arsenal of the War 
 Department in that neighborhood; and a factory for 
 the manufacture for the high explosives was also to 
 be built quite close to the orphanage. This was dis- 
 concerting and annoying in the extreme. He there- 
 fore abandoned the idea of buying the adjoining 
 property, and, though considerable expense was 
 involved, moved to the present site in April of 1906. 
 
 There are now on the property bought in Sugamo 
 a dormitory for girls, chapel, school-house, dining 
 room, office ; and a dormitory for boys and a hospital 
 are also near. The old buildings had been moved, 
 and remodelled on much better plans than those of 
 the old days. When these new buildings are com- 
 pleted and equipped, there will be accommodation 
 for seventy feeble-minded children, which means 
 a great stride towards self support. This would also 
 mean more inmates admitted to the regular orphanage. 
 
 At present (1907) there are about forty in that de- 
 partment, fourteen of whom are working in the school 
 for the feeble-minded; but as this school grows, the de- 
 mand for more teachers, nurses, and assistants will be- 
 come greater, and because of the school this branch also 
 can be increased. 
 
 There is at present in connection with the orphanage 
 a school having a six-year primary course, a five-year 
 middle school, and a two-year training in the education 
 of feeble-minded children. 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 77 
 
 Mr. Ishii says, "For carrying on my work I have « 
 constantly received warm sympathy and generous u Samo 
 aid from friends at home and especially in America. 
 I do not see how I could have carried on my work 
 under so many difficulties without such kind friends." 
 No nobler work exists than this in all Japan, and 
 there are few needs greater. One is often surprised 
 at the great number of feeble-minded persons to be 
 met almost everywhere. We are of the opinion that 
 this is abnormal in Japan. Certainly it is a question 
 for the phychologist, and an important one. From 
 the days of Aristotle till now scientists have been at- 
 tempting to explain the significance of mind and will; 
 what are the mutual functions, and how they might 
 be controlled, improved, etc.; but here is a study 
 scarcely more than touched though it offers a wide 
 field for investigation and research. Mr. Ishii is doing 
 much to solve it in a practical way and by personal 
 contact and experience. 
 
 Besides all this, these children under his care are 
 being taught the Christian faith and each year there 
 have been enrolled among the Church's children a 
 fair percentage of the inmates of this home. Mr. Ishii 
 and his attractive and most estimable wife are among 
 the very salt of the earth. She was Miss Watanabe, 
 daughter of Baron Watanabe of the Emperor's House- 
 hold, well known in America as the very capable head 
 of the Bancho "Young Ladies' Institute," since aban- 
 doned. This school and institution should have the 
 support of all charitably-minded people for that work 
 alone, but also because it is a Christian institution, 
 owned and ordered by Christian people whose aim 
 and object is to teach those little ones in the right way 
 and enroll them among the children of Christ's flock 
 in His Church. 
 
 Since writing the above we have had the privilege 
 of visiting the institution and of seeing and judging 
 at first hand what is being done. Mr. Ishii was ex- 
 pecting us and was waiting to show us over the school. 
 
78 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 The children are separated according to mental con- 
 ugamo ditions and ability to understand. Each child has a 
 separate teacher as guardian at hand to assist in 
 teaching the pupil to control and exercise the senses. 
 
 Here is a little feeble child trying unsuccessfully 
 to run a pencil along a groove in a straight stick, but 
 he finds it too difficult, for the pencil constantly goes 
 off at an angle. On another form is one trying to 
 drop square blocks of wood of various sizes into holes 
 made to fit them, but he also finds it too hard and 
 screams in his rage at finding he cannot do it. Here 
 is a revolving wheel on which various colors are painted 
 to test the sense of sight, another for the nerves; and 
 so it goes ; and all this time the teacher is gently con- 
 trolling the child and teaching it patience. Never a 
 cross word, never an unkind word, never an impatient 
 movement. It was a lesson of love and kindness to 
 us which we wish many more could see and under- 
 stand. 
 
 All the machines for testing, etc., used in the school 
 have been made by Mr. Ishii himself. In the upper 
 grades of the school are those who have been cured, 
 or almost so, and the look of intelligence on the faces, 
 the pleasant smile and bow to visitors, gave evidence 
 of their changed condition. Some had been nearly 
 complete idiots when taken to the school, others 
 epileptics of the worst form, but now well or almost so. 
 We confess to going around for some days with a lump 
 in our throat as we thought of those little souls and 
 of the faithful kind soul who has given his life to shed 
 some ray of light and knowledge into those of others. 
 Mr. Ishii has been mother and father in one to those 
 orphans; he has gone hungry himself to feed them, 
 and scantily clad to clothe them comfortably. 
 
 Thank God those days are past; the Church will 
 allow that no more, we are quite sure. They are God's 
 children, remember, and " whosoever giveth a cup 
 of cold water to one such shall in no wise lose his 
 reward." 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 79 
 
 URAWA 
 
 Urawa is a pretty town about fifty miles from Tokyo 
 on the main line to Sendai and the north. It is a pity 
 that so few of our Clergy and Church people from home 
 stop off on their way to Nikko to see some of our small 
 parishes dotted along the road. 
 
 The Mission at Urawa was begun about ten years 
 ago by the Rev. A. Lloyd, then President of St. Paul's 
 College, Tokyo. Mr. Lloyd is a remarkable man, 
 wonderful in many ways, and the money he expended 
 year after year in mission work was entirely unknown 
 except to those who profited by his bounty, until his 
 resignation from the mission staff. He was followed 
 by the Rev. Charles F. Sweet, Professor of Theology 
 in the Divinity School, Tokyo, as Priest in charge, and 
 the Rev. W. H. Smart, Deacon, now of Fukushima, 
 was sent to take up his residence. With this com- 
 bination the work, good though it had previously 
 been, increased steadily each year. Mr. Sweet went 
 out for Sunday services, and at other times when pos- 
 sible. There was no church in those days but only 
 an old tumbled-down place which, by constant patch- 
 ing, had been made to do duty for some years ; it soon 
 became evident that this old shack could no longer 
 be used for services, and a movement was set on foot 
 to build a new church building. In this Mr. Smart 
 was assisted by many of his friends both at home and 
 in Japan, and the end of the year saw a pretty little 
 church erected in Urawa. Those whose privilege it 
 was to attend services there still speak of the reverence 
 and order, and the plain-song services so beautifully 
 rendered. 
 
 The first three years witnessed thirty-six adult 
 baptisms, and a few more confirmations. Mr. Smart 
 was most successful also in putting the Church on a 
 friendly footing with the official class of the city. Mr. 
 Smart was removed to Fukushima two years ago, but 
 a native catechist was installed in his place. The 
 church is the only Christian building in the city. 
 
80 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 MAEBASHI 
 
 This mission was begun by the Rev. H. S. Jeffreys 
 eighteen or nineteen years ago, when he was an English 
 teacher in the Maebashi Middle School. He had 
 opened Bible classes for those of his students who cared 
 to study the Bible, and these grew so popular and gave 
 such promise that he finally decided to hold service 
 and ' 'preach to the people" who came to his house. 
 
 Numbers increased, and St. Matthias' mission was 
 started and thrived to the extent that when Mr. 
 Jeffreys left the school there, the Bishop sent the 
 Rev. J. L. Patton to take up regular work in the town. 
 Things were not easy in Japan in those days, and al- 
 most any excuse was sufficient to make trouble for the 
 Church. Mr. Patton's dog, it is said, bit somebody, 
 and the feeling grew so intense that it was thought 
 wise to move him. The Rev. J. Ambler succeeded him, 
 but at that period the Irvingite doctrines were in the 
 air in Japan, and he embraced them. 
 
 The Rev. I. Dooman followed, and soon after him 
 the Rev. James Chappell, under whose vigilant care 
 the work took an upward turn, a new life seemed to 
 spring up among the people, the seed took root, grew, 
 and thrived. Land was bought, with a house for the 
 foreign Priest, and a new church built. Mr. Chappell 
 stayed there five years and, when he left for his fur- 
 lough his place was filled by the Rev. Charles H. 
 Evans, the present incumbent. This fine work is still 
 being vigorously prosecuted, and it would seem to 
 possess a life and prosperity never before known; 
 though he feels, as most men do in the mission field, 
 that there is much to be desired. Mr. Evans has the 
 assistance of his very efficient wife, and also of Miss 
 Clara Neely, and Mr. S. J. Kitazawa, his catechist. 
 No work needs a finer staff, and this has been called the 
 "Banner Mission." They well deserved the credit of 
 noble work done, and desires accomplished for the 
 cause of sound Church teaching in Maebashi. The 
 writer, after four years of labor with Mr. Evans' 
 

 S. J. KTTAZAWA 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 81 
 
 present catechist, wishes to place on record his appre- 
 ciation of the noble life and work of this good man. Maebashi 
 One needs no truer friend or gentler companion; he is 
 second to none in the Nippon Sei Ko Kwai, as a trust- 
 worthy and conscientious catechist. 
 
 Mr. Evans says the great difficulty in Maebashi is 
 the extreme indifference to religion of any kind; it is 
 an irreligious community, and temples are neglected 
 and allowed to fall into decay. The sound of the 
 morning drum calling men to the meeting with the 
 gods, falls on unheeding ears; people are too busy to 
 pray, materialism has swept the country and province. 
 
 Then again life is a serious problem in this district; 
 there are no great riches, no manufactories or great 
 enterprises. Life is a struggle, and actual existence is 
 in many cases precarious. There is no time to worship, 
 and people will be anxious over the morrow no matter 
 what assurance they have of Divine guidance and pro- 
 tection. After all it is the old story, by no means con- 
 fined to Japan, and when these conditions change the 
 millenium will have come. 
 
 This mission, like most others, has a fine Sunday 
 school, and the future looks bright for the Church in 
 that way. With an enterprise remarkable in Japan, 
 Mr. Evans has had a parish paper running for some 
 time, which is doing successful work as a medium of 
 evangelization. We believe this to be the first of its 
 kind in the Church. 
 
 Other religious bodies have done much in this town 
 and province, notably the Congregationalists ; Dr. 
 Nijima, the Apostle of Congregationalism, came from 
 this province. Much of their work is self-supporting. 
 The future is bright and hopeful; the past year (1906) 
 many young business men were gathered in, and the 
 infusion of new blood has worked wonders. 
 
 During the past year also certain afternoons have 
 been devoted to classes in English for the police. 
 These are men specially selected by the Chief of Police 
 because of exceptionally good character perhaps or 
 
82 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 advance in police science, and a two or three year 
 MaebasHi course } n English is the reward. This year five men 
 were baptized from this class; and not only this, but 
 the kindness and courtesy of the police department 
 have done much for the Church, besides placing the 
 workers on very pleasant terms with a class of officials 
 whose influence is enormous for good. 
 
 The out-stations of Maebashi are Takasaki,Kumagaya, 
 Tamamura, with Myogi and Torii where live a few 
 scattered Christians, and to whom the Priest in charge 
 ministers as often as possible. 
 
 TAKASAKI 
 
 This is a garrisoned town of about the size of Maeba- 
 shi, and an important railway center. There is a 
 catechist stationed there, and the work is over twelve 
 years established. Commercially, this town is more 
 important than Maebashi, and the aggressive and pro- 
 gressive character of the people is in striking contrast to 
 many of the other towns. 
 
 For a short period Miss Wall lived in Takasaki, but 
 with this exception no other foreigners have lived there. 
 The Catechist is a good, hard-working man, and doing 
 his best, but there is no church building there; and 
 working in a Kogisho, under the most favorable cir- 
 cumstances, is not always conducive to good results. 
 Such an important place ought to have a foreign Priest. 
 The people are rough and in a way coarse, but very 
 kind-hearted and hospitable, and to know them is 
 most important for the Church in that province. If 
 a foreigner could live there for a short while only, it 
 would give the work a great impetus. 
 
 Mr. Evans has given Sunday afternoon lectures on 
 moral and religious questions for the purpose of draw- 
 ing the younger men of the place. His expectations 
 have been fully realized; not only young men of the 
 town, but also soldiers from the garrison have attended, 
 and even many of the older people have been attracted 
 by his teaching and much good has resulted. The 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 83 
 
 chief object for which they were intended, that of 
 getting to know the people, has been accomplished. Takasakl 
 This is in many instances of more importance than a 
 knowledge of the language. Once the people can be 
 known and understood, the work becomes fairly easy of 
 solution. With a church building this would be a 
 promising field, and it is to be hoped Mr. Evans may 
 be given a church for his Takasaki people. 
 
 KUMAGAYA 
 
 Kumagaya is about two hours' ride from Maebashi, Kumasava 
 and is a nice compact town of about 15,000 persons, 
 in which a fine work is being done amid fine prospects. 
 A disagreeable discussion a year ago impaired that 
 real harmony for which the work was noted. Mr. 
 Evans, however, has gone in among his people, dis- 
 covered the sore spots, and hopes to heal them in a 
 little while. The new church will be a great factor 
 in assisting a settlement, and this parish's life will 
 go on as before. Baptism and Confirmation classes 
 have always been large here, and the Priest feels that 
 there is reason for supposing that they will not fall 
 below those of former years. 
 
 This is by no means a wealthy town, nor are the 
 business prospects above normal; yet the Church has 
 grown and advanced, where others have gone down. 
 The present catechist, Kuwada San is one of the best 
 men in the field, earnest, faithful, zealous, consecrated. 
 It is to be hoped that Mr. Evans can long retain the 
 services of such a man, under whom the future of 
 almost any church is secure. 
 
 TAMAMURA 
 
 Some years ago an article appeared in the " Spirit 
 of Missions," under the caption, "People who had a 
 mind to work;" it was written of Tamamura. The 
 Christians were not possessed of many of this world's 
 goods, but they desired a church in which to worship 
 God, and set themselves to work and built one. 
 
84 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 It isn't Gothic or Norman or of any other style famous 
 Tamamura ^ n arcn itecture ; no " chimes sound forth from its as- 
 cending spires or music swells the breeze." It is 
 purely local in its design and fashion, and "lest we 
 forget" "great oaks from little acorns grow;" and we 
 doubt not the earnest prayers and praises which have 
 ascended before the throne of the Eternal Father 
 have been as acceptable as any which go up to Him. 
 The work has been slow there for many years, but 
 signs are plenty to show that this slow pace is not the 
 advance of decay. This is only one among many of 
 the smaller towns which seem to languish for awhile 
 and then break out and burn with a glow and fierce- 
 ness never seen before. 
 
 Myogi, with a few scattered Christians, and Yorii, 
 are visited occasionally, to administer to the flock and 
 give such spiritual encouragement and assistance to 
 those who live there as is possible in short visits. 
 
 UTSUNOMIYA 
 
 The first beginning of work in Utsunomiya more 
 than sixteen years ago was made by the Japan Mission- 
 ary Society. But after a few years, in which some 
 difficulty was experienced, it was turned over to the 
 American Mission, and a regular catechist installed. 
 For three years work went on steadily, and it seemed 
 as if much was being done, when suddenly all the 
 Christians moved away from the city. The catechist 
 became discouraged, and under these new conditions 
 many other places became of much more importance. 
 The catechist was removed and the first period of the 
 Church's work closed. Four years later the Church, 
 having a man to spare, again opened the work there, 
 but after a year the catechist resigned his position, 
 and once more the place was abandoned. 
 
 About three years ago, Rev. K. Ban, a Priest, was 
 sent to Utsunomiya and since that time the work has 
 gone on steadily. Mr. Ban found two families of 
 Church people, and this nucleus furnished plenty to 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 85 
 
 occupy him. It says much for this beginning that 
 from each of these families, one man went to the 
 Divinity School in Tokyo to study for holy orders; 
 certainly a worthy offering. Mr Ban found many 
 children who had learnt something of Christianity, 
 and through these gained entrance to the homes, with 
 the result that some of the families became converts. 
 
 Some also came from the Methodists, studied and 
 were confirmed that year on the Bishop's first visit. 
 For all such people who have been baptized with an 
 insufficient knowledge of what the Church of God is 
 and teaches, Mr. Ban opened special classes. They 
 still continue and much is expected from them. 
 
 The present congregation numbers ten communi- 
 cants, several baptized and preparing for Confirmation, 
 with twenty-two children in the Sunday school, all 
 of whom it is hoped will bring their parents to the 
 church. 
 
 This town is one of the finest on the railroad to Sen- 
 dai, and it is the junction for Nikko; many will remem- 
 ber it well. It is a busy thriving town, very pro- 
 gressive, and has very little Christian work in it thus 
 far. The future however looks bright and secure. 
 Mr. Ban deserves great credit for the patience and 
 success of the past few years. 
 
 NIKKO 
 
 Who could write up Nikko and do it justice? Who 
 could describe its natural beauties, waterfalls, temples 
 and works of art, and come even near the truth? 
 
 The Japanese have a saying: — "Don't say Kekko 
 (beautiful) till you have seen Nikko." No traveller 
 would think of leaving Japan till he had paid it a visit 
 and no one could say he had seen the "gem" of the 
 Empire unless he had seen this. This is no place to 
 write any description of this famous town, and almost 
 everyone who has visited Nikko or read of it, is fam- 
 iliar with the stories of the Saints Kobo Daishi and 
 Shodo Shonin and the miracles performed through 
 
 Utsuno- 
 miya 
 
Nikko 
 
 86 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 their prayers. Mr. Mitford says: "It is difficult to do 
 justice to its beauty in words. I have the memory 
 before me of a place green in winter and cool in summer; 
 of peaceful cloisters, of the fragrance of incense, of 
 the subdued chant of richly robed priests, and the 
 music of bells; of rich designs, harmonious colors, and 
 rich gilding. The hum of the city outside is unheard 
 here." 
 
 The shrine of Ieyasu Tokugawa, first Shogun, is per- 
 haps the finest in Japan, and among the finest in the 
 East, and has to be seen to be properly appreciated. 
 Ascending the fine stone steps between two tall rows 
 of cryptomeria, through the stone torii, and past the 
 five-story pagoda on which are painted the twelve 
 signs of the zodiac, one enters the courtyard in which 
 are kept the utensils of war, ceremonial dress, etc., 
 of Ieyasu, as well as the religious vestments worn dur- 
 ing the services in his honor, and the sacred white 
 pony for the spirit of the departed to ride. One as- 
 cends a flight of stone steps and enters the exquisite 
 "Yomei Mon," with the pattern on the pillar purposely 
 carved upside down, lest the perfection of the whole 
 should incite the fury of the Gods, and bring misfor- 
 tune on the House of Tokugawa. 
 
 To reach his tomb one has to ascend two hundred 
 stone steps to a hill behind the oratory, and there one 
 finds the tomb, shaped like a small pagoda, made of 
 bronze, and of a peculiarly beautiful shade of color 
 produced by an admixture of gold. Certainly a more 
 beautiful, peaceful, quiet spot no one could desire. It 
 is a place in which one will pause to muse over the 
 grandeur of the nature and works of God, and one's 
 own littleness, as well as to breathe a prayer that the 
 light unknown to him in this world of trouble and 
 sorrow may be granted to the soul of that great man 
 in the place to which he has gone. 
 
 And just at the foot of the hill and in sight of this 
 mausoleum is the little "Church of the Transfigura- 
 tion, " built by Bishop McKim about six years ago as 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 87 
 
 a summer chapel for foreign visitors and Japanese 
 alike. Each Sunday and Holy day the Communion Nlkk0 
 was and is here celebrated and the prayers and praises 
 for blessings received and hopes for the future are acts 
 of " special intention." 
 
 The native Christians during the first couple of years 
 were confined to the summer guests, servants, etc. 
 But during the past year Rev. Mr. Ban has had con- 
 stant work there, and the result is that a little band of 
 Christians numbering about twenty have been gathered 
 and an independent work which they themselves sup- 
 port has been commenced. 
 
 A preaching place was rented in the village and on 
 Sundays and other evenings special preaching and 
 teaching services were conducted for those who cared 
 to listen. Holy Eucharist and Matins were still held 
 in the church in the upper village (Ire-machi), but 
 which was too far to attract others than those already 
 interested in Christianity. 
 
 These morning services, however, have always been 
 well attended and have done much to make the Church 
 known in Nikko. Before this church was built, little 
 could be done among the people. After its building 
 the Bishop put the services during the summer under 
 the charge of Rev. H. S. Jeffreys one year, Rev. R. W. 
 Andrews another, and Rev. E. R. Woodman another, 
 during their summer vacation. But little more than 
 conducting services and teaching Sunday School could 
 be done during the short time. Some discoveries were 
 made however, and one or two old Christians who 
 knew nothing of those services were "routed out," 
 people who have since done yeoman service for the 
 Church. During the summer of 1906, the Bishop sent 
 a young student from the Training School for catechists 
 to assist Mr. Ban in this work. Something was also 
 done by the foreigners there, and the result was a class 
 of five persons for Confirmation. It was most encourag- 
 ing, especially as the work has been settled for good, 
 and will continue to be ministered to by Mr. Ban. 
 
Nikko 
 
 88 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Last summer (1906) one of the Christians, a well known 
 curio dealer, opened his house for services and invited 
 his friends to be present. Much is looked for in the 
 future from this work. 
 
 Now, here is a fact worth relating. The present site 
 of the "Transfiguration" is property owned by the 
 descendants of Prince Tokugawa Ieyasu, who published 
 the strong edict against Christianity which stood till 
 1870, in which he refused to allow the Christians a foot 
 of soil in the whole empire, and from his resting place 
 among the hills and beauties of Nikko, one can almost 
 look down on the roof of this little church of God. 
 Truly this is a world of change, but how truly the words 
 of our Lord and Master come to pass, "The gates of 
 hell shall not prevail against it." 
 
 MITO 
 
 Mito is a fine town of some 40,000 people on the 
 Kai-gan railroad from Tokyo to Sendai. Clean, wide 
 streets are a feature of this city, "built on a hill," so 
 uncommon in Japan. 
 
 Mito is also noted for its plum park, said to be the 
 finest in the Empire, and in which Prince Tokugawa 
 Rikko built his "Besso"* in his declining years, laying 
 aside the reins of political power to rest from his labors. 
 No more noted family exists in the Empire than the 
 Tokugawa, stern and unbending, conservative and 
 proud; but they were people known for honesty and 
 truthfulness, and to make an enemy was to make one 
 who was worthy the name, who fought fair and hard 
 and never struck in the back. Such men are still there, 
 an honor to themselves and their country. 
 
 Few towns have had a more stirring history; ever 
 noted as being conservative, it was also anti-foreign 
 and anti-religious. When the news of Commodore 
 Perry's arrival in Japan reached Mito the wildest con- 
 fusion, it is said, prevailed. Preparations were at once 
 begun to expel the intruders from the coast. 
 
 * Besso. Lodge 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 89 
 
 Temples were rifled of their ornaments, bronzes, bells; 
 lanterns, etc., to make into cannon for this purpose. 
 The great cannon and drum still stand in the Gongen 
 temple near the park, an evidence of a hostility as 
 puerile as it was unwise. Mito seems at one period to 
 have been the meeting place for the malcontents of 
 the north, and during the wars of the restoration it 
 was said to "Conquer Mito was to end the rebellion." 
 Firmly these brave Samurai stood for what they con- 
 sidered the honor and welfare of their country, and 
 following the example of their Lord defied imperial 
 commands. When they could no longer resist im- 
 perial troops, they shut themselves in their castle, and 
 fought and died to the last man. To-day only one 
 small town remains to mark what was once the strong- 
 hold of the Shogun's government. 
 
 For some years the Bishop had felt the necessity of 
 opening Mito, first because in itself it was important, 
 and secondly, as a strategic point from which to work 
 that vast territory between Tokyo and Sendai on the 
 Kaigan Railroad. But lack of men and difficulty of 
 access — the railroad was not opened till 1899 — made 
 it impossible. Towards the end of that year the Rev. 
 R. W. Andrews, then only a few months in the country, 
 was moved to Mito to attempt this work. At first a 
 catechist was installed to search for ground and house 
 in which to domicile the foreigner, and for Church pur- 
 poses. The Board of Missions made a grant of money 
 for ground and house, but nearly a year had elapsed 
 before this could be obtained. People did not care to 
 have foreigners among them, and still less for their 
 religion. Finally, through the good offices of a lawyer 
 there, land was bought and a house erected, into which 
 the Priest and his family moved. Work was slow, dis- 
 heartening, and discouraging; services were conducted 
 in a couple of small rooms in the downstairs part of 
 the house, and an altar erected; but the services were 
 poorly attended, — almost no one came. 
 
 There seemed to be little to do but live in faith and 
 
90 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 hope; no one would even know the foreigner, or cared 
 M to to sell him food; houses were closed to him, and his 
 
 social advances were treated with profound indiffer- 
 ence. Those were truly dark days, and though the 
 clouds were breaking he could not perceive it. An 
 English night school had been opened for young men, 
 and of these came the first convert, baptized at Christ- 
 mas of that year. 
 
 This seemed to be a turning point in the life of the 
 mission; services became better attended and friends 
 increased. During the second year six were baptized 
 and confirmed, and the Priest now felt in a position to 
 open an out-station. 
 
 The work done among the children opened up a great 
 field for missionary enterprise, though at first this was 
 exceedingly difficult. The Sunday School was a 
 religious institution, and to be carefully avoided; 
 hence some other plan must be invented. 
 
 Mrs. Andrews began a knitting class and once a 
 week some twenty or thirty children gathered around 
 her for such simple instruction as was possible. A 
 woman worker had been sent and each day gave a 
 simple instruction; a lesson in the life of Christ, the 
 Saints, or about the Church, was given as the children 
 were "able to bear it." This was destined to bear 
 much fruit in due time. How slow it was! 
 
 When war was declared with Russia some doubts 
 and fears were entertained for the work of the Church, 
 especially as the mission had been dedicated to St. 
 Peter, and there were some who were anxious to im- 
 press on the authorities a connection between St. Peter 
 and St. Petersburg. The fears were groundless; the 
 Church had been too well established, and the mission- 
 ary was in no way molested or interfered with in his 
 work. 
 
 An appeal had been made to the Church at home 
 for funds to erect a church, which was completed in 
 1905. The name was however changed from St. Peter's 
 to St. Stephen's. 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 91 
 
 Mr. Andrews was given his furlough, and the Rev. 
 James Chappell sent to fill his place. Under him the 
 work progressed rapidly, and with the present plant 
 and staff, this mission promises to be one of the great- 
 est centers of work in the diocese. 
 
 Mr. ChappelPs Bible classes often number as many 
 as fifty in an afternoon and tax the capacity of his 
 parish house. These are not students but young men 
 from the post office, Kencho* and business houses. A 
 foreign lady worker is also there now, and with Mrs. 
 Chappell much more work than ever before is being 
 done among the women and girls. 
 
 The work of the Church is becoming widely known 
 through the earnest exertions of the incumbent in 
 various ways. When the Church was being built, the 
 carpenters expected when the roof was put on that 
 according to the usual custom in Japan they would be 
 treated to beer or sake by the owner. Mr. Chappell ex- 
 plained the Church's opposition to such a custom, but 
 at the same time spread before the carpenters a good 
 repast of "tofu"^ and u udon, ,, % much to their delight. 
 The effect was marked in that the contractor became 
 interested, and some time after became a Christian. 
 
 Mito is also the great educational center of the 
 province, with nearly 5,000 students in all the schools. 
 The Church's work is primarily among the families to 
 build up a parish and ground work, hence only a fringe 
 of these young people can be touched; but even this 
 has a large influence on the whole province, and a man 
 more fitted for the work could not be found. 
 
 TSUCHIURA (MITO) 
 
 Tsuchiura was opened by the Priest of Mito in 1901 
 with the assistance of the faithful catechist who 
 traveled with him in the early days. Without excep- 
 tion Mr. J. S. Kitagawa is a prince among catechists 
 
 ♦Kencho. Prefectural office. 
 
 fToFU. Bean curd. JUdon. Macaroni. 
 
Tsuchiura 
 
 92 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 and Christians ; a truer friend no man need wish for in 
 this world. 
 
 After a day spent in travelling around, one Christian 
 was found who had come from his southern home 
 nearly twenty years before, where he had become a 
 Christian. There were no services in Tsuchiura, so he 
 had not made his religion known, but he was glad to 
 receive us ; and for two years Mr. Kondo lent his house, 
 and used his great influence for the Church. He was 
 post-master, and among those most constant in at- 
 tendance were young men from the post office. 
 
 His wife was not yet a Christian, nor his children 
 baptized, and this became the first duty, easy in the 
 case of the children, but most difficult in the case of 
 the wife. It seemed that the little wife couldn't un- 
 derstand or believe the simplest truths of our Faith. 
 And the day she recited her profession of faith for 
 the first time was a spectacle pathetic in the extreme. 
 
 There was much work in those days and scarcely a 
 cloud. The first year only one convert was made, 
 though crowds attended the preaching services. Often 
 the workers turned home with weary hearts. The seed 
 seemed to have been sown on good ground, however, 
 for the following year thirty persons were baptized. 
 
 One interesting story of this mission ought to have 
 a place here. In the Sunday School was a boy of some 
 twelve years, always regular in attendance, who 
 studied well, and wished for Baptism, but whose father 
 was deeply opposed to Christianity, and refused per- 
 mission. Although the Priest made many visits on 
 the family they had met with no success. The father 
 met with an accident shortly after this, and having 
 vainly tried his own physicians, was finally induced 
 to go to St. Luke's Hospital, Tokyo. Dr. Teusler 
 sent him home cured in about a month, and his grati- 
 tude was evident. But "if the foreign medicine was 
 so good," he was asked, "why should not the foreign 
 religion be also?" After some months, during which 
 he decided to receive instruction, he became a cate- 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 93 
 
 chumen, and here a great difficulty presented itself; 
 for such a one must promise to worship idols no more, 
 and to put all such out of his house. The little image 
 of the Hotoke Sama had been on his Butsudan for 
 generations, and to remove and destroy it was a severe 
 test. He pleaded for it; his ancestors had worshipped 
 it for 300 years; when the great earthquake shook 
 down the house, the end on which jthe idol stood re- 
 mained intact; when the flood and hurricane both 
 made havoc of his home, the place where the idol 
 stood was secure; its virtue alone saved their lives. 
 The missionary promised to keep it for him as a me- 
 mento of their friendship. He has it still, but the 
 man himself is a faithful follower of the meek and lowly 
 Christ. 
 
 Mr. Chappell speaks highly and encouragingly of 
 his work in Tsuchiura, and is trying to build a church 
 there. The land is so low and floods so frequent that 
 the first necessity is to get a site where the Christians 
 will not have to swim from their church every few 
 months. Such a place has been found and no doubt a 
 church will soon be erected. This mission has sent 
 two men to the Dendo Kwan School for assistant 
 catechists — an excellent record for so few years. A 
 resident Deacon is in charge who speaks of the work 
 of the Sunday School in glowing terms. Tsuchiura 
 has a bright future if only a little assistance can be 
 given at this critical time. 
 
 taira (mito) 
 
 About eighty miles from Mito on the line of railroad 
 between Mito and Sendai is Taira, a town of about 
 12,000, and the birthplace of the once famous Taira 
 clan. 
 
 Years ago the Baptist society began work there, but 
 dissension and discord, together with the disadvantage 
 of less definite doctrine, were sufficient to kill the work. 
 When the Priest from Mito first went there, nothing 
 
 Tsuchiura 
 
94 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 but a faint remembrance remained of these zealous 
 laira j^ mistaken SO uls. 
 
 People were kind to the Church, but otherwise in- 
 different, though many signs were present that at some 
 time a Catholic Church had been among them, or some 
 one soul had come under its influence. 
 
 It is quite possible of course that Christianity came 
 from Sendai during the time of the Jesuits; for Date 
 Masamune, one of the early daimyo of Sendai, was a 
 Christian, and was also sent by the Jesuits on an em- 
 bassy to Rome. The nearness of the two places would 
 almost certainly have brought some one to propagate 
 the faith. 
 
 However, in a certain house in Tara the missionary 
 found a crucifix standing on a shelf between the 
 Kamidana and the Butsudan. The husband of the 
 house was of the Shinto faith, the wife was a Buddhist. 
 Enquiries as to why it was there, elicited a reply char- 
 acteristic of the man. "I am a Shintoist and my wife 
 a Buddhist. We ask our separate gods for our needs, 
 but there are times when they will not respond, and 
 then we ask the Christian god, and among the three 
 we generally succeed." That man did not become a 
 Christian, neither would he sell the crucifix; it had been 
 in his family for years, and though he knew nothing of 
 its history, no money could buy it. 
 
 Much work, by classes, preaching, and visiting, was 
 done, but the results were disheartening, and discour- 
 aging. To-day, Mr. Chappell speaks most highly of the 
 work, his hopes and desires. In his first year many 
 were gathered in, and to-day the nucleus of a fine work 
 is already there. 
 
 The success among the railroad station officials has 
 been a great feature of this work, and the English 
 teacher of the middle school has lent much assistance 
 among the students. One may look for a church there 
 at no very distant date. 
 
 I 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 95 
 
 OTA (MITO) 
 
 Mr. Chappell has also begun work at Ota, a town Q ta 
 about forty miles from Mi to on the Ota line, but up 
 to this time he has been able to do little more than to 
 settle his catechist and get the government license to 
 open his work ; but this town may also be depended on 
 for a good showing before very many years. 
 
 The Greek Church has had work there for some years, 
 and the welcome given by these Christians to our 
 branch of the Catholic Church was hearty and sincere. 
 This town has also a middle school, and much might 
 be hoped for from among the Students. 
 
 ONNABAKE (MITO) 
 
 Onnabake is a little farming town about three or onnabake 
 four miles from the nearest railroad station. The 
 people are simple-hearted, kind, and earnest, and the 
 work the Church has done there these many years 
 has a wonderful influence on their lives. At least 
 seven men, including the present Priest, have from 
 time to time been in charge of Onnabake. 
 
 At one time it had a famous temple devoted to 
 Phallic worship. The present popular deity is the fox. 
 
 Services are held in the houses of the Christians, and 
 sometimes in the school house ; for the teacher and his 
 family have become Christians. Each year the number 
 of Christians increases, and in a few years no doubt 
 this little village will become entirely Christian. Mr 
 Sugimoto the Soncho* is one of the most earnest men 
 to be found anywhere, and his influence upon the re- 
 mainder of the village is very great. 
 
 SENDAI 
 
 Sendai, a town of 90,000 people, and known as the 
 capital of the North, is pre-eminently the most impor- 
 tant city in the northern Diocese outside of Tokyo. 
 
 The work was begun about fifteen years ago by the 
 
 ♦Soncho. Village head. 
 
96 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 « , . Rev. H. S. Jeffreys, and the noble work being done 
 
 there to-day stands as a monument to that faithful 
 servant of God. The first great aim and object was 
 to become acquainted with the people; to win their 
 confidence and put the Church before them in the 
 proper light. Two or three preaching places were 
 opened, a dispensary, and a night school for poor chil- 
 dren, who were compelled to work during the day. 
 The Rev. M. Tai, now of Kawagoe, was for a while as- 
 sociated in this work, but as the Church gained ground 
 and some headway had been made, he was sent back 
 again to his old field of labor. Mr. Jeffreys remained 
 and did the work alone. Sendai possessed no church 
 in those days, but in the grounds of the Priest's dwel- 
 ling was a small u mono-oki" or sort of storehouse which 
 was rented and fitted up as a church; and almost all 
 the work of early days was done there. In the mean- 
 while a catechist and woman worker had been sent 
 there; Mrs. Jeffreys had begun work and classes among 
 the women and girls; the Priest himself among stu- 
 dents, policemen, and railway engineers. Every 
 "old hand" on the road still asks if we knew "Jeffreys 
 San." In a short while the communicants numbered 
 forty, and an appeal was made to the Church in the 
 United States, sanctioned by the Bishop and Board 
 of Missions, for funds to build a church. It was felt, 
 and wisely, that the importance of the city and work 
 demanded a fine church of brick or stone, and in due 
 time it came. 
 
 After seven or eight years, during which Aomori, 
 Nihonmatsu and one or two other towns, had been 
 opened and the Church planted there. Mr. Jeffreys, 
 who had been employed "in the field/' was appointed 
 by the Board, and given his vacation. Rev. W. F. 
 Madely was sent as locum tenens and carried on the 
 work. 
 
 Mr. Jeffreys was not continued on the staff of the 
 Mission and Rev. J. K. Ochiai was sent with orders 
 to take full charge of the mission and out-stations. 
 

 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 f ** 40 
 t * 
 
 
 m 
 
 •'*'*-' ^^^m ^65P Wi^| 
 
 MISS BRISTOWE 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 97 
 
 Mr. Ochiai is a Western Theological Seminary man, 
 and his friends will be pleased to know of the good 
 work he has done in Sendai. During his five years 
 in Sendai the new church so long hoped for has become 
 a reality, and with it new life has sprung into the work. 
 It was the gift of the Woman's Auxiliary of America, 
 furnished by Mrs. Hibbard of Chicago, to whose muni- 
 ficence Japan owes so much. Miss MacRay and 
 Miss Bristowe have done faithful work there ; and in 
 many ways — financially and otherwise — the Church 
 has profited by their liberal aid. The Church has 
 had much to contend with, but she has quietly as- 
 serted herself and forged ahead, and occupies at present 
 a most enviable place in the city. 
 
 When war was declared with Russia and Christian 
 work was talked of for Manchuria, Mr. Ochiai at once 
 offered himself for the field. It was found however, 
 that individual representatives could not be permitted. 
 Later, when the Y. M. C. A. received permission from 
 the Japanese government to do charitable work among 
 the soldiers, Mr. Ochiai was made field secretary, and 
 the subsequent success of the work was in a great 
 measure due to his indefatigable exertion and diplo- 
 matic ability. His position, and no less his work 
 there, gave him a greater standing among his own peo- 
 ple at home, and one he was not slow in turning to 
 good purpose for the Church in Sendai. 
 
 He feels that the Church is undermanned for the 
 opportunities offered. Sendai is the great northern 
 center, with nearly every grade of school in the Em- 
 pire, and soon the new Government University is 
 to be begun there, offering still further advantages 
 and facilities for work. Some day it is destined to be 
 the center of a northern Diocese, and preparations 
 for such work are now in order ; all of which in the way 
 of preparation and progress is for the Church at home 
 to decide. 
 
 The school for women workers in the church is also 
 located here under that clever and energetic woman, 
 
 Sendai 
 
98 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 Miss Bristowe; and the great work now being done 
 among women and children in the Sunday Schools 
 is due in a great measure to the able assistance she, 
 and the women being trained by her, are able to ren- 
 der the Priest in his work. 
 
 This town is the second division headquarters of 
 the Imperial Army, and doubtless has no less than 
 20,000 regular soldiers in barracks. Thus far nothing 
 more than incidental work has been attempted among 
 them, but 10,000 students and 20,000 soldiers, besides 
 regular parish activities, ought to afford sufficient 
 work to keep one man and two or three women busy. 
 
 Almost every religion under the sun is here at work, 
 and the Church's course is between a hostile dissent 
 on the one hand, and an indifferent heathenism on 
 the other ; truly a most difficult task. 
 
 The Church's opportunity is great here, and every- 
 thing possible is being done to take advantage of it; 
 but the day of miracles is past and it is impossible 
 otherwise to expect "one man to chase a thousand." 
 The day will no doubt come when the Church will 
 show her strength; till then we must wait and pray. 
 
 The primary importance of the "Bible School for 
 women workers" situated in Sendai is that it trains 
 women to work specially and particularly among and 
 for their own sex, though not for that alone; for the 
 work these good women are called upon to do is very 
 varied. They are not "Bible readers" in the English 
 sense of the word. 
 
 It is a fact that sex appeals to sex, perhaps because 
 each understands itself the best, and in a land where 
 etiquette plays such an important part in the social 
 life and customs of the people, these women are en- 
 abled to do a work among their own kind which unless 
 such provision was made must forever remain undone. 
 They are associated with the foreign woman where 
 there is one ; working with her and under her direction ; 
 and the work accomplished cannot be measured by 
 figures. The direction and control of the activities 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 99 
 
 of the women workers, both native and foreign, falls 
 to the Priest in charge. Classes for women and girls 
 are conducted, lectures given, candidates prepared 
 to receive their first instructions for Baptism and Con- 
 firmation; altar linen prepared, and information of 
 valuable character often supplied to the Priest to assist 
 him in his parish work. Sunday school and Church 
 music when necessary become also part of their duty. 
 
 About five years ago this school was removed from 
 Tokyo and placed under Miss Bristowe's direction, in 
 Sendai. The course of instruction, which covers two 
 years, is all that is necessary, including besides the 
 training in parochial work, Old and New Testament 
 Exegesis, Elementary Theology, Ethics, Music, Indus- 
 trial Work. 
 
 No more useful institution exists in the Sei Ko 
 Kwai than this school for the education of women 
 workers, and the Church at home is very neglectful 
 in that she has not enquired into the place these 
 women fill, and given the Bishop a proper staff of 
 teachers and a house in which they might live and 
 prosecute their studies under fairly favorable condi- 
 tions. 
 
 The expansion of the curriculum of the Trinity Di- 
 vinity School has necessitated the calling of Mr. Ochiai 
 to Tokyo, to teach in that institution, and he has been 
 succeeded at Sendai by Rev. A. W. Cooke who was 
 just returning from his furlough in the United States 
 (1907). 
 
 WAKAMATSU 
 
 If this were a book in which political history was to 
 be written, how interesting it would be to write of 
 the War of the Restoration and the part played in it 
 by the little company of "White Tigers." They were 
 boys not yet out of their teens, "men who knew not 
 what it was to yield/' and, who, when the limit was 
 reached took their own lives rather than submit to a 
 system in which they had no confidence, They now 
 
 Sendai 
 
Wakama- 
 tsu 
 
 100 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 sleep side by side, seventeen of them, on the beautiful 
 mountain side overlooking the dreary town of Waka- 
 matsu. 
 
 Yet it must have been a beautiful spot in its palmy 
 days, in its choice location and with its fine castle and 
 with men at arms and gorgeous retinues filling the 
 streets. One thinks of it as Kyoto, or Hiroshima, or 
 many other of the beautiful places of Japan. 
 
 The War of the Restoration scattered the better 
 class of people, the Samurai and others who took 
 sides with the Bakufu, and the result is seen to-day 
 in a population of poor people. 
 
 It was to this population that Rev. A. W. Cooke 
 was sent in 1902. "I began my work there formally," 
 he writes, "with the blessing of the altar to the honor 
 of the Holy Trinity and St. Thomas, on Trinity Sun- 
 day 1902." Shortly after this the present property 
 was bought, and such alterations and repairs made 
 as were necessary to make the place habitable when 
 Mr. Cooke's family moved in. 
 
 The work of evangelization was not easy, but peo- 
 ple seemed at first to be attracted by the novelty 
 of the services. Many "who came to scoff remained 
 to pray" and St. Thomas' day of that year saw a class 
 of five prepared to receive Holy Baptism, and on the 
 first Episcopal visit nine were confirmed. Then there 
 was a year with no results ; but they were not discour- 
 aged, and a good class came up the following year. 
 In 1904 the faithful catechist was taken ill with con- 
 sumption and died, and for awhile the Priest worked 
 on single-handed. 
 
 That same year the house and many of his personal 
 effects were destroyed by fire; his family was moved 
 to Tokyo, and till his furlough he was much on the 
 move, filling the places of men on furlough, and min- 
 istering to Wakamatsu in the meanwhile, — a most 
 discouraging, heartbreaking work. 
 
 We are convinced however that no work anywhere 
 has had finer seed-planting or firmer foundations for 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 101 
 
 the faith than that of Wakamatsu. To know Mr. 
 
 Cooke and his strong manly attitude towards the a ama " 
 
 Church's teaching, his calm practical common sense su 
 
 in presenting the truth, his unalterable attitude towards 
 
 error in doctrine, is to understand at once why in the 
 
 short time of residence he so endeared himself to 
 
 catechist and people, and his successor we are sure 
 
 will reap the harvest of his noble work. The Rev. W. 
 
 F. Madely is now in charge. 
 
 KORIYAMA 
 
 Koriyama, a town on the main line and the junction 
 for Wakamatsu, was opened as a Mission station about Koriyama 
 the same time with Wakamatsu. It was most dis- 
 couraging. The catechist Kujiraoka San worked there 
 for three years with no visible results, and the first 
 Baptism was that of a teacher in one of the primary 
 schools who had been more or less regular in his attend- 
 ance at services and instructions for the three years. 
 This seemed to be a turning point, for shortly after 
 this five were baptized, and later nine were confirmed.* 
 This is a promising mission, and recently the Bishop 
 has placed there Miss Babcock who for many years 
 worked so successfully in Aomara. The regular work 
 now being begun there among the women, and the 
 residence of a Priest once more in Wakamatsu, gives 
 assurance of the success of this field in the future. 
 
 MIHARU 
 
 The most striking and peculiar feature of this field 
 was the growth and development of the mission at 
 Miharu. 
 
 About three years ago one Goto Tomohiko went 
 there from Tokyo as an employee of the "Tobacco 
 Monopoly Bureau" just established by the Govern- 
 ment. He had been a catechumen in Tokyo and 
 made himself known to Kujiraoka San, the catechist 
 in Kariyama, when changing conveyances for Miharu. 
 
 ♦Including the five from Miharu, mentioned below. 
 
102 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 As soon as this man got settled in his new home, he 
 Mi ru began a class for himself and friends. At this period 
 Mr. Cooke visited him and had a fine congregation of 
 some twenty-five people at his first service there. 
 
 Goto San was baptized at Christmas, and at the 
 Bishop's visit in the Spring, a class of five was ready 
 for Confirmation, two others were baptized, and there 
 were several catechumens,. A remarkable showing 
 truly, but one which demonstrates what faithful work 
 will do in a new district. 
 
 The whole district of Wakamatsu and Iwashiro 
 Kuni* was, in the minds of most of the Japanese, only 
 second to Mito in its conservatism and dislike for any 
 advance or change in customs and usages. The old 
 saying in reference to malcontents was "All mischief 
 was brewed at Mito ; but when it grew too hot for them 
 there, they ran to Wakamatsu." This extreme feel- 
 ing is abating, in a great measure, and among the 
 younger generation is very little in evidence to-day. 
 It is for this reason that one looks for the future Church 
 to thrive among the younger generation ; it cannot be 
 built up among the older ones. 
 
 People are looking now to the material prosperity 
 that has swept over the Empire during the past few 
 years, and seeking to gain some share therein for 
 themselves. The result is a constant change from 
 place to place, which will ever make the work in Japan 
 difficult to handle. 
 
 The women also of this district are almost inaccess- 
 ible, and three or four good women could be kept bnsy 
 for many years breaking up prejudice, and teaching 
 in various ways the noble position which women have 
 yet to fill in Japan, and revealing to them, that higher 
 ideal so foreign to their thoughts and lives. Miss 
 Babcock will have a great opportunity in this district, 
 and among the younger generation of women and 
 children much is hoped for in the future. 
 
 *Kuni. Province. 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 103 
 
 FUKUSHIMA 
 
 Almost midway between Tokyo and Aomori, either 
 via Sendai or Akita, is the very important town of 
 Fukushima, a large railway centre for the Sendai and 
 Akita lines. The work here is twenty years old, and 
 was first a station belonging to the English jurisdic- 
 tion, before the division into Missionary Districts or the 
 formation of the Sei Ko Kwai; with the arrangement 
 of these districts it fell under American control. Men 
 and women workers have changed with great frequency, 
 and to give any proper account of their work would be 
 difficult and painful in the extreme. Let it suffice to 
 say that among the names found in connection with 
 this station at some time or other, are the Rev. Messrs. 
 Waller, Lloyd, Jeffreys, Ambler, Chappell, and Ochiai, 
 with the present Deacon Rev. W. H. Smart, also the 
 Misses Gueppe, Babcock, Bristowe, and MacRay. 
 
 Rev. J. K. Ochiai, until recently Priest in charge, 
 speaks most encouragingly of the work of Mr. Smart, 
 his assistant. It seems that in the early days a number 
 of people came into the Church from one of the prot- 
 estant bodies, forming the nucleus for the present fine 
 congregation brought together by Mr. Smart. 
 
 Miss Gueppe was there for a while, and the influence 
 she exerted over the children seems to have been quite 
 remarkable. Among many of the grown people there 
 to-day are found some of her pupils who speak of her 
 in the highest terms. It is interesting to note the 
 classes conducted by this good woman. She taught 
 Kencho officials, normal school teachers, telegraph 
 clerks, German and English Bible classes, besides vari- 
 ous others for women. 
 
 Miss Gueppe is now a Mrs. Pierson and a member of 
 the Presbyterian Mission. The present Deacon Mr. 
 Smart says it is a place noted for "Sobetsu Kwai" 
 that is "farewell meetings," given for friends moving 
 away, which in view of the large Baptism and Con- 
 firmation classes, explains the smallness of the parish 
 roll. 
 
ma 
 
 104 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 During the past two years the change which has 
 Fakusnl- been brought about in Fukushima is little less than 
 marvellous. Mr. Smart found the Kogisho dirty and 
 ill kept, but by proper application of soap and water 
 transformed it into a place in which to worship God 
 without offense to one's senses. He next gathered 
 about him those who were in earnest in their desire to 
 become Christians, and began classes for Baptism and 
 Confirmation. In a short while a good class was pre- 
 sented. 
 
 After a year had passed, he gained the Bishop's 
 sanction to raise money for a church and immediately 
 set to work for this purpose. With the aid of some 
 friends one of the prettiest churches in the whole 
 diocese was erected at a cost of $1,500, and furnished 
 by friends largely by gifts as memorials. To visit this 
 little church and hear its beautiful plain-song service 
 is like a breath from other lands, and few, if any, other 
 parishes can boast of such a devout, reverent congrega- 
 tion. 
 
 Classes among women and girls by Misses MacRay 
 and Bristowe of Sendai have done much for the female 
 portion of the congregation, but this town needs a 
 resident lady worker, who can devote her whole time 
 to this town and parish. 
 
 During the past two years there have been forty 
 baptisms, 80% of whom are men; this is a record hard 
 to beat. It is proposed at some time to build a parish 
 house on the lot adjoining the church, where classes, 
 Sunday school, etc., can be conducted, besides afford- 
 ing facilities for a club where young men may feel free 
 to drop in for a friendly chat. Nothing is more im- 
 portant than this. 
 
 The Sunday school has grown so that the great diffi- 
 culty now is to accommodate the number of children, 
 and this offers another reason for such a parish house. 
 During the war the need of an orphanage in this sec- 
 tion of the field became very apparent; and having some 
 money left over from the famine fund, Mr. Smart at 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 105 
 
 once devoted it to this work. The home is for poor 
 and destitute children. The number at present is Fukuslli " 
 quite as large as he can be responsible for. It is to be- ma 
 come a permanent institution with the Bishop's en- 
 dorsement and approval. It is hoped that when this 
 comes before the Church at home, such aid will be 
 rendered as will ensure freedom from anxiety on the 
 part of those responsible for this beginning, besides 
 allowing for growth. 
 
 To do this the first consideration is a permanent 
 lodging which ought to be purchased at once. No 
 greater work could be undertaken for the Church, 
 offering better returns. Can the Church do better 
 than train the children? And the younger the better. 
 The change that comfortable quarters, care, and good 
 food have made in those little lads is marvellous. 
 One's heart goes out to those desolate little fellows, 
 now perhaps for the first time receiving proper care 
 and attention and being taught in the way they should 
 go. There must be some one at home waiting for just 
 this opportunity to endow such an institution to train 
 children for the Kingdom of God. 
 
 AOMORI 
 
 Aomori, the most northerly point in the Tokyo 
 Diocese, is the centre of all the northern industries. 
 The end of the Nippon Tetsudo (Japan Railroad) on 
 the one side, and Government line on the other.* It 
 is also the terminus of the Nippon Yusen Kwaisha line 
 from Hokkaido to all northern points. Commercially 
 it is doubtless the most important town north of Sendai. 
 
 It would be difficult to say positively to whom the 
 honor of beginning work here belongs, though most 
 probably to the Rev. H. S. Jeffreys when at Sendai. 
 Miss Suthon worked there many years, and laid good 
 foundations among many of both sexes, and her 
 " boys' 7 are still to be found there. 
 
 * The Japan Railway has also become government property since the 
 above was written. 
 
Aomori 
 
 106 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 An unfortunate and lamentable accident which 
 occurred in her house made departure necessary. 
 Some unadvised people supposed her to be wealthy, 
 and to keep large sums of money in her house. One 
 night it was broken into and her servant murdered, 
 but the assassin managed to effect escape before being 
 caught. Much trouble ensued, but Miss Suthon and 
 her household were finally exonerated, and only two 
 years ago the murderer confessed the crime on his death 
 bed. 
 
 Her work was almost entirely among the younger 
 people, and her classes were well attended. These 
 classes have been taken up by each successor and 
 carried on, and are still a noted feature of the Church's 
 work. 
 
 The Rev. James Chappell was the first foreign resi- 
 dent Priest. He organized the church and did some 
 excellent work during his short term. With him came 
 Miss I. P. Mann to take up the woman's work left by 
 Miss Suthon. Miss Mann organized an industrial 
 school, still in existence and doing a noble work among 
 the women of the place. In 1901 her health being 
 broken, she was sent home to recuperate. Miss Bab- 
 cock followed, and for awhile Miss Wall was associated 
 with her. The major portion of Miss Babcock's term 
 was spent alone, she being the only foreigner in the 
 town. Classes for women and girls, boys and young 
 men, were conducted by her with marked success. An 
 excellent men's club was formed under Church aus- 
 pices, which is still doing good work, and many of the 
 fine young men in this congregation were brought in 
 through it. 
 
 Of the native incumbents, Revs. Hayakawa, Yam- 
 agata, Kobayashi, and the present incumbent, K. 
 Suto, were all wholly or in part educated in America. 
 Mr. Suto is a quiet, reserved man, a fine preacher and 
 pastor, and much loved by his people. There is an 
 attractive church and a parish house, well equipped to 
 do the Church's work. 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 107 
 
 During the war this town was the starting point 
 for soldiers leaving for the front from northern sta- 
 tions. Every advantage was taken, but for some 
 reason the work was not very successful. Since the 
 end of the war, conditions have changed and become 
 normal. The old classes and clubs, depleted in num- 
 bers on account of the war, have again filled up, and 
 Mr. Suto feels confident of the future of the church. 
 
 Rev. H. St. G. Tucker, now President of St. Paul's 
 college, Tokyo, was also in charge of Aomori for a 
 short time, while living in Hirosaki, the adjacent sta- 
 tion. His name is still spoken of, and the deep inter- 
 est he took in the young men of the place. 
 
 Rev. S. H. Cartwright also lived there for awhile 
 and did some good work. Present institutions are 
 two schools and the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, one 
 of the very few places where this last exists now in 
 Japan. It is unfortunate that this fine society is not 
 stronger here. 
 
 The conditions in the entire northern district which 
 includes Aomori, Hirosaki, and Akita, and in which 
 there are only two Priests, one native and one foreign, 
 make work most difficult. Winter here begins about 
 the middle of October, and lasts until about the mid- 
 dle of April; and the labor performed by the persons 
 on duty is not easily understood by those who are 
 fortunate enough to find their lots cast in less rigorous 
 climates. Aomori has had excellent men, and they 
 have made enviable records for zeal and good works. 
 This district however, needs at least five men to do 
 the work now being attempted by two, and it is hoped 
 that the Church will see to it that they be sent. 
 
 The church is doing an excellent work under Mr. 
 Suto. Like most of the parishes, it is also contribut- 
 ing towards the Priest's support. 
 
 HACHINOHE 
 
 Hachinohe, a fine town on a branch line of the Nip- 
 pon Tetsudo, about forty miles from Aomori, has had 
 
 Aomori 
 
Hachinohe 
 
 108 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 a catechist for many years, and bi-weekly visits from 
 Mr. Suto. This out-station has not the rush and impe- 
 tus of the northern parish, but in a quiet way is making 
 decided progress. It has the credit also of having 
 sent one or two young men to the divinity school; 
 no mean record for a small mission. The usual work 
 of such missions is, besides Sunday and Friday ser- 
 vices, Bible classes for students, and classes for the 
 further instruction of those already Christians. Those 
 classes are as a rule fairly well attended, and the cate- 
 chist comes in touch with one or more new people 
 each week, which gives new material for work. 
 
 These smaller places send out many people each 
 year to the larger towns and villages, and are very 
 often the means through which new work is started, 
 and new souls brought to a saving knowledge of the 
 truth in Christ Jesus. 
 
 AKITA 
 
 Of all the towns on the northwest coast, Akita, the 
 capital of the province of the same name, is the largest, 
 most thriving, prosperous, and influential city in this 
 part of the country. Nearly five years ago when the 
 railroad was first completed from Hirosaki, the Rev. 
 W. F. Madeley was sent here to open the field for the 
 Church. 
 
 Mr. Madeley, during his second year purchased 
 land and built a house. Later he also erected a little 
 cheap building to do duty for a church, till better 
 could be provided. This building has only one ad- 
 vantage, that it can be used exclusively for Church 
 purposes. 
 
 The work was begun and much was hoped from it 
 and is still hoped for. New work is necessarily slow, 
 but the present outlook is hopeful. Mrs. Madeley 
 was also a kindergartener and anxious to begin work 
 of this sort among the children. She did much to 
 advertise this work at home, which was finally taken 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 109 
 
 up by the "Babies' Branch" of the Woman's Auxil- 
 iary, and support promised. * a 
 
 Miss Mead, who came to the field only a few months 
 before, was assigned to Akita and undertook to begin 
 the kindergarten — Mrs. Madeley in the meanwhile 
 having gone on a furlough with her husband. In 
 September of 1905 the "Gaylor Hart Memorial Kinder- 
 garten" was begun in Miss Mead's house, a native 
 building rented because of its size and convenience 
 to the Church. There it grew and prospered till May 
 1906, when the house with all it contained was burnt 
 to the ground, Miss Mead, her assistants and servants, 
 barely escaping. 
 
 The loss was felt very keenly, but the catechist gave 
 his house to the school, and moved to another; so that 
 though the quarters were small the work did not stop 
 longer than was necessary to provide new working 
 materials. 
 
 In September of 1906 the Board of Missions made a 
 grant to buy land and erect a school and house for Miss 
 Mead. This school has accommodations for about 120 
 children, with office, rooms for caretaker, with all 
 modern conveniences and improvements. With this 
 new plant a new era opens before the school. The 
 parents of the children are grateful for what is being 
 done, and the Government authorities have been most 
 kind in all possible ways. 
 
 The children have opened doors of houses hitherto 
 closed to Christianity, and the various societies at 
 work in the mission are doing their part to keep the 
 interest a living power. Christianity is taught in 
 the school, and the effect is already noticeable in many 
 directions. Monthly children's services are carried on, 
 in which the children are taught the Church's ways, 
 and the little minds drawn to hear and understand 
 the Master's message for them. The hope of the future 
 is in the youth of the present, and to raise up a con- 
 gregation of men and women, who shall be devoted 
 to the Church, is the aim and object of Priest and 
 
Akita 
 
 110 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 assistant. It is impossible to expect great results from 
 the men and women of mature years, whose lives have 
 run through different grooves and channels, whose 
 religion and education have been one of superstition 
 and fear, and whose only idea of a God has been an 
 idea associated with some visible object. With the 
 youth the case is entirely different. "Give me a child 
 till he is ten years old, and any one may have him 
 after that," once said a noted teacher, and it is cer- 
 tainly true. Given the same conditions, and most of 
 us could perhaps say the same. 
 
 However, Akita stands for Catholic truth and doc- 
 trine, and there is no uncertain sound about it, and 
 the future Church by God's grace is to reap the reward. 
 The Priest, however, is waiting for such help as will 
 enable him and his assistants to branch out and take 
 advantage of the opportunities at hand. More workers 
 are needed for this field, one woman and a man to take 
 up some of the special work at hand. The city has a 
 population of 40,000, in addition to which there are 
 about 7,000 soldiers, among whom nothing is being done. 
 
 A great effort has been made to reach the young men 
 of the town and also a class of young people past Sun- 
 day school age; and who yet might be brought to the 
 Church by careful handling. In the first instance the 
 priest began a club for young men where current topics 
 were discussed with a view to breaking the ice for other 
 teachings. This, so far, has been a success, the club 
 membership becoming as large as his rooms could ac- 
 commodate. Much is hoped for from this club, and 
 much will surely be the result. 
 
 The second class of people studies Church music, 
 which thus far has been an interesting topic, under the 
 care and guidance of the missionary's wife. It is also 
 possible in such a study, even in the early stages, to 
 teach many things of a Churchly nature which are of 
 deep interest to the thoughtful student. These two 
 classes alone afford scope for all the work the coming 
 year can hold. 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 111 
 
 The Priest here has the care of Hirosaki and Odate, 
 which call for two-thirds of his time and labor. 
 
 HIROSAKI 
 
 This fine town 'neath the shadow of Mount Iwaki is Hirosaki 
 at the extreme north of the Tokyo Diocese. It is the 
 home of the "Northern division" of the Imperial army, 
 with 15,000 soldiers almost always in garrison. 
 
 The dialect of this town and district is so difficult 
 that one has to live there some years before he becomes 
 inteligible in his speech to the people. The first resi- 
 dent Priest was the Rev. F. W. Madely, now some ten 
 years ago, and though it has suffered through many 
 changes, much progress has been made. Mr. Madeley 
 bought a lot on which was an old billiard hall, and con- 
 verted the hall into a church, which though occasion- 
 ally threatening to fall down on the heads of the wor- 
 shippers, and needing to have its roof propped up with 
 sticks and posts, or its sides pulled together, has ever 
 since done duty as a house of worship. 
 
 Notwithstanding the disadvantages, the church has 
 sent out many Christians and a few workers into the 
 field, and the prospects at present are as bright as ever 
 before. The people of the North are very different 
 from those further south, and the need for men who 
 understand the people, their customs, manners, and 
 dialect, is great, and Hirosaki has supplied its quota. 
 Mr. Ono, after fourteen years of faithful service, has 
 just been ordained Deacon, a well earned degree, and 
 with the added grace much more may be looked for. 
 
 During the war this town was one of the big military 
 centres with from thirty to thirty-five thousand soldiers 
 always in training. Here truly was a grand opportun- 
 ity for work, and it is only fair to say that every ad- 
 vantage was taken and everything possible done to 
 bring the Church before the soldiery. Miss Mann 
 and her assistant became members of the Red Cross 
 society and were able to render some valuable aid to 
 the stricken families at home, no less than to the 
 
Hirosaki 
 
 112 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 soldiers at the front. For her services during this 
 time she received the thanks of the Kencho* and the 
 Tokyo medal from the central Government. 
 
 One of the great questions just then was the sup- 
 port or assistance to be rendered to the widows and 
 families who were left ; and to do this Miss Mann opened 
 an industrial school — still in existence — in which she 
 taught women how to earn their own living, and paid 
 them from the profits made on the work done while 
 they were learning. Unless she had been assisted by 
 friends in America and England, however, this could 
 not have been accomplished. The school has filled 
 such a great need that an endowment is much hoped 
 for, since this work should not be stopped, at least for 
 many years to come. The women receive the Chris- 
 tian instruction daily; and the school is run on such 
 lines as commend themselves to all, as one might well 
 expect who knows anyhing of Miss Mann. The writer, 
 under whom she is working, desires as her Priest to 
 place on record his appreciation of her faithful ser- 
 vices rendered to him in his work in Hirosaki. 
 
 It is hoped that at some time a new church 
 may be built on the lot lately purchased and set apart 
 for that use, and the old church repaired and made 
 into an industrial school. When this is done a new 
 future opens up for the Church here, a future in which 
 self-support at no distant date is included. A resi- 
 dent Priest is greatly needed in this large, thriving, 
 busy town; with a new building for the school from 
 which so many are baptized and confirmed, a new 
 church to attract people, the future of this parish will 
 be secure. 
 
 ODATE 
 
 This is rather a small town, on the railway line be- 
 tween Akita and Hirosaki, and one of the most promis- 
 ing places in this district. There are at present about 
 twenty Christians, some of whom came from one of 
 
 ♦Kencho means Prefectural Governor. 
 
TOKYO COUNTRY STATIONS 
 
 113 
 
 Odate 
 
 the sectarian bodies, and with proper teaching have 
 become earnest Churchmen. A catechist has been 
 working there for a year, and now goes to America 
 for further study; a new one takes his place, but work 
 always suffers through change. Thus far services 
 have been conducted in a rented building, the rent 
 of which is paid by the members of the congregation. 
 
 Visits are made by the Priest in charge at stated 
 intervals for teaching and priestly ministrations; the 
 people are now rejoicing over the prospect of having 
 a little building of their own which will serve as chapel 
 and catechists' house combined. Classes are conducted 
 for the Catechumens and others who attend service, 
 and it is hoped much good will result from them in 
 the near future. The signs are most hopeful for a 
 successful thriving parish with a pastor of its own, and 
 no less than this should be the aim for all. 
 
 st. Margaret's school, tokyo 
 
 This school, now one of the best known in the coun- 
 try (officially Rikkyo Jo gakko), stands right in the St. Marga- 
 shadow of the cathedral. It is the successor of the ret's School 
 old girls' school begun at Kudan about 1878 by the Tokyo 
 Rev. Mr. Blanchet. It was moved to Tsurugadai, and 
 then to its present location in Tsukiji. 
 
 Its first principal was Miss Pittman, now Mrs. 
 Gardiner. From the beginning it was a success. For 
 many years it was, like most Christian schools, under 
 foreign control. Bishop Hare placed it under native 
 control, and it has since remained so. In 1902 the 
 Mission withdrew its support, but allowed the use of 
 the buildings, with nineteen scholarships. It also sup- 
 plied three foreign teachers, who besides other duties 
 give part of the Christian instruction. Most of the 
 candidates for the Bible school for women come from 
 this school. Several of the wives of the clergy are 
 graduates of this school. Mr. Kobayashi, the present 
 head, is one of the best known Priests in the Diocese, 
 and is most popular among all classes. He is a graduate 
 of Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 Kyoto Diocese: KyOto 
 
 Trinity Cathedral — St. John's Church — St. Agnes' School — St. 
 Mary's Training School for Women — St. Peter's Dispensary 
 — St. Mary's Church. 
 
 To visit Japan without seeing Kyoto is like visit- 
 ing Russia without seeing Moscow. Almost all the 
 charms of Japan are here combined in one. The fine 
 temples of the Nishi Hongwanji,* Gion and Chion, 
 the celebrated landscape gardens, Kinkakuji and 
 Ginkakuji, the fine porcelain potteries and Cloisonne 
 factories, are characteristics of the extreme esthetic 
 taste of the Japanese. Besides all these, Kyoto is 
 unique in its profusion of flowers, cherry blossoms at 
 the proper season, peonies, wistaria, iris, or the glor- 
 ious red and gold of the autumn leaves. Certainly 
 no other city in the Empire is quite so attractive, 
 and perhaps this is one of the reasons why the 
 people from this province are so intensely loyal; it 
 seems to be the acme of right and bliss. "If I forget 
 thee, O Jerusalem," is synonymous with the idea in 
 the minds of the people. 
 
 Kyoto was the capital of Japan from 794 to 1870 
 when, after the wars of the restoration, the Emperor 
 moved his court to Tokyo; but the people have great 
 pride in the fact that it remained so many years in 
 Kyoto. It is spoken of with a reverence and tender- 
 ness noticeable in no other instance; its natural 
 beauty, its classic features, its well defined boundaries 
 
 ♦Nishi: West. The Hongwanji has two divisions, East and West. 
 
RT. REV. SIDNEY C. PARTRIDGE, D. D. 
 Bishop of Kyoto 
 
KYOTO 115 
 
 make it the pride of the whole Empire. The hills 
 which surround the city are lined with beautiful pa- 
 godas and temples, and gardens of cherry trees and 
 chrysanthemums. 
 
 This district was set apart by the action of the 
 General Convention which met in Washington in 1898 
 as a separate District. Prior to that date it had been 
 part of the Tokyo Diocese and administered by the 
 Bishops of that jurisdiction. Dr. Partridge of Wu- 
 chang, China, was elected by the meeting of the House 
 of Bishops held in St. Louis in 1899 as Missionary 
 Bishop of Kyoto, and was consecrated in Tokyo by 
 Bishop McKim, assisted by Bishops Graves, Schere- 
 chewsky, and the English Bishops in Japan, on the 
 2d of February, 1900. Bishop McKim once called 
 it the "best Diocese of the six into which the Empire 
 is divided/' 
 
 It is written elsewhere that there is no Cathedral in 
 this Diocese; there is, however, one of the prettiest 
 chapels possible and properly fitted, in the adminis- 
 tration building, where daily service is held in English 
 for any who care to attend. Some day the Bishop 
 hopes to see a Cathedral built in another section of 
 the city where it can do a real Cathedral work with a 
 proper staff of men, trained in Japanese, to assist 
 him, and where proper missionary work may be ac- 
 complished without conflicting with any parish al- 
 ready established. In time it should become the centre 
 for the entire work of the Diocese, and there is no more 
 worthy consideration for our wealthy Churchmen at 
 home than this. 
 
 Any reference to Kyoto without some mention of 
 the venerable Bishop Williams would be incomplete. 
 Born in Virginia in 1829 the old gentleman still re- 
 mains in active service, full of zeal, and as devoted to 
 his work as if only half his actual age. He is truly 
 a remarkable man, and goes about to his mission 
 stations as though he were but beginning his mission- 
 ary labors. Few men could hope ever to occupy the 
 
116 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 place in the hearts of a foreign people that Bishop 
 Williams holds in those of the Christians of this Church. 
 He is still truly a "Father in God/' and his gentle, 
 kindly disposition, his sympathy and patience, his 
 years of self-sacrifice have made him a pattern for all. 
 
 For years many of the older Japanese, unaccustomed 
 to seeing foreigners, had serious difficulty in deter- 
 mining his age. One day while riding in the electric 
 tram when they first began in Kyoto, he happened 
 to be sitting opposite two obasan (grandmothers), 
 who debated aloud the age of the Gwaikokujin (for- 
 eigner), supposing him to be ignorant of the language. 
 
 "He must be very old," said the first, "for look at the 
 length of his beard; he certainly is an ojisan (grand- 
 father)." 
 
 "Nonsense" said the other, "don't you see how 
 how short he is? All foreigners have long beards, he 
 cannot be more than seventeen." 
 
 The Bishop enjoyed the joke. 
 
 He has been in the field ever since 1866, years before 
 many of us were born, — what a life of service for the 
 Master. We look back over those forty years; the 
 nights and days of travel; the hard uncomfortable 
 bed in some little hatagoya, 'neath futon* already used 
 by perhaps scores of Japanese, the wind blowing in 
 the seams, the stars shining through the cracks in 
 the walls; the unpalatable cold rice breakfasts; the 
 long midnight hours of teaching when most of the 
 hard- worked Clergy at home are enjoying their rest 
 in comfortable beds; after all how easy life is in the 
 missionary field. 
 
 Truly Dr. Abbott says his "value will not be recog- 
 nized until he is taken away. To this work he gave 
 his youth, and in it he is likely to remain while life 
 and strength last." 
 
 How fitting it would be to the life of this good man 
 to build a Cathedral in his memory, and what a pity 
 that people should wait until he has passed away before 
 
 ♦Futon. A wadded cotton quilt. 
 
KYOTO 117 
 
 thinking of it. There are at present but three parishes 
 in the city of Kyoto and a good Cathedral church with 
 a fair staff of men and women workers, such as one 
 looks for in a Bishop's church, would have a marked 
 influence for good, not only in Kyoto, but over the 
 whole field. 
 
 TRINITY CATHEDRAL 
 
 This church is the offspring of Trinity Church, Trinity 
 Philadelphia, or at least> it is the gift of one of its Cathedral 
 communicants. The fine church building made of 
 brick cost $11,000 gold and was the offering of one man. 
 Besides being a parish church, it also serves the purpose 
 of a chapel for the students of St. Agnes' School. Its 
 location on Karasu maru dori is a good one, and has 
 enabled it to keep up its fine congregations and do the 
 work for which it is intended. School, chapel, and 
 parish church is not a good combination, and no doubt 
 the church has suffered somewhat in consequence ; yet 
 with the oversight of the Bishop it is not too much to 
 predict that its usefulness in the future and also its 
 evangelistic work will be greater than ever before. 
 
 Kyoto is the home of Buddhism. A city of magni- 
 ficent temples, served by men who are influential in 
 politics and social life, statesmen of the first rank, and 
 who wield a power potent in their cause and far reach- 
 ing in effects on the life of the city. Princes have 
 occupied the seat of power in the Hongwanji and still 
 do occupy, and the Church in Kyoto has to meet and 
 do battle with Buddhism at its best. These men are 
 scholars and gentlemen, and not easily defeated on 
 their own ground; it is absolutely necessary, therefore, 
 that the Church be properly equipped so that She may 
 show herself at Her best in the struggle for Her cause. 
 It becomes the duty of the Church at home to see that 
 nothing is lacking for successful parish work, and the 
 accomplishment of the same for this parish; it ought 
 to lack nothing which would be necessary to meet 
 the enemy on even terms. 
 
118 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 The present curate, Rev. Mr. Sone, is a graduate 
 
 cth d ° f the Trinit y Divinit y School, Tokyo, and also did 
 
 Cathedral ^ wo y ears f post-graduate work at the General Sem- 
 inary, New York. 
 
 Much has been accomplished during the past, and 
 it is not too much to expect a like success in the future. 
 This congregation numbers nearly a hundred souls, 
 and exerts a great deal of influence over the whole 
 city. During the season when the foreign travellers 
 visit Kyoto, certain services are conducted at Trinity 
 for their benefit, by one of the foreign Clergy. It has 
 been regarded by some as the Cathedral, but this is a 
 mistake. 
 
 Daily services are conducted here for the pupils of 
 St. Agnes' School and last year this church presented 
 seventeen candidates for Confirmation. 
 
 Altogether, this work is most encouraging, though 
 it too needs the care of a foreign Priest properly to 
 meet the demands made upon it. 
 
 st. john's church 
 
 This church was started about fifteen years ago. 
 At that time Kyoto was not the quiet peaceful place 
 it is to-day, at least as far as the teaching of Chris- 
 tianity is concerned, and some of the storms which 
 swept over that mission in those early days of times 
 wrought great havoc. However, Christianity has al- 
 ways had a reputation for plenty of "staying power," 
 and this parish is another proof of it. It was situated 
 in the immediate quarter of the Buddhist Hongwanji, 
 and with this on the one side, and the Doshisha on 
 the other, one of the old catechists relates that life 
 was one continuous fight. The Buddhists came and 
 smashed up the furniture, the Doshisha people per- 
 suaded the catechumens to leave a Priest-ridden 
 church. Police could do nothing and the owner of 
 the rented house in which the services were conducted 
 finally asked them to leave. This mission had not 
 even a name in those days, but when the present 
 
KYOTO 119 
 
 Trinity Church was built, it was decided to change 9 
 
 the name of that parish to Trinity and allow this mis- ~~ - 1 i 
 sion to become St. John's. Partly because of re- t/hurch 
 moval and partly on account of the disreputable 
 room used for a church, St. John's has not grown 
 very fast; but the fine new brick church which is now 
 being built by Bishop Williams, who has the priestly 
 over-sight of the work; will give a new life and impetus 
 to the parish. 
 
 The Bishop of the Diocese feels that this parish will 
 now have a fair chance to prove itself, and in its new 
 location much may be expected of it. Until the 
 present, that part of the city, though thickly populated, 
 has not had much opportunity. The new church will 
 carry with it a full plant for work and it cannot but 
 exert a large influence on the religious and social life 
 of that section of the city. 
 
 Let us hope that among the numbers who visit this 
 beautiful city in the future to see the temples, geisha 
 girls, and flowers, some will be found who will take 
 time to turn aside to this temple erected in His name 
 and honor, and ask some blessing upon those who 
 minister and those who worship there. 
 
 ST. AGNES' SCHOOL 
 
 St. Agnes' School, with a staff of twenty-two Chris- 
 tian teachers and about 230 pupils, is not only the 
 finest school of its kind in the South, but one of the 
 finest institutions of learning in the Empire. There 
 are very few places where the visitor is given more 
 consideration or courtesy, or more pains taken to make 
 him familiar with what is being done. 
 
 Mr. Tamamura, a well known educator, a finished 
 scholar, a Christian gentleman, has during his years 
 of service given this school a most enviable reputation, 
 a reputation sustained by such wholesome teaching 
 that each year the number of applicants has been far 
 above the capacity of the school building. 
 
 Officially this school is known as the "Heian Jo 
 
School 
 
 120 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 ^ , Gakko." It was begun many years ago in Osaka 
 c^u^^f 1168 an( ^ did much good work there also; but because of 
 the superior location, nearness to the church, and 
 greater facilities for teaching, it was thought advis- 
 able to move it to its present position in the see city. 
 The work in Kyoto was begun by the Rev. A. Gring, 
 now of Maizuru; and the most which can be said for 
 the outlook at that time is, that the workers had much 
 space and faith, but very little material : six pupils and 
 six teachers. 
 
 Education was in its infancy in Japan at that day, 
 and very little attention, if any, was paid to female 
 advancement or culture. Indeed a certain opposition 
 was manifested at first which as time advanced and 
 the school proved its efficiency and ability to give 
 proper instruction, gradually wore away and finally 
 it became so popular that the school at present is taxed 
 to its utmost capacity. It is of grammar school 
 standard and its diploma to-day admits its graduates 
 to all the higher girls' schools in the country. 
 
 The dormitory is also overcrowded, and as one of 
 the lady teachers complained, "we are compelled 
 to put three girls in a room of 9 x 12 or turn most 
 desirable pupils away." Class rooms are built and 
 furnished, as in all schools in Japan to-day, in foreign 
 style, but the dormitories are in native style; the floor 
 is covered with tatami and the pupils sleep on futon. 
 
 Not all of the seventy boarders of course are Chris- 
 tian, but the percentage is large and the daily influence 
 is very strong. Among the day pupils, many are the 
 children of Christian parents, and the yearly classes 
 for Baptism and Confirmation from among the pupils 
 are always large. The boarders are under obligation 
 to attend daily prayers and services in Trinity Church 
 close by, which has always served the purpose of a 
 school chapel; this is one of the rules under which they 
 are admitted to the dormitory; but otherwise there is 
 no compulsory religious instruction. 
 
 Like the students of most other schools, the girls 
 
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KYOTO 121 
 
 have adopted a distinctive costume of their own. , 
 
 During the war, when so many schools were affected ^ gnes 
 and attendance dropped off, this school still retained School 
 its full complement, and refused seventy, — a pres- 
 tige shared by perhaps no other Christian institution. 
 Those who were successful however in being admitted 
 were of the very best material and did much to com- 
 mend themselves and the school to a loyal public. 
 
 Four hundred caps and comfort bags and nine hun- 
 dred abdominal bands were made and sent out from 
 the school to the soldiers at the front. In 1897 the 
 pupils decided to support an orphan in the Osaka home, 
 and the good work still goes on. 
 
 When the Alumnae association was formed a few 
 years ago and an effort made to gather some statistics 
 for record, it was found that 700 had passed through 
 this school; not all, of course, were graduates, but had 
 been long enough there to have formed a warm personal 
 affection for the institution. 
 
 The same clubs, societies, etc., are to be found here 
 as in similar schools at home. It is doubtful, how- 
 ever, if girls at home have such high ideals as fill the 
 hearts of the pupils of St. Agnes'. The uplifting of 
 society, the upbuilding and advancement of girls' 
 life among their own people, are noble sentiments; 
 and those are some of the aspirations of St. Agnes' 
 pupils. Who shall say they are not good ? It is safe 
 to assert that the intellectual and social grade of the 
 pupils is much better in this school to-day than ever 
 before; this is a gradual yearly growth and a most 
 encouraging sign. There ought at once to be at least 
 two new dormitories built, each holding the number 
 of the present one. This would create a scope for 
 further Christian influence, and ought to double the 
 number of converts. 
 
 Mrs. Smith formerly at Wakayama, Miss Sally Peck, 
 and Miss Aldrich teach English and give Christian 
 instruction in turn. This school is fitting all the girls 
 it can be expected to until such time as the Church 
 
122 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 , decides to put more money into dormitories. The 
 St. Marys Church an d t he Kyoto District may well be proud 
 School of thig i nst i tut i on . 
 
 st. mary's training school for women 
 
 A diocesan institution, and one calling for special 
 mention, is St. Mary's School for Women Workers in 
 the Church. No work is of more importance than 
 that of a"Bible Woman" so called. Indeed it occupies 
 a position nearly equal to that of the catechist, in re- 
 sponsibility and power for good. 
 
 Bishop Partridge has his women students housed 
 under the care of Miss Kimura, near his own residence, 
 where teaching and parish work, Church services and 
 all else, may be under his own personal supervision 
 and efficient leadership. This school was formerly 
 in Osaka with Miss Bull ; but with the growing demands 
 of Kyoto and its evident need of higher standards of 
 learning, requiring a large teaching staff, the Bishop 
 removed it to Kyoto. 
 
 I have elsewhere mentioned the work these women 
 are called upon to perform, and the same holds good 
 in reference to this school also. How much the Church 
 owes to these devoted women, can only be understood 
 by those in the field. How many unfortunate ones 
 have cause to thank God for the courage and strength 
 to do right because of the help, assurance, and assist- 
 ance of these workers. 
 
 How little this work is understood at home and how 
 little appreciated, is evident from the fact that in 
 neither Diocese is there a proper house or home provided 
 by the Church, and no regular staff of teachers. What 
 a wonder the Bishops are able to do anything. 
 
 st. peter's dispensary 
 
 St. Peter's dispensary is at present located in the 
 lower and poorer section of Kyoto, but where it can 
 best serve the purpose for which missionary hospkals 
 are intended. Some day the Bishop hopes it may 
 
St. Peter's 
 
 KYOTO 123 
 
 become St. Peter's Church Hospital, and though per- 
 haps this is far in the future, it is a desire which ought 
 at once to be realized. dispensary 
 
 It was begun about two years ago by Dr. L. A. B. 
 Street, one of the Kyoto Missionary surgeons, and is 
 situated in a small building entirely unfitted for the 
 purpose. It ministers not only to our own people, 
 but also does a valuable missionary work in relieving 
 distress among a vast multitude, who perhaps would 
 never become acquainted with the Church were it 
 not for such assistance as is rendered in this way. 
 Ever since Kyoto became a separate Diocese, it has been 
 evident that a medical charity would be an important 
 adjunct to the mission plant; and Dr. Street deserves 
 both honor and praise for the very efficient and success- 
 ful way he has brought it thus far. 
 
 The Governor of Kyoto and the authorities of the 
 city, county, and University hosiptals have been most 
 kind and sympathetic towards the work and recognize 
 the place and need of St. Peter's in the community. 
 It would certainly seem that in a city the size of Kyoto 
 there should be abundance of work, and the Church 
 can well make use of the extra lever and influence such 
 an institution exerts. 
 
 In almost every town in Japan there are to be found 
 hospitals ; but our Church has only St. Luke's in Tokyo, 
 and St. Barnabas' in Osaka; and given the proper 
 plant, there is absolutely no reason why St. Peter's 
 should not do more for the Church in Kyoto than either. 
 The city is much smaller, hospitals fewer and of poorer 
 quality, and hence the influence would be much more 
 widely felt. 
 
 Dr. Laning of St. Barnabas' well said in speaking 
 of hospitals: "If there is a place for them at home, 
 where Christianity prevails and churches abound and 
 wealth runs riot, why should there not be a great need 
 for them in Japan, where real charity is yet so scarce 
 and meted out so niggardly and only the very small 
 minority are Christians?" Kyoto has no Christian 
 
124 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 hospital and now is the time to establish one and let 
 bt. Peter s it grow up ^^ the church. 
 
 Dispensary The Bishop ^shes to raise $50,000 to purchase a 
 
 suitable site on one of the hills overlooking the city 
 
 and to erect thereon a suitable, thoroughly equipped, 
 
 modern institution for medical work. He hopes this 
 
 may commend itself to all lovers of the Church and 
 
 Church institutions. Here surely is an opportunity 
 
 for some generous soul to exercise a privilege which 
 
 perhaps may never again offer. What an opportunity 
 
 for a memorial to some loved one laid away in the 
 
 silent "God's acre." 
 
 And what blessings are in store for the hundreds of 
 poor, toiling, pain-ridden, suffering ones, who are to 
 find bodily comfort through such ministrations. But 
 after all, this is only the least part of the work of a 
 Christian hospital in Japan. How many souls sin- 
 sick and wearied with the burden of making ends meet 
 across the bridges and chasms of life, shall return to 
 their homes bringing a knowledge of a Savior's love, 
 and His message to those He came to save. 
 
 Hospitals have done and are doing much in Japan, 
 but no city offers a wider field for real enterprising 
 medical missionary labors than Kyoto. 
 
 st. mary's church 
 
 If anyone doubts the ability of the Church to reach 
 the better class of University students, he has simply 
 to go to Kyoto, visit this beautiful mission chapel in 
 the upstairs part of the Priest's house, and see the class of 
 men who attend, and the service, to be entirely satisfied. 
 
 Five years ago St. Mary's had no existence, nor was 
 there any work being done by any denomination what- 
 ever among the students of the University; to-day one 
 of the strongest congregations in that district, number- 
 ing nearly a hundred in all, bears witness to what is 
 being done. A truly Catholic congregation without 
 a real parish or parish church, save the little rooms 
 mentioned. 
 
KYOTO 125 
 
 "At my first service," said Rev. Mr. Cuthbert, "I , 
 
 had one Christian and three unbelievers ; three weeks 5J* M ^ry s 
 later I admitted my first Catechumen," and he added, ^ nurcl1 
 "God has blessed this work." In two and a half 
 years there have been one hundred and nine Catechu- 
 mens, twenty-four baptisms and fifty-nine confirmat- 
 tions. All this has been done single-handed; no 
 native catechist to assist over the hard spots; no 
 "past master" in the art oiKosai (Japanese etiquette) 
 to smooth over the unintentional acts of rudeness so 
 often committed by the uninitiated; no guiding hand 
 to steer him clear of the many dangers so common 
 during the first years of missionary effort. Truly in- 
 deed could he say his work had been blessed. 
 
 Altogether this work has long ago outgrown the 
 "upper room," and a church properly equipped is an 
 absolute necessity if the work is to be carried on as 
 intended. This is especially true now, for the very 
 good reason that hitherto no women attended the 
 services and no complications seemed likely. During 
 the past year, however, the female attendance has be- 
 gun and compelled the Priest to formulate new plans. 
 In Japan it is the custom to seat women and men 
 separately; the custom is as old as the Church, and a 
 very good one, and to attempt to disregard it would 
 be to blind oneself to the necessities and conditions 
 existing. 
 
 Mr. Cuthbert speaks of the great difficulty en- 
 countered training students previously baptized in 
 protestant denominations; a little knowledge of the 
 Bible in most cases seems to be all the teaching 
 thought necessary for Baptism and the difficulty of 
 properly preparing such Christians for Confirmation 
 is always very great. 
 
 Many of the catechumens are drawn from the fine 
 Sunday school, a work absolutely unique in that it 
 is taught by the young men of the congregation. It 
 is thoroughly Churchly in its tone and teaching ; there 
 is no uncertain voice here, and to hear some of those 
 
126 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 „, m » little tots during the Catechetical session, is some- 
 
 Churh 7 * thing t0 re i° ice the heart - 
 
 If any one at home thinks strong Church teaching 
 
 out of place in Japan or proper ornate ritual out of 
 
 place in a land whose every movement is an act of 
 
 ritual, let him go to St. Mary's and see in an unbiased 
 
 and dispassionate sense what the Church is capable 
 
 of doing, and let him judge fairly. It was our pleasure 
 
 to celebrate the Holy Communion in this chapel once, 
 
 and the memory of that «beautiful service is still with 
 
 us: the quiet devotion, the profound reverence, the 
 
 real spirit of worship manifested. There could be no 
 
 doubt about the teaching then. 
 
 There is also another side to this work which must 
 not be overlooked, — the training school. This is 
 intended for men from the University. The Church 
 hitherto has had no men of Japanese university edu- 
 cation among her clergy and such men are greatly 
 needed. At the end of the present school year this 
 church is to have the honor of sending two young men 
 to the Trinity Divinity School in Tokyo. A nucleus 
 truly, but what may we not hope for from such earnest, 
 thorough, devout training? 
 
 Rev. Mr. Cuthbert has given himself to this work; 
 the students find in him teacher, friend, companion, all 
 combined. He is always at their service, always ready 
 to help them and encourage them; is it any wonder 
 they render him a loyalty as true and devoted as the 
 old Samurai rendered to their lord? 
 
 This mission is one of the most promising in the 
 Kyoto District, and it merits the prayers of all faith- 
 ful Church people of every shade of thought. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 Kyoto Diocese: Osaka 
 
 Christ Church — St. John's Church — St. John's Church Orphan 
 Asylum — St. Paul's Church — Hakuaisha — St. Barnabas' 
 Hospital. 
 
 Osaka to-day, with a population of nearly a million 
 and rapidly increasing each year, is the most distinctly 
 native and certainly the most stirring and progressive 
 city in the Empire. It is distinctly a commercial 
 town. It is the Chicago of Japan. 
 
 Osaka has one of the finest castles in the country 
 built about 1583 and now used as a home for a vast 
 army. It has also some fine temples, the Hong- 
 wan ji, East and West, the Tennoji, founded about 
 600 A. D., in which is the "Indo no Kane" or "Bell of 
 Leading," rung so that one of its faithful may lead the 
 dead to Paradise. Ikudama no Jinja is dedicated to 
 the patron deity of the city. 
 
 A fine river flows through the city, and canals in- 
 tersect it also in many directions. Both of these are 
 largely used in the hot evenings of summer by boat- 
 ing crowds who are enjoying the breeze on the water. 
 
 All day and all night long one hears the scream of 
 steam whistle from factory or steam boat; the con- 
 stant shouting of the thousands of boatmen who push 
 heavily-laden flat-bottomed craft up and down the 
 river with long poles against their shoulders; the good 
 natured banter or the friendly interchange of greet- 
 ings as they pass. 
 
 The Church has been at work in Osaka since 1871, 
 when Rev. A. R. Morris began his residence, though our 
 
Osaka 
 
 128 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 work has never gone beyond the three parishes already 
 formed, with the hospital and two orphanages. The 
 Church was much busier years ago than now. It is 
 said that the present diocesan intends opening no 
 more new work there, and that he has made an agree- 
 ment with the English Bishop to that effect. 
 — Of the older workers only Dr. Laning and Miss Leila 
 Bull remain, for both Dr. Correll and Miss Laning 
 are new additions. To miss either of these first two 
 from the Church's work would seem as though we were 
 not planted there. For many years Miss Bull taught 
 the Bible women of that district single-handed, and 
 also assisted in one of the girls' schools under C. M. 
 S. auspices. Few women in the field to-day have won 
 for themselves quite the place in the affections of a 
 people that is held by Miss Bull in Japan. All the 
 parishes in Osaka claim her and all receive some part 
 of her time. Christ Church Sunday school, St. John's 
 Church Orphanage, and the board of directors of the 
 Hakuaisha* all receive some portion of her attention. 
 Dr. Laning and Miss Bull are a team that almost any 
 parish would be proud to number on its list. 
 
 Some day this city is destined to become a separate 
 Diocese, and no city offers a wider field for missionary 
 work and enterprise. Many of the native Clergy 
 already feel that this, rather than Tokyo, ought to be 
 first Diocese of the Nippon Sei Ko Kwai. 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH 
 
 The present Christ Church, in what was formerly 
 the Concession, or Kawa guchi, is one of the oldest 
 Christian congregations in the Empire. 
 
 Rev. A. R. Morris came to Osaka in 1871, and shortly 
 after began what was known as St. Timothy's Chapel. 
 For many years this served the double purpose of 
 house of worship for foreigner and native alike, and 
 still later as chapel for the girls' school in the settle- 
 ment. Because of some internal dissension, part of 
 
 * Hakuaisha. Widely Loving Society. 
 
ST. MARY'S MISSION, KYOTO 
 
Christ 
 
 OSAKA 129 
 
 the congregation split off and formed a separate con- 
 gregation known as the Holy Communion, and for 
 many years did excellent work as a distinctively native kkurcn 
 church, though a little close to St. Timothy's for 
 successful evangelization. During the oversight of 
 Bishop Hare these two congregations were merged 
 and brought together in one under the new name of 
 Christ Church. 
 
 Nearly all the foreign Clergy who have lived in Osaka 
 have at some period been in charge of this church and 
 congregation, and some of the best men among the 
 native clergy received their first impressions of the 
 faith and received their Baptism in this church. 
 
 About eight years ago the present incumbent Rev. 
 Mr. Naide was called to the parish, and the work has 
 grown rapidly and has become almost self-supporting, 
 with a fine congregation of upwards of a hundred com- 
 municants. One of the features of this parish is its 
 "cottage meetings" in the houses of the parishioners; 
 each one becoming responsible in turn for the bring- 
 ing in of new hearers, and advertising the service in 
 the neighborhood. 
 
 The system is properly organized and the results 
 are most encouraging. The church also supports a 
 night school, "Air en Ya Gakko," for children and 
 others who cannot attend the primary schools. In 
 this way a great deal of personal influence is brought 
 to bear upon many of the younger ones, and gradually 
 they are brought to Sunday school and church. This 
 is a most hopeful parish. 
 
 st. john's church 
 
 This church was begun nearly twenty years ago as 
 a mission of St. Timothy's (now Christ Church), by 
 one of the foreign Clergy then residing in Osaka. Who- 
 ever it was that selected the site showed keen judg- 
 ment: no location in Osaka is better for work among 
 the business class of people; and the number of finan- 
 ciers and others which this church has trained and 
 
130 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 put into use — and which She needs so badly — has 
 
 Ch h * P roved the wisd 0111 of tne choice. 
 
 r One of the earliest workers in the mission was Mr. 
 
 Otsuka, now manager of the Kankai Railway, whose 
 zeal and work in those pioneer days gave remarkable 
 evidence of the ability to be displayed in later years. 
 Parish lines are not very sharply drawn in Japan, so 
 this church has ample scope, and opportunity. It is 
 only necessary to say that it is in the centre of this 
 great busy city, the most distinctively Japanese city 
 in the Empire. All about and around it are streets 
 and alleys full of busy active life, day and night in 
 succession, without cessation or rest from toil. The 
 merchant, mechanic, artisan, of every grade and 
 variety, are found here; here is his life, his work. He 
 sees very little outside this life and cares less for aught 
 else. Here in the midst of all this noisy bustle and 
 restless beehive activity, is the little church of St. 
 John's. It would seem to be out of place there, did 
 one not know the difference between the Church and 
 the world. One works with the blast of trumpets, 
 the other with the "quietness and confidence" which 
 ultimately bring success. The congregation is a 
 sample of the surroundings; it is a congregation of 
 business men, a species difficult to reach anywhere, 
 but especially so in Japan. For here Sunday is at 
 best but a legal holiday, and the man of business finds 
 the same objection to leaving his work on this as any 
 other day, and his loss through closing would be a 
 serious matter and one to be reckoned with. Touch 
 a man's pocket and you touch a vital spot; no other 
 part is nearly so sensitive and painful; hence the 
 difficulty experienced in gathering large classes in 
 this parish. As a rule, however, such people when 
 convinced become very strong Christians. Last year 
 nine persons were baptized and confirmed from among 
 a class of people never touched here before, and 
 from a district never worked before; and as the circle 
 
OSAKA 131 
 
 of influence widens, one may easily expect the number „ , _ . , 
 of converts to increase in proportion. " , 
 
 The church and property are entirely free from debt, 
 and it is hoped that at no distant date the present 
 building, now getting too small, may be moved aside 
 and used for a chapel and parish house, and a new 
 church, adequate to the requirements of this rapidly 
 growing parish, built to take its place. 
 
 Rev. K. Hayakawa is the right man in the right 
 place. He was educated in the United States at 
 Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., and the Berkeley Di- 
 vinity School in Middletown, and is quite equal to 
 the demands. He too feels that the war had the effect 
 of bringing more enquirers to his church than anything 
 else in years, and this result has led to a steady in- 
 crease in the congregation. 
 
 The Sunday school of more than one hundred chil- 
 dren, while primarily to educate the children of Chris- 
 tian parents in the rudiments of the faith, is making a 
 noble and successful fight for those of outsiders — only 
 about two or three are Christians. The result is that 
 the Church's influence is being brought through the 
 children, into homes where the Gospel light has never 
 before penetrated, and is making converts. This 
 church is partly self supporting, and is looking forward 
 to the time when it will be an independent parish. 
 
 st. John's church orphan asylum 
 
 A notable feature of this parish is its Orphan Asylum. 
 Why is it that the Church is so behind in this great 
 work of love and charity? It is the only parish orphan- 
 age in existence and is either very little known to the 
 Church outside, or else very little cared for. Surely 
 its scant support cannot be due to the latter cause. 
 The children, boys and girls, are housed together in 
 one building, and the necessity for proper separation 
 of the sexes requires a wasteful use of valuable space. 
 If the building could be used for either sex, double 
 the good could be done in half the space. 
 
132 
 
 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 St. John's 
 Church 
 Orphan 
 Asylum 
 
 The original work began in a small building in the 
 rear of the church rectory ; but as time passed and the 
 need of larger quarters became evident, it also became 
 evident that the property on which the building stood 
 had so increased in value that, if sold, sufficient money 
 would be realized to buy land in a part of the city 
 much more desirable for an orphanage, where plenty 
 of fresh air and room to play would be available. This 
 was done and the children moved. The present build- 
 ing was given by a friend of St. John's; it is hoped 
 however that at no distant date a second building 
 will be given so that the children, boys and girls, may 
 be divided, and also to enable Mr. Hayakawa to in- 
 crease and enlarge the institution and its sphere of 
 influence. A chapel has been fitted for the daily serv- 
 ice of the children all of whom are Christians. "Train 
 up a child in the way he should go, and when he is 
 old he will not depart from it." 
 
 There is no better investment for the future of the 
 Church of Japan than institutional work; nothing 
 appeals to the heart of man more than the waif, the 
 stray, the desolate. Of the children the Saviour said 
 "Their angels do always behold the face of my Father 
 which is in Heaven." Just think of it, five yen, ($2.50) 
 native currency supports a child a month, what an 
 opportunity for the philanthropist. 
 
 The asylum is governed by a board of directors and 
 a standing committee, of which Miss Bull, so well 
 known at home and in Japan, has since its inception 
 been one; and it has the hearty sympathy, endorse- 
 ment, and blessing of the Bishop of the Diocese. 
 
 st. paul's church 
 
 Does good ever come out of evil? St. Paul's church 
 and congregation is the result of a disagreement 
 among the worshipers of St. Timothy's which sent 
 twelve of the people to seek pastures new and to build 
 a church where they could worship according to their 
 conscience. 
 
OSAKA 133 
 
 For many years this church was self-supporting, 
 but the location was not of the wisest selection, and jjj" ^ s 
 although the church has done much good and very ^ hurcl1 
 necessary work, and still has a fair congregation, the 
 district is one of the most difficult in the city, and it is 
 only a matter of time when the present site must be 
 vacated for a better one among a different class of 
 people. Osaka, like other cities, has grown rapidly; 
 and what was once a residence neighborhood has 
 changed to a business section, in this case a wholesale 
 business district, which leaves practically no scope 
 for evangelisitc work. With an endowment the church 
 would be justified in staying for the noon-day work 
 it is possible to do ; but endowment is far in the future, 
 and the one great difficulty the Sei Ko Kwai has to con- 
 tend with. 
 
 The financial question is a serious one, and, with 
 the exception of stability in the faith, the most impor- 
 tant question which the Church has before Her to- 
 day. Before the day of endowments must come 
 the day of self-supporting parishes; but every single 
 individual parish in both of the two Districts, is still 
 very far from self-support at present. 
 
 If, however, St. PauFs church can live through the 
 troublous times until the day of endowments arrives, 
 she will have done herself great honor and conferred 
 lasting good on the Church in Osaka, and in particu- 
 lar, on the District in which she is domiciled. Con- 
 gregations are fair and the Sunday school attendance 
 good; increases are noted yearly, and much is being 
 accomplished under the hard working Priest. In 
 reality this ought to be called a "down town parish," 
 and all city Clergy know well what that means. 
 
 HAKUAISHA 
 
 Among the other institutions of a charitable nature 
 in this Diocese is one which calls for mention here, 
 the "Hakuaisha", or "Widely Loving Society Orphan- 
 age," of Osaka. 
 
Hakuaisha 
 
 134 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 The object of this society is to gather, care for, and 
 educate morally and spiritually, orphans and other 
 destitute children, to fit and train them for the battle 
 of life; and as far as possible to make Christians of 
 them. It is purely a charitable institution, and as 
 such commends itself to all who are interested in the 
 training of waif and stray. 
 
 No more devoted people could be found anywhere 
 than Mr. Kobashi and his wife, and Miss Hayashi, 
 who are in charge of the orphanage; such people are 
 the salt of the earth wherever found, and these are 
 doing the work of God in faith and love with all the 
 light He has given them. 
 
 This ought not, however, to be confounded with 
 the regular Church or diocesan institutions; it has 
 the Bishop's sympathy and is also now under Church 
 auspices, but not under Church control. It is gov- 
 erned by a board of directors, twelve in number, four 
 of whom are not members of the Church. At present 
 the religious work is carried on by and under the di- 
 rection of Dr. Correll, who is authority for the state- 
 ment that this institution is now in fact thoroughly 
 Churchly in spirit. 
 
 The home was founded by the brother of the present 
 director, and was the immediate outcome of the dread- 
 ful Gifu earthquake of 1891, when so many thousands 
 of people lost their lives. Mr. Kobashi, Sr., was 
 attracted to the scene by the dreadful tales of woe 
 heard on all sides, and at once saw the great need of 
 some asylum for the destitute orphans and others left 
 without provision for the future. He at once began 
 to formulate plans for what he intended making his 
 life work. The work had little more than begun when 
 two years later he died. 
 
 He left his undeveloped plans to his brother, the 
 present director, who manfully assumed the weight 
 and burden. The home was at that time situated in 
 Tokyo, but soon it was discovered that the metropo- 
 lis was not the place for an orphanage depending 
 
OSAKA 135 
 
 largely on its own exertions for support; so it was 
 
 moved to its present site on the outskirts of the city ±lakuaisha 
 
 of Osaka. Bishop Williams assisted the manager 
 
 greatly, giving generously in many instances when 
 
 help was most needed. 
 
 During the famine of 1906 this orphanage, with only 
 sufficient room to accommodate those already within, 
 as a venture of faith took fifty children from the famine 
 stricken district for whom no visible means of support 
 had been previously provided. 
 
 The children are taught to be as far as possible 
 self-sustaining and an industrial system has been intro- 
 duced with this object in view. Rope, candles, and 
 tooth brushes are made in the home. There is also 
 a farm, bought by the director, and now given over 
 by him to be worked and used for the benefit of the 
 institution. Those who are old enough are taught 
 to work the farm and thus become a source of revenue 
 to the Orphanage. 
 
 The Japanese have always taken a kindly interest 
 in the effort being made for the waifs and strays, and 
 are most generous. The work is also well known, un- 
 der the name of the " Widely Loving Society," among 
 Church people and others in America, who have been 
 most generous in contributing scholarships for the 
 support of individual pupils. The institution has no 
 settled sources of income, other than these here 
 named. As a work of love and charity it should ap- 
 peal to the sympathy of the public. 
 
 Dr. Correll, now Priest in charge of the religious work, 
 speaks very encouragingly and hopefully of the work 
 among the children. 
 
 Miss Laning, daughter of Dr. Laning the mission 
 doctor, has also recently been given work there, and 
 those who know her and the little Sunday school which 
 as a child she conducted in the Doctor's house, may be 
 assured that all is going well for the cause of Christ 
 and the salvation of those little ones so dear to Him. 
 
 The present Diocesan, Dr. Partridge, no less than 
 
St. 
 
 136 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 his predecessors, has often assisted the Orphanage 
 9 financially and gives it his blessing. Church orphan- 
 Barnabas a g es are altogether too few in Japan. If there be one 
 Hospital institution more than another which should demand 
 
 our attention and which is sure of giving returns in 
 
 souls for investment in money, such an one is certainly 
 
 an orphanage. 
 
 ST. BARNABAS' HOSPITAL 
 
 St. Barnabas' hospital has come to be regarded as 
 an old landmark of Osaka, and during the twenty- 
 five or more years of its existence, has made a reputa- 
 tion for charitable and Christian purpose as enviable 
 as any institution in the Empire. 
 
 Hospital work goes back only to 1873 when Dr. 
 Laning came to Osaka in response to Bishop Wil- 
 liams' appeal, to begin this much needed work. Has 
 it been a success? No, if you count hospitals by the 
 size of the ground they cover or the increased number 
 of physicians they employ; but if thousands of suffer- 
 ers, who year after year have come and gone cured 
 of their physical ailments, or the thousands now doing 
 their work in the world, or rejoicing in the Paradise 
 of God; if these be any proof of successful effort, lo, 
 these many years, then St. Barnabas' efforts cannot 
 be surpassed. 
 
 Dr. Laning began his work when Japan had no 
 Christian and very few government hospitals. He 
 began in a native house in the city, part of which was 
 used as a "Kogisho," that is preaching place, and no 
 in-patients were received. All work had to be done 
 through an interpreter, which proved to be an unsatis- 
 factory, and in a few cases a dangerous way of treating 
 patients, so he began the study of the language for 
 his own benefit and satisfaction, and the results proved 
 most gratifying. There was much prejudice in those 
 days. The old fashioned medicine man, now almost 
 unknown, was still an institution and one to be reck- 
 oned with. There was no Christianity to assist in 
 
 -. — ..■■■ 
 
o 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 d 
 
 t- 1 
 k} 
 
 F 
 O 
 
 < 
 
 i— i 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 w 
 o 
 
OSAKA 137 
 
 removing them; that came later and the Doctor him- 
 self "had some little part in it." ®*' f 
 
 After a year in this first building, the dispensary Barnabas 
 was moved to a larger house, the front step of which Hospital 
 served for sometime as a preaching place for Rev. 
 A. R. Morris; the upstairs rooms wee fitted for pa- 
 tients, though not more than three or four could be 
 attended to, and this building did duty until the 
 building of the St. Barnabas' in KawaguchL* 
 
 A second dispensary was opened in a distant sec- 
 tion of the city, with the intention of making it into 
 a school for medical students; but it had finally to be 
 abandoned as impracticable. Mr. Quimby however 
 held classes and gave lectures on Christianity, but the 
 result was far from encouraging. Much disappoint- 
 ment was felt in particular over the two "nice boys" 
 of the school, whom everyone had expected would 
 become Christian. With the closing of the school 
 they disapppeared among so many others and it seemed 
 that little more than wasted years had resulted. 
 
 Seven years passed away, during which St. Barnabas' 
 had been built, new assistants had come, and Mr. 
 Quimby had returned to his native heath. One day 
 a man called at the hospital and the Doctor discovered 
 one of the two "nice boys" of old days. He was now 
 a Christian, and had a common cause with the Doctor, 
 and together they talked over old times. The second 
 "nice boy" had also become a Christian and a doctor, 
 and succeeded, as is the custom, to the practice of 
 his father, who was a physician. He had by his per- 
 sonal life and influence been successful in bringing 
 almost his whole village to a knowledge of the truth. 
 "My! my!" the Doctor remarked, "what changes 
 have taken place since those years!" So they have, 
 Doctor. We also have seen some changes. 
 
 The work being done in this hospital cannot be 
 reckoned by figures. The Doctor is not only a physi- 
 cian but a Christian gentleman whose first thought 
 
 *Kawaguchi. River mouth. A district of Osaka. 
 
St. 
 
 138 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 is for the Church; every person connected with it is 
 , a Christian; and an in-patient for any length of time 
 
 Barnabas . fl a i most cer tain to become one. 
 
 Hospita rp]^ g _k a ^ cons -[ s t s f D r Laning, two native doctors, 
 
 several nurses, and a Bible woman who makes the 
 hospital patients her special charge. A more efficient, 
 capable woman it would be impossible to find. Dur- 
 ing the war almost 900 soldiers were treated free, and 
 the work of this faithful woman, Kashiuchi San, 
 gained for her the name of the "soldiers' mother." 
 Many who otherwise would never have known any- 
 thing of Christianity became familiar with it there. 
 On one occasion a young soldier, badly wounded, 
 was brought to the hospital, where it was soon discov- 
 ered that he had but a short time to live. This woman 
 taught what was possible of the love of Christ and the 
 propitiation made for man on the Cross. The man 
 died in the faith; and his father, who from time to 
 time had listened from the adjoining room, seeing his 
 son's death, also came to believe. 
 
 Last year 10,362 patients were treated, of whom 
 3,500 were cared for without charge. The doctor's 
 plan, and an excellent one, among a people of such 
 sturdy independence, is to charge a fee when possible ; 
 those who cannot pay are treated free. With the 
 exception of the foreign doctor's salary the hospital, 
 notwithstanding charity patients, practically pays 
 all its expenses. 
 
 It is seldom the Church meets with just such men 
 as Dr. Laning, of such sterling qualities, such Chris- 
 tian courage, always the Christian missionary. Pro Deo 
 et Ecclesia may be truly said of him. It is just such 
 phases of his character which has made him so loved 
 among all classes, and St. Barnabas' is a household 
 name among all grades of society in Osaka. 
 
CHAPTER X 
 Kyoto Diocese: Country Stations 
 
 Wakayama — Marusa and Hashimoto — Nara — Maizura — Miyazu 
 — Kaya Valley — Obama — Tsuruga — Fukui — Kanazawa. 
 
 Wakayama is a large town of nearly 70,000 inhabi- 
 tants, and is the capital of Kii province. It is some- 
 thing of a seaport, at the entrance to the beautiful 
 Osaka bay. The fine castle here is one of the few 
 left in the Empire unspoiled by modern advancement. 
 It is said that one of the ancient daimyo of this place, 
 himself a Christian, during one of the great periods of 
 persecution gathered the Christians into his castle 
 and refused to yield them up to their enemies ; however 
 this may be, the name of this great man is still revered 
 by all Christians familiar with the history of that age. 
 This town has the honor of having given birth to 
 some of the finest men in the Japanese Church to-day. 
 
 Work was begun there some time in 1882 by one of 
 the men from Osaka. Preaching services were con- 
 ducted in theatres or other buildings where large 
 crowds could be congregated; but those were troub- 
 lous times and services were very often interrupted or 
 broken up and not much good seemed to result from 
 them. In 1883 a Kogisho* was rented, a cate- 
 chist sent to reside there and regular services begun. 
 The same year saw the first baptism. Three years 
 later the mission had advanced to such a degree that 
 a regular parish was established and named the "Holy 
 Comforter," and Rev. Mr. Page was put in charge. 
 
 *Kogi8Ho. Preaching place. 
 
140 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 In 1898 Rev. K. Hayakawa was sent to take charge 
 Wakaya- f ^q work, and much was done during his short 
 ma ministry there. In 1899 Rev. R. W. Andrews was 
 
 also sent to join the staff, and assist Mr. Hayakawa. 
 A school for English students was opened and much 
 was hoped from this work which promised to be such 
 a feeder for the Church. But other places needed 
 men so badly that Mr. Andrews was sent North to 
 open work at Mito ; and almost immediately after this 
 Mr. Hayakawa was called to St. John's Church, Osaka. 
 Since then there has been no resident Priest. 
 
 It will be remembered by many that it was here 
 that Miss Williamson died; that good woman, whom 
 everyone loved, and who in only a short time there 
 had endeared herself to the hearts of all the people. 
 
 Miss Williamson had never been able to master the 
 language but the work she accomplished was marvel- 
 lous, and some of the little stories told of her are very 
 amusing. "Now children," she was wont to say, "I 
 hope you have all studied your Nichiyo Gakko Sunday- 
 school lesson. " To those not accustomed to the lan- 
 guage this will not appeal, unless I tell them that 
 "Nichiyo Gakko" and " Sunday school" are the same. 
 May she rest in peace. 
 
 After her death, Mrs. E. S. Smith was sent to take 
 up Miss Williamson's work; and all speak of her very 
 efficient work and the good accomplished among 
 women and students. During the past year Mr. 
 Okamoto, the catechist, was advanced to the diaconate, 
 and both he and Dr. Correll, the present Priest in charge, 
 speak of the encouraging outlook in this fine town. 
 The move in buying property and removing the church 
 from a location where religious feeling has ever op- 
 posed it, has lent new life to the work. A new church 
 also, so badly needed, is looked for, and then once 
 more we may expect other men like those already given 
 to the Church to be raised up here in Wakayama. 
 
 
KYOTO COUNTRY STATIONS 141 
 
 MARUSA AND HASHIMOTO 
 
 Marusa and Hashimoto are two important fields 
 of labor, worked from Wakayama. The first is in 
 the mountains and can never be more than a small 
 mission, but it has been a good nursery and every year 
 sees many Christians join the parish rolls in the larger 
 towns as a result of this work. The latter has had 
 work in it for many years, and with the railroad run- 
 ning near it is in time destined to grow, as all other 
 towns on railway lines. With increased population 
 one can look for a greater field of usefulness for the 
 Church. This mission is doing excellent work amid 
 many discouragements, and its Sunday school work 
 alone would be a sufficient reason for the presence 
 of a catechist in this place. 
 
 This whole district Dr. Correll thinks is growing 
 and the Church increasing in influence and power, 
 and during the coming year it is expected to show a 
 larger number of converts than has fallen to its lot 
 for many years. 
 
 NARA 
 
 Nara, about two or three hours' ride from Osaka, 
 is one of the show places in the country. Its beauti- 
 ful park in which deer roam about in the tamest man- 
 ner, the great Todaiji in which stands the largest 
 "Daibutsu" in Japan, the many relics of ancient days 
 when from 708 to 782 A. D. it was the capital of the 
 Empire, all combine to make it a place of interest to 
 the tourist. Indeed, the people have been so accus- 
 tomed for years to expect such guests, at least during 
 two seasons of the year, that the majority of them 
 make their living by the sale of carved ivories and 
 other curios to the traveller. 
 
 The Church formerly conducted a Chu Gakko or 
 Middle School in Nara, which did good work for many 
 years and exerted a moral influence throughout the 
 community. When the Anti-Religious Bill was passed 
 by the Japanese Government this school, with nearly 
 
142 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 all others throughout the Empire supported by Chris- 
 tian Churches at home, was closed, because it was not 
 deemed right to take consecrated Christian money to 
 support an institution in which no religious teaching 
 of any kind was permitted. 
 
 The buildings at present are being used as church, 
 Sunday school, parish house, club rooms, and for such 
 other work as is conducted by the Church. Then 
 again it was for awhile headquarters for the Brother- 
 hood of St. Andrew. Good men like the present Rev. 
 Charles Evans and Mr. F. E. Wood labored there in 
 the capacity of Secretary of the Brotherhood, and did 
 much work for the Church, creditable to themselves 
 and to the society. But when they left us no one was 
 sent to take their places, which was a serious loss to 
 the Church, especially in Nara. 
 
 The mission was begun by the present Bishop of 
 Tokyo, when still a Priest in Osaka ; many men have 
 come and gone since then, but we feel that after all 
 better days are in store for Nara than it is passing 
 through now. The Rev. Chas. Reif snider worked 
 there some time and built up an excellent night school 
 of more than a hundred students. Before each ses- 
 sion a religious address was given by some one ap- 
 pointed, and much good was accomplished. Mr. 
 Reif snider was needed for other work and Dr. I. 
 Correll was sent to replace him. Few foreigners in 
 Japan can use the native dialect as well as he. One 
 might well mistake him for a native as he drops in the 
 hundred and one little dots and dashes, so meaningless, 
 but yet so necessary for the perfection of Japanese 
 speech. 
 
 Other missions under the care of the Priest in charge 
 of Nara are Tawaramoto and Sakurai. The latter is 
 badly in need of new buildings; no effective work can 
 ever be accomplished under present conditions. Taw- 
 aramoto seems to be taking on new life and much is 
 looked for in the future. 
 
 Matsuyama, Haibara, San-ban-matsu, and Kami- 
 
KYOTO COUNTRY STATIONS 143 
 
 ichi, all in Yamato province, are increasing in interest, 
 and the future looks bright. Classes are well attended 
 and services regular. 
 
 MAIZURU 
 
 Maizuru is a very old town of about 10,000 popula- 3i a i zum 
 tion, the centre of commerce for that district; port of 
 call for the great shipping trade of the " Nippon Yusen 
 Kwaisha" between Tsuruga and the north; head- 
 quarters of the steamship line from Miyazu. At 
 present it is a town of much importance, and it is likely 
 to become much more so in the future. The govern- 
 ment has already begun preparations for naval and 
 commercial canals, and docks for its navy, which as 
 soon as completed will make it the port of a big line 
 of shipping to Vladivostoc. After Osaka it is destined 
 to become the leading port and city in the Empire. 
 Hence, when the Bishop of Kyoto made this head- 
 quarters for the foreign Priest, he showed great judg- 
 ment and foresight in the selection. The people seem 
 to be more comfortable and prosperous than is usual 
 in the cities of this size, owning their own houses and 
 farms and otherwise showing a desire to advance them- 
 selves. 
 
 The Church has had an up-hill fight here for years; 
 Shinto seems to be still very strong and in this district 
 one still finds many relics of that old and very base 
 phallic worship. Rev. Mr. Gring feels that the younger 
 generation is of a different type, and this for two 
 reasons: first, the great progress made in education (it 
 is said Maizuru has the finest schools in the Kyoto dis- 
 trict); and secondly, the influence of Christianity dur- 
 ing the past ten years. 
 
 A catechist is in residence and doing well, but there 
 is no Church building and so no real home for those 
 who become Christians ; and as long as this condition ex- 
 ists so long will the work suffer. The intention is to 
 make this a real centre by building a good parish church 
 which may also serve for Shin Maizuru, the neighbor- 
 
Maizuru 
 
 144 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 ing town. In this way success would be assured. At 
 present very little can be done among the naval men or 
 merchant sailors for the same reason. It is proposed, 
 however, to start a men's club of such a nature that 
 these may be reached ; it would indeed be a power for 
 good in this whole district. 
 
 Shin Maizuru is one of the great stations for the 
 Japanese naval squadron. It is very cosmopolitan in 
 character because of the changes constantly occurring 
 in the naval force, and the variety of business nec- 
 essary in such places. For some years a catechist was 
 stationed here, who did much good work amid great 
 difficulties; but other places with fewer obstacles and 
 better prospects grew up so fast that the man had to 
 be moved to what had become more important work. 
 It is the old story of "supply and demand." The 
 Church cannot gather and train men fast enough to 
 meet the demands made upon Her. There are still 
 some Christians there who attend services at Maizuru, 
 and Mr. Gring ministers to them as he can. Yet here 
 is a great opportunity for work among this educated 
 class of naval gentlemen; by no means easy, and re- 
 quiring a man of special training and disposition, 
 whether foreign or native, elastic enough in his sym- 
 pathies to meet the many difficult problems almost sure 
 to be presented, and with ability to solve them. To 
 do this, however, a much better plant must be estab- 
 lished. It ought not to be either impossible or even 
 difficult to get such a man, and one who could bring 
 learning, courage, patience, and plenty of Yankee grit 
 would have a life's work enviable in its results and 
 pleasant in its associations. 
 
 MIYAZU 
 
 Now return to Maizuru and cross the beautiful 
 Miyazu Bay on one of the little joki-sen* and arrive 
 after a two hour, never-to-be-forgotten trip at Miyazu 
 one of the "San-hei" or "the three beautiful sights of 
 
 *J6ki sen. Steam boat. 
 
KYOTO COUNTRY STATIONS 145 
 
 Japan." Here : 'Ama no hashi date" or the "Heavenly 
 built bridge/ ' an old relic of nature worship, still has Ml y azu 
 the power of bringing many visitors both foreign and 
 native. The town lies at the head of the bay, and once 
 possessed a fine castle; it is famous not only for its 
 beauty but for its immorality. 
 
 Here Mr. Gring spends his summers, and by patient 
 care tries to lead his people onward. The Church is 
 strong here and, strange to relate, holds the field alone. 
 It is really a unique position ; for from this and Maizuru, 
 She commands the whole coast, which Mr. Gring feels 
 will be won eventually for the Church. 
 
 For years this work was hampered by lack of funds 
 to build a church. This has happily now been over- 
 come and the congregation are rejoicing over the pur- 
 chase of a fine building site, a house fitted for Church 
 services, and a parish house complete, in which the 
 work of the parish can be accommodated. There is 
 certainly a fine future for the Church here. 
 
 Much is also being done among the students of the 
 Middle School; classes for pupils, teachers, and others 
 have been formed, and a good start made among the 
 right sort of people, many of whom are eager and 
 anxious to know more of the mysteries of the Christian 
 faith. 
 
 KAYA VALLEY 
 
 About ten miles from Miyazu, the centre of the great 
 silk industry and a promising centre of Church work, 
 is a large district known as the Kay a Valley. Unlike 
 most places in Japan, the people here seldom change 
 their residence; which no doubt accounts for their 
 prosperity. A beautiful little church seating about 
 fifty or sixty persons was built a few years ago, with 
 parish house, Catechist's residence, and rooms for the 
 Priest attached. 
 
 The parish house seats 200 persons and is quite equal 
 to the demands of the work. The Church is really 
 discharging Her duty and occupies a peculiar place 
 
146 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 in the minds of the people; She is theirs, and as the 
 Kaya Cross looks down upon the valley, it seems to shed a 
 
 Valley special influence and power all around. Truly a won- 
 
 derful people are they in this little fertile spot. One 
 has to go in and out among them, learn their ways, and 
 know their hearts, before one can understand their needs. 
 It must not be supposed that work here has been 
 always easy. The people, notwithstanding their 
 gentleness and kindliness of heart, are very conserva- 
 tive, and the process of approach is neccessarily slow 
 and cautious. The time is rapidly approaching when 
 a native Priest must be found who can give his whole 
 time to this church and congregation. Native Clergy 
 have not worked in this place in years past because 
 of the difficulties of evangelization; but with a resi- 
 dent native Priest this whole valley will grow as the 
 Garden of the Lord. 
 
 There are also one or two other towns near by into 
 which we ought soon to enter, but they must wait 
 until more men are trained. One thing is certain, 
 the Church has no brighter prospects than those on 
 that part of the West Coast. 
 
 OBAMA 
 
 Obama is one of the large towns of the Tango pro- 
 vince, and was for some years under the priestly over- 
 sight of the Rev. Mr. Gring of Maizuru. The work 
 was begun by the present Bishop of Tokyo in the early 
 days when he was Priest in Osaka. The Church had 
 a fine start, and for years prospered greatly. 
 
 The history of this mission is interesting. More 
 than fifteen years ago, it is said, a Bible was sold in 
 Obama and came into the possession of a few people 
 who became deeply interested in this remarkable 
 book. Some inkling of this reached Osaka and Mr., 
 now Bishop, McKim went out to investigate, and 
 found several people who wished to receive Baptism. 
 It eventually became a thriving mission, and at one 
 time numbered nearly one hundred Christians. Bishop 
 
KYOTO COUNTRY STATIONS 147 
 
 Williams gave some money towards a church and a 
 native pastor was installed, the Rev. K. Tagawa, 
 now of the Tokyo cathedral. 
 
 It increased steadily for six or seven years; after 
 which, in the steady wave of emigration from that 
 town and province, the Church suddenly dropped 
 down to a few persons only, and the catechist was 
 moved to another field. Perhaps to account for this 
 great exit in the population one has to consider the 
 immense advantages other cities were offering at that 
 time above this one. It was not progressive in any 
 sense of the word and not until very recently were 
 the means of inlet and exit better than a springless 
 bassha* — by no means a desirable method of loco- 
 motion. At present, however, the Hankaku Rail- 
 way Co. has put on a fast line of boats from the end 
 of their line to Obama, and much is looked for in the 
 future. 
 
 As an evidence of its growing prosperity and impor- 
 tance it is assuming new proportions, and one may 
 necessarily expect the reversion to old days as new 
 Christians move in along with other people. Work 
 is still being done there, and though slow is sure to 
 bear much fruit in the future. The Church is alone 
 here. The missionary feels much encouraged over 
 the present prospects. 
 
 TSURUGA 
 
 Tsuruga, on a bay of the same name, is a town of 
 fisher folk for the most part, as is so common in Japan. 
 It has also a garrison of 5,000 men, which in no way 
 helps the morality of the town. 
 
 The Church has been established there for nineteen 
 years, the first few of which were stormy in the ex- 
 treme. "Only Divine guidance and the assurance 
 of ultimate success could have saved the Church to 
 Tsuruga," said one in telling of early beginnings; but 
 
 * Bassha. A sort of 'bus . 
 
 Obama 
 
148 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 # he added with a smile of confidence and relief "It is 
 uruga all over now; we have turned the corner." 
 
 For a few years not even a preaching place could 
 be procured, so the catechist finally rented a house 
 for himself, and in a private way talked Christianity. 
 After a year spent in this way the house was thrown 
 open as a public preaching place, and for five or six 
 years all went well. The increase and progress had 
 aroused opposition during those years, and now the 
 owner, under pressure from the Buddhists, refused 
 to rent his house any longer, and the few Christians 
 who had been gathered during those years were left 
 without a place of worship. It was a cruel blow, but 
 it said much for the material of those faithful Chris- 
 tian souls that they accepted the test, gave proper 
 proof of their faithfulness, and stood firm. During 
 that year one of them gave a ware-house, with the land 
 on which it stood, for a church, and at once preparations 
 were begun to make it into a proper place for worship. 
 
 But trouble had apparently only begun. On the 
 day of the dedication five hundred Buddhists assem- 
 bled prepared for mischief; and with sticks and stones 
 drove out the Christians, broke the windows, destroyed 
 the furniture, and the place was only saved from de- 
 struction by the timely arrival of the police. Many 
 were badly hurt. 
 
 The place was repaired and used until 1905, when 
 it caught fire and was burnt to the ground, the holy 
 vessels alone being saved from the wreck. Once more 
 the little flock was left homeless. It was a terrible trial 
 in the life of those who had already gone through 
 much for their faith. An old man, with only three 
 rooms, offered them at once for services. These rooms 
 were the upstairs of a repair shop for broken images, 
 and unless sentiment had greatly changed, it can be 
 readily seen how impossible it would be to hold any- 
 thing in the nature of a Christian service in such a 
 place. 
 
 The needs of the mission were soon made known 
 
KYOTO COUNTRY STATIONS 149 
 
 to the Church at home, and generous aid at once came 
 to the rescue of those good people. A new building lsuru sa 
 was completed and consecrated in December, 1905, 
 costing $1,500. A fairly representative assembly was 
 present at this service: his Honor the Mayor of the 
 city, the Chief of police, and some Buddhist priests, 
 who even donated trees and shrubs for the ground 
 around the building. 
 
 Certainly things have changed in Tsuruga during 
 these few years, and Mr. Reifsnider feels that the real 
 opposition is over,and that there is much encouragement 
 felt over the turn of the current, and also much hope 
 for the future. Since the consecration, more than 
 thirty catechumens have received instruction for 
 Baptism and Confirmation. Work has also been be- 
 gun among the soldiers at the garrison, with the know- 
 ledge and consent of the Commander, a warm personal 
 friend of Mr. Reifsnider's, and in various ways the 
 old-time feeling is passing away, and by God's mercy 
 a new era opening for the Church on that coast. 
 
 fukui 
 
 Fukui, a large town of 50,000, is the capital of the 
 province of Echizen, and, except for Kanazawa, the 
 largest on the West coast. Few towns have a history 
 to stir the hearts of a warrior people deeper than this. 
 They still love to linger over the stories of the days of 
 Shibata and Hideyoshi, of the battles fought and vic- 
 tories won. 
 
 Mr. Grims in his "Mikado's Empire" has much to say 
 of Fukui, where for some years he resided and taught 
 in the school, and the reader who cares for further 
 knowledge may turn to his book and investigate for 
 himself. It is still the great centre of the Buddhist 
 religion on the West coast, which is of the most militant 
 disposition, and has never ceased its hostility to Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 For many years the Church gained no foothold what- 
 ever, no property could be bought and no definite 
 
Fukui 
 
 150 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 work undertaken. It needed much courage openly 
 to profess a religion which had no place in the hearts 
 and minds of the community, and no home in the town. 
 To be sure there was a mission, but could it abide? 
 Was the Church there to stay? were questions asked 
 time and time again and amid the opposition only a 
 man bold in faith and courage would reply definitely, 
 "Yes." 
 
 The Nishi Hongwanji sect of Buddhism is very strong 
 there and most bitter in opposition. Boys were either 
 prevented from attending, or threatened with severe 
 punishment if they attended, Church services. The 
 feeling is changing and the opposition, so bitter and 
 unreasonable, is abating; but one must wait some time 
 yet ere it entirely disappears. Last year four candi- 
 dates for Baptism waited some months before deciding 
 on taking the final step which only would make them 
 Christians. 
 
 The Rev. Charles Reifsnider, who is in charge, is a 
 man of great courage and perseverance, mingled with 
 good, calm common sense, and the work is making 
 some headway. He has placed the Church right in 
 the eyes of the people, and if it can be said that any 
 kindly feeling can be felt there for Christianity, it 
 certainly is on the increase. The work is being done 
 on sound Church principles, and no doubt will advance 
 rapidly when a plant has been established there. At 
 present there is no church, only a small rented place 
 where services can be held, as is so often the case. The 
 pity of it! 
 
 During the late war difficult questions came up for 
 discussion. Russia was a Christian nation, at least in 
 name; what side then would Christianity take? The 
 interest taken by the Priest and people in the welfare 
 of the soldiers at the front, no less than for the wounded 
 at home, and the Church's donation of Yen 60* for the 
 sufferers, showed that whatever may be the mind of the 
 Church concerning war in general, there was no doubt 
 
 *Yen 60. About $30.00 gold. 
 
KYOTO COUNTRY STATIONS 151 
 
 about the attitude of the Christians toward this one in 
 particular, and much good resulted. Fukui 
 
 A fine English night school has been in operation for 
 some time, in which Mr. Reifsnider has the assistance 
 of his catechist and three other teachers. Through 
 this school he has been able to reach many of the 
 younger people and get into homes otherwise impos- 
 ible for him to enter. Some few out of this school 
 have already been baptized, and much is hoped from 
 it in the future. 
 
 KANAZAWA 
 
 Kanazawa is probably the third largest town in the 
 Kyoto jurisdiction, and noted alike for its commercial 
 and religious progress. The Rev. Isaac Dooman was 
 in charge of this mission many years and is still kindly 
 remembered by many in Kanazawa today. 
 
 The Rev. J. J. Chapman was sent there in 1900, and 
 a more successful term of service has seldom been 
 rendered. Kanazawa is a large student centre, and to 
 assist Mr. Chapman in opening up work among young 
 people Rev. J. A. Welbourn was sent for nearly a year. 
 Classes were formed and a night school opened for 
 those who desired to prepare themselves in special 
 departments; and since it was decidedly a religious 
 institution, the Church was greatly blessed in the num- 
 ber of converts. 
 
 Mr. Chapman married in about a year, and Mr. Wel- 
 bourn returned to take up new work in Tokyo 
 
 Miss Suthon also began an industrial school among 
 the women which has never ceased to do real religious 
 work. Indeed, the importance of such an institution 
 has become so manifest, and the returns in souls so 
 great, beside the fact that it affords employment to 
 many who would otherwise be destitute, that the 
 Church has seen the wisdom of making a small grant of 
 money for the better equipment of the school. 
 
 Obashi San, the deacon, who during the absence of 
 Mr. Chapman on vacation in 1907 did all the work 
 
152 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 single handed, has been in Kanazawa many years, and 
 anazawa ^ g i 00 k e( j U p n as part of the place. Kyoto Diocese 
 has had no greater returns anywhere than those made 
 by this mission, and the Bishop speaks of it in glowing 
 terms. 
 
MISSION WOMEN IN TRAINING SCHOOL 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 The Outlook 
 
 We have endeavored in the preceding pages to give 
 some idea of the work in two jurisdictions, in as con- 
 densed a form as possible, and we hope it may be useful 
 to those prosecuting mission studies in the Church at 
 home. We have kept as far as possible from vexatious 
 statistics, which very often puzzle the reader while 
 shedding no great light upon the history. 
 
 That the outlook for the Sei Ko Kwai is brighter than 
 ever in the past, there is not the shadow of a doubt. 
 The position which the members of Her fold have 
 made for themselves in the public mind; the strength 
 of religious character which dominates the faithful 
 everywhere; the confidence and trust placed in Her 
 children during the past few years; speak volumes for 
 the wealth of the inheritance which is to fall to them 
 in the future. 
 
 It is true that the Church at home has not sent as 
 many of Her sons and daughters to this field as many 
 of the protestant bodies; but among those raised up 
 from among the natives by any denomination what- 
 ever, many and good though they be, both in quality 
 and quantity, the Church's children take no second 
 place. There are those among them who we could 
 wish stood for stronger, and to our mind better, Church 
 principles ; but they are true to their principles as they 
 understand them. And let it be said here that those 
 who would wish to make the Church in Japan simply 
 a protestant denomination, are not the Japanese. The 
 Church has the deepest and most profound respect for 
 
154 THE JAPAN MISSION 
 
 those who conscientiously differ from Her in matters of 
 faith, but Her's is not the love which embraces to-day 
 and abuses to-morrow. 
 
 What a blessed thing it is that this Church is not 
 under human control entirely; that He who said "The 
 gates of Hell shall not prevail against Her," sent the 
 Holy Spirit to guide Her into all truth. The foreign 
 staff, no less than the native clergy, go steadily on 
 with their work of saving souls. 
 
 Bishop McKim says, "I have consecrated twenty 
 churches since I became Bishop," and Bishop Par- 
 tridge's work never looked more promising than at 
 present. 
 
 Twenty years ago there were two native workers, 
 and two in training. To-day there is a staff of about 
 thirty native Clergy alone, with twice as many cate- 
 chists and women assistants; a fine theological school 
 for Clergy, and schools for catechists and women helpers. 
 Moreover, the native Church hopes to have an endow- 
 ment of Yen 30,000 for a Bishop of Her own within 
 the next two years. 
 
 There has also come within the last few years a 
 feeling that the great work of the Church must be 
 among the youth of Japan — a most encouraging sign 
 — and with this in view every effort is bent towards 
 Sunday schools. Religious literature is improving, 
 and is much more widely used for the teaching and 
 instruction of the children. Sunday school cards 
 printed with well known Japanese figures embossed 
 with scripture passages are circulated freely; the re- 
 sult is that something of Christian truth and teach- 
 ing is daily finding its way into homes never before 
 entered, and indirectly influences the minds of the 
 readers. 
 
 Orphanages and kindergartens have increased and 
 enlarged their capacity, and yearly there pass out from 
 under the care of clean, moral, religious, God fearing 
 teachers, children of both sexes who have been taught 
 to live pure Christian lives. 
 
THE OUTLOOK 155 
 
 The little leaven leavens the whole lump. One 
 goes over the length and breadth of the Empire, and 
 meets with Christians everywhere: men and women 
 who are exerting a quiet influence on the lives of the 
 little community in which they live. They are the 
 seed of the Church; the missionary finds them there 
 and ministers to their spiritual needs, and through 
 their assistance is able to bring some knowledge of 
 Christ to others. 
 
 So the work goes on from year to year advancing, 
 " first the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn 
 in the ear." 
 
 If the work as here presented be not sufficient proof 
 of the presence of the Holy Spirit in this Church and, 
 under His guidance, of grace to propagate those blessed 
 truths which the Church has ever held and taught; 
 if we have failed to demonstrate to the thoughtful 
 person the wonderful progress made here in thirty 
 years; if we have left no impression that the work 
 of the past may and will be duplicated in the future a 
 thousand fold to the honor and glory of God; then 
 the fault lies only with us and our feeble presentation 
 of the case. If, however, we have aided one more 
 soul in his faith and love to God to recognize somewhat 
 more of his duty to his fellow man, and to aid him 
 in his search for truth as seen in Jesus Christ, then 
 our work has been blessed indeed. 
 
APPENDIX 
 The Pronunciation of Japanese Names 
 
 [Written by the Rev. A. W. Cooke, of the Diocese of T6ky6] 
 
 Much difficulty is experienced by those who have 
 no knowledge of the Japanese language, in the pro- 
 nunciation of the names of persons and places, which 
 occur in any account of Japan and things Japanese. 
 In order that the account given in this short history 
 of the Church's Mission to Japan may be more intel- 
 ligently read by those under whose notice it may 
 come, and with the hope that more accurate know- 
 ledge of the Mission work may be the result, a brief 
 explanation of the pronunciation of Japanese is here 
 attempted, inadequate though it be to the perfect 
 understanding of this difficult subject. 
 
 With but two exceptions, every syllable in a Japa- 
 nese word must end with a vowel. In other words, 
 there are as many syllables in a Japanese word as the 
 number of vowels it contains, no more, no less. How- 
 ever confusing and irreducible a long Japanese word 
 transliterated into Roman letters may at first sight 
 appear, its pronunciation can be accurately deter- 
 mined by dividing into syllables, each of which ends 
 with a vowel. If there be any odd vowels, they con- 
 stitute separate syllables, and if there be any odd 
 consonants, their assignment to the proper syllable 
 is decided by the exceptions to the rule above mentioned. 
 
 There are five vowels, all of them naturally short, 
 and pronounced as follows : 
 a like the a in father (ah) 
 
158 PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES 
 
 i like the i in machine (e) 
 u like the u in rude (66) 
 e like the e in prey (a) 
 o like the o in hope (6) 
 
 The two cases in which a syllable may end in a con- 
 conant are when elision of a vowel doubles the follow- 
 ing consonant, as in Kekko, Seppuku, etc., or when 
 there is a final n or (as it is sometimes pronounced) 
 m; e. g. Sendai, Nihonmatsu. 
 
 The combinations sh, ch, and ts, though apparently 
 compound, are not pronounced as two separate con- 
 sonants, but as a single sound, and are written in the 
 sounds shi, chi and tsu, to suggest more accurately 
 the Japanese pronunciation of the syllables which 
 theoretically should be transliterated si, ti, and tu. 
 
 There is no sound in the Japanese language which 
 is not made up of these five vowels or a combination 
 of them with one or more consonants. Accuracy 
 of pronunciation, however, demands careful distinc- 
 tion between long and short vowels. There is no 
 difference of character between them, as in English 
 (e. g. pin, pine) ; but a long vowel differs from a short 
 one as a long note in music differs from a short one. 
 We have endeavored to indicate these long vowels in 
 the text, but their proper pronunciation is for a 
 foreigner perhaps the most difficult part of the spoken 
 language of Japan. They arise from combinations of 
 two vowel sounds into one, as au into 6, or ei into e. 
 
 There are occasional examples of the converse 
 elision of a short vowel (which makes it practically 
 silent, though it is written in the Japanese representa- 
 tion of the sound), when it is followed by a long vowel, 
 or for other phonetic reasons. This is commonly 
 confined to the vowels i and u. An example of these 
 two vowel changes occurs in Tokyo which is a com- 
 bination of six syllables into two, viz.: To-o-ki-ya-u. 
 
 The temptation is often great to read a Japanese 
 name as if it were English, and pronounce it accord- 
 ingly; but it must always be first cut up into syllables, 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES 159 
 
 as has been explained, one vowel to each syllable; 
 and then if each syllable is pronounced by itself, with- 
 out accent, and giving to each vowel its fixed pronun- 
 ciation, the correct pronunciation of the word will 
 result as a matter of course. The length or apparent 
 difficulty of the word must not discourage the tyro. 
 It is simply a chain, more or less long, each link of 
 which is a syllable. 
 Examples : 
 O-sa-ka Sen-da-i 
 
 Nik-ko Wa-ka-ma-tsu 
 
 Mi-ya-zu A-ma-no-ha-shi-da-to 
 
 Da-i-myo Chu-gak-ko 
 
MAP OF JAPAN 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Agnosticism 26 
 
 Akita 108 
 
 Aldrich, Miss 63, 121 
 
 All Saints', Kudan 60 
 
 Ambler, Rev. J 63, 72, 80, 103 
 
 Amusements 14, 17 
 
 Andrews, Rev. R. W 87,89, 140 
 
 Aomori 105 
 
 Araki, Miss 53 
 
 Art 24 
 
 Asakusa 58 
 
 Atheism 26 
 
 Awdry, Bishop 42 
 
 Babcock, Miss 101, 102, 103, 106 
 
 Ban, Rev. K 84, 87 
 
 Bancho, Young Ladies' Institute 77 
 
 Bickersteth, Bishop 37 
 
 Blanchet, Rev 35, 36, 47, 113 
 
 Boone, Bishop 32 
 
 Boyd, Miss L 61 
 
 Bristowe, Miss 97, 98, 103 
 
 Brotherhood of St. Andrew 65, 107, 142 
 
 Buddhism 4, 22-26 
 
 Bull, Miss Leila 122, 128, 132 
 
 Capital Cities 31 
 
 Cartwright, Rev. S. H 107 
 
 Chapman, Rev. J. J 151 
 
 Chappell, Rev. J 72, 80, 91, 94, 95, 103, 106 
 
 Children 9 
 
 Chinese, School for 50 
 
 Christ Church, Kanda 62 
 
 Christ Church, Osaka 128 
 
 Christianity, Influence of 15 
 
 Church Missionary Society 6, 33 
 
 Church Students' Missionary Association 67 
 
 Civil War 31 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cole, Rev. J. T 60, 63, 72 
 
 Congregational Work 81 
 
 Cooke, Rev. A. W 99, 100, 102 
 
 Cooper, Rev 35, 36, 47, 58 
 
 Corea : 12,23 
 
 Correll, Rev 128, 134, 135, 140, 141, 142 
 
 Cruelty 9 
 
 Customs, Japanese 12, 13 
 
 Cuthbert, Rev 125 
 
 Daito, Rev. P 59 
 
 Divinity School. See Trinity Divinity School. 
 Divorce. See Marriage. 
 
 Dooman, Rev. 1 72, 80, 151 
 
 Eddy, Miss 36 
 
 Education, Christian 36, 37 
 
 Education, Japanese 10, 11, 12 
 
 Education, of Women 10, 13, 14, 15 
 
 Emperor 30, 31 
 
 English Language 10, 11 
 
 Evans, Rev. C. H 80,82,83, 142 
 
 Farm Lands 12 
 
 Festivals 17 
 
 Feudalism 16 
 
 Foreigners, Treatment of 10 
 
 Fukui 149 
 
 Fukushima 103 
 
 Funerals, Shinto 29 
 
 Gardiner, Rev. J. McD 47, 48, 64 
 
 Gardiner, Mrs 36, 113 
 
 Gaylor Hart Memorial Kindergarten 109 
 
 Geisha 14 
 
 Grace Church, Kojimachi 63 
 
 Graves, Bishop 115 
 
 Greek Church 95 
 
 Gring, Rev. A 120, 143, 145, 146 
 
 Growth of the Church 6 
 
 Gueppe, Miss. See Pierson, Mrs. 
 
 Gymnasiums, Japanese 11 
 
 Hachinohe 107 
 
 Haibara 142 
 
NDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hakone 24 
 
 Hakuaisha 128, 133 
 
 Harris, Consul General ! 33 
 
 Hashimoto 141 
 
 Hayakawa, Rev 106, 131, 132, 140 
 
 Hayashi, Miss 134 
 
 Heywood, Miss 72 
 
 Hirosaki Ill 
 
 Holidays 17 
 
 Holy Comforter, Nihonbashi Ku 68 
 
 Holy Trinity Orphanage and School for Feeble Minded.... 74 
 
 Home life 14 
 
 Hongo 65 
 
 Hospitality 13 
 
 Hospitals. See St. Luke's, St. Barnabas', and St. Peter's. 
 
 Irumagawa 73 
 
 Ishii, Rev 74 
 
 Ishii, Mrs %^63, 77 
 
 Japanese. See Language. 
 
 Japanese Church 37, 38 
 
 Japanese Bishop 2 
 
 Jeffreys, Rev. H. S 69, 80, 87, 96, 103, 105 
 
 Jesuits 31,32,94 
 
 Kamichi 142 
 
 Kanazawa 151 
 
 Kanda 62 
 
 Kawagoe 71 
 
 Kawakami, Mr 53 
 
 Kaya Valley 145 
 
 Kimura, Miss 122 
 
 Kindergarten 109 
 
 Kindness 9 
 
 Kitazawa, S. J 80, 91 
 
 Kobashi,Mr 134 
 
 Kobayashi, Rev 106, 113 
 
 Kojimachi 63 
 
 Korea. See Corea. 
 
 Koriyama 101 
 
 Kudan 60 
 
 Kumagaya 83 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Kuwano 72 
 
 Kyoto, City 114 
 
 Kyoto, Diocese formed 39, 115 
 
 Language, Japanese 8, 9, 142 
 
 Laning, Dr 35, 123, 128, 135, 136 
 
 Laning, Miss 135 
 
 Libraries, Japanese 11 
 
 Liggins, Rev. John 31, 32 
 
 Living, Cost of 12 
 
 Lloyd, Rev. A 48, 60, 63, 79, 103 
 
 MacRay, Miss 97, 103 
 
 Madely, Rev. W. F 96, 101, 108, 111 
 
 Madely, Mrs. W. F 108 
 
 Maebashi 80 
 
 Maizuru 143 
 
 Mann, Miss 106, 111 
 
 Marriage, etc 13, 14, 15 
 
 Married Missionaries 5 
 
 Marusa 141 
 
 Matsushima, Rev. T 64 
 
 Matsuyama 73, 142 
 
 McKim, Bishop 38, 115, 142, 146 
 
 Mead, Miss 109 
 
 Middle Schools 11 
 
 Miharu 101 
 
 Miller, Rev. G. D. B 34 
 
 Minagawa, Rev. A 62 
 
 Minamiotsuka 73 
 
 Mito 88 
 
 Miyazu 144 
 
 Modern Conveniences 10 
 
 Morris, Rev. A. R .33, 34, 127, 128, 137 
 
 Motoda, Rev. J. S 63 
 
 Myogi 82 
 
 Naide, Rev 129 
 
 Nara 141 
 
 Need of Workers 4, 5 
 
 Neely, Miss Clara 80 
 
 Newman, Rev 47 
 
 Nihonbashi Ku 68 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Nijirna, Dr 81 
 
 Nikko 85 
 
 Nippon Sei Ko Kwai 1, 38, 128 
 
 Obama 146 
 
 Obedience 16 
 
 Ochiai, Rev. J. K 96, 103 
 
 Odate 112 
 
 Okamoto, Rev 140 
 
 Onnabake 95 
 
 Ono, Rev 72,111 
 
 Opening of Japan 30 
 
 Osaka 127 
 
 Ota 95 
 
 Page, Rev. H 60, 71, 139 
 
 Parish Paper 81 
 
 Partridge, Bishop 39, 115, 135 
 
 Patriotism 11, 16 
 
 Patton, Rev. J. L 80 
 
 Peck, Miss Sally 121 
 
 Peculiarities of Japan 8 
 
 Perry, Commodore 30, 88 
 
 Perry, Miss 72 
 
 Persecution 34 
 
 Philanthropy, Japanese 11 
 
 Pierson,Mrs 72, 103 
 
 Pittman, Miss. See Gardiner, Mrs. 
 
 Police 10,81 
 
 Portsmouth Conference 11, 59 
 
 Post Offices 10 
 
 Prices 12 
 
 Progress of Japan 11, 12 
 
 Protestant, other Bodies 33 
 
 Punishments 16 
 
 Quimby, Rev 35, 137 
 
 Ranson, Miss 72 
 
 Red Cross Society Ill 
 
 Reifsnider, Rev. C 142, 149, 150 
 
 Religions of Japan 22-29 
 
 Ritual 4 
 
 Rokusaburo, Totsuku 71 
 
INDEX 
 
 ±»AGE 
 
 Roman Catholicism 32, 33 
 
 Russian War 12, 62, 97, 131, 138, 150 
 
 See also Portsmouth Conference. 
 
 Sakai, Rev. B. T 66,68 
 
 Sakurai 142 
 
 Samurai 16 
 
 San-ban-matsu 142 
 
 San, Kashiuchi 138 
 
 San, Kujiraoka 101 
 
 San, Kuwada 83 
 
 San, Rev. Obashi 151 
 
 Schereschewsky, Bishop 35, 115 
 
 Schmid, Dr 33 
 
 Schools. See Education. 
 
 Sei Ko Kwai. See Nippon Sei KoKwai. 
 
 Seita, Rev. K 59 
 
 Sendai 95 
 
 Shinko Kyokwai 57 
 
 Shinto 26-29,38 
 
 Smart, Rev. W. H 79, 103 
 
 Smith, Mrs. E. S 121, 140 
 
 Smith, S. P 64 
 
 Social Life 12,15 
 
 Sone, Rev 118 
 
 Spirit of Japanese 11 
 
 St. Agnes' School, Kyoto 36, 119 
 
 St. Barnabas' Hospital, Osaka 35, 136 
 
 St. John's, Asakusa 58 
 
 St. John's, Kyoto 118 
 
 St. John's, Osaka 129 
 
 St. John's Orphanage, Osaka 128, 131 
 
 St. Luke's, Matsuyama 73 
 
 St. Luke's Hospital, Tokyo 51 
 
 St. Margaret's School 36,42, 113 
 
 St. Mary's, Kyoto 124 
 
 St. Mary's Training School for Women, Kyoto 122 
 
 St. Matthias', Maebashi 80 
 
 St. Matthias' Catechetical School 46 
 
 St. Paul's, Osaka 132 
 
 St. Paul's College 36, 42, 46 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 St. Peter's, Mito 90 
 
 St. Peter's Dispensary, Kyoto 122 
 
 St. Stephen's, Mito 90 
 
 St. Timothy's, Hongo 65 
 
 St. Timothy's School (Osaka) 47 
 
 Street, Dr. L. A. B 123 
 
 Sugamo 74 
 
 Sugiura, Rev 57 
 
 Suicide 16 
 
 Suthon, Miss 63, 105, 151 
 
 Suto, Rev. K 106, 108 
 
 Sweet, Alfred 69 
 
 Sweet, Rev. C. F 69 
 
 Tagawa, Rev. 1 43, 147 
 
 Tai, Rev. S 71, 73, 96 
 
 Taira 93 
 
 Takasaki 82 
 
 Tamamura, Mr 83, 119 
 
 Tawaramoto 142 
 
 Taxes 12 
 
 Telegraph Facilities 10 
 
 Teusler, Dr. R. B 52,54 
 
 Tokyo, City 3 
 
 Torii 82,84 
 
 Transfiguration, Nikko 86 
 
 Trinity Cathedral, Kyoto 117 
 
 Trinity Cathedral, Tokyo 3, 42, 43 
 
 Trinity Divinity School 5, 44 
 
 "True Light" Church 57 
 
 Tsuchiura 91 
 
 Tsuda, Miss H 63 
 
 Tsuruga 147 
 
 Tucker, Rev. H. St. G 49, 50, 51, 60, 107 
 
 Urawa 79 
 
 Utsunomiya 84 
 
 Vice 15 
 
 Wakamatsu 99 
 
 Wakayama 139 
 
 Wall, Miss 82,106 
 
 Waller, Rev 103 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 War. See Russian War. 
 
 War of Restoration 99 
 
 Watanabe, Miss F. See Ishii, Mrs. 
 
 Waung, Mr 51 
 
 Welbourn 61,65, 151 
 
 Widely Loving Society 128, 133 
 
 Williams, Bishop C. M 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 42, 57, 59, 115, 
 
 119, 135, 147 
 
 Williamson, Miss 140 
 
 Women, Social Position 13, 14 
 
 See also Education. 
 
 Wood, F. E 142 
 
 Woodman, Rev. E. R 60,87 
 
 Xavier , Francis 32 
 
 Yamagata, Rev 106 
 
 Yedo 31 
 
 Y. M. C. A 65,97 
 
 Y. M. C. A., Chinese 51 
 
 Yorii 82,84 
 
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